Compartment Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

COMPARTMENT SYNDROME A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET ...

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COMPARTMENT SYNDROME A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

COMPARTMENT SYNDROME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Compartment Syndrome: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00285-X 1. Compartment Syndrome-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on compartment syndrome. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COMPARTMENT SYNDROME..................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Compartment Syndrome............................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COMPARTMENT SYNDROME ........................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding Nutrition Studies on Compartment Syndrome.............................................................. 49 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 50 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COMPARTMENT SYNDROME .................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 General References ....................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON COMPARTMENT SYNDROME ................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patents on Compartment Syndrome............................................................................................ 59 Patent Applications on Compartment Syndrome ........................................................................ 60 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON COMPARTMENT SYNDROME ..................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Chapters on Compartment Syndrome.......................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 67 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 69 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 73 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 77 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 77 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 83 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 83 COMPARTMENT SYNDROME DICTIONARY....................................................................... 85 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 111

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with compartment syndrome is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about compartment syndrome, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to compartment syndrome, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on compartment syndrome. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to compartment syndrome, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on compartment syndrome. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COMPARTMENT SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on compartment syndrome.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and compartment syndrome, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “compartment syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Spontaneous Compartment Syndrome in a Diabetic Patient: A Case Report Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 58(11): 1327-1329. November 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Summary: A compartment syndrome is defined as a condition in which elevated tissue pressure exists within a closed fascial (muscle) space, resulting in reduced capillary blood perfusion (supply) and compromised neuromuscular function. Acute compartment syndromes usually occur in the leg as a result of tibial fractures, crush injuries, or muscle rupture secondary to trauma or athletic participation. Few cases of spontaneous compartment syndrome have been reported and rarely in relation to

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diabetes mellitus. In this article, the authors report a case of spontaneous left anterior and lateral tibial compartment syndrome in a patient with diabetes who was undergoing reconstructive mandibular surgery. The patient underwent jaw surgery uneventfully, but developed pain in his left leg and a fever on day two postoperatively. Diagnostic tests ruled out a deep vein thrombosis, but compartment pressures were elevated in the anterior and lateral tibial compartment. Fasciotomies (surgical cutting of the muscle) were performed within 1 hour of diagnosis. The patient did well postoperative with only minor loss of foot sensation and motor function, which responded well to postoperative physical and orthotic therapy. The authors discuss the literature that describes abnormalities of microvascular flow and collagen metabolism in diabetes that makes the patient with diabetes more susceptible to compartment syndrome. These disturbances lead to the accumulation of fluid in the muscle tissue. The identification of abnormally high compartment pressures necessitates emergency fasciotomy. Nerve and muscle ischemia (lack of blood flow) more than 12 hours can result in severe and irreversible deterioration. 20 references. •

Acute, Exercise-Induced Compartment Syndrome, Rhabdomyolysis, and Renal Failure: A Case Report Source: Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 14(6): 296-298. December 1999. Contact: Available from American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 8630 Fenton Street, Suite 412, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3805. (301) 587-6315. Summary: Rhabdomylolysis is a potentially fatal disease of skeletal muscle characterized by myoglobinuria (myoglobin, a molecule of protein and iron, in the urine). Rhabdomyolysis is the damage of striated muscle fibers, which causes them to release their cellular contents into the surrounding tissue and plasma. Exertional rhabdomylolysis has been reported following such activities as military training and marathon running. Risks for developing rhabdomyolysis can include high ambient temperature, high humidity, and improper hydration. The most common reported sequelae of rhabdomyolysis is kidney (renal) failure, which occurs in 4 to 33 percent of cases. This article presents a case report illustrating severe sequelae following heat exhaustion and dehydration in an otherwise healthy adult. Compartment syndrome is often associated with the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis; compartment syndrome is a pathologic condition caused by the progressive development of arterial compression and reduction of blood supply (symptoms include swelling, restriction of movement, and severe pain). The authors detail the 60 day course of hospitalization for this patient, who was finally discharged to a rehabilitation facility. The article concludes with a brief summary of the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines for adequate hydration during exercise. 9 references.

Federally Funded Research on Compartment Syndrome The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to compartment syndrome. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to compartment syndrome. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore compartment syndrome. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for compartment syndrome: •

Project Title: MANAGEMENT ULTRAFILTRATION

OF

COMPARTMENT

SYNDROME

WITH

Principal Investigator & Institution: Fowler, William V.; Project Engineer; Twin Star Medical 914 S 8Th St, Mc 860C Roseville, Mn 55415 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract): Compartment Syndrome (CS) is a condition of high tissue pressure causing ischemia damaging muscles and nerves. It is known that in highly non-compliant tissues a small fluid volume decrease can produce a large pressure drop, and thereby increase perfusion and improve circulation and oxygenation. During Phase I, we demonstrated feasibility of an innovative use of tissue ultrafiltration (UF) to reduce tissue pressure by removing interstitial and/or intracellular fluid volume, and to use the increased fluid levels of metabolites to improve diagnosis. 77'e central hypothesis is that UF catheters in muscle compartments can be used to improve functional outcome in CS, by improving diagnosis and reducing intramuscular pressure. In Phase II, bench, animal and human studies have been designed to further develop UF as a clinical tool. Patients will not be placed at higher risk of CS sequelae since UF has limited invasiveness, a history of safety as an assay tool, and does not pre-empt eventual fasciotomy should clinical signs and symptoms warrant. Our expectation is that clinical application of CSUF will provide earlier diagnosis, less morbid treatment, and will prevent sequelae of untreated CS. Expected US healthcare cost savings from the use of CSUF are $200 million per year. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Not Available Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with compartment syndrome, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “compartment syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for compartment syndrome (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A prospective blinded evaluation of exercise thallium-201 SPET in patients with suspected chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg. Author(s): Trease L, van Every B, Bennell K, Brukner P, Rynderman J, Baldey A, Turlakow A, Kelly MJ. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2001 June; 28(6): 688-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11440028

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A swollen shoulder after repair of acute dissection of the aorta: an unusual presentation of a compartment syndrome. Author(s): Saleem SM, van Doorn CA. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2001 September; 122(3): 627-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11547326

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Abdominal compartment syndrome after mesenteric revascularization. Author(s): Sullivan KM, Battey PM, Miller JS, McKinnon WM, Skardasis GM. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2001 September; 34(3): 559-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11533612

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Abdominal compartment syndrome in the head-injured patient. Author(s): Moulton RJ. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 July; 29(7): 1487-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11445721

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Abdominal compartment syndrome in the intensive care unit. Author(s): Morken J, West MA. Source: Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2001 August; 7(4): 268-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11571425

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Abdominal compartment syndrome with massive lower-extremity edema caused by colonic obstruction and distention. Author(s): Blevins DV, Khanduja KS. Source: The American Surgeon. 2001 May; 67(5): 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11379647

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Abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Loi P, De Backer D, Vincent JL. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2001 March-April; 101(2): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396052

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Abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Peralta R, Hojman H. Source: International Anesthesiology Clinics. 2001 Winter; 39(1): 75-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11285946

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Abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Bailey J, Shapiro MJ. Source: Critical Care (London, England). 2000; 4(1): 23-9. Epub 2000 January 24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11094493

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Abdominal compartment syndrome: recognition and management. Author(s): Ivatury RR, Sugerman HJ, Peitzman AB. Source: Adv Surg. 2001; 35: 251-69. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11579814

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Abdominal wall closure with ePTFE--Goretex Dual Mesh after detensive laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Gui D, Spada PL, Di Mugno M, Sermoneta D, Runfola M, Rossi S. Source: Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense. 2003; 74 Suppl 2: 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055035

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Acute compartment syndrome after forearm ischemic work test in a patient with McArdle's disease. Author(s): Lindner A, Reichert N, Eichhorn M, Zierz S. Source: Neurology. 2001 June 26; 56(12): 1779-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11425959

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Acute compartment syndrome in children: contemporary diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Author(s): Bae DS, Kadiyala RK, Waters PM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2001 September-October; 21(5): 680-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11521042

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Acute compartment syndrome of the anterior thigh following quadriceps strain in a footballer. Author(s): Burns BJ, Sproule J, Smyth H. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 April; 38(2): 218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15039263

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Acute compartment syndrome. Who is at risk? Author(s): McQueen MM, Gaston P, Court-Brown CM. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2000 March; 82(2): 200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10755426

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Acute exercise-induced compartment syndrome in the anterior leg. A case report. Author(s): Esmail AN, Flynn JM, Ganley TJ, Pill SG, Harnly H. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 July-August; 29(4): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476394

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Acute exertional compartment syndrome in an athlete. Author(s): Green JE, Crowley B. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2001 April; 54(3): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11254427

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Acute renal failure due to abdominal compartment syndrome: report on four cases and literature review. Author(s): de Cleva R, Silva FP, Zilberstein B, Machado DJ. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 2001 July-August; 56(4): 123-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11717720

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An unusual case of atraumatic compartment syndrome due to subcutaneous injection of insecticide for suicide attempt. Author(s): Aydin A, Topalan M, Tumerdem B, Erer M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 April 1; 113(4): 1302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15083060

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Avoidance of abdominal compartment syndrome in damage-control laparotomy after trauma. Author(s): Offner PJ, de Souza AL, Moore EE, Biffl WL, Franciose RJ, Johnson JL, Burch JM. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2001 June; 136(6): 676-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11387007

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Biceps rupture in a patient on long-term anticoagulation leading to compartment syndrome and nerve palsies. Author(s): Richards AM, Moss AL. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1997 June; 22(3): 411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9222930

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Bilateral acute-on-chronic exertional lateral compartment syndrome of the leg: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Goldfarb SJ, Kaeding CC. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 1997 January; 7(1): 59-61; Discussion 62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9117528

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Bilateral anterior tibial compartment syndrome in association with hypothyroidism. Author(s): Thacker AK, Agrawal D, Sarkari NB. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1993 November; 69(817): 881-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8290438

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Bilateral chronic compartment syndrome in the forearm and the hand. Author(s): Soderberg TA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1996 September; 78(5): 780-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8836070

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Bilateral chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the dorsal part of the forearm: the role of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis: a case report. Author(s): Kumar PR, Jenkins JP, Hodgson SP. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 August; 85-A(8): 1557-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12925638

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Bilateral compartment syndrome complicating prolonged lithotomy position. Author(s): Tuckey J. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1996 October; 77(4): 546-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8942346

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Bilateral compartment syndrome following prolonged anaesthesia in the lithotomy position. Author(s): Fabbri LP, Nucera M, Fontanari P, Loru G, Marsili M, Barbagli G. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1997 June; 44(6): 678-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9187794

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Bilateral compartment syndrome of the leg complicating tetanus infection. Author(s): Loren GJ, Mohler LR, Pedowitz RA. Source: Orthopedics. 2001 October; 24(10): 997-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11688783

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Bilateral forearm and hand compartment syndrome following thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: a case report. Author(s): Thomas WO, Harris CN, D'Amore TF, Parry SW. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994 July-August; 12(4): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7963391

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Bilateral gluteal compartment syndrome after 'ecstasy' hyperpyrexia. Author(s): Ferrie R, Loveland RC. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000 May; 93(5): 260. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10884772

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Bilateral gluteal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Bleicher RJ, Sherman HF, Latenser BA. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1997 January; 42(1): 118-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9003270

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Bilateral leg compartment syndrome complicating prolonged lithotomy position. Author(s): Slater RR Jr, Weiner TM, Koruda MJ. Source: Orthopedics. 1994 October; 17(10): 954-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7824400

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Bilateral lower leg acute exertional compartment syndrome. Author(s): Brodsky M, Bongiovanni MS. Source: Orthopedics. 2000 June; 23(6): 607-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10875423

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Bilateral ureteral obstruction and renal failure caused by massive retroperitoneal hematoma: is there a pelvic compartment syndrome analogous to abdominal compartment syndrome? Author(s): Hessmann M, Rommens P. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 1998 November-December; 12(8): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840788

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Bilateral well-leg compartment syndrome after supine position surgery. Author(s): Kavouni A, Ion L. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2000 April; 44(4): 462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10783112

Studies

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Bilateral, chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the forearm in two brothers. Author(s): Garcia Mata S, Hidalgo Ovejero A, Martinez Grande M. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 1999 April; 9(2): 91-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10442624

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Bilateral, exercise-induced thigh compartment syndrome diagnosed as exertional rhabdomyolysis. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Wise JJ, Fortin PT. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 January-February; 25(1): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9006707

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Bosworth fracture-dislocation and resultant compartment syndrome. A case report. Author(s): Beekman R, Watson JT. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 November; 85A(11): 2211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14630856

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Both primary and secondary abdominal compartment syndrome can be predicted early and are harbingers of multiple organ failure. Author(s): Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Holcomb JB, Miller CC, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Valdivia A, Ware DN, Moore FA. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2003 May; 54(5): 848-59; Discussion 859-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777898

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Brain death due to abdominal compartment syndrome caused by massive venous bleeding in a patient with a stable pelvic fracture: report of a case. Author(s): Hagiwara A, Fukushima H, Inoue T, Murata A, Shimazaki S. Source: Surgery Today. 2004; 34(1): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14714237

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Calcaneal compartment syndrome after tibial fractures. Author(s): Bayer JH, Davies AP, Darrah C, Shepstone L, Patel AD. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2001 February; 22(2): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11249220

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Chronic exertional compartment syndrome after minor injury to the lower extremity. Author(s): Tubb CC, Vermillion D. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 April; 166(4): 366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11315483

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Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the forearms secondary to weight training. Author(s): Jawed S, Jawad AS, Padhiar N, Perry JD. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 March; 40(3): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11285386

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Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the legs in adolescents. Author(s): Garcia-Mata S, Hidalgo-Ovejero A, Martinez-Grande M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2001 May-June; 21(3): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11371815

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Compartment syndrome after Bosworth fracture-dislocation of the ankle: a case report. Author(s): Szalay MD, Roberts JB. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2001 May; 15(4): 301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11371798

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Compartment syndrome as a complication of positioning for revision hip arthroplasty--a case report. Author(s): Marsh A, Johnstone D, Stott D. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2000 October; 71(5): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11186415

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Compartment syndrome associated with lithotomy position and intermittent compression stockings. Author(s): Cohen SA, Hurt WG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 May; 97(5 Pt 2): 832-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11336771

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Compartment syndrome associated with the Lloyd Davies position. Three case reports and review of the literature. Author(s): Turnbull D, Mills GH. Source: Anaesthesia. 2001 October; 56(10): 980-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11576100

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Compartment syndrome following an insect bite. Author(s): Evans AV, Darvay A, Jenkins IH, Russell-Jones R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 March; 144(3): 636-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11260037

Studies

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Compartment syndrome following intravenous regional anesthesia. Author(s): Ananthanarayan C, Castro C, McKee N, Sakotic G. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2000 November; 47(11): 1094-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11097539

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Compartment syndrome following pelvic surgery in the lithotomy position. Author(s): Thomson WH. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2004 January; 86(1): 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15032218

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Compartment syndrome in an ELBW infant receiving low-molecular-weight heparins. Author(s): Obaid L, Byrne PJ, Cheung PY. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2004 April; 144(4): 549. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15069410

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Compartment syndrome in surgical patients. Author(s): Warner ME, LaMaster LM, Thoeming AK, Marienau ME, Warner MA. Source: Anesthesiology. 2001 April; 94(4): 705-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11379693

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Compartment syndrome of the arm and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Bacal D, Lampman RM, Hogikyan JV, Wolk SW. Source: Am J Orthop. 2001 May; 30(5): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11370950

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Compartment syndrome of the foot. Author(s): Andermahr J, Helling HJ, Tsironis K, Rehm KE, Koebke J. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2001 May; 14(3): 184-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11301465

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Compartment syndrome of the forearm following extravasation of mannitol in an unconscious patient. Author(s): Stahl S, Lerner A. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2000; 142(8): 945-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11086836

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Compartment syndrome of the leg after plantaris tendon harvest: a case report. Author(s): Taras JS, Fitzpatrick MJ. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2001 November; 26(6): 1135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721265

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Compartment syndrome of the well leg as a result of the hemilithotomy position: a report of two cases and review of literature. Author(s): Mathews PV, Perry JJ, Murray PC. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2001 November; 15(8): 580-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11733678

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Coping with the diagnostic complexities of the compartment syndrome. Author(s): Mubarak SJ, Hargens AR, Karkal SS. Source: Emerg Med Rep. 1988 November 21; 9(24): 185-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11537364

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Crush injuries and compartment syndrome. Author(s): Krost WS, Mistovich JJ, Limmer D. Source: Emerg Med Serv. 2004 March; 33(3): 44-6, 48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055069

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Dalteparin-induced extremity hematoma complicated by probable compartment syndrome. Author(s): Porras MC, Bonilla BC, Gomez EP, Ruiz MG. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 May; 35(5): 643-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11346074

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Deep volar compartment syndrome of the forearm following minor crush injury. Author(s): Aerts P, De Boeck HD, Casteleyn PP, Opdecam P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1989 January-February; 9(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2915041

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Definitions and terminology of compartment syndrome and Volkmann's ischemic contracture of the upper extremity. Author(s): von Schroeder HP, Botte MJ. Source: Hand Clin. 1998 August; 14(3): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9742413

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Delayed celiotomy for the treatment of bile leak, compartment syndrome, and other hazards of nonoperative management of blunt liver injury. Author(s): Goldman R, Zilkoski M, Mullins R, Mayberry J, Deveney C, Trunkey D. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 May; 185(5): 492-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727573

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Delayed onset of anterior tibial compartment syndrome in a patient receiving lowmolecular-weight heparin. A case report. Author(s): McLaughlin JA, Paulson MM, Rosenthal RE. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1998 December; 80(12): 1789-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9875937

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Delayed onset of forearm compartment syndrome: a complication of distal radius fracture in young adults. Author(s): Simpson NS, Jupiter JB. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 1995; 9(5): 411-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537845

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Delayed presentation of acute compartment syndrome after contusion of the thigh. Author(s): Mithofer K, Lhowe DW, Altman GT. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2002 July; 16(6): 436-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142836

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Delayed presentation of compartment syndrome following gastrocnemius tear. Author(s): Fletcher MD, Spicer D, Warren PJ. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2001 April; 67(2): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11383301

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Detection of rhabdomyolysis associated with compartment syndrome by bone scintigraphy. Author(s): Hod N, Fishman S, Horne T. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 December; 27(12): 885-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12607869

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Development of an acute compartment syndrome subsequent to intravenous fluid administration. Author(s): O'Connor ME, Barringer LR. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1988 March; 35(2): 203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3356061

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Diagnosing acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): Elliott KG, Johnstone AJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 July; 85(5): 625-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12892179

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Diagnosis and management of chronic compartment syndrome. Author(s): Turnipseed WD. Source: Surgery. 2002 October; 132(4): 613-7; Discussion 617-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407344

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Diagnosis and treatment of compartment syndrome of the foot. Author(s): Myerson M. Source: Orthopedics. 1990 July; 13(7): 711-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1973842

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Diagnosis of chronic anterior compartment syndrome in the lower leg. Author(s): Styf JR, Korner LM. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1987 April; 58(2): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3604630

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Diagnosis, treatment options, and rehabilitation of chronic lower leg exertional compartment syndrome. Author(s): Brennan FH Jr, Kane SF. Source: Curr Sports Med Rep. 2003 October; 2(5): 247-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959704

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Diagnostic peripheral nerve block resulting in compartment syndrome. Author(s): Egert R. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1988 October; 67(5): 230. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3179015

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Diagnostic peripheral nerve block resulting in compartment syndrome. Case report. Author(s): Parziale JR, Marino AR, Herndon JH. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1988 April; 67(2): 82-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3355680

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Does patient-controlled analgesia lead to delayed diagnosis of lower limb compartment syndrome? Author(s): O'Sullivan ST, O'Donoghue J, McGuinness AJ, O'Shaughnessy M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1996 April; 97(5): 1087-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8618988

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Does the intrapelvic compartment syndrome exist? Author(s): Hessmann M, Rommens P. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 1998 January-February; 98(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9538916

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Dorsal compartment syndrome of the upper arm. A case report. Author(s): Yabuki S, Kikuchi S. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1999 September; (366): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10627724

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Early one-stage closure in patients with abdominal compartment syndrome: fascial replacement with human acellular dermis and bipedicle flaps. Author(s): Guy JS, Miller R, Morris JA Jr, Diaz J, May A. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 December; 69(12): 1025-8; Discussion 1028-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14700285

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Effect of eccentric exercise on patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Author(s): Birtles DB, Rayson MP, Jones DA, Padhiar N, Casey A, Newham DJ. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003 February; 88(6): 565-71. Epub 2002 November 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12560956

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Effort-related chronic compartment syndrome of the lower extremity. Author(s): Schissel DJ, Godwin J. Source: Military Medicine. 1999 November; 164(11): 830-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10578599

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Elastic tourniquet technique for decompression of extremity compartment syndrome. Author(s): Shah JS, Anagnos D, Norfleet EA. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2002 November; 14(7): 524-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477588

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Emergency! Recognizing compartment syndrome. Author(s): Fecht-Gramley ME. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1994 October; 94(10): 41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7943055

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Enoxaparin-associated severe retroperitoneal bleeding and abdominal compartment syndrome: a report of two cases. Author(s): Dabney A, Bastani B. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 December; 27(12): 1954-7. Epub 2001 November 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11797033

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Evaluation of outcomes in patients following surgical treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the leg. Author(s): Howard JL, Mohtadi NG, Wiley JP. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2000 July; 10(3): 176-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10959927

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Exercise induced compartment syndrome in a professional footballer. Author(s): Cetinus E, Uzel M, Bilgic E, Karaoguz A, Herdem M. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 April; 38(2): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15039267

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Exercise induced leg pain: chronic compartment syndrome. Is the increase in intracompartment pressure exercise specific? Author(s): Padhiar N, King JB. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 December; 31(4): 353. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9429022

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Exercise induced leg pain-chronic compartment syndrome. Is the increase in intracompartment pressure exercise specific? Author(s): Padhiar N, King JB. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996 December; 30(4): 360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9015604

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Exercise-induced acute compartment syndrome of the thigh. Case report. Author(s): Presnal BP, Heavilon JA. Source: Am J Knee Surg. 1995 Spring; 8(2): 77-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7634019

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Exercise-induced compartment syndrome in the flexor-pronator muscle group. A case report and pressure measurements in volunteers. Author(s): Berlemann U, al-Momani Z, Hertel R. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998 May-June; 26(3): 439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9617410

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Exercise-induced compartment syndrome. Author(s): Levine WN. Source: Am J Knee Surg. 1995 Fall; 8(4): 119. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8590120

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Exercise-induced compartment syndrome: case report. Author(s): Klondell CT Jr, Pokorny R, Carrillo EH, Heniford BT. Source: The American Surgeon. 1996 June; 62(6): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8651530

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Exertional compartment syndrome and the role of magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Lauder TD, Stuart MJ, Amrami KK, Felmlee JP. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2002 April; 81(4): 315-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11953551

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Exertional compartment syndrome in covert mild hemophilia. A case report. Author(s): Tountas CP, Ferris FO, Cobb SW. Source: Minn Med. 1992 July; 75(7): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1406516

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Exertional compartment syndrome of bilateral feet: a case report. Author(s): Middleton DK, Johnson JE, Davies JF. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1995 February; 16(2): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7767455

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Exertional compartment syndrome of the upper extremity. Author(s): Botte MJ, Fronek J, Pedowitz RA, Hoenecke HR Jr, Abrams RA, Hamer ML. Source: Hand Clin. 1998 August; 14(3): 477-82, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9742426

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Exertional compartment syndrome. Author(s): Amundson DE. Source: Military Medicine. 1992 December; 157(12): A6-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1470365

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Extensive deep venous thrombosis resulting in compartment syndrome of the thigh and leg. A case report. Author(s): Rahm M, Probe R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1994 December; 76(12): 1854-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7989391

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Fasciotomy for chronic compartment syndrome in the lower limb. Author(s): Cook S, Bruce G. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2002 October; 72(10): 720-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534383

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Fasciotomy for chronic compartment syndrome. Author(s): Almdahl SM, Samdal F. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1989 April; 60(2): 210-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2728886

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Fasciotomy for exertional anterior compartment syndrome: is lateral compartment release necessary? Author(s): Schepsis AA, Gill SS, Foster TA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999 July-August; 27(4): 430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10424211

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Fatal rhabdomyolysis with bilateral gluteal, thigh, and leg compartment syndrome after the Army Physical Fitness Test. A case report. Author(s): Kuklo TR, Tis JE, Moores LK, Schaefer RA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000 January-February; 28(1): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10653554

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Femoral arterial graft failure caused by the secondary abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Biffl WL, Moore EE, Burch JM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2001 April; 50(4): 740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11303176

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First dorsal interosseous compartment syndrome. Author(s): Abdul-Hamid AK. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1987 June; 12(2): 269-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3624994

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Flexor hallucis longus muscle atrophy due to a chronic compartment syndrome of the lower leg. Author(s): Lehto M, Rantakokko V, Kormano M, Jarvinen M. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988 March; 22(1): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3370403

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Foot compartment syndrome. Author(s): Perry MD, Manoli A 2nd. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2001 January; 32(1): 103-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465122

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Forced march-induced peroneal compartment syndrome. A report of two cases. Author(s): Blasier D, Barry RJ, Weaver T. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1992 November; (284): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1395292

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Forearm compartment syndrome after diazepam administration. Author(s): Bortolussi ME, Hunter JG, Handal AG. Source: Anesthesiology. 1991 July; 75(1): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2064046

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Forearm compartment syndrome due to automated injection of computed tomography contrast material. Author(s): Benson LS, Sathy MJ, Port RB. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 1996; 10(6): 433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8854323

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Forearm compartment syndrome following brachial arterial puncture in uremia. Author(s): Safran MR, Bernstein A, Lesavoy MA. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1994 May; 32(5): 535-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8060080

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Forearm compartment syndrome following intravenous infusion with a manual "bulb" pump. Author(s): Sneyd JR, Lau W, McLaren ID. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993 May; 76(5): 1160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8484526

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Forearm compartment syndrome following puncture of haemodialysis access fistula. Author(s): Reddy SP, Matta S, Handa A. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2002 May; 23(5): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027476

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Forearm compartment syndrome following thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Burnside J, Costello JM Jr, Angelastro NJ, Blankenship J. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1994 June; 17(6): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8070154

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Forearm compartment syndrome from intravenous mannitol extravasation during general anesthesia. Author(s): Edwards JJ, Samuels D, Fu ES. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 January; 96(1): 245-6, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12505960

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Forearm compartment syndrome secondary to leukemic infiltrates. Author(s): Trumble T. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1987 July; 12(4): 563-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3475374

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Forearm fasciotomy for acute compartment syndrome: a new technique for delayed primary closure. Author(s): Cohn BT, Shall J, Berkowitz M. Source: Orthopedics. 1986 September; 9(9): 1243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3763495

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Found down: compartment syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, and renal failure. Author(s): Carriere SR, Elsworth T. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1998 June; 24(3): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9775796

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Fracture of the tibia complicated by acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): Gershuni DH, Mubarak SJ, Yaru NC, Lee YF. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1987 April; (217): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3829502

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Ganglion cyst of the proximal tibiofibular joint causing anterior compartment syndrome. A case report and anatomical study. Author(s): Ward WG, Eckardt JJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1994 October; 76(10): 1561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7929506

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Gluteal compartment syndrome after total knee arthroplasty with epidural postoperative analgesia. Author(s): Pacheco RJ, Buckley S, Oxborrow NJ, Weeber AC, Allerton K. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 July; 83(5): 739-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476317

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Gluteal compartment syndrome and sciatica after bone marrow biopsy: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Roth JS, Newman EC. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 September; 68(9): 791-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12356152

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Gluteal compartment syndrome due to rhabdomyolysis after heroin abuse. Author(s): Klockgether T, Weller M, Haarmeier T, Kaskas B, Maier G, Dichgans J. Source: Neurology. 1997 January; 48(1): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9008535

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Gluteal compartment syndrome following drug overdose. Author(s): Barnes MR, Harper WM, Tomson CR, Williams NM. Source: Injury. 1992; 23(4): 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1618574

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Gluteal compartment syndrome following elective unilateral internal iliac artery embolization before endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Author(s): Su WT, Stone DH, Lamparello PJ, Rockman CB. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2004 March; 39(3): 672-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14981467

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Gluteal compartment syndrome following epidural analgesic infusion with motor blockage. Author(s): Kontrobarsky Y, Love J. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1997 December; 25(6): 696-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9452857

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Gluteal compartment syndrome following posterior cruciate ligament repair. Author(s): Krysa J, Lofthouse R, Kavanagh G. Source: Injury. 2002 November; 33(9): 835-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12379396

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Gluteal compartment syndrome misdiagnosed as deep vein thrombosis. Author(s): Chua HC, Lim T, Lee HC, Lee SW. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 September; 57(7): 633-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14529069

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Gluteal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Prynn WL, Kates DE, Pollack CV Jr. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994 December; 24(6): 1180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7978606

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Gluteal compartment syndrome. A report of 4 cases. Author(s): Yoshioka H. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1992 June; 63(3): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1609608

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Gluteal compartment syndrome: case report. Author(s): Evanski PM, Waugh TR. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1977 April; 17(4): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=853551

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Haematoma block for fractures of the wrist: a cause of compartment syndrome. Author(s): Younge D. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1989 May; 14(2): 194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2746120

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Haemoglobin SC disease presenting with a compartment syndrome secondary to a deep vein thrombosis. Author(s): Ivil KD, Mannion SJ. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2000 December; 54(10): 679-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11221284

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Head off compartment syndrome before it's too late. Author(s): Lupien AE. Source: Rn. 1980 December; 43(12): 38-41, 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6905241

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Hemophilia presenting as compartment syndrome in the arm following venipuncture. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Nixon RG, Brindley GW. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1989 July; (244): 176-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2663286

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Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) as useful, adjunctive therapeutic modality in compartment syndrome. Author(s): Van Poucke S, Leenders T, Saldien V, Verstreken J, Beaucourt L, Adriaensen H. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2001 March-April; 101(2): 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396055

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for trauma: crush injury, compartment syndrome, and other acute traumatic peripheral ischemias. Author(s): Myers RA. Source: International Anesthesiology Clinics. 2000 Winter; 38(1): 139-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10723673

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Hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and compartment syndrome of the leg after downhill skiing on moguls. Author(s): Cook T, Brown D, Roe J. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1993 November-December; 11(6): 709-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8157908

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Iatrogenic forearm compartment syndrome in a cardiac intensive care unit induced by brachial artery puncture and acute anticoagulation. Author(s): Shabat S, Carmel A, Cohen Y, Sagiv P, Barchilon V, Stren A, Nyska M. Source: Journal of Interventional Cardiology. 2002 April; 15(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063804

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Idiopathic compartment syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Matziolis G, Erli HJ, Rau MH, Klever P, Paar O. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 July; 53(1): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131403

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Incipient compartment syndrome of the thigh following total knee arthroplasty. Author(s): Smith PN, Rampersaud R, Rorabeck CH. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 1997 October; 12(7): 835-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9355016

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Induced abdominal compartment syndrome increases intracranial pressure in neurotrauma patients: a prospective study. Author(s): Citerio G, Vascotto E, Villa F, Celotti S, Pesenti A. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 July; 29(7): 1466-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11445709

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Inferior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint combined with the compartment syndrome of the upper arm: case report. Author(s): Yen CY, Yeh WL, Tu YK. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1998 September; 21(3): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9849022

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Intra-abdominal hypertension after life-threatening penetrating abdominal trauma: prophylaxis, incidence, and clinical relevance to gastric mucosal pH and abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Ivatury RR, Porter JM, Simon RJ, Islam S, John R, Stahl WM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1998 June; 44(6): 1016-21; Discussion 1021-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9637157

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Intraabdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in trauma: pathophysiology and interventions. Author(s): Lozen Y. Source: Aacn Clinical Issues. 1999 February; 10(1): 104-12; Quiz 135-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10347391

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Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Sieh KM, Chu KM, Wong J. Source: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Chirurgie. 2001 February; 386(1): 53-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11405090

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Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Schein M, Ivatury R. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1998 August; 85(8): 1027-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9717991

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Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Ivatury RR, Diebel L, Porter JM, Simon RJ. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1997 August; 77(4): 783-800. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9291981

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Intracompartmental pressure before and after fasciotomy in runners with chronic deep posterior compartment syndrome. Author(s): Biedert RM, Marti B. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 July; 18(5): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9298780

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Intramuscular and blood pressures in legs positioned in the hemilithotomy position : clarification of risk factors for well-leg acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): Meyer RS, White KK, Smith JM, Groppo ER, Mubarak SJ, Hargens AR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 October; 84A(10): 1829-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12377915

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Intramuscular deoxygenation during exercise in patients who have chronic anterior compartment syndrome of the leg. Author(s): Mohler LR, Styf JR, Pedowitz RA, Hargens AR, Gershuni DH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1997 June; 79(6): 8449. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9199381

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Intramuscular oxygen partial pressure in patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). Author(s): Evers B, Odemis V, Gerngross H. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 428: 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9500064

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Isolated compartment syndrome of the calcaneal compartment secondary to minimal incision surgery. Author(s): Michelson JD. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1995 March; 16(3): 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7599735

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Isolated compartment syndrome of the hand after brachial embolectomy. Author(s): Whatling PJ, Galland RB. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 1999 May; 17(5): 446-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10329532

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Isolated compartment syndrome of the pronator quadratus compartment: a case report. Author(s): Schumer ED. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2004 March; 29(2): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15043905

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Isolated compartment syndrome of the tibialis anterior muscle. Author(s): Church JS, Radford WJ. Source: Injury. 2001 March; 32(2): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11223053

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Isolated medial compartment syndrome of the foot: a case report. Author(s): Myerson MS, Berger BI. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1996 March; 17(3): 183-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8919626

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Laparoscopic decompression of abdominal compartment syndrome after blunt hepatic trauma. Author(s): Chen RJ, Fang JF, Lin BC, Kao JL. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 October; 14(10): 966. Epub 2000 August 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11287985

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Laparoscopic pneumoperitoneum: the abdominal compartment syndrome revisited. Author(s): Hunter JG. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1995 November; 181(5): 469-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7582218

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Laser Doppler flowmetry in the diagnosis of chronic compartment syndrome. Author(s): Abraham P, Leftheriotis G, Saumet JL. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1998 March; 80(2): 365-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546477

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Late posttraumatic compartment syndrome in the axillary neurovascular sheath--a case report. Author(s): Bystrom S, Vinnars B. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1999 October; 70(5): 519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10622490

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Liver transplantation in an endostage cirrhosis patient with abdominal compartment syndrome following a spontaneous rectus sheath hematoma. Author(s): Yamamoto S, Sato Y, Takeishi T, Kobayashi T, Watanabe T, Kurosaki I, Hatakeyama K. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2004 January; 19(1): 118-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14675258

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Long-term outcome of fasciotomy with partial fasciectomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg. Author(s): Slimmon D, Bennell K, Brukner P, Crossley K, Bell SN. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 July-August; 30(4): 581-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12130414

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Lower extremity compartment syndrome after coronary artery bypass. Author(s): James T, Friedman SG, Scher L, Hall M. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2002 November; 36(5): 1069-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12422121

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Lower extremity compartment syndrome following a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Author(s): Gorecki PJ, Cottam D, Ger R, Angus LD, Shaftan GW. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2002 April; 12(2): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11975231

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Lower extremity compartment syndrome from prolonged lithotomy position not masked by epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl. Author(s): Beerle BJ, Rose RJ. Source: Reg Anesth. 1993 May-June; 18(3): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8323894

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Lower extremity compartment syndrome in an adolescent with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Vogel LC, Lubicky JP. Source: J Spinal Cord Med. 2001 Winter; 24(4): 278-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11944786

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Lower extremity compartment syndrome resulting from a toddler's bed. Author(s): Haasbeek JF. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 December; 102(6): 1474-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9832586

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Lower extremity compartment syndrome. When to suspect acute or chronic pressure buildup. Author(s): Swain R, Ross D. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 March; 105(3): 159-62, 165, 168. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086040

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Lower limb (well leg) compartment syndrome after urological pelvic surgery. Author(s): Raza A, Byrne D, Townell N. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 5-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665832

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Lower limb compartment syndrome associated with Lloyd-Davies/lithotomy position in colorectal surgery. Author(s): Perez RO, Pecora RA, Giannini CG, Nahas SC, Habr-Gama A. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2004 January-February; 51(55): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15011839

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Lower limb compartment syndrome associated with the lithotomy position: concepts and perspectives for the urologist. Author(s): Mumtaz FH, Chew H, Gelister JS. Source: Bju International. 2002 November; 90(8): 792-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12406113

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Lower limb compartment syndrome following urethroplasty. Author(s): Tuncer R, Zorludemir U. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1997 April; 79(4): 646. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9126101

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Lower limb compartment syndrome resulting from malignant hyperthermia. Author(s): Johnson IA, Andrzejowski JC, Currie JS. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1999 June; 27(3): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10389565

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Lower limb compartment syndrome: course after delayed fasciotomy. Author(s): Finkelstein JA, Hunter GA, Hu RW. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1996 March; 40(3): 342-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8601846

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Lower limb ischemia with compartment syndrome related to femoral artery cannulas. Author(s): Alameddine AK. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1997 September; 64(3): 884-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9307508

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Lumbar paraspinal rhabdomyolysis and compartment syndrome after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Author(s): Ferreira J, Galle C, Aminian A, Michel P, Guyot S, De Wilde JP, Motte S, Wautrecht JC, Dereume JP. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 January; 37(1): 198-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12514601

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Malignant hyperthermia and compartment syndrome. Author(s): Ball DR. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1995 September; 75(3): 369; Author Reply 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7547063

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Malignant hyperthermia and compartment syndrome. Author(s): Steele AP, Imrie MM, Rutherford AM, Bradley WN. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1995 September; 75(3): 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7547062

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Management strategy for compartment syndrome of the upper extremity arising during anticoagulation or thrombolytic therapy: an increasingly common surgical dilemma. Author(s): Newman MI, Kent KC, Clair DG, Nolan WB. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2003 September; 51(3): 308-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966245

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Managing trauma patients with abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Fritsch DE, Steinmann RA. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2000 December; 20(6): 48-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878259

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Mannitol treatment for acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): Daniels M, Reichman J, Brezis M. Source: Nephron. 1998 August; 79(4): 492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689176

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Massive rigor and compartment syndrome after tourniquet in a patient with suspected malignant hyperthermia. Author(s): Knuttgen D, Reifenrath W, Autze W, Doehn M. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1999 February; 43(2): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10027038

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Massive ventral hernias: role of tissue expansion in abdominal wall restoration following abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Admire AA, Dolich MO, Sisley AC, Samimi KJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 May; 68(5): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12013296

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Mechanical and biochemical analyses of tibial compartment fascia in chronic compartment syndrome. Author(s): Hurschler C, Vanderby R Jr, Martinez DA, Vailas AC, Turnipseed WD. Source: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 1994 May-June; 22(3): 272-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7978548

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Medical management of abdominal compartment syndrome: case report and a caution. Author(s): Macalino JU, Goldman RK, Mayberry JC. Source: Asian J Surg. 2002 July; 25(3): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12376224

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Mesh hood fascial closure in renal allograft compartment syndrome. Author(s): Beasley KA, McAlister VC, Luke PP. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 November; 35(7): 2418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14611975

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Midpalmar space hematoma mimicking compartment syndrome of the hand. Author(s): Kingston R, Sparkes J, Keogh P, O'Flanagan SJ. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2002 January; 16(1): 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11782637

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Minimally invasive subcutaneous fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower extremity. Author(s): Wood ML, Almekinders LC. Source: Am J Orthop. 2004 January; 33(1): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763599

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Modified shoelace technique for delayed primary closure of the thigh after acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): Galois L, Pauchot J, Pfeffer F, Kermarrec I, Traversari R, Mainard D, Delagoutte JP. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2002 February; 68(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11915461

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Multifocal streptococcal pyomyositis complicated by acute compartment syndrome: case report. Author(s): Harrington P, Scott B, Chetcuti P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2001 April; 10(2): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11360777

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Multiple compartment syndrome after childbirth. Author(s): Rijbroek A, Pot JH, Dunki Jacobs PB, Bronsveld W. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1996 April; 162(4): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8739424

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Muscle crush compartment syndrome: fulminant local edema with threatening systemic effects. Author(s): Better OS, Rubinstein I, Reis DN. Source: Kidney International. 2003 March; 63(3): 1155-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12631101

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Muscle function in chronic compartment syndrome of the leg. Author(s): Varelas FL, Wessel J, Clement DB, Doyle DL, Wiley JP. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1993 November; 18(5): 586-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8268960

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Myositis ossificans: calcification of the entire tibialis anterior after ischaemic injury (compartment syndrome). Author(s): Hyder N, Shaw DL, Bollen SR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1996 March; 78(2): 318-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8666650

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Myths & facts. about acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): McConnell EA. Source: Nursing. 1996 February; 26(2): 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8684699

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Near infrared spectroscopy in the diagnosis of chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Author(s): van den Brand JG, Verleisdonk EJ, van der Werken C. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 March; 32(2): 452-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977673

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Near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring of tissue oxygenation of exercising skeletal muscle in a chronic compartment syndrome model. Author(s): Breit GA, Gross JH, Watenpaugh DE, Chance B, Hargens AR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1997 June; 79(6): 83843. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9199380

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Neglected acute post exertional anterior compartment syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Sidha Sambandan. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1985 December; 40(4): 338-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3842737

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Neonatal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Kline SC, Moore JR. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1992 March; 17(2): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1564270

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New cross-country skiing technique and compartment syndrome. Author(s): Gertsch P, Borgeat A, Walli T. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1987 November-December; 15(6): 6123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3425790

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Noninvasive measurement of compartment syndrome. Author(s): Dickson KF, Sullivan MJ, Steinberg B, Myers L, Anderson ER 3rd, Harris M. Source: Orthopedics. 2003 December; 26(12): 1215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14690292

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On "The abdominal compartment syndrome as a consequence of penetrating heart injury". Author(s): Brenneman F. Source: Journal of Cardiac Surgery. 2003 July-August; 18(4): 315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869177

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One-portal technique of endoscopic fasciotomy: Chronic compartment syndrome of the lower leg. Author(s): Kitajima I, Tachibana S, Hirota Y, Nakamichi K, Miura K. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 October; 17(8): 33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600973

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Open tibia fracture with compartment syndrome. Author(s): DeLee JC, Stiehl JB. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1981 October; (160): 175-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7026116

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Orbital compartment syndrome caused by intraorbital bacitracin ointment after endoscopic sinus surgery. Author(s): Castro E, Seeley M, Kosmorsky G, Foster JA. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 September; 130(3): 376-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11020429

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Orbital compartment syndrome following orthognathic surgery. Author(s): Li KK, Meara JG, Rubin PA. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1995 August; 53(8): 964-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7629632

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Orbital compartment syndrome mimicking cerebral herniation in a 12-yr-old boy with severe traumatic asphyxia. Author(s): Prodhan P, Noviski NN, Butler WE, Eskandar E, Ellen Grant P, Whalen MJ. Source: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies. 2003 July; 4(3): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12831422

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Orbital compartment syndrome. Direct measurement of orbital tissue pressure: 1. Technique. Author(s): Kratky V, Hurwitz JJ, Avram DR. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1990 October; 25(6): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2249165

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Orthopedic complications. Compartment syndrome, fat embolism syndrome, and venous thromboembolism. Author(s): Slye DA. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1991 March; 26(1): 113-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2000313

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Orthopedic pitfalls in the ED: acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): Perron AD, Brady WJ, Keats TE. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 September; 19(5): 413-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11555801

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Outcome of compartment syndrome following intramedullary nailing of tibial diaphyseal fractures. Author(s): Mullett H, Al-Abed K, Prasad CV, O'Sullivan M. Source: Injury. 2001 June; 32(5): 411-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11382428

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Pathophysiology and management of abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Walker J, Criddle LM. Source: American Journal of Critical Care : an Official Publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 2003 July; 12(4): 367-71; Quiz 372-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12882069

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Patient with compartment syndrome of the lower extremity. Author(s): Wessel LC, Cunningham BL. Source: Journal of Vascular Nursing : Official Publication of the Society for Peripheral Vascular Nursing. 2003 March; 21(1): 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629494

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Patient with compartment syndrome of the lower extremity. Author(s): Wessel LC, Cunningham BL. Source: Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / Wocn. 2002 July; 29(4): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12114939

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Patients with impending abdominal compartment syndrome do not respond to early volume loading. Author(s): Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Cox CS, Moore FA. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 December; 186(6): 602-7; Discussion 607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14672765

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Percutaneous treatment of secondary abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Corcos AC, Sherman HF. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2001 December; 51(6): 1062-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740251

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Perioperative compartment syndrome. A report of four cases. Author(s): Seiler JG 3rd, Valadie AL 3rd, Drvaric DM, Frederick RW, Whitesides TE Jr. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1996 April; 78(4): 6002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8609142

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Phlegmasia cerulea dolens with compartment syndrome: a complication of femoral vein catheterization. Author(s): Wood KE, Reedy JS, Pozniak MA, Coursin DB. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 May; 28(5): 1626-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10834724

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Pneumatic compression boots, lithotomy stirrups, and lower limb compartment syndrome. Author(s): Turnbull DK, Mills GH. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 July; 97(1): 284-5; Author Reply 285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131142

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Popliteal aneurysm presenting as chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Author(s): Knight JL, Au K, Whitley MA. Source: Orthopedics. 1997 February; 20(2): 166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9048394

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Popliteal vein thrombosis causing compartment syndrome: a case report. Author(s): VanFleet TA, Raab MG, Watson MD. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 April; (325): 190-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8998874

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Posterior thigh compartment syndrome associated with hamstring avulsion and chronic anticoagulation therapy. Author(s): Oseto MC, Edwards JZ, Acus RW 3rd. Source: Orthopedics. 2004 February; 27(2): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14992394

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Posttraumatic compartment syndrome of the dorsal forearm: an unusual case. Author(s): Anderson WJ, Sterling DA. Source: Orthopedics. 1997 March; 20(3): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9088019

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Presentation of compartment syndrome without an obvious cause can delay treatment. A case report. Author(s): Shaikh N, Barry M. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2003 December; 69(6): 566-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14748118

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Preventing the sequelae of compartment syndrome. Author(s): Kalb RL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1999 January 15; 34(1): 105-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9931579

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Prevention of abdominal compartment syndrome by absorbable mesh prosthesis closure. Author(s): Mayberry JC, Mullins RJ, Crass RA, Trunkey DD. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1997 September; 132(9): 957-61; Discussion 961-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9301607

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Prevention of compartment syndrome associated with dorsal lithotomy position. Author(s): Scott JR, Daneker G, Lumsden AB. Source: The American Surgeon. 1997 September; 63(9): 801-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9290525

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Prevention of the abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Mayberry JC. Source: Lancet. 1999 November 20; 354(9192): 1749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577634

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Primary anaplastic large cell lymphoma of skeletal muscle presenting with compartment syndrome. Author(s): Chim CS, Choy C, Liang R. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1999 May; 33(5-6): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10342590

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Prospective characterization and selective management of the abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Meldrum DR, Moore FA, Moore EE, Franciose RJ, Sauaia A, Burch JM. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1997 December; 174(6): 667-72; Discussion 672-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9409594

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Prospective study of the incidence and outcome of intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Hong JJ, Cohn SM, Perez JM, Dolich MO, Brown M, McKenney MG. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2002 May; 89(5): 591-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972549

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Quadriceps compartment syndrome from minor trauma. Author(s): Lindsay MB. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1999 August; 6(8): 860-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10463563

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Quadriceps contusion with compartment syndrome. Evacuation of hematoma in 2 cases. Author(s): Rooser B. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1987 April; 58(2): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3604631

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Rattlesnake bite with associated compartment syndrome: what is the best treatment? Author(s): Seiler JG 3rd. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 June; 85-A(6): 1163-4; Author Reply 1164. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12784021

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Re.: Acute noncontact compartment syndrome. Author(s): Patel M. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2001 June-July; 15(5): 378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11433148

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Re: Abdominal compartment syndrome: prompt recognition and treatment. Author(s): Losanoff JE, Kjossev KT. Source: The American Surgeon. 1999 January; 65(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9915544

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Recognizing compartment syndrome. Author(s): Gluchacki BK. Source: Nursing. 1991 October; 21(10): 33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1923022

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Recurrent acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): Kotak BP, Bendall SP. Source: Injury. 2000 January; 31(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10716055

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Recurrent compartment syndrome and Volkmann contracture associated with chronic osteomyelitis of the ulna. A case report. Author(s): Goldie BS, Jones NF, Jupiter JB. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1990 January; 72(1): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2295662

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Recurrent compartment syndrome of the hand: a case report. Author(s): Chokshi BV, Lee S, Wolfe SW. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1998 January; 23(1): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9523957

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Regarding "Abdominal compartment syndrome after mesenteric revascularization". Author(s): Tiwari A, Jenkins M, Amin A, Cheng KS, Hamilton G. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2002 April; 35(4): 831. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932654

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Relapsing eosinophilic myositis causing acute muscle compartment syndrome. Author(s): Murray-Leslie CF, Quinnell RC, Powell RJ, Lowe J. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 May; 32(5): 436-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8495271

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Release of abdominal compartment syndrome improves survival in patients with burn injury. Author(s): Hobson KG, Young KM, Ciraulo A, Palmieri TL, Greenhalgh DG. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 December; 53(6): 1129-33; Discussion 1133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12478039

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Repairing hernias at the same time as ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms may increase the risk of abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Haldipur N, Donlon M, Singh S, Beard JD. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2003 March; 25(3): 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12623342

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Retroperitoneal compartment syndrome after renal transplantation. Author(s): Koss WG, Johnson LB, Kuo PC. Source: The American Surgeon. 2000 January; 66(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651353

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Review and case report of idiopathic lower extremity compartment syndrome and its treatment in diabetic patients. Author(s): Pamoukian VN, Rubino F, Iraci JC. Source: Diabetes & Metabolism. 2000 December; 26(6): 489-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11173720

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Review: acute compartment syndrome of the foot. Author(s): Fulkerson E, Razi A, Tejwani N. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2003 February; 24(2): 180-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627629

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Rhabdomyolysis and lower extremity compartment syndrome due to influenza B virus. Author(s): Paletta CE, Lynch R, Knutsen AP. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1993 March; 30(3): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8494311

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Risk of compartment syndrome and aortic thrombosis following prolonged surgery in the Lloyd-Davies position. Author(s): Harris SA, Karanjia ND. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1996 May; 77(5): 752-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8689128

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Role of heparin in compartment syndrome. Author(s): Hynson JM. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2000 May; 82(5): 7523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10819290

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Rupture of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle at the musculotendinous junction mimicking a compartment syndrome. Author(s): Patton GW, Parker RJ. Source: J Foot Surg. 1989 September-October; 28(5): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2584626

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Ruptured Baker's cyst causing posterior compartment syndrome. Author(s): Dunlop D, Parker PJ, Keating JF. Source: Injury. 1997 October; 28(8): 561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9616400

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Saphenous nerve injury after fasciotomy for compartment syndrome. Author(s): Pyne D, Jawad AS, Padhiar N. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 December; 37(6): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665597

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Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome is an elusive early complication of traumatic shock resuscitation. Author(s): Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Holcomb JB, Ware DN, Moore FA. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2002 December; 184(6): 538-43; Discussion 543-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488160

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Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome: an underappreciated manifestation of severe hemorrhagic shock. Author(s): Maxwell RA, Fabian TC, Croce MA, Davis KA. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1999 December; 47(6): 995-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10608523

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Secondary and primary abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Bowling WM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2003 November; 55(5): 1004; Author Reply 1004-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14608188

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Secondary extremity compartment syndrome. Author(s): Tremblay LN, Feliciano DV, Rozycki GS. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 November; 53(5): 833-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435931

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Silent compartment syndrome complicating total knee arthroplasty: continuous epidural anesthesia masked the pain. Author(s): Tang WM, Chiu KY. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2000 February; 15(2): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10708095

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Spontaneous compartment syndrome after thrombolytic therapy. Author(s): Hettiaratchy S, Kang N, Hemsley C, Powell B. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 September; 92(9): 471-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10645301

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Staged primary closure of the abdominal wall in patients with abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Paran H, Mayo A, Afanasiev A, Epstein T, Neufeld D, Kluger Y, Shwartz I. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2001 December; 51(6): 1204-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740280

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Superficial and deep posterior compartment syndrome following high tibial osteotomy for tibia vara in a child. Author(s): Mueller KL, Farley FA. Source: Orthopedics. 2003 May; 26(5): 513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755217

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Supranormal trauma resuscitation and abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Ivatury RR. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 February; 139(2): 225-6; Author Reply 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769586

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Supranormal trauma resuscitation causes more cases of abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Valdivia A, Sailors RM, Moore FA. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2003 June; 138(6): 637-42; Discussion 642-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799335

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Surveyed opinion of American trauma surgeons on the prevention of the abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Mayberry JC, Goldman RK, Mullins RJ, Brand DM, Crass RA, Trunkey DD. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1999 September; 47(3): 509-13; Discussion 513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10498305

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Systemic capillary leak syndrome associated with rhabdomyolysis and compartment syndrome. Author(s): Prieto Valderrey F, Burillo Putze G, Martinez Azario J, Santana Ramos M. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 November; 17(7): 743-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10597109

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The abdominal compartment syndrome as a second insult during systemic neutrophil priming provokes multiple organ injury. Author(s): Rezende-Neto JB, Moore EE, Masuno T, Moore PK, Johnson JL, Sheppard FR, Cunha-Melo JR, Silliman CC. Source: Shock (Augusta, Ga.). 2003 October; 20(4): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501942

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The abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Orlando R 3rd, Eddy VA, Jacobs LM Jr, Stadelmann WK. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 April; 139(4): 415-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15078710

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The abdominal compartment syndrome: a complication with many faces. Author(s): Berger P, Nijsten MW, Paling JC, Zwaveling JH. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2001 May; 58(5): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11334680

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The acute atraumatic peroneal compartment syndrome, a rare and therefore sometimes unrecognised entity. Author(s): Vanneste DR, Janzing HM, Broos PL. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2003 August; 103(4): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14524151

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The diagnostic value of MRI scans for the diagnosis of chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg. Author(s): Verleisdonk EJ, van Gils A, van der Werken C. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2001 June; 30(6): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465772

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The medical-legal aspects of compartment syndrome. Author(s): Bhattacharyya T, Vrahas MS. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2004 April; 86-A(4): 864-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15069156

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The problems with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) in association with abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Author(s): Sugrue M, D'Amours S. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2001 August; 51(2): 419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493814

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The use of high positive end-expiratory pressure for respiratory failure in abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Suwanvanichkij V, Curtis JR. Source: Respiratory Care. 2004 March; 49(3): 286-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982649

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Translumbar extraperitoneal decompression for abdominal compartment syndrome after endovascular treatment of a ruptured AAA. Author(s): Van Herzeele I, De Waele JJ, Vermassen F. Source: Journal of Endovascular Therapy : an Official Journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists. 2003 October; 10(5): 933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14656178

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Tuberculous compartment syndrome of the forearm. Author(s): Farnell RD, Davies N, Unwin AJ. Source: Orthopedics. 2001 April; 24(4): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11332969

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Unexplained bilateral extensor and unilateral flexor acute compartment syndrome of the forearm. Author(s): Phillips SJ, Carter R, Jenkins AI. Source: Injury. 2004 January; 35(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14728964

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Unilateral compartment syndrome after prolonged gynecologic surgery in the dorsal lithotomy position. A case report. Author(s): Schwartz LB, Stahl RS, DeCherney AH. Source: J Reprod Med. 1993 June; 38(6): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8331627

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Unilateral lower extremity compartment syndrome in the quadriplegic patient: a possible association with the use of elastic bandages. Author(s): Jacobs DG, O'Brien KB, Miles WS. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1999 February; 46(2): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10029045

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Unrecognised arterial injury of the forearm: a secondary bleed presenting as acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): Payne SP, Eckersley JR. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1994 March-April; 48(2): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8024980

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Unrecognised arterial injury of the forearm: presenting as acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): Pai VS. Source: N Z Med J. 1995 September 8; 108(1007): 368-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7566777

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Unusual complication after percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: pneumoperitoneum with abdominal compartment syndrome. Author(s): Fraipont V, Lambermont B, Ghaye B, Moonen M, Edzang L, D'Orio V, Marcelle R. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1999 November; 25(11): 1334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10654224

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Unusual development of acute compartment syndrome caused by a suction injury: a case report. Author(s): Tachi M, Hirabayashi S, Kuroda E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 2001 September; 35(3): 329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11680405

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Unusual development of acute exertional compartment syndrome due to delayed diagnosis. A case report. Author(s): Willy C, Becker HP, Evers B, Gerngross H. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996 August; 17(6): 458-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8884422

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Unusual presentation of a fracture and possible early compartment syndrome. Author(s): Zafren K. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 2000 Fall; 11(3): 199-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11055568

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Utility of near-infrared spectroscopy in the diagnosis of lower extremity compartment syndrome. Author(s): Giannotti G, Cohn SM, Brown M, Varela JE, McKenney MG, Wiseberg JA. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2000 March; 48(3): 396-9; Discussion 399-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10744275

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Value of delayed filming in the anterior tibial compartment syndrome secondary to trauma. Author(s): Greenbaum EI, O'Loughlin BJ. Source: Radiology. 1969 August; 93(2): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5822714

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Vascular injuries in Vietnam. With special reference to compartment syndrome. Author(s): Jacob JE. Source: Int Surg. 1972 April; 57(4): 289-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5035667

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Venous obstruction in healthy limbs: a model for chronic compartment syndrome? Author(s): Birtles DB, Rayson MP, Casey A, Jones DA, Newham DJ. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003 October; 35(10): 1638-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14523298

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Vibrio vulnificus necrotizing fasciitis of the calf presenting with compartment syndrome. Author(s): Miron D, Lev A, Colodner R, Merzel Y. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 July; 22(7): 666-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12886899

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Vibrio vulnificus sepsis manifesting as compartment syndrome. Author(s): Thanassi M. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1995 November; 2(11): 1017-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8536116

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Volar compartment syndrome of the arm complicating a fracture of the humeral shaft. A case report. Author(s): Gupta A, Sharma S. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1991 February; 62(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2003396

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Volkmann's ischemia. A volar compartment syndrome of the forearm. Author(s): Eaton RG, Green WT. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1975 November-December; (113): 58-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1192676

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Weight-lifting as a cause of compartment syndrome in the forearm. A case report. Author(s): Bird CB, McCoy JW Jr. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1983 March; 65(3): 406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6826606

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Well-leg compartment syndrome. Author(s): Heppenstall B, Tan V. Source: Lancet. 1999 September 18; 354(9183): 970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10501356

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Wound closure by dermatotraction after fasciotomy for acute compartment syndrome. Author(s): Wiger P, Blomqvist G, Styf J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 2000 December; 34(4): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11195868

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COMPARTMENT SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and compartment syndrome.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Compartment Syndrome The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “compartment syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “compartment syndrome” (or a synonym): •

Acute quadriceps compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis in a weight lifter using high-dose creatine supplementation. Author(s): Department of Family Practice, MacDill Air Force Base, Fla 33621, USA. Source: Robinson, S J J-Am-Board-Fam-Pract. 2000 Mar-April; 13(2): 134-7 0893-8652

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Anterior compartment syndrome of the thigh as a complication of blunt trauma in a patient on prolonged anticoagulation therapy. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699. Source: Ebraheim, N A Hoeflinger, M J Savolaine, E R Jackson, W T Clin-Orthopage 1991 February; (263): 180-4 0009-921X

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Capillary leakage complicated by compartment syndrome necessitating surgery. Author(s): Service de Reanimation Polyvalente, Hopital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France. Source: Guidet, B Guerin, B Maury, E Offenstadt, G Amstutz, P Intensive-Care-Med. 1990; 16(5): 332-3 0342-4642

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Epidural opioid analgesia does not obscure diagnosis of compartment syndrome resulting from prolonged lithotomy position. Author(s): University of Washington School of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Medical Centre, Seattle, Washington 98105. Source: Montgomery, C J Ready, L B Anesthesiology. 1991 September; 75(3): 541-3 00033022

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Prevention of compartment syndrome in dorsal root ganglia caused by exposure to nucleus pulposus. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology and Pathology (Neuropathology), VA Medical Center and the University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. Source: Yabuki, S Onda, A Kikuchi, S Myers, R R Spine. 2001 April 15; 26(8): 870-5 03622436

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Spontaneous compartment syndrome in a patient on long-term anticoagulation. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor, North Wales. Source: Griffiths, D Jones, D H J-Hand-Surg-[Br]. 1993 February; 18(1): 41-2 0266-7681

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

Nutrition

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to compartment syndrome. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to compartment syndrome and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “compartment syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to compartment syndrome: •

A simpler, less expensive technique for delayed primary closure of fasciotomies. Author(s): Harrah J, Gates R, Carl J, Harrah JD. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2000 July; 180(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11036142

•

Acupuncture-needle-induced compartment syndrome. Author(s): Smith DL, Walczyk MH, Campbell S. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1986 April; 144(4): 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3716412

•

Acute quadriceps compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis in a weight lifter using high-dose creatine supplementation. Author(s): Robinson SJ.

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Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2000 March-April; 13(2): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10764196 •

Adjunctive treatment of compartment syndrome with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Fitzpatrick DT, Murphy PT, Bryce M. Source: Military Medicine. 1998 August; 163(8): 577-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9715626

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Compartment syndrome and shin splints of the lower leg. Author(s): Gerow G, Matthews B, Jahn W, Gerow R. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1993 May; 16(4): 245-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8340719

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Complications of Bothrops, Porthidium, and Bothriechis snakebites in Colombia. A clinical and epidemiological study of 39 cases attended in a university hospital. Author(s): Otero R, Gutierrez J, Beatriz Mesa M, Duque E, Rodriguez O, Luis Arango J, Gomez F, Toro A, Cano F, Maria Rodriguez L, Caro E, Martinez J, Cornejo W, Mariano Gomez L, Luis Uribe F, Cardenas S, Nunez V, Diaz A. Source: Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2002 August; 40(8): 1107-114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165312

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Delayed use of hyperbaric oxygen for treatment of a model anterior compartment syndrome. Author(s): Strauss MB, Hargens AR, Gershuni DH, Hart GB, Akeson WH. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 1986; 4(1): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3950802

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Digital tissue compliance meter. Author(s): Ylinen J, Airaksinen O, Kolari PJ. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1993 July-December; 18(3-4): 16974. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7906476

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Hyperbaric oxygen reduces edema and necrosis of skeletal muscle in compartment syndromes associated with hemorrhagic hypotension. Author(s): Skyhar MJ, Hargens AR, Strauss MB, Gershuni DH, Hart GB, Akeson WH.

Alternative Medicine 55

Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1986 October; 68(8): 1218-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3021776 •

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy suggested for compartment syndrome. Author(s): McHowell WD. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1989 March-April; 15(2( Pt 1)): 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2649717

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Infected compartment syndrome after acupuncture. Author(s): Shah N, Hing C, Tucker K, Crawford R. Source: Acupuncture in Medicine : Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society. 2002 August; 20(2-3): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12216597

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Medial compartment syndrome of the foot: an unusual complication of spine surgery. Author(s): Stotts AK, Carroll KL, Schafer PG, Santora SD, Branigan TD. Source: Spine. 2003 March 15; 28(6): E118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12642775

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Orthopedic nursing. Part 2. Preventing orthopedic complications. Author(s): Hogberg A. Source: Rn. 1975 March; 38(3): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1038100

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Overuse injuries in classical ballet. Author(s): Khan K, Brown J, Way S, Vass N, Crichton K, Alexander R, Baxter A, Butler M, Wark J. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1995 May; 19(5): 341-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7618011

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Preliminary observations on the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom poisoning in the rabbit model. Author(s): Stolpe MR, Norris RL, Chisholm CD, Hartshorne MF, Okerberg C, Ehler WJ, Posch J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1989 August; 18(8): 871-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2757285

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Pressuring for the use of HBO. Author(s): McHowell WD.

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Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1989 September; 89(9): 1131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2774015 •

Reduction of skeletal muscle necrosis using intermittent hyperbaric oxygen in a model compartment syndrome. Author(s): Strauss MB, Hargens AR, Gershuni DH, Greenberg DA, Crenshaw AG, Hart GB, Akeson WH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1983 June; 65(5): 65662. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6853571

•

Resolution of compartment syndrome after rattlesnake envenomation utilizing noninvasive measures. Author(s): Gold BS, Barish RA, Dart RC, Silverman RP, Bochicchio GV. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 April; 24(3): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12676299

•

The compartments of the hand: an anatomic study. Author(s): DiFelice A Jr, Seiler JG 3rd, Whitesides TE Jr. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1998 July; 23(4): 682-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9708383

•

Traditional bone setter's gangrene. Author(s): Onuminya JE, Onabowale BO, Obekpa PO, Ihezue CH. Source: International Orthopaedics. 1999; 23(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10422028

•

Treatment of chronic exertional anterior compartment syndrome with massage: a pilot study. Author(s): Blackman PG, Simmons LR, Crossley KM. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 1998 January; 8(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9448951

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

Alternative Medicine 57

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to compartment syndrome; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Heat Exhaustion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON COMPARTMENT SYNDROME Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “compartment syndrome” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on compartment syndrome, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Compartment Syndrome By performing a patent search focusing on compartment syndrome, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on compartment syndrome: •

System and method for site specific therapy Inventor(s): Odland; Rick Mathew (Roseville, MN) Assignee(s): Twin Star Medical, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,537,241 Date filed: May 17, 1999 Abstract: A system, including catheter apparatus, and related method for performing site specific therapy. The catheter apparatus can include one or more semipermeable microcatheters (preferably in the form of hollow fibers) for use in performing site specific microdialysis. The system and method are particularly suited for use in addressing cerebral edema by affecting the osmolar relationship between fluids making up the brain tissue. Also disclosed is an apparatus having a delivery/recovery mechanism in the form of a pump reservoir and one or more catheters in the form of semipermeable microcatheters, for use in delivering and/or recovering fluid to and/or from a tissue site or for performing tissue engineering outside of the body. The apparatus can be used in a method to perform site specific microtherapy, including for the treatment of compartment syndrome or cerebral edema. Excerpt(s): In one aspect, the present invention relates to methods and apparatuses for treating microcirculatory problems, including transient and reversible conditions that do no involve structural injury, as well as permanent or chronic conditions that do involve structural injury to the microcirculation. In another aspect, the invention relates to methods and apparatuses for augmenting normal microcirculation. In a related aspect, the invention relates to methods and apparatuses for treating conditions that involve osteonecrosis, compartment syndrome, edema, and skin flap survival. In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to methods and devices for addressing cerebral edema, and to materials, such as catheters (including vetnriculosotomy catheters) and semipermeable membranes, for use in site specific treatment of tissues and tissue disorders. A number of clinical conditions involve (e.g., are caused by and/or themselves cause) impaired circulation, and particularly circulation within interstitial spaces and within discrete, localized tissues. Among the more vexing examples of such circulatory afflictions are osteonecrosis (e.g., avascular necrosis), compartment syndrome, and edema (and in particular, cerebral edema). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06537241__

Patent Applications on Compartment Syndrome As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to compartment syndrome:

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 61

•

System and method for noninvasively evaluating a limb suspected of compartment syndrome Inventor(s): Steinberg, Bruce; (Jacksonville, FL) Correspondence: Michael J. Colitz, Iii; Holland & Knight Llp; Suite 4100; 100 N. Tampa ST.; Tampa; FL; 33602-3644; US Patent Application Number: 20040116834 Date filed: December 8, 2003 Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for noninvasively diagnosing limb compartment syndrome by measuring a quantitative modulus of hardness. In the preferred embodiment, a nonmovable pressure probe mounted in the center of a movable spring loaded platform is applied against a limb compartment. Force is gradually applied to the probe and the platform, compressing a limb compartment. Pressure on the probe is measured as the probe pushes into the limb. The spring loaded platform displaces, and the distance of the probe tip to the platform is measured. This distance is the depth of compression into the limb by the probe. The relationship of incremental pressures in the probe and the corresponding distance of the probe tip to the platform for each pressure is plotted. A linear regression analysis is preformed whose slope forms a quantitative modulus of hardness. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/038,040, filed Oct. 19, 2001, entitled System and Method for Noninvasively Evaluating a Limb Suspected of Compartment Syndrome, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. This invention pertains to the measurement of hardness of the tissue of a limb by using a noninvasive technique. More specifically, the present invention relates to a warning device that safeguards against the development of compartment syndrome by relating hardness to intracompartmental interstitial pressure. The diagnosis of compartment syndrome is made by the direct measurement of intracompartmental interstitial pressure based on a technique developed by Dr. Thomas E. Whitesides, Jr. In this technique, a small amount of fluid is injected into a limb compartment. The pressure necessary to advance the fluid into the compartment is the measurement of the pressure of the compartment. If the intracompartmental interstitial pressure should increase to within 30 mmHg of the diastolic pressure, this could result in irreversible damage of the tissue within the compartment. Treatment for such a condition is emergency surgical release of the fascia overlying the muscle, which is constricting the compartment. Delay in the diagnosis of compartment syndrome and subsequently delay in performing the fasciotomy can result in the needless loss of function, contracture and possible amputation of the limb. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

System for treating tissue swelling Inventor(s): Odland, Rick Mathew; (Roseville, MN) Correspondence: Philip M. Goldman; Fredrikson & Byron, P.A.; 4000 Pillsbury Center; 200 South Sixth Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-1425; US Patent Application Number: 20030187367 Date filed: October 17, 2002

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Abstract: A system and related methods and components for treating tissue swelling, and particularly swelling associated with cerebral edema, compartment syndrome, and congestive heart failure, by the use of water removal therapy, in order to remove only water from biological fluids. Included also is a system for such use that incorporates one or more monitors, optionally in addition to the use of water removal therapy. By removing only water, all other biologic agents, including essentially all solutes and formed blood elements (such as cells) are increased in concentration in the remaining bodily fluid(s). WRT can be applied to several clinical conditions in which there is an excess of water, and is ideally used in an extracorporeal fashion, in combination with other functions and related components as well, including ultrafiltration. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of US patent application filed Mar. 22, 2002 and assigned Ser. No. 10/104,113, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses for use in treating tissue swelling, including cerebral edema, compartment syndrome and congestive heart failure. In another aspect, the invention relates to diagnostic and therapeutic methods and apparatuses that include the placement of semipermeable catheters and membranes within the body. In yet another aspect, the invention relates to diagnostic and therapeutic methods and apparatuses adapted to monitor various physiologic parameters in the course of tissue swelling, as well as methods and apparatuses adapted to deliver media, including gases and liquids, to catheters positioned within a tissue, including to treat biological (e.g., bodily) fluids external to the body. In a final aspect, the invention relates to systems, and components thereof, for recovering fluids from sites of tissue swelling. A number of clinical conditions involve (e.g., are caused by and/or themselves cause) impaired circulation, and particularly circulation within interstitial spaces and within discrete, localized tissues. Among the more vexing examples of such circulatory afflictions are those that involve localized tissue swelling, including compartment syndrome and edema (and in particular, cerebral edema). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with compartment syndrome, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “compartment syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on compartment syndrome. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning compartment syndrome. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON COMPARTMENT SYNDROME Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to compartment syndrome. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on compartment syndrome include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Compartment Syndrome In order to find chapters that specifically relate to compartment syndrome, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and compartment syndrome using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “compartment syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on compartment syndrome: •

Unclosable Abdomen and the Dehisced Wound Source: in Kelly, K.A.; Sarr, M.G.; Hinder, R.A., eds. Mayo Clinic Gastrointestinal Surgery. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Science. 2004. p. 653-664. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science. Customer Service Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146 (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 535-9935. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $195.00. ISBN: 721692877. Summary: One of the most challenging problems in gastroenterological surgery is the unclosable abdomen. Closure of an abdominal incision may not be possible in patients being operated on for severe abdominal tissue destruction, infection, inflammation, or ischemia. If closure is attempted, the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) may result. In addition, postoperative fascial dehiscence and wound disruption are likely to occur. This chapter on the unclosable abdomen and the dehisced wound is from a book

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that focuses on the major diseases treated by gastrointestinal surgeons, from the esophagus to the anal canal. The text has a clinical orientation and a major emphasis on practical applications as they are applied at the Mayo Clinic. The authors discuss anatomical considerations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, intra-abdominal hypertension, decompressive laparotomy, physiologic changes after relief of abdominal compartment syndrome, risk factors for fascial dehiscence, the prevention and management of fascial dehiscence, techniques of temporary closure, and abdominal wall reconstruction. The chapter is illustrated with line drawings. 5 figures. 1 table. 44 references.

65

APPENDICES

67

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

69

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “compartment syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2892 17 323 1 188 3421

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “compartment syndrome” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on compartment syndrome can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to compartment syndrome. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to compartment syndrome. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “compartment syndrome”:

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carpaltunnelsyndrome.html Foot Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html Leg Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leginjuriesanddisorders.html Muscle Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/muscledisorders.html Wrist and Arm Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/wristandarminjuriesanddisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to compartment syndrome. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to compartment syndrome. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with compartment syndrome. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about compartment syndrome. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “compartment syndrome” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “compartment syndrome”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “compartment syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “compartment syndrome” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

77

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

81

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

83

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

85

COMPARTMENT SYNDROME DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaplastic: A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little or no resemblance to normal cells. [NIH] Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: A rare agressive form of lymphoma (cancer that begins in cells of the lymphatic system) that is usually of T-cell origin. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anterior Compartment Syndrome: Rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive exertion. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign

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substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of

Dictionary 87

fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone marrow biopsy: The removal of a sample of tissue from the bone marrow with a needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can

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Compartment Syndrome

be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cauda Equina: The lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which

Dictionary 89

causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contusion: A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH]

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Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cost Savings: Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic pressure: The lowest pressure to which blood pressure falls between contractions of the ventricles. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

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Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Embolectomy: Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material which has been transported from a distant vessel by the bloodstream. Removal of a clot at its original site is called thrombectomy. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH]

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Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femoral Vein: The vein accompanying the femoral artery in the same sheath; it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by

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enzymatic action [EU] Fibrinolytic Agents: Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to fibrinolysin (plasmin). [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Bypass: Surgical procedure in which the stomach is transected high on the body. The resulting proximal remnant is joined to a loop of the jejunum in an end-to-side anastomosis. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of morbid obesity. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH]

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Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heat Exhaustion: Condition which results from a failure to adjust to the shift in blood volume as a result of dilation of skin blood vessels, caused by dehydration following profuse sweating and insufficient replacement of water and salt. [NIH] Heat Stroke: A condition characterized by cessation of sweating, hot dry skin, delirium, collapse, and coma and resulting from prolonged exposure to high environmental temperature. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to

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make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Humeral: 1. Of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus: brachial. 2. Of or belonging to the shoulder. 3. Of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder. [EU] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperpyrexia: Exceptionally high fever either in comparison of the fever usually accompanying a particular disease or absolutely (as in heat stroke). [EU] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Iliac Vein: A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava. [NIH]

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Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin

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or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Lithotomy: A position in which the patient lies on his back with legs flexed and his thighs on his abdomen and abducted. [NIH] Lithotomy position: A position in which the patient lies on his back with legs flexed and his thighs on his abdomen and abducted. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH]

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Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant Hyperthermia: Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate

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that cancer is present. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Multiple Organ Failure: A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and

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ganglia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Osteonecrosis: Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU]

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Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Popliteal Vein: The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein. [NIH] Positive End-Expiratory Pressure: A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lung at the end of expiration, thus keeping the alveoli open and improving gas exchange. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Posterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the anterolateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur, passes posteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government

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agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Pronator: A muscle which turns a part into the prone position. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prone Position: The posture of an individual lying face down. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulposus: Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus into the body of the vertebra; necrobacillosis of rabbits. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from

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radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed

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pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Sciatica: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy; radiculopathy (involving the L4, L5, S1 or S2 spinal nerve roots; often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH]

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Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH]

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Thrombectomy: Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material from a blood vessel at the point of its formation. Removal of a clot arising from a distant site is called embolectomy. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Expansion: Process whereby tissue adjacent to a soft tissue defect is expanded by means of a subcutaneously implanted reservoir. The procedure is used in reconstructive surgery for injuries caused by trauma, burns, or ablative surgery. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Ulna: The long and medial bone of the forearm. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration

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occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection

Dictionary 109

and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

111

INDEX A Abdomen, 63, 85, 87, 98, 101, 104, 106 Algorithms, 85, 87 Allograft, 32, 85 Alternative medicine, 85 Alveoli, 85, 102 Ampulla, 85, 92 Amputation, 61, 85 Anaesthesia, 9, 12, 13, 15, 23, 30, 31, 85 Anal, 64, 85, 89 Analgesic, 23, 85 Analogous, 10, 85, 96, 107 Anaplastic, 38, 85 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, 38, 85 Anastomosis, 85, 94 Anatomical, 23, 64, 85 Anesthesia, 13, 17, 21, 22, 43, 85, 99 Aneurysm, 37, 85, 86 Ankle, 11, 12, 19, 27, 28, 41, 85 Anterior Compartment Syndrome, 16, 20, 23, 27, 34, 54, 56, 85 Antibody, 85, 86, 89, 97, 104 Antigen, 86, 89, 97 Anus, 85, 86, 89, 97 Aorta, 6, 86, 90, 96 Aortic Aneurysm, 23, 31, 41, 86 Arterial, 4, 20, 21, 46, 86, 96, 103, 106 Arteries, 86, 87, 90, 96, 100 Arterioles, 86, 87, 88, 100 Arteriovenous, 86, 100 Artery, 85, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 103, 107 Arthroplasty, 12, 23, 25, 43, 86 Asphyxia, 35, 86 Assay, 5, 86 Atmospheric Pressure, 86, 96 Atrophy, 21, 86 Avulsion, 37, 86 Axillary, 28, 86, 87 Axillary Artery, 86, 87 B Bacteria, 86, 87, 92, 105, 106, 107, 108 Base, 50, 86, 98 Bilateral, 9, 10, 11, 19, 20, 45, 86 Bile, 14, 86, 87, 94, 98 Bile Acids, 86, 87 Bile Acids and Salts, 86, 87 Biochemical, 32, 87 Biopsy, 87, 101

Biotechnology, 5, 69, 87 Bladder, 87, 90, 108 Blood pressure, 27, 87, 91, 96, 100 Blood vessel, 87, 88, 92, 95, 98, 99, 102, 105, 107, 108 Blood Volume, 87, 95 Bone Marrow, 23, 87, 99 Bone marrow biopsy, 23, 87 Bone scan, 87, 104 Bowel, 85, 87, 102 Brachial, 21, 25, 27, 87, 96 Brachial Artery, 25, 87 Bupivacaine, 29, 87 Bypass, 87, 107 C Calcification, 33, 87 Calcium, 87, 88, 89, 92, 99 Capillary, 3, 44, 50, 88, 94, 108 Cardiac, 25, 34, 88, 94, 95, 100, 104 Case report, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 88 Catheter, 60, 88, 97 Catheterization, 37, 88, 97 Cauda Equina, 88, 105 Caudal, 88, 102 Cell, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 97, 99, 100, 102, 104, 108 Cerebral, 35, 60, 62, 88 Cerebrum, 88 Cholesterol, 86, 87, 88 Chronic, 6, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 44, 47, 56, 60, 88, 97, 98, 105, 106 Cirrhosis, 29, 88 Clinical trial, 5, 69, 88 Cloning, 87, 88 Coagulation, 13, 88 Collagen, 4, 89, 94, 103 Colon, 89 Colorectal, 30, 89 Colorectal Surgery, 30, 89 Complement, 89 Complementary and alternative medicine, 53, 57, 89 Complementary medicine, 53, 89 Compliance, 54, 90 Compress, 90, 107

112

Compartment Syndrome

Computational Biology, 69, 90 Computed tomography, 21, 90, 104 Computerized axial tomography, 90, 104 Computerized tomography, 90 Confusion, 90, 108 Congestive heart failure, 62, 90 Conjugated, 87, 90, 100 Conjunctiva, 90, 97 Connective Tissue, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94, 99, 106 Consciousness, 85, 90, 104 Constriction, 90, 98 Contracture, 14, 40, 61, 90 Contraindications, ii, 90 Contusion, 15, 39, 90 Coronary, 29, 90, 91, 100 Coronary Artery Bypass, 29, 90 Coronary Thrombosis, 91, 100 Cortex, 91, 101 Cost Savings, 5, 91 Creatine, 50, 53, 91 Creatinine, 91 Cyst, 23, 42, 91 D Decompression, 17, 28, 45, 91 Decompression Sickness, 91 Dehydration, 4, 91, 95 Dermis, 17, 91, 106 Diabetes Mellitus, 4, 91, 95 Diagnostic procedure, 59, 91 Diastole, 91 Diastolic, 61, 91, 96 Diastolic pressure, 61, 91, 96 Diffusion, 91, 95, 107 Digestion, 86, 87, 91, 98, 106 Dilation, 91, 95 Direct, iii, 35, 61, 91, 104 Discrete, 60, 62, 91, 98, 106 Dislocation, 11, 12, 26, 91 Dissection, 6, 92 Distal, 15, 90, 92, 103 Distention, 6, 92 Diuretic, 92, 99, 105 Dorsal, 9, 17, 20, 38, 45, 50, 92, 102, 105 Dorsum, 92 Duct, 85, 88, 92, 106 Duodenum, 86, 92, 98, 106 E Edema, 6, 33, 54, 60, 62, 92, 98 Elastic, 17, 45, 92, 107 Elastin, 89, 92 Elective, 23, 92

Electrocoagulation, 89, 92 Electrolytes, 86, 92, 98 Embolectomy, 27, 92, 107 Emboli, 23, 92 Embolism, 36, 92 Embolization, 23, 92 Endoscope, 92 Endoscopic, 35, 92 Environmental Health, 68, 70, 92 Enzymes, 92, 100, 101 Eosinophilia, 92, 93 Eosinophilic, 40, 93 Epidemiological, 54, 93 Epidermis, 91, 93 Epidural, 23, 29, 43, 50, 93 Epithelium, 93, 94 Erythrocytes, 87, 93 Esophagus, 64, 93, 102, 106 Expiration, 93, 102, 104 Expiratory, 45, 93 Extensor, 45, 93 Extracellular, 90, 93, 94, 100 Extracellular Space, 93, 100 Extracorporeal, 62, 93, 95 Extravasation, 13, 22, 93, 95 Extremity, 6, 11, 14, 17, 19, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 41, 42, 45, 46, 93 F Family Planning, 69, 93 Fasciitis, 47, 93 Fat, 36, 87, 92, 93, 105 Femoral, 20, 31, 37, 93, 102 Femoral Artery, 31, 93 Femoral Vein, 37, 93, 102 Femur, 93, 102, 107 Fentanyl, 29, 93 Fibrinolytic, 93, 94, 107 Fibrinolytic Agents, 94, 107 Fibroblasts, 93, 94 Fibrosarcoma, 93, 94 Fibrosis, 90, 94 Fibula, 94, 102, 107 Fistula, 22, 94 Flexor, 18, 21, 45, 93, 94 Fold, 94, 99 Forearm, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 25, 38, 45, 46, 47, 48, 87, 93, 94, 107 G Gallbladder, 85, 94 Ganglia, 50, 94, 101, 105 Gangrene, 56, 94 Gas, 91, 94, 96, 102, 104, 106

113

Gas exchange, 94, 102, 104 Gastric, 26, 29, 94 Gastric Bypass, 29, 94 Gastric Mucosa, 26, 94 Gastrointestinal, 63, 64, 94 Gene, 87, 94 Glomerular, 94, 99, 104 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 94, 99 Glucose, 91, 94, 95, 105 Glucose Intolerance, 91, 95 Glucuronic Acid, 95, 96 Governing Board, 95, 103 Graft, 20, 95 Grafting, 90, 95 H Haemodialysis, 22, 95 Hair follicles, 91, 95 Headache, 95, 97 Heart failure, 95 Heat Exhaustion, 4, 57, 95 Heat Stroke, 95, 96 Hematoma, 10, 14, 29, 32, 39, 95 Hemodiafiltration, 95, 108 Hemodialysis, 95, 98, 108 Hemofiltration, 95, 108 Hemolytic, 93, 95 Hemophilia, 19, 25, 95 Hemorrhage, 92, 95, 96 Heparin, 15, 41, 96 Hepatic, 28, 96 Hereditary, 95, 96 Hormonal, 86, 96 Humeral, 47, 96 Hydration, 4, 96 Hydrogen, 86, 96, 100 Hydroxylysine, 89, 96 Hydroxyproline, 89, 96 Hyperbaric, 25, 54, 55, 56, 96 Hyperbaric oxygen, 25, 54, 55, 56, 96 Hyperpyrexia, 10, 96 Hyperreflexia, 96, 106 Hypertension, 26, 39, 64, 95, 96 Hyperthermia, 31, 96 Hypotension, 54, 96 I Idiopathic, 25, 41, 96 Iliac Artery, 23, 93, 96 Iliac Vein, 93, 96 Immune response, 86, 97, 108 In vivo, 96, 97, 100 Incision, 27, 63, 97, 98 Infarction, 97

Infection, 10, 63, 93, 97, 99, 101, 106, 108 Inflammation, 63, 93, 94, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103 Influenza, 41, 97 Infusion, 21, 23, 97 Ingestion, 97, 102 Inhalation, 97, 102 Intensive Care, 6, 18, 23, 25, 30, 46, 97 Intermittent, 12, 56, 97 Interstitial, 5, 60, 61, 62, 93, 97, 104 Intervertebral, 97, 104, 105 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 97, 104, 105 Intestines, 85, 94, 97 Intracellular, 5, 97 Intramuscular, 5, 27, 97 Intravascular, 13, 97 Intravenous, 13, 15, 21, 22, 97 Intubation, 88, 97 Invasive, 32, 34, 56, 97, 99 Ischemia, 4, 5, 31, 47, 63, 86, 98 J Jejunum, 94, 98 K Kb, 68, 98 Kidney Failure, 98, 99 L Laceration, 98, 106 Laparotomy, 7, 8, 64, 98 Least-Squares Analysis, 98, 104 Lesion, 90, 98 Ligament, 98, 102 Likelihood Functions, 98, 104 Linear Models, 98, 104 Lithotomy, 9, 10, 12, 13, 29, 30, 37, 38, 45, 50, 98 Lithotomy position, 9, 10, 12, 13, 29, 30, 38, 45, 50, 98 Liver, 14, 29, 85, 86, 87, 88, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 104, 108 Liver scan, 98, 104 Localized, 60, 62, 95, 97, 98, 101, 105, 106 Logistic Models, 98, 104 Loop, 94, 98 Luxation, 91, 99 Lymph, 86, 99 Lymph node, 86, 99 Lymphatic, 85, 97, 99 Lymphatic system, 85, 99 Lymphoma, 38, 85, 99

114

Compartment Syndrome

M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 9, 19, 99, 104 Malignant, 30, 31, 32, 93, 99 Malignant Hyperthermia, 30, 32, 99 Malnutrition, 86, 99 Mammary, 90, 99 Mammogram, 88, 99 Mannitol, 13, 22, 31, 99 Mechanical ventilation, 99, 102 Medial, 28, 55, 99, 102, 107 MEDLINE, 69, 99 Membrane, 89, 90, 95, 99, 100, 102 Mental, iv, 4, 68, 70, 90, 99, 108 Mesenteric, 6, 40, 99 Mesentery, 99, 102 Microcalcifications, 88, 99 Microcirculation, 60, 100 Microdialysis, 60, 100 Mitochondrial Swelling, 100 Molecular, 13, 15, 69, 71, 87, 90, 95, 96, 100, 107 Molecule, 4, 86, 89, 100 Monitor, 62, 91, 100, 101 Mononuclear, 93, 100 Multiple Organ Failure, 11, 100 Muscle Fibers, 4, 100 Myalgia, 97, 100 Myocardial infarction, 10, 22, 91, 100 Myocardium, 100 Myoglobin, 4, 100 Myositis, 33, 40, 100 N Narcotic, 93, 100 Nasal Mucosa, 97, 100 Nausea, 100, 108 Necrosis, 54, 56, 60, 85, 93, 97, 100, 104 Nervous System, 94, 95, 100, 101 Neuromuscular, 3, 101 Neurons, 94, 101, 105 Neuropathy, 101, 105 Neutrophil, 44, 101 Nuclear, 6, 15, 100, 101 Nuclei, 99, 101 Nucleus, 50, 97, 100, 101, 103 O Oliguria, 98, 99, 101 Orbit, 101 Orbital, 35, 101 Osmolarity, 99, 101 Osteomyelitis, 40, 101 Osteonecrosis, 60, 101

Osteotomy, 43, 101 Overdose, 23, 101 Oxygenation, 5, 34, 91, 101 P Pancreas, 85, 101 Paralysis, 101 Pathologic, 4, 87, 90, 101 Pathophysiology, 26, 36, 101 Pelvic, 10, 11, 13, 30, 101 Pelvis, 85, 96, 101 Percutaneous, 37, 46, 101 Perfusion, 3, 5, 102 Peritoneum, 99, 102, 104 Pharmacologic, 85, 102, 107 Pharynx, 97, 102 Phospholipids, 93, 102 Photocoagulation, 89, 102 Physiologic, 62, 64, 102 Pigment, 100, 102 Pilot study, 56, 102 Plasma, 4, 87, 94, 95, 98, 102 Pneumonia, 90, 102 Poisoning, 55, 100, 102 Polypeptide, 89, 100, 102 Popliteal, 37, 93, 102 Popliteal Vein, 93, 102 Positive End-Expiratory Pressure, 45, 102 Posterior, 24, 27, 37, 42, 43, 85, 92, 101, 102, 105 Posterior Cruciate Ligament, 24, 102 Postoperative, 4, 23, 63, 100, 102 Practice Guidelines, 70, 102 Probe, 20, 61, 100, 103 Progressive, 4, 88, 100, 103, 104 Proline, 89, 96, 103 Pronator, 18, 28, 103 Prone, 103 Prone Position, 103 Prophylaxis, 26, 103 Prospective study, 26, 39, 103 Prosthesis, 38, 103 Protein S, 87, 103 Proteins, 86, 89, 92, 96, 100, 102, 103, 108 Proximal, 23, 92, 94, 103 Public Policy, 69, 103 Pulmonary, 87, 93, 95, 98, 103 Pulmonary Artery, 87, 103 Pulposus, 50, 97, 103 Pulse, 100, 103 Putrefaction, 94, 103 Pyogenic, 101, 103

115

R Radiation, 96, 103, 104, 109 Radiation therapy, 96, 103 Radiculopathy, 104, 105 Radioactive, 87, 96, 98, 101, 104 Radiological, 101, 104 Rectum, 86, 89, 94, 104 Refer, 1, 89, 104, 107 Regression Analysis, 61, 104 Renal failure, 8, 10, 22, 95, 104 Respiration, 100, 104 Respiratory failure, 45, 104 Resuscitation, 42, 43, 104 Retroperitoneal, 10, 18, 41, 104 Rhabdomyolysis, 4, 11, 15, 20, 22, 23, 31, 41, 44, 50, 53, 104 Rigidity, 99, 104 Risk factor, 27, 64, 98, 103, 104 S Saphenous, 42, 90, 104 Saphenous Vein, 90, 104 Scans, 44, 104 Sciatica, 23, 105 Scleroderma, 93, 105 Screening, 88, 105 Sebaceous, 91, 105 Sebaceous gland, 91, 105 Sensibility, 85, 105 Sepsis, 47, 105 Shock, 42, 44, 105, 107 Signs and Symptoms, 5, 105 Skeletal, 4, 34, 38, 44, 54, 56, 104, 105 Skeleton, 93, 105, 107 Soft tissue, 87, 93, 94, 105, 107 Sorbitol, 99, 105 Specialist, 75, 91, 105 Species, 105, 106, 107 Spinal cord, 29, 87, 88, 93, 100, 101, 104, 105 Spinal Nerve Roots, 104, 105 Staging, 104, 106 Stomach, 85, 93, 94, 97, 100, 102, 106 Streptococcal, 33, 106 Streptococcus, 93, 106 Subacute, 97, 106 Subclinical, 97, 106 Subcutaneous, 8, 32, 92, 106 Suction, 46, 106 Supine, 10, 106 Supine Position, 10, 106 Supplementation, 50, 53, 106 Sweat, 91, 106

Sweat Glands, 91, 106 Systemic, 33, 44, 86, 87, 97, 104, 105, 106 Systolic, 96, 106 T Talus, 106, 107 Tendon, 13, 106 Tetani, 106 Tetanic, 106 Tetanus, 10, 106 Thigh, 8, 11, 15, 18, 20, 25, 33, 37, 50, 93, 106 Threshold, 96, 106 Thrombectomy, 92, 107 Thromboembolism, 36, 107 Thrombolytic, 22, 31, 43, 107 Thrombolytic Therapy, 22, 31, 43, 107 Thrombosis, 4, 24, 37, 41, 103, 107 Tibia, 22, 35, 43, 94, 102, 107 Tissue Expansion, 32, 107 Tomography, 107 Tourniquet, 17, 32, 107 Toxic, iv, 101, 107 Toxicology, 70, 107 Toxin, 106, 107 Trachea, 102, 107 Tracheostomy, 46, 107 Transfection, 87, 107 Transplantation, 29, 32, 41, 107 Tryptophan, 89, 107 U Ulna, 40, 107 Ultrafiltration, 5, 62, 95, 107 Unconscious, 13, 108 Urea, 106, 108 Uremia, 21, 98, 104, 108 Urethra, 108 Urinary, 101, 108 Urine, 4, 87, 91, 92, 101, 108 Urologist, 30, 108 V Vaccines, 108 Vascular, 6, 22, 23, 27, 29, 31, 36, 40, 41, 47, 91, 97, 100, 108 Vein, 4, 24, 37, 85, 86, 93, 96, 97, 101, 102, 104, 108 Venom, 55, 108 Venous, 11, 20, 36, 47, 86, 103, 108 Venous Thrombosis, 20, 108 Venter, 108 Ventral, 32, 105, 108 Ventricles, 91, 108 Venules, 87, 88, 100, 108

116

Compartment Syndrome

Vertebrae, 97, 105, 108 Veterinary Medicine, 69, 108 Viral, 97, 108 Virus, 41, 108 Vitro, 96, 97, 108

W White blood cell, 85, 99, 101, 108 X X-ray, 90, 99, 101, 103, 104, 109

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