Stevens-Johnson Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FEREN...

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STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84638-3 1. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME ............................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome........................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME ..................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding Nutrition Studies on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ......................................................... 49 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 51 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME ............................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 General References ....................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME ............................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 59 Chapters on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ..................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME .................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 63 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 65 Academic Periodicals covering Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ........................................................ 65 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 67 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 70 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 75 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 77 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 81 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 84 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 87 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 87 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 87 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 93 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 95 STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME DICTIONARY................................................................ 97 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 131

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Stevens-Johnson syndrome is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Stevens-Johnson syndrome, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Stevens-Johnson syndrome, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to StevensJohnson syndrome, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Nutrition Considerations in Liver Transplantation Source: Topics in Clinical Nutrition. 7(3): 24-33. June 1992. Summary: This article reviews the nutritional considerations in liver transplantation. Topics include the types of liver disease that may require transplantation as a therapeutic option; nutrition assessment of the orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) patient; short-term posttransplant nutrition problems and requirements; and long-term nutrition treatment, problems, and needs. The article concludes with a detailed case study of a patient that illustrates the difficult nutrition needs of an OLT patient and an unusual complication (Stevens-Johnson syndrome).

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Six Dermatologic Emergencies Not To Miss Source: Patient Care. 33(9): 121-124,129-130,133-136,143,147-148,150. May 15, 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on evaluating and treating several acute, life-threatening illnesses associated with dermatologic signs and symptoms, including angioedema, meningococcemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJN), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Angioedema is characterized by swelling of deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Erythema may or may not be present. Diagnosis is made by obtaining a detailed history and ordering an assay of the C4 complement component. Treatment involves administering epinephrine if the patient is having an anaphylactic reaction and albuterol if he or she is having a bronchospasm. An antihistamine and a glucocorticoid are also recommended. Meningococcemia develops abruptly with patients having fever, chills, arthralgias, nausea, vomiting, and severe headache. Symptoms may be nonspecific enough to suggest an influenza-like illness. Although a rash is an important sign, in its initial stages it can be misleading. Left untreated, lesions become larger and more generalized. Meningococcemia should always be considered when a rash accompanies fever and headache. Treatment should begin as soon as the disease is suspected and should never be delayed to obtain laboratory samples. Drugs of choice include penicillin, cefotaxine, or ceftriaxone. RMSF is transmitted by the dog tick in the eastern United States and the wood tick in the western part of the country. Symptoms include fever, severe headache, and arthralgias. A rash develops 3 to 6 days after these symptoms appear. Diagnosis is made by physical examination. Tetracycline or one of its derivatives must be administered as soon as RMSF is suspected. SJS and TEN result from immune-mediated responses to an inciting agent. Both produce localized or generalized lesions. A detailed history and a physical examination are used to diagnose SJS and TEN. Treatment involves stopping the use of the causative agent. Hospitalization for SJS may be needed, and patients who have TEN should be hospitalized in a burn unit because they require care similar to that for extensive burns. TSS is caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Symptoms are similar to the ones people experience when they have a severe case of influenza. Diagnosis is based on the medical history, a physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics and supportive measures. 6 figures, 4 tables, and 21 references.

Federally Funded Research on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Stevens-Johnson syndrome: •

Project Title: IDENTIFY LIMBAL STEM CELLS BY CELL SURFACE MARKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Ronald E.; Professor and Chairman; Doheny Eye Institute 1450 San Pablo St Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Damage to the limbal epithelial cells can be caused by chemical or thermal burns, the Stevens-Johnson syndrome, ocul cicatrIcial pemphigoid, contact lenses, severe infection, congenital aniridia, pterygium, herpes simplex epithelial disease contact lens induced keratopathy, neuroparalytic keratitis, drug toxicity, or multiple surgical procedures in the corneolim region and may lead to loss of limbal stem cells. The resulting so-called "limbal stem cell deficiency" is manifested by vascularization and chronic inflammation of the cornea, ingrowth of fibrous tissue, ulceration and corneal opacification. Transplantation of limbal tissue, supposedly including stem cells, from the limbus of the contralateral eye (if normal), or from a donor, can restore useful vision by providing stem cells which re-populate the cornea with normal epithelial cells. However, these procedures require large limbal grafts from the patient's healthy fellow eye and are not possible (except from a donor) in patients who have bilateral limbal stem cell deficiency. Using donor stem cells may result in rejection and requires prophylactic immunosuppression. Bioengineered corneal limbal stem cells and autograft tissue derived from the patient could circumvent these problems, but specific cell surface markers for limbal stem cells have not yet been developed. We will be guided by recently published methods, by finding for skin epidermal stem cells and by our preliminary studies. Three specific aims include: 1) identifying cell surface markers for corneal limbal stem cells. 2) establishing primary limbal stem cell cultures and evaluating the markers on cloned limbal stem cells to determine whether they correlate with in vivo stem cell surface markers. 3) isolating identified and marked corneal limbal stem cells using state of the art techniques for noncontact laser micromanipulation of cells, thereby providing a source of limbal stem cells for culture and further study. This work will advance our understanding of corneal limbal stem cell biology and may lead to the development of an RO1 proposal based on our findings. Such a proposal will include studies of the function of limbal stem cells in corneal epithelial healing; in epithelial migration and anchoring to underlying stroma; in differentiation and maturation of stem cells to transient amplifying cells, basal cells, and then mature surface cells; in interacting with recently described conjunctival epithelial stem cells. All such studies have previously been limited by lack of cell surface markers to localize stem cell population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Stevens-Johnson syndrome (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of erythema multiforme exudativum. (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). Author(s): Lusk JW, Wallace EJ. Source: J R Nav Med Serv. 1968 Winter; 54(3): 210-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5713156

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A case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with oxaprozin therapy. Author(s): Bell MJ, Bishara LD. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 October; 25(10): 2026-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9779863

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A case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with the anti-convulsants sulthiame and ethosuximide. Author(s): Taaffe A, O'Brien C. Source: British Dental Journal. 1975 March 4; 138(5): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=235937

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A case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome with antibody for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Prix R, Turkova M, Vondrackova A, Bostikova D. Source: Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove. 1968; 11(3): 387-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5254012

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, cholestatic hepatitis and haemolytic anaemia associated with use of mefenamic acid. Author(s): Chan JC, Lai FM, Critchley JA. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 1991 May-June; 6(3): 230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2064763

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A case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Sullivan M. Source: Dent Health (London). 1983; 22(4): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6418579

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A case report and a proposed algorithm for the transfer of patients with StevensJohnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis to a burn center. Author(s): Ellis MW, Oster CN, Turiansky GW, Blanchard JR. Source: Military Medicine. 2002 August; 167(8): 701-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12188246

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A case report of Stevens-Johnson syndrome with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Saitoh A, Ohya T, Yoshida S, Hosoya R, Nishimura K. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1995 February; 37(1): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7754754

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A mild form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome following measles vaccination. Author(s): Galili S. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1967 November-December; 3(6): 903-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5587583

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A patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Bond CA. Source: Nurs Times. 1980 November 13; 76(46): 2013-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6905022

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A population-based study of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Incidence and antecedent drug exposures. Author(s): Strom BL, Carson JL, Halpern AC, Schinnar R, Snyder ES, Shaw M, Tilson HH, Joseph M, Dai WS, Chen D, et al. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 June; 127(6): 831-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2036028

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A prediction model to identify risk of developing Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients with erythema multiforme. Author(s): Tham LS, Tambyah PA. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2003 September; 32(5 Suppl): S46-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14968733

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A review of Stevens-Johnson syndrome at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Author(s): Onadeko BO. Source: West Afr Med J Niger Med Dent Pract. 1972 June; 21(3): 78-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4639174

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A review of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Author(s): Onadeko BO. Source: West Afr Med J Niger Pract. 1970 October; 19(5): 142-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5491139

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A slow acetylator genotype is a risk factor for sulphonamide-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Wolkenstein P, Carriere V, Charue D, Bastuji-Garin S, Revuz J, Roujeau JC, Beaune P, Bagot M. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1995 August; 5(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8528274

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Abnormal root development, probably due to erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). Author(s): De Man K. Source: Int J Oral Surg. 1979 October; 8(5): 381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=120863

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Acetarsol-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Mohamed KN. Source: Dicp. 1990 January; 24(1): 99-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2301196

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Acetylsalicylic acid and other salicylates in relation to Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Kaufman DW, Kelly JP. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 February; 51(2): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11259991

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Acute interstitial nephritis and fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome after propylthiouracil therapy. Author(s): Dysseleer A, Buysschaert M, Fonck C, Van Ginder Deuren K, Jadoul M, Tennstedt D, Cosyns JP, Daumerie C. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 August; 10(8): 713-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11014318

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Acute reversible renal failure and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in a patient having glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Author(s): Kothari UR, Solanki SV, Oza JJ, Doshi KJ, Anadkat NC, Mehta KK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1977 April; 25(4): 299-302. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=914762

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Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis precipitating Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Hodge WG, Discepola MJ, Deschenes J. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1994 August; 29(4): 198-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7994676

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Aetiology in sixteen cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome admitted within eight months in a teaching hospital. Author(s): Yeung CK, Ma SY, Hon C, Peiris M, Chan HH. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(3): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816151

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Allopurinol induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Bashir S, Shah SM, Babar I. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2000 June; 50(6): 207-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10979633

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Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction in StevensJohnson syndrome. Author(s): Honavar SG, Bansal AK, Sangwan VS, Rao GN. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 May; 107(5): 975-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10811093

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Amniotic membrane with living related corneal limbal/conjunctival allograft for ocular surface reconstruction in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Gomes JA, Santos MS, Ventura AS, Donato WB, Cunha MC, Hofling-Lima AL. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 121(10): 1369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557171

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Amoxicillin/clavulanate-associated hepatic failure with progression to StevensJohnson syndrome. Author(s): Limauro DL, Chan-Tompkins NH, Carter RW, Brodmerkel GJ Jr, Agrawal RM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 May; 33(5): 560-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10369618

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Ampicillin induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Gupta HL, Dheman R. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1979 April 16; 72(8): 188-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=521660

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An unusual combination of phototoxicity and Stevens-Johnson syndrome due to antimalarial therapy. Author(s): Ortel B, Sivayathorn A, Honigsmann H. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 178(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2917679

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An unusual form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome with subcorneal pustules associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Reichert-Penetrat S, Barbaud A, Antunes A, Borsa-Dorion A, Vidailhet M, Schmutz JL. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 May-June; 17(3): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10886752

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Anesthesia in Stevens-Johnson syndrome: report of a case. Author(s): Cucchiara RF, Dawson B. Source: Anesthesiology. 1971 November; 35(5): 537-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5098706

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Anesthetic management of a child with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Kalhan SB, Ditto SR. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1988 September-October; 55(5): 467-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3219794

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Angular webbing associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Sakamoto H, Nagashima T, Imai Y. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1993 April; 22(2): 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8320448

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Are carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis more common in nonepileptic patients? Author(s): Dhar S, Todi SK. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(2): 194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10559602

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Arthritis, uveitis, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by trimethoprim. Author(s): Arola O, Peltonen R, Rossi T. Source: Lancet. 1998 April 11; 351(9109): 1102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9660586

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Association between Stevens-Johnson syndrome and benoxaprofen. Author(s): Morgan SH, Behn AR. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 July 11; 283(6284): 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6789942

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Association between Stevens-Johnson syndrome and benoxaprofen. Author(s): Taylor AE, Goff D, Hindson TC. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 May 2; 282(6274): 1433. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6784853

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Association of preoperative tear function with surgical outcome in severe StevensJohnson syndrome. Author(s): Shimazaki J, Shimmura S, Fujishima H, Tsubota K. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 August; 107(8): 1518-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10919901

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Autologous allogeneic amniotic membrane grafting in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Park EH, Korn TS, Vasani SN, Kikkawa DO. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 May; 19(3): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918568

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Bilateral corneal perforations in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Tabbara KF, Shammas HF. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1975 October; 10(4): 514-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1192271

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Bilateral facial palsy associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Friedman JH, Challenor Y, Brust JC. Source: Neurology. 1979 September; 29(9 Pt 1): 1304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=573412

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Blindness, anonychia, and oral mucosal scarring as sequelae of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Hansen RC. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1984 April; 1(4): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6494069

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Bronchiolitis obliterans in children with Stevens-Johnson syndrome: follow-up with high resolution CT. Author(s): Kim MJ, Lee KY. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1996; 26(1): 22-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8598989

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Carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome in a child. Author(s): Keating A, Blahunka P. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1995 May; 29(5): 538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7655141

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Carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome treated with IV steroids and IVIG. Author(s): Straussberg R, Harel L, Ben-Amitai D, Cohen D, Amir J. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2000 March; 22(3): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10734256

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Carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Pagliaro LA, Pagliaro AM. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1993 October; 44(10): 999-1000. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8225288

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Case report: psychosis with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): de Rego JA, Goldstein DM. Source: Hillside J Clin Psychiatry. 1985; 7(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4077031

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Cephalexin-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Murray KM, Camp MS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992 October; 26(10): 1230-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1421644

Studies

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Chronic bronchobronchiolitis obliterans associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Yatsunami J, Nakanishi Y, Matsuki H, Wakamatsu K, Takayama K, Kawasaki M, Ogino H, Hashimoto S, Hara N. Source: Intern Med. 1995 August; 34(8): 772-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8563119

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Chronic cholestasis, paucity of bile ducts, red cell aplasia, and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. An ampicillin-associated case. Author(s): Cavanzo FJ, Garcia CF, Botero RC. Source: Gastroenterology. 1990 September; 99(3): 854-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2116345

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Chronic lung disease following Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Basker M, Cherian T, Raghupathy P. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1997 September; 34(9): 831-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9492425

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Ciliated respiratory-like epithelium forming cystic conjunctival lesions in a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Goodglick TA, Mertz P, Wolfley D, Cavanagh HD, Zimmerman L. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1992 August; 23(8): 557-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1508489

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Ciprofloxacin induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Kamili MA, Ali G, Rashid S, Mansoor A, Allaqaband GQ. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 September; 42(9): 755. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7883688

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Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Author(s): Bastuji-Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, Shear NH, Naldi L, Roujeau JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 January; 129(1): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8420497

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Clinical manifestations and outcomes in 17 cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Wong KC, Kennedy PJ, Lee S. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 40(3): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10439522

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Clinical pathology case conference: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Author(s): Blanchaert RH, Ord RA. Source: Msda J. 1997 Summer; 40(3): 109-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10635145

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Clinical resemblance of widespread bullous fixed drug eruption to Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis: report of two cases. Author(s): Lin TK, Hsu MM, Lee JY. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 August; 101(8): 572-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12440088

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Clinicopathologic correlation in erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Cote B, Wechsler J, Bastuji-Garin S, Assier H, Revuz J, Roujeau JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 November; 131(11): 1268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7503570

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Cocaine-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Hofbauer GF, Burg G, Nestle FO. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 201(3): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11096201

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Conjunctival inflammation in the chronic phase of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Kawasaki S, Nishida K, Sotozono C, Quantock AJ, Kinoshita S. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 October; 84(10): 1191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11004109

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Contact lens management of a case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Fine P, Savrinski B, Millodot M. Source: Optometry. 2003 October; 74(10): 659-64. Erratum In: Optometry. 2004 January; 75(1): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606579

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Correction of entropion from Stevens-Johnson syndrome: use of nasal septum and mucosa for severely cicatrized eyelid entropion. Author(s): Callahan A. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1976 July; 94(7): 1154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=779733

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Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Author(s): Auquier-Dunant A, Mockenhaupt M, Naldi L, Correia O, Schroder W, Roujeau JC; SCAR Study Group. Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 August; 138(8): 1019-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12164739

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Corticosteroid therapy in an additional 13 cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a total series of 67 cases. Author(s): Tripathi A, Ditto AM, Grammer LC, Greenberger PA, McGrath KG, Zeiss CR, Patterson R. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2000 March-April; 21(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10791111

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Corticosteroid treatment of erythema multiforme major (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) in children. Author(s): Kakourou T, Klontza D, Soteropoulou F, Kattamis C. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 February; 156(2): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9039508

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Counterpoint to the use of systemic corticosteroids in the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Beltrani VS. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 November; 85(5): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11101189

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Counterpoint to the use of systemic corticosteroids in the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Charlesworth EN. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 November; 85(5): 422; Author Reply 423. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11101188

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Cultivated corneal epithelial transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction in acute phase of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Koizumi N, Inatomi T, Suzuki T, Sotozono C, Kinoshita S. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 February; 119(2): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176998

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Cycloserine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome in an AIDS patient with multidrugresistant tuberculosis. Author(s): Akula SK, Aruna AS, Johnson JE, Anderson DS. Source: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 1997 April; 1(2): 18790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9441086

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Dermatologic reaction in Stevens-Johnson syndrome after ophthalmic anesthesia with proparacaine hydrochloride. Author(s): Ward B, McCulley JP, Segal RJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1978 July; 86(1): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=354393

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Development of severe Stevens-Johnson syndrome after administration of slowrelease theophylline. Author(s): Brook U, Singer L, Fried D. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1989 June; 6(2): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2748473

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Diagnosis, classification, and management of erythema multiforme and StevensJohnson syndrome. Author(s): Leaute-Labreze C, Lamireau T, Chawki D, Maleville J, Taieb A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2000 October; 83(4): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10999875

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Didanosine as probable cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Parneix-Spake A, Bastuji-Garin S, Levy Y, Dubreuil-Lemaire ML, Roujeau JC. Source: Lancet. 1992 October 3; 340(8823): 857-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1357284

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Diflunisal and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Hunter JA, Dorward AJ, Knill-Jones R, Gunn RT, Mackie R. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 October 14; 2(6144): 1088. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=709237

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Drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Fritsch PO, Sidoroff A. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2000 November-December; 1(6): 34960. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11702611

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Drugs as etiologic factors in the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Bianchine JR, Macaraeg PV Jr, Lasagna L, Azarnoff DL, Brunk SF, Hvidberg EF, Owen JA Jr. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1968 March; 44(3): 390-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5641302

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Ectopic conjunctivalisation in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Navon SE, Rubin PA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 September; 78(9): 727-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7947557

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Effect of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a retrospective, multicenter study. Author(s): Prins C, Vittorio C, Padilla RS, Hunziker T, Itin P, Forster J, Brocker EB, Saurat JH, French LE. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 207(1): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12835566

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Effectiveness of early therapy with corticosteroids in Stevens-Johnson syndrome: experience with 41 cases and a hypothesis regarding pathogenesis. Author(s): Patterson R, Miller M, Kaplan M, Doan T, Brown J, Detjen P, Grammer LC, Greenberger PA, Hogan MB, Latall J, et al. Source: Ann Allergy. 1994 July; 73(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8030799

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Epidemiology of erythema exsudativum multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Germany (1990-1992): structure and results of a population-based registry. Author(s): Rzany B, Mockenhaupt M, Baur S, Schroder W, Stocker U, Mueller J, Hollander N, Bruppacher R, Schopf E. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1996 July; 49(7): 769-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8691227

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Epidermal apoptotic cell death in erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Contribution of perforin-positive cell infiltration. Author(s): Inachi S, Mizutani H, Shimizu M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 July; 133(7): 845-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9236522

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Episodic conjunctival inflammation after Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Foster CS, Fong LP, Azar D, Kenyon KR. Source: Ophthalmology. 1988 April; 95(4): 453-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3050689

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Epithelial hyperproliferation and transglutaminase 1 gene expression in StevensJohnson syndrome conjunctiva. Author(s): Nishida K, Yamanishi K, Yamada K, Dota A, Kawasaki S, Quantock AJ, Kinoshita S. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1999 February; 154(2): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10027391

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Eruptive melanocytic nevi after Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Shoji T, Cockerell CJ, Koff AB, Bhawan J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 August; 37(2 Pt 2): 3379. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9270542

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Erythema exudativum multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A retrospective study. Author(s): Lehtinen H, Malmstrom M, Stubb S. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1986; 82(3): 119-26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3774803

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Erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) following deep radiation therapy. Author(s): Ridgway HB, Miech DJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1993 June; 51(6): 463-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8519192

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Erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome)--chart review of 123 hospitalized patients. Author(s): Nethercott JR, Choi BC. Source: Dermatologica. 1985; 171(6): 383-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4092793

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Erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in patients receiving cranial irradiation and phenytoin. Author(s): Delattre JY, Safai B, Posner JB. Source: Neurology. 1988 February; 38(2): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3340279

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Erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Descriptive and therapeutic controversy. Author(s): Patterson R, Dykewicz MS, Gonzalzles A, Grammer LC, Green D, Greenberger PA, McGrath KG, Walker CL. Source: Chest. 1990 August; 98(2): 331-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2198136

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Erythema multiforme and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Chanda JJ, Callen JP. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1978 May; 71(5): 566-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=347587

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Erythema multiforme exudativum (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) following sodium diphenylhydantoin therapy. Author(s): Greenberg LM, Mauriello DA, Cinotti AA, Buxton JN. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1971 February; 3(2): 137-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4366421

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Erythema multiforme exudativum (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) in association with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Bell WE, Riegle EV, Golden B. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1971 March; 10(3): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5550043

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Erythema multiforme with mucous membrane involvement and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are clinically different disorders with distinct causes. Author(s): Assier H, Bastuji-Garin S, Revuz J, Roujeau JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 May; 131(5): 539-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7741539

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Erythema multiforme with mucous membrane involvement and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are clinically different disorders. Author(s): Bystryn JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 June; 132(6): 711-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8651727

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Erythema multiforme, Addison's disease, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Wermut W, Kubasik A. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 August 26; 3(825): 531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5069630

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Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children: a review of 10 years' experience. Author(s): Forman R, Koren G, Shear NH. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2002; 25(13): 965-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12381216

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Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in northeastern Malaysia. Author(s): Kamaliah MD, Zainal D, Mokhtar N, Nazmi N. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 July; 37(7): 520-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9679693

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Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and diltiazem. Author(s): Sanders CJ, Neumann HA. Source: Lancet. 1993 April 10; 341(8850): 967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8096307

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Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Rasmussen JE. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1995 February; 7(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7756086

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Esophageal involvement in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Lamireau T, Leaute-Labreze C, Le Bail B, Taieb A. Source: Endoscopy. 2001 June; 33(6): 550-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11437052

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Esophageal necrosis in the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Mahe A, Keita S, Blanc L, Bobin P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 July; 29(1): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8315065

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Esophageal stenosis following Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Treatment with balloon dilation. Author(s): Rottermann EM, Julia MV, Rovira J, Pari FJ, Morales L. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1990 June; 29(6): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2361342

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Esophageal stricture and web secondary to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Peters ME, Gourley G, Mann FA. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1983; 13(5): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6622091

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Esophageal stricture as a late complication of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Tan YM, Goh KL. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1999 October; 50(4): 566-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10502184

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Esophageal stricture complicating Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A case report. Author(s): Stein MR, Thompson CK Jr, Sawicki JE, Martel AJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1974 November; 62(5): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4440676

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Esophageal stricture secondary to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Howell CG, Mansberger JA, Parrish RA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1987 November; 22(11): 994-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3430322

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Etiologic factors of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Yetiv JZ, Bianchine JR, Owen JA Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1980 May; 73(5): 599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7375977

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Etiological factors of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Vanderveen TW, Robinson LA, Ray MD. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1975 November; 32(11): 1149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1190237

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Familial occurrence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Fischer PR, Shigeoka AO. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1983 September; 137(9): 914-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6604452

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Fansidar-induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Author(s): Hornstein OP, Ruprecht KW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 December 9; 307(24): 1529-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7144829

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Fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with a new non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, tiaprofenic acid. Author(s): Davidson I, Speed B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 May 3; 158(9): 647. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8479392

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Fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with Fansidar and chloroquine. Author(s): Lenox-Smith I. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1987 January; 14(1): 90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3819463

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Fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with Fansidar and chloroquine. Author(s): Bamber MG, Elder AT, Gray JA, Minns RA. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1986 July; 13(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3734464

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Fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome following urography with iopamidol in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Savill JS, Barrie R, Ghosh S, Muhlemann M, Dawson P, Pusey CD. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1988 May; 64(751): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3200783

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Fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome in a patient on captopril and allopurinol. Author(s): Pennell DJ, Nunan TO, O'Doherty MJ, Croft DN. Source: Lancet. 1984 February 25; 1(8374): 463. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6142201

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Fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome in an AIDS patient treated with sulfadiazine. Author(s): Carrion-Carrion C, Morales-Suarez-Varela MM, Llopis-Gonzalez A. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 March; 33(3): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10200866

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Fatal tetanus following Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Igbokwe EO, George AO. Source: Trop Doct. 1993 October; 23(4): 183-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8273176

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Gastrointestinal involvement complicating Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Zweiban B, Cohen H, Chandrasoma P. Source: Gastroenterology. 1986 August; 91(2): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3721130

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Ginseng as a cause for Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Author(s): Dega H, Laporte JL, Frances C, Herson S, Chosidow O. Source: Lancet. 1996 May 11; 347(9011): 1344. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8622550

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Ginseng as cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Author(s): Faleni R, Soldati F. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 27; 348(9022): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8684215

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Hard-palate mucosa graft in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Naumann GO, Rummelt V. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995 June; 119(6): 817-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7632297

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Hard-palate mucosa graft in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Mannor GE, Mathers WD, Wolfley DE, Martinez JA. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 December 15; 118(6): 786-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7977606

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Hematocolpos caused by genital bullous lesions in a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Murphy MI, Brant WE. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1998 January; 26(1): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9475211

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Herpes simplex virus associated with recurrent Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A management strategy. Author(s): Detjen PF, Patterson R, Noskin GA, Phair JP, Loyd SO. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1992 July; 152(7): 1513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1627031

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High-dose i.v. 7S immunoglobulin treatment in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Cazzola G, Nicolussi M, Carraro F, Cavalieri S, Graziani MS. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1986 May; 41(1-2): 87-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3721900

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Histopathological and epidemiological characteristics of patients with erythema exudativum multiforme major, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Rzany B, Hering O, Mockenhaupt M, Schroder W, Goerttler E, Ring J, Schopf E. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 July; 135(1): 6-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8776350

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HLA antigens in Stevens-Johnson syndrome with ocular involvement. Author(s): Mondino BJ, Brown SI, Biglan AW. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1982 September; 100(9): 1453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7115173

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HLA typing in patients with ocular manifestations of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Power WJ, Saidman SL, Zhang DS, Vamvakas EC, Merayo-Lloves JM, Kaufman AH, Foster CS. Source: Ophthalmology. 1996 September; 103(9): 1406-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8841298

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Human mast cell subtypes in conjunctiva of patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Yao L, Baltatzis S, Zafirakis P, Livir-Rallatos C, Voudouri A, Markomichelakis N, Zhao T, Foster CS. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2003 September; 11(3): 211-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14566647

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Hyponatremia and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in a patient receiving carbamazepine. Author(s): Huang SC, Tsai SJ. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1995 November; 17(6): 458-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8714810

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Immune complexes in erythema multiforme and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Wuepper KD, Watson PA, Kazmierowski JA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1980 May; 74(5): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7391609

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Immunopathology of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Guitart J. Source: Allergy Proc. 1995 July-August; 16(4): 163-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8566722

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Important role of prodromal viral infections responsible for inhibition of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the pathomechanism of idiopathic Reye's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, and hepatotoxicity of the therapeutic doses of acetaminophen used in genetically predisposed persons. Author(s): Prandota J. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2002 March-April; 9(2): 149-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11897929

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Improved treatment of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Marvin JA, Heimbach DM, Engrav LH, Harnar TJ. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1984 May; 119(5): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6712476

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Improving the outcome of patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis and StevensJohnson syndrome. Author(s): Stern RS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 March; 136(3): 410-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10724207

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Incidence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Germany. Author(s): Rzany B, Mockenhaupt M, Stocker U, Hamouda O, Schopf E. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 August; 129(8): 1059. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8352614

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Indapamide-associated Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Spinler SA, Globus NJ, Raymond JZ, Lancefield ML. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1992 September; 50(3): 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1526175

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Infectious crystalline keratopathy and endophthalmitis secondary to Mycobacterium abscessus in a monocular patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Uy HS, Nguyen QD, Durand ML, Paton B, Foster CS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 February; 127(2): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10030567

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Intravenous immunoglobulin prophylaxis for recurrent Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Hebert AA, Bogle MA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2004 February; 50(2): 286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14726889

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Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for children with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Morici MV, Galen WK, Shetty AK, Lebouef RP, Gouri TP, Cowan GS, Gedalia A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 October; 27(10): 2494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11036849

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Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Brett AS, Philips D, Lynn AW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 March; 94(3): 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284525

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Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a prospective noncomparative study showing no benefit on mortality or progression. Author(s): Bachot N, Revuz J, Roujeau JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 January; 139(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12533161

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Intravenous ulinastatin therapy for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in pediatric patients. Three case reports. Author(s): Inamo Y, Okubo T, Wada M, Fuchigami S, Hashimoto K, Fuchigami T, Takahashi S, Sawada S, Harada K. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 January; 127(1): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11893859

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Introital adenosis associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Marquette GP, Su B, Woodruff JD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 July; 66(1): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4011064

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Introital adenosis associated with the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Bonafe JL, Thibaut I, Hoff J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1990 September; 15(5): 356-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2225538

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Isolation of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae strain from a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Toma E, Sorodoc G, Dumineca A, Stoian N, Ghyka GR, Nastase N, Puca D. Source: Virologie. 1976 April-June; 27(2): 141-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=973345

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Isolation of adenovirus from a skin vesicle and cerebrospinal fluid from a patient suffering from Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Pohjanpelto P, Pettay O. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1967; 70(4): 632. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5582386

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Keratoprosthesis in pemphigoid and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Dohlman CH, Terada H. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1998; 438: 1021-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9635006

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Lamotrigine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: demonstration of specific lymphocyte reactivity in vitro. Author(s): Sachs B, Ronnau AC, von Schmiedeberg S, Ruzicka T, Gleichmann E, Schuppe HC. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267743

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Leukocyte bound gamma-globulin in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Watanabe N. Source: Paediatr Univ Tokyo. 1968 January; 15: 41-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4175256

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Living-donor lobar lung transplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans after StevensJohnson syndrome. Author(s): Date H, Sano Y, Aoe M, Goto K, Tedoriya T, Sano S, Andou A, Shimizu N. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 February; 123(2): 38991. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11828317

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Long-term ocular complication of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Lehman SS. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1999 July; 38(7): 425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416100

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Low N-acetylating capacity in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Dietrich A, Kawakubo Y, Rzany B, Mockenhaupt M, Simon JC, Schopf E. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1995 October; 4(5): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8589923

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Lyell's disease, the Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and exfoliative dermatitis. Author(s): Ostler HB, Conant MA, Groundwater J. Source: Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1970 November-December; 74(6): 1254-65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4250164

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Management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children. Author(s): Prendiville JS, Hebert AA, Greenwald MJ, Esterly NB. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 December; 115(6): 881-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2585222

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Management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Crosby SS, Murray KM, Marvin JA, Heimbach DM, Tartaglione TA. Source: Clin Pharm. 1986 August; 5(8): 682-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3742953

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Mediastinal emphysema complicating Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Genieser NB, Becker MH, Rothman J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1972 March; 105(3): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4334963

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Medical genetics: a marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Chung WH, Hung SI, Hong HS, Hsih MS, Yang LC, Ho HC, Wu JY, Chen YT. Source: Nature. 2004 April 1; 428(6982): 486. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15057820

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Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Roujeau JC, Kelly JP, Naldi L, Rzany B, Stern RS, Anderson T, Auquier A, Bastuji-Garin S, Correia O, Locati F, et al. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 December 14; 333(24): 1600-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7477195

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Medicine and the law. Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome due to phenobarbitone too remote to be foreseeable. Author(s): Brahams D. Source: Lancet. 1982 December 25; 2(8313): 1474. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6129554

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Mefloquine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Van den Enden E, Van Gompel A, Colebunders R, Van den Ende J. Source: Lancet. 1991 March 16; 337(8742): 683. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1672030

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Methazolamide-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a warning! Author(s): Cotter JB. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1998 January; 116(1): 117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9445224

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Minoxidil-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): DiSantis DJ, Flanagan J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1981 October; 141(11): 1515. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7283564

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Multiple pulmonary complications in a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Virant FS, Redding GJ, Novack AH. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1984 July; 23(7): 412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6426841

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Multiple urethral fistulae, an unusual early presentation of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Ahuja PK, Hasan M, GUPTA RN. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1973 November 1; 61(9): 410-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4791938

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Mycoplasma pneumonia infection associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Houser JJ, Hoffman NR. Source: Minn Med. 1971 August; 54(8): 609-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5561625

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Mycoplasma pneumonia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and chronic obliterative bronchitis. Author(s): Edwards C, Penny M, Newman J. Source: Thorax. 1983 November; 38(11): 867-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6648872

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, not erythema multiforme (von Hebra). Author(s): Tay YK, Huff JC, Weston WL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 November; 35(5 Pt 1): 757-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8912572

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection presenting as Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Sadler JP, Gibson J. Source: Dent Update. 1997 November; 24(9): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9534423

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Report of eight cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Levy M, Shear NH. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1991 January; 30(1): 42-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1899814

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated Stevens-Johnson syndrome exhibits lymphopenia and redistribution of CD4+ T cells. Author(s): Wang L, Hong KC, Lin FC, Yang KD. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2003 January; 102(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12684615

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Nevirapine and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Fagot JP, Mockenhaupt M, Bouwes-Bavinck JN, Naldi L, Viboud C, Roujeau JC; EuroSCAR Study Group. Source: Aids (London, England). 2001 September 28; 15(14): 1843-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11579247

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Nevirapine-associated Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Warren KJ, Boxwell DE, Kim NY, Drolet BA. Source: Lancet. 1998 February 21; 351(9102): 567. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9492778

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Nevirapine-induced overlap Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Wetterwald E, Le Cleach L, Michel C, David F, Revuz J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 140(5): 980-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10354056

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Nitric oxide synthase in toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Lerner LH, Qureshi AA, Reddy BV, Lerner EA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 January; 114(1): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10620138

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Nursing care study. Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Watkinson S. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1984 July 18; 159(1): 22-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6377246

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Ocular aftermath of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Arstikaitis MJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1973 November; 90(5): 376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4746089

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Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid occurring as a sequela of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Chan LS, Soong HK, Foster CS, Hammerberg C, Cooper KD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1991 September 18; 266(11): 1543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1880886

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Ocular complications of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients with AIDS. Author(s): Belfort R Jr, de Smet M, Whitcup SM, Pavesio C, Lottenberg C, Rubin B, Lopez JS, Nussenblatt R. Source: Cornea. 1991 November; 10(6): 536-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1782783

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Ocular involvement in the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Rogers M, Rogers PA. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1981 December; 22(3): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7344692

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Oesophageal stricturing secondary to adult Stevens-Johnson syndrome: similarities in presentation and management to corrosive injury. Author(s): Agrawal A, Bramble MG, Shehade S, Dean J. Source: Endoscopy. 2003 May; 35(5): 454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12701021

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Ophthalmic complications and management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome at a tertiary eye care centre in south India. Author(s): Kompella VB, Sangwan VS, Bansal AK, Garg P, Aasuri MK, Rao GN. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 December; 50(4): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12532492

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Ophthalmic sulfonamide-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Rubin Z. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 February; 113(2): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=836702

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Orbital cyst in a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Desai VN, Shields CL, Shields JA. Source: Cornea. 1992 November; 11(6): 592-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1468225

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Outbreak of Stevens-Johnson syndrome among Filipino overseas contract workers using mebendazole for helminthiasis prophylaxis. Author(s): Ajonuma LC, Chika LC. Source: Trop Doct. 2000 January; 30(1): 57. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10842543

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Outbreak of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with mebendazole and metronidazole use among Filipino laborers in Taiwan. Author(s): Chen KT, Twu SJ, Chang HJ, Lin RS. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 March; 93(3): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604501

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Outpatient management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a report of four cases and management strategy. Author(s): Noskin GA, Patterson R. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 1997 January-February; 18(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9066834

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Particular neurological aspects in vascular autoimmune diseases. I. Rheumatoid purpura, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Macovei M, Popa C, Alexianu ME. Source: Neurol Psychiatr (Bucur). 1989 October-December; 27(4): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2609078

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Patch testing in severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Wolkenstein P, Chosidow O, Flechet ML, Robbiola O, Paul M, Dume L, Revuz J, Roujeau JC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 October; 35(4): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8957644

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Pentoxyfylline in toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Sanclemente G, De la Roche CA, Escobar CE, Falabella R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 November; 38(11): 878-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583942

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Permanent anonychia after Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Author(s): Wanscher B, Thormann J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 July; 113(7): 970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=879819

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Photo quiz. Stevens-Johnson syndrome secondary to Mycoplasm pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Robinson JL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 June; 28(6): 1199, 1320-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10451152

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Photo-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome due to sulfasalazine therapy. Author(s): Borras-Blasco J, Navarro-Ruiz A, Matarredona J, Devesa P, Montesinos-Ros A, Gonzalez-Delgado M. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 September; 37(9): 1241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921507

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Piroxicam induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Katoh N, Kagawa K, Yasuno H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1995 September; 22(9): 677-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537555

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Positive patch test to diclofenac in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Alonso R, Enrique E, Cistero A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 June; 42(6): 367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10871116

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Possible cefotaxime-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Liberopoulos EN, Liamis GL, Elisaf MS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 June; 37(6): 812-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12773067

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Potential permanent respiratory sequela of Stevens-Johnson syndrome in an adolescent. Author(s): Reyes de la Rocha S, Leonard JC, Demetriou E. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1985 May; 6(3): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3988583

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Primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus that presented as StevensJohnson syndrome. Author(s): Mortier E, Zahar JR, Gros I, Vignali JP, Simonpoli AM, Pouchot J, Vinceneux P. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 October; 19(4): 798. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7803658

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Protein-losing cytomegalovirus gastritis in a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Yoshioka M, Ishiguro N, Ma X, Kikuta H, Kodaira J, Itoh T, Kobayashi K. Source: Digestion. 2002; 65(4): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12239465

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Ranitidine-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome in patients with severe liver diseases: a report of two cases. Author(s): Lin CC, Wu JC, Huang DF, Huang YS, Huang YH, Huo TI, Chang FY, Lee SD. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001 April; 16(4): 481-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11354291

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Rapidly progressive bronchiolitis obliterans associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Tsunoda N, Iwanaga T, Saito T, Kitamura S, Saito K. Source: Chest. 1990 July; 98(1): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2361399

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Recurrent dermopathy after remission of Stevens-Johnson syndrome secondary to mild dermal trauma. Author(s): Patterson R, Cheriyan S, Greenberger PA. Source: Allergy Proc. 1995 May-June; 16(3): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7557368

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Recurrent Stevens-Johnson syndrome secondary to herpes simplex: a follow up on a successful management program. Author(s): Cheriyan S, Patterson R. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 1996 March-April; 17(2): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8934796

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Recurrent Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Daubeney PE, Scopes JW. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1991 March; 84(3): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2013900

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Rehabilitative considerations for patients with severe Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. A case report. Author(s): McDonald K, Johnson B, Prasad JK, Thomson PD. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1989 March-April; 10(2): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2708420

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Reintroducing antituberculosis therapy after Stevens-Johnson syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with tuberculosis: role of desensitization. Author(s): Kura MM, Hira SK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 40(7): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679013

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Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis during first weeks of antiepileptic therapy: a case-control study. Study Group of the International Case Control Study on Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions. Author(s): Rzany B, Correia O, Kelly JP, Naldi L, Auquier A, Stern R. Source: Lancet. 1999 June 26; 353(9171): 2190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392983

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Sight and comfort: complex procedures in end-stage Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Geerling G, Liu CS, Dart JK, Sieg P, Herold J, Collin JR. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 January; 17(1): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12579177

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome after albendazole. Author(s): Dewerdt S, Machet L, Jan-Lamy V, Lorette G, Therizol-Ferly M, Vaillant L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 September; 77(5): 411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9298150

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome after erythromycin therapy while deployed at sea. Author(s): Williams DA. Source: Military Medicine. 2000 August; 165(8): 636-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10957862

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome after exposure to a pesticide in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Roca B, Tomas G, Climent A. Source: Ir Med J. 1999 August; 92(5): 374. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10522082

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome after sertraline. Author(s): Jan V, Toledano C, Machet L, Machet MC, Vaillant L, Lorette G. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 September; 79(5): 401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10494732

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome after treatment with rituximab. Author(s): Lowndes S, Darby A, Mead G, Lister A. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2002 December; 13(12): 1948-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12453865

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome after treatment with STI571: a case report. Author(s): Hsiao LT, Chung HM, Lin JT, Chiou TJ, Liu JH, Fan FS, Wang WS, Yen CC, Chen PM. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2002 June; 117(3): 620-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12028031

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome after vaccination. Author(s): Mortimer EA Jr. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 August; 20(8): 818-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734756

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome and antiepileptics. Author(s): Dunn N, Wilton L, Shakir S. Source: Lancet. 1999 September 18; 354(9183): 1033-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10501393

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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and cholestatic hepatitis. Author(s): Morelli MS, O'Brien FX. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 November; 46(11): 2385-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11713940

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome and respiratory failure in a 9-year-old boy. Author(s): Schamberger MS, Goel J, Braddock SR, Parsons DS, Tobias JD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1997 July; 90(7): 755-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9225904

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis after vaccination: reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system. Author(s): Ball R, Ball LK, Wise RP, Braun MM, Beeler JA, Salive ME. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 February; 20(2): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11224848

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are severity variants of the same disease which differs from erythema multiforme. Author(s): Roujeau JC. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 November; 24(11): 726-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9433029

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Prendiville J. Source: Adv Dermatol. 2002; 18: 151-73. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12528405

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: oncologic considerations. Author(s): Hockett KC. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2004 February; 8(1): 27-30, 55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14983759

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis-challenges of recognition and management. Author(s): Sane SP, Bhatt AD. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 October; 48(10): 999-1003. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11200928

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with abacavir therapy. Author(s): Bossi P, Roujeau JC, Bricaire F, Caumes E. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 October 1; 35(7): 902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12228837

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with bezafibrate. Author(s): Sawamura D, Umeki K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 November-December; 80(6): 457. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11243650

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with carvedilol therapy. Author(s): Kowalski BJ, Cody RJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 September 1; 80(5): 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9295009

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with ciprofloxacin: a review of adverse cutaneous events reported in Sweden as associated with this drug. Author(s): Hallgren J, Tengvall-Linder M, Persson M, Wahlgren CF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 November; 49(5 Suppl): S267-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576649

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with concomitant use of lamotrigine and valproic acid. Author(s): Yalcin B, Karaduman A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 2): 898-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11044815

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with gabapentin. Author(s): Gonzalez-Sicilia L, Cano A, Serrano M, Hernandez J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1998 November; 105(5): 455. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9831433

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with Malarone antimalarial prophylaxis. Author(s): Emberger M, Lechner AM, Zelger B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 July 1; 37(1): E5-7. Epub 2003 June 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12830430

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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome associated with ramipril. Author(s): Oskay T, Ozcelik T, Kutluay L. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 July; 42(7): 580-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839617

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome caused by a health drink (Eberu) containing ophiopogonis tuber. Author(s): Mochitomi Y, Inoue A, Kawabata H, Ishida S, Kanzaki T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 25(10): 662-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9830266

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome caused by indinavir. Author(s): Teira R, Zubero Z, Munoz J, Baraia-Etxaburu J, Santamaria JM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998; 30(6): 634-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10225405

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome caused by the antiretroviral drug nevirapine. Author(s): Metry DW, Lahart CJ, Farmer KL, Hebert AA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 February; 44(2 Suppl): 354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174414

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome developing in a girl with systemic lupus erythematosus on high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Author(s): Samimi SS, Siegfried E. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 January-February; 19(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11860572

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome due to carbamazepine. Author(s): Duggal HS, Khess CR. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 May; 49: 591-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361290

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome due to carbamazepine. Author(s): Ramadasan P, Chaudhury S, Vaishampayne S, John TR. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 July; 48(7): 742-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273515

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome following measles vaccination. Author(s): Hazir T, Saleem M, Abbas KA. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1997 October; 47(10): 264-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9529856

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome from tetrazepam. Author(s): Sanchez I, Garcia-Abujeta JL, Fernandez L, Rodriguez F, Quinones D, Duque S, Lopez R, Jerez J. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1998 March-April; 26(2): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9645262

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome in a boy with nephrotic syndrome during prednisolone therapy. Author(s): Jo DS, Yang JW, Hwang PH, Lee DY. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2003 September; 18(9): 959-61. Epub 2003 June 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12836099

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome in a patient receiving anticonvulsant therapy during cranial irradiation. Author(s): Eralp Y, Aydiner A, Tas F, Saip P, Topuz E. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 2001 August; 24(4): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11474258

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome in an HIV-infected patient. Author(s): Blitz M, Spivack E, Kerpel SM, Freedman PD. Source: Aids Read. 1999 May-June; 9(3): 184-5, 190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12728904

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome in association with hydroxychloroquine treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Leckie MJ, Rees RG. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 April; 41(4): 473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11961185

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome in HIV patients treated with nevirapine: two case reports. Author(s): Dodi F, Alessandrini A, Camera M, Gaffuri L, Morandi N, Pagano G. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 May 24; 16(8): 1197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12004287

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome in India - risk factors, ocular manifestations and management. Author(s): Pushker N, Tandon R, Vajpayee RB. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 2000; 214(4): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10859512

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome in patients on phenytoin and cranial radiotherapy. Author(s): Khafaga YM, Jamshed A, Allam AA, Mourad WA, Ezzat A, Al Eisa A, Gray AJ, Schultz H. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 1999; 38(1): 111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10090698

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome limited to multiple sites of radiation therapy in a patient receiving phenobarbital. Author(s): Duncan KO, Tigelaar RE, Bolognia JL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 March; 40(3): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10071329

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome presumably induced by bromhexine. A case report. Author(s): Cafasso A, Rao F, Mucciarone L, Ambrosino Di Miccio S. Source: Minerva Stomatol. 2002 April; 51(4): 151-6. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11965223

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome secondary to erythromycin. Author(s): Sullivan S, Harger B, Cleary JD. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 December; 33(12): 1369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10630839

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome with diffuse esophageal involvement. Author(s): Belafsky PC, Postma GN, Koufman JA, Bach KK. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2002 April; 81(4): 220. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11987738

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura treated with dexamethasone pulse therapy. Author(s): Barman KD, Verma KK, Agrawal S, Agarwalla A, Rijal A. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 30(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598710

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Kasper M. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2001 January-February; 5(1): 25-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11899397

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Prophet S. Source: J Ahima. 1998 March; 69(3): 67-8; Quiz 69-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10177485

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Coster DJ. Source: Dev Ophthalmol. 1997; 28: 24-31. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9386926

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Description of an unusual clinical case due to glucocorticoid therapy for oral lichen planus. Author(s): Femiano F, Cozzolino F, Belnome G, De Luca P. Source: Minerva Stomatol. 1999 June; 48(6): 277-82. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10522397

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in a patient receiving concurrent radiation and gemcitabine. Author(s): Sommers KR, Kong KM, Bui DT, Fruehauf JP, Holcombe RF. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2003 September; 14(8): 659-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501389

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a diagnostic challenge in the absence of skin lesions. Author(s): Vanfleteren I, Van Gysel D, De Brandt C. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558848

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome: case presentation. Author(s): Donta-Bakoyianni K, Mitsea AG, Deodoropoulou-Papadimitriou K. Source: J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2002 Fall; 27(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12413176

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome: getting ready for the year 2000 and beyond. Author(s): Patterson R, Tripathi A. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 November; 83(5): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10582711

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome-like exanthema secondary to methotrexate histologically simulating acute graft-versus-host disease. Author(s): Hani N, Casper C, Groth W, Krieg T, Hunzelmann N. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2000 October-November; 10(7): 548-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11056429

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Sti571-induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Author(s): Vidal D, Puig L, Sureda A, Alomar A. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2002 October; 119(1): 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358937

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Successful desensitization of two patients who previously developed StevensJohnson syndrome while receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Author(s): Douglas R, Spelman D, Czarny D, O'Hehir RE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 December; 25(6): 1480. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9431406

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Surgical treatment of children blinded by Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Tsubota K, Shimazaki J. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 November; 128(5): 573-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577524

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Target lesions on the lips: childhood herpes simplex associated with erythema multiforme mimics Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Weston WL, Morelli JG, Rogers M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 November; 37(5 Pt 2): 848-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9366850

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The case of the dire desquamation. Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Mishriki YY. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1998 January; 103(1): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9448683

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The dermal type of erythema multiforme: a rare variant of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or cases of clinical misclassification? Author(s): Hering O, Mockenhaupt M, Rzany B, Schroder W, Schopf E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 May; 77(3): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9188874

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The diagnostic role of the in vitro drug-induced interferon-gamma release test in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Halevy S, Cohen AD, Livni E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 November; 38(11): 835-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583616

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The incidence of erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. A population-based study with particular reference to reactions caused by drugs among outpatients. Author(s): Chan HL, Stern RS, Arndt KA, Langlois J, Jick SS, Jick H, Walker AM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 January; 126(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2404462

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The management of special problems associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular pemphigoid. Author(s): Beyer CK. Source: Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1977 July-August; 83(4 Pt. 1): 701-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=331631

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The mucocutaneous syndromes--Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson and Ectodermosis erosiva pluriorificialis. Author(s): Brettle RP, Gray JA, Sangster G, Murdoch JM, Dick HM. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1982 March; 4(2): 149-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6985258

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The outcome of Stevens-Johnson syndrome treated with corticosteroids. Author(s): Cheriyan S, Patterson R, Greenberger PA, Grammer LC, Latall J. Source: Allergy Proc. 1995 July-August; 16(4): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8566720

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The risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a multinational perspective. Author(s): Mockenhaupt M, Kelly JP, Kaufman D, Stern RS; SCAR Study Group. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 October; 30(10): 2234-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14528522

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The spectrum of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a clinical classification. Author(s): Roujeau JC. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994 June; 102(6): 28S-30S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8006430

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The Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Taaffe AG. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1975 July; 29(7): 169-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1191497

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The Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Castiello RJ. Source: American Family Physician. 1973 September; 8(3): 113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4729709

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The Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Bukantz SC. Source: Disease-A-Month : Dm. 1968 October; : 1-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4914844

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Thoracotomy for a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome: report of a case. Author(s): Katoh J, Yoshii S, Hosaka S, Suzuki S, Furuya K, Tada Y. Source: Surgery Today. 1998; 28(2): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9525016

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Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are induced by soluble Fas ligand. Author(s): Abe R, Shimizu T, Shibaki A, Nakamura H, Watanabe H, Shimizu H. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2003 May; 162(5): 1515-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707034

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Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. An epidemiologic study from West Germany. Author(s): Schopf E, Stuhmer A, Rzany B, Victor N, Zentgraf R, Kapp JF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 June; 127(6): 839-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2036029

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Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome: does early withdrawal of causative drugs decrease the risk of death? Author(s): Garcia-Doval I, LeCleach L, Bocquet H, Otero XL, Roujeau JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 March; 136(3): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10724193

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Treatment of severe drug reactions: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Ghislain PD, Roujeau JC. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2002 June; 8(1): 5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165215

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Treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome with pooled human intravenous immune globulin. Author(s): Moudgil A, Porat S, Brunnel P, Jordan SC. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1995 January; 34(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7720329

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Treatment of the cutaneous involvement in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis with silver nitrate-impregnated dressings. Author(s): Lehrer-Bell KA, Kirsner RS, Tallman PG, Kerdel FA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 July; 134(7): 877-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9681360

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Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in children. Author(s): Barone CM, Bianchi MA, Lee B, Mitra A. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1993 March; 51(3): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8445468

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Two cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome: toxic epidermal necrolysis possibly induced by amifostine during radiotherapy. Author(s): Lale Atahan I, Ozyar E, Sahin S, Yildiz F, Yalcin B, Karaduman A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 143(5): 1072-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069524

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Uncommon serious complications in Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a clinical case. Author(s): Martin Mateos MA, Polemeque A, Pastor X, Munoz Lopez F. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1992 September-October; 2(5): 278-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1342911

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Unusual manifestation of Stevens-Johnson syndrome involving the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Author(s): Edell DS, Davidson JJ, Muelenaer AA, Majure M. Source: Pediatrics. 1992 March; 89(3): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1741216

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Update on the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Rasmussen JE. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1988 September-October; 55(5): 412-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3219789

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Use of amnion for the treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Prasad JK, Feller I, Thomson PD. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1986 October; 26(10): 945-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3773007

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Use of banana leaves in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Dharnidharka VR, Kandoth PW. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 September; 11(3): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7971569

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Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in children with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: seven cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Metry DW, Jung P, Levy ML. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 December; 112(6 Pt 1): 1430-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14654625

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Use of silver sulfadiazine in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Frenia ML, Schauben P. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1994 June; 28(6): 736-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7919562

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Using a claims database to investigate drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Strom BL, Carson JL, Halpern AC, Schinnar R, Snyder ES, Stolley PD, Shaw M, Tilson HH, Joseph M, Dai WS, et al. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 1991 April; 10(4): 565-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2057655

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Vaginal adhesions caused by Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Hart R, Minto C, Creighton S. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2002 June; 15(3): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12106751

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Vaginal stenosis due to bullous erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). Case report. Author(s): Graham-Brown RA, Cochrane GW, Swinhoe JR, Sarkany I, Epsztejn LJ. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981 November; 88(11): 1156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7295607

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Valproic acid-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Tsai SJ, Chen YS. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 October; 18(5): 420. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9790162

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Vancomycin-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Alexander II, Greenberger PA. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 1996 March-April; 17(2): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8934797

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Verapamil-associated Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Lin AY, Baker BA. Source: Dicp. 1989 December; 23(12): 987-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2603455

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Virus induced erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Choy AC, Yarnold PR, Brown JE, Kayaloglou GT, Greenberger PA, Patterson R. Source: Allergy Proc. 1995 July-August; 16(4): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8566721

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Vitamin A in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Author(s): Singer L, Brook U, Romem M, Fried D. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1989 June; 21(6): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2764432

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Vulvovaginal sequelae of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and their management. Author(s): Wilson EE, Malinak LR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 March; 71(3 Pt 2): 478-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3347438

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CHAPTER 2. SYNDROME

NUTRITION

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STEVENS-JOHNSON

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or a synonym): •

A case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with oxaprozin therapy. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Bell, M J Bishara, L D J-Rheumatol. 1998 October; 25(10): 2026-8 0315-162X

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Cycloserine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome in an AIDS patient with multidrugresistant tuberculosis. Author(s): Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Source: Akula, S K Aruna, A S Johnson, J E Anderson, D S Int-J-Tuberc-Lung-Dis. 1997 April; 1(2): 187-90 1027-3719

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Development of severe Stevens-Johnson syndrome after administration of slowrelease theophylline. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Source: Brook, U Singer, L Fried, D Pediatr-Dermatol. 1989 June; 6(2): 126-9 0736-8046

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Effectiveness of early therapy with corticosteroids in Stevens-Johnson syndrome: experience with 41 cases and a hypothesis regarding pathogenesis. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois. Source: Patterson, R Miller, M Kaplan, M Doan, T Brown, J Detjen, P Grammer, L C Greenberger, P A Hogan, M B Latall, J et al. Ann-Allergy. 1994 July; 73(1): 27-34 00034738

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Ginseng as a cause for Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Source: Dega, H Laporte, J L Frances, C Herson, S Chosidow, O Lancet. 1996 May 11; 347(9011): 1344 0140-6736

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Ginseng as cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Source: Faleni, R Soldati, F Lancet. 1996 July 27; 348(9022): 267 0140-6736

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Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia 29203, USA. Source: Brett, A S Philips, D Lynn, A W South-Med-J. 2001 March; 94(3): 342-3 0038-4348

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Lamotrigine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: demonstration of specific lymphocyte reactivity in vitro. Author(s): Division of Immunology, Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene, Dusseldorf, Germany. Source: Sachs, B Ronnau, A C von Schmiedeberg, S Ruzicka, T Gleichmann, E Schuppe, H C Dermatology. 1997; 195(1): 60-4 1018-8665

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Outpatient management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a report of four cases and management strategy. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Source: Noskin, G A Patterson, R Allergy-Asthma-Proc. 1997 Jan-February; 18(1): 29-32 1088-5412

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Recurrent dermopathy after remission of Stevens-Johnson syndrome secondary to mild dermal trauma. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

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Source: Patterson, R Cheriyan, S Greenberger, P A Allergy-Proc. 1995 May-June; 16(3): 115-8 1046-9354 •

Recurrent erythema multiforme/Stevens-Johnson syndrome: response to mycophenolate mofetil. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Source: Davis, M D Rogers, R S 3rd Pittelkow, M R Arch-Dermatol. 2002 December; 138(12): 1547-50 0003-987X

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS): effectiveness of corticosteroids in management and recurrent SJS. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611. Source: Patterson, R Grammer, L C Greenberger, P A Lawrence, I D Zeiss, C R Detjen, P F Ganz, M A Miller, T P Orfan, N A Sonenthal, K R et al. Allergy-Proc. 1992 Mar-April; 13(2): 89-95 1046-9354

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The diagnostic role of the in vitro drug-induced interferon-gamma release test in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Source: Halevy, S Cohen, A D Livni, E Int-J-Dermatol. 1999 November; 38(11): 835-40 0011-9059

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The outcome of Stevens-Johnson syndrome treated with corticosteroids. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Source: Cheriyan, S Patterson, R Greenberger, P A Grammer, L C Latall, J Allergy-Proc. 1995 Jul-August; 16(4): 151-5 1046-9354

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Vitamin A in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Source: Singer, L Brook, U Romem, M Fried, D Ann-Ophthalmol. 1989 June; 21(6): 20910 0003-4886

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND STEVENSJOHNSON SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Stevens-Johnson syndrome and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Stevens-Johnson syndrome: •

Cutaneous pathology following etoposide therapy. Author(s): Yokel BK, Friedman KJ, Farmer ER, Hood AF. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1987 December; 14(6): 326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2832457

•

Drug eruptions from phenylbutazone in Jamu. Author(s): Giam YC, Tham SN, Tan T, Lim A. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1986 January; 15(1): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2939787

•

Ginseng as a cause for Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Author(s): Dega H, Laporte JL, Frances C, Herson S, Chosidow O.

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Source: Lancet. 1996 May 11; 347(9011): 1344. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8622550 •

Ginseng as cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Author(s): Faleni R, Soldati F. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 27; 348(9022): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8684215

•

High dose methotrexate in acute lymphocytic leukemia in childhood. Author(s): Moe PJ, Seip M. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1978 May; 67(3): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=148830

•

Important role of prodromal viral infections responsible for inhibition of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the pathomechanism of idiopathic Reye's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, and hepatotoxicity of the therapeutic doses of acetaminophen used in genetically predisposed persons. Author(s): Prandota J. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2002 March-April; 9(2): 149-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11897929

•

Methotrexate infusion in low-risk gestational trophoblastic disease. Author(s): Wong LC, Ngan HY, Cheng DK, Ng TY. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 December; 183(6): 1579-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11120531

•

Severe cutaneous reactions to alternative remedies. Author(s): Monk B. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 September 13; 293(6548): 665-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2944560

•

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and fatal pulmonary toxicity to combination chemotherapy containing bleomycin: a case report. Author(s): Giaccone G, Risio M, Bonardi G, Calciati A. Source: Tumori. 1986 June 30; 72(3): 331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2426851

•

Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with etoposide therapy. Author(s): Jameson CH, Solanki DL.

Alternative Medicine 55

Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1983 November; 67(11): 1050-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6640556 •

Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with methotrexate treatment for nonHodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Cuthbert RJ, Craig JI, Ludlam CA. Source: Ulster Med J. 1993 April; 62(1): 95-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7685956

•

Stevens-Johnson syndrome caused by a health drink (Eberu) containing ophiopogonis tuber. Author(s): Mochitomi Y, Inoue A, Kawabata H, Ishida S, Kanzaki T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 25(10): 662-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9830266

•

Stevens-Johnson syndrome: report of a case involving indigenous herbs. Author(s): Aguwa CN. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1981 April; 27(4): 68-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7261056

•

Suspected lamotrigine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Author(s): Chaffin JJ, Davis SM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1997 June; 31(6): 720-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9184711

•

Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a burns centre: a 6-year review. Author(s): Khoo AK, Foo CL. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1996 June; 22(4): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8781718

•

Traditional healers: the dangers of unregulated practice. Author(s): Choudhury AD, Choudhury CR, Markus F. Source: Natl Med J India. 2003 July-August; 16(4): 231. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606776

•

Use of banana leaves in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Author(s): Dharnidharka VR, Kandoth PW. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 September; 11(3): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7971569

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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Work-related toxic epidermal necrolysis? Author(s): House RA, Jakubovic H, Wong L, Holness DL. Source: J Occup Med.

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Stevens-Johnson syndrome; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

Alternative Medicine 57

Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Stevens-Johnson syndrome include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on Stevens-Johnson syndrome: •

Making Hay Source: Baltimore, MD: National Federation of the Blind. 1993. 117 p. Contact: Available from National Federation of the Blind. 1800 Johnson Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21230-4998. (410) 659-9314. PRICE: Single copy free. ISBN: 0962412252. Summary: In this book from the National Federation of the Blind (NFB), readers are introduced to various blind people and their lives and experiences. Persons profiled include Kenneth Jernigan, president emeritus of the NFB; Thomas Pryor Gore, the first blind U.S. Senator and the great-grandfather of current Vice President Albert Gore; Marc Maurer, president of the NFB; Barbara Walker, a parent; Daryel White, a mechanic and vice president of the St. Louis County Chapter of the NFB of Missouri; Stephen O. Benson, president of the NFB in Illinois and an advocate for the universal teaching of Braille to blind children; Tom Ley, a 1987 NFB scholarship winner and presently a high

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school math teacher, whose blindness is due to diabetes; Mary Ellen Halverson, a Braille teacher and volunteer for the NFB; Kenneth Silberman, an administrator and engineer for NASA; Lisamaria Martinez, a child blind due to Stevens-Johnson syndrome; Michael Freeman, a computer programmer; and Barbara Pierce, a blind woman who shares her experiences mountain climbing. The book includes some black-and-white photographs of the people profiled.

Chapters on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Stevens-Johnson syndrome, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Stevens-Johnson syndrome using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Stevens-Johnson syndrome: •

Oral Ulceration Source: in Lamey, P.J.; Lewis, M.A.O. Clinical Guide to Oral Medicine. 2nd ed. Hampshire, United Kingdom: British Dental Journal (BDJ), Stockton Press. 1997. p. 7-12. Contact: Available from British Dental Journal (BDJ). Marketing Department, Stockton Press, Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS, United Kingdom. Telephone +44 (0) 1256 351898. Fax +44(0) 1256 328339. PRICE: $41.00. ISBN: 0904588505. Summary: This chapter on oral ulceration is from a clinical guide to oral medicine. The book is a compilation of pathology photographs designed to improve competence in the recognition of diseases involving the oral and para-oral structures. The book includes summaries of the management of those conditions most frequently seen in practice. The authors note that oral ulceration is probably the oral mucosal condition most frequently seen by general dental and general medical practitioners. It is almost always painful and patients are therefore prompt to seek advice. An important exception to this generalization is the occurrence of oral cancer, which is often painless in its early stages. Definitive diagnosis, involving mucosal biopsy, is therefore mandatory for any persistent area of oral ulceration. The chapter discusses the diagnostic process, traumatic ulceration, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, viral infection, erythema multiforme (StevensJohnson syndrome), myeloproliferative disorders, syphilis and gonorrhea, and squamous cell carcinoma. The authors conclude that if an ulceration fails to respond to treatment or has an unusual appearance, then the presence of an underlying systemic problem, such as myeloproliferative disease or HIV infection, must be considered. Full color photographs illustrate the chapter. 17 figures.

•

Vesiculobullous Lesions Source: in Laskaris, G. Pocket Atlas of Oral Diseases. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 1998. p. 75-99. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-1112. Website: www.thieme.com. PRICE: $22.00. ISBN: 0865776350.

Books

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Summary: Vesiculobullous diseases are a distinct group of oral disorders characterized by the formation of vesicles or bullae. This chapter on vesiculobullous lesions is from a desktop reference tool for otolaryngologists, dentists, dermatologists, and primary care practitioners which includes coverage of both local and systemic oral disease. The classification of the material in the book is based on the morphological presentation and the site at which the clinician first sees the lesions at examination. This chapter covers primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, secondary herpetic stomatitis, herpes zoster, herpangina, hand, foot and mouth disease, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, pemphigus, cicatricial pemphigoid, linear IgA disease, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous lichen planus, and epidermolysis bullosa. Each of the entities is provided with a representative color plate and a brief, concise description of the definition, etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, laboratory tests, and directions on treatment.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON STEVENSJOHNSON SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Stevens-Johnson syndrome is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Stevens-Johnson syndrome: •

Genetic marker predicts Stevens-Johnson syndrome Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 01, 2004

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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with abacavir in AIDS patient Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 27, 2002 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “StevensJohnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Stevens-Johnson syndrome, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on Stevens-Johnson syndrome: •

Inflammatory Diseases of the Larynx: Allergic and Immune Disorders Source: Visible Voice. 4(1): 9-11,18-19. January 1995. Contact: Available from Center for Voice Disorders of Wake Forest University. Department of Otolaryngology, Bowman gray School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1034. (910) 716-4161. Summary: This article was written to familiarize the otolaryngologist with hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases of the larynx. Topics covered include anaphylaxis; andioedema; Stevens-Johnson syndrome; inhalant allergic reactions; rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus; cicatricial pemphigoid; relapsing polychondritis; and Sjogren's syndrome. For each of the conditions covered, the author discusses the symptoms, typical clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. 8 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Stevens-Johnson syndrome that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for Stevens-Johnson syndrome. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks,

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etc.). The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to Stevens-Johnson syndrome: Acyclovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202008.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202009.html

Anticonvulsants, Dione •

Topical http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202009.html

Anticonvulsants, Hydantoin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cerebyx; Dilantin; Dilantin Infatabs; Dilantin Kapseals; Dilantin-125; Mesantoin; Peganone; Phenytex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202052.html

Anticonvulsants, Succinimide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Celontin; Zarontin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202053.html

Antihistamines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Aller-med; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html

Carvedilol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Coreg http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203636.html

Corticosteroids •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html

•

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Decadron Respihaler; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P.; HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html

Researching Medications 69

•

Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html

•

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectosol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html

Cyclophosphamide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytoxan; Neosar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202174.html

Cyclosporine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Neoral; Sandimmune; SangCya http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202176.html

Erythromycin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ilotycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202220.html

Headache Medicines, Ergot Derivative-Containing •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cafergot; Cafertine; Cafetrate; D.H.E. 45; Ercaf; ErgoCaff; Ergomar; Ergostat; Gotamine; Migergot; Wigraine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202216.html

Lidocaine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Lidoderm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500058.html

Penicillins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amoxil; Bactocill; Beepen-VK; Betapen-VK; Bicillin L-A; Cloxapen; Crysticillin 300 A.S.; Dycill; Dynapen; Geocillin; Geopen; Ledercillin VK; Mezlin; Nafcil; Nallpen; Omnipen; Omnipen-N; Pathocil; Pen Vee K; Pentids; Permapen; Pfizerpen; Pfizerpen-AS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202446.html

Penicillins and Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Augmentin; Timentin; Unasyn; Zosyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202705.html

Salicylates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acuprin 81; Amigesic; Anacin Caplets; Anacin Maximum Strength; Anacin Tablets; Anaflex 750; Arthritis Pain Ascriptin; Arthritis Pain Formula; Arthritis Strength Bufferin; Arthropan; Aspergum; Aspirin Regimen Bayer Adult Low Dose http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202515.html

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Sulfonamides •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Sulf; Bleph-10; Cetamide; Gantrisin; IsoptoCetamide; I-Sulfacet; Ocu-Sul-10; Ocu-Sul-15; Ocu-Sul-30; Ocusulf-10; Ophthacet; Sodium Sulamyd; Spectro-Sulf; Steri-Units Sulfacetamide; Sulf-10; Sulfair; Sulfair 10; Sulfair 15; Sulfair Forte; Sulfamide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202539.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gantanol; Gantrisin; Thiosulfil Forte; Urobak http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202540.html

•

Vaginal - U.S. Brands: AVC; Sultrin; Trysul http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202541.html

Vitamin A •

Vaginal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202541.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA

Researching Medications 71

through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

73

APPENDICES

75

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 77

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1665 4 295 27 121 2112

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources 79

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

81

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Stevens-Johnson syndrome can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Stevens-Johnson syndrome”:

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Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Coronary Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronarydisease.html Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Facial Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html Heart Attack http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartattack.html Laser Eye Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html Macular Degeneration http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/maculardegeneration.html Metabolic Syndrome X http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicsyndromex.html Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html Tourette Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tourettesyndrome.html Turner's Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/turnerssyndrome.html Vision Disorders and Blindness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/visiondisordersandblindness.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Stevens-Johnson syndrome. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:

Patient Resources 83

•

Erythema Multiforme Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have erythema multiforme (EM) with information on the etiology, symptoms, and treatment of this acute, self limiting, inflammatory skin eruption. EM appears in multiple forms, and because of this variation EM has been divided into the overlapping subgroups EM minor and StevensJohnson syndrome (SJS). EM minor is usually caused by the herpes virus. Additional causes are other bacterial or viral infections or reactions to medications. EM minor is characterized by a rash that may be accompanied by minor burning or itch. Round bulls eye target shaped rings are usually present on the palms. SJS causes a greater degree of damage than EM minor. SJS is characterized by large blood blisters accompanied by a red rash. A skin biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment of EM begins with the identification and removal of the trigger factor if possible. EM minor usually needs no treatment because the lesions will resolve themselves within 2 to 4 weeks. Recurrent EM caused by the herpes virus can be prevented with a continuous low dose of Zovirax or Valtrex. SJS, if identified in the early stages, can be treated with intravenous Cytoxan, pooled gamma globulin, or oral cyclosporine. Oral steroids are useful in some cases. 2 figures. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Facts About Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) Summary: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is a severe adverse reaction to medication. Source: Stevens Johnson Syndrome Foundation (Julie Foundation for Allergic Drug Reactions) http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7712 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Stevens-Johnson syndrome. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given

Patient Resources 85

the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Stevens-Johnson syndrome”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Stevens-Johnson syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “StevensJohnson syndrome” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

87

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 89

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on Stevens-Johnson syndrome: •

Basic Guidelines for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome HIV infection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000602.htm Stevens-Johnson syndrome Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000851.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Blindness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003040.htm Bullae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003239.htm Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm

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Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Epistaxis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003106.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Petechiae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Pruritus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Ulcers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003228.htm Vesicles Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

Online Glossaries 95

•

Background Topics for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Burns Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htm Cardiovascular Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002310.htm Hemorrhagic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002373.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abacavir: A nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTIs) developed by Glaxo Wellcome. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,

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organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Allopurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU]

Dictionary 99

Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Aniridia: A congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. This is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. Aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.

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[NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antituberculosis: Refers to a drug used to treat tuberculosis. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthrography: Roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium. [NIH]

Dictionary 101

Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmune Hepatitis: A liver disease caused when the body's immune system destroys liver cells for no known reason. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Balloon dilation: A treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate enlargement. A tiny balloon is inflated inside the urethra to make it wider so urine can flow more freely from the bladder. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Bezafibrate: Antilipemic agent that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides. It decreases low density lipoproteins and increases high density lipoproteins. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the

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target tissue after administration. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Inflammation of the bronchioles with obstruction by fibrous granulation tissue or bronchial exudate. It may follow inhalation of irritating gases or foreign bodies and it complicates pneumonia. [NIH]

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Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system,

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consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA

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molecules. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the

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anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Coxsackieviruses: A heterogeneous group of the genus enterovirus found in association with various diseases in man and other animals. Two groups (A and B) have been identified with a number of serotypes in each. The name is derived from a village in New York State where the virus was first identified. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Irradiation: The exposure of the head to roentgen rays or other forms of radioactivity for therapeutic or preventive purposes. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or

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whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Desquamation: The shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. [EU] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and

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analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH]

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Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Infectiosum: Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures. [NIH]

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Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Exanthema: Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (erythema infectiosum), and sixth (exanthema subitum) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gemcitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic disease: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic tumor, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic tumor, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic tumor: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH]

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Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulation Tissue: A vascular connective tissue formed on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed tissue. It consists of new capillaries and an infiltrate containing lymphoid cells, macrophages, and plasma cells. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Helminthiasis: Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU]

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Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Herpetiformis: Duhring's disease a recurring, inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown etiology characterized by erythematous, papular, pustular, or vesicular lesions which tend to group and are accompanied by itching and burning. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of

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psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH]

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Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Iritis: Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH]

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Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphopenia: Reduction in the number of lymphocytes. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Mebendazole: A nematocide in humans and animals. It acts by interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and associated energy production of the parasite. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]

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Micromanipulation: The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope that manipulate tiny instruments). [NIH] Micromanipulators: A high precision instrument used in microinjection or chromosome dissection activities. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Molar pregnancy: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, gestational trophoblastic tumor, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocular: Diplopia identified with one eye only; it may be induced with a double prism, or it may occur either as a result of double imagery due to an optical defect in the eye, or as a result of simultaneous use of normal and anomalous retinal correspondence. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH]

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Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space. [NIH] Myeloproliferative Disorders: Disorders in which one or more stimuli cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematocide: A chemical used to kill nematodes. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. [NIH] Non-nucleoside: A member of a class of compounds, including delavirdine, loviride and nevirapine, that acts to directly combine with and block the action of HIV's reverse transcriptase. [NIH] Nutrition Assessment: Evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual. Nutrition surveys may be used in making the assessment. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH]

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Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-

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arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH]

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Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first

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described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an

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antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested

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as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rituximab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for

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example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silver Sulfadiazine: Antibacterial used topically in burn therapy. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH]

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Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: A variant of bullous erythema multiforme. It ranges from mild skin and mucous membrane lesions to a severe, sometimes fatal systemic disorder. Ocular symptoms include ulcerative conjunctivitis, keratitis, iritis, uveitis, and sometimes blindness. The cause of the disease is unknown. [NIH] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfadiazine: A short-acting sulfonamide used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland

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consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.

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[NIH]

Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urography: Radiography of any part of the urinary tract. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH]

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Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as

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may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abacavir, 37, 64, 97 Acantholysis, 97, 119 Acetaminophen, 24, 54, 97 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 25, 97, 126 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 54, 97 Adaptability, 97, 103 Adenosine, 97, 127 Adenovirus, 26, 97 Adrenal Cortex, 97, 106, 123 Adrenal Medulla, 97, 109 Adrenergic, 97, 98, 109, 127 Adverse Effect, 97, 108, 120, 125 Affinity, 97, 98, 125 Agonist, 98 Albuterol, 4, 98 Algorithms, 98, 102 Allergen, 98, 107 Allogeneic, 11, 98 Allograft, 9, 98 Allopurinol, 9, 22, 98 Alpha Particles, 98, 122 Alternative medicine, 53, 57, 64, 98 Ambulatory Care, 98 Amebiasis, 98, 116 Amifostine, 45, 98 Amino acid, 98, 100, 109, 121, 124, 126, 128 Amnion, 46, 99 Amniotic Fluid, 99 Ampicillin, 10, 13, 99 Ampulla, 99, 104 Anaemia, 7, 99 Analgesic, 97, 99, 108, 116 Analog, 97, 99 Anaphylatoxins, 99, 105 Anaphylaxis, 65, 99 Androgens, 97, 99, 106 Anesthesia, 10, 16, 99 Anesthetics, 99, 109 Angioedema, 4, 99 Aniridia, 5, 99 Antagonism, 99, 108, 127 Antecedent, 7, 99 Antibacterial, 99, 125 Antibiotic, 99, 102, 103, 109, 119, 125, 128 Antibodies, 100, 101, 116, 122, 124

Antibody, 6, 98, 100, 105, 113, 114, 117, 122, 123, 124 Anticonvulsant, 39, 100, 103, 109, 119, 129 Antiepileptic, 35, 100 Antigen, 98, 99, 100, 105, 113, 114 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 100, 105 Antihistamine, 4, 100 Anti-inflammatory, 21, 97, 100, 106, 107, 108, 111, 116, 124 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 100, 106 Antimetabolite, 100, 116 Antimicrobial, 100, 104 Antineoplastic, 100, 102, 106, 116, 120 Antipyretic, 97, 100, 107, 116 Antituberculosis, 34, 100 Aphthous Stomatitis, 60, 100 Aplasia, 13, 100 Aqueous, 100, 101, 115 Arterial, 100, 103, 113, 121 Arteries, 100, 102, 106, 116 Arteriography, 100, 115 Artery, 100, 102, 106, 122, 129 Arthrography, 100, 115 Articular, 32, 101, 115 Assay, 4, 101 Atopic, 24, 101 Autoantibodies, 101, 107 Autoimmune disease, 32, 65, 101 Autoimmune Hepatitis, 24, 54, 101 Autonomic, 98, 101, 119 B Bacteria, 99, 100, 101, 110, 116, 117, 124, 125, 127, 129 Bacteriostatic, 101, 109 Balloon dilation, 20, 101 Basal cells, 5, 101 Base, 101, 107, 115 Benign, 101, 110, 112, 118, 122 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 101 Bezafibrate, 37, 101 Bilateral, 5, 11, 101 Bile, 13, 101, 115 Bile Acids, 101 Bile Acids and Salts, 101 Bile duct, 13, 101 Biliary, 101, 104 Bioavailability, 101, 114 Biological response modifier, 102, 114

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Biopsy, 60, 83, 94, 102 Biotechnology, 6, 64, 77, 102 Bladder, 101, 102, 121, 128 Blast phase, 102, 104 Bleomycin, 54, 102 Blister, 102, 119 Blood pressure, 102, 103, 113, 125 Blood vessel, 102, 110, 111, 125, 127, 129 Body Fluids, 102, 108, 125 Bone Marrow, 97, 102, 104, 107, 111, 112, 116, 125 Brachytherapy, 102, 114, 122 Branch, 91, 102, 119, 125, 127 Broad-spectrum, 99, 102, 103 Bronchi, 102, 103, 109, 127, 128 Bronchial, 102, 113, 127 Bronchioles, 102 Bronchiolitis, 12, 27, 34, 102 Bronchiolitis Obliterans, 27, 34, 102 Bronchitis, 29, 103 Bronchospasm, 4, 103 Buccal, 103, 115, 126 Bullous, 14, 23, 47, 61, 103, 107, 126 Burns, 4, 5, 55, 95, 103 Burns, Electric, 103 C Calcium, 103, 105, 108 Captopril, 22, 103 Carbamazepine, 11, 12, 24, 39, 103 Carbohydrate, 103, 106, 116 Carcinogen, 103, 116 Carcinoma, 60, 103 Cardiac, 103, 109, 118 Case report, 7, 9, 12, 14, 21, 26, 29, 34, 36, 40, 47, 54, 103 Cefotaxime, 33, 103 Ceftriaxone, 4, 103 Cell, 5 Cell Death, 17, 103, 110 Cell Division, 101, 103, 110, 120 Central Nervous System, 103, 104, 110, 112, 124, 127 Central Nervous System Infections, 104, 112 Cerebral, 104, 106, 109, 121 Cerebrospinal, 26, 104 Cerebrospinal fluid, 26, 104 Chemotactic Factors, 104, 105 Chemotherapy, 54, 104 Chloroquine, 21, 22, 104 Cholestasis, 13, 104 Cholesterol, 101, 104

Choriocarcinoma, 104, 111, 117 Chronic, 5, 13, 14, 29, 98, 102, 104, 107, 114, 119, 126, 127 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 104 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 102, 104 Chronic phase, 14, 104 Cicatricial, 24, 30, 61, 65, 104 Ciprofloxacin, 13, 37, 104 Clinical trial, 5, 77, 104, 107, 117 Cloning, 102, 104 Collapse, 99, 105 Combination chemotherapy, 54, 105 Complement, 4, 99, 105 Complementary and alternative medicine, 53, 57, 105 Complementary medicine, 53, 105 Complete remission, 105, 123 Computational Biology, 77, 105 Conception, 104, 105, 111, 117 Concomitant, 37, 105 Congestion, 105, 109 Conjunctiva, 18, 24, 105, 106, 114, 115 Conjunctivitis, 106, 126 Connective Tissue, 102, 106, 107, 110, 112, 123, 127 Contamination, 106, 112 Contraindications, ii, 106 Contralateral, 5, 106 Convulsions, 100, 106 Cornea, 5, 31, 106, 115, 124, 126, 129, 130 Coronary, 82, 106, 116 Coronary Thrombosis, 106, 116 Corticosteroid, 15, 38, 106, 120 Corticosteroids, 15, 17, 43, 50, 51, 68, 106, 111, 117, 120 Cortisone, 106, 107 Coxsackieviruses, 106, 112 Cranial, 18, 39, 40, 106, 112, 119 Cranial Irradiation, 18, 39, 106 Craniocerebral Trauma, 106, 112 Curative, 107, 127 Cutaneous, 15, 18, 25, 32, 35, 37, 45, 53, 54, 107, 115 Cyclic, 107, 121, 127 Cyclosporine, 69, 83, 107 Cyst, 31, 107 Cytomegalovirus, 33, 107 Cytotoxic, 107, 122 D Degenerative, 107, 112 Delusions, 107, 121 Dementia, 97, 107

133

Density, 101, 107 Dentists, 61, 107 Dermal, 34, 43, 50, 107 Dermatitis, 27, 32, 33, 61, 107 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 61, 107 Dermis, 4, 99, 107, 126 Desensitization, 34, 42, 107 Desquamation, 43, 107 Dexamethasone, 41, 107 Diagnostic procedure, 64, 107 Diclofenac, 33, 107, 108 Diclofenac Sodium, 108 Digestion, 33, 101, 108, 115, 126 Digestive tract, 108, 125, 126 Dilatation, 99, 108, 129 Dilation, 108, 129 Diltiazem, 20, 108 Direct, iii, 67, 108, 111, 123 Discrete, 108, 130 Diuresis, 108, 127 Dorsal, 108, 109, 120 Drug Interactions, 70, 108 Drug Toxicity, 5, 108 Duct, 99, 108, 124, 126, 127 Duodenum, 101, 108, 126 Dystrophic, 108, 109 E Edema, 99, 108, 118 Effector, 105, 108 Electrolyte, 106, 108, 117, 125 Emaciation, 97, 108 Embryo, 99, 108 Emphysema, 28, 108 Endophthalmitis, 25, 108 Endotoxins, 105, 108 Environmental Health, 76, 78, 109 Enzymatic, 98, 103, 105, 109, 113, 123 Enzyme, 108, 109, 111, 121, 123, 128, 129, 130 Enzymes, 24, 54 Epidemiological, 23, 109 Epidermal, 4, 5, 55, 56, 61 Epidermis, 97, 101, 102, 107, 109, 119, 122 Epidermoid carcinoma, 109, 125, 126 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 61, 109 Epinephrine, 4, 97, 109 Epithelial, 5, 15, 18, 107, 109 Epithelial Cells, 5, 109 Epithelium, 13, 104, 109, 115, 130 Erythema, 4, 51, 56, 60, 61, 83, 94 Erythema Infectiosum, 109, 110

Erythema Multiforme, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24, 29, 36, 42, 43, 47, 51, 60, 61, 83, 109, 126 Erythrocytes, 99, 102, 109 Erythromycin, 35, 40, 69, 109 Esophageal, 20, 21, 31, 41, 109 Esophagus, 108, 109, 119, 126 Ethosuximide, 6, 109 Etoposide, 53, 54, 110 Exanthema, 42, 110 Exfoliation, 107, 110, 118 Exogenous, 103, 110 External-beam radiation, 110, 122 Extracellular, 106, 110, 125 Exudate, 102, 110 Eye Infections, 97, 110 F Facial, 11, 82, 110 Family Planning, 77, 110 Fat, 101, 102, 106, 110, 123 G Gamma Rays, 110, 122 Ganglia, 98, 110, 119 Ganglion, 110, 130 Gas, 110, 123 Gas exchange, 110, 123 Gastritis, 33, 110 Gastrointestinal, 20, 22, 46, 104, 109, 110, 124, 126 Gastrointestinal tract, 46, 110, 124 Gemcitabine, 41, 110 Gene, 18, 97, 102, 111 Gene Expression, 18, 111 Gene Therapy, 97, 111 Genetics, 28, 111 Genital, 23, 104, 111, 128 Genotype, 8, 111 Gestational, 54, 111, 117 Gestational trophoblastic disease, 54, 111, 117 Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, 111, 117 Gestational trophoblastic tumor, 111, 117 Giardiasis, 111, 116 Ginseng, 22, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 111 Glomerular, 111, 123 Glomerulus, 111, 118 Glucocorticoid, 4, 41, 107, 111, 120 Glucose, 9, 111 Gonorrhea, 60, 112 Governing Board, 112, 120 Graft, 23, 42, 112, 113, 117

134

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Grafting, 11, 112 Graft-versus-host disease, 42, 112, 117 Granulation Tissue, 102, 112 Growth, 99, 100, 101, 103, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120 H Hair follicles, 107, 112 Half-Life, 103, 112 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, 61, 112 Headache, 4, 69, 94, 109, 112, 114 Headache Disorders, 112 Helminthiasis, 31, 104, 112 Hemorrhage, 107, 112, 122 Hepatic, 10, 112 Hepatitis, 7, 36, 54, 112 Hepatitis A, 7, 112 Hepatocyte, 104, 112 Hepatotoxicity, 24, 54, 112 Hepatovirus, 112 Hereditary, 99, 112 Heredity, 111, 112 Herpes, 5, 23, 34, 42, 61, 83, 113 Herpes virus, 83, 113 Herpes Zoster, 61, 113 Herpetiformis, 61, 107, 113 Histamine, 99, 100, 113 Hormonal, 106, 113 Hormone, 106, 109, 113, 123 Host, 113, 129 Hyperreflexia, 113, 127 Hypersensitivity, 45, 65, 98, 99, 107, 113, 123 Hypertension, 112, 113 Hypoxic, 113, 116 I Id, 52, 56, 84, 90, 92, 113 Idiopathic, 24, 41, 54, 113 Immune response, 100, 101, 106, 113, 126, 129 Immune system, 101, 113, 116, 129 Immunity, 97, 113 Immunodeficiency, 33, 34, 97, 113 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 113 Immunoglobulin, 17, 23, 25, 26, 46, 50, 100, 113, 117 Immunologic, 104, 113, 123 Immunosuppressant, 113, 116 Immunosuppressive, 111, 113 Immunotherapy, 107, 113 Impairment, 104, 110, 113, 116, 121 Implant radiation, 114, 122 In vitro, 27, 43, 50, 51, 111, 114

In vivo, 5, 111, 114 Indicative, 114, 119, 129 Indinavir, 38, 114 Infarction, 106, 114, 116 Infection, 5, 60, 93 Infiltration, 17, 114, 130 Inflammation, 5 Influenza, 4, 114 Infusion, 54, 114 Inhalation, 68, 102, 114, 120 Inner ear, 103, 114 Interferon, 43, 51, 114, 116 Interferon-alpha, 114 Internal radiation, 114, 122 Interstitial, 9, 102, 114, 118, 123 Intestines, 108, 110, 114 Intoxication, 115, 130 Intracellular, 114, 115, 121 Intraocular, 108, 115 Intravenous, 4, 17, 25, 26, 45, 46, 50, 83, 95, 114, 115 Ionizing, 98, 115, 122 Iopamidol, 22, 115 Iris, 99, 106, 115, 122, 129 Iritis, 115, 126 J Joint, 100, 101, 104, 115, 127 K Kb, 76, 115 Keratitis, 5, 115, 126 Keratoconjunctivitis, 9, 24, 115 L Labile, 105, 115 Laceration, 115, 127 Larynx, 65, 115, 128 Lens, 5, 14, 115 Leukemia, 54, 97, 104, 111, 115 Library Services, 90, 115 Ligaments, 106, 115 Liver, 3, 34, 97, 101, 104, 107, 112, 115, 123 Liver Transplantation, 3, 115 Localized, 4, 99, 114, 115, 120, 127, 128 Lung Transplantation, 27, 115 Lupus, 65, 115, 127 Lymphatic, 114, 116, 125 Lymphoblasts, 97, 116 Lymphocyte, 27, 50, 97, 100, 116 Lymphocyte Count, 97, 116 Lymphocytic, 54, 116 Lymphoid, 100, 112, 116 Lymphoma, 55, 116 Lymphopenia, 30, 116

135

M Malignant, 97, 100, 104, 116, 118, 122 Manic, 116, 121 Manic-depressive psychosis, 116, 121 Mebendazole, 31, 32, 116 Medical Records, 116, 123 MEDLINE, 77, 116 Mefenamic Acid, 7, 116 Membrane, 9, 11, 19, 99, 100, 105, 108, 109, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123, 125, 126 Meninges, 103, 104, 106, 116 Mental, iv, 4, 76, 78, 107, 116, 121, 124, 128 Mental Disorders, 116, 121 Metabolite, 116, 120, 123 Methotrexate, 42, 54, 55, 116 Metronidazole, 32, 116 MI, 23, 95, 116 Microbe, 116, 127 Micromanipulation, 5, 117 Micromanipulators, 117 Microorganism, 117, 129 Migration, 5, 117 Mineralocorticoids, 97, 106, 117 Mitotic, 110, 117 Molar pregnancy, 111, 117 Molecular, 77, 79, 102, 105, 117, 127 Molecule, 100, 101, 105, 108, 117, 122, 128 Monoclonal, 117, 122, 124 Monocular, 25, 117 Morphological, 61, 108, 117 Motion Sickness, 117, 118 Mucocutaneous, 43, 117 Mucosa, 14, 23, 115, 117, 126 Multicenter study, 17, 117 Muscle relaxant, 117, 120 Muscle Spindles, 117, 120 Myalgia, 114, 117 Mycophenolate mofetil, 51, 117 Myelography, 115, 118 Myeloproliferative Disorders, 60, 118 Myocardium, 116, 118 N Nasal Mucosa, 114, 118 Nasal Septum, 14, 118 Nausea, 4, 118, 128 Necrolysis, 4, 55, 56, 61 Need, 3, 59, 60, 65, 85, 118 Nematocide, 116, 118 Neoplasms, 97, 100, 118, 122 Neoplastic, 116, 118 Nephritis, 9, 118 Nephrosis, 118

Nephrotic, 39, 118 Nephrotic Syndrome, 39, 118 Nerve, 97, 99, 110, 118, 123, 124, 130 Neutrons, 98, 118, 122 Nevirapine, 30, 38, 40, 118 Non-nucleoside, 118 Nutrition Assessment, 3, 118 Nutritional Status, 118 O Ocular, 9, 15, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31, 40, 43, 119, 126 Ophthalmic, 11, 13, 16, 31, 68, 69, 70, 119 Opportunistic Infections, 97, 119 Optic cup, 99, 119 Otolaryngologist, 65, 119 Outpatient, 32, 50, 119 P Palate, 23, 119, 126 Palliative, 119, 127 Palsy, 11, 119 Parasite, 116, 119, 128 Parasitic, 112, 119 Partial remission, 119, 123 Patch, 32, 33, 119 Pathogenesis, 17, 50, 119 Pathologic, 102, 106, 113, 119, 129 Patient Education, 82, 88, 90, 95, 119 Pemphigus, 61, 97, 119 Penicillin, 4, 99, 119 Pericardium, 119, 127 Peripheral Nervous System, 119, 126 Peripheral stem cells, 112, 119 Pharmacologic, 99, 112, 119, 127 Pharynx, 114, 119 Phenytoin, 18, 40, 103, 119 Physical Examination, 4, 120 Pituitary Gland, 106, 120 Plants, 111, 120, 127 Pneumonia, 29, 102, 106, 120, 128 Podophyllotoxin, 110, 120 Poisoning, 108, 115, 118, 120 Posterior, 108, 115, 119, 120, 124 Postnatal, 120, 126 Practice Guidelines, 78, 120 Prednisolone, 39, 120 Preoperative, 11, 120 Prodrug, 120, 123 Progression, 10, 26, 120 Progressive, 34, 107, 112, 120, 123 Prophylaxis, 25, 31, 38, 120, 129 Prospective study, 15, 120 Prostaglandin, 121

136

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Prostate, 101, 121 Protease, 114, 121 Protein S, 102, 109, 121 Proteins, 98, 100, 105, 109, 117, 121, 124 Proteinuria, 118, 121 Proteolytic, 105, 121 Protons, 98, 115, 121, 122 Pruritic, 107, 121 Psychoactive, 121, 130 Psychomotor, 103, 121 Psychosis, 12, 111, 121 Public Policy, 77, 122 Pulmonary, 29, 54, 102, 122, 129 Pulse, 41, 122 Pupil, 106, 108, 115, 122 Purpura, 32, 41, 122 Purulent, 108, 122 Pustular, 113, 122 R Race, 98, 117, 122 Racemic, 98, 122 Radiation, 18, 40, 41, 98, 110, 114, 115, 116, 122, 130 Radiation therapy, 18, 40, 110, 114, 122 Radioactive, 112, 114, 122 Radioactivity, 106, 122 Radioimmunotherapy, 122, 123 Radiolabeled, 122 Radiological, 115, 122 Radiotherapy, 40, 45, 102, 122 Ramipril, 38, 123 Reality Testing, 121, 123 Reductase, 116, 123 Refer, 1, 103, 105, 113, 118, 121, 122, 123, 127 Refraction, 123, 125 Remission, 34, 50, 116, 123 Renal failure, 9, 123 Renin, 103, 123 Renin-Angiotensin System, 103, 123 Respiratory failure, 36, 123 Retina, 115, 123, 129 Retinal, 117, 123 Retrospective, 17, 18, 123 Retrospective study, 18, 123 Rheumatism, 123 Rheumatoid, 32, 40, 65, 104, 123 Rheumatoid arthritis, 32, 40, 65, 104, 123 Risk factor, 8, 40, 120, 124 Rituximab, 35, 124 S Salicylate, 124

Salicylic, 124 Salicylic Acids, 124 Salivary, 107, 124 Salivary glands, 107, 124 Schizoid, 124, 130 Schizophrenia, 124, 130 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 124, 130 Sclera, 106, 124, 129 Screening, 104, 124 Sebaceous, 107, 124 Sebaceous gland, 107, 124 Secretion, 104, 106, 113, 117, 124 Seizures, 94, 103, 109, 119, 124 Semisynthetic, 103, 110, 124 Sequela, 30, 33, 124 Serotonin, 124 Sertraline, 35, 124 Serum, 99, 105, 117, 124 Shedding, 107, 124 Shock, 4, 99, 125, 128 Side effect, 67, 97, 125, 127 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 123, 125 Silver Sulfadiazine, 46, 125 Smooth muscle, 99, 103, 113, 123, 125, 126 Sodium, 19, 70, 108, 117, 125, 126, 129 Sodium Channels, 125, 129 Solid tumor, 102, 125 Specialist, 84, 108, 125 Species, 98, 109, 117, 119, 122, 125, 128, 129 Spectrum, 44, 125 Sphincter, 115, 125 Spinal cord, 104, 110, 116, 118, 119, 125 Spirochete, 125, 127 Spleen, 107, 116, 125 Squamous, 60, 109, 125, 126 Squamous cell carcinoma, 60, 109, 125, 126 Squamous cells, 125, 126 Stabilization, 120, 126 Stem Cells, 5, 119, 126 Stenosis, 20, 47, 126 Steroids, 12, 83, 106, 111, 126 Stimulants, 111, 126 Stomach, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 118, 119, 125, 126 Stomatitis, 60, 61, 126 Stress, 118, 123, 126, 128 Stricture, 20, 21, 126 Stroma, 5, 115, 126 Subacute, 114, 126 Subarachnoid, 112, 126

137

Subclinical, 114, 124, 126 Subcutaneous, 4, 99, 108, 126 Substance P, 109, 116, 124, 126 Sulfadiazine, 22, 126 Suppression, 106, 126 Sweat, 107, 126 Sweat Glands, 107, 126 Sympathomimetic, 109, 127 Syphilis, 60, 127 Systemic, 15, 22, 32, 38, 60, 61, 65, 68, 69, 70, 99, 102, 104, 109, 114, 120, 122, 126, 127 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 22, 32, 38, 65, 104, 127 Systemic therapy, 104, 127 T Teratogenic, 108, 127 Tetani, 127 Tetanic, 127 Tetanus, 22, 127 Theophylline, 16, 50, 127 Therapeutics, 24, 54, 70, 127 Thermal, 5, 118, 127 Tissue, 4, 5 Toxic, iv, 4, 55, 56, 61 Toxicity, 5, 54, 108, 127 Toxicology, 7, 19, 78, 127 Toxin, 127 Toxoplasmosis, 126, 127 Trachea, 102, 115, 119, 128 Transcriptase, 97, 118, 128 Transfection, 102, 111, 128 Translation, 98, 109, 128 Translocation, 109, 128 Transplantation, 3, 5, 9, 15, 128 Trauma, 34, 46, 50, 128 Trichomoniasis, 116, 128 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 42, 128 Tunica, 117, 128 U Ulcer, 112, 128 Ulceration, 5, 60, 128

Unconscious, 99, 113, 128 Uremia, 123, 128 Urethra, 101, 121, 128 Uric, 98, 128 Urinary, 103, 104, 128, 130 Urinary tract, 103, 128 Urine, 101, 102, 108, 121, 128 Urogenital, 112, 128 Urography, 22, 128 Urticaria, 99, 128 Uterus, 111, 117, 128 Uvea, 108, 129 Uveitis, 11, 126, 129 V Vaccination, 7, 36, 39, 129 Vaccine, 36, 129 Valproic Acid, 37, 129 Vascular, 32, 99, 107, 112, 114, 128, 129 Vasoconstriction, 109, 129 Vasodilation, 98, 129 Vein, 115, 129 Venereal, 127, 129 Ventricle, 122, 129 Vesicular, 107, 112, 113, 129 Veterinary Medicine, 77, 129 Viral, 24, 54, 60, 83, 112, 114, 129 Virulence, 127, 129 Virus, 23, 33, 34, 47, 83, 97, 104, 106, 114, 129, 130 Vitreous, 115, 123, 129 Vitro, 50, 51, 129 Vivo, 5, 129 W White blood cell, 97, 100, 102, 104, 116, 129 Withdrawal, 45, 129 X Xanthine, 98, 130 Xanthine Oxidase, 98, 130 X-ray, 94, 100, 110, 118, 122, 130 Z Zoster, 61, 130

138

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

139

140

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

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