Continuity and Change in a Greek Rural Landscape: The Laconia Survey, Volume 2: Archaeological Data (Annual of the British School at Athens, Supplementary Volume 27)

CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN A GREEK RURAL LANDSCAPE

THE

LACONIA

SURVEY

VOLUMEII ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA AnnualoftheBritishSchool at Athens Volume27 Supplementary William Cavanagh Joost Crouwel R. W. V Catling Graham Shipley

withcontributions by PAMELAARMSTRONG TRISTANCARTER DAVID HIBLER

RICHARDJONES JO LAWSON MARCO OVERBEEK

APÓSTOLOS SARRIS HELEEN VISSCHER MARK YDO

andillustrations by ELIZABETH CATLING RON LEENHEER GUY SANDERS CATRIONATURNER SARAHWILD

LONDON · BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS · 1996

PublishedbytheBritishSchoolat Athens,31-34GordonSquare,London,WGiHoPY BritishSchoolat Athens,1996 © The ManagingCommittee, ISBN (thisvolume):0-904887-23-5 ISBN (setoftwovolumes):0-904887-21-9

Glos. Produced Stroud, Publishing, byAlan Sutton Pnntedin GreatBritainonacid-free paperby andNorthampton AldenPress,Oxford

ToHector Catling

PREFACE THIS VOLUMEREPRESENTS the second halfof our publicationof the resultsof the Laconia It fieldwork from (1983-8). containstheentirecorpusof archaeologicaldata resulting Survey whileVolumeOne containstheinterpretation oftheresults.The text thefieldwork and study, has been assembledovera periodofyears,but muchof it was revisedduring1995.Graham theoveralleditingand coordination ofthewholevolume. Shipleyundertook Whilethetwovolumestogethermakeup theprincipalpublicationof the Survey,theyare ofone another.WhileVolumeTwo represents a repertorium also to somedegreeindependent ofdifferent kindsofdata,mostlyin summaryor catalogueform,VolumeOne presentsa freestandingseries of argumentsand analyses which,it is hoped, will be capable of being understoodon theirown termswithoutreferenceto Volume Two. For these reasons the presentvolume contains its own List of Abbreviationsand Index, and its pages and are independently illustrations numbered,thoughthechapternumberscontinuetheseriesof An the firstvolume. of modern Greek adopted forthe explanationof the transliteration Survey,an account of the systemof zones and site numbers,and a descriptionof the oftheSurveyare includedin VolumeOne. methodology In theprefaceto VolumeOne willalso be foundour fullacknowledgements and a listofall thosewho tookpartin theSurvey.Duringthesevensurveyand studycampaignsin Laconia, and thesubsequentpreparationofthepublication, we incurredmanyotherobligations. In the firstplace, manythanksare due to the ArchaeologicalService of the Greek Ministryof forLakonia and Arkadia),fortheir Culture,and to Dr Th. Spyropoulos(EphorofAntiquities permissionand assistance during the survey.Mrs E. Kourinou and Mrs E. Rozaki, in the Lakonia Ephoreia,have been especiallyhelpful.IGME (theInstitutefor Epimelitries Geological and Mineral Research) kindlysupported our application to carry out the The GeographicalServiceof the GreekArmysuppliedus withthe survey. geomorphological relevantsheetsofthe1 : 5,000and 1 : 50,000map series,and withaerialphotographs. The successiveofficersand staffof the BritishSchool at Athenswere helpfulin every of theirtimeand advice duringand between possibleway.Variousexpertsgave generously Chris Mee and Carol Zerner. seasons, survey particularly In connectionwiththisvolumewe wishto mentionparticularly David Taylor(Department ofArchaeology, of and Deborah Miles and MatthewDodd (Schoolof University Nottingham), of for their invaluable assistancewiththe Studies, Archaeological University Leicester), of and We also take this preparation drawings photographs. opportunityto thankFiona Lathamand hercolleaguesat Alan SuttonPublishingfortheircarefulwork,endlesspatience, and generousadviceduringthepreparationofthevolume. Finally,we are deeplyindebtedto Mr P. Tragas and Mrs A. Poelstra-Traga,Mr Iannis and manyotherpeoplein Aphisiou,thevillagewherewe livedduringour seven Konstandelos, and forhelpofmanydifferent kinds. campaignsin Laconia,fortheirunstinting hospitality / October iggj

W.G.C . J.H.C. R.W.VC. D.G.J.S. vii

CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT LIST OF SITE MAPS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

10. THE NEOLITHIC POTTERY Table wares,ι Householdwares,2 Storagevessels,2 Miscellaneoussherds,3

VÜ xii xii XV xvi xviii xix

William Cavanagh

11. THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY Table wares,6 Householdwares,8 14 Chronologicaloverview,

William Cavanagh

ι

5

12. THE MIDDLE HELLADIC AND LATE HELLADIC I-II POTTERY WilliamCavanagh, JoostCrouwel

17

Table wares,18 Householdwares,20 Discussion,25

13. THE MYCENAEAN (LATE HELLADIC III) POTTERY JoostCrouwel

27

14. THE ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL POTTERY

33

Table wares,27 Householdwares,31 Discussion,31

Fabricsand paint,35 Finewares,38 Semi-coarsewares,73 Cookingwares,77 Coarse wares,82 Miniatures, 84 Tile, 85 Conclusions,86

15. THE HELLENISTIC POTTERY Table wares,92 Kitchenwares,101 Cookingwares,103 Storagevessels,105 Tile, 107 Conclusions,109

R.W.V. Catling

HeleenVisscher

ix

91

χ Contents

in

16. THE ROMANPOTTERY JoLawson Table wares,in Householdwares,118 Miscellaneousmaterial,121 Tile, 121 Conclusions,122

17. THE BYZANTINE AND OTTOMAN POTTERY Table wares,126 Domesticwares,131 Storagevessels,133 A noteon themedievalrooftiles,140

18. THE CHIPPED AND GROUND STONE

PamelaArmstrong

MarkYdo Tristan Carter,

The chippedstone,141 Obsidian,144 Silex,155 Discussion:thechipped-stone Laconia, 158 assemblagesofeast-central The groundstone,171 industries ofeast-central Discussion:theground-stone Laconia, 181

125

141

19. THE SMALL FINDS MarcoOverbeek

183

20. THE STONE ARCHITECTURAL AND SCULPTURAL FRAGMENTS DavidHibler

199

21. THE EPIGRAPHIC MATERIAL Graham Shipley

213

Terracotta,183 Metal,195 Stone,197 Glass,197

on stone,213 Inscriptions Earlierand independent finds,220 Stampedtilesand bricks,222 on pottery, New inscriptions 225 AgioiSaranda,226 Inscriptions concerning Otherchurchesand chapels,232 Otherbuildingsand structures, 234

22. THE PHOSPHATE AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Sarris Richard Jones,Apóstolos

William Cavanagh,

The phosphatesurvey, 235 The geophysical 240 survey, Discussion,258

23. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN LACONIA AND THE THYREATIS GrahamShipley

A. B. C. D. Ε. F. G.

276 Thyreatis, SouthernKynouria,281 North-western borderlands, 283 area, 283 Karyésand surrounding Kelephínavalley,285 WesternPárnon,285 Evrótasvalley,288

H. J. K. L. M. Ν.

East Taygetos,293 Vardounia,295 Helos plain,297 Máni, 299 Apideá and Moláoi plains,307 Maléa peninsula,310

235

263

Contents xi

24. SITE CATALOGUEOF THE SURVEY Graham Shipley Zone A Zone Β Zone C Zone D Zone Ε Zone F Zone G Zone Η ZoneJ

area, 321 Palaiogoulásand thesurrounding area, Agios Konstantinosand surrounding 324 Slopes above R. Kelephina (to northof KalyviaTheológou),330 Skoura, Vigies, and north-westend of Evrótasgorge,331 HillsbetweenMt Skouraand theLangáda, 336 FromtheLangáda eastwardsto Theológos, 343 Slopes above R. Kelephina (centralpart), 347 Evrótasplain(Geladárito Kladás), 352 Evrótasplain(Kokkinórachi section),362

INDEXES GrahamShipley GeneralIndex,439 SelectindexofGreekwords,455 Indexofsitenumberswithzonesand subzones,456 FIGURES PLATES MAP OF THE SURVEY AREA

315

Zone Κ

Lower Kelephina valley (incl. part of Tsákonaridge),368 Zone L EasternpartofChatzarórachiand adjacent valleys,377 Zone M Evrótasplain(Aphisioúarea),380 Zone Ν The neogeneplateau(incl.Tsákona),389 Zone Ρ Lower slopes of Koutsovíti(NW part)and upperLoutsorema,397 Zone Q Menelaion ridge and adjacent part of Evrótasplain,401 Zone R The valleyswestofLoutsorema,407 Zone S LowerLoutsorema,415 and adjacentvalleys,419 Zone Τ Kataphygiórema Zone U CentralChrysaphabasin,423

439

followingpage 460 at end inpocket

TABLES Table Table Table Table Table Table

ι8. ι 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6

TABLE18.7

Percentagesof blade segmentsrecoveredfromeightlocations. Comparative blade dimensionsfromLN1 and EBA samples. Inter-sitecomparison of blade dimensionsfromthe Laconia Survey. Percentage of assemblages retouched. Occurrence of silex on LS sites. Intra-sitedifferentiation througha presence/absence matrixof retouched pieces fromE48(8o) and its satellites. Comparison of saddle quern dimesions fromLS and other sites.

160 178

TABLE22.1

Sites testedforphosphate, in chronological order.

236

148 149 149 154 159

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT III. ι8. ι III. 18.2 III. 18.3 ILL. 18.4 III. 18.5 III. 18.6 III. 18.7 III. 18.8 III. III. III. III.

18.9 18.10 18. ιι 18.12

Distributionof obsidian artefactsaccording to technological class. Obsidian. 1 a- c. Cores. Obsidian. 5. Preparation piece. 6. Blades. Obsidian. 7. Rejuvenation pieces. Obsidian. 10· Points. Obsidian. 11. Scrapers. Obsidian. 12. Backed pieces. Obsidian. 13. Piercer. 14· Notches and denticulates.15· Irregularlyretouched flakesand blades. Silex. 16. Triangular point. 17. Denticulate. 18. Backed piece. Ground stone. 1 a-c. Polished stone celts. Ground stone. 3. Hammerstones or pounders. Ground stone. 4· Pestles.

142-4 145 150 151 152 153 153 155 157 173 176 176

III. 20.1 III. 20.2 III. 20.3 III. 20.4 III. 20.5 III. 20.6 III. 20.7 III. 20.8 III. 20.9 III. 20.10 ILL. 20.11

3. Part of podium or statue base (?). 4· Piece of carved stone. 6. Doric capital. 7. Ionic column base. 8. Part of architraveblock. 10. Part of Doric architraveand friezeblock. 11. Ionic column base. 15. Upper element of small monumentor statue base. 18. Part of Doric capital. 20. Anta capital. 23. Ionic /Corinthian cornice block.

III. 22.1 III. 22.2

Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SP031,with sherd counts. 243 Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SP048, with artefact counts. 244 Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SPi65, with sherd counts. 244 Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SPI7O,with sherd counts. 245 Results fromJi7o^(ö) Orientation map. (b) Gradiometer results,(c) Resistivityresults. 246-7 (d) Interpretationmap. Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SP189,with sherd counts. 248 Results of change-pointanalysis forphosphate readings at SP222,with sherd counts. 248

III. 22.3 III. 22.4 III. 22.5 III. 22.6 III. 22.7

xii

200 201 201 203 203 204 205 206 207 208 210

List of illustrations xiii III. 22.8

ILL. 22.18

data data atJ222.(b)Interpretation (a) Dot densityplotofresistivity plan ofresistivity data atJ222.(a) Interpretation atJ222.(c)Dot densityplotofgradiometer plan ofgradiometer data atJ222.(e)Dot densityplotoftotalintensity data atJ222. 249-51 Dot density of data at 252 R275. plot resistivity Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP287,withartefact counts. 253 Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP289,withartefact counts. 253 Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP349,withsherdcounts.254 Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP410,withsherdcounts. 254 Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP418,withsherdcounts. 255 The resistivity 255 map at N418. Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat SP469,withsherdcounts.256 data at R526.(b)Interpretation (a) Dot densityplotoftheResistivity plan of the data at R526.(c)Sherd/tilefrequency distribution. 257 resistivity (and magnetometer) 258 Graphshowingmeanbackgroundlog Ρ concentration.

III. 23.1 III. 23.2 III. 23.3 III. 23.4 III. 23.5 III. 23.6 III. 23.7 III. 23.8 III. 23.9 ILL. 23.10 III. 23.11 ILL. 23.12 ILL. 23.13 ILL. 23.14 III. 23.15 ILL. 23.16 ILL. 23.17 ILL. 23.18 ILL. 23.19 ILL. 23.20 III. 23.21 ILL. 23.22 III. 23.23 III. 23.24 III. 23.25

Palaeolithicand neolithicsitesin Laconia. Bronzeage sitesin Laconia. and geometricsitesin Laconia. Protogeometric Archaicsitesin Laconia. Classicalsitesin Laconia. Hellenisticsitesin Laconia. Romansitesin Laconia. Late Roman,earlyByzantine, or earlyChristiansitesin Laconia. Late Byzantineand medievalsitesin Laconia. Ottoman,Venetian,and earlymodernsitesin Laconia. Probableancientcircuitwallat Análipsis(DD45). Probableancienttombsat Agriánoi(ff6o). Pyrgos,Kallithéa(FF62):thefort. Závraina(FF106):generalviewofhill,lookingN. Závraina(FF106):rubblewallingon edge ofhilltop. AgiosNikólaos,Lefkóchoma(GG102). Vrondamásbridge,GG105. Xirokámbibridge(GG107). The theatreat Gytheio(IJ128). The Helos plain,fromPsiphí(JJ121). VillageofPyrrichos (LL163). ViewacrossInnerMani. Cape Tainaron:chapelofAgioiAsomatoi(LL120). The Apideá plain. The bayofNeápolis,fromPalaiókastro.

ILL. 24.1 III. 24.2 ILL. 24.3 ILL. 24.4 ILL. 24.5 III. 24.6 III. 24.7 III. 24.8

sites.317 with'out-of-area' Map showingthesurveyarea in relationto Laconia, together Palaiogoulás(ai 18):generalview. 322 Palaiogoulás(ai 18):summit. 322 AgiosKonstantinos (Bin): plan offortifications. 326 AgiosKonstantinos (Bin): partofcircuitwall. 326 AgiosKonstantinos (Bin): thecross-wall. 326 AgiosKonstantinos (Bin): tower9. 326 View southfromsiteD302 acrossEvrotas. 333

III. 22.9 ILL. 22.10 ILL. 22.11 III. III. III. III. III. III.

22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17

266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 284 286 287 287 287 292 292 293 296 297 301 302 307 308 312

xiv List of illustrations III. 24.9 III. 24.10 ILL. 24.11 III. 24.12 ILL. 24.13 ILL. 24.14 III. 24.15 ILL. 24.16 ILL. 24.17 III. 24.18 III. 24.19 III. 24.20 III. 24.21 III. 24.22 III. 24.23 III. 24.24 III. 24.25 III. 24.26 III. 24.27 III. 24.28 III. 24.29 ILL. 24.30 III. 24.31 III. 24.32 III. 24.33 III. 24.34 III. 24.35 III. 24.36 III. 24.37 ILL. 24.38 III. 24.39 III. 24.40 III. 24.41 III. 24.42 III. 24.43 III. 24.44 III. 24.45 III. 24.46 III. 24.47 III. 24.48 III. 24.49 III. 24.50 ILL. 24.51 III. 24.52 III. 24.53 III. 24.54 III. 24.55 III. 24.56 III. 24.57 III. 24.58 III. 24.59

Elevation and plan of towerD302. SiteD85/95. Quarry D50: shaped block. Quarry D50: shaped block and cutting. Lower part of E48/80. Kopana bridge (E89): tentativereconstruction. Site E89. Kopana bridge: drawing by unknownartist. Plan of quarry E49. Quarry E49. Site F136. Site Gi64, showingvine cultivation. Agios Nikolaos (G182): plan. Agios Nikolaos (G182): the church. Water-millG522. Site H45 Geladari: plan. Site H45 Geladari: rock-cuttings. Site H45 Geladari: standingbuilding. Site H45 Geladari: columns. Site H46: probable Roman bridge. Sitej222. Sitej23i. Site J170Morou. The lower Kelephina valley. Site K247 Chtoriza: plan. Site K237. Site KW· Water-millK204. Standing remains at L477. Church at monasteryof Agioi Saranda, L534. Site L400 Agioi Pántes. The Menelaion ridge fromAphisiou. Landscape of zone M. The marl cliffsabove Aphisiou. Site M325. Excavated mausoleum M334. Site M349. Site N415Tsákona: view fromsite to S. Site N410: view to SWfromTsákona. Site N417Agios Georgios. Site N333. Site N190. Site P267 and the ridge behind. Plan of the Menelaion ridge. Sites R290-1. Site R469. Site S436 and surroundingarea. Sites T445, T443. View across Chrysapha basin to Phagiá (U3002). Spring-houseU513 at Chrysapha. Site U490 Panagia Chrysaphiotissa:plan of site area. Site U490: standingbuildings.

334 334 335 336 340 341 342 342 343 346 348 349 350 353 354 355 355 356 358 365 366 368 369 371 373 375 376 379 379 380 381 381 382 385 386 388 390 391 392 394 396 400 402-3 4X3 4J4 416 420 423 425 430""1 432

List of illustrationsxv III. III. III. III.

24.60 24.61 24.62 24.63

SiteU533:tower. SiteU3001Palaiókastro: sitecentre. SiteU3002. SiteU3005. SITE

433 434 438 439

MAPS

sections {reduced ofSurvey Map in endpocket)

SITEMAP1 Site Map 2 Site Map 3

The northofthesurveyarea. The centralsurveyarea. The southand south-east ofthesurveyarea.

318 319 320

LIST

OF FIGURES

(following page460) Fig. 10.1

Neolithic potterytypes 1 a-b, 2 a-b, 3.

FlG. 1i.i FlG. 11.2 FlG. 11.3 FlG. 11.4 FlG. 11.5 FlG. 11.6 FlG. 11.7 FlG. ι1.8 FlG. 11.9

Neolithic potterytype3. Early Helladic potterytypes 1 a-c, 2-4, 5 a-c, 6 a-b. Early Helladic potterytypes7 a-c, 8 a-b, 9 b9 10 a-c, 11 a-b, 12 a. Early Helladic potterytypes 12 a-h, 13 a- b, 14 e, 15. Early Helladic potterytypes 16 a- b, 17-21, 22 a-b. Early Helladic potterytypes22 c, 23-4. Early Helladic potterytypes25 a- b, d-f, 26, 27 a-e. Early Helladic potterytypes27e, 28 b- c. 29. Early Helladic potterytype 28 a. Early Helladic potterytype 28 a.

FlG. 12. 1 FlG. 12.2 FlG. 12.3 FlG. 12.4 FlG. 12.5 FlG. 12.6 FlG. 12.7 FlG. 12.8 FlG. 12.9 FlG. 12.10

Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle

FlG. 13.1 FlG. 13.2 FlG. 13.3 FlG. 13.4

Mycenaean Mycenaean Mycenaean Mycenaean

FlG. 14.1 FlG. 14.2 FlG. 14.3 FlG. 14.4 FlG. 14.5 FlG. 14.6

Archaic and classical potterytypes 1 a-b, 2 a-b, 4· Archaic and classical potterytype5 a-c. Archaic and classical potterytypes6 a- c, 7, 8 a, 9 a-b. Archaic and classical potterytypes 10 a-b, 11 a- d, 12 a, c, 13 a-c, e, h. Archaic and classical potterytypes 14 a- b, 15 a-f, 16 a-b, d, 17 a-c, 18. Archaic and classical potterytypes 19 a- e, 20 a-b, 22 a-c, 23 a-b, 24, 25 a-e, 27 a, c- q, 28 a, 29 a-b, f. Archaic and classical potterytype30 a. Archaic and classical potterytype30 a-g. Archaic and classical potterytypes30 h, j-k, 31 a-d, 33 b- c, 35 a-b, d, h. Archaic and classical potterytypes 30 i, 32 a, 34, 37 a-b, d-e, i, 38 a, f, 39 a-b, d-e, g-h, 41 a. Archaic and classical potterytypes36 a-d, f-h, j- 1, 44 a. Archaic and classical potterytype 42 a-e, g. Archaic and classical potterytypes42 h-j, 43 a-c, g. Archaic and classical potterytype 43 e-f, j-1. Archaic and classical potterytypes46, 47 a- b, 48 a-b, 49, 50 c-d. Archaic and classical potterytypes51, 52 a-c, 53 a-b, d-e, 54, 55 a, 56 b, d-e, 59 a-c, e-h. Archaic and classical potterytypes57 a- d, f-i, k, n, p-q, 58 a- c.

FlG. 14.7 FlG. 14.8 FlG. 14.9 FlG. 14.10 FlG. 14.ιι FlG. 14.12 FlG. 14.13 FlG. 14.14 FlG. 14.15 FlG. 14.16 FlG. 14.17

Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic Helladic

potterytypes 1 a-b, 2 a. potterytypes2 a-b, 3, 4 a-b, 5. potterytypes6 a-f, 7-8. potterytypes8-10. potterytypes10, 11 a- d, 12-13. potterytypes 13-14, 15 a- c, 16. potterytypes 17, 18 a- b, 19 b, 20 a. potterytype 20 a-b. potterytype 21 a- b. potterytypes21 c-d, 22-3.

potterytypes 1 a- c, 2-3. potterytypes4, 5 a- b, 6 a-b. potterytypes7, 9, 10, 11 a- b. potterytypes 12, 13 a, 14-15, 16 a-b, 17.

xvi

List offigures xvii FlG. 15.ι Fig. 15.2 FlG. 15.3 FlG. 15.4 FlG. 15.5 FlG. 15.6 FlG. 15.7 Fig. 15.8

Hellenisticpottery types1 a-d, 3 c, 5, 6 a, 7, 9 a, 10 a-b, 11 a-b. Hellenisticpottery types11 d-f, 12 a-b. Hellenisticpottery types13, 14 a-b, 15, 17, 18 a-d, 19 a-b. Hellenisticpottery type19 b-d. Hellenisticpottery types20, 21a, 22-4. Hellenisticpottery types25 a-b, 27-30, 31 b, 32. Hellenisticpottery types33, 34, 35 a-b, 35 d, 36 a-b. Hellenisticpottery types37 c, f-h,j.

FlG. 16.ι FlG. 16.2 FlG. 16.3 FlG. 16.4 FlG. 16.5 FlG. 16.6 FlG. 16.7 FlG. 16.8

Romanpottery types1, 1 a-c, 2-3, 4 a-b, 5 a-b, 6, 8-15. Romanpottery types16-27, 29· Romanpottery types30-4, 34 a-b, 35, 35 a, 37-9. Romanpottery types40 a-b, 41-3, 44 b, 45, 45 a, 46. Romanpottery types47-8, 49 a-b, 50-1, 52 a-b. Romanpottery types53-7, 59-61. Romanpottery types63 a-c, e-i, 64, 67. Romanpottery type62.

FlG. 17.ι FlG. 17.2 FlG. 17.3 FlG. 17.4 FlG. 17.5 FlG. 17.6 FlG. 17.7 FlG. 17.8 FlG.17.9 FlG. 17.10 FlG. 17.ιι FlG. 17.12 FlG. 17.13

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types1 a-b, 2. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types3, 4 a- c. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types5, 6 a-b. and Ottoman Byzantine pottery types6 c-d, 7, 9 a-e. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types10-11, 13, 15, 17, 23-5, 26 a-d, 27. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types28-30, 34. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types35, 36 a-b, 37-8. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types38, 39 a. and Ottoman Byzantine pottery types39 b. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types40-4. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types45, 47. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types48-50. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery types50-2.

FlG. 19.ι

Small finds.2. Antefix.(2) 3. Antefix.(3) 4. Disc akroterion.(4) 5. Antefix.(5) 27. Fragmentoflamp disc.(6) 28. Fragmentoflamp disc.(7) 97. Plaque fragment. (8) 102. Clay crucible.(9) 103. Clay 'anchor'.(10) 105. Fragmentofstrainer. (11)Smallfind113. Convexbronzebutton.(12)136. Neckofbottle.

PLATES (atendofvolume) PLATEι PLATE 2 PLATE 3 PLATE 4 PLATE 5 PLATE6 PLATE 7 PLATE8 PLATE 9 PLATE PLATE11

PLATE12 PLATE13 PLATE14 PLATE15 PLATE16 PLATE17 PLATE18 PLATE19 PLATE 20 PLATE 21 PLATE 22

Archaicand classicalpottery. Columnkrater3. Largeopen shapes13 b- c, e-f. Hydria30 h. Hydria30 a. Neck-handledamphora31b. Archaicand classicalpottery. Large open shapes:handles 12 a. Open or closed shapes: handles41 a. Largejar 53 e· Hydria(?) 54. Miscellaneousshapes56 d, f. Pithoi57 n, p. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery. Glaze-paintedbowl 2· Paintedbowl 3. Incisedbowl6 a. ware bowl Aegean 7. Incisedbowls6 a-d. Aegeanwarebowl7. Byzantineand Ottomanpottery. Groundstone.1 a. Blackstonecelts.1 b. Flat celts.1 c. Axes. Groundstone.2· Polishers.3. Hammerstones or pounders.4· Pestles.5. Mortar. Groundstone.6 a. Saddle querns.6 b. Rectangularsaddle quern. 6 c. Egyptian-boat quern.6 d. Hopperrubbers. Groundstone.6 e. Millstones.7. Tot-lids'.8. Whetstone.9. Fragmentary marblevessel. 10. Arrowstraightener. Small finds.1. Voussoir.19· Ringhandleoflamp.32. Fragmentoflamp discwithhandle. ofterracotta 35. Fragment lamp-mould. 10 Small finds:loom-weights41-75 49-53· Small finds: figurines.55. Bovine. 56-8. Fragments of Mycenaean female figurines.59.

Quadruped.60. 'Seal'. males. Smallfinds:figurines fromTsákona.61. Femalesdisplaying genitals.63. Ithyphallic 65. Figurineson bases.66. Figurineswitharm(s)raised. Smallfinds,ioa. Tuyère.62. Pregnantfemalefigurine. 86. Head offemalefigurine. 109· Head ofbronzepin. fromElis. Small finds,in. Fragmentof bronzecandelabrum.115. Coin (tritartemorion) 116. SilverdrachmaofAlexanderIII. 121· Silverpara ofAhmedIII. 1. Partof revetment. Architectural and sculpturalfragments. 4· Piece of carvedstone.10. Partoffriezeblock.17. PartofDoric column. 8. Partof architrave block. 12. Ionic capital.18. Architectural and sculpturalfragments. PartofDoric capital.20. Antacapital. and sculpturalfragments. Architectural 22. Sculptedreliefof standingwoman. 24. Ionic blocks. capital.25. Architrave or Roman ofHybrion.4· Letterfromhellenistic 1. Votivestele.2. Grave-stele Inscriptions. to theSpartans. ruler(?). 6. Imperialsubscript Inscriptions.7. Subscriptof imperialofficial(?). 8. Fragmentof public inscription.9· 10. Fragment ofpublicinscription. ofcareerinscription. Fragment of Lykos.13. 11. Votivesteleto AntoninusPius. 12· Metricalgrave-epigram Inscriptions. Gravestoneof Damatrios. 14. Semi-literateboundarymarker.15 y. Votivecolumn to Pius. Antoninus 17. PublictileofNik-.18· Tile-stampofthe'synodin theAliteion'.20· TileInscriptions. Kal-. of 21· Stampedbrickfromthetheatre. stamp of vase dedicatedto Zeus Messapeus.23. Fragmentof votive 22. Inscriptions. Fragments of Chrysopigichapel,AD 1707.45. Foundationof Agios Georgios, vase. 34. Construction AD 1698.

xviii

ABBREVIATIONS GENERAL Not listedhereare compassbearings(printedin smallcapitalletters,e.g. nw), standardabbreviations suchas 'e.g.' and 'cf.',and unitsofmeasurement. Ag. anc. Ar ArCl asl BA bf BG bgsh bgt bl. Br.

Agia,Agioi,or Agios ancient archaic archaicto classical(pottery type) abovesea level bronzeage black-figured black-glazed black-glazedsherd(s) tile black-glazed(orblack-painted) blade precedes coordinate on British ι :

Byz C cent. Chr Cl cont. CS CSTT D. diss. dist. Ε

byzantine coarse(pottery fabric) century Christian(date) classical (insherddensityindices) continuity chippedstone tool chippedstonetypological diameter dissertation distal(blade) early (prefixedto dates: e.g. EC1, EByz) earlyarchaic earlybronzeage earlybronzeage earlybyzantine earlyChristian earlyclassical EarlyHelladic earlyhellenistic earlyRoman old sitename) formerly (indicating fine(pottery fabric) foothill flake(s) finalneolithic fragment Geometric groundstone

EAr EB EBA EByz EChr EC1 EH EH1 ER f. F fh fl. FN1 frag. G GS

100,000 map

H. hf HI hs ht Imp incl. 1. L L. l.h. LAr LBA LByz LCI LG LH LH1 LN1 LR LS LS M max. MBA MByz MC Med med. MF MH MH1 min. MN1 mod. Mod MR Myc χ LX

height hill-foot hellenistic hill-slope hilltop imperial(Romandate) including left late (prefixedto dates: e.g. LN1, LCI, LByz) length lineheight(in inscription) latearchaic latebronzeage latebyzantine lateclassical lategeometric Late Helladic latehellenistic lateneolithic lateRoman Laconia Survey to five-figure zembilnumber) (prefixed denotes'non-site'groupof finds(e.g. LS ioooi) medium (pottery fabric); middle (prefixedto dates: e.g. MBA, MH1, MR) maximum middlebronzeage middlebyzantine mediumcoarse(pottery fabric) medieval medial(blade) mediumfine(pottery fabric) MiddleHelladic middlehellenistic minimum middleneolithic modern(place-name) modern(period) middleRoman Mycenaean

xx Abbreviations n.d. Nl Ott pc. PG pi PI poss. prep.pc. près. prim. prob. prox. PT r. R ref(s). rejuv.pc. ret. rf

no date/notdated neolithic Ottoman piece(s)(ofchippedstone) protogeometric plain Palaeolithic possible,possibly preparation piece(s) preserved primary(flake) probable,probably proximal(blade) pottery type(s) right Roman to reference(s), referring rejuvenation piece retouched ridge-foot red-figured;

RG rgt rs rt sec. SF,SF SF ss ST st st. tert. TG Th. Univ. UP upsh upt Ven W.

red-glazed tile red-glazed(orred-painted) ridge-slope ridge-top secondary(flake) smallfind(s) studyfabric spur-slope studytype spur-top stades,stadia (flake) tertiary true-glazed thickness University unpainted unpaintedsherd(s) unpaintedtile Venetian width

PUBLISHED WORKS Periodicalsfollowthe conventionsof BSA, but those cited regularlyare also listedbelow.Ancient authorsand theirworksare generallyabbreviatedin accordancewithN. G. L. Hammondand H. H. Classical Scullard(eds),TheOxford Dictionary (2ndedition;Oxford,1970). AA AAA A. Belt. AJA AK AM AO AR Arch. Eph. 1989α Armstrong 1989^ Armstrong 1991 Armstrong 1992 Armstrong

Archäologische Anzeiger 'Αρχαιολογικά ανάλεκτα εξ 'Αθηνών {AthensAnnals of Archaeology) Αρχαιολογικον οελτίον (Chr. = Χρονικά section, Mel. = Μελέταιsection) Amencan Journal ofArchaeology Kunst Antike athenische desDeutschen Instituts, Abteilung Archäologischen Mittelungen Orthia at Sparta(Soc. R. M. Dawkins(ed.), TheSanctuary ofArtemis forPromotionof Hellenic Studies Suppl. Papers, 5; London, 1929) (JHSsupp.) Archaeological Reports Αρχαιολογική εφημερίς in eastern 'Some Byzantineand latersettlements Ρ. Armstrong, Phokis',BSA 84: 1-42 ead., 'Lakonianamphorae',in Dérocheand Spieser185-8 ead., Ά group of Byzantinebowls fromSkopelos', OJA10: 335-47 fromSparta',in Φιλολάκων ead., 'Some Zeuxippusderivatives 1-9

Abbreviations xxi Cavanagh,and Shipley ead., W. G. Cavanagh, and G. Shipley,'Crossing the river: Armstrong, reflections on routesand bridgesin Laconia fromthearchaicto Byzantineperiods',BSA 87 (1992),293-310 Archäologische Leitung AZ Bulletinvande Vereenigung ΒΑBesch. totBevordering derKennisvandeAntieke Beschaving Ch. Bakirtzis, Bakirtzis Βυζαντινάτσονκαλολάγηνα(Athens,J989) BAR British Series) Archaeological Reports(BARS = vol.inInternational Bulletin decorrespondance BCH hellénique Bulletin BICS oftheInstitute ofClassicalStudies (London) A Prehistoric C. Biegen,fygouries: in theValley Settlement ofCleonae Biegen (Cambridge,Mass., 1928) A. Blouet,Expédition Blouet deMorée:. . . architectures, scientifique sculptures, et i-iii vues, inscnptions (Paris,1831,1833,1838) at Tbcra,ig6j-ig6j: The Boardmanand Hayes 1966 J. Boardmanand J. Hayes, Excavations I (BSA supp.vol.4; London) Archaic Deposits II andLater Boardmanand Hayes 1973 at Tocra, iid.,Excavations 1963-1965:TheArchaic Deposits Vol. 10;London) Deposits (BSA Supp. E. Puillon de Boblaye,Expédition de Morée:recherches Boblaye scientifique surlesruines dela Morée(Paris,1836) géographiques F. Bölte, 'Sparta: Geographie', Pauly-Wissowa, 2nd ser., iii Bölte (1929),cols. 1294-373 Κ. Braun,'Der Dipylon-Brunnen Braun Bi: die Funde',AM 85 (1970), 129-269 BSA Annual atAthens oftheBntishSchool BSAAR Annual Committee School atAthens Report oftheManaging oftheBritish E. Buschorand W. von Massow,'VomAmyklaion', Buschorand vonMassow AM 52 (1927), 1-85 P. Cartledge,SpartaandLakonia:A Regional Cartledge History 1300-362BC (London,Boston,and Henley,1979) id. and A. Spawforth, Hellenistic andRomanSparta:A TaleofTwo Cartledgeand Spawforth Cities(Londonand New York,1987) Caskeyand Caskey J. L. Caskey and E. G. Caskey, 'The earliest settlementsat Eutresis: supplementaryexcavations 1958', Hesp. 29 (i960), 126-67 H. W. Catling,'Excavationsat theMenelaion,Sparta,1973-76', Catling,'Menelaion' AR 23 (1976-7),24-42 id., 'Zeus Messapeusnear Sparta:an interimreport',Lak.spoud. Catling1990« 10: 276-95 id., Ά sanctuaryof Zeus Messapeus: excavationsat Aphyssou, Catling1990^ Tsakona,1989',BSA 85: 15-35 id. and E. A. Catling,'"Barbarian"potteryfromtheMycenaean Catlingand Catling settlement at theMenelaion,Sparta',BSA 76 (1981),71-82 and R. W. V. Catling Shipley Catlingand D. G. J. Shipley,'MessapianZeus: an early sixth-centuryinscribed cup fromLakonia', BSA 84 (1989), 187-200 W. G. Cavanagh andj. Crouwel,'Laconia Survey1983-1986', Cavanaghand Crouwel Lak.spoud.9 (1988),77-88 CEG Carmina Graeca epigraphica in Melos', Cherryand Torrence1982 J. F. Cherryand R. Torrence,'The earliestprehistory in IslandPolity 24-34

xxii Abbreviations Cherryand Torrence1984 Christien Ghristien and Spyropoulos CIG Cook and Nicholls Coulson Curtius Davidson Davidsonand Thompson Dawkinsand Droop Demakopoulou,Amyklaion Démouleand Perlés Dérocheand Spieser Doukas Dousougli Dressel Droop 1926-7 Droop 1929 Edwards Έφ. άρχ. Ergon Farrell FM Forster1903-4 Forster1906-7 Fossey Frenchand Wardle Frödinand Persson

and chronology ofchippedstoneassemblages iid.,'The typology in theprehistoric Cyclades',inJ. A. MacGillivrayand R. Barber (eds),ThePrehistoric Cyclades (Edinburgh), 12-25 d'histoire ancienne, J. Christien,'Promenadesen Laconie', Dialogues 15(1989).75-!O5 ead. and T. Spyropoulos,'Eua et la Thyréatide:topographieet BCH 109(1985),455-66 histoire', A. Boeckh,Corpus Graecarum inscriptionum (Berlin,1828-77) and R. V M. Cook Nicholls, 'LacomV,BSA45 (1950),261-97 J. W. D. E. Coulson, 'Archaic to Roman times: the site and inNichoria, iii. 332-50 environs', E. Gurtius,Peloponnesos: des einehistorisch-geographische Beschreibung i-ii ii. Halbinsel, (Gotha,1851,1852),esp. 203-332 G. R. Davidson, Corinth, xii: TheMinorObjects(Princeton,NJ, 1952) in SmallObjects id. and D. B. Thompson,'Loom-weights', fromthe i ch. 8 Pnyx,(Hesp. suppl.7; 1943), (pp. 65-94) id. andj. P. Droop, 'ByzantinepotteryfromSparta', BSA 17 (1910-10,23-8 K. Demakopoulou, To μυκηναϊκόιερό στο Άμνκλαΐοκαι ή ΥΕ III περίοδοςστηνΛακωνία(Athens,1982) J.-P. Démoule and C. Perlés, 'The Greek Neolithic: a new review',Journal ofWorld Prehistory, 7 (1993),355-416 V. Déroche and J.-M. Spieser (eds), Recherches surla céramique (BGH supp.18; 1989) byzantine P. Gh. Doukas, Ή Σπάρτη δια των αιώνων(New York,1922; repr.,Sparta,η.d. [£.1984]) A. Dousougli, 'Makrovouni-Kefalari Magoula-Talioti:Bemerkungenzu den StufenFH I und II in der Argolis',Prähistorische 62 (1987),164-220 Zeitschrift, H. Dressel and A. Milchhoefer,'Die antikenKunstwerkeaus Spartaund Umgebung',AM 2 (1877),293-474 J. P. Droop, 'Excavationsat Sparta: the nativepotteryfromthe acropolis',BSA 28: 49-81 inAO 52-116 id., 'The Laconianpottery', vii. 3: Corinthian HellenisticPottery G. R. Edwards, Corinth, NJ,1975) (Princeton, Έφημεριςαρχαιολογική Tò έργοντης'Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας fromthesanctuaryofOrthia', J. Farrell,'The archaicterracottas in 'Excavationsat Sparta',BSA 14(1907-8),48-73 Motivenumberin Furumark Ε. S. Forster, 'South-western Laconia', BSA 10: 158-89 id., 'Laconia, II: topography. §1: Gythiumand the north-west coastoftheLaconian Gulf',BSA 13:219-37 settlement by Lake Vouliagmeni, J. M. Fossey,'The prehistoric Perachora',BSA 64 (1969),53-70 inAegean E. B. Frenchand K. A. Wardle(eds),Problems Prehistory (Bristol,1988) O. Frödin and A. W. Persson, Asine:Resultsof theSwedish Excavations ig22-igjo (Stockholm, 1938)

Abbreviations FS Fulfordand Peacock Furumark GAC GAMS Gauer GE Gell Giannakopoulos Goldman Hanschmann and Miloj&c Hasluck 1907-8

Hayes, 'Knossos' Hayes, LRP Hayes, Saraçhane Hesp. Higgins Holmberg Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften Howell, Έ. Arcadia' IG IJNA IslandPolity Jacobsen JAS JFA JHS JMA

xxiii

Shape number in Furumark M. G. Fulford and D. P. S. Peacock, The pottery and other ceramic objects from the site', Excavationsat Carthage:The Bntish Mission,i-ii (Salammbô, 1984) A. Furumark, The MycenaeanPottery: Analysisand Classification (2nd edn; Stockholm, 1972) R. Hope Simpson and O. T. P. K. Dickinson, A Gazetteer ofAegean Civilisation in theBronzeAge,i: The Mainlandand Islands(SIMA 52; Göteborg, 1979) R. Hope Simpson, A Gazetteer and Atlas ofMyceneanSites (BICS Suppl. 16; 1965) W. Gauer, Die longefasse aus denBrunnen unterm und Stadion-Nordwall imSüdost-Gebiet (Olympische Forschungen,8; Berlin, 1975) P. Greenhalgh and E. Eliopoulos, Deep intoManx:Journeyto the Southern Tip ofGreece (London, 1985) W. Gell, Itinerary oftheMorea(London, 1817) P. E. Giannakopoulos, To Γύθειον αρχαιολογική και ιστορική αποψις από της προϊστορικής εποχής μέχρι τον Μεγάλου Κωνσταντίνου (Athens,1966; 2nd edn, 1987) Η. Goldman, Excavationsat Eutresisin Boeotia(Cambridge, Mass., 1931) Ε. Hanschmann and V Milojöic, Die deutschen Ausgrabungen aufder ii: in Die und mittlere Thessalien, Argissa-Magula frühe beginnende I-II (Bonn, 1976) Bronzezeit '§2: the promontory of Malea and Epidauros Limera', pp. 167-82 of A. J. B. Wace and F. W. Hasluck, 'Laconia, II: topography. South-eastern Laconia', BSA 14: 161-82 and map opp. p. 161 J. W. Hayes, Tour early Roman groups from Knossos', BSA 66 (1971),249-75 id., Late RomanPottery (London, 1972) id., Saraçhane,ii: The Pottery (Princeton,NJ,1992) Hespena R. A. Higgins, Catalogueof theTerracottas in theDepartment of Greek andRomanAntiquities (Oxford; BritishMuseum), 1954 Ε. J. Holmberg, The SwedishExcavationsat Asea in Arcadia(Lund, 1944) J. J. E. Hondius and M. A. Hondius-van Haeften, 'Laconia, II: notes on topography',BSA 24-5 (1919-21), 144-50 R. Howell, Ά survey of eastern Arcadia in prehistory5,BSA 65 (i97o)5 79-128 Graecae(Berlin) Inscnptions International JournalofNauticalArchaeology C. Renfrew and M. Wagstaff,An Island Polity:The Archaeology of onMelos (Cambridge, 1982) Exploitation T. W. Jacobsen, 'Excavations at the Franchthi cave', Hesp. 42 (1973)»253-83 Science JournalofArchaeological JournalofFieldArchaeology JournalofHellenicStudies JournalofMediterranean Archaeology

xxiv Abbreviations Jochmus

Jones, GCP Jones, Tarsus Kahrstedt Kaltsas Kardulias Keller and Rupp Kenrick Kythera Lak. spoud. Lane Lang Leake, Pel. Leake, TM Le Roy i960 Le Roy 1965 Levi Loring LSAQ2 MacKay McPhee Meded.Rom. Megaw 1975 Megaw 1989 Metzger MG MME

Α. Jochmus, 'Commentaries', Journal of theRoyal Geographical Society, 27 (1857), 1-53, at pp. 34-53: '4. On the battle of Sellasia, and the strategicmovementsof the generals of antiquitybetween Tegea, Caryae, and Sparta' A Reviewof Scientific R. E. Jones, Greekand CypnotPottery: Studies (Fitch Laboratory Occasional Papers, 1; Athens, 1986) F. Ε Jones, 'The pottery', in H. Goldman (ed.), Tarsus,i: The Hellenisticand RomanPenods:Excavationsat Go'zlüKüle (Princeton, NJ,1950) Das wirtschaftliche GesichtGriechenlands in derKaiserzeit:Kleinstadt, VillaundDomaene(Bern, 1954) N. Kaltsas, 'Ή αρχαϊκή οικία στο Κοπανάκι της Μεσσηνίας', Arch.Eph. 1983?207-37 N. Kardulias, 'The ecology of bronze age flaked stone production in southern Greece: evidence fromAgios Stephanos and the southernArgolid',AJA96 (1992), 421-42 D. R. Keller and D. W. Rupp (eds), Archaeological Surveyin the Mediterranean Area(BAR S 155; Oxford, 1983) at P. M. Kenrick,'The finepottery',inJ. A. Lloyd (ed.), Excavations SidiKhrebish Benghazi(Berenice) (Libya Antiqua, suppl. 5), iii. 1 (1985) and Studies Excavations J. N. Coldstream and G. L. Huxley,Kythera: (London, 1972) Λακωνικού σπονοαί Ε. A. Lane, 'Lakonian vase-painting',BSA 34 (1933-4), 99-189 F. Lang, 'Die Keramik von Babes in der Landschaft Elis', AM l°7 (1992), 43~IO5 A Supplement to Travelsin theMorea (London, 1846; Peloponnesiaca: repr.Amsterdam,1967) id., Travelsin theMorea, i-iii (London, 1830, repr. Amsterdam, 1968) C. Le Roy, 'Lakonika F, BCH84: 206-35 id., 'Lakonika ΙΓ, BCH 89: 358-82 i-ii (Harmondsworth,1971) P. Levi (ed.), Pausanias:GuidetoGreece, W. Loring, 'Some ancient routes in the Péloponnèse', JHS 15 (1895), 25-89 L. H. Jeffery,The Ucal ScriptsofArchaicGreece(Oxford; ist edn 1961; 2nd edn, rev.A. W.Johnston,1990) T. MacKay, 'More Byzantine and Frankish pottery from Corinth', Hesp. 36 (1967), 249-320 I. McPhee, 'Laconian red-figurefromthe Britishexcavations in Sparta', BSA 81 (1986), 153-65 teRome vanhetNederlands Instituut Mededelingen A. H. S. Megaw, An early thirteenth-centuryAegean glazed ware', in G. Robertson and G. Henderson (eds), StudiesinMemory ofDavid TalbotRice(Edinburgh, 1975) id., 'Zeuxippus ware again', in Déroche and Spieser 259-66 I. Metzger, 'Piraeus-Zisterne',A. Delt. 26 (1971),41-94 R. Hope Simpson, MycenaeanGreece (Park Ridge, NJ,1981) W. A. McDonald and G. R. Rapp jun. (eds), The Minnesota Messenia Expedition: Reconstructinga Bronze Age Environment (Minneapolis, 1972)

Abbreviations xxv Möbiusand Wrede1927 Morgan MDP Mountjoy, PAP Mountjoy, Müller Mure Mylonas1959 i Mchoria, ii Mchoria, iii Mchoria, Asine Nordquist, Keos Northern

OJA Ormerod PAE Panagiotopoulos Pauly-Wissowa Pelagatti1991 Pelagatti1992 Pelagattiand Stibbe1988 Perlés1973 Perlés1981 Perlés1984

ArchäologischeFunde in denJahren1926-1927',AA 1927,cols 345-410 C. H. Morgan,Corinth, xi: TheByzantine Pottery (Harvard,1942) P. A. Mountjoy,Mycenaean Decorated Pottery (SIMA 73; Göteborg, 1986) ead., 'The LH III A potteryfromAyiosStephanos,Laconia', in Frenchand Wardle185-91 Κ. Müller,Tiryns, iv:Die Urfirniskeramik (Munich,1938) W. Mure, Journalof a Tourin Greeceand theIonian Islands 1842) (Edinburgh, G. E. Mylonas,AghiosKosmas:An EarlyBronzeAgeSettlement and inAttica Cemetery (Princeton, NJ) G. R. Rapp and S. E. Aschenbrenner, Excavations at Mchoriain Southwest i: Site,Environs, and Techniques Greece, (Minneapolis, 1978) W. A. McDonald and N. C. Wilkie(eds),Excavations atMchoriain Southwest ii: TheBronze Greece, AgeOccupation (Minneapolis,1992) W. A. MacDonald, W. D. E. Coulson, and J. Rosser (eds), Excavations atMchoriainSouthwest iii: DarkAgeandByzantine Greece, Occupation (Minneapolis,1983) G. C. Nordquist,A MiddleHelladicVillage:Asinein theArgolid (Boreas,16;Uppsala, 1987) J. F. Cherry,J. L. Davis, and E. Mantzourani, Landscape as Long-term Keosin theCycladic Islands Northern Archaeology History: from Earliest Settlementto Modern Times (Monumenta Archaeologica,16;Los Angeles,1991) Oxford Journal ofArchaeology Bardouniaand northH. A. Ormerod,'Laconia, II: topography. easternMaina', BSA 16 (1909-10),62-71 Εταιρείας Πρακτικάτης ενΑθήναιςΑρχαιολογικής V. Panagiotopoulos, Πληθυσμός και οικισμοί της Πελοποννήσου: 13ος-18ος αιώνας (Ιστορικό αρχείο ΕμπορικήΤράπεζατης Ελλάδος;Athens,1985) der klassischen Wissowa, G., et al., Paulys Real-encyclopädie 1 Altertumswissenschqfi (Stuttgart,893-1981) P. Pelagatti,'Su alcune hydriailaconichea vernicenera', in M. Gnade (ed.), Stips Votiva:Papers Presentedto C. M. Stibbe (Amsterdam), 133-42 id., 'Cerâmica lacónica in Sicília e a Lipari', in id. and C. M. e nuovimateriali di cerâmica Stibbe,Lakonika:ricerche lacónica,i-ii delParte,suppl.;Rome),123-247 (Bollettino id. and G. M. Stibbe, 'Una formapoço conosciuta di vaso lacónico:il cratèrea campana',Bollettino delVarte, 52: 13-26 C. Perlés, 'The chipped stone' in T. W. Jacobsen (ed.), 'Excavationsin the Franchthicave, 1969-1971:partΓ, Hesp.42: 72-82 ead., 'Industries lithiques', in N. Lambert (ed.), La Grotte deKitsos(Attique) préhistorique (Paris),129-222 ead., 'Débitage laminairede l'obsidiennedans le néolithiquede Franchthi(Grèce): techniques et place dans l'économie de l'industrie lithique',in PPT'û. 129-37

xxvi Abbreviations Perlés 1986 Perles 1987 Perles 1989 Perlés 19900 Perlés 1990^ Perlés 1992 Perlés 1994 Perlzweig Phaklaris1'2

Phelps Philippson Φιλολάκων [Philolakon] Piérartand Thalmann Pikoulas 1983 Pikoulas 1984 Pikoulas 1986 Pikoulas 1987 Pikoulas 1988 PL' PL ii PMG PPS PPT'û RE

ead., 'New ways with an old problem: chipped stone assemblages as an index of cultural discontinuityin early Greek prehistory', in French and Wardle 477-88 ead., L·s Industrieslithiquestailléesde Franchthi(Argolide,Grèce),i: Présentation généraleet industries paléolithiques(Excavations at the FranchthiCave, fasc. 3; Bloomington and Indianapolis) to NeolithicSocietyin Greece(David ead., From StoneProcurement in Anthropology;Feb. 1989) Lectures Skomp Distinguished ead., 'L'outillage de pierre taillée néolithique en Grèce: approvisionnementet exploitationdes matièrespremières',BCH 114: 1-42 tailléesde Franchthi ead., L·s Industneslithiques Grèce),ii: L·s (Argolide, Industries du mésolithique et du néolithique initial(Excavations at the FranchthiCave, fasc. 5; Bloomington and Indianapolis) ead., 'Systems of exchange and organisation of production in neolithicGreece', JMA 5. 2: 115-62 tailléesde Tharrounia(Eubée)(Ateliers,15; ead., L·s Industneslithiques Laboratoire de Préhistoire,Universitéde Paris X) J. Perlzweig, Excavationsat The AthenianAgora,vii: Lamps of the Roman Period:First to SeventhCenturyafterChrist(Princeton, NJ, 1961) P. V Phaklaris,Αρχαία Κυνουρία- ανθρωπινή δραστηριότητα και περιβάλλον (ist edn: published Ph.D. thesis, Thessaloniki, 1985; 2nd edn: Δημοσιεύματα του Αρχαιολογικού Δελτίου, 43, Athens, 1990) W. W. Phelps, The NeolithicPotterySequencein SouthernGreece (unpublished Ph.D. diss., Instituteof Archaeology,London, 1975) A. Philippson (ed. H. Kirsten), Die griechischen iv Landschaften, (Frankfurtam Main, 1959) J. M. Sanders (ed.), Φιλολάκων: Lakonian Studiesin Honourof HectorCatling(Oxford, 1992) M. Piérart and J.-P. Thalmann, 'Céramique romaine et médiévale', Etudesargiennes (BCH supp. 6; 1980), 459-82 G. A. Pikoulas, 'Τοπογραφία Αίγυος και Σκιρίτιδος', ' Πρακτικά Α Τοπικού Συνεδρίου Λακωνικών Μελετών (Μολάοι, $-γ Ιούν. 1982), 257-67 id., "Η Tabula Peutingeriana και ή χερσόνησος του Μαλέα', Hows, 2: 175-88 id., "Αναβρυτή', Lak. spoud.8: 442-4 id., 'Συμβολή στην τοπογραφία της Σκιρίτιδος', Hows, 5: 121-48 (Engl. summaryat p. 148) id., Ή νότια μεγαλοπολίτικη χώρα από τον 8° π.Χ. ως τον 4° μ. Χ. αιώνα (Athens) Η. Waterhouse and R. Hope Simpson, 'Prehistoric Laconia: part Γ, BSA 55 (i960), 67-107 iid., 'PrehistoricLaconia: part IF, BSA 56 (1961), 114-75 D. L. Page, PoetaeMelici Graeci(Oxford) Proceedings ofthePrehistonc Society Préhistoirede la pierre taillée, ii: Economiedu débitagelaminaire: etexpénmentation technologie (Paris) seePauly-Wissowa

Abbreviations xxvii Renard,Kouphovouno EC Renfrew, Riley Robinson Rom.Mitt. Romaios1902 Romaios1904-5 Romaios1906 Romaios19080 Romaios1908^ Romaios1909 Romaios1911 Romaios1950 Romaios1952 Romaios1955 Romaios1957 Romaios1961 Ross Ross, Wanderungen RotrofT 1982 Rotroff 1983 Runnels1981 Runnels1982 Runnels1983 Runnels19850 Runnels1985^

Runnels1985^ Runnels1988 Rutter, 'Pottery groups'

et helladiqueanciende Kouphovouno J. Renard, Le Sitenéolithique : fouillesde O.-W.vonVacano(1941) (Aegaeum: annales (Laconie) de Liège,4; Liège,1989) d'archéologieégéennede l'Université C. Renfrew, TheEmergence Civilisation of (London) inJ.A. Lloyd(ed.),Excavations at Sidi J.A. Riley,'Coarse pottery', Khrebish (Berenice) Benghazi (LibyaAntiqua,suppl.5), ii (1981) H. S. Robinson,Excavations at theAthenian Agora,v: Pottery ofthe Roman Period(Princeton, NJ,1959) desDeutschen römische Instituts, Mitteilungen Archäologischen Abteilung K. A. Romaios,in Άθηνα,14(citedbyRomaios1955,7 η. 2) BSA 11:137-8 id., 'Laconia, IV: theHermaion theNE frontier', εκ ΐ8: id., 'Έπιγραφαί Κυνουρίας',Άθηνα, 43^-5° id., 'Ein Töpferofenbei H. Petros in der Kynuria', AM 33: 177-84 id., Έπιγραφαι έκ Κυνουρίας',Άθηνα,2ο: 383-402 (includes Όί μεθόριοιλακωνικοίΈρμαΐ') id., Έργασίαιέν Σπάρτη', ΡΑΕ 293-3°°' at ΡΡ· 295~6 id., Έρευναί εν Κυνουρία',ΡΑΕ 253-79 id., "ΕρευνητικήπεριοδείαειςΚυνουρίαν',ΡΑΕ 234-41 id.,ΤεγεατικόνιερόνΑρτέμιδοςΚνακεάτιδος',Arch. Eph.1-31 id., 'Πρασιαί ή Βρασιαί της Κυνουρίας', Πρακτικά της 'ΑκαδημίαςΆθηιών,30: 94~9 id., "Ίασος- Ίασαία',Ελληνικά,15:65-75 "Ανασκαφική ερευνά κατά τήν Ανάληψιν μεθορίων ΚυνουρίαςκαιΛακωνίας',ΡΑΕ 167-8 L. Ross,Reisen imPeloponnes (Berlin,1841) in Griechenland im Gefolge desKönigsOttoundder id., Wanderungen Amalia(Halle, 1851) Königin Athenian S. I. Rotroff, TheAthenian Agora,xxii: Hellenistic Pottery: Moldmade Bowls(Princeton, andImported NJ) id., 'Three cisternsystemson the Kolonos Agoraios',Hesp.52: 257-97 C. N. Runnels,A Diachronie andEconomic ofMillstones Study Analysis Ph.D. Univ. of the Greece diss., Indiana) from Argolid, (unpublished id., 'Flaked stone artifactsin Greece during the historical period',JE4 9: 363-73 id., 'Lithic artifactsfromsurfacesites in the Mediterranean area', in Kellerand Rupp 137-48 id., 'The bronze age flaked-stoneindustriesfromLerna: a preliminary report',Hesp.54: 357-91 in southernGreecein the id., 'Trade and demandformillstones Neolithicand EarlyBronzeAge', in A. B. Knapp and T. Stech Production andExchange ofCaliforniaat (eds),Prehistonc (University Los Angeles Instituteof ArchaeologyMonographs, 25; Los Angeles),30-43 id., 'Lithic studies: some theoreticalconsiderations',Lithic 14.3: 100-6 Technology, id., 'Earlybronze-agestonemortarsfromthesouthernArgolid', Hesp.57: 257-72 J. B. Rutter,'PotterygroupsfromTsoungizaof the end of the MiddleBronzeAge', Hesp.59 (1990),375-58

xxviii Abbreviations Rutterand Rutter SAGT''-v'''

Sakellaropoulos Sampson Sanders Sarris 1992

Schaus SEG Sheets and Muto Sherratt Shipley 1993 SIMA Sotiriadis 1910 Sotiriadis 1911 Sparkes and Talcott Stibbe, LDV Stibbe, 1MB Stibbe 1972 Stibbe 1984 Stibbe 1989 Stibbe 1991 Stibbe 1994 Stibbe, 'Hydriai' Taylour

id. and S. Rutter, The Transition to Mycenaean:A Stratified Middle HelladicII toLate HelladicII A Pottery in Sequence fromAyiosStephanos Laconia(Monumenta archaeologica, 4; Los Angeles, 1976) W. K. Pritchett,StudiesinAncientGreekTopography, i-vi (University of California Publications: Classical Studies; 1965-89); vii (Amsterdam,1991) M. Sakellaropoulos, Ή ιερά μονή των 'Αγίων Τεσσαράκοντα (Athens,1929) A. Sampson, Η νεολιθική κατοίκηση στο Γιαλί Νισύρου (Athens,1988) G. D. R. Sanders, 'Excavations at Sparta: the Roman stoa, 1988-91. Preliminaryreport,part 1 (c): medieval pottery',BSA 88 (ί993)? 251-86 Shallow Depth Investigation theApplicationof Magneticand through ElectricResistanceTechniques: An EvaluationStudyof theResponsesof steal Magnetic and Electric Resistance Techniquesto Archaeogeophy in Greece and Univ. of ProspectionSurveys Cyprus(Ph.D. thesis; Nebraska, Lincoln) G. P. Schaus, The Extramural at ofDemeterand Persephone Sanctuary Libya: Final Reports,ii: The East Greek,Island, and Laconian Cyrene, Pottery (UniversityMuseum Monographs, 56; Philadelphia, 1985) Graecum Supplementum epigraphicum P. D. Sheets and G. Muto, 'Pressureblades and total cuttingedge: an experimentin lithictechnology',Science,175(1972),632-4 E. S. Sherratt, 'Regional variation in the pottery of Late Helladic III B', BSA 75 (1980), 175-202 G. Shipley,review of &4GTvi-vii, in ClassicalReview,107 (n.s. 43), i3!-4 Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology G. Sotiriadis, 'To πεδίον της εν Σελλασία μάχης (222 προ Χρίστου)', BCH^: 5-57 id., 'Anti-Sellasia',BCH 35: 87-107, 201-14 (addendum, 241-2) B. A. Sparkes and L. Talcott, The AthenianAgora,xii: Black and Plain Pottery BC (Princeton,NJ,1970) ofthe6th,jth and4thCenturies C. M. Stibbe, Laconian Drinking Vesselsand OtherOpen Shapes (Laconian Black-glazed Pottery,2; Allard Pierson series, scripta minora, 4; Amsterdam,1994) id., LaconianMixingBowls: A HistoryoftheKraterLakonikos fromthe Seventhto theFifthCentury BC (Laconian Black-glazed Pottery,1; Allard Pierson series,scriptaminora, 2; Amsterdam,1989) id., LakonischeVasenmalerdes 6. Jhdts ν. Chr. (Amsterdam and London) id., 'Lo stamnos lacónico', Bollettino delVarte, 27: 1-12 id., 'Beobachtungen zur Topographie des antiken Sparta', BA Besch.64: 61-99 id., 'Dionysos in Sparta', BA Besch.66: 1-44 id., 'Between Babyka and Knakion: three addenda', in BA Besch. 69: 63-102 id., Archaic bronze hydriai',BA Besch.67 (1992), 1-62 W. D. Taylour, 'Excavations at Ayios Stephanos', BSA 67 (1972), 205-63

Abbreviations xxix Thompson Tillyard 1905-6 Tillyard 1906-7

Tod 1923-5 Tod, SMC Torrence 19790 Torrence 1979^

Torrence 1986a Torrence 1986^ Torrence 1991 Valmin, SME van Andel and Runnels Van Horn Vassi Vischer Wace 1907-8 Wace and Hasluck, 'Angelona' Wace and Hasluck 1908-9 Walbank, HCP Weisshaar 1981 Weisshaar 1982 Welcker Woodward 1907-8 Woodward 1908-9 Woodward 1909-10

H. A. Thompson, 'Two centuries of hellenisticpottery',Hesp. 3 (1934), 310-476 H. J. W. Tillyard, 'Laconia, II: excavations at Sparta, 1906. §14: inscriptionsfromthe altar,the acropolis, and other sites',BSA 12: 440-79 id., pp. 174-96 (174-82, 'New portion of the Damonon inscription'; 182-8, 'From the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia'; 188-91, 'Inscriptions from various sites'; 191-6, 'The stamped bricks') of id., A. M. Woodward, and M. N. Tod, 'Laconia: excavations at Sparta, 1907. §10: inscriptions',BSA 13: 174-218 M. N. Tod, Ά surveyof Laconian epigraphy,1913-1925', BSA 26: 106-15 id., SpartaMuseumCatalogue R. Torrence, 'Macrocore production at the Melos obsidian 8: 51-60 quarries', LithicTechnology, ead., Ά technological approach to Cycladic blade industries',in J. L. Davies and J. F. Cherry (eds), Papersin CycladicPrehistory. (Universityof California at Los Angeles Instituteof Archaeology Monographs, 14; Los Angeles), 66-85 andExchangeofStoneTools(Cambridge) ead., Production ead., 'Ground and polished stone', in J. L. Davis (ed.) Keos,v: AyiaIriniPeriodV (Mainz), 96-7 Keos173-98 ead., 'The chipped stone', in Northern M. N. Valmin, The SwedishMesseniaExpedition(SkrifterUtgivna av Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskapssamfundeti Lund, 26; 1938) T. H. van Andel and C. Runnels, BeyondtheAcropolis(Stanford, Calif., 1987) D. M. Van Horn, D. M. Observations relating to bronze age blade-core production in the Argolid of Greece', JFA 7 (1980), 487-92 O. Vassi, 'An unglazed ware potteryworkshop in twelfth-century Lakonia', BSA 88 (1993), 287-93 undEindrücke aus Griechenland W. Vischer,Erinnerungen (Basel, 1857) A. J. B. Wace, '§1: the east coast of the Laconian gulf, pp. 161-6 of id. and F. W. Hasluck, 'Laconia, II: topography.South-eastern Laconia', BSA 14: 161-82 and map opp. p. 161 id. and F. W. Hasluck, 'Laconia: Angelona', BSA 11 (1904-5), 81-90 iid., 'Laconia, II: topography. East-central Laconia', BSA 15: 158-76 F. W. Walbank, A HistoricalCommentary onPolybius,i (Oxford) H.-J. Weisshaar, 'Bericht zur frühhelladischen Keramik', AA 220-56 id., 'Bericht zur frühhelladischenKeramik', AA 440-52 F. G. Welcker,Tagebuch einergriechischen Reise(Berlin, 1865) Α. Μ. Woodward, 'Excavations at Sparta, 1908. §5: inscriptions', BSA 14: 74-141 id., 'Excavations at Sparta, 1909. §4: inscriptions', BSA 15: 40-106 id., 'Excavations at Sparta, 1910. §6. The inscriptions',BSA 16: 54-61

xxx Abbreviations Woodward1923-5 Zerner,'Lerna 1' Zerner,'Lerna 2' Zerner,'New perspectives'

BSA id., 'Excavationsat Sparta, 1924-25.§3: the inscriptions', 26: 159-239 C. Zerner,'Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I potteryfrom 2 (1986),58-74 Lerna',Hydra, ead., 'Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I potteryfromLerna, 4 (Athens,1988; 10pp.) partII: shapes',= Hydra, on tradein the Middle and earlyLate ead., 'New perspectives Helladic periodson the mainland',in C. Zerner(ed.), Waceand

as Evidence Biegen:Pottery for Tradein theAegeanBronzeAge 1939-89

(Amsterdam, 1991),39-56

10 THE NEOLITHIC POTTERY WilliamCavanagh The POTTERYFROMTHE SURVEYAREAbelongs essentiallyto the Late or Final Neolithic thesame site;findsfrom e8o, effectively period.It has been recoveredfromE48 (incorporating thisarea are indicatedby cE48(8o)')witha relateddeposit(LS 10071),and a concentrated depositof sherds,LS 10496,whichwe neverthelesshesitateto call a site. Lithic material probablyof LN1 date has been recoveredfromothersites(Bin, B115,B116,N363,L401,R429, U487,and U489).Althoughsitesof thisdate have been excavatedin Laconia, thismaterialis in Laconia Othersitesof LN1 date have been identified stillnotwellknownin theprovince.1 Geráki Goulás and Astéri, Karaoúsi, (?), Agios Stratigós,2 (Plytra),3 Kardamyli.4 by survey: The fáciesrecognizedis probablyto be equated with'the last major stage of the ceramic by the dominanceof a coarse largelyundecorated sequenceat Franchthi. . . characterised ware'.5Nichoriahas also produceda littlepotteryof thisdate.6Phelpshas made a case for early and late phases in the Late Neolithic potteryof the Péloponnèse,but this is best recognizedthroughthefinewares.7Thus,whileour potteryassemblagesitsbestwiththelate phase,giventhe smallnumberof sherdsand largelycoarse materialit is probablyunwiseto pressthisconclusion. Table

Wares (1) fewsherdscan be classifiedas fine.The main ware is of Amongour smallsamplerelatively and thereare tracesof burnishing. The firingis uneven,but mediumtextureand density, YR YR on the exterior and brown brown (10 6/3) on the interior;small (7.5 5/2) pale mainly inclusions and mica can be Three and bodysherdsofa fine, black-grit quartz observed'(SFA). YR in out (5 YR 7/6) and pinkish-grey softfabric,reddish-yellow (7.5 7/2) the core,had very some mica smallinclusions (SF F). including

1 The potteryfromAlepótrypahas hardlybeen published. Kouphóvounoseemsto havebeen occupiedin thisperiod,as the chipped stone finds,in particular the arrowheads, indicate(see Renard,Kouphóvouno, 58-62); but presumably mostof the contemporary being (thoughsee n. 11)pottery, coarse and undecorated,was not extractedand hence was withthatstoredin theByzantinechapel. losttogether 2 PL i. 85-92,fig.15.1-4,pl. 19 a. 3 PL a. 13Q-40. 4 W. A. MacDonald and R. Hope Simpson, 'Further Péloponnèse',AJA73 (1969), explorationsin southwestern 123-77,at p. 161.

5Jacobsen271;on Sampson'sterminology thisis theLN1II period:A. Sampson,'Late neolithicremainsat Tharrounia, Euboea', BSA 87 (1992),61-101,at pp. 91-3. 6 R. J. Howell, 'Final neolithic phase', in Nichoria,ii. 8-14. 7 Earlyphase: Phelps300-26, esp. Red Pattern-burnished, ProsymnaIncised, and Crustedwares. Late phase: Phelps continuesin 335-42. It has also been suggestedthatUrfirnis productionin the Péloponnèse into the LN1 period: S. S. Weinberg,'Remains of prehistoricCorinth',Hesp.6 (1937), 487-524, at pp. 503-4; Jacobsen 269; Renard,Kouphóvouno, 98.

2 Chapter 10 I. FINE BOWL (FIG, 10. 1, 1-2)

a. Rim sherdindicatingrathershallowconical bowl withstraight sides.D. (rim)0.16. The rimis rounded and has a slightly flattened lip.8 Date: FM. E80/6.

b. Similarin dimensions, butcurvedprofile.9 Date: FN1. E48(8o)/2O.

(STi)

Household

Wares (2) A fairnumberof sherdsof medium thickness(0.01-0.015) appear to representcookingvessels. The fabric10tends to be unevenlyfired,varyingfromdark grey(10 YR 4/1) to reddish-brown (2.5 YR 4/4) on the surfaceand darkgreyish-brown (10 YR 4/2) to reddishYR inside. The surface is smoothed but and sometimeshas a 5/2) grey(5 usuallyirregular, of limestone sherds show traces of Inclusions consist 'crackelure'; body burnishing. and with black fragments quartz, occasionally quite large, together grit and mica. Sometimesthe sherdsshow a patterningof dark and lightareas on the surface,which appears to be deliberatelysought;thusLS 10071/3showsan ellipse-shapedarea of black surroundedby a lighter, buffarea. 2. DEEP ROUNDED BOWL (FIG. ΙΟ. ι, 3-10)

a. The rimsherdssuggesta largevessel,D. 0.3-0.4; the rim can be simple, rounded, or pinched and slightlyin-curved. A rather more elaborate type consists of a thickened rim with fingertipped decoration and an applied cordon immediately below and outside(E80/2, 4; E48 A/2). The profile appears to be curved;LS 10071/1 has a clearlybellTh. (wall) 0.007-0.008. A number shaped profile.11 of concave and flat bases could belong with this type. Date: FN1. E48(8o)/i-2, 19, 42-3, 45, 66; E80/2, 4; e8i/i; LS

Storage

10071/1;N363/12; Q360 AD/5 (?)· Bases:12 E48/2; E48(8o)/23,46; E80/7-11. (ST 3-4, 8, 12) b. The depositlocatedat LS 10496 comprisestwo or more slightlyconvex deep bowls. The rims are flattened(LS 10496/ia, 3 + 4) or thickenedon the outside(ls 10496/2).13One of the rim sherdshas a verticalstraphandleattachedat the rim.14The firing is veryuneven.D. 0.4, Th. (wall) 0.008-0.010. The handle, which was modelled close to the body, measures0.033 acrossX 0.008 thick. LS 10496/1-6 (numeroussherds). (ST 11)

Vessels

(3) The fabricsof thesevesselsare thick(0.015-0.02).In colourtheyvaryfromlightred (2.5 YR 6/8) to reddish-brown (2.5 YR 4/4) to pale yellow(2.5 Y 6/8). The core can be darkgreyishcoveredwithfine brown(10 YR 4/2) to reddish-grey (5 YR 5/2). The surfaceis frequently 8 McDonald and Hope Simpson(n. 4), 156,pis 44 a 1,46. 1; Phelps327,fig.54. 7 (fromArgos);Sampson77,open type 29: figs23. 58; 48. 242; Howell(n. 6), 11,figs.1-2,Ρ 2ooi. 9 FN1:Jacobsen 272, fig.8. 9; Phelps, fig.54. 6 (from Portes);Sampson76, open type30: figs31. 143;47. 231; 50. 252.

10Phelps (297) has commentedthatcoarse sherdstend to have similarfabricsin both FN1 and EBA. In the Laconia SurveymaterialthestandardEH waresare quitedistinct. 11FN1: Phelps 322, fig. 51. 23 and 27 (Lerna and iii. 1: Die Alepotrypa).H. Walterand F. Feiten,Alt-Ägina,

Stadt:Befestigungen, Häuser,Funde (Mainz, 1981), vorgeschichtliche

86-7: 'steilwandigeSchüssel'.Sampson75, open typei: figs 19. 10;36· 169ΰf·tyPeI2: fig·29· I28 (smaller). u rINI:E00/9 + 10: rhelps331,tig.55. 15,17.E00/11:ibid, Jacobsen272, fig.8. 11-15. fig.55. 14 (all fromAlepotrypa). Sampson82, table9, types2, 12;fig.25. 78. 13FN1 (late?): Phelps 336, fig. 56. 10, 14, 18 (from Alepotrypa). 14FN1: S. A. Immerwahr,The Athenian Agora,xin: The andBronzeAges(Princeton,NJ,1971),43, nos 171-3, Neolithic pl. 12. 69; Jacobsen272, fig.8. 2; Sampson 75, type23 for handle; forgeneralshape cf. ibid. 77, type36: fig.53. 271; also fig.54. 282.

Neolithicpottery3 fewinclusions,thoughsome largelimestone,quartz,and cracks.There tendto be relatively there is also mica. The firing is slightly occur; uneven,thepastecoarsein black-grit fragments textureand mediumin hardness(SF B, C). 3. PITHOS (FIGS. IO.I, II-14; II. I, I -2)

The rim sherds indicate wide-mouthed vessels, and possiblyof a bucket perhaps0.4-0.5 in diameter, shape, thoughsome body sherdsindicate a curved profileas well.15Our rimsare roundedand slightly incurved;E80/3 + 516and E48 a/ 18 have a flattened rim.The body sherdscan be decoratedwithapplied cordonsin a patternof intersecting lines,formingV and Γ shapes (E48(8o)/58);17these are some 0.005

Miscellaneous

wide and are sometimesdecoratedwithflngertipping (cf.esp. LS 10071/4+ 5).18E80/1has a horizontalstrap and twolugswerefound(E48/1;E48 A/22).20 handle,19 There is no indicationofthetypeofbase. Date: FN1. E80/1, 3 + 5, 14; E48/1; E48(8o)/7, 18, 22, 56-7, 29-30,44, 58-60, 62; LS 10071/4+ 5. (ST 2, 6-7, 10,13)

Sherds

For the sake of completenesswe also include those sherds which are of LN1/FN1 date but which could not be assigned to more specifictypes: BodysherdsE48/3-4; E48 A/4,8-10; E48(8o)/3~6,8-17, 26-8, 31-41,47-55, 68-73, 76"8; E48(8o)/4,8, 10 (?); E77/1-5;E80/12-13,15-31;e8i/3~6; Q360 L/23,26-7; R3012B/57 Bases E48(8o)/24~5,75; E80/7 Handles E48 a/i, 7; e8i/2 Rims E48(8o)/6i,63-5, 67,74

15FN1: Phelps 339, figs57. 1-4; 60. 1, 4-7, 10; 98. 4; 99. ware at p. 12,figs.1-3, Ρ Howell (n. 6), 8; cordon-decorated 2oo6-io. Commonat Alepotrypa. 16The modellingofthisrimis notunlikePhelps329,fig.54. sherd. is a slighter 13,which,however, 17FN1: Immerwahr (η. 14), 40, nos 149-52, pl. 10. Phelps 331-4: plain and impressed cordons are 'found at mostsiteswhere Final Neolithicis known',in Laconia

ÁgiosStratigós(PL i. 89, pl. 19.5-7). 18FN1:Immerwahr (η. 14),42, nos 166-9,pi· π> Walterand Feiten(n. 11), 88-9, ΐ50-Ι> nos 47~56> pl· 7&;Jacobsen273 and fig.8. ι,7. 19Straphandlesare normalin FN1:Phelpswo. 20FN1: Phelps 324-5, fig.51. 28; 330, fig.55. 13 (from 101,113,pl. 38. 9. Klenia); Renard,Kouphououno,

11 THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY WilliamCavanaghandjoostCrouwel There are three starting-pointsfora studyofEH potteryand chronology in Laconia. In thefirstplace thereare excavationsat sitesin thecentralPéloponnèse,in particularKythera and Áyios Stephanos in the south,Asea in the north,and the recentlypublishedsite of Kouphóvounoveryclose to theSurveyarea.l In thesecondplace we can turnto thematerial fromsurveysin Laconia,2thoughthis,of course,suffers fromthe same problemsas our own and tendsto consistofsmalllots.Thus itis also surveymaterial:it is notfromclosedcontexts, necessary to turn to the much better-knownresults fromsites in the north-eastern a problemofregionalvariationwhichis Péloponnèseand centralGreece.There is,moreover, especiallyacutein theEH I periodand to whichwe shallreturnat theend ofthischapter. It is worthpointingout twofurther difficulties thathave influenced thepresentation ofthe on the technologyof pottery catalogue.First,greatemphasishas been placed, historically, the EH I, II and III phases. Thus, in his classic productionas a means of distinguishing of the potteryfromZygouries,Biegensubdividedthe waresas A I 'Hand-polished typology ware. . . apparently withoutslip';A II ware,'coatedwitha firmslipwhichis ... polished'(or burnished);Β I Glazed ware,partiallycoated (thatis to say,Urflrnis);Β II Glazed ware, can cut acrossfabricdivisions; coated; as well as others.3This surfacetreatment completely A II he states that of it is coarse and some fine',4 'some thus,ofthe diagnostically earlytype and A II even includesa hard, thin,almostegg-shellfabric,5thoughthisis of later date. the surfaceof the sherdsrecoveredfromthe Laconia Surveyis usuallyvery Unfortunately, wornand notuncommonly erodedaway,so thatthistechnological is not criterion completely In available to us. what the have been used as the main follows, therefore, easily potterytypes with fabric a second indicator. typological guide, forming Second,it now appearsthattheEH periodcoversa vastperiod:on thebasis of C14 dates, some1,500years.6Clearlythepottery shouldbe susceptible to a morerefinedsubdivision, and indeed recentworkat sitessuch as Perachora,Tiryns,Lithares,and Kefalari-Taliotihas confronted thischallenge.The wayforward lies in a statistical treatment based on therelative of the various This sort of frequencies categories. precision,however, probablyrequiresmore 1 See Kythera;W. D. Taylour, 'Excavations at Ayios Stephanos', BSÄ 67 (1972), 205-70; Holmberg; Renard. These do have theirlimitations:Kastri on Kytherahad a mixedcontextof EH I and EH II pottery;ÁyiosStephanos has not yetbeen fullypublished,and Asea seems to suffer frommixedcontexts.We wishto thankProf.J. quiteseverely A. MacGillivrayforplacingat our disposalillustrations of, and notes on, unpublished EH material from Áyios Stephanos;see also D. H. French,in Taylour(above),263-5.

2 PL i-ii; A. Harding, G. Cadogan, and R. Howell, bronzeage townin Laconia', BSA 'Pavlopetri:an underwater 64(1969), 113-42. 3 Biegen,esp. 76, 77,83, 87, 101,106,123. 4 Ibid. 77. 5 Ibid. 77-8.

6 P. Warren and V. Hankey, Aegean Bronze Age Chronology

(Bristol,1989),121-7.

6 Chapter11 extensivesamplingthan is normallypossible in surfacesurvey.Neverthelessa relatively successful attemptat seriationofourmaterialhas been published.7 In contrastto the Neolithic,thisperiodis well represented by a largebody of handmade from some of which are sites.8 The 59 locations,33 pottery potterycan be dividedintotwo broad categories:finetableware,in the formof smallopen and closedvessels,and coarser fromfoodpreparation to storage.The twocategories occur fabrics, probablyusedforeverything in and the table ware EH is often ascribable to to the thanks Π, together, particular presenceof sauceboatsand bowlswithin-turned well known from in excavated sites mainland Greece. rims, Table

Wares (1-9) The fabricsof thefinewaresare welllevigatedand evenlyfired,ifsomewhatsoftin texture; the veryhard-fired typesknownfromotherareas have not survived.9The more common varietiestendto be yellow-red (5 YR8/3) or white(5 YR8/1 - 2.5 YR8/2) throughpink(7.5YR to YR white 8/4) (10 8/2; studytypesB, K, L, AA). A secondgroupclustersaroundlightred YR to (2.5 6/6) reddish-yellow (5 YR7/8; studytypeI). Bothtendto be firedevenlyto thecore. Some examples tend to lightbrownish-grey (10 YR 6/2), where (accidentally?)firedin a in The inclusions thesewaresare few,sometimes somesmallgrit reducingatmosphere (typeJ). and quartz.The wallsof thevesselstendto be about 0.005 thick.The vesselsare small,and open shapes predominate,but as usual withsurfacematerialit is only rarelypossible to identifythe shape withcertainty.Many of the pieces reveal traces öf red or dark paint whichpresumably was originally (Urfirnis), polishedor slipped,as elsewhere;butthesurfaces are abraded,and itis rarelypossibleto distinguish thefullextentofthepaint. OPEN SHAPES I. BOWLWITHIN-TURNEDRIM (FIG. 11.1,J-8)

a. A completeprofilewas preservedin P269/44. BowlD. 0.145(moregenerally from0.10to varying 0.15),totalH. 0.08,Th. (wall)0.005;thusthebody is wide and relativelyshallow.The pedestal is convex in profile(D. 0.044). ^n practice it is difficult to distinguish bodyand base sherdsfrom those of 2 (see 5), under which pedestals are discussed.10 7 W. Cavanaghand R. Laxton,'Seriationofnoisydata from theLaconia Survey:a knowledgeengineering approach',inJ. Pavuk (ed.), Actes du XIIe CongrèsInternationaldes Sciences etProtohistoriques Préhistoriques (Bratislava, 1993), 350-66.

8 Sites in order of abundance: S431, P262, S460, R462, R529, M357,C131,P285, U3006, R289, C128, N333, L400, U520, U3001,C126, S478, U490, LS 10170( = G154),N191, S448, U3005, R280, K414, R287, U500, P263, P284, R428, U504,R3012,P269.

9 e.g.Zygouries, Biegen80; Eutresis, H. Goldman,

Excavationsat Eutresisin Boeotia(Cambridge, Mass., 1931), 97;

Asea, Holmberg66-7. 10The type is very common: see Biegen 83-4, 87; Κ. iv: Die Urfirniskeramik Müller,Tiryns, (Munich,.1938),19-20; Weisshaar1981,223-9, wno distinguishes 'kleineSchüsseln' (D. usually o. 14-0.15) from'Schalen' (p. 227; D. usually

Date:EH (I-) II (-III). Rims:G154/1; P269/2, 4; M357/2; L400/9;R462/1; U3001/35. (ST 2) b. Rimsherdsonlyslightly somewitha in-turned, hollowbelowandoutside thelip.11 slight Date:EH II (early?). P263/11, 49, 103;P269/65-7,93-6, 99; R280/8; (ST 19,28) R287/58. o. 17-0.18)which,tendto havea flatbase and to be shallower in profile.Many rimfragments are difficult to ascribe,but the range of diameters suggests that the small bowl in theLaconia Surveymaterial.The typewith predominates a sharp carinationand almostverticalrim (cf. Weisshaar 1981,223, typeI) has not been found.Frequentin EH II, some examples are late EH I. Eutresis V: Caskey and Caskey 146,fig.5. 1-3. Palaia Kokkinia: D. Theocharis, 'ΠαλαιάΚοκκινιά',PAE 1952,93-127,at fig.9. Perachora Y: Fossey64, fig.5. 12. At Kouphóvouno, typeswith a rimhave been distinguished fromthosewithan instraight curvedrim (Renard 136); some of the rim sherdsunder 2 belowmightbelongto theformer. 11EH II (early?):Weisshaar1981,232, fig.78. 5; D. French and E. French, Tiryns,v: PrehistoncPottery fiom theArea of the

at Tiryns Prison Agncultural (Munich,1971),30, fig?2. 13-15.

Early Helladic pottery7 c. Veryfinebowlwithrimsmoothedroundto forma lip; D. 0.12,Th. (wall)0.004.12 sharp,in-turned Date: EH II (-III). 1. (ST 106) S478/66,2a; LS 10170/ 2. sauceboat/deep bowl with pedestal base (fig. 11.1,9-14) The most characteristic sherds preserve the recurvedprofileas the body approaches the spout (e.g. P269/61; LS 10105/3);the small verticalstrap handle is also distinctiveof the sauceboat (U504/5; U3001/20).Wherelarge rimshave been preservedit is possible to distinguish more or less vertical profiles(P263/4-5).Plain verticalrimsof thin-walled (0.005) vessels may belong to sauceboats or deep bowls. D. from 0.10 to 0.15, one example 0.25 (P263/6).13 Date: EH II. C128/7-8;P262/63;P263/2-6,35, 37-8, 41-7, 51; P269/45,6l, 63-4; R280/1,46; P284 Β/105,Ε/2, 12; R289/13, 15; M357/1;K414 A/2, b/6, 23, 50; R428 B/1-4; S478/67-9, 36a, 40a; U504/1-5, 153-4; (ST 13) U3001/20;R3012a/i. GLOBULAR BOWL(FIG.II. I, 15) 3. MINIATURE Small bowl with plain, in-turnedrim and upright 14 piercedlugat themaximumdiameter(0.06). (ST 58) P269/68. 4. LARGE CARINATED BOWL (FIG. I I.I, 16)

either 2 or 1, but it is impossible, on present to saywhich.The examplesvaryin height knowledge, (0.01-0.0 15), diameter(0.04-0.06),and shape,butover a continuumwithno clear demarcationof subtypes. The profileis convex,moreor lesswidelysplayed;the majorityare hollowedunderneath.16 Date: EH II. N333/22;P269/5,44, 47-9, 51-2,55-9; R287/29,75, 77-8; 1400/12-13,21; P284 B/17,20, 22-3, 25, c/8-9, E/4,F/15;LS 10170/27-30;LS IO387/2;N191/39,41-3; S478/1, 83; U3OO1/27-8, 30-2; U3OO5/39-48; U3006/6,8, 52; R3012A/34,B/26-8, 30, 32-3, c/9; R3012/30;U504/61-75,145, 149, 151;U5OOAl/24-5; R428B/44. (ST 2, 49) b. Largerbase (D. 0.06-0.08 and up to 0.10: U504/76, concaveprofile.17 150)withmarkedly Date: EH II. P263/30; R280/26, 29-30; P269/3, 6, 46, 50; R287/25; P261/7; U504/76, 105; U3001/29; U3005/36-8;R3012B/29,31; LS 10105/7(?). (ST 14) c. This typeis low enoughto be called a ringbase, but in size (D. 0.03-0.045) and appearanceit belongs witha.18 Date: EH II (-IIP). P263/31; P269/53-4; P284 d/6; R287/26; S478/81-2;R428B/45-6. (ST 15) 6. RING BASES (FIG. I I.I, 26-8)

convex Bowl withthickenedrimand vertical,slightly bodywhichreturnswitha sharpcarination.D. 0.21, Th. (wall)0.005.15 Date: EH I-II. (ST74) R287/1.

These belongto a vesselwhichappearsto have had a moresteeplyroundedprofilethan1 or 2.

5. PEDESTALBASES(FIG. I I.I, 17-25)

a. Small typewith convex profile;it mustgo with

P263/21-2, 27; P284 B/18; K414 A/3, B/12-13; U500 B4/12. (ST 16)

12Caskeyand Caskey155,fig.11,VIII. 23; Howell,Έ. Arcadia', 109, fig.3. 28; Weisshaar1981,227, flg.72, type VIII b; 228,fig.73 fordate. 13Müller 11-16.Sauceboats are considereda hallmarkof formsmayjust go back EH II, thoughsomeratherprimitive into EH I; theircontinuationinto EH III is controversial. Verticalhandlesare not uncommon:see Müller 14 η. 2 for earlier references;also Holmberg 66 η. 3; Caskey and Caskey153-7,VIII. 15,35, 43, 45. Sauceboatsare said to be rarein Arcadia(Howell,Έ. Arcadia',no), thoughthismay be overstated(cf. Holmberg 66, 71). As yet we have no evidence fromLaconia for the 'deep sauceboats' found elsewhere:cf.J. L. Caskey,'Excavationsat Lerna 1954',Hesp. 24 (1955),24-49, at pl· 2I a~c' Caskeyand Caskey290, type at IV.J. L. Caskey'stypes1 and 2 have been distinguished (Renard139-40). íCouphóvouno 14Perhapsrelatedto thepyxis;cf.Biegen87 and flg.77,no. 61;Müller28-9; Caskeyand Caskey156,VIII. 41.

15EH I: Weisshaar1981,231,flg.77. 10. EH II: ibid. 244, fig.87. 5. 16At Zygouries the bases of the sauceboats vary from 0.025 to 0.072 in diameter(Biegen89-93). Conical bases are said to be rare at Tiryns: Müller 53 (cf. fig.40. 6, 8-9); Weisshaar 1981, 224-5, cf id· 1982, 452 and fig. 67. 2. Arcadia: Howell,Έ. Arcadia',109,fig.3. 25, 34-5; pis 30 c, 82, 274,fig.35; pl. 17α 86-7. 31 d. Kythera: Kythera 17EH II: Eutresis, Caskeyand Caskey153-7,VIII. 13-14, 82; 274,fig.35; pl. 17 α 88; fig.11,pl. 50; Kythera, Kythera Áyios Stephanos, Taylour (n. 1), 264, fig.36. 8, a bowl within-curving rim. 18EH II: Eutresis, Caskeyand Caskey153-7,VIII. 4, 24, 34; Tiryns, Weisshaar1981,224-5,^§· 7°· 19Ring bases are normal by EH II: see Biegen .101; Howell, Έ. Arcadia', 109^ fig.3. 36; Weisshaar 1982, 452 and fig.66. 3-4; cf. Kouphóvouno, Renard 136,no. 379, pl. 44.

a. Ring base, D. 0.06-0.08, withringroundedand base hollow.19 Date: EH II.

8 Chapter 11 b. These are almostfalseringbases, slightlyhollow underneath,and more or less markedlyeverted.D. 0.05-0.07.

Date: EH II. P263/24-6,28-9, 32, 106; P269/62;P284 B/19,71; R428B/47. P261/4;K414b/ii; M357/11; (ST 17)

CLOSED SHAPES JARS 7. SMALL (FIG.11.2,1-j) a. Globular jar, thin-walled(0.002), with sharply evertedrim(D. 0.065) an<^horizontalhandle on the shoulder.20 Date: EH I or II. P263/1;R3012b/i. (ST 12)

8. FLATBASES(FIG.11.2,4-3) a. Simple flatbase, made by forminga dintat the bottomof the vessel;slightlythickenedat centre.D. (base)0.04.23 Date: EH II (-III?) P263/23;M357/22;C126/16. (ST 18)

b. Smallcollar-necked jar withtall,verticalor slightly evertedrim.D. 0.1,Th. (wall)0.005.21 Date: EH II? S448/i;R428b/7. (ST 82)

b. Simpleflatbase, clearlyarticulatedfrombody.D.

c. Shoulderfragment withinciseddecorationat the neck: a row of wedge-shaped jabs and, below, incised lines forming an inverted T. (NB The contextis uncertainand thesherdunique).22 Date: EH I? LS IOIO5/1+ 2. (ST 73)

9. HANDLESANDLUGS(FIG. 11.2, 6)

0.10-0.18, Th. (wall) 0.005-0.01. P263/107; P269/173, 176; P284 B/24; S460/8.

(ST30)

a. Smallhorizontal D. 0.013. loophandle,ovalinsection. P269/1. (ST50) b. Paintedhorizontalpiercedlug;Th. (wall)0.007.24 S448/6;R428A/49. (ST 5°> 83)

Household

Wares (9-29) There seems to be a gulfbetween the fine wares, well levigated and usually with few and thecoarsewares,whichinvariably containa densematrixofstoneinclusions. inclusions, This householdfabricis used fora wide range of types,rangingfromquite delicatethinwalled(0.004)vesselsto massivepithoi.On somevesselsa self-slip can be recognized,butnot the whole surface been has often removed abrasion. surprisingly by In termsofcolourthereis a continuum froma lightoatmeal(10YR8/3: verypale brown)to weremade to subdividethesefabrics, but 7.5YR8/4 (pink)to a lightred(2.5YR 6/8).Attempts shade into one another. The vases are but as an initial theyreally usuallyevenlyfired, hypothesis we wouldsuggestthatthedifferences of colourare a resultof firing conditionsratherthanof different clay.This generalfabricholdsmanyinclusions:schist,blackgrit,quartz,and mica D Sometimesabrasionhas leftan almost (Fabrics and Q; also S, T, and AM as minorvariants). a minor texture, spongy perhapsindicating vegetabletemper(SF R). Thereare somedistinctive notrestricted to singlesites:(1)a medium-hard wares,whichare nevertheless ware,lightgreyin colour(10 YR 7/2) bothoutsideand in the core,whichcontainsmuchquartzand limestone 20EH I (?): Weisshaar1981,231,fig.77. 3 (levelIXb); EH II (?): Gaskeyand Caskey 155,VIII. 16, pl. 51 - largerthan ours. 21EH II- III: Lianokladhi II, A. J. B. Wace and M S. Thessaly(1912), 178, fig. 122 c' Thompson, Prehistoric Hanschmannand MilojCic93, pl. 69. 11. Possibleparallels, EH II: Weisshaar1981,232, fig.78. 9; Holmberg67, 'ajar with a spherical body and straight off-setrim' (not illustrated). 22For incised decorationat an early date see Biegen 78

and pl. 6; forwedge-shapedjabs see Caskey and Caskey 156, pl. 48. Cf. also Renard 120, no. Κ 1114,pl. 34. 5, for similar decoration on a different form, dated to Neolithic. 23Type ambiguous. Jugs at Zygouries generallyhad a flattened bottom:Biegen84; cf.also EH II: Weisshaar1981, 242, fig.85. 10 (askos); id. 1982,452, fig.67. 4-5 (spouted jugs). Taylour(n. 1),265: 'dimpledbase' in Urfirnis. 24EH II pyxis;cf.Caskeyand Caskey156,VIII. 41 and pl. 48.

Early Helladic pottery9 withblackgrits, butnottheschistfoundin mostexamples(SF O); perhapsalso (2) a red together YR fabric (2.5 5/8) (SF N), thoughthisis morewithintherangeofthosedescribedabove.Some ofthepithoiare made ofa hardcoarsefabric,verypale brownto reddish-yellow (10YR8/3-7.5 YR 7/6),withmanyquartzinclusions ofmediumsize and notmuchschist(SF U). The fabrics organizedpotteryproductionon a regionalbasis; but proper certainly suggestprofessionally thisconclusively. scientific is to establish analysis required A smallgroupofrimand bodysherds,and someloop handles,belongto a fabricrelatively coarsein make-upbutcoveredwitha thickred slipofthesortthoughtto be diagnosticofEH I. It tendsto be medium-coarsein texture,medium-hard,and evenlyfired,thoughsome sherdsare reducedto a lightbrownon theinsidesurface.The slipvariesfromlightred (10YR 6/8) to red (2.5 YR 5/8), and the core is lightbrown(10 YR 5/8). Inclusionsconsistof much quartzand some schist.(Handles:U3005/16,19-20,35. Body sherds:C126/18,22; N191/57, 85;R428B/48;s43i/32.p OPEN SHAPES 10. RED-SLIPPEDBOWL(FIG. 11.2, J-IÖ)

a. A heavy bowl with a simple rolled rim of thick fabric(0.007thick).D. c.0.3.26 Date: EH I. C126/1;U3005/5;R3012B/14(?). (ST 98) b. Bowl of quite large diameter (0.2-0.3) with a rim,flaringin profile; thickened,flat-topped slightly Q360 k/i has a row of horizontaldashes below the rim;Th. (wall)0.005.27 Date: EH I. (ST 100) Q360 k/i. N191/16; of a smallbowl,witha simple c. Small rimfragment pinchedrimand convexwall whichrapidlythickens to 0.005. 28 N191/8.

(ST 101)

11. BASINS(FIG. 11.2, H-15)

a. The basinwitha thickenedrimvariesin diameter on top, from0.30-0.35;therimis somewhatflattened - perhapsthemostdistinctive pinchedon theinterior In some featureof these vessels- and thickened.29 examplesthereis a hollowoutsideand belowtherim. An examplewitha nearlycompleteprofilehas a rim D. of 0.35 and a simple flat base, D. 0.14-0. 15; a

25Fabric: see Caskey and Caskey 139-40; Howell, Έ. Arcadia',109,fig.3. 15. 26EH I: AyiosStephanos,unpublished piece. Our thanksto forsupplying thisinformation. J.A. MacGillivray 27EH I: Fossey59, fig.30. 20 (phase X). Kouphóvouno: Renard,pl. 37. 1-2 (datedNeolithicon p. 170). 28EH I: AyiosStephanos,unpublishedsherdbycourtesyof J. A. MacGillivray. Less convincingly,cf. spoons from Eutresis, Caskeyand Caskey140;144,III. 8-o, fig.7. 29Biegen 97-8 and fig.85, no. 606. EH II: Caskey and

somewhat hemisphericalprofilegives the bowl a depth of about 0.18. C131/9 has fingertipping. P269/160has an irregular pie-crustdecorationon the thickened rim.30 Date: EH I- II. P263/20;P269/9+ 11,8, 16, 134-5,^-é0* !45-6> 149-51,153-60;N333/3;R287/11;R289/4-9,11;P284 E/26,29 (?); LS 10170/7,11;K414B/2,9-10; N191/13, 15; C131/1,9 (?); C126/11;U3005/6;U504/7-9;R428 B/22(?),A/5-6,17,19-20,25,33,40, 134. (ST 34) b. The basin with a rolled rim is usually simply and rolledon theoutside;only pinchedon theinterior one example,S478/5a,is of the 'T-rimmed'varietyso common elsewherein Greece.31Diameters cluster round 0.30-0.35 but can attain 0.50 (U500 A2/1; 0.004 thick,rarely S478/5a),whilewallsare frequently parallelgroovesare up to 0.01. Sometimesfinger-wide foundbelow the rim;32on P284 B/122oblique slashes wereincisedthere. P263/96-8; P269/143; R287/16, 18 (?); L400/10; P284 B/122; N191/14; S478/72, 5a; P284 c/i; U3001/9; U3005/9-10; U3006/18; R3012 A/12, 14, b/ii, c/4-5; R3012/7, 9; U504/10, 12, 14-18, 23, 25-7, 30, 32, 144, 146; U500 Ai/6, A2/1-2, A3/1; R428 A/3, 8, 11-12, 24, 28, B/25; R529/1; LS 11122/15. (ST 32)

Caskey 153,VIII. 8, fig.11 (EH I examplestend to have a rim:ibid. 142,III. 11-12). flattened 30EH I (?): Howell, Έ. Arcadia',fig.3. 2, pl. 28 b. EH II: 82, 274, fig.35, α 83; Kouphóvouno, Kythera, Kythera Renard141,no. 400, pl. 37. 13. 31The 'T-rimmed'formpredominatesin the Argolid;see Weisshaar1981,230-4, figs74-5, thoughcf.ibid.241,fig.84. 3. U500A/2:cf.ibid.245,fig.88. 5 (EH II- III). 01Kouphóvouno:Renard141-2,nos.401,403,pl. 37. 3-4.

ίο Chapter 11 BOWLS(FIGS.II. 2, l6~l8' II.3, I~2j) 12. PLAIN-RIMMED a. Largebowlsc.0.25in diameterand withthickwalls (0.010-0.013); the shape below the rim may be R287/17has diagonal fingertipped hemispherical.33 and U3006/19has obliqueslasheson the decoration,34 rim and a fingertippedcordon below. A typewith smallerdiameter(0.15-0.20)and thinnerwall (0.007) can be groupedhere.S478/4ais larger,as is U3006/19 (D. 0.45),35and has a bevelledrim,pinched on the inside.R287/6has 'pie-crust'decoration. Date: EH I-II. C126/12;C128/1;R287/17;LS IO465/2; S478/76, 13a; R3012/8,12, B/9, 17; U504/29; R428 B/23, 28; S478/4a, 7a; U3006/19; R287/6; P284 B/48 (?); R529/9;U3005/3-4;R3012B/13. (ST 76, 108,102,75, 109) witha thickenedor rolled b. Bowl,c.o.20 in diameter, and slightlyflattenedrim; Th. (wall) 0.007. R3Oi2 A/22 has slashes along the rim; P269/106 has two ridgeson therim.36 Date: EH (I-)II. P263/99;R280/21;P269/13,43; P284 E/30; R3012 A/22;P269/106;M357/4(?). (ST 25, 65) c. Deep bowlmediumin size(0.13-0.18,up to 0.25)but and varying ratherthick-walled and coarse(0.007-0.01), in profile.37 fromconicalto hemispherical R289/1has a rowofobliqueslashesoutsidejustbelowtheplainrim.38 and P284D/5arethin-walled smallexamples. P269/116 Date: EH I-II (-III). P263/77; R280/4, 58; P269/108, 115; R287/15; R289/10 (?); P284 B/95 (?); K414 Β/7; Μ357/6; U504/28; P267/1;R428 B/5, 15; P263/86, 100, 109; P269/113,147;R287/13,19; C126/1;P285/6;R289/1;

33EH I: Eutresis, Caskeyand Caskey135-7,II. 30-5; III. 11-12,fig.4 (the slip and burnishare not evidenton our examples); Perachora, Fossey 64, fig. 5, bowls 24-6; Kephalari, Dousougli 201 and fig. 26. 160; Tiryns, C128/1:Weisshaar1981,241,fig.78. 7, thoughBiegen no, fig.101,no. 36 is later.EH II: S478/4a:Weisshaar1981,232, fig.83. 10;Howell,Έ. Arcadia',109,fig.3. 8. 34EH I-II: Kythera 79,fig.35,pl. 16 α 38. 35EH I: Hanschmann and MilojCic, type A6, 'Turbanrandschale', p. 61,pl. 24. 16;cf.pl. 59 a 11(Tsangli). 36EH II: Weisshaar1982,451,fig.69. 4; Frenchand French (n. 11),fig.2. 2; Howell,Έ. Arcadia', 109,fig.3. 1 (EH I or II?). 37EH I: Caskey and Caskey 144, IV. 3 and fig.7; Fossey 57-9, figs3. 1-9,5. 3-18; Kephalari, Dousougli205,fig.29. 185;Fournoi, ibid.215,fig.32 e; Hanschmannand Milojfiié 34, type A2, pl. 4. 3-5, 7-9, cf. p. 37, pl. 8-1 1. EH II: Weisshaar1981,232,fig.78. 8; 240,fig.83. 16; 244,fig.87. 9; id. 1982,461, fig.77. 3-5 (EH II- III). At Zygouries these vasesreston a ringbase: Biegen114-16,figs104-6.

P284 B/6 (?); LS 10170/6;C131/7;C126/10;S478/71; R3012/4,12;P284/2;P269/116;P284D/5; R428A/14. (ST 38, 33, 60) d. Deep bowl withflaringrim,similarto c. D. 0.2 and wall0.006 thick.39 S448/3has a repairhole.40 Date: EH I? S448/2-4,16;S478/na. (ST 81) e. Bowlswitha rolledrim,whichvaryin D. around 0.25; a number have the rim flattenedon top.41 U3006/12is uniqueat D. 0.09. EH I-II. N333/1;G128/13(?); U3005/14;R3012 c/2; R428 B/18; P269/133; R289/14; P284 B/5, 11; K414 B/8; N191/12; R3012c/i; R428B/13;u.3006/12. (ST 3, 64, 74) f. Bowl,D. c.o.20 withthinwall (0.004)and flatrim.42 Date: EH II. N333/2,4-5; R287/3;U490BC/15-16;R3012a/6; ls 10170/4,9, 12, 15,57; R280/14,39-40, 64; R428 B/6; P284E/40,46. (ST 7, 42, 90) g. Carinated body sherds,probably froma bowl shape;Th. (wall)0.006.43 Date: EH II? P263/34, 58; R280/28, 37; P269/24, 40, 101-5, 107-8; 1400/34;P284 E/3 (?), 107;N191/65;S478/111; R428B/11,19,65,A/81. (ST 36) h. Crater/bowl withflaringrim;a ratherheavyvessel with D. co. 2-0. 3 and Th. (wall) 0.005; tne rmi 1S evertedand usuallythickened out.44

Date:EH II (-IIP).

38EH II: ÁyiosStephanos,unpublishedinformation from J. A. MacGillivray(MS, fig.11,no. 197). 39EH I: Perachora, Fossey 59, fig. 3. 21; Kefalari, Dousougli 203, fig.27. 170.EH II: Weisshaar1981,239, fig. 82. 3. 40Or a perforation? Cf. Fossey59, fig.3. 22. EH I: Kythera 77,273,fig.35,pl. 1601.5-7. 41Howell,Έ. Arcadia',fig.3. 30. EH I: Kythera 78 and 273, α 19-20,fig.35; pl. 16. 42EH II: Weisshaar1981,232,fig.78. 7; id. 1982,452 and n. 149;fig.69. 1-2,6. 43Perhapsrelatedto Miiller'sthin-walledcookingvessels: A Prehistoric Müller 63, figs48-9; cf. C. Biegen, Korakou: Settlement nearConnth (Bostonand New York,1921),13,fig.15. 44These coarsevesselswitha markedneckconstriction are not easilyparalleled;Weisshaar1981,233, fig.79. 3, is too massiveand slipped.The rimformis bestparalleledby the EH III crater:e.g. Müller31-2; Weisshaar1981,248 and η. 3o6 (figs89. 2, 5, 7; 90. 9, 11,13; 91. 1),but theseof course are painted.

Early Helladic pottery u P263/8; P269/145 !255 I28-9, I3I-2; P285/4O; R289/18(?); 1400/4; P284 c/3, 53 (?), B/89,A/17(?); H28 D/2; LS 10170/3,5, 8, io, 13;G126/2(?); P284G/4 (?); M357/35;U490 AV/4,AM/20,30, AN/61;U3001/5; U3005/2;U3006/13;R3012A/13,ß/ö + 8; U504/6. (ST31) DISHES(FIG.11.3,24-fj 13. CONICAL to dish(Th. 0.008-0.02)witha straight a. A thick-walled D. 0.2-0.3.U3005/1is decorated slightly flaring profile. belowtherimbya cordonwithobliqueridges. U3005/1;P269/17;R3012a/ii; R428 B/14;R280/9, 14-15, 18, 22-3, 56; P284 B/12-13;U3001/6; R3012 (ST no, 52, 43) A/7,B/7. b. A slighter typethana. D. 0.12. P263/14;P269/184;U490 AS/i; S478/3a, 8a, 10a, 12a;U504/22;R428A/4. (ST27) VESSELS(FIG. II.3, 28-g) 14. STRAIGHT-SIDED

sherdswhoseultimate There is a groupof distinctive to define.They are straight-walled, typeis difficult indeedtheyhardlyseem to curvein anydirection,as thoughtheywere eitherverylarge in diameter,or belonged to some type of rectangularvessel. Wall thicknessvaries from0.004 to 0.007. In manyways thistypecompareswiththe 'bakingpans' fromAsea or Aegina,45thoughours are not pierced. P263/16 at an angleto therim,and showsan appliedcordon46 P269/121seemsto showthebeginingofa spout.47 Date: EH I-II? P263/10, 13, 16, 62, 65-6, 69, 71-3, 101, 104; R280/3,5, 7, 16-17,20, 24, 36; P269/7,110-12,114, 117-20, 121-2, 161; P285/47; R287/2,4-5; C126/3; R462/7;R289/2,12; 1400/3,7; P284 E/27,B/4,D/3, E/37; N191/4 (?), 18 (?), 63; C128/2, 14; C131/2; S478/74-5;R3012B/4-5; U504/13;R428 B/9, 12; LS (ST 26) 11122/44; R428a/i. WITHLEDGE(FIG.U.%30) 15. STAND On one sherditwas possibleto estimateD. 0.6, which seems surprisinglylarge for a sherd whose wall thicknessis only 0.005. The ledge inside is sloping above and straight below,and is set at varyingdepths belowtherim(or above thebase, ifa stand).R280/12 on theledge.48 is decoratedwithfingertipping 45Holmberg andFeiten 10, (Chapter 55-6,figs57-8;Walter n. 11),89,pl.78.65-71.Müller62-4placestheshapeinEH, andnotnecessarily early. 46Cf.Müller*8. 47A similar Renardpl. 31. 14, sherdfromKouphóvouno, hasa rolledrim. 48EH II: Weisshaar 1981,figs79. 8, 82. 4, 6; theseseem

heavierthantheT^acnnian examnles. and notso sharnlv angled. 49Cf. the examplewithfingertipping fromKouphóvouno,

Date: EH II. ^63/59; R280/2, 6, 12; P269/30, 41; C126/4; 1400/1; R428B/20,49. (ST 35) 16. plates (fig. 11.4,1-6) a. A shallow vessel with moulded rim and slightly convexwall, it measures0.20-0.30 in diameterand has a thickfabric(0.02-0.028); the rimhas a rather elaboraterolleclform.49 Two otherrimsmightbelong here(P269/10;S474/17). P269/18,130; P284 E/32 (?); LS 10660/4;Νΐ9χ/36 (?); R3012a/8 (?); P269/10;S474/17;R428A/31. (ST 54, 53) b. Plates with a rolled rim have a slightlyconvex upper surface,and measure0.30 or somewhatmore in diameter;the walls are 0.007-0.01 thick.The rim is rolled, or sometimes thickened with a slight hollow below; some sherds indicate a flat base to the type.50R287/20has two parallel grooveson the interior. Date: EH II. R280/13; P269/15, 97-100, 136-8, 141-2, 144; R287/10,20, 67; P285/7,10 (?); P284D/24;P288/6 (?); R3012A/16-17,19,B/15-16,18,c/3, 7; R3012/5-6,10, 15;U500A1/5,A4/2;R428B/21,24,A/7,13,16, 18,21, (ST 44) 27,29-30, 37,42, 44, 133. 17. pans (fig. i 1.4,y-g) This low,flat-basedvessel,0.20 in diameterand with wall 0.01 thick,rises0.02-0.03 frombase to rim.Two examples have a curved profile(R289/152 + 185, U3006/63), while a thirdis verticalwith a slightly evertedbase (S448/12);the last has a somewhatfiner fabric.Rims are eitherflator pinched.A bodysherd (S448/5)mightalso belong.51 Date: EH I-II. P269/152+ 185;S448/12;Q3006/63;S448/5. (ST 63, 85, 86) 18. STAND(FIG. 11.4, 10)

A flat-topped vesselon a low splayingverticalbase (D. the shape fromthe to reconstruct 0.125).It is difficult nearone end.52 sherd.Perforation Date: EH II. P284B/29;R428A/84-5,87. (ST 92) Renard140nos 30^-6, pis 3^, 38. 16-17. 50EH II: Müller 35-6, fig.31; Weisshaar1981,fig.82. 2; Hanschmannand MilojCic54, pl. 19. 18-19. 51EH I: Caskeyand Caskey142,fig.4, III. 16,pl. 47; Fossey 59, fig.58, misc.1. EH II: Weisshaar1981,fig.84. 11-14,cf.fig. 87. 6; Eutresis, Goldman(n. 9), figs142-3;Taylour(n. 1),241, HS 41. EH II (-III): Hanschmannand MilojCic,pl. 65 b 16. 52Holmberg84-8, esp. fig.88 b-c;Taylour(n. 1),240-1,HS 40.

12 Chapter 11 19· DIPPER(FIG. 11.4, //)

A handle with a long stem, round in section and c.0.018in diameter, ends in an oval loop 0.022 across. It may be attributedto the dipper on the basis of morecompleteexamplesfromelsewherein Greece.53 Date: FN-EH I (-IP). P263/54-5,57. (ST 40) 20. DISC (FIG. 11.4, 12)

Flat clay disc; D. 0.30, Th. 0.016. Possiblya potter's turntable?54 Date: EH II? P263/105. (ST 39) FIG. II.4, Ij) 21. LARGEPEDESTALBASE(FRUIT-STAND;

vessel(0.01),withfloor Fragmentoflargethick-walled 0.02 thick;coveredin and outwiththickredslip.55 Date: EH I? C126/17. (ST 105) 22. THIN-WALLED JARSORJUGS(FIGS.II.4, 14-21; 11.5, /)

a. Jar with evertedrim; the rim sherds suggesta globularbodied vesselwitha roundedshoulderand sharplyevertedrim.The rimcan be plain,pinched, or flaton top. The fabricis coarse and no trace of paint has survived;the walls are normallyabout 0.004, Dut thickerat the rim. The diameterof the rimis 0.22, thatof the neck from0.15 (P269/164)to 0.19 (L400/2).56On threeexamplesa verticalstrap handle,a flattenedovoidin section,extendsfromthe outwards(P269/164;L400/5; lip almosthorizontally R3012B/24 close).57A handle withdeeper diagonal excisions (R287/44)58mightalso belong with this type. Date: EH I- II (-III). 53FN: Sampson(ch. 10,n. 1),54, fig.51, 257. EH I: Biegen 96-7, 101and fig.84; Weisshaar1981,figs.78. 1,3; 79. 1. EH II (?): Müller 36, pl. 22. 8; Weisshaar 1981, fig. 88. 3. Kouphóvouno: Renard 142,nos. 405-11,esp. no. 407, pl. 31. 11. 54 Cf. P. M. Warren, on Myrtos:An Early BronzeAge Settlement

Crete(London, 1972), 213-15, 224. Ours is probably not convexenough on one face. Baking-plates,e.g. Weisshaar 1982,461,fig.77. 18,are also comparable. 55EH II: Eutresis, Caskeyand Caskey 134,fig.4, II. 16 (painted,notslipped);Kephala, J. Coleman,Keos,i: Kephak (1977),esp. 14 and pl. 30; Dousougli203 and fig.27. 168; 205 and fig.29. 180-1. Stands are a common featureof the Talioti phase, but tend to have finger-tipping around the joint: H.-J.Weisshaar,'Die Keramikvon Talioti',Tiryns,xi (Mainz, 1990),1-34,at pp. 7-8. 56Biegen85-6; Müller25-8; Holmberg74 and fig.76, 84 and fig.85 d. EH I: Fossey56-7, fig.2. 2-9; 60-2, fig.5, jars 2-15 (though'essentiallyof finefabric');Dousougli 201, fig. 26, no. 157(red-slipped); 205 and fig.29. 187.EH II: Caskey and Caskey 156,fig.11,VIII. 58; Weisshaar1981,234 and

P269/164; L400/5; R3012 B/24; L400/2 + 26; R3012/1,3; R287/41;LS 10071/10. (ST 68, 87,96, 78) b. Some neck sherdssuggesta jar typewitha more verticalrim,thoughthese are not verycomplete.59 P284 b/8 has a thickenedband, wherethebodyjoins the neck, decorated with vertical incised slashes. rim0.14 R287/9has a broad evertedalmostflattened in diameter.60 Date: EH II. P263/9,52; R287/9;P284E/28,B/8,47; R289/3(?); C126/13; R3012 A/18.

(ST 29, 103)

c. A necklessjar of broad globularshape witha very shortout-turned on top;D. (rim)0.13,Th. lip flattened (wall)0.005.61 Date: EH I-II. P284 B/121;R428 A/2.

(ST 91)

23. HEAVYJARWITHSHORTNECK (FIG. 11.5, 2-6)

This type has a thick wall (0.007-0.009) and D. c.o.30-0.40, markedlylargerand heavierthan 22. 62 The rim formvaries frompiece to piece, with an a rounded evertedand splayingexample(P269/125),63 everted rim (U504/11) and a short flattenedrim (U3005/7).64Horizontal cordons can be moulded below the rim; thatof U3005/7is decoratedwitha rowof diagonalslashedlines;P284 B/14has a rowof finger tipping on the shoulder.65A body sherd decoratedwith two parallel applied cordons might belonghere(P269/179).66 Date: EH I-II. P269/ 125-6, 179; P284 B/14; R287/14; U3005/7-8; R3012 A/9; U504/11; R428 B/lO, 17; LS III22/19.

(ST59,62)

figs82. 5, 85. 3, 5, 8; id. 1982,457 no. 15(thoughoursare not Hanschmann and MilojCic 53, 'Tunnelhenkelamphoren'); pl. 17.9-18. typeE2 ('Trichterhalstopf'), 57These handlesare notlikethoseoftheusual EH jugs,e.g. Müller21-2,pis 8-9. 58Kouphóvouno:Renard152,no. 456,pl. 38. 5. 59EH II: cf.Weisshaar1981,243,fig·86. 10;id. 1982,453,fig. 69. 3. EH ΠΙ/ΜΗ: Hanschmannand MilojCiéιοί,pl. 54. 6. 60EH 11:^ Àyios Stephanos, unpublished sherd MS, fig.8 no. 139). (MacGillivray, 61EH I-II: Kythera a 42, pp. 80, 273,fig.35, pl. 16. Cf. also EH II- III: Weisshaar1981,234 and fig.88. 7; Frenchand French(n. 11),30, fig.2. 11-12. 62EH I: Goldman(n. q), fis 100. i-q. 63EH II: Weisshaar1081,fig.7Q.6; id. 1082,4**,fift6q. 1*. 64Müller27, fig.19. 3; Holmberg80, fig.82 e. EH II- III: Weisshaar1981,234 and fig.88. 7. 65EH III: Hanschmannand MilojCic73,pl. 38. 5; Kritsana, ibid.pl. 73. 7, II. 97. 66Cf. Weisshaar 198 1, 242, fig.85. ι; Renard 1335nos, 369-70,pl. 48. 13-14,and p. 151,no. 454.

Early Helladic pottery13 24· TALL NARROW-NECKED JAR/JUG(FIG. 11.5, 7)

neck;D. (rim)0.10-0.12.67 Jarorjug withtallflaring Date EH II (-III). P263/13, 15, 17-18, 60-1, 64; P269/186-7 (?); (ST 24) U504/77. 25. HANDLES(FIG. 11.6, 1-g)

Numerous handles of coarse fabric are to be associated with closed household vessels, and perhaps pithoi, though it is difficultto say with whichtypes,theyhave been subdividedinto several categories. a. Handles withoval section,flattenedon top and bottom;D. 0.02 Χ 0.01-0.015.Some mightgo with22 a. Occasionallytheseare foundin a lesscoarsefabric U490 u/i, BA/14).Two are rather (K414B/4;N191/31; small(P269/25;C131/5). P263/56;K414A/4; LS 10660/9;Ν^ϊ/β1 (?); U49° u/i, AV/15-16,BA/14;S478/27a; U3001/23; R3012 A/15,b/22; R3012/20;U504/35; U500 Ai/22; R428 (ST 41,51) B/41;P269/25;C131/5;R428A/74-6. b. Handles with a D-shaped, or more strictlya flattened ovoid,section;evidently theyare horizontal handles.68 ^33/7, 10; ^87/43; ^62/3; P284 c/26; LS 10170/23; K414 B/14; LS 10531/1; U490 AO/i; U500 A4/5-6, B4/7; R428 B/34; U3001/22; U3005/21-3, 28, (ST 4> 94) 34; R3012/24-5; S460/11; R428 A/53, 72· B:OPEN

OR CLOSED

c. Handleswithcircularsection;D. 0.02-0.025. N333/8~9, 11-14; U3001/24; U3002/23; U3005/ 16-20, 24-7, 31-3, 35; U3006/31,43; R3012A/31,33; R3012/16-19,21-3, 26-8; U504/37,42-6, 50-1, 53, 55~7>59; U500 A1/16-21,23, A3/4,A4/7,B4/3,6, 8; R428 B/32-3,36, 38-40; P284/4;R426 C2/16-17;LS 11122/24; R287/30, 35-6, 39-40, 44-5, 47-8, 64; P285/25,32; P284 B/40, D/13-15,17,53; K414 A/4; N312/14,16; P262/70;N191/24,28-9; C128/3+ 6; LS 10521/1;LS 10660/10;LS 10825/2,6; R428 A/55-7, (ST 5, 79) 59-7o573,77,136. d. Handles with rope or similardecoration; these tend to be heavy handles (D. 0.025) witn diagonal incisedlines.Rare typesincludeone withridgesalong theexterior(N333/6).69 P269/20-2,42, 163, 166-9; R287/27,32, 34, 37, 42, 46; P285/30; LS 10170/18;679/1; C126/5, 15; U490 w/10; S478/3; U3005/29-30; R3012/36;U500 B4/5; (ST 57,6) U504/147-8;R428A/58. e. Strap handles, probably fromjugs70 and jars; these are flatin section and measure 0.03-0.035 X 0.01.

P269/23;R287/33,38; P285/31;P284B/46;G154/8; C126/6;

N312/15;

LS 10582/1;

C126/14;

U504/39-40;U500 D4/9;R428b/37,A/71.

U3001/21;

(ST 56)

and a f. A simplecircularlug handle (P269/165?)71 doublelugfromthebodyofa vase (P269/162).72

SHAPES

26. VESSELDECORATEDWITHINCISION(FIG. 11.6, io)

withfineincisedlines A bodysherd0.006thick, decorated line.73 ina herring-bone motif either sideofa straight Date: EH I-II. (ST71) P269/180.

Date: EH II. P263/108;P269/170-1;P284 d/8 (?); LS 10170/24, 32, 37; P261/2(?); U3005/49;U3006/62;R3012b/io; R3012/2,32; U504/80-1,83, 85-7; R428a/88. (ST37)

27. BASES(FIGS. 11.6, II-22; 11.7, /) a. Ring bases ofcoarse fabric,somewhatsplayingand flat underneath; D. (base) 0.08-0.12, exceptionally0.20 (LS 74 10170/32;U3006/62);Th. (wallofvessel)0.005-0.008.

b. Small pedestalbase, similarto 5 c but in a coarse fabric;D. 0.07.75 Date: EH II? (ST 61) P269/172;U490AU/22(?).

67EH II- III: Weisshaar1981,242,% 85. 1; 247,fig.89. 18; id. 1982,453,fig.69. 5. Cf. EH I: Fossey57, fig.2. 17-22;62 and fig.4. 25-8. EH III: Hanschmannand MilojCic83, pl. 43-6. 68These presumablyservedjars; cf.Biegen85, figs73. 54, 74. 605; Müller 25-6 and fig. 17, pl. 10. 1-3. The loop handlestypicalofthesevesselsat Tiryns(cf.Müller49) have notbeen recognizedin theLaconia Surveymaterial. 69EH I-II: Kythera 890, α 55, pl. 17. Kouphóvouno: Renard152,no. 455,pl. 38. 6. 70See Weisshaar 1982, 452 and n. 144, with full bibliography; fig.67. 4-5.

71EH I: Hanschmannand MilojCic39, pl. 10. 2-4; EH II (-III): Biegen119;Weisshaar1981,233,fig.79. 7; 243,fig.86. 17.

72Cf. Holmberg78, fig.78 m. 73EH I: Kythera 79, α 35, fig.35, pl. 16 (smaller).EH II: Caskeyand Caskey 156,VIII. 45. Kouphóvouno: Renard 151,no. 451,pl. 31. 13. 74Müller 31, fig. 24; cf. 54, fig. 40. 7. EH II: Áyios MS, fig.11,no. Stephanos,unpublishedsherd(MacGillivray, 205)·

'* ömall bowlsin coarseware are reportediromZ,ygounes: Biegen106and fig.90.

14 Chapter 11 c. Simple,,small,flatbase withconcave interior;D. 0.07,Th. (wall)0.008. P269/174;P284B/28,31,112(?); R3012B/36. (ST 61) d. Flat base varyingin diameterfrom0.06 to 0.10; sometimes a plainflatbase,sometimes slightly splaying hollowedunderneath; Th. (wall)0.006-0.01. and slightly N333/23;^63/33; R280/31;R287/24;R428B/52-3; U500 Ai/27-8, B4/16; U520/16;R3012A/35; R30i2 B/34; LS 11122/31;U504/78, 84; U500 A4/9; R428 A/83. (ST 8) basesbelonging toa bigcoarsevessel; e. Largepedestalled H. (pedestals) 0.02-0.03,D. 0.10-0.18;Th. (walls)0.009. The profile isconvexandthebaseslightly splayed.76 Date: EH I. P269/i75;77R287/8 (?); H45 j/31; U3005/53 (?); Q3006/62; R3012 a/io, B/20; U504/31, 140, 152; (ST 7°>47) R280/25;R428A/125. 28. PiTHOi(figs,ι1.7,2-6; 11.8,1-6; 11.9,/) a. Pithoi78 witha rolledrimcan varyin diameterfrom from0.009 to 0.015.A 0.27 to 0.50, thewall thickness numberhavea ratherevertedrim,curvedon theinside - ratherflaringand exceptionallylarge (D. (R280/10 and The rimis usuallyrolled 0.6)79 70; P269/26).80 and pinched on the inside; flattenedrims are also withdiagonal fingertipping under known(R287/2181 LS the edge),and S478/8482 is markedlyoverhanging. 10581/1 mightbelong to a neckedpithoswitha flat rim.A bodysherdwas decoratedwithtwo horizontal cordonsimpressed withfingertipping (P269/178).83

Chronological

Date: EH I-II (-III). P269/19,123 + 124, 148, 178; R287/22;P284 d/i; S478/i5a;U3001/11;U3005/11,12; R3012/20-1,23-8, 39, c/8, 12; R3012/13-14;U500 A1/8-10,A4/3, 10; R428B/26-7,35; U504/20,33, 143;S478/84;R287/21; LS 10170/14;P269/178;R280/10,70; P269/26; R428 a/io, 23, 26, 34-6, 41,43, 45-6, 86. (ST 45,55, 77,107) b. Otherpithoiincludea hole-mouthed typewithan rimand a heavy(0.013-0.023)globularbody in-turned sherd (U500A3/2and perhapsU504/21,a problematic 1 withtwo perforations made beforefiring). LS 10581/ has a flaringrim.84U3006/3285 is thebodysherdof a on theoutside. pithoswitha lugand fingertipping Date: EH I-II. LS 10170/16;R3012B/19; LS IO581/1;U5OOA3/2; U504/21. (ST93, III-12) c. Bases belongingto pithoiincludea largeknobbed base (D. 0.08; P284 B/54)and heavyflatbases, or in one case a ringbase (U3005/15).86 P284 B/54; P285/16; R428 A/82, B/54; R462/2; U490 BC/44,60; U500 B4/10;U3005/15,51; R3012/31 + 32, 33(ST 80, 89) 29. TRIPODLEGS(FIG.11.7, J-8) of legs,oval in section(0.065 X 0.035) an<^ Fragments preservedup to H. 0.08. One massiveexample (LS 10579/1)87was preservedto a max. W. 0.15 and Th. itwasdecorated withvertical 0.03-0.035; appliedcordons.88 C126/31; R280/33, 177; S478/16A; U504/60; U3006/48. (ST 46, 104)

Overview

In thelightofthecomparative evidencethereare severaltypesindicativeofan earlyEH date. fabric(SF AG), and especiallyoftypes10 a-c in thatfabric, The presenceofthered-slipped that and U3005includeearlypottery. The C126, P262, R428,8431,113001, N191, Q360, suggest coarse pedestalledbase type27 e (P269,R280,R287,R428,U504,U3005,and R3012)ought 76EH I: Weisshaar1981,231,fig.77. 1; Fournoi, Dousougli 215,fig.32; 218n. 175. 77Müller54, fig.40. 11. It is possiblethatthe incomplete standssuchas Biegen116and examplesbelongto cylindrical fig.108. 78Biegen 119-20,figs111-12;Müller37-40; Holmberg,fig. 82 h. 79Biegen119,fig.in. EH III (?): Hanschmannand MilojCic 116,pl. φ. ΐ6. 80Müller38, fig.35 and pl. 15. 1. EH I: Fossey57 and fig.2. 1 (D. 0.33).EH II: Weisshaar1981,239,fig.82. 1. 81EH II- III: Weisshaar1981,243, fig.86. 15; id. 1982,fig. 69. 8; 447,fig.65. 3.

82Weisshaar1082.fier. 6o. 1^. 83Kouphóvouno:Renard131. WEH II- III: Weisshaar 1981, 244, fig. 87. ι. EH III: Hanschmannand MilojCié75 pl. 38. 3-4, 6. 85EH I: Hanschmannand Milojfiié39, pl. 10. 6; EH II: H. auf der D. Siedentopf,'Frühhelladische Siedlungsschichten ν (Mainz, 1971),77-85, at Unterburgvon Tiryns',in Tiryns, pp. 77-8 and fig.3; Renard147,no. 435,pl. 41. 8. 86Cf.Müller38, fig.36 (notveryclose). 87Renard 148,no. 440, pl. 31. 2; cf.also the handle (?) at ibid. 153,no. 465,pl. 24. 7. 88Müller29 and fig.22. 1; 54-5, pl. 14. 11;Holmberg,fig.78 g; Renard148,no. 441,pl. 31. 1.

Early Helladic pottery15 also to be early.Whilesome of thesesitesmaywellbe multi-period, some also have negative evidenceforan earlydate.C126has no pedestalbases (5 a)89and onlyone sherdoffineyellow fabric(8 a);90thisis thebestcandidatefora pureEH I site,especiallygiventhedistinctive 21. in 1 similar no a or and are indeed or and little fine 2, U490 P285,S448, having 5 relatively latermightbe placed N191,1400,U500,U3006,and LS 10170 warealtogether. Perhapsslightly (= G154),whichhave producedpedestalbases (5) and bowlswithincurvingrims(1), but no sauceboats.If we take thesesitesas a basis forgeneralizingabout late EH I/earlyEH II ceramicsin Laconia it emergesthat,in additionto 10 and 5 a, alreadymentioned,thetypes commonat thisstageinclude:basins(11 a-b), theheavyrimmedbowl or crater particularly vessels(14), and handles witha simple circularsection(25 c), the (12 h), straight-sided those with decoration (25 d). None of thesetypesis exclusiveto the period, rope especially an EH I thatoftheformsconsideredespeciallyhelpfulin distinguishing and it is noteworthy calotte-bowls with rounded or datewe can pointonlyto thered-burnished ware; pointedrims, swollenor sharplyin-curvedrim,jars withthickenedhooked rims, bowlswitha flattened, do inciseddecoration,bowlswithan overhanging rim,and flatbases witha mat-impression91 notseemto formpartoftheassemblagesin thesurveymaterial.The presenceofsome EH I ofregionaldifference. findsat Kouphóvounoshowsthatthisis notsimplya reflection On thesegroundsa classicEH II phase wouldbe represented by sitessuchas C128,R280, R287, R289, U504, M357, K414, and S478. These indicate the firstsecure sign of the offine-ware introduction ofthesauceboat(2) and an increasingproliferation types:a greater varietyofpedestalbases (5 b-c) and ringbases (6), and, in thecoarsewares,thebowlwitha flattenedrim (12 b), the coarse conical dish (13 a-b), the thickenedor rolledand slightly jar heavyjar (23, thoughnote EH I parallelsat Eutresis),and perhapsthe narrow-necked majorsites(P263,P269,P284,R428,U3001,U3005,and R3012)tendto be (24). The remaining themostabundantsitesand couldwellbe multi-period. has been placed on theabsenceofsauceboats.It Some weightin thisproposedchronology to assesshow reliablethisargumentfromsilencemay be. Sauceboatshave been is difficult sites(P262,R289,M357).In a completelydifferent collectedfromquite sparselyrepresented indicatethatsauceboatsare contextthe surfacesamplingand excavationunitsat Lithares92 in some 10 per cent of scarce but were an exceptionally usually importantcomponent, of excavatedcontexts.The findsindicatethattheLaconia Surveyarea was in themainstream and the standard of the theclassicfine-wares, ceramicdevelopment; Urfirnis, including shapes EH repertory are found:sauceboats,bowls within-curvedrims,coarse basins and bowls, funnel-necked jars, and pithoi.Absent,however,are the tunnelhandlesfromamphoraeand the tubularhandlesfrombasins;93thereis no obviousreasonwhytheseshouldnot occur in surfaceassemblages.Trimmedbasinsseem to be less commonthan in the Argolid.On the ofconicaldishesor platesseemsto be widerthanthatencountered otherhand,therepertory in centralGreece.

89At Eutresispedestalbases ofthistypeoccurfirstin group IV (Caskeyand Caskey146);theyare notpresentin phase X at Perachora(Fossey59), and are notreportedfromtheEH I levels at Kephalari, or from Talioti or Fournoi (see Dousougli). 90Fine waresfromEH I contextsincludethe 'Whiteware' fromEutresis(Goldman(n. 9), 83; Caskeyand Caskey140-2; in cf. H. Tzavella-Evjen, Lithares:An EarlyBronzeAge Settlement

Boeotia(1985), 11) (white, hard fabrics) and a fine buff monochrome and a smooth pink ware fromPerachora (Fossey55, 60, 66). 91These are picked out in particularby Dousougli 214; Phelps356-9. 92Tzavella-Evjen(n. 90), 18,table4. 93e.g.Biegen11,fig.99.

i6 Chapter11 The absenceofEH III ceramicsis partofa widerproblem;thesituationas summarizedby Rutterin 1986- 'in Messeniaand Laconia ... no potteryrecognizableas EarlyHelladic III - has not been changedby the Laconia Survey.It is difficult has yetbeen found'94 to believe thatthisis due entirely to the 'invisibility' of EH III ceramics;theyhave,afterall, sometimes turnedup in surfaceassemblages.95

94J. B. Rutter,'Early Helladic III vasepainting,ceramic regionalism and the influence of basketry' in Ε. Β. Frenchand K. A. Wardle (eds), Problems in Greek Prehistory

(Bristol,1988), 73-90, at p. 74. 95e.g.Dousougli198,fromMakrovoúni.

12 THE MIDDLE HELLADIC AND LATE HELLADIC III POTTERY WilliamCavanaghandjoostCrouwel MIDDLEHELLADICPOTTERYhas been foundduringearliersurveysand at various in Laconia,butmuchof it stillawaitsfullpublication.1 excavations This is also trueof theexcavatedmaterialfromtheMenelaionridge,whichis withinoursurveyarea.2Such a situationimpedesa fullassessmentof the characterand chronologyof Laconian MiddleHelladicpottery, and ofitsrelationship withthatofthesucceeding Late Helladic period. it is clearthatthereare variouslinkswithMH ceramicsfromotherparts Nonetheless, ofthePéloponnèse, theArgolid, whereLernawithitsstratified particularly depositsmay be regardedas thetypesite.3Thesepottery connections, althoughmuchlessstrongthan in theEH II period,relateto fabrics, vaseshapes,and incisedor painteddecoration alike. At the same time,much of the MH potteryfromLaconia appears to be of local and such characteristic featuresas true GreyMinyan,withits wellmanufacture,4 often rather and smoothed, 'soapy'surface, thering-stemmed gobletor bowlseemto be absent. largely The fabrics, ofsomeofthepottery, fromthe shapes,and painteddecoration particularly timeoftheMH-LH transition at AyiosStephanos in theHelosplain,alsopointsto contacts withCrete.Thesecontacts wereprobably conducted via theislandofKythera, wheresimilar hasbeenfoundintheremains ofa MinoancolonyatKastri.5 pottery The LaconiaSurveyhas collected a fairbodyofbothMH and MH-earlyLH pottery. It comesfromsometwelvelocations, nineofwhichcan be calledsites.Forconvenience the material is classified hereintotableand household vessels wares,withpithoiand imported treated separately.6 1 See listofsitesand theirpottery datingin GAMC107ff. 2 For MH potterysee brieflyCatling,'Menelaion', 28-9; in Greece,1980-81',AR 27 (1980-1), 3-48, id., 'Archaeology at p. 16. 3 See Zerner, 'Lerna 1', 'Lerna 2', and 'New perspectives'.For recentlystudiedMH potteryfromother sitesin theNE Péloponnèsesee Nordquist,Anne,47-54; id., 'Middle Helladic potteryfromthesouthernArgolid',Hydra, 5 (1988), 17-30; Rutter, 'Pottery groups.' Of great importanceis also the sequence of MH materialfromthe site of Nichoria in Messenia, publishedin detail by R. J. Howell, 'The Middle Helladic settlement:pottery', in Mchona,ii. 43-204.

4 This is confirmedby clay analyses of some 'Minyan' fromAyiosStephanos:Jones,GCP416. pottery 5 Rutterand Rutter,esp. 63-5; J. B. Rutter,'Stone vases and MinyanWare: a facetof Minoan influenceon Middle Helladic Laconia', AJA83 (1978), 464-9; Kythera; Zerner, 'New perspectives', 46-7; Howell (n. 3), 76-7, 78-9 (Nichoria). 6 We are mostgratefulto Dr C. Zerner,who is preparing the MH potteryfromboth AyiosStephanosand Lerna for publication,forlookingover our findsand lendingexpert advice on theiridentification and chronology.

i8 Chapter12 Table

Wares (1-5.) There has recentlydevelopedsome debate over the classification of MH fabrics,thanksin workof Zernerat Lerna and Nordquistat Asine.Workingwith particularto the important verylarge collections fromexcavated sites, and in a region which has been verywell centersof productionas a firststep to researched,Zernerhas been concernedto 'identify in MH In the craft the we havebeen guidedby understanding potter's period'.7 our treatment considerationsof functionand appearance; if you will, the consumer'sratherthan the producer'spointof view.The natureof surveymaterial(collectedin smallquantitiesfroma numberofdifferent sites)and theaimsofthesurveyhavemovedus in thisdirection.We must concede,however,thatthereis some overlapin fabrictypesbetweentable and household wares. The classicMH waresrecoveredfromthesurveyarea are all handmade;wheelmadetypes featureonlyat theveryend oftheMiddleBronzeAge or thebeginning oftheLate Helladic. Zerner's Dark Burnishedtypesare foundin shapes such as kantharoi,cups, and twohandled bowls. This ware is to be associated with Argive Minyan and Rutter's'Dark Minyan',8and in itsclassicform(SF 8) has a finelyburnishedblacksurfaceof reddish-black colour(2.5YR2/1),thoughitcan varyto lightreddish-grey (2.5YR5/2),and a lightredbiscuit R Thin-walled vessels have few inclusions,otherwisesome quartz. A (10 6/8). relatively somewhatcoarserfabric,pinkish-grey in and out (7.5 YR 5/6-7/2)withquartzand grits,can also be subsumedhere(SF E, F). Dark Temperedfabrics,pink(7.5 YR 7/4) to lightreddish-brown (5 YR 6/4) out and light YR in the include Yellow core, 6/1) grey(5 Minyan (SF D, T, AN, AI). A reducedfabric, in is perhapsimitating GreyMinyan, lightgrey and out (5 YR6/1to 10YR7/1;SF H, L). Fine White-slipped has a finefabricwith (thetermis takenoverfromRutterand Rutter)9 a few small and inclusions. The is coloured just black-grit, grog, quartz clay pink(7.5YR 8/4) to verypale brown(10 YR 8/4) bothin and out. The vases are coated insideand out witha thickwhiteslip(SF U). OPEN SHAPES I. KANTHAROS OR CUP (FIG. 12. 1, I~8)10

stem(D. 0.25)ofa kantharos or cup on a highfoot. The simpleevertedrimsdevelop,in the betterpreservedexamples,froma flaringbody. Rim diameters from 0.08to0.15,wallthickness varyfrom and a nas a largediameter 0.003 to 0.005.11412/4 rimsomewhat flattened on top(LH I?). S434/3is in a coarsefabric, theEH tradition; perhapsfollowing Dark Temperedand Dark Burnishedfabricsare moreusual.

7 Zerner,'Lerna 1', esp. 59, and 'New perspectives'.For this classification, based primarily on technological see also Nordquist,Asine,47-54; id., 'Middle considerations, Helladic potteryfromthe southernArgolid'(n. 3); S. Dietz, C. Zerner,and G. Nordquist,'Concerningthe classification oftheMiddleHelladicwaresin theArgolid',Hydra, 5 (1988), S. 3 (1987),26-8 (criticalremarks); 15-16;cf.J. Maran,Hydra,

8 Zerner, 'New perspectives', 43-4 with n. 10 (NE Peloponnesian Dark Burnished), 45 with n. 29 (S. PeloponnesianDark Burnished,Quartz, and Mica); Rutter and Rutter,6 withn. 8; see also Howell (n. 3), 58-60, 71, 73-4,76 (MH II Nichoria). 9 Rutterand Rutter, 10. 10Cf. G. C. Nordquistand C. Zerner,'Nomenclatureof MH potteryshapes', Hydra,3 (1987), 29-31, at p. 29; cf. Rutterand Rutter22, 28, 37 (Ayios Stephanos); Rutter, 'Pottery groups',431-5.

from a. It is difficult thefragmentary material survey to assemblewhole shapes; in particular,it is impossibleto associatethefewbases whichhave a survived withanyoftherims,ortodecidewhether particular pothad one or twohandles.^25/23 (ST raisedflatbase,0.04 in diameter, 113)has a slightly and mightbelongto a carinated, one-handled cup, as mightM322/95.R2o,i/26a is thethickened ring

Dietz,

The Argolid at the Transition to the Mycenaean Age

(Copenhagen,1991),29-35 (% 2 presentsa concordanceof Fora verydifferent classification someclassification systems). and nomenclature ofMH pottery, see Howell(n. 3).

Middle and Late Helladic pottery19 Whereasmostpieces are undecorated,M322/6is paintedwitha black stripeon top of the lip and a band belowtherim. Date: MH I/II-III (-LH I).

R291/2, 26a; M322/6-7, 24, 95; n4io/2; n4i2/'4; S434/3; Γ525/23. (ST 3, 11, 15, 78, 113, 119) Ribbon handles, probably from kantharoi, are 0.02-0.03 wide and 0.006 thick. Some other, slightly wider handles (c.0.004 wide) may be fromkantharoi or goblets (R292/9; M322/47; M322 A/192). R291/5, 7, 9a, 14a, 19a, 22-23a, 122a; 292, 9, 10-11; M322/42, 44, 47, 50; M322 A/192-3; M349/74, 78, 80; n4io/i6; n4ii/9; n4i2/7~8; S434/13; Γ525/ΐ3-ΐ5· (ST 15, 34) b. White-slippedkantharos(FIG. 12.1,9-10). A number of sherds are linked by their fine white-slippedfabric. They can be provisionallyassigned to two forms,the kantharos and the goblet. The simple everted rim M349/28, withD. 0.20, is large but not impossiblylarge for a kantharos; the form of the rim is that of a semiglobular cup, but the diameter does seem too large for that. The high ribbon handle M349/100, and the false ringbase witha somewhat evertedprofileM349/153 (D. 0.06), serve to confirmthatkantharoiwere made in this fabric.They have a wall-thicknessof 0.003-0.005. Body sherdscould belong to eitherib or 2b. Date: MH III-LH I. N191/56 (?); R291/29; M349/28, 100, 153; n4io/3 (ST 35, 15, 21) Body sherds: N191/45, 101; M322/117; M322 A/204; (ST 28-9) M349/153, !78; 1*412/15,38, 44> 50· 2. GOBLETSANDBASINS11 a. (FIGS. 12.1, n-iy; 12.2, 1-2) From the rims and

to distinguish it is difficult especiallythe body-sherds bowls on two-handled feet),ring(or high goblets stemmedgobletsor ring-stemmed bowls,and basins or cratersfromone another.It is assumedthatwhere the rim is heavy,everted,and flat-toppedthe vessel will not be a cup or kantharos.In size the sherds indicate a rim diameter of 0.20-0.25 and a wall of0.008. The simplestrimsare roundedand thickness somewhatspreading^525/3, M322/3,^25/6 (?)),and accordingto Dr Zernerthesemaybe middleMH; in theMiddle and Late MH phasesfacetedrimswerein

11Cf. Nordquist and Zerner (n. 10), 31 (nomenclature); Taylour215and fig.6 (AyiosStephanos,HS 16); Rutterand Rutter22, 28, 37; Rutter, Totterygroups',423-31,431-5. 12For examplesof thiswell-known typeof MH decoration fromLaconia,see e.g.Taylour215and fig.6 (HS 16);D. French, inTaylour266,fig.37. 12;Rutter and Rutter 23,28,37,50 (Ayios E. Buschorand W. vonMassow,'VomAmyklaion', Stephanos);

vogue (M322/13,15 (?), R292/1),the typewith the shortrimcominglate (M322/8,12,26, 165 straighter, (?); M322 a/ 184; n4i2/5). Body sherdswith incised festoons12 theprofilebelow belonghere,and illustrate therim(M322/48-9,104(?); Q360 l/ii (?)); shortstrap handles are also diagnostic of these shapes. The splayingbase M322/181belongs to this type; it is hollowunderneathand has D. 0.08. slightly Date: MH II-MH III. R292/1; M322/2, 8, 12-13, 15 (?), 20, 26, 165 (?), 181;

M322A/184;M349/33(?); n4i2/5; ^25/3, 6 (?). (ST 4~5>7~9> J4>21) Body sherds: R292/20; M322/48-9, 72, 79-80, So--^ 94> 96~7> IO2, 104 (?), 120, 149; Q360 l/ii (?); n4i2/i9-2O, 34, 36, 39-41, 45-6, 52; N413/3; R457/26-7;R3025/3;LS 12503/16. (ST 25) b. Fine goblet(FIG.12.2,3-8). The tall-rimmed sherd n4io/4 is 0.25 in diameter(too large forthe normal kantharos).It is painted witha purple band over a thickwhiteslip (SF U), both inside and outside.A pedestal base (R291/11)confirmsthat gobletswere made in thisfabric,thoughthisor similarshapeswere also used in other fabrics. Q360 c/9, a heavier pedestalbase,probablybelongshere. Date: MH III-LH II. R291/3, 11; M349/150, 165; Q360 c/9; n4io/4; S434/18;LS 10465/7 (ST 35,55,57,90) 3. BOWLWITHINTURNEDRIM (FIG. 12.3, g)13

This is a Yellow Minyan Dark Temperedvessel,D. 0.27, with an in-curvedrim returningat a slight carinationto formthebowl;Th. (wall)0.007. Date: MH. M322A/183. (ST79) CUP (FIG. 12.2, /0~/j)14 4. SEMI-GLOBULAR

a. Handmade open cup shape withrimD. 0.09-0.12. The rimis everted,thebodyprofileconvex.The wall is thin (0.004), DUttne fabric (Dark Tempered) is rathercoarse withmedium-sizedpurple inclusions and limestone. Perhaps this form is an imitationof the semiglobularMycenaeancup (FS 211or 212).15 Date: LH I? M322/14; M322 A/185; n4io/76; Q360 AG/5; R457/3· (ST 10,80, 106)

AM 51(1927),1-85,at pp.5-6 and figs.1-3.Cf.Howell(n.3),52, MH II Nichoria). 59,71(MH I andparticularly 13Cf.Nordquistand Zerner(n. 10),29. '* Lit. ibid. 30.

15P. A. Mountjoy,Mycenaean Decorated (SIMA 73; Pottery Gîteborg,1986), 14-15and fig.7; Rutterand Rutter56, 63; Rutter, 'Pottery groups',438-9 withn. 48.

20 Chapter12 b. A veryfinesherdwitha diameterof 0.09 and a wall thickness of0.003; it nas a shortevertedrimand a veryfinebody. It mightbelong to a Mycenaean semi-globular cup (see a), thoughthe wall seemstoo thinand therimtoo short. Date: LH I/II? n4io/i. (ST 36) 5. BOWL WITH EVERTED RIM (FIG. 12.2, /J-/6)

A medium-sized bowl (D. 0.20-0.22, Th. (wall) 0.007-0.01),witha flaringprofile;the rimis slightly

curvedon top and evertedto forman overhanging lip. The fabricis Dark Tempered. Date: MH. M322 a/ 188 (Yellow Minyan); n4i2/4 (Grey Minyan). (ST 126,31) Possiblyalso ofthistypeare twomoresherds:M322 A/184, which is of a slightlycoarser fabricand is decorated with an applied cordon 0.025 below the rim,and Q360 AD/6. These appearto be wheelmade. Date: LH? M322A/184,Q36° ad/6. (ST 31)

Household

Wares (6-23) Althoughthereare some exceptions(cf.ia; na, M322/26),thetablewarestendto be made offinely whereashouseholdtypesare mediumto coarsein levigatedclayswithfineinclusions, fabric.Nevertheless, the relationship is not a simpleone, and quite thin-walled body sherds can containlargeinclusions;a fullscientific thecoarserwares studyis neededto differentiate properly. Lustrous Decorated fabric16 is mediumto medium-coarse withmanymediumand smalldark grits,some quartz,and some limestone;the vases are firedquite hard and are sometimes slipped.The colouron thesurfaceand insidevariesfromverypale brown(10 YR 8/4) to pink (7.5YR8/4).The painton thesesherdsdoes notalwayssurvive(SF M, AM). OatmealMinoanizing17 is a soft,light-colouredfabric,pinkish-white (7.5 YR 8/2) on the surfaceand inside.Medium-sizeddarkgritinclusionsare quitenumerous,withsome quartz, calcite,and smallgrits.Vasesin thisfabricseemto belongto theMH III/LH I range(SF X). The fabricsmentionedabove are distinctivebut not common. The great majorityof householdvesselsbelongto a rangeoffabricsamongstwhichwe mightdistinguish twomain groups. Coarsewithblackgnts.Jars are frequently made of thisfabric.It is a veryunevenlyfired mediumfabric,temperedwithblackgritsand flecksof calcite,some quartz,and some mica (SF A, C). The colourcan varyalmostthroughthewholeMunsellrange,and widelyon the same vessel;lightred (2.5 YR 6/8) to lightreddish-brown (5 YR 6/4) is not uncommon.The biscuitcan be thesame as thesurface,or reduced,or a lightgrey(10 YR7/2).In somecases a purplestoneinclusionis found(SF AB, AW). Sometimestheblackeningon thesesherdsis so markedas to indicatethattheywereused as cooking-pots (SF R). Coarsewithschist inclusions.™ This second grouphas been distinguished by the presenceof mica-schistfragments.Sometimes the large inclusions on a smoothed surface have a decorativeeffect (e.g.SF AT), whichmayhavebeen intended.The fabricvariesin colourfrom (5 YR 7/8 - 7.5 YR 7/6) on the surfaceand inside,to red (2.5 YR 5/8) to very reddish-yellow pale brown(10 YR 7/3) outsideand grey(7.5 YR 5/0) inside.Again,thesefabricstendto be unevenlyfiredwitha mediumto softbiscuit.The inclusionsare mediumto large schist, purplestone,quartz,and darkgrit(SF I, K, P,AE, AH, AW,AB). So-calledAdriaticwarefits 16Zerner, 'Lerna i', 66-8 (fabric F), and 'New perspectives', 45-7 withn. 33. 17Rutterand Rutter10-11;also Zerner,'New perspectives', 45 n· 33 (s-v·LustrousDecorated, Mudstone,and Chert,

thought to have been produced in Kythera or the S. Péloponnèse,perhapsat AyiosStephanos). 18Zerner,'Lerna 1', 61-2 (fabricB: 'grainyfabric').

Middle and Late Helladic pottery21 withinthisbroaderrangeoffabrics.Occasionallyratherthin-walled vessels(0.004) are m^de schistinclusions,quartz,and darkgrit(SF of fairlycoarseware,withsmallto medium-sized theEH tradition. AV),perhapsfollowing of imported In additionto thesefabrics,thereare twootherswhichhelp theidentification Minoan sherds.M322/58is close to the oatmeal fabricdescribedabove, but the darkgrit inclusionstend to be somewhatsmallerand thereis an intermixingof small, red stone The colouris white(10 YR 8/2), and the sherdis paintedwithpurplepaint.Dr fragments. The second fabricis hard in texture,and, thisas a Minoan import.19 Zernerhas identified a number of micaceousinclusionsand somedarkgrits. contains silvery great verydistinctively, The clay is a lightred colour(2.5 YR 6/8) both in the core and on the surface(Q360 c/23, R29i/g6a;SFBB). OPEN SHAPES 6. COARSEBOWL(FIG. 12.3, I -4)

a. Shallowhemispherical bowlsmeasure0.2-0.35 in diameterand have a rathershallow,convexprofile which,when projected(and no profileis complete), producesa vessel0.06 deep. The rimtendsto be flat or onlyslightly rounded,and slightly pinchedon the inside.n4io/55 is decoratedwithshallowgrooveson thetop of the rim.The fabricis coarse and thewalls of the vessel measure 0.007-0.01. A sherd, rather difficultto interpret,with a rim thickenedon the inside and possibly a spout (Q360 ah/ 13), might belonghere;itsrimis decoratedwithdiagonalslashes. Date: MH-LH. M349/49,53; Q360 AE/2,AH/13;«410/55;S434/1; (ST 38, 104) S478/o,a+ 14a;Q3009/12. b. Bowl withbaggyprofile(FIG.12.3,5). Two sherds frompoorlyfiredvesselssuggesta bowlsimilarto a in size and fabric(D. 0.30, Th. (wall) 0.007) but witha deeperand S-shapedprofile. Date: MH-LH. (ST 118) R29i/na, 13a. c. Coarse,deep bowl(fig. 12.3,6-8) witha simplerim and a flaring profile;D. (0.13-)0.18; Th. (wall)0.009. Date: MH-LH. R29i/iO5a; R292/4-6; M349/52;Q360 B/3, Q/5; n4io/9,78; S478/6a;U514/33;K515/2;^25/5, 44. (ST 39, 51) d. Coarse basin (FIG. 12.3,g) withhorizontalstrap handle;a large,heavyvessel,D. 0.50. The plain rimis in-turned and formsa carination0.015 below slightly the lip; the bodyreturnsin a conical profiletowards thebase, and thelargehorizontalstraphandle(0.025 Χ 0.011)is attachedjust below the rim.The fabricis 19Pers.comm. 20Cf. D. French,in Taylour 265 and fig.38. 1-2 (called

unusual:light-red (2.5 YR 6/8) in and out,ratherhard in texture, and withsmallinclusionsand mica. Date: MH or LH. Q360J/8. e. Small, coarse, hemisphericalbowl (FIG. 12.3,10), which may be related to a but is smaller (D. 0.15) thoughwitha thickwall (0.01). On M322/22the rim risesas thoughfora handleor a spout. Date: MH-LH. (ST 16) M322/22;M349B/3,5, 32, 65. f. Bowl (fig. 12.3,//)of mediumfabric(0.003 thick), with a thickened, everted rim (0.008). Probably wheelmade;D. c.0.2. Date: MH or LH. (ST88) Q360C/1. 7. COARSECONICALDISH (FIG. 12.3, 12-14)

The rimsherdsindicatea shallowdish withstraight or veryslightlyconcave sides. The diameterof the vesselis 0.30, thefabriccoarse withschistinclusions. Π4Ι2/2 is decorated with fine incisions in an encirclingband just withinthe rim,and by a row of oblique hatching underneath the rim. Th. (wall) 0.01. The verymassivesherdQ360 B/30 (Th. (wall) 0.015)mightjust belong. Date: MH-LH. Q360 B/30;n4i2/2;R457/2;^25/8-9; Q3009/9. (ST 33, 77,86) 8. PANOR TRAY20(FIGS. 12.3, 15-16; 12.4, /)

This is a short-walledvessel,0.32-0.36 in diameter (Q360 aa/i 0.50) and rising0.05 fromfloorto rim. The profileofthevesselcan be concave,and tendsto thickenrapidlytowardsthe flatbase. The fabricsare

shallowbowls);Rutterand Rutter,no. 967 and ill. 19 (Ayios Stephanos).

22 Chapter 12 coarse. B123A/2,in Oatmeal Minoanizingand less thicktowardsthebase, mightbe a plateratherthana pan. Date: (MH III-) LH. B123A/2;M349B/28;Q360 D/30,AA/i;S434/4. (ST 46, 70-1,95)

9. BRAZIER?(FIG. 12.4, 2)

Anothershort-walled vessel(H. 0.06. D. c.0.45)has a raised floor, its lower surface carrying rows of impresseddots.The functionof thesedotsand of the vesselitselfare uncertain.It maybe a brazier,though thereare no tracesofburning.21 Q360AF/2. (ST96)

CLOSED SHAPES 10. WIDE-MOUTHEDJAR22 (FIGS. 12.4,J-8] 12.5, I -3)

This commonMH shape consistsof a globularbody, in our best-preservedexample restingon a flat, slightlyraised base and witha tall rimmore or less everted,thougha fewhave shorterrims(M322/3,5, 28; R457/1).The jars varyin size froma rathersmall type,0.095 hignan<^w^tnrimD. 0.12-0.18 (M322/1,3, 5, 11,28; Q360 AE/14),to the more standardvariety, up to 0.25 in diameter and presumablystanding 0.2-0.3 high.M322a/ 186 showsthe holes and scars wherea horizontalhandlehad been pressedintothe wall of shoulder of the vessel, and this has been somewhatsmoothedon theinterior. there Presumably wouldhavebeen a pairofhandles. S478/73is decoratedwitha band of fingertipping outside,just under the rim; n4io/65, a body sherd possiblyof thisshape,has a similarband aroundthe neckconstriction.23 The buttonbase wouldhaveservedthelargercoarser floorthantheothers.24 jars; Q360G/9has a thinner Date: MH-LH I. M322/1,3, 5, 11,28; Q360 AE/14;R457/1· (ST !> 2) R29i/i6a; R292/2;M322/4(?), 10, 18, 21, 27, 29, 178;M322A/186,190; Q360 κ/2, 18,AE/22;n4io/65, 88; n4i2/i; S478/73;r525/2(?),4 (ST 6, 43) Buttonbases: M349/161;Q360 G/9,ac/i; n4io/io, 15,57; LS 10465/5. (ST 40, 101) 11. COARSE NECKED JARS

a. The shorter-necked jar (FIG.12.5,4-5) has rimD. 0.13 (M322/26exceptionally 0.24), an everted,rather squarerim,and a shortneck,concavein profile. Date: MH (-LH?). M322/26;M349/37,46; n4i2/i2 (?). (ST 7, 37) 21Several examples of this type,with dots impressedin what is clearlythe lower surfaceof the raised floor,have been foundin the Menelaion excavations(E. A. Catling, froman LH HI B2 pers.comm.).Cf. the 'brazier'fragment contextat Mycenae, E. B. French,Ά group of LH III B2 potteryfromMycenae',BSA 64 (1969),71-93, at p. 85 and fig.12.24 (illustrated upsidedown?). 22Foran examplefromLaconia, see Taylour257 and fig.3, pl. 49 b (HS 97). 23For this typeof decoration,see also 20, 21 a; Rutter and Rutter,pl. 10, no. 595 (Avios Stephanos); Howell fp

b. The tall-necked jar (FIG.12.5,6-f)hasrimD. 0.11-0.12 and a medium-sized The rimcan body(wall0.007thick). be eitherplainor bevelledat theouteredge,whilea scar at therimpresumably a vertical indicates handle. (ST37) Date: MH (-LH?). M349/29;LS 12503/4. c. The wide-necked jar (FIG.12.5,8-g) is a largerand morerobustvesselwithrimD. 0.20-0.30 and a wall thickness 0.008. The rimresemblesthatof 12b. The neck profileis concave and returnsto a widerbody. There is a handlescaron theneck. Date: MH (-LH). R292/3;M349/30-1,51; n4io/5,61-2. (ST 37) d. One coarse sherd(FIG.12.5,id) appears to be the rimof a handmadehole-mouthed jar, witha convex shoulderand a plainrimc.0.12in diameter. Date: MH? M322/25.

(ST 12)

12. COARSERIM-HANDLED JAR(FIG. 12.5, //)

A coarsejar witha narrowconcaveneck,0.12indiameter at therimandwithwall0.004thick. A straphandle,0.025 wideand0.007thick, forms a loopfromrimtobody.25 Date: MH? Q360 c/2-3. (ST 89) 13. LUSTROUS DECORATEDJAR26(FIGS. 12.5, 12-14; 12.6, 1~2)

no rim sherdsof thistypehave been Unfortunately, recognized.Neverthelessthe body sherdsindicatea largeshape (or shapes).M322/99has the handlescar of a largejar withthepushed-throughhandlestypical 3), 46, 48, 56, 65, 69, 75 (MH I- III Nichoria); S. Dietz,

theMiddle Helladic Asine, ii. 2: The Middle Helladic Cemetery,

andEarlyMycenaean Deposits(Stockholm,1980),fig.131,no. 347· 24For MH buttonbases,see e.g. Taylour234-5, 256~7>fig· 17,pl. 49 a (HS 33, 92); Ε. J. Holmberg,TheSwedish Expedition at Asea in Arcadia(Lund and Leipzig, 1944), fig.101 d; cf. Rutter,'Potterygroups', fig. 18, nos. 104-10 (MH/LH at Tsoungizain theArgolid). transition 25Cf.Holmberg(η. 24), 103,fig.ioia. 26Cf.Zerner,'Lerna 2', figs.34-6.

Middle and Late Helladic pottery 23 of theshape;thaton M322a/ 194is a loop handle,Dshaped in section.27The sherdsare decoratedwith painted motifsincluding encirclingbands, wavy horizontal bands,and groupsofobliquehatchedlines.As expectedin surfacematerial,thepainteddecorationis oftenvestigial. M322A/202has a diagonalwhiteline,and havehad addedwhite.28 othersherdsmaywelloriginally Date: MH III-LH I. R2()i/3a;M322/71+ 73,83, 87, 98, 100-1,113;M322 A/194,200-3. (ST45, 83) Otherhorizontalhandlesprobablyfromthisshape are M349/73,82; M349 B/7; Q360 a/8, κ/9, l/8; n4ii/8; n4i2/63;R457/6,9; U514/16;^25/16-18, 20. 14. JUG(fig. 12.6,3) A broad-spouted has a plain rimand a jug fragment which probably across, 0.07 simple cutawayspout, returnedto a low concaveneck.Wherethebodyjoins the neck, a horizontalband of oblique dashes has been impressedintotheclay.The fabricis coarsebut thereare tracesofredpaint. This maybe a Minoan import.29 Date: MM III B-LM I A? (ST 26) S478/70.

15. jug or jar a. The mostdistinctive sherdin OatmealMinoanizing fabric ^410/29; FIG. 12.6, 4-5) is decorated with, a broadencircling bandatthestartoftheneck apparently, anda so-called tortoiseshell on theshoulder. ripplepattern The piece(Th. (wall)0.004-0.008)belongstoa handmade imitation ofa Minoanjug orjar.30The otherpiecesinthis fabricarea largevertical straphandle(M322a/196;0.038 W. χ c.0.01)and one ofcircularsection(M322a/ 196;D. 0.002).Theseshouldbelongtosimilar largevessels. Date: MH III-LH I. M322A/196;n4io/29,81. (ST 42, 15,20) b. A bodysherd(FIG.12.6,6; Th. 0.008)has a distinctive outoftheclay.31 knob,formed plastictriangular Date: MH-LH I? 1-525/ 19· (STlI5) c. Otherfragments fromconcave-necked vessels(FIG. 12.6,y-g)mightcome fromjugs orjars; thefollowing, fromcoarsevessels,are probablyhandmade. Date: MH-LH. M322/74,103; Q360 D/26, Q/30, AD/25,AH/18; n4i2/37,62. (ST 26)

OPEN OR CLOSED SHAPES 16. 'ADRIATIC' BOWL OR JAR (FIG. 12.6, IO-13)

Handlesand body-sherds have been recoveredfroma As preserved, the jar decoratedwithincisedpatterns.32 sherds suggesta closed vessel with an in-curving shoulderand broadstraphandlesattachedat thewidest diameter(0.19at most).AtAsea thisshapehas a flator base,and thehandlesrisein a tallribbonform splaying and returnto a wide, somewhatevertedrim.33Our examplesare decoratedin the 'fineincised'mannerof Valmin and Holmberg;34the decorationconsistsof verticallines runningdown the body and areas of inbetween. inalternate directions obliquehatching 28For such decoration,see e.g. D. French,in Taylour265 and fig. 38. 5; Rutter and Rutter,ill. 19. 982 (Ayios Stephanos);A. J. B. Wace, 'Laconia III: earlypotteryfrom Geraki',BSA 16 (1909-10),72-5, at p. 73 and fig.2; Buschor Howell(n. 3), and von Massow (n. 12),Beil 1. 1. (Amyklaion); 54 and 71, 62-3, 74-5 and 67-8, 77-8 (MH I- III Nichoria); Holmberg(η. 24), ioo and fig.99 h-j; Nordquist,Asine,49; Zerner,'Lerna 2', figs34-6. 29This suggestion was made by Dr Zerneron the grounds ofshapeand decoration. 30See Rutterand Rutter62; Ε. Β. Frenchin Taylour268 (AyiosStephanos);Howell (n. 3), 63, 76, no. Ρ 2601 (MH II Nichoria);Coldstream,in Kythera 283, 290 (MM III Β and LM I A Kythera);P. P. Betancourt,The HistoryofMinoan (Princeton,NJ,1985), 113-14,130-1, 133 (MM III Β Pottery and LM I A Crete).

Date: MH. R292/28;M322A/191;11412/61,11457/31; ^25/47 (ST 34,52, 30) (FIG.12.7,/) 17. WIDESTRAPHANDLES A seriesof wide straphandles,0.015 by 0.06 thick, may have serveda shape similarto 16, but are not decoratedwithincision.

Date:MH (-LH?).

R292/12-13; M322 A/192; M349/194; M349 b/8; Q360 A/21, B/io, G/6 (?), k/io, L/9; n4io/i7~i8; n4ii/2o; n4i2/i2. (ST 30)

31Cf. Dietz (n. 23), fig.131,no. 350 (froman LH I context at Asine). For coarse-warepots withdecorativeknobs,see e.g. ibid., fig. 131, no. 348; Nordquist, Asine,fig.43. 4; Howell (n. 3), 56, nos. Ρ 2329, 2366-71; 69, nos. P 2853, 2857,2862, 2868-73 (ΜΗ I and II Nichoria);H. Goldman, Excavationsat Eutresisin Boeotia(Cambridge, Mass., 1931), fig. 244. 1-2.

32Forsuchdecorationin Laconia, see D. French,in Taylour 265 and fig.38. 10 (AyiosStephanos);Wace (n. 28), 72 and fig. 1 a (Geraki); also R. Howell, *A survey of eastern Arcadia',BSA 65 (1970),79-128,at pp. 111-12;Howell (n. 3), 45, 48-50, 55, 64, 70, 73 (Nichoria); Zerner, 'New 44 withn. 27. perspectives', 33Holmberg(n. 24),figs105-6. 34 N. S. Valmin, The SwedishMessenia Expedition(Lund, 1938),

259 ff.;Holmberg(η. 24), io6-io.

24 Chapter12 18. bases a. A small, splaying pedestal base (FIG. 12.7, 2; D. 0.04, H. 0.01) comes froman unknown type. It recalls, though it does not exactlyparallel, EH types. Date: MH. (ST 120) R29i/no,a. b. Various flat and splaying bases (FIG. 12.7, 3-6) could belong with any of these coarse shapes; in the currentstate of our knowledge of MH coarse pottery it is not possible to ascribe them to specific shapes or dates. Date: MH-LH. R2Q.i/i2ia, 124a; M322/51-5, 57, 60-1, 65, 182; M322 A/198-9; M349/159-60, 162-3; M349 B/11-12; Q360 c/14, 18, D/12, J/24, Q/15, AD/14, AE/9; n4io/n, 13, 60, 83; n4ii/4; R457/11-12; ^25/24; Q3009/42-3, 50; LS 10465/4. c. There are some flatbases, probably wheelmade. R29i/i25a; R292/7; M322/59; M349/158; n4i2/6. 19. COARSEHANDLES a. Among the coarse handles of the MH period it is possible to distinguisha variety in which the vertical handle joins the rim of the vessel. This type presumably comes from a jug, or possibly an amphora. Date: MH. (ST 63) R291/8, 29a; M349/83; Q360 A/15. b. A thick, oval-sectioned handle (FIG. 12.7, 7), 0.003-0.045 wide by 0.012 thick, will have served a large jar or similar-shapedvessel.

Date: MH. R29i/i26a; M349/86; Q360 A/9; S478/78. (ST2O,63) c- d. The majorityof MH coarse handles are circular in section, and show the distinctive method of attachment whereby a wedge of clay is pushed through the wall of the vessel (see 13). It is not clear how far this technique continues into LH, but it is a useful diagnostic characteristic for surface survey material. Handles are, rather arbitrarily,divided into those with D.
larger. Date: MH-LH?

(ST 20)

c. Small handles: R291/10, 28, 30-1, 33-4; R292/ 14-15; M322/30-1, 34-6, 39, 130; M322 a/ 146; M349/57> 60, 62, 65-8, 70-1, 76, 93, 204; Q360 B/8, 35, Q/13, AH/3, 6; 11411/10;415/8-9; S434/10, 14; U492/12-18; U3003/29. d. Large handles: H45(7)/29; R29i/27a, 33a, 35a36a, 127a; R292/16-18; M322/32-3, 38, 43; M322 A/195, 197; M349/62, 69, 76-7, 84-5, 205; Q360

a/ii, B/37, G/7, j/9, AF/3, ag/i; n4io/2O, 80; n4ii/io; n4i2/9; N413/1-2; R424/3; R457/5>7~8; U514/11-12, 20; U3006/35-6; LS 10083/2; LS 12503/20. e. Some horizontalhandlesshowa D-shapedsection, 0.017-0.028across.35 Date: MH. M322/45; M349/72,23; M349 B/6, 9; 11411/6-7, U492/16-18.

PITHOI

The majority ofpithossherdsare madeofthegeneralcoarsefabricalso usedformanyhousehold has a greycore (7.5YR wares.The colouris red (7.5YR 5/8) to pink(5 YR 7/4),and normally YR are medium and some inclusions of There schist, large many quartz,limestone, 5/0-7.5 7/0). fired and blackgrits.The vasesare sometimes A, unevenly (SF I). Occasionallyindividual pieces havean unusualappearance,havingbeenfiredin a reducing (SF Y), or are ofa light atmosphere torecognize redclay(10R 6/6),weakredon theinterior (10R 4/4);butitis difficult anytrend. 20. PITHOIDJAR a. The rimsherds(FIG.12.8,1-4)indicatea diameterof The 0.25-0.35 fortheseratherheavynecked-vessels. more complete examples show an everted neck, outwardsto a wider concavein profileand continuing on body(Th. (wall)0.01).The rimsare usuallyflattened top or slightlyrounded; some (M322/23; n4i2/3;

r525/7)are pinchedin or out,and othersare triangular in section (M322/19).Some pithoi are wheelmade (M322/23, Γ525/7), others definitelyhandmade (M322/19,n4i2/3).An appliedcordonmaybe added wherethe neckjoins the body (LS 12503/6;n4i2/3 is It is possiblethattheflatbase Q360j/78 fmgertipped). on thebottom. belongshere;itshowsa mat-impression

35Cf.PL i. 91n. 118andfig.16.14(Astéri intheHelosplain).

Middle and Late Helladic pottery 25 Date: MH-LH (wheelmadeexamplesLH?). R292/19;M322/19,23; Q360 A/30,j/41, 78, κ/3, AD/23;n4J2/3;S434/65R457/34>45» 5°; r525/7>I0> 60; LS 12503/3, 6. (M322 A/189 belongs here if butthefabricdoes notseemprehistoric.) anywhere, (ST 82) b. This typeofpithoidjar (FIG.12.8,3-6) has a short evertedrim,returning quite sharplyto thebody.The diameterapproaches0.5 and the wall of the vesselis 0.01 thick. Date: MH-LH? M349/50,in; M349B/29;n4ii/29;LS 10465/10. (ST5o,io9) 21. PITHOS a. The neckless pithos (FIG. 12.9, i-y) has D. (rim) 0.44-0.50; the wall is vertical or slopes slightly outwards, but tends to be concave in profile (0.015-0.025 thick).The rim is usually thickenedon the outside and can be flat or curved on top. n4io/6 is triangularin section and thickenedboth inside and out. Body sherdjsshow a number of decorative motifs. n4io/64 has a row of arcs formed by impressingthe is applied to the thumbnailinto the body; fingertipping body (n4ii/25, 28) or to an applied cordon (M322/139), IMPORTED

is also found(Q360B/29). and an appliedrope-pattern Date: MH-LH. M322/66,139;Q360 B/29,ß1^, C/4; n4io/6,8, 64; n4ii/24-5,28; LS 12503/7-8. b. A pithos(FIG.12.9,8-g) witha flaringrimand D. 0.27-0.35 has a bevellededge on the outsideof the rim.n4io/7 has an elaborate'cyma recta' moulding on thetopoftherim. Date: MH-LH. (ST 17) n4io/7;Q3009/13+ 77. c. Anotherpithos(FIG.12.10,/)has a convexwall and rimD. c.o.30. The evertedrimslopesdownand has a roundededge. Date: MH-LH. (ST 56) M349/54;U514/21. Pithos bases (FIG. 12.10, 2-3) can be plain (D. 0.07-0.20;n4io/2,Q360 AC/2) or moulded(H45(7)/35; M349/166;LS 12503/9;D. 0.16-0.18). H45(7)/3;Q360 κ/13,AC/2;n4io/i2, 14;R457/10. Body sherds:R291/35;R292/52,54-5; M322/138, 162; M349/115,120, 128, 139-40,146; M349B/33,42, 45» 47-8, 52, 54> 58> G0"1; Q36° A/31-3, D/28-9, j/39-40, 42-3, 45-7, 75-6, 80, κ/19; n4io/46, 63, 66-8, 70-6; n4i2/58(?),59; R457/48;LS 12503/11.

VESSELS

22. JARWITHVERTICALHANDLE(FIG. 12.10, 6) M322/37 comes from a large, plain, round-rimmed vessel with an upright loop handle, round in section, set on the rim. It is reminiscent of Minoan basket-shaped vessels with similar handles.36 The fabric is quite hard and white on the surface (10 YR 8/2) and in section (10 YR 8/1); it contains a good number of small inclusions, light grey and dark in colour, and some larger ones including 'gold mica'. Date: MM III-LM I? (ST 18) M322/37.

23. CLOSED VESSEL(FIG. 12.10,7)

M322/58is theflatbase and partofthebodyofa closed vessel.To judge bythefabricand paintit is ofMinoan The base diameteris 0.07 and the wall manufacture. thickness0.006. The outsideis paintedpurple.The fabricis verypale brown(10YR8/3)on thesurfaceand darkgrit in section.Thereare numerousmedium-sized Thiswouldseem and somepurpleinclusions. inclusions to be the originalMinoan (or Kytheran)fabricwhich imitates.37 OatmealMinoanizing Date: MM III-LM I. (ST 22) M322/58.

Discussion It has recentlybeen observedthatregionalvariationsare greatin Middle Helladic ceramic this The potteryofthisperiodcollectedby theLaconia Surveyneatlyconfirms production.38 in this offabricsand vase shapesrepresented to therepertory view,whileaddingsignificantly partofGreece.There is an extensiverangeoffineand coarsevase types,mostofwhichstrike 36See A. Mavriyannaki, 'Ευρήματατης ΥΜ III περιόδουέκ ΛιγορτύνουΜονοφατσίουειςτο Μουσείο τοΰ Λούβρου', Arch. Eph.1974»54~5>no· 7 and pk 23>24 a' Popham,in M. R. Mansion at Knossos(BSA Popham et al., The Minoan Unexplored

supp.vol.17;London,1984),59-60,174,no.M 4 andpl. 65 d-e.

37For potteryof this fabric,withpainted decoration in see whiteand purple,at AyiosStephanosand on "Kythera, Rutterand Rutter10-11and n. 13. 38Nordquist,Asine,47; Zerner, 'New perspectives',39, 50-1.

26 Chapter 12

the eye as locallymade, despiteobvious connectionswithpotteryfromotherpartsof the Péloponnèse,notablythe well-researchedArgolid.The surveymaterialdoes not include examplesof trueGreyMinyanor Matt Paintedclasses of potterywell representedin the north-east Péloponnèseand elsewhere.39 Some pieces revealinfluencesfromMinoan Crete or its colonyin Kythera,whilea few othersmay be actual importsfromthatdirection.40 While these fragments belong to the MH transitional between and much other Laconia material cannotas yet LH, period Survey be closelydated.In fact,quitea lot ofit mayruninto,or evenbelongto,theearlypartofthe Late BronzeAge.41

39At AyiosStephanostheseclassesdo not appear untilvery late in MH or early LH: see Zerner,'New perspectives', 43-4, 47 withnn. 15, 20; cf. Howell (n. 3), 45 (true Grey Minyanat Nichoria). 40See n. 5 above.Chemicalanalysesofsome 'minoanizing' potteryfromÁyiosStephanospointsto local manufacture,

be ruledout; althoughan originin Kytheracannotentirely seeJones,GCP 420-4. 41It has becomeincreasingly clearthatthemajorclassesof MH potterycontinued to be produced in early LH in Laconia and elsewhere;see esp. Zerner,'New perspectives', 47 withn. 41;J. B. Rutter, AJA97 (1993),787.

13

THE MYCENAEAN (LATE HELLADIC III) POTTERY JoostCrouwel

The FINE,WHEELMADE CLASSof pottery, decoratedin lustrousdarkpaint or leftplain, and in Laconia byfindsfromearliersurveys and a good knownas Mycenaean,is wellrepresented sitesand tombs.1Particularly importantare the large bodies of manyexcavatedsettlement material,not yet fullypublished,fromsettlementcontextsat Ayios Stephanos and the Menelaion ridge,of whichthe latteris withinthe boundariesof our Laconia Survey(site Q360).BothsiteshaveproducedMycenaeanpottery rangingfromLH I to earlyLH III C.2All thismaterialmaybe fruitfully comparedto thatfromsitesin thenorth-eastern Péloponnèse, ofregionalvariation.3 bearingin mindthepossibility The Laconia Surveyhas discoveredlittleMycenaeanpotteryfirmlyantedatingLH III.4 Potteryof LH III Α-B,on the otherhand, was foundat seventeenor morelocations,some twelveofwhichcan be called sites.In mostcases the quantitiesof potsherdsare verysmall, even down to singletons.There are two clear exceptions:Q3009, the habitationsite that ofMelathriá,5 and theMenelaionridge probablyaccompaniedthealreadyexploredcemetery (Q360). Table

Wares (1-13) One (ST V) is mediumin hardnessand evenlyfired,itssurface Two finefabricspredominate. and core beingpale brownin colour(10 YR 8/6). The otherfabric(ST AA) is mediumhard surface(7.5YR 8/6) and a lightgreyto pinkcore (5 YR and evenlyfired,witha reddish-yellow have few small inclusions. relatively 7/1).They

1 See listof sitesand theirpotterydatingin GAMCi. 107 ff. 2 See Sherratt189;also Rutterand Rutter;E. French,in W. D. Taylour,'Excavationsat AyiosStephanos',BSA 67 (1972), 205-70, at pp. 268-70; Mountjoy,PAP (AyiosStephanos); ead., 'RegionalMycenaeanpottery',BSA 85 (1990),240-70 (at p. 259, AyiosStephanos);Catling,'Menelaion', 29-34; Catlingand Catling(Menelaionridge). 3 For recent discussion see Sherratt 188-9 (Laconia); Mountjoy,'RegionalMycenaeanpottery'(n. 2); cf. Ο. Τ. Ρ. Κ. Dickinson, S. L. Martin, and C. W. Shelmerdine, in Nichoria, ii, esp. 'Mycenaeanpotteryfromthe settlement', 518-19.

4 In Laconia and elsewhere, variousclassesof MH pottery continuedto be producedin earlyMycenaeantimes.Thus

pieces actuallydatingto LH I or II are likelyto be included among the MH potterydiscussedin Chapter 12 (see types 1-2,

4-8,

5 K.

10-11,

13, 15, 17-20).

Demakopoulou, Μυκηναϊκον νεκροταφειον Μελαθρίας Λακωνίας', Arch.Eph. 1977, 29-60; W. G. Cavanagh,andJ. H. Crouwel,'Melathria:a smallMycenaean rural settlement',in Φιλολάκωνyy-86. Some errorsand omissionshavecreptintothelattertextas published.The ring base of a deep bowl,LS 3009/36,is illustrated as fig.25. 5. The stemmedbowl rimfragment LS 3009/11is illustrated as fig.24. 7 and notas 24. 6; thelattershowsa cup (?) sherd(LS 3009/7; D. (rim) c.o.io-0.12) with a rolled rim and monochromeinside.Omittedfromthe textwas pot type4a, necklesskrater.A paintedtorusbase (LS 3009/50; D. 0.12) oughtto be belongto FS 7-9; dateLH III Ai or earlier.

28 Chapter13 and wornnatureof thefindsoftenmakesthe attribution to specificvase The fragmentary decoration and the reconstruction of difficult. Still,it is clear that any painted very shapes several were with and that originally pieces paintedmonochrome, open shapespredominate, fewerbeinglinearor patterned. OPEN SHAPES I. KYLIX This appears to be by far the best-represented Mycenaean vase shape, easily identifiable by fragmentsof its stem or base plate. The material datesto LH III Α-B,but is oftendifficult presumably to attribute to specifictypesofkylix. rimfragments are a. Rims(FIG.13.i, i-g). The numerous too small to us to restore the diameter enable frequently or lowerbodyprofile oftheoriginal vase.Becauseofthis theymayeven be fromothershapes,such as cups or stemmed bowls(see 2, 4). Some rimsbelongto a plain, witha deeproundedbowl;inone suchcase a liplesskylix verticalhandle,roundedin section,is preserved(Q360 Q/57;D. r.o.17;see alsoQ360am/i).Othersherdsshowa short,roundedlip withD. £.0.09-0.18(e.g.M349/1-2; Q360 AM/2;K414b/i; S478/64;Q3009/1;LS 10179/2).6 everted Thistypeofrimprofile one, mergesintoa slightly eitherflat-topped (e.g.Q3009/2;LS 10465/3)or more oftenslopingup, the diametersrangingfromc.0.10to ^ 10112/2). 0.16(e.g.Q360G/2,j/49,AD/4,A*"/1; The lattervariantmay be combinedwitha wall curvinginwardsat the rim(e.g.M349/167;Q360 a/i, b/i,j/2, AD/3,al/i); one suchsherdhas thescarofa wide vertical strap handle at the rim. The wall sometimespresentsan angular profile(Q360AL/1; R424/1, rim D. c.o.12), recalling the well-known carinatedkylixof LH III A2-III B2 (FS 267).7 While thelatteris unpainted,ourfragment R424/1is painted solidin and out. Severalof theotherrimsherds,with varyingprofiles,also belongto monochromekylikes. Often,however,the surfacesare too worn to decide whetherand howthesherdswereoriginally painted. b. Stemsand base plates(FIG.13.2,10-12).The stems were sometimesclearlytall and slender,ringedwith bands of paint. One such stem, Q360 AL/2 (D.

6 E. B. French, Tottery from Late Helladic III Bi destruction contextsat Mycenae',BSA 62 (1967),149-93,at p. 175withfig.17(LH III A2);K. A. Wardle,Ά groupofLate Helladic III Bi potteryfromwithinthe citadelat Mycenae', BSA 64 (1969),261-97,at pp. 280, 285, 290 withfig.10; P. A. Mountjoy, 'Late Helladic III Bi pottery dating the oftheSouthHouse at Mycenae',BSA 71 (1976), construction 77-111, at p. 98 withfig.2; K. A. Wardle,Ά groupof Late Helladic HI B2 potteryfromwithinthe citadelat Mycenae', BSA 68 (1973),297-342,at pp. 323-4.

0.023-0.029; H. at least 0.069), has a deep slit- a MinoanratherthanMycenaeanfeature.8 A heavystem, concaveand witha highdome underneath, is painted a monochrome solid,suggesting kylix(LS10493/1;H. at least0.055;D. £.0.029). Amongthebase platefragments are some definitely flatones,withonlya slightdome underneath(N191/40;R29i/i28a; D. 0.068). Taken thestemsand bases- and whatremainsofthe together, - are quiteoftenmonochrome. bowls kylix c. Handles. Some monochromebodysherdspreserve the lowerattachments of fine,verticalstraphandles. or from Theymayagain be frommonochrome kylikes stemmedbowls(see 4). Date: LH III ai-b. H45 1/7-8,14;M172/9;N191/40;R29i/ia-2a,5a-6a, 18a, 2oa-2ia, 73a, 128a; M349/167;Q360 a/i, b/i, C/17,D/15,G/i + 2, 4, 10, 20, J/2,16, 49-50, L/i, Q/1-2, 57, AD/3-4,AE/4>"> X3>AF/l>AG/4>AH/l> Al/4-5,AL/l-2,AM/1-2,AQ/152,AW/62;K414B/i,5; N4I8/I6; R424/I, 14a; S478/62-4, 97; U494 A/14;

U49O AM/2, 4-5, AN/2; U514/6-8; U520/14, 17; Γ525/1;Q3009/1-2,5~6> 25, 37, 41, 51-2; LS 10112/2; LS IO179/2;LS 12503/13;LS IO465/3;LS IO493/1 (ST 36, 49, 67,74, 114) 2. CUP (?) (FIG. 13.5, 14-16)

Some sherdswithflaring,plain rims(D. c.0.07)may belong to small,thin-walledcups. This may also be true of a sherdwitha rolled rim and monochrome inside (Q3009/7,D. (rim)£.0.10-0.12),and of some otherswith a band below the rounded rim and a monochrome interior (K414b/i; D. c.0.13;S478/64). Date: LH III A2-B. R291/1;Q360 B/14,AD/2,AG/3,Al/i; K414 b/i; S478/64;K515/3(?); Q3009/7;LS 10465/11.

(ST66,74)

7 e.g. French(n. 6), 175withfig.17 (Mycenae,LH III A2); Wardle1969(n. 6), 285, 288 withfigs10-11;Mountjoy(n. 6), 98 with fig.12 (Mycenae, LH III Bi; Mountjoy,PAP 186 (Ayios Stephanos, LH III A2); Wardle 1973 (n. 6), 323-4 (Mycenae,LH III B2). 8 Cf. M. R. Popham,'The Late Minoan gobletand kylix', BSA 64 (1969),299-304,figs1 (LM II goblet),3 (LM III ai), 9 Mansion at Knossos(BSA (LM III Β); id., The Minoan Unexplored

supp. vol. 17; London, 1984),pis 172.7, 10-12 (LM III Ai), PAP186. 175.15,17-18(LM III A2);Mountjoy,

Mycenaean 3· DEEP BOWL(FS 284; FIG. 13.1, 17-20) The shape is represented by fragments of low ring bases (D. c.0.05-0.12) and of horizontal loop handles, and by at least one rim sherd. While nothing remains of exterior decoration, the inside may be unpainted or, more often, monochrome. There are traces of paint on the handle stumps. Date: LH III Β or later.9 M349/25-6, 148; Q360 A/5, D/i, 10-11; N418/17; (ST 61, 60) Q3009/15 (?), 23, 26, 30, 36; U504/34. 4. STEMMEDBOWL(FS 304-5; FIG. 13.2, 1-6) Some rim sherds (D. c.o. 14-0.25) may be from this shape, as theydo not have the flaringprofiletypical of deep bowls (3) but rims either everted or thickened, the walls being straightor incurving; the sherds may be monochrome in and out or have a banded rim. Several incomplete, large pedestal bases with concave sides and a high dome underneath may be attributed to the same shape (or to goblets, 5b); they are mostly monochrome in and out. Some strap handles, one painted solid, may also belong here. Date:LHIIlA2-B.io R2gi/i23a; M349/125; M349 b/i; Q360 B/45, ab/i, ae/i, 5; N418/17; T465/7; S478/ia, 60; U520/11; (ST 48> 75» H0) Q3009/7, 11; R3025/2; LS 10083/3. 5. GOBLET(FS 254-5) a. Rim (FIG. 13.2, 7). A tall everted rim (chipped), with a band out and a monochrome interior,may be from a goblet. DateiLHIlB-IIlAi.11 (ST48) Q360AE/10.

pottery

29

bases (D. c.o.12), some of them painted solid, probably belong to thistypeof kraterwithverticalstraphandles. Date: LH III Ai-III 32 or later.12 R424/5 + 6, 8; Q360 c/11; Q3009/40. b. Ring-based krater (FS 281; FIG. 13.2, 11-14). Some ring bases (D. c.0.10-0.12) with fairly thick wall, monochrome or banded inside, are probably fromthe deep semi-globulartype of kraterwith horizontal loop handles.13There are also some fairlythick-walledbody sherds with stumps of such handles, usually monochrome inside and with traces of paint on the handles. Two joining body sherds (Q3009/59 + 60; Th. (wall) 0.008), monochrome inside, have patterned decoration out: a column of horizontal dashes next to the handle scar and, to the leftof it, fourverticallines startingfroman encirclingband and curvingto the left; originallytheymay have formeda TricurvedArch (FM 62) or Multiple Stem (FM 19) motif. A chipped rim sherd (Q3009/8; Th. (wall) 0.009) mav belong to this type or to 6a; it is painted with bands inside and out, and thereare traces of a pattern(lilycalyx?). Date: LH III B. M349/154, 175-6, 198; Q360 A/13, c/l3> D/3~4> L/4, AD/9; S434/8; S478/79, 109; Q3009/8, 19, 28, 34, 39>59 + 6°(ST 59, 91, 98)

6. KRATER a. Neckless krater(FS 7-9; FIG. 13.2, 10). A few torus

7. BASIN(FS 294) (?) (FIG. 13.3, 1-g) At least one rim sherd (Q3009/10; D. c.0.30) may be froma large, deep basin; the rim is thickened and the inside of the bowl monochrome. A number of rim fragments(D. c.o. 14-0.29) have markedlyeverted rims, either squared or curving up or down; the walls may be straightor curvingin or out; some sherds appear to be unpainted, others are monochrome. Also grouped here may be a few unusual rim sherds. One has the scar of a horizontal loop handle just below the rim, which is rounded and c.0.30 in diameter (R29i/4a). Another has a recurved horizontal handle at the everted,flat-topped rim of similar diameter (R29i/3a). Possibly belonging here too are some fairlylarge ring bases with D. c.o.12-0. 15. Date: LH III B2(?).14 R29i/4a, 7a; M349/34, 38-9, 209; Q360 A/2, B/27, j/i, 3, 48, 52 (?), AH/2,AM/4; n4ii/i (?); s478/i8a, 61; U490 AM/3; Q3009/10; LS ΙΟΙ 12/3 (?), (ST44, 53, in, 116-17, 123)

9 For deep bowls and fragmentsfrom the Menelaion see Catling,'Menelaion',33 withfig.20, bottom; excavations, Sherratt 189withfig.8; Catlingand Catling81 withpl. 8. 10Forstemmedbowlssee Mountjoy, MDP 117withfig.143; pp. 129-30withfigs160-2. 11Cf. Mountjoy,MDP 46-50 withfig.55; pp. 64-5 withfig. 75. For goblets from the Menelaion excavations, see

Catling,'Menelaion',figs9-11. 12Cf. Mountjoy,MDP 61 withfig.70; p. 84 withfig.99; p. 109withfig.134;p. 127withfig.i56.f 13See Mountjoy, MDP 115withfig.142;p. 129withfig.159. 14Cf. Mountjoy,MDP 131, 133 withfig.163. For a basin fromthe Menelaion excavations,see Catling,'Menelaion', fig.20, middle.

b. Stems possibly belonging to goblets (FIG. 13.2, 8-g) include a plain, heavy,concave stem with a high dome underneath (Q360 g/io; L. c.o.004; D. c.o.036) and a few very short stems (M349/2, 18; L. 0.01-0.015; D. c.o.021). One fragment(U490 AN/28) preservespart of the deep bowl, and fairlytall stem with high dome underneath,of a plain goblet. Date:LHlB-IIlAi. M349/18; M349/165; M349 b/io; Q360 g/io, AL/2; U490 AN/28. (ST 54, 57, 67)

30 Chapter 13 8. UNCERTAIN OPEN SHAPES

A number of body sherds, painted monochrome insideor out, or both,or withbands outside,belong to medium-sized open vesselswithconvexwalls,such as kylikes or bowls.

R291/4, 14-16, 19, 33; M322/68-9; M349/172-3, 197;Q360 B/49,D/17-19,31, 33, 37, G/21,J/13,L/16, Q/20-1, 24-5, 27, AD/16, 19, Al/6-7, AM/5-7,11; R424/7; S434/19; S478/85; U514/30;^25/26-7; LS 10465/14.

CLOSED SHAPES 9. LARGEPIRIFORMJAR(FIG. 13.3, 10)

A bodyfragment withtheattachedtongueofa vertical straphandle(Q3009/45;W. (handle)0.035; Th. 0.012), is probablyfromtheshoulderof a largejar (FS 19,cf. 15,17,24);15it has remainsofpaint.A bodysherdwith solid,streaky paint(Q3009/61;Th. (wall)0.01; est. D. c.0.22)maybe fromthelowerbodyofsucha vessel. Date: LH III Ai or earlier. (ST 125) Q3009/45,61. 10. LARGE STIRRUP JAR(FS164?)(FIG.13.3,//) ofone suchjar, includingtheflat There are fragments top of the false neck (D. £.0.065)withboth handle withtwo one of thempiercedvertically attachments, firingholes, and a sherd from the upper spout showingtracesofredslip.16 (ST73) S434/5. 11. ALABASTRON

a. Straightwalled alabstron(FS 94; FIG. 13.3,12-13). There are fragmentsfromthe flat base and wall; others, from the base or shoulder with small horizontalhandles,maybe belongto a or b (FS 85).17 Date: LH III A2-B2. R291/9,118a;Q360 c/16,AM/15;r525/H· b. Rounded alabastron (FIG. 13.3, 14). See a. A sharplyevertedrimof rathercoarse fabric^410/77; D. c.o.118),withtracesofpaintin and out,is possibly froma large,earlyexample(FS 81-2).18 Date: LH II? (ST 68, 92, 107) n4io/77. 12. JUGSOR OTHER CLOSED SHAPES(FIG. 13.4, /)

the upperattachment A sherd(Q3009/17),preserving of a vertical,round-sectioned handle,may be froma witha spreadingneck,a jug, as may be a fragment rim thickenedon the outside, and a handle scar (Q3009/47; D. (rim) 0.12). A small sherd has a thickenedrimto givea beakedprofile(Q360 Q/2; D. 15See Mountjoy,MDP 20-2 withfig.15; p. 39 withfig.39; p. 53 withfia 58. 16For such vases see e.g. H. W. Haskell, 'Coarse-ware stirrupjars at Mycenae', BSA 76 (1981), 225-38; P. A. (Oxford, 1993), Mountjoy, MycenaeanPottery:An Introduction

74-5,80.

c.o.07). Otherhandle,base, or bodyfragments maybe fromjugs or otherclosedshapes. Date: LH III. M322/78;Q360 Q/2; Q3009/17-18,24,47, 68 (?).

(ST 62, 102)

13. OPEN OR CLOSED SHAPES

a. Bases (FIG.13.4,2-6) of mediumfabric,eitherflat, flat and raised, or splaying and slightlyhollow underneath(D. 0.03-0.12). Date: LH III. u<ò$9/lòli 155; Q360 B/12, c/10, 12, ah/io-ii; U520/12;Q3009/38,42, 44, 46, 48-9; LS 10465/6. (ST 23,50, 58, 64) b. Handles,roundor oval in section. Date: LH III. R29i/i7a, 116a; M349/4-6, 15, 56, 58, 61, 64; M349/192;Q360 A/7,B/5, c/5, 8, Q/9-11, ad/io, AG/2,AH/4,l5> AL/4;N418/38;S478/i9a-2ia, 23a(ST 62) 25a; Q3009/14(?), 16,20-22, 27,31. c. Verticalstraphandles,flatin section(c.0.022X 0.01). Date: LH III. Q360 Ä/12, B/19, 36 (?), d/6, G/5, j/6, L/2, Q360

AD/12.

(ST 87)

d. Body sherds,fairlythick-walled(c. 0.007), wlt^ lineardecorationout. R291/36;Q360 Q/16,AD/15,2O5vb2ò/?>1· (ST 69) e. Bodysherds,unpainted. R29i/44a, 46a, 49a~5oa, 52a~53a, 61a, 64a-65a, 68a, 7ia~72a, 78a~79a, 8ia-82a, 1114a; M349/155; Q360 A/23-7, B/2, 15, 17, 47, c/10, 20-1, D/20-1, G/8,26, 28,J/14,17-23,35-6, 54-5, 58, 62-6, 68-9, L/15, 17, 19, AE/12,15-16, 19, AH/17,Al/3, 10-11, AM/3,8j I0> I2-i4j R424/4;U490 AM/149,AX/196; U514/26; U520/12; Γ525/29, 32, 35, 45; Q3009/4, (ST 84) 64-7. 17See Mountjoy,MDP 73-4, 100, 125withfigs84, 119(FS 94, dated LH III A2-B2);pp. 73-4, 99 withfigs83, 118(FS 85, datedLH III A2-B1). 18See Mountjoy,MDP 25, 40, 42 withfigs19, 43; Catling, fig.9, upper middle (LH III ai example fromMenelaion excavations).

Mycenaeanpottery31 Household

Wares (14-17) Withtheratherspecialexceptionof'Barbarianware',we havenotbeen able,on thegroundsof thesurveymaterial, to makea cleardistinction betweenMH and Mycenaeanhouseholdwares and pithoi.Evenwhenspecifictypesare foundat exclusively Mycenaeansites(H45,K414,N418, and it seems unwise to T470,S478,K515,U520, Q3009), generalizesincesuchtypestendto be rare or uniquepieces.Forthesereasonsthehouseholdwaresare treatedtogether withthoseof the MiddleHelladicperiod(Chapter12 above).Presumably wheelmadevesselstendto be of later occurat sitesthatseembarelyto continueintotheLH period,e.g. date,thoughtheycertainly MH 3a (coarse,shallowhemispherical of bowl)and MH 3c (largecoarsebowl).The occurrence LH a rathersoft,orange,finely fabric to be a of but it is found at date, again levigated ought sign MH date.Onlyexcavation sitesoflargely ofstratified can this matter. deposits clarify OPEN

SHAPES

14. DISH (?) WITHHANDLE(FIG. 13.4, 7)

An enigmaticfragment(Th. (wall) 0.05) seems to belongto a handmade,flatvesselof somekindwitha horizontalloop handle. Date: LH III. Q3009/35. (ST 124) 15. LARGEBOWL(FIG. 13.4, 8-g)

ofwheelmadebowlswithconvexwallsand Fragments rims(D. >o.3o). plain,flat-topped Date: LH III. R2o,i/i3ia; M322 A/187; Q360 j/44; ls 12503/2. (ST 81)

16. OPENOR CLOSED SHAPES a. Coarse vessel with horizontal handle(s) (FIG. 13.4, 10). Fragment from such a vessel (Th. (wall) 0.004) with the stump of a horizontal loop handle.

Date: LH III. Q360AD/11.

(ST 99)

b. Medium to coarse verticalhandles(FIG.13.4,//), circularin section(D. 0.02) and pierced by vertical Q360 Al/2has darkpaint. firing-holes. Date: LH. Q360 B/9, 11,38-9, D/5,J/56,L/5,AI/2;U514/15; U3006/40.

17. DARK-SURFACED HANDMADE BURNISHED OR 'BARBARIAN' WARE

One or twosherdsfromfairly thick-walled vessels(Th. c.o.oi) can be assignedto thisparticularware.19They are handmade,coarse,and burnished,and may have an appliedcordon. Date: LH III B2-earlyIII C. 0360.1/26,38. (ST94)

Discussion As statedin theintroduction, littleMycenaeanpotterycollectedbytheLaconia Surveycan be LH dated earlier than III. At theotherend,thereis nothingdefinitely LH III C, always firmly in mind the and worn nature of the material. bearing fragmentary The fabricsof the table ware seem to be ratherdifferent fromthe buffclay and buffor surface of most LH III Α-B decorated local pinkish-buff Argive pottery, therebysuggesting At the same there is evidence for at least one either time, production.20 kylix(ia; Q360 AL/2), 19See Catling and Catling (similar material from Menelaion excavations);I. K. Whitbread,'Pétrographie analysisof Barbarianware fromthe Menelaion,Sparta', in Φιλολάκων 297-306 (mineralogical data suggest local manufacture).For recent studies of this ware see E. F. Bloedow, 'Hand-made burnished ware or "barbarian" potteryand TroyVII B', Paroladelpassato,40 (1985),161-99; J. B. Rutter,'Some commentson interpretingthe darksurfacedhandmadeburnishedpotteryof the 13thand 12th

cent. BC',JMA 3 (1990), 29-49; D. B. Small, 'Handmade burnished ware and prehistoricAegean economics: an argumentforindigenousappearance',ibid. 3-25; Mountjoy (n. 16),92. 20Cf. Sherratt 189 (LH III pottery from Menelaion excavations). Chemical analysis of (LH III Ai and III B) pottery from the Menelaion excavations has revealed compositionsconsistentwithlocal manufacture;see Jones, GCP 210-12,469.

32 Chapter13 or an actualimportand thereby apparentin recallingtheMinoan influences Minoan-inspired LH III A2pottery fromAyiosStephanosin theHelos plain.21 fitquitewellintothemainstream Viewedas a whole,thetypesand decorationrepresented - and often the relativefrequencyof monochromeinteriors of LH III A and III Β pottery, Laconian feature,well paralleledin the exteriorsas well beingperhapsa morespecifically excavatedmaterialfromtheMenelaionridgeand fromAyiosStephanos.22 ofopen shapesfromsettlement sitesis a commonenoughphenomenon The preponderance in MycenaeanGreece,Laconia included.23 the Among open shapesfromthe Survey,kylikes are byfarthemostcommon. Of particularinterestare the one or two pieces of so-called Dark-surfacedHandmade Burnishedor 'Barbarian5ware fromthe Menelaion ridge (Q360), where excavationhad to LH alreadyproduced(small)quantitiesofthisspecialclassofpotteryin contextsattributed III B2/early III C.24

21Mountjoy,PAP,ead., 'Regional Mycenaeanpottery'(n. 2), 257,259. 22Sherratt189; Catling and Catling 81; Ε. Β. French,in PAP. Taylour(n. 2), 270;Mountjoy,

23By contrast,tombmaterial,such as thatfromMelathriá, usuallyconsistsmainlyof closed shapes:see Demakopoulou (n. 5)· 24See Catlingand Catling272,282.

14 THE ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL POTTERY R. WV.Catling Our KNOWLEDGE OF Laconian POTTERYof the Dark Ages and the archaic and classical periodsis largelyconfinedto thedecoratedwares,amongwhichtheblack-figured potteryof the sixthcenturyhas attractedthe greatestattention.1 Recentwork,mainlyby Stibbe and whichhas appearedsincethestudyofthepotteryfromthesurveywas completedin Pelagatti, 1989,has done muchto improveour knowledgeof Laconian plain black-glazedwaresof the archaicperiod,and further studiesare promised.2 thereis stillmuchto be learnt, Nevertheless, especiallyabout the black-glazedwares of the classicalperiod. Our ignoranceis virtually completein the case of the domesticwares,mainlybecause mostof the publishedpottery it is hoped, will help originatesin tombsor sanctuarycontexts.The findsfromthe survey, towardsfilling thisimportant gap. A relatively smallnumberofpublishedexcavationsprovidesthebasis forour knowledgeof Laconian pottery. Amongthe mostimportantare the excavationsof the BritishSchool at varioussitesin and aroundSparta,notablythe sanctuaryof ArtemisOrthia,the Menelaion and the acropolisof Sparta,carriedout in the firstthreedecades of the twentieth century.3 therehave been no significant additionsto thepublishedmaterialfromSparta, Subsequently or any otherpart of Laconia, thoughthiswill change when the potteryfromthe latest excavationsat theMenelaionis publishedin thenottoo distantfuture.4 Laconian pottery was in moderate the to the from west, exported quantitiesthroughout Mediterranean, especially thelate seventhto earlyfifth it is mostoftenof centuries, thoughwhereit has been identified theeasilyrecognizeddecoratedor figured wares.Amongtheexceptionsare thevotivepottery fromTocra in Cyrenaica5and theLaconianpotteryexportedto Sicilyrecently presentedas a both of which include notable of archaic corpusby Pelagatti,6 quantities plain black-glazed wares.Withinthe Péloponnèsethereare usefulcomparisonsto be made withthe material 1

Among the more importantare the following:Droop Geometm 1926-7;Droop 1929;Lane; J. N. Coldstream,Greek

A Surveyof TenLocal Stylesand theirChronology Pottery: (London,

1968),212-19;Stibbe1972;W. D. E. Coulson,'The darkage of Sparta',BSA 80 (1985),29-84; I. Margreiter, Frühe pottery lakonische Keramikvongeometrischer bis zu archaischer £eit (10.-6.

Jhdt.v. Chr.)(Schriftenaus dem Athenaionder klassischen ArchäologieSalzburg,5; Waldsassen,1988). 2 Stibbe,LMB; P. Pelagattiand G. M. Stibbe, Lakonika: ricerche e nuovimatenalidi cerâmicalacónica,i-ii (Bollettino d'arte

suppl.; Rome, 1992); Stibbe,LDV. To these wide-ranging studiesmaybe added detailedtreatments of specificshapes: C. M. Stibbe, 'Lakonische Kantharoi', in Meded.Rom.40 (1978), 23-41; Stibbe 1984; Pelagatti and Stibbe 1988; Pelagatti1991;C. M. Stibbe,'La lakaina: un vaso lacónico

per bere',in Pelagattiand Stibbe,Lakonika (above),73-113. 6 Artemis Orthia: see AO. Menelaion: A. B. J. Wace, M. S. Thompson,and J. P. Droop, 'Excavationsat Sparta, 1909: the Menelaion',BSA 15 (1908-9), 108-57.Acropolis: A. M. Woodward,'Excavationsat Sparta,1924-25',BSA 26 (1923-5),116-276;id., 'Excavationsat Sparta, 1926',BSA 27 (1925-6),173-254;id. etal. 'Excavationsat Sparta,1927',BSA 28 (1926-7),1-106;id. etal. 'Excavationsat Sparta,1924-28', BSA 29 (1927-8),1-107;id., 'Excavationsat Sparta,1924-28', BSA 30 (1928-30),151-254. 4 See Catling, 'Menelaion', 35-42, for a preliminary account; R. W. V. Catling, Ά votive deposit of seventhfromtheMenelaion',in Φιλολάκων57-75. century pottery 5 Boardmanand Hayes 1966,81-95, 116-17;1973,39-41· b Pelagatti1992.

34 Chapter 14

ofarchaicand classicaldate at Olympia7and withthefindsfromBabes fromthewell-groups in northern fraction ofthepottery Triphylia,8 verycloseto Olympia.Atbothsitesa significant is eitherimportedfromLaconia or made under Laconian influence.The resultsof a topographicsurveyin a regionto the southof Megalopolisin southernArkadiaare also of in showingtheoverwhelming influenceofLaconian ceramicsduringthearchaicand interest likethatfromour survey, means classicalperiods.9However,thepoor conditionofthepottery, thatfewdirectcomparisonscan be made. WhileLaconian Geometricand archaicwareshave has been givento thelocal waresofthe been theobjectofa numberofstudies,littleattention classicalperiod,thefourthcenturybeingthe area of our greatestignorance.Our knowledge ofclassicalLaconianpotteryis based on scatteredmaterial,ofwhichonlya littlecomesfrom centuryfromKythera,11 Amongthemostusefulare potterygroupsofthefifth Spartaitself.10 all and fromNichoria12and Kopanaki13in southernand northernMessenia respectively, withintheambitofLaconianinfluence. In largepartthepublishedmaterialbearslittleresemblance to thetypesofpottery foundon is simplythe resultof previousscholars' the Laconia Survey.To some extentthisdistinction Their neglectof the plain wares is abundantlyclear preoccupationwithdecoratedpottery. fromtheBritish thatremainunpublished fromthelargeamountsofplainblack-glazedpottery School'searlyexcavations.However,manyoftheshapesso familiarfromSpartansanctuaries are eitherentirelyabsent (e.g. lakainas)or presentonly on sanctuarysites(e.g. aryballoi). contextselsewhereassume Shapes commonto thesurveymaterialand to votiveand cemetery for our craters, mugs,and the ridgedamphoras purposes,stirrup-handled greatimportance and hydriasbeingamongthemostuseful. A further arisesfromthe conditionof muchof the potteryrecoveredduringthe difficulty is are The sherds mostlysmalland oftenso wornthatthe originalsurfacetreatment survey. to specificshapes,but have to be uncertain.As a resultmanypieces cannotbe attributed it is groupedunder generalcategoriessuch as 'uncertainlarge closed shapes'; frequently to a shape is normally uncertainwhethersherdsbelongto open or closedshapes.Attribution In spiteofthiscautiousapproach,it is made onlywhenthereis a largemeasureof certainty. as have to be corrected will that attributions knowledgeofthesubjectimproves. likely many Where so muchwas uncertain,the studyof the potterynaturallyconcentratedfirston potterytypesdiagnosticof particular single-periodsites,withthe purpose of identifying and as craters in to such addition those, alreadyregardedas typepieces.The hydrias, periods was also studiedin detail,in orderto sites material from these the fabrics of range among or lacking establisha cfeePforpotteryof the periodon siteswhichwereeithermulti-period was it could be and fast rules While no hard established, normally clearlydiagnosticpottery. archaic-classicalmaterialfromhellenisticon the basis of fabricand possibleto distinguish accountofthemainfabricgroupsprecedesthetypology. appearance.A summary in particularthatlaterthan of muchof thepottery, The relativeand absolutechronology 7 See Gauer. 8 See Lang; the Laconian affiliationsare sometimes overlooked bytheauthor. 9 Pikoulas 1988,ι6. 10Cook and Nicholls 290-2; Catling1990Ä,30-1. 11Kythera 159-65,306-7. 12See W. D. E. Coulson,'Archaicto Roman times:the site inMchona,iii. 332-50 (hereinafter and environs', 'Coulson').

13Kaltsas's date forthis importantassemblage(c.475-60) to assignitto thesecondhalfofthe seemsratherearly.I prefer to and to resistthe temptation 5thcent,(perhaps£.450-425), associate the destructionof the house withthe Messenian revoltthat followedthe great earthquake in 464. Stibbe considerstheassemblageto be latearchaic,dating apparently different pots to the last quarter of the 6th and the first quarterofthe5thcent.:Stibbe,LDV'47 no. G 2, 268 η. 479.

Archaicand Classical pottery35 thesixthcentury, remainsproblematic. Fromthe earlyfifth centuryLaconian potteryceased to be exported,so thatcorrelationswithotherpotterysequences,mostimportantly Attic, cannotbe made.At thesame time,fromthemid-sixth no imports centurytherewerevirtually intoLaconia. However,whileLaconian potterydevelopedalong ratheridiosyncratic linesin the classicalperiod,it did not do so in completeisolation.Influencesfromotherregions, especiallyAttica,are clearlydetectable,enablingthe approximatecorrelationof the two sequences.There is littlehelp to be foundamong the materialfromLaconian sanctuaries, wheretherange,quantity, and qualityofpotterydedicatedin theclassicalperioddiminishes. The finededicationsof the sixthcenturywere increasingly replacedby poorlymade, massminiature votive vessels. an of excavated domesticsitewillenable produced Onlypublication theconstruction ofa clearand detailedceramicsequenceforclassicalLaconianpottery. Until thattimethedatingofclassicalpottery willremainat bestapproximate. Fabrics

and Paint

The principalfabricdivisionscoincidewiththe fourmain categoriesofpotteryfoundin the typology.The largestcategory,the finewares, shows most diversityin fabric,in general in vesseltypeand sizewithinthegroup. to thediversity corresponding FINE WARES

For the sake of conveniencethisverylarge categoryincludesall the black-glazedwares, thoughin termsof fabricit rangesfromveryfineto semi-fine, overlappingto some degree withthesemi-coarsewares.The fabricsare mosteasilycategorizedby thecolourof the clay, thoughit is recognizedthatthesevariationsmay be primarilythe resultof differing firing conditions.Three main groupsemergewhich,listedin orderof frequency, may be broadly describedas lightbrown,red,and grey,thoughtheboundariesbetweenthemare not always welldefined.Of the2,230fine-ware sherdswhosefabricwas examined,997 (45 per cent)were ofthelightbrowngroup,802 (36 per cent)ofthered,and 431 (19 per cent)ofthegrey.While none is especiallydistinctive,in the way of Corinthianfinewares, the greyfabricsare probablythe easiestto recognizeas Laconian. These observationsare broadlycomparable withHayes'sdescription of theclaycoloursamongtheLaconian potteryfoundat Tocra.14It is notclearto whatextentthesethreegroupsare meaningful beyondthesimpledifferentiation in colour.It seemsunlikelythattheyare the productsof different areas, giventhe general in the of inclusions across the three and one similarity range groups, mightguessthatin terms ofchemicalcomposition are identical. in the fabric coloursseemto be However, general they thedeliberateproductofthefiring the forsmallshapesin process,given apparentpreference brown fabrics and in red or and to this extent their definition as groups light largeshapes grey, can be justified. used forthe smallershapes,and includethe finest Lightbrownfabricsare predominantly fabricsused forformssuch as cups (15). There is, however,a significant numberof large in some The colour from shapes,including veryfinelypreparedclay. ranges verylightbrown to brown and Y brown Y YR (buff) pale yellowish pale pinkish (2.5 6/2; 5 7/3; 5 6/3,7/4,8/2; 7.5 YR 7-8/2,7-8/4; 10 YR 5/2, 6-8/3, 7~8/4, 8/1).Whereinclusionsoccur,theytendto be

14Boardmanand Hayes 1966,87-8. See also Schaus 15-16;McPhee 154-5;Stibbe,1MB 14.

36 Chapter14 fewand are usuallylimitedto tiny-to-small white,reddish-brown, grey,or blackpellets;many have no visibleinclusions.It is onlyin the large shapes thatinclusionsare more abundant, includingsmallto mediumquartz,crushedschist,and largerpelletsin the same varietyof colours. Reddishto orangefabricsare commonforboththelargeand smallshapes,as wellas being is usually usedforsomedomesticwaressuchas basins(43). Amongthelargershapesthefiring are a or core. Most of the small uneven,producing grey, shapes evenlyfiredand pink, purplish colours.The rangeofcoloursis wide and shadesinto tendto be in thelighterreddish-brown the firstgroup,varyingfromlightreddish-brown to lightred to orange(2.5 YR 5-6/8, 6/6, YR YR R 10 6/2, 6/6-8). Amongthe smallershapes, 6-7/6, 7/7-8, 7.5 7-8/6, 8/3, 7/8, 5 or blackpellets visibleinclusionsare eithercompletely absentor limitedto tinyreddish-brown but they and occasionalwhitegrits.The largershapescontaina widervarietyof inclusions, are rarelyveryabundant.Apartfromsmallwhitegritsand veryoccasionalcrushedschistand reddish,grey,or blackpellets. mica,theyconsistforthemostpartofsmall-to-medium The greygroup is the least commonof the fine-warefabrics,and is mostlyassociated withlarge open and closed shapes (craters,lekanes,hydrias,amphoras,etc.). The colour rangesfromlightto mid-grey(2.5 Y N6-7/, 5 Y 5/1, 6-7/1-2, 7.5 Y 7/1, 10 Y 8/1, 7.5 YR N7/,6/1, 10 YR 5/1, 6/2, 7/1). Firingis oftenuneven,producinga biscuitwitha reddish core and greyskinsor,less often,greywitha red outerskin;a banded greyand red effectis occasionallyproduced.Inclusionsoccur in all except a few.They consistmainlyof small reddish-brown pellets(grog?),thoughmica and small white,grey,and blackishgritsare also found.There is a relativelysmall numberof small open shapes in greyclay,some some possiblyanticipatingthe preferenceforgreyfabrics perhapsthe resultof overfiring, in thehellenisticperiod.Apartfromsome whiteor brownspeckstheynormallycontainno visibleinclusions. SEMI-COARSE DOMESTIC

WARES (MAINLY MORTARS AND BASINS)

There are no clearlydefinedfabricgroupsamong the semi-coarsewares. They lack the to coarse,with and pithosfabrics,and rangefromsemi-fine coherenceof the cooking-ware somedegreeofoverlapwiththelargerfine-ware shapes.The colourrangeoftheclayis rather themajority narrow, beinglightbrownto reddishbrown(5 YR 6-7/6-8, 7.5 YR7/3-6,8/6),a fewredder(2.5 YR 5-6/8), and a veryfewlightgrey(7.5Y 7/2, 10 YR 8/2). The composition, and size of the inclusionsare veryvaried,especiallyamong the mortars,ranging quantity, fromonlya fewtinyspecks,smallwhitegrits,or reddishbrowninclusions(grog?)to large grits(white,grey,and black; schist,quartz, quantitiesof varied small or small-to-medium in combinations. mixed often differing grog?), COOKING WARES

The fabricofthearchaicto classicalcookingwaresis highlydistinctive and, once recognized, is a usefulindicatorof date where othermore diagnosticmaterialis lacking.Two main and associatedwiththin-walledshapes.The first, varietiesoccur,both normallyhard-fired is characterizedby the pinkishcolour of the clay (5-7.5 YR 7/2-4), and more distinctive, mainlyof consisting thoughthecoreis normallygrey.Mostcontainlargequantitiesoftemper, small-mediumquartz,lime, and crushedschist;quantityand size vary,one group being characterized quantityof bythesmallsize oftheinclusions.In somethereis also a significant reddishinclusions(grog?).The secondvarietyhas a widercolourrange,typically lightbrown or reddishbrown(5 YR 7/6-8, 7.5 YR 8/6, 10 YR 6-7/3,8/4>2·5 Y 7/2>5 Y 6-8/1,7.5 Y 7/1),

Archaicand Classical pottery37 In boththe also witha greycore.The rangeofinclusionsis similarto thatofthefirstvariety. surfaceis roughlysmoothed, marks and much surface leavingmanygrit grit. The resemblanceof a small thirdgroup to hellenisticcooking-warefabricssuggestsit transition. It is verylightbrown belongsto thelate classicalperiodor theclassical-hellenistic YR a with dark core. The small white and (10 7/3) grey tempercomprises greygritsand some reddishinclusions(grog?),lackingthe crushedschisttypicalof the two othervarieties.The surfaceis smootherand lessgritty. PITHOI

The fabricofthearchaicto classicalpithoiis as distinctive as thatofthecookingwares,and is likewiseusefulforgeneraldatingpurposesin the absence of more closelydatable material. There are threemain varieties,each differentiated by the typeof inclusions.All threeare made ofcompact,moreor lessevenlyfired,brownto reddishbrownclay(2.5 YR 6-7/4,5 YR 6/6-8, 7/6-8, 8/4, 7.5 YR 6-8/4-6), witha fewreddishpieces (10 R 5/3, 6/4). The first, whichcomprisesthe majorityof pithossherds,containsmanysmall-to-large, angular,platey grits,usuallyreddishor grey,the colourprobablyvaryingaccordingto the firingconditions. Normallyno othertemperis present,but in some pieces crushedschistand/orquartz,lime, and reddishinclusions(grog?)occur.The secondvarietycontainsquantitiesof smallto large crushedschist,normallywithoutotherinclusions, whilethethirdhas muchsmallto medium mixedschist,quartz,and othergrit.In all threethereis muchvisiblesurfacegrit,but the surfacesofthethirdgroupare notas wellfinishedas thefirsttwofabrictypes,whichinclude nearlyall the examplesof pithoiwithcordondecoration(see 57 n-q). It maybe notedthat the cordonswere applied to the body of the pithoiusing a fineclay.Examples of small, thin-walledpithoiin much less coarse fabricsoccur but formno coherent comparatively group. PAINT

The pottery fromthesurveyprovidesa poor basisforgeneralizations abouttheappearanceof thepaint.Normallythepaintedsurfaceis heavilywornand abraded,and onlyrarelyis itwell to givea good impression ofitsoriginalappearance.The problemofwearis enoughpreserved further the corrosive effects ofthesoilswhichpredominate in thesurveyarea, compoundedby a problemthatseemsto be widespreadin the southernand westernPéloponnèse.In most cases potteryfromany excavated sites could be predicted to be in poor condition. Nevertheless someremarksare possible.In thevastmajorityof cases thepaintis black,often ratherstreaky, witheithera mattor semi-glossy finish.A veryfewhave a glossyblackfinish to Attic black Variations include comparable glaze. frequentinstancesof greyishor darkbrownish black.Some piecesare moredistinctly mattgreyor brown.There are comparatively fewexamplesof reddishpaint.Added red or whitepaint is onlyoccasionallyfoundand is restricted to the archaic period. Previousdescriptionsare not much at variance withthe above.15 In thetypology thatfollows, thepotteryhas been dividedintofivemaincategories:finewares of the (composedmainly black-glazedwares), semi-coarsewares (includingmortarsand

15Boardmanand Hayes 1966,87-8; Kythera 307; Pikoulas1988,17;Stibbe,1MB 14.

38 Chapter14 vessels),cookingwares,coarsewares(composedofpithoiand basins),and miniatures. transport The finewareswhichmakeup thelargestcategoryare dividedintoopen and closedforms, and in each thearrangement from a to similar division is for progresses large small; employed the muchsmallercategoryof cookingwares.Whereothercriteriaare missing,open and closed by the presenceor absence of paint on the interior.It is shapes are usuallydistinguished that is not since this ideal, recognized manyclosed shapeshave painton partor all of their and that some are not completely The poor conditionof monochrome. interior, open shapes muchofthematerialmakesthetaskofdistinguishing betweenthetwomoredifficult. whether Whereverpossible,comparisonsare made withotherpublishedLaconian pottery, Reference is occasionally madeto theunpublished findsfromthe foundin Laconia or elsewhere. in Sparta(mainlyat Artemis and theold British excavations newMenelaionexcavations Orthia) thepublishedinformation. with is generally to supplement non-Laconianpottery Comparison handbooksand sitepublications, and restricted to thestandardpottery suchas theblack-glazed fromtheAthenianAgoraand Corinth.The searchforparallelshas notbeen domesticpottery itsmainobjectbeingtoprovideevidencefordatingthepottery fromthesurvey. exhaustive, Fine Wares (1-41) LARGE OPEN SHAPES (1-13) I. SUBGEOMETRIC CRATERS (FIG. 14. 1, 1-2)

rimon splayingwall.(FIG.14.1,/) a. Wedge-shaped Monochromein,fourbandsand zone ofblobson rim and upperwall. Date: c.700-650. N415 B/2.

b. Thick-walled bodyfragment. (FIG.14.1,2) Partsof threepanels of chequer-boardabove three in. bands;monochrome Date: c.700-600. 1400/14.

2. STIRRUP-HANDLED CRATERS (FIG. 14.1, 3-8)

is one ofthemostdiagnostictypesofthearchaic This shape,thesubjectofa detailedstudybyStibbe,16 to earlyclassicalperiods(i.e. c.600-400 BC),and was one ofthoseused in theinitialstagesofthestudy as a 'peg' on whichto hang associatedbut less diagnostictypes.The onlycompletepublishedcrater occurat fromLaconia is a late fifth-century examplefromAnálipsisin theSkiritis,17 thoughfragments a numberof sites.In its completeformit is best attestedin Etruria,South Italy,and Sicily,areas to formby sherds It is recognizablein fragmentary whichit was exportedin considerablequantities.18 fromthe rim and stirrup-handles;certaintyis never possible where body sherds and bases are existsthatsomecraterbases are listedundertypes11 c- d and 36 f-g. Fora concerned.The possibility oftheshape,Stibbe'smonographshouldbe consulted. description to the handlefragments are few;threeofthefourbelongto thestrapsection,thefourth Attributable verticalloop and stubof the strap.All the examplesare black-glazed,belongingto Stibbe'slargest groupof 'all-blackstirrupcraters'(typeF);19none of the typewithdecoratedrimoccurs.The criteria oftheshapefromc.6ooto theearlyfifth centuryare largely adoptedbyStibbeto tracethedevelopment is on the basis of therimform, where are concerned. Our material subdivided fragments inapplicable is froma heavy,squaredformto one muchmoreslender,concaveand flaring. wherethedevelopment D. (rim)0.25-0.32;smallest0.225,largestc.0.40. 16Stibbe,LMB; further exampleshave sincebeen published fromBabes and Aigina:Lang 65-6, fig.11. 1-4, pl. 18. 1-2; Williams1993,576-84,figs.9-19. 17S. Karouzou, Ή Ελένη της Σπάρτης* η μεγάλη πρόχους άπο την Ανάληψη της Κυνουρίας', Arch.Eph.

1985,33~44>at Ρ· 36 fig·35Stibbe,LMB 58, 125no. L 6. For Análipsissee below,Chapter23,DD45. 18See M. Nafissi'sanalysisin Stibbe,LMB 68-88. 19Stibbe,LMB 37-43,105-15,figs.41-80,pis 9-13.

Archaic and Classical pottery 39 a. The earlierrimform(FIG.14.1,3-6) is typified bya heavy,squared, flat-toppedrim,oftenwitha slight flangeat the upperedge as well as a droopinglower edge. The face of the rimis flat.U531/1is probably thelatestin thisgroup. Date: c.575-500. R275/1;R275A/38;P285/3;S524A/5;U531/1. b. The laterrimform(FIG.14.1,y-8)is moreslenderand witha moreor lessconcaveface.The flattop elongated, is oftenoutwardlydownturned,suggestingthatthe flaredfromthebody. upperpart,theneckofthecrater, The flangeon theupperedge disappears;thedrooping and insteaddevelopsinto loweredgeis lesspronounced, a downward slantfromthebodytotheedge.

Date: c.525-400. D83/2;S458/1;T471/1-3;U3006/9;LS 10236/4. c. Of the threehandle straps,onlyone (R281D/42) preservesitsfullform;itslowersectionturnsinwards at an angleofabout 60 degrees.They are about0.045 wide. The one fragmentwiththe verticalloop and strapseems unusual:the round-section loop is tilted from out,witha rathernarrowstraprisingvertically it. Date: c.550-450. Gl57/?;J223/5;R281D/42;U3006/37. d. Two sherdsalmostcertainly fromtheneck. N415C/3;1447/5.

3. COLUMNCRATER(PLATEI a)

A verylargeshapedistinguished rim,withlong,downturned face,on a straight byitsbroad,flat-topped neck.The neckis articulatedfroma rathernarrow,roundedshoulder.Large,round-section column strutsare attachedat thebottomedge of therimand presumably on theshoulder;theoverallformof handle assemblyis uncertain.The shape is of Corinthianorigin,but our examplesalmostcertainly imitateAtticprototypes. Atticversionsusuallyhave blackor red-figured decoration,onlyrarelyplain The crater. black-glazed.20 shape is rarein Laconia, itsplace beingtakenby thelocal stirrup-handled D. (rim)c.0.60-0.65. H31/1is a heavilyabradedred-figure example,probablyblack-glazedin; uncertainornamenton rim top; undulatingline withattachedpalmettesto rightfillingthe spaces on the rim face; uncertain whetherneck decorated;tongueson shoulder;uncertaindecorationon body; handle strutsblackcolumncrateris knownfromLaconia.21This piece mayperhapsbe an glazed. No otherred-figured import.H60/1is black-glazedin and out. Date: £.475-400. ι α);Η60/1(?). H31/1(PLATE MUGS?(FIG.14.I,g-IO) 4. LARGE Two examplesoccurofa largeopen shape,perhapsto be identified as versionsofthelargemug.Other sherdsverylikelybelongto largemugs(13 c), and it is possiblethatsome of therimshereassignedto hydrias(30 c-d) could also. This shape was a greatlyenlargedversionof the ordinaryLaconian mug intothefourth, and bestknownbythetwo (16),firstappearingin thelaterfifth centuryand continuing It was the shape most completeexamplesof the last quarterof the fifth centuryfoundat Análipsis.22 decoratedin the short-livedLaconian red-figured frequently styleof the late fifthto earlyfourth centuries.23 It musthave servedthe same purpose as a crater,perhaps replacingthe traditional Laconianstirrup-handled craterin thelaterfifth The mostdistinctive featureofour sherdsis a century. markedlydownturnedrimflaringfroma short,concave neck,not apparentlyfoundon any of the froma gentlycurvedverticalwall. Inside,just belowthetop ofthe publishedpieces.The neckis offset rim,is a shallowgroove.No parallelsare known.D. (rim)0.28 and 0.35. Both examplesprobablyblack-glazedin. The better-preserved of the two (H31/2+ 3 + 28) is so

20 Sparkesand Talcott54-5. n None is mentioned among the Laconian red-figured potteryfrom Sparta published in McPhee. A curious example,glazed on the insideand plain out, was foundon

theacropolisof Sparta:Droop 1926-7,73, fig.14,whereit is classedas a pithos. inexplicably 22Karouzou (n. 17),33-42,figs.1-2,4; pis 4-7. 23McPhee 155-6.

40 Chapter 14 is lost;theotherhas a rowof'drops'on thefaceoftherim, heavilyabradedthattheexteriortreatment butis otherwise plainon theexterior. Date: £.450-350? H31/2+ 3 + 28; U499/82. 5. BELLCRATERS (FIG.14.2) Bell cratersare themostcommonof thevarioustypesof crater,occurringon manysitesin thesurvey area. Their smallersize and simplicity may have made themmore practicaland versatileforsmall householdsthanthelargerstirrup-handled craters.By comparisontheyare rareat sanctuariessuchas ArtemisOrthia and the Menelaion. The shape has recentlybeen the subject of a briefstudyby Pelagattiand Stibbe,thetwenty examplesgatheredbythembeingsubdividedintofourmaingroupson the basis of decoration,witha further fifth groupof miniatureexamples.24 SubsequentlyStibbehas a bell added twofurther of which one is shallow version of the standard craterwhiletheother groups, an of variant forms.25 Outside are known fromBabes and assortment Laconia, comprises examples Olympiain thePéloponnèse,fromAigina,and froma numberof sitesin SouthItalyand Sicily.Their featuresare a deep, straight-walled distinguishing bodywithevertedrim,and horizontalloop handles set highon the body.Variationson the formof the rimare numerous.Commonestis a prominent, mostoftenpointedand wedgeor slightly roundedrim,usuallydownward-slanting, everted,flat-topped or shapedor witha bevellededge,less oftenheavyand rounded.Occasionallytherimis downturned hooked.The wall has a straight inwardslant,thoughsometimesit maybe rathermorecurved. slightly Only rarelyis a handleor itsattachment preservedin association;mostlikelytheycompriseda pair of horizontalround-section or straphandles.The handlesare sethighon thebody,in one case (R296/11) belowtherim.Completeexamplesshowthattheycould have a flatbase or a ringfoot.26 immediately There is a considerablesize range.D. (rim)0.15-0.30.Subtypesa and b are subdividedon thebasisof decoration;c is a variantformrepresented byonlyone example. a. This type(FIG.14.2,1-3) correspondsto Pelagatti and Stibbe's second group and Stibbe's group B. Black-glazedin and out exceptfora broad reserved band in the handle zone, a schemecloselyparalleled on a numberofmorecompletebell cratersofthemidand later 6th cent.27A slightlydifferent scheme is foundon S524 B/2, where a narrowreservedband occursimmediately belowtherim. Date: c.575-500. R275/5; S437/42; S524 B/2.

b. This, the largest group (FIG. 14.2, 4-24), to Pelagattiand Stibbe'sthirdgroupand corresponds Stibbe'sgroupC. Probablyall black-glazedin and on therimtop,and themajorityout as well,thoughthe exterior havebeen leftplain. maysometimes The earliest of our examples may date to the second quarterof the 6th cent.,the majorityto the

24 Pelagattiand Stibbe1988. 25Stibbe, LDV51-5, figs.154-64, pl. 9. 1-3. It should be notedthatG 2 (p. 156,fig.162)is almostcertainly a hellenistic crater,forwhichthereare good parallelsat the Menelaion. The upperpartofan elaboratebell craterofLaconian origin or inspirationhas been publishedfromBabes, thoughits Laconian affiliations are overlookedand it is misdatedto the

second halfof the 6th and the beginningof the 5th. Exampleswitha plain exteriormaybe typicalof the classicalperiod,as indicatedby a specimenfromthe Menelaion.The basic typemayhavesurvivedintothe late classicaland earlyhellenistic period.Some of the less typical formsmay be of this late period (e.g. Ci 14/42;F133/3;G159/4;J227/2).

H31/26; D85/2, 19, 21 + 22, 30; BUI A/12; CII4/6, 42 (?), F133/3; G159/4; C169/4, 22; N183/1 (?), 7 + 27; K200/4; K203/18; J213/2; J227/2; P262/6; P268/3; P272/8 (?), 9, 12; R281 B/3, D/4 (?), 5-6; P286/3; P288/1; R296/2, 11-12; J367/1; N415 B/103; S431/4; S433/1-2, 4; S434/2; R454/1; S458/4-6; T471/4; . R473/13; U490 AM/21, AN/5; U491/10; U493/1; U499/1; N503/3, 5 (?), 6; U506/40 (?); T512 a/i, 3; S524 a/i, 3, B/i, 7; R526/3, 7; U3001/1; U3003/1; A3018/3, 5; U3022/1-2; LS IOO71/19; LS IO179/1; LS IO234/2; LS IO4IO/2.

4thcent.:Lang 68, fig.12,pl. 18. 3-4. Otherpiecesfromthe same sitemayalso belongto thisshape: Lang 82-4, figs.16. 11;17.9. ForAiginasee Williams1993,584-6, figs.20-2. 26 Pelagattiand Stibbe 1988, 22 no. 5, 27 no. 12,figs.1-2 and 10- 11.

27 Pelagattiand Stibbe 1988, 22-3 nos. 5-8, figs.10-13, 33-4·

Archaic and Classical pottery 41 c. Everted,flat-topped pointedrimon carinatedbody (fig. 14.2,25).D. (rim)0.22. Black-glazed in and on top of rim over pale slip; exterior slippedbutplain.A carinatedexampleoccurs

among the sherdspublishedby Stibbe thoughit is paintedall over.28 Date: c.550-450? S437/46.

6. LARGE BOWLS OR LEKANES (FIG. 14.3, i-g)

or rounded,on a deep, The typeis characterizedby havinga broad evertedrim,eitherflat-topped of These rims are to be associated with bases curved bowl. type11 a or b. A few probably lightly have been context, any recently by lacking published Stibbe and correctly examples,unfortunately OutsideLaconia thisseriesmaybe bestcomparedwith identified as typicalofdomesticassemblages.29 series the lekanesfromKythera,Kopanaki,Babes, and the AthenianAgora.30A somewhatdifferent occursat Olympia.31 a. Broad, flat-toppedrims(fig. 14.3, 1-6), usually hookedor downturnedto a greateror lesserdegree, thougha fewlack thisfeature.The bowl is deep and has a lightconvexcurve.Wheretherimhas a faceitis usuallyangledinwards.Those withthe hookedform, likeP262/1whichhas a close parallelof the mid-5th cent,fromKopanaki,32may be earliest.The closest parallelsin the Agora are of the 5th cent.,but their relevanceto datingthe Laconian seriesis uncertain. D. (rim)c.0.34-0.38. Black-glazedin and on top of rim;exteriorplain. R422A/7and R518/1black-glazedin and out. Associationswitha numberof single-periodsites thisto be a latearchaic-early classicaltype. suggests Date: 550-400? H45.7/27; D85/29; F137/1;P262/1; N415 A/103; R420/9 (?); R422 A/7; U491/56;N503/2;U511B1/3; R518/1; S524 A/2; R526/5, 9; U3001/2; U3003/6; U3010/1;A3014/31;LS 10236/2 (?); LS 10382/1; LS I0822/I.

b. As a, but witha lightconcavecurveto the upper wall (fig. 14.3,7). G157/5;U490AX/3;U491/48. c. Broad, but thin,evertedrim (FIG. 14.3,8-g) with rounded(less oftenflat)top and pointedor rounded face. Body probablylike a. D. (rim)0.22-0.24; small example0.18. Black-glazed in and on top of rim; exterior probablyplain. This roughlycorresponds to thelatertypefromthe Agora of the mid-5thto late 4th cent,and is also the typefoundon Kytherain the last quarterof the 5th cent. It is predominantly associatedwithsiteswitha strong classical flavour,and may tentativelybe identified as a classicaltypeoflekane. Date: 450-300? Bin A/7,B/7, 11,F/4; A118B/3; N183/3;P272/3; R421/2;U499/84;U511A2/26;LS IO234/3.

7. DINOI (FIG. 14.3, IO-12)

Three rimsherdscan be attributed to thisshape, otherwiseunknownin the Laconian black-glazed repertoire;one is of large dimensions,two are smaller.Pelagatti,in remarkingupon its rarityas a decoratedshape,has notedtheabsenceofblack-glazedexamples.33 rimslightly evertedfromshoulder.D. (rim)0.22-0.32. Broad,flator round-topped The largeexample(U490AX/4)is black-glazedin and out,exceptfora reservedband at thejunction ofrimand shoulder.Of themedium,S458/10is black-glazedout and insidetherim,whileS524A/6is too wornto preservepaint. Date: £.575-5°°? S458/10;U490AX/4;S524a/6.

28 Stibbe,ZZ)Fi53 no. c 3, fie.158. 29Stibbe, LDVgi, figs.347-57. 30Kythera nos. 60-2, fig.49, pl. 46; Kaltsas 234 no. 45, 164 fig.11;Lang 84-5, figs.17. 8; 18. 1-5; Sparkesand Talcott

211-16,figs.15 and 21,pis 82-7. 31Gauer 139-41,fig.11,pl. 27. 32Kaltsas 234 no. 45, fig.11. 33 Pelagatti1992,141.

42 Chapter 14 8. siTULAS (?) (fig. 14.3,13-14) This shape,whichhas no publishedparallelsin Laconia, seemsto have had a deep, straight-walled about its complete bucketform.Fragmentsin the Sparta museumare not much more informative date. It is the associated with them a late archaic or classical form,though early pottery suggests rim below the characterized a thinned or unthickened and a broad or close vertical, flange ledge by rim.The flange,whichmaythickenoutwardsor be downturned, was perhapsdesignedto supporta lid. Below the flangethe wall may be verticalor slantinwards;U491/9has a ridgeon the lowerwall. It had no handles.D. 0.24-0.26.W. (flange)0.017,0.021,0.027. presumably The associationoftwopieceswithU491supportsa latearchaic-early classicaldate. Date: £.550-400? a. Rims(fig. 14.3,13-14). Black-glazedin and outto top offlange. J221/33; U491/9;LS 10082/2.

b. Flangedbodyfragments. U491/45black-glazedall over. U491/45;LS 10399/4.

9· STANDS(FIG. 14.3, 15-16)

kindsoccur.Theyprobablyhad a ritualuse and werenotpartofthe Piecesofthreestandsofdifferent typicaldomesticassemblage;one is fromthesanctuaryofZeus Messapeusand anotherfroma sitewith someindications ofcultactivity. a. Large pointed rim (FIG. 14.3, 15) with marked interiorand exterior, bevellingon thickverticalwall with prominentridge close below rim. Perhaps a stand,as suggestedby broad interiorbevel of rim, possiblydesignedto accommodateanotherpot. D. 0.15.

Plain. J224/6.

b. Fragmentfromthe upper part of a large,slightly flaringpedestal(FIG.14.3,16), possiblythe standof a louterion.A seriesof low horizontalridgesoccursat Th. (wall)0.016. on theexterior. regularintervals Black-glazedin and out.

Date: c.600-500. T512B/5. c. Low, flaringring stand. Rounded rim,pointed restingsurface. Tracesofpaintin and out. An exampleof thesame kindof objectis published fromtheAgora,thoughit has a flatrestingsurface.34 Closer but much later are two ring-standsfrom Corinthof the firsthalfof the 2nd cent.35Our piece may also be hellenistic, thoughonlya fewhellenistic sherdswerefoundat N415. Date: £.500-400or hellenistic. N415B/6.

LARGEOPENSHAPES:RIMS(FIG. 14.4, 1-3) IO. UNCERTAIN

collectionof rimswhichmostlikelybelongto large Groupedunderthisheadingis a heterogeneous has None anygood parallelsamongpublishedmaterial. open shapes. a. Heavy,everted,thickenedand roundedrims(FIG. 14.4,1-2) occurin a varietyofsizes,usuallyassociated neck. witha slightly flaring Black-glazedin and out,or outonly. Date: £.500-300? D96/6 (?); K244/6; P284 b/io; J369 c/i; U490 AL/22,am/19. b. Broad, flat-toppedrim (FIG. 14.4, 3), slightly

34 Sparkesand Talcott368 no. 1883,fig.16.

hooked,evertedfromflaring body.D. (rim)c.o.iS. and on out topofrim;plainin (?). Black-glazed M327/34. c. Flat-toppedrim (?) withverticalflangeat outer edge on straight,inwardlyslantingwall; concave interior profile.D. (rim)0.28. Black-glazedin and out. H45.12/1.

35Edwards1 15-16nos. 644-5,pis 25,60.

Archaic and Classical pottery 43 d. Flat-toppedrim(?) withrootof verticalflangeor projection at outer edge and long, downturned, facetedverticalface.D. (rim)c.0.20.

Black-glazedon top and face of rim;insideof rim plain. S437/5·

II. UNCERTAINLARGE OPEN SHAPES: BASES (FIG. 14.4, 4-14)

of the numerousbase fragments The attribution to specificshapesis difficult, and can rarelybe done withany degreeof confidence.The majorityof thesebases mustbelongto bell craters,lekanes,and othertypesoflargebowl,and a fewto stirrup-handled craters. a. Medium-largeflatbases (FIG.14.4,4-g) of low to mediumheight,evertedfromthebodywhichmayrise at a steepor shallowangle.The base is neverabsolutely flat,but hollowedto a greateror lesserdegree.The towardsthecentre.The exterior floorthinsconsiderably or slightly concave,rarelyconvex profile maybe straight (P272/15);oftenthe loweredge is bevelled.Verylow bases are rare (M322/63).D. (base) 0.08-0.11; largest 0.13-0.14 (J224/11;P268/10; M322 b/io, 17).

Black-glazedin and out,occasionallyalso underfoot (P279/2;M322B/17;S431/7).Some maybe plainout. There are fewpublishedparallelsforthistypeof foot.A completebell craterfromSyracusehas a low, slightlyarticulatedflat base, hollowed under and 0.08 in diameter.36 the Unfortunately approximately only example fromSparta of a larger,high everted base hollowedunderneath(D. c.0.13)has no context.37 There is littleto add fromthe Menelaionor Artemis Orthia wherebases of thistypeare hardlyattested. However,theyare generallyassociatedwithsitesof classicalperiods. thelatearchaic-early Date: 575-400. H40 B/5;I142/1;D96/13-15;Bin A/50,c/14, D/27; C114/31; N187/15 (?); K200/7; J224/11;P268/10; P272/4(?), 15;R275/11,14; P278/8;P279/2;R281b/8; R296/26-7; M322/63,B/io, 17; N354/9;J369 B/14; S431/7;U492/8;U493/12;T512A/7;S524 A/32-3;LS IOO48/3;LS IO719/?. b. Unarticulatedmedium-largeflatbases (FIG. 14.4, 10-11). Slightlyhollowed underneath. Lower wall D. (base)0.065-0.11. curvesupwardssteeply. Black-glazedin and out. The date of the associatedmaterialwithwhichthe twoexampleswerefoundindicatesa latearchaicdate. Date: 600-500? P278/9;U512a/6. c. Large ringfeet(FIG.14.4,12-13).Ring of medium heightevertedfromthe body,mostoftenrisingat a

36Pelagattiand Stibbe1088,22 no. <s,figs.10-11. 37Stibbe,LDV 220 no. C 7, fig.354. 38Stibbe,LMB 105no. F 3, fig.43; thiscrateris datedc.6oo.

shallow.Low and highring steep angle,infrequently feetare veryfew.The footnearlyalwayshas a broad, flatfootplate;onlyonce is it rounded.The floortends to sag slightly. The externaland internalheightofthe ringusuallycorrespond;occasionallythe exterioris higher.The external profileof the ring is usually sometimesslightly convex.A rarevariant(LS straight, 12) has a moreslenderringwitha pronounced 10071/ carinationjust above thejunctionof footand body. N415 A/3 also has a slender ring foot. D. (base) 0.12-0.16; largest0.20. Black-glazedin and sometimesout; P285/18blackglazed underfoot.Several examples too worn to preservepaint,butprobablyopen. Some of these ring feet may belong to stirruphandled craters(e.g. P285/18).38An example from to a (cf.siteU3001)has been attributed Pikromygdaliá crater and dated early in the 6th cent.39Others probablycome fromlarge bell cratersand lekanes. Three undatedlargeringfeetfromSparta (D. c.0.14) havebeen attributed to largebowls.40 They are mostly associated withsurveysites of late archaic to early classicaldate,butmaycontinueintothe4thcent. Date: 600-350? B103 A/3; Bin B/24; M194/13 (?); J221/14; J224/12-13; R275/15; P279/6; P285/18; R296/28; N409/3; N415 A/3; R420/8; S458/12, 43; T471/14; U492/10;U494b/i (?); U3002/25;U3006/54;U3010/14, variantLS 10071/12. 16;A3018/36;LS 10371/2; d. Fragment(FIG. 14.4, 14) fromthejunctionof the lowerbodyand highpedestalfootof a massive,thickwalledvase witha prominentroundedridgemarking thejunction.Th. (wall)0.018. Black-glazedin and out;underfoot plain. It maybelongto a massivestirrup-handled craterof the late 6th or early5th cent,on whichfilletsat the junctionoffootand wall are oftenfound.41 Date: 550-475? M325/19.

39StibbeiQQi.ao no. 1. fig·. <xa-b. 40 Stibbe,LDV 220 nos.C 6, 9-10, figs.353,356-7. 41 Stibbe,LM#44-5,figs.81-6, 89.

44 Chapter 14 12. UNCERTAINLARGEOPEN SHAPES: HANDLES (FIG. 14.4, 15-18',PLATE2 a)

a. Verylarge,round-section loop handles(FIG.14.4, vases at an 15-16) attachedto ratherstraight-walled anglevaryingbetween45 and 70 degrees.S508/3has a prominentknob applied to the outer edge of the handle.Th. 0.023-0.027. Black-glazedall over. Most of these handles probablycome fromlarge bell cratersthoughfewof thepublishedexamplesare as large.42They occur on siteswithmaterialof late archaicto earlyclassicaldate. Date: c.600-400? D85/?;B107/12; R275/16;^77/9; P284F/25;N314/8; J367/12 (?);J369c/4; T471/8;U492/4;S508/3(plate 2 a); U511A2/59; S524 A/12;LS 10367/1;LS 11119/5.

horizontalhandleswithsharp b. Large,round-section curve,attachedat rightanglesto the wall. A variant has a ribbedovoidsection.Th. 0.018. Black-glazedall over. The sharp curve of these handles suggests a classicaldate,whichis notcontradicted bythedate of theassociatedmaterialon thesitesconcerned. Date: c.450-300? A118c/7; M328/3;U491/19;variantU3001/14. c. Broad, rectangularlug handles (FIG. 14.4, 17-18) attached to wall at slightdownward slant. Upper surface convex, underside hollowed, sometimes deeply; outer edge tends to droop. Concave sides flaringat corners.Variantis set at rightangles,has concave upper surfaceand thickened,flatface. W. 0.043,°·°59> °·°62· Black-glazedall over. fromArtemis An unpublishedbell craterfragment Orthia is equipped with a handle of this variety,43 thevariantformratherthantheexamples resembling fromBin. Its date is uncertainbut it is probablynot earlierthan 500. Lug handlesare not introducedto Attic table ware before the 5th cent.44This date harmonizeswiththedatesofthetwositeswherethese handleshavebeen found. Date: c.500-300? Bin A/24,d/9j variantS440/1.

the stumpof a verticalknob on its outermostpoint.

Th. 0.015-0.021.

Black-glazedall over. The shapesto whichthisgroupofhandlesbelonged is uncertain.Some could belong to large bowls of a type so far only found in Sicily, which have a bowl on a ringfootand knobbedloop hemispherical handles,45of which no other fragmentscan be identified. Othersmightbe fromlekanes,iftheywere providedwithhandles. Date: c.600-300? I142/2; D96/3; Bui c/ii; C114/15; A118 c/7; M171/3(?); N185/7;N188/5;J212/6;J213/?;J219/4 (?); J224/10;P272/32;R281D/33-4; P284 D/18; p288 A/7; J369 B/u; R425/14; T484/3; S524 A/18; U3OO2/21, 27; U3006/29; LS IO234/5; LS IIII9/3;

variantJ230/3.

e. As d, butattachedto a verticalwall. These almost certainlybelong to bell cratersof normal dimensions (5), which are usually c.0.012-0.015thick. Date: 550-450? H51/3;P278/9;R281B/38;U506/13. f. Large horizontalovoid or flattenedstraphandles, projectingto different degreesfromthe body; either horizontalor slightlyraked. Where preserved,the wall is straight.Max. Th. 0.020-0.025; smallest 0.017.

Black-glazedall over. These handles probablybelonged to bell craters. Two oftype5 a are knownto havehad straphandles, thoughthe more common5 b may sometimeshave been equipped withstrapratherthan roundsection handles. Date: c.600-450? P262/15;P268/4;R275A/40;R281B/13;S524a/ 19, 21.

LARGEOPEN SHAPES:BODY FRAGMENTS 13. UNCERTAIN (FIG. 14.4, ig-24; PLATEI b-c)

d. Large, round-sectionloop handles on a curving wall. Usually the handlesare raked at angle of c.45 degrees,but sometimesit is less marked.J230/3has

a. One sherd(FIG.14.4,ig),paintedin and outexceptfor a broadreserved bandcontaining threenarrowbands. This sherd probably comes from a large crater. Subgeometric Date: c.700-600. N415a/ 144.

42Stibbe,LDV 153 no. C 1, fig.156; its handle musthave been about0.03^ thick. 43 Tray2369/17.

44Sparkesand Talcott^-7. 45Stibbe,LDV §1, groupB, 2191nos. Β 1-3, figs.345-6, pl. 19. 1.

Archaicand Classical pottery45 b. Fragments(FIG. 14.4, 20-1) fromthe thicklower wall and junction with base (always a ring foot, everted from the body). P262/57 has a broad mouldingseparatingbodyfromfoot.The wall curves out at a rathershallowangle.Usuallyblack-glazedin and out (not under foot). S437/17 has a zone of roughly paintedraysaroundthebase ofthewall. These sherds probably belong to craters. The mouldingon P262/57findsclose parallelson stirruphandledcratersof thesecondhalfof the6thand early 5thcent.46The base raysof S437/17suggestit might halfofthe6thcent.,though belongtoa craterofthefirst a slightly laterdate.47 theirpoorexecution mightsuggest Date: c.600-450? M171/4;P262/57; S437/17 (plate 1 b)' S458/21; R518/4. c. Fragments (FIG.14.4,22) fromthethicklowerbody witha sharp carinationbetweenthe lowerwall and belly. Black-glazedin and out. S437/12(PLATE1 b) has gougedverticalgrooveson thebelly. These sherdsalmostcertainly belongto largemugs (4). Both complete mugs fromAnálipsis have this feature.48 The gouged grooveson S437/12suggesta date no earlierthan the beginningof the 4th cent., to theearly thoughan elaboratebell craterattributed 5thcent,fromPisticcinearMetapontois decoratedin a similarbutmorecarefully executedfashion.49 Date: c.450-350? S437/12,13 + 14(plate 1 b). d. Very large shapes.. A small number of sherds distinguishedby their exceptional wall thickness. Severalare embellishedeitherwitha setofhorizontal grooves(P279/16)or a pair ofridgesto marka change ofangle(R282/9).Th. (wall)0.010-0.018. The addition of relief ridges and horizontal groovingseemsto be a featureoflargeLaconianpots, suchas bell cratersand stamnoi,and pithoiofthelate Most ofthesesherdsare 6thand early5thcenturies.50 associatedwithsitesof late archaicto earlyclassical date. Black-glazedin and out. J224/18;P279/16;R282/9;N503/38;S509/39;S524 B/28.

46 Stibbe,LMB40-5, figs.70,79, 81-2. 47 Stibbe,1MB 30-3, 95-8 nos. D 5-6, 10-16, 33-7, figs. 22-4, pl. 5. 2 and 4. Rays continueto be used on pottery classedas LaconianVI: Droop (n. 21),75 fig.15. 48Karouzou (n. 17),34 fig.1,41 fig.4, pis4-5; McPhee 155. 49V. Cracolici, 'Un cratèrea campana dalla Collezione Bersanetti nel Museo di Metaponto',in Pelagattiand Stibbe, Lakonika (n. 2), 117-21.

e. Featurelessthick-walled bodysherds(FIG.14.4,23), somewithstumpsofloop handles. 1 c; Usuallyblack-glazedin and out.R526/27(PLATE perhapsfromneckofcrater)has zone ofmeanderover tracesof uncertaindesign;the formof the meander recallsthosefoundon red-figured potteryof the 5th 1 c) are and early4thcenturies.51 J221/23+ 25-8 (PLATE froma red-figuredbell-crater(?); 27 has part of a drapedfigure,28 tracesof a figureoverfriezeof egg and dart,25 and 26 a friezeof egg and dart. These sherds, perhaps derivingfrom dumped soil from local Laconian redSparta,belongto the short-lived figured styleofthelate5thand early4thcenturies.52 Bin F/3; P262/33;P268/15;R275/25;R275 A/19; P278/10, 14; M322 B/4-5, 10; M329/4; S431/14; S437/40; S458/19. Black-figure(?): R526/27. Redfigure: J221/23+ 25-8. f. A fewsherdswithfluting, apparentlymouldmade. Β103 a/ 19 (PLATE 1 b)is ofexceptionally highquality. Black-glazedin and out. Fluting or vertical ribbing is a feature of the classicalperiodand later.It is rarelyapplied to large open shapes.53 Date: 400-300. B103A/19,β/55Bm D/42. g. Severalsherdsfromthelowerwall of a heavylarge shape. An almostverticalwall turnsin sharplyto an almost fiatplane; it may not have had a properly formedbase. Th. (wall)0.008-0.010. A similarpiece, apparentlypainted in and out, fromKopanakiprobablydatesto themid~5thcent. Black-glazedin,plainout. Date: c.550-400? R275/3i;U5iiA4/16. h. Large shapes (FIG. 14.4, 24), mostlyfeatureless. P279/13 has three low ridges with corresponding grooves,S437/19a pair ofshallow,horizontalgrooves. Th. (wall)0.006-0.009. Most are black-glazedin and out. P262/40has a reservedspace above black glaze; S460/25has traces of decoration over white slip; S524 B/27,fromthe lowerwall,has an odd patternofsplashesofpaint. The ridgedand groovedpiecesnotedabove maybe

50See Pelagattiand Stibbe 1988, 13-45,figs.1-2; Lang 68, fig.12; Stibbe1984,2, 10 nos. 8-9, 18; figs.8-10, 16; Kaltsas 223-4,figs.11,13-14,pl. 84. 01fora Laconian examplesee McPhee 160no. 12,pl. 4; see also a fragment classedas Laconian VI in Droop (n. 21),75 % 15· 52On this stylesee McPhee. 53In generalsee Sparkesand Talcott21-2.

46 Chapter 14 of thelate 6thto early5thcent.,liketheirlarger (13d). counterparts H40 B/6 + 17, 10; 085/56-7,60; D96/22,24;

B107/18;Bin A/60, 63, B/19,c/18, D/37; bii7/i; K141/13-15;F147/3;G157/22;N183/24;N187/18,30; N188/23; M194/18-20, 22-5, 28, 30; K200/10, 13; K203/2,5, 9, 11;J217/9; J224/14+ 16;J231/6;K250/7; P261/9-IO;P262/4O,43-4; P264/34;P273/15;Γ276/2, 4; r277/io,20; P278/16;P279/13;R281 D/3, 46, 50, 59-61; R282/8; P286/11;P288/5, 7; P288 A/17-18; R296/58;D301/11; J317/28, 41; M325/21; J367 J316/15; A/14-15;J369c/13, 28; N415A/25,71»H2? B/42,100; MEDIUM-SMALL

R427/8,

10-11;

S431/16,

19; S432/3,

10-11,

15, 21;

S435/4;S437/19,26; R454/9;R457/l6; S458/24526, 36; S460/1,25; R461/7-10,a/ 1-2; T465/1;U489/3,5, 11;U490 AC/30,AG/8,45, 58, AH/26,29, AM/31,103, 106, 108, 128,171,AS/20,BB/30;U491/24,44, 55, 59; U493/21-2;U494 A/19,ß/8, 11; U499/33,46; U500 Ai/29, 39-40; N503/31,37; U506/35; S509/30, 37, 40-1; U511A2/33,38-40, Bi/17,ci/26; T512 B/12; R518/8;S524A/40,53-4, 57-8, B/27,44; R526/39-40, 50; U531/6,9; U3003/21,24-7; U3006/81;A3018/50, 22; LS 10649/10-II;LS 52; U3024/19,28; LS IOO71/2O, 10811/3;LS IIII9/7.

OPEN SHAPES (14-29)

14. SKYPHOI(FIG. 14.5, 1-6)

This shapeis characterized froma deep,roundedbowl everted,pointedrimoffset byhavinga strongly and a flatbase; a pair ofhorizontal, slightly raking,loop handlesare attachedat thewidestpartofthe bowl.The majorityare monochrome (exceptfora reservedspace betweenthehandles),butin thelater sixthcenturya typeoccurswithsimple'leaf decorationin thereservedhandlezone; thistypedoes not occur among the surveyfinds.While the rimsare highlydiagnostic,the bases are indistinguishable fromthoseofothershapes.The shape is currentfromtheearlyseventhto theend ofthesixthcentury. in domesticand sanctuary It is one ofthefewshapesthatis foundwithequal frequency contexts. This is thesameshapeas Stibbe'sgroupD, 'black-glazedcupswithflatbase', and Hayes's'flat-based cups' or 'flat-basedbowls'.54The surveyfragmentsbelong to Stibbe's subgroups Db and Dd, characterized mainlybytheformofthe by theircomparatively deep roundedbowlsand distinguished rim.They date to the firstthree-quarters of the sixthcentury. There is a richseriesof theseskyphoi centuries.55 Its presenceon surveysitesis fromtheMenelaiondatingfromtheseventhto themid-sixth a clearindicatorofarchaicoccupation. a. Rims (FIG. 14.5, 1-4)- Exceptionsto the normal type are two where the rim is not offsetbut in a continuous curve with the bowl (P278/2 + 4, S431/13); the rim of P278/2 + 4 is also almost vertical.D. (rim)0.11-0.15. Black-glazedin and out. Date: c.600-525. R275A/2-4; P278/2+ 4; M322 b/i; S431/13;U511

A2/4; U3003/3, 5; small version B103 A/15; U49° BC/i. b. Body fragments(FIG. 14.5,5-6). The handles or theirattachments are oftenpreserved. Black-glazedin and out. Date: c.600-525. C114/36; M194/4; P262/3; S437/58; U491/13.

15. CUPS(FIG. 14.5, 7-26)

studiedof all archaicLaconian pottery, being the main shape Cups have been the mostintensively are Besides the there decoratedin thefineblack-figured manydecoratedin a simpler figuredcups style. fashion,as well as a numberof plain black-glazedexamples.By contrast,virtually nothingis known about the shape in the fifth century, thoughit is clear fromthe excavationof the sanctuaryof Zeus Messapeusthatthecup continuedto be popular.These late cups seemalwaysto be black-glazed.The cup sherds fromthe surveyare usually too small to be attributedto a specifictype. They are black-glazedwithoutany additionaldecorativeelements,and suggestthatthisvariety, predominantly

54 Stibbe,LDV 64-6; Boardman and Hayes 1966, 89-90; Boardman and Hayes 1973, 39. Skyphoisimilarto these

occurat Babes: Lang 54-6, figs.6. 7-8; 7. 1-9. 55See R. Catling(n. 4), 61,fig.16.

Archaic and Classical pottery 47 in thepublishedmaterial,outnumbers ratherpoorlyrepresented the decoratedtypesin most hitherto seriesof cups Laconian contexts.In generaltheclosestsimilarities are withtheratherundistinguished fromKopanakiand Babes.56 a. High, straightor slightly flaringrim(FIG. 14.5,7) offsetand slightlyevertedfrombody.Rim normally butBin a/ 10pointed.D. (rim)0.18. flat-topped, exceptions: Black-glazedin and out withfollowing P262/9,black-glazedin, to bottomofrim,and out,to just above offset,the handle zone being reserved; R296/3,black-glazedin and on rimtop;Q360 F/2has reservedband in at rim. These rimsprobablybelongto one of thevarieties of stemlesscup, thoughthe flat-toppedrim is not attestedon anypublishedexample. Date: 550-450? D96/7; Bin a/io; P262/9; R296/3 (?); Q360 F/2; U3024/27. b. Droop cup (FIG.14.5,8-11).Tall, flaring, thickened and roundedrim offsetfrombody.Exteriorof rim may be concave or straight.Some more thickened thanothers.D. (rim)c.0.15. Black-glazed in and out with the following exception:R275 a/i, black-glazedin, to bottomof rim,and out,tojust aboveoffset. This typeof rimis probablyto be associatedwitha plain versionof the Laconian Droop cup, Stibbe's X, datedtothesecondhalfofthe6thcent.57 Formgruppe Date: 550-500. P262/65;R275a/i; R296/4,5-7, 18 + 52; U511A2/7 (?); U3006/2. c. Tall, unthickened,and pointed rim (FIG. 14.5, 12-13)offsetfrombody.Exteriorstraightor slightly concave. Offsetmay be simple carinationor more pronouncedinset.D. (rim)c.0.15. Black-glazed in and out with two exceptions: R296/9+ 67, reservedband in,atjunctionofrimand bowl,black-glazedout on rim,handlezone reserved; R296/10,black-glazedin and out exceptforreserved upperhalfofrim. R296/9+ 67 (drawnat an incorrectangle)has the reservedband at junctionof rimand bowl typicalof Laconiancups.58 Date: 575-500? P260/4;R296/9+ 67, 10,19;U3006/1,5 (?). 56Kaltsas 229-31 nos. 15-17,20-2, 24, fig.9; Lang 48-58, figs.3-8. 57Stibbe 1972, 39-43. See also Stibbe, LDV 75-80, figs. 276-88, where he rechristens them 'Doric' cups to distinguish themfromAtticDroop cups. 58Boardmanand Hayes 1966,116;Catlingand Shipley191.

d. Medium or short,thickenedor unthickenedrims frombody;rimmaybe everted (FIG.14.5,14-17)offset or almostvertical.D. (rim)£.0.10-0.14. Black-glazedin and out withone exception:J367 a/i has reservedband in belowrim. These rimsprobably belong to various typesof stemless cups, though only one has the internal reserved band below the rim typical of archaic varieties.59 Date: 550-450? J44/2; P272/1; M325/7; J367 a/i; U490 ah/i; U491/3-4; S524 a/8; R526/41; small version U511 A2/14.

e. Cup stems (FIG. 14.5, 18-20). Most are slightly concave and have a prominentrounded filletor squaredridgeat thejunctionof stemand bowl. The upper part of N312/26is lightlyribbed,witha fine moulding at the junction with the bowl; both are The upperpart typicalfeaturesofDroop cup stems.60 ofthestemis usuallysolid,butN312/26and U3006/67 are deeplyhollowed. Black-glazedon floor,stem,and bowl and inside hollowing,withthe followingexceptions:R296/22+ 44 + 66, plain stemand reservedlowerbowl;N354/4, reservedinside in upper part. Exteriorof N312/26 worn. A filletat thejunctionofstemand bowlis a typical featureof 6th-cent.Laconian cups.61All 6th-cent. A solid cups seem to have deeplyhollowedstems.62 feature.63 upperstemmaybe a later,5th-cent. Date: 575~475? B103a/i; A118B/21;R296/22+ 44 + 66; N312/26; N354/4;J367 a/io (?); N415 B/106; U511 C2/6 (?); U3006/67;LS 10473/1. f. Feetofvarioustypes(FIG.14.5,21-6). Some have a flatarticulatedfootplate(J221/15, P264/6,R275a/8, 10), some an articulated underfoot with broad footplatebut narrowrestingsurface(R296/24,Q360 B/40, U491/22, S524 A/34, R526/42), some an unarticulated underfootwith a rounded resting surface(H45.14/30,P272/10,R296/25,30, U3006/4, 59Stibbe,LDV 66-q, croupE, figs.22^-47. 60Stibbe,LDVn^ figs.276-87. 61Boardmanand Hayes iq66, 116. 62Stibbe,LDVÜes. 262-87. 63The upper stemof a cup fromOlympia,dated t.500,is solid:Stibbe,LDV80, fig.288.

48 Chapter 14 50). The slope of the footprofilevariesfromsteepto shallow.The faceof theloweredge is roundedor less oftensquared.D. (base)0.07-0.13. Those with an articulatedunderfootare blackglazed out and inside,the footplatereserved.Those withan unarticulated are black-glazedout underfoot but reserved inside. Face of foot on R275 a/ 10 reserved;U3006/50has black-glazedrestingsurface. Some piecesofhighest-quality blackglaze. Many of these feetprobablybelonged to Droop cups.64R275a/8 closelyresemblesan examplefrom Halieisdated550-530.65 Date: c.550-500? H45.14/30;J221/ 15; P264/6;P272/10;R275a/8, 10; R296/24-5, 30; Q360 B/40; U491/22; S524 A/34; R526/42;U3006/4,50. g. Round-sectionloop handles,usuallyattachedat curvedbowl. rakingangle to widestpart of strongly Occasionally they are ovoid in section, and on P272/22and R275a/ 15 the handle is attachedbelow thewidestpoint. Eitherblack-glazedall over or onlyon the visible faces.Associatedpartsofthebodyare black-glazedin and out. Date: c.575-450?

BIO3 A/11-13, 16; Bin A/26, 40, c/7-8, E/4, f/io-ii; N183/8; N184/5;J230/2;P262/78; P271/1; P272/22;R275 A/15; R296/35-6, 38-40, 42, 55, 59; N415 B/44; U491/15;U499/11;S509/10; S524 B/16, 18-19;U3024/8-9;LS IO229/1. h. Rathershallowbodies,withstrongly curvedupper in almoststraight to foot. partturning Black-glazedin; P262/45black-glazedout on lower body,handlezone reserved.N415a/ 131has a reserved band in,midwayup thebowl. P262/45 mightbe part of a stemmedcup with reservedhandle zone, of the type oftenclassed as Ionian cups. Laconian varieties existed fromthe beginning to the middle of the 6th cent.66The reserved band inside the bowl on N415 A/131 is another typical Laconian feature of this class of cups.67 P262/45;R296/41+ 54 + 56; N415a/ 131. i. Bowl withlower part of markedlyoffsetconcave rim. Black-glazedin and out. Probablypartofa Droop cup. Date: 550-500. n4i6/9·

16. MUGS(FIG. 14.5, 27-33)

withthe Laconian shapes,and is probablyto be identified The mugis one of the mostcharacteristic is givenin the ancientsources.Besidesitsspecial one-handleddrinking-cup to whichthe name kôthôn functionas part of the Spartan soldier'sequipmentwhen on campaign,it may have servedas the In varyingforms,mugsoccurfromthe centuries. betweenthesixthand fourth standarddrinking-vessel (see 4; 13 c), earlyseventhcenturyintothehellenistic period.Mugs,sometimesof outsizeproportions decorationduringitsbriefperiodofproductionin thelate fifth are thefavouredshape forred-figured material and earlyfourthcenturies.68 They are mosteasilynoticedamongverywornand fragmentary has Until the to other to the vertical handles, largely recently mug shape. unlikely belong any by strap been neglectedin accounts of Laconian pottery,but it has now been discussedand classifiedby outsideLaconia: at Nemea, widedistribution Stibbe.69 Black-glazedLaconianmugshavea surprisingly in on and the and Babes70 Naxos,in Cyrenaica,and at Corinth,Isthmia,Halieis, Péloponnèse; Aigina notto confusetheLaconian serieswithmug Taras and varioussitesin Sicily.It is important, however, of the north-east Althoughthe mugwas a typicalLaconian shape, Péloponnèse.71 typescharacteristic centuryLaconianpotterstendedto imitate probablyimitatedin Atticaand otherregions,fromthefifth Atticversionsoftheshape.

64Stibbe10.72, qq-42, figs.50-7; Stibbe,ZDF figs.276-88. 65Stibbe,LDF80, fig.283. 66Stibbe,LDV 71-3,subgroupsGa, Gb; see also Boardman and Haves iq66, 116-17;Catlingand Shipley187-Q^· 67Boardmanand Hayes 1966,116. böMcPhee 155-6. 69Stibbe,LDV is least satisfactory 43-7. This classification in itstreatment of theclassicalmugs.On 7th-cent. mugssee

R. Catling(n. 4), 63-4. 70 Lang 89-91, fig.19. 11,13,16,probablyofthelate 6thor restoredwithtwo early5th cent. They are also mistakenly classified handlesand curiously amongtheclosedshapes. 71Most of the classical mugs from Corinth, Isthmia, Nemea, and Halieis thathave been identifiedas Laconian (e.g. Stibbe,LDV 46-7, groupF) are local productswithout closeparallelin theLaconian series.

Archaic and Classical pottery 49 a. Long,everted,thinnedrims(FIG.14.5,27-8) offset fromrounded body associated with ring handles flattened broad strapattachedat rimand comprising shoulder.K250/17has lesseverted,almostverticalrim and lessroundedbody. Black-glazedin and out,and on handle. Ring-handledmugsare a diagnosticvarietyof the early6th cent.,theirhandlesimitatingmetalwork.72 The formofthemugis usuallyrathersquatand widemouthed.73 Date: c.600-550. K250/17; K414 B/3; R422 A/5, ?; S458/20, 22; N503/7. thickened b. Out-turned,flaring,thinnedor slightly rims(fig. 14.5,2g-31) on roundedbody.R420/1has low ridgeat top of shoulder.On S509/21the rim is fromtheshoulder.Associatedwithbroad clearlyoffset strap handle attached at rim; handle may be hollowed.D. (rim)0.12. Mostveryworn,butsomeblack-glazedin and out. Severaltypesare probablyrepresented amongthese rims,but the sherds are too small for them to be differentiated. S509/21belongsto a typeapparently datingto thelate5thor early4thcent.74 Date: c.550-350. C169/32;M174/3+ 6 + 18; R275A/17;R201 B/2> d/?; J316/3;M327/37;R420/1;S431/13;U490 AX/95 (?); S509/1,21;R518/10. thinnedrimoffset c. Long,evertedand flaring, from rounded,fine-walled body.Associatedwithbroad flat articulatedfrombody and withgroove base, slightly aroundedge of underfoot;probablyhas broad strap handle fromrim to shoulder.D. (rim) 0.08; (base) 0.065. Black-glazedin,out,and underfoot. This is a 5th-cent. variety,influenced by the immenselypopular Attic type Β mug, to which . belongsthe so-calledPheidias mug.75It resemblesa completemug fromKopanaki of the mid-5th cent.76 An example fromthe sanctuaryof Zeus Messapeus probably dates to the end of the century,while anotherfromSparta may belong to the early4th.77

72A bronze ringhandle, perhaps froma mug,has been foundat theMenelaion. 73 Examplesare foundin S^ibbe'sgroupsΑ-B: Stibbe,LDV figs.80, 89, 93-4. Ringhandlesalso are foundon cylindrical mugs,ring-handled cups,and some unusualhybridformsof thelakaina. 74Cook and Nicholls 291-2nos.9-10,fig.16,pl. 29. 75 Sparkesand Talcott72-4; A. Mallwitzand W. Schiering, Die Werkstatt des Phidias in Olympia(Olympische Forschungen,

5; Berlin,1964),169-82.

Other examplesof the 5th cent, occur on Kythera, and at Nichoriaand Kaminiain Messenia.78 Date: c.450-400. H31/16-17. d. Rounded bases (FIG. 14.5,32-3), lackingproper from restingsurface.Almoststraight-sided bodyoffset rounded base. M194/17preservesstumpof vertical straphandle. Black-glazedin and out. These pieces belong to mugs with a rounded, hollowedbottomand lackinga clearlydefined base.This combinedwiththeirlowcentreofgravity, made feature, a useful themmorestablewhenseton unevensurfaces, feature fora soldieror traveller. Theybelongto Stibbe's mostofthe6thcent.79 groupsC, D, and E, spanning Date: c.600-500. M194/12, 17; J221/19; R275 A/20; N415 b/66; n4i6/4;U53i/7. e. Flat bases (as forc), slightlyevertedfrombody. Groovearoundedge ofunderfoot. Black-glazedin and out. These bases belongedto mugssimilarin typeto c. The groovearoundthe edge of the base is foundon themugfromthesanctuaryofZeus Messapeus.80 Date: c.475-400. M347/i3;U5iiA2/13. f. Broad, thin strap handles, almost flattened; exaggeratedconcave curve frombody attachment makes it project well frombody. Small and large examplespresent.May be hollowedor have central section.W. (handle)0.015-0.023. rib;oftenofirregular Black-glazedall over; sometimespaintedon outer faceonly. Apartfromcertaintypesof kantharos,the mug is the only small open shape to have a verticalstrap handle. Except thosewithringhandles(as a) and a few classical examples with double round-section handles,all mugsfromthe 7th to the 4th cent,and laterhad thistypeofhandle. Date: c.600-350. H29 A/2; B103 a/io, B/3; C108/3; Bin Β/14; Β121/7,

76Kaltsas 222,225 no. 14,fig.8, pl. 82 d; itis datedtoo early byKaltsas. 77 Catling1990^,31,fig.6. 1; Cook and Nicholls292 no. 12, fier. 16,pl. 2Q. 78 162no. 35, 202 nos. 318 and 321,306, figs.48 and Kythera 58, pis 45 and 58; Coulson 334, 348 Ρ 1627-8,1632-8,figs.%. ' 3-4, pl. 7. 1; G. St. Korres, 'Ανασκαφή Πύλου', PAE 1975, 428-514,at p. 496, pl. 322 b. 79 Stibbe,LDVa^-6, figs.97-112. 80Above,n. 76.

50 Chapter14 20; N184/6; N190/8; J215/14;J221/7-9; P260/12; P262/19, 22; P264/25; R281 D/32; R296/14, 20; J316/30;M325/11;J367/9,22; N415 a/35, 38> 127, B/39,60; S460/2;U493/17;U506/10;U511A2/68-9; T512 a/io; S524 A/7; R526/13-14; U3001/3, 48; LS IOO82/3;LS IO4IO/7;LS 10590/2. A3018/19-20;

g. Ovoid or squaredverticalhandleswithpronounced curve.W. (handle)0.010-0.014. Black-glazedall over. Date: c.600-350. Bin E/3; R281 D/29; U511 A2/70; S524 A/22; U3002/20.

17. SKYPHOI(FIG. 14.5,34-44)

as knownat Athensand manyothersites.81 Its This headingcoverstheclassicaltypeofskyphos and of are its horizontal handles attached at or features deep form,ringfoot, pair loop principal rim. the fourth it becomes and with a double below the narrower, century During deeper just curveto its wall profile,and developsa slightly out-turned rim.Our skyphoiare thickened, are concernedit is easyforskyphos ofthislattertype.Whereonlysmallfragments sherds mostly The classicalskyphosis not previously attestedin to be confusedwithbolsals/one-handlers. findsfromArtemisOrthiaand Laconia,thoughexamplesare presentamongthe unpublished and on latter are Attic Theiroccurrence are also found at Nichoria (the Kythera imports).82 they influence ofAtticpottery, whichfirstbecomesapparentin in Laconia exemplifies theincreasing themid-fifth century. a. Thickenedevertedrims(FIG.14.5,34-8) with convex face on slightlyconcave verticalwall. froma different P262/5,possibly shape,is hollowed horizontalhandles insidetherim.Round-section attachedeitherat rim or just below. D. (rim)

0.075-0.11. Black-glazedin and out and all overhandles. Rims of thiskindcould belongeitherto skyphoior one-handlers,while the one-handler seems to be standardin the5th-to 4th-cent. (see 18). repertoire Date: c.450-300. H31/13 + 17, 19; H45.14/1; A118 B/?; C169/1; P262/5;P264/16,19; U499/85;U506/26-7;U511Bi/i; LS 10036/3(?). A3018/17;

b. Pointedor flat-toppedrims(FIG. 14.5,39-41) on straight wall, with round-section loop handles attached at rim. M325/10 has horseshoe-shaped handles.D. 0.08-0.13. Black-glazedin and out,and all overhandles. These rims almost certainlybelong to skyphoi. Theirformsuggeststheyare of5th-to early4th-cent. date. Date: c.450-375. Bui a/ii, c/i, D/2-3, 21; M172/3; M325/10; R420/2 (?); U490 an/i; T512 B/2; small version S460/7.

81 Sparkesand Talcott84-5, fig.4, pis 16-17;see also Gauer 173-8,figs.22-3,pis 35-6.

c. Evertedringfeet(FIG. 14.5,42-4), withvertical face offsetfromangled upper part or roundedface; inside of ring sometimes higher than out. Broad footplate;underfootslightlysagging or flat. Wall may have steep convex curve (U3024/12), be straight(U511A2/18),or be slightlyconcave (Biii/i; Bin D/25). Interiorhas concave profile.D. (base) 0.055-0.07. Either black-glazedin and out, with (bin d/25) paint on inside of ring and band on underfoot,or decorated. U511 a2/i8 black-glazed in; out, foot reserved,band of alternatingblack and whiteblobs (degeneraterays?)at base of wall and below black glaze; underfoot, lower part of ring painted, remainderreserved.U3024/12black-glazedin; out, painton faceoffoot,upperpartoffootand lowerwall reserved,upper wall black-glazed;underfoot,blackglazed. U511a2/i8 with its debased ornamentprobably dates to the late 6th cent., as may U3024/12.The othersare ofthe4thcent. biii/i; Bin D/25;U5n A2/18;U3024/12. d. Ovoid-section horizontal handle attached to wall. straight Black-glazedin and out,and all overhandle. R428/51.

82Coulson 160 nos. 334, 348 Ρ 1643-4, fig.7. 4; Kythera

^-^

% 48,pi-44·

Archaic and Classical pottery 51 18. bolsal/one-handler (fig. 14.5,45) The one-handlerappearsto have been one of the standardLaconian shapesof the secondhalfof the fifth The possibility of confusionwithclassicalskyphoihas been notedunderthe previous century.83 available it seems to have been the more common.In detail it has littlein On the evidence type. rimand a ringfoot.Laconian exampleshavean whichhas an in-turned commonwiththeAtticvariety, rimand a flat,hollowedbase. The possibility thatthetypeevolved out-turned, rounded,and thickened and fourth ratherthanimitatedan Atticprototype, cannotbe excluded. centuries, locallyin thefifth Rim thickenedand roundedon slightly out-turned wall,whichcurvesin below thehandles.Ovoidsectionhandleattachedat rakingangleat rim.D. 0.13. Black-glazedin and outand all overhandles. Date: £.400-300. J215/43. 19. BOWLS (FIG.14.6,I-g) This categorycomprisesa varietyof shapes,all of whichappear to have a deep body.There are few instructive to be madewiththeknownrepertoire ofLaconianpottery. comparisons a. Thickened,roundedrim(FIG.14.6,1-3) on slightly concave verticalwall, turningin graduallyto foot; ratherthick-walled. D. (rim)0.10-0.11. Black-glazed in and out, with one exception: N409/2 has reservedband inside below rim. N415 A/22 preserves no paint. These rimsprobablycome fromdeep two-handled cups (cup skyphoi)ofthe5thcent.Similartypesoccur at Kopanaki.84 Date: c.500-400? Bin D/7; C114/2;P262/12;N409/1-2;N415A/22; R427/1; S437/4; U499/4; N503/2; U506/1; S524 B/4. b. Short,slightly everted,pointedrim(FIG.14.6,4) on convex vertical wall.D. (rim)0.07. slightly Black-glazedin and out,withone exception:U490 AM/7has reservedband in belowrim. Probablysimilarshapeand date as a. Date: c.500-450? D85/24;Bin a/ 1; R296/17;U490AM/7. c. Thinnedand pointedrim(FIG.14.6,5) on vertical or slightly curvedwall;rimmayflareor be vertical.D. (rim)0.11.

83See Stibbe,LDV 69, 178 nos. E 31-3, figs.249-51; the handleless black-glazed bowls are of the same basic shape: Stibbe, LDV 93, group C, 224 C 1-2, figs.383-4. Two examples from the Sportsground excavation probablyspan the second halfof the 5th to the early4th cent.: Cook and Nicholls 291-2 nos. 5 and 7, fig. 16. There is an example of the second half of the 5th cent, fromthe sanctuaryof Zeus Messapeus: Catling 1990^, 31, fig.6, 3. The shape is well representedin the 5th-to 4thcent. material from the Menelaion. Examples of the

Black-glazedin and out. Probablysimilarshape as a withparallelsamong sherdsfromBabes and Olympia.85 They perhapsdate fromthelate 6thand 5thcenturies. Date: c.525-400? D96/8; Bin A/2;P262/8;R275/7;R281B/5;R294/1; S432/2; S460/4; U499/88; small version J231/4; P278/6;U490BC/2. d. Flaring,unthickenedor pointed rim (FIG. 14.6, 6-8); P279/1withbevelledexterior.U499/92,a very smallexample,has a groovebelow the rim.D. (rim) 0.11-0.13;U499/920.07. Black-glazedin and out; P279/1has broad reserved bandsat therimin and out. Date: c.550-450?(siteassociations). P279/1;U499/92;S524B/5. e. Slightly rim(FIG.14.6,9) on out-turned, flat-topped curvedverticalwall.D. (rim)0.15. slightly Black-glazedin and on top ofrim;plainout. This piece may be a largerversionof a group of small6th-cent. handlelessbowls.86 Date: c.550-450? D301/8.

Laconian type occur at Nichoria (Coulson 334, 348 Ρ 161-2 nos. 1629, fig·7· 3> pl· 7· 2)> on Kythera {Kythera 29-34, 306, fig.48, pl. 45), in S. Arkadia (Pikoulas 1988, 134,fig.17,pl. 86), and perhaps at Kopanaki (Kaltsas 231 no. 30, fig.9). 84Kaltsas 229 nos. 19 and 21,fig.9 (mid-5th cent.). 85 Lang 58, figs.8. 9; 9. 1-3; Gauer 180,fig.24. 6. 86 Stibbe, LDV 93, group B, 223-4 nos. B 3-7, figs. 378-82.

52 Chapter 14 rimon slightly f. Everted,flat-topped curvedvertical or steepwall; face of rimslantsinwards.P272/12has in-turned rim. Black-glazedin,probablyplainout. Perhapssimilarin shapeand date to e. Date: c.550-450? P272/12;R294/4;U487/2;U500Ai/i.

rimoffsetfromrounded g. Everted,flat-topped D. (rim)0.10. body;rimrather wedge-shaped. inandout. Black-glazed Date: 500-300? J223/2.

2O. SMALLBOWLSWITHIN-CURVEDRIM (FIG. 14.6, 10-12)

This termis used to grouptwo typesof smallhandlelessbowl whichoccur at Athensfromthe early fifthcenturyand continueinto the hellenisticperiod.87Both are derivedfromthe Atticrepertoire, and are part of the atticizingprocessin Laconian ceramicsthatbegan in the mid-fifth century.A version,witha hollowedflatbase, is foundamongthepotteryfromthe 'Road probablefifth-century Pit, 1906' excavationin Sparta. Elsewherein the Péloponnèsethe shape is foundat Olympia,Babes, on Kythera,and in southernArkadia;88examplesare also presentat theMenelaion.They are found It is a usefulindicatorof a classicalor earlyhellenistic at Corinthin thefourthand thirdcenturies.89 date. a. In-curved,thickened, and roundedor pointedrim (FIG.14.6,10-11)on well-rounded body.H. 0.036, D. (rim)0.055-0.09,(base)0.037. Black-glazedin and out. This groupcorrespondsto theAtticclass of footed salt-cellar,popular in the 4th cent, and continuing intothe earlyhellenisticperiod.90The tailed epsilon incisedon 111326/1 can hardlybe laterthanthe mid4thcent. Date: c.400-250?

Bin A/3-4,D/45Π1326/1;U499/2;U511A2/8. rim(FIG.14.6,12) on wellb. In-curved,unthickened roundedbody.D. (rim)0.065. reserved. Black-glazedin and out,underfoot This groupcorrespondsto the Atticclass of bowl with in-curvedrim, common in the 4th cent, and lastingwellintothehellenistic period.91 Date: c.400-200? D85/35;C169/2.

OR CUP KANTHAROS 21. KANTHAROS

Bothshapesappear at Athensearlyin thefourthcenturyand continueat leastintothesecondhalfof thethird.92 ofrim.Flutingon body. withpronouncedcurve,brokenat offset Verythick-walled bodyfragment Black-glazedin and out. Date: c.350-250. U499/87. 22. DISHES (FIG. 14.6, 13-18)

This categorycomprisesa ratherheterogeneous groupof sherdswhosesinglecommonfeatureis their shallowness. rim(FIG.14.6, a. Broad,slightly thickened, flat-topped ij) on curvedwall. Grooves on top and just below rim.D. (rim)0.25.

Black-glazedin and out. This piece more closely resemblesclassical than archaictypesofplateor dish.At Athensand Olympia

87 Sparkes and Talcott 131-8, figs.8-9, pis 33-4· They are classed underseparateheadings(bowl within-curving rim; small bowl, various types;salt-cellar,footed),but it seems unnecessaryto make this division in the present context. 88Gauer 201-3, fig.30. 13-20, pl. 41; Lang 62-4, fig.10.

160 no. 19, 162 no. 40, fig.48, pis 44-5; 1-2,pl. 17.4; Kythera Pikoulas1988,134,fig.16 no. 92.2,pl. 87. 89Edwards2Q-
Archaic and Classical pottery 53 rims of this kind occur in the late 5th and 4th centuries.93 Date: c.425-325? S431/3. rim(FIG.14.6,14-15) b. Slightly thickened, flat-topped on in-curvedbody; the rim of K203/4is slightlyinturned.D. 0.10-0.12. K203/4plain,U511A2/5black-glazedin and out. The mostplausiblecomparisonis witha groupof smallbowlsfoundat Athens.94 5th-cent. K203/4;U511A2/5. c. Broad, everted, flat-toppedrim (pointed or squared; FIG. 14.6, 16-18) on shallowbody and flat base. Rim may be slightlydownturned.D. (rim) 0.075-0.12;H. 0.015-0.018.

Eitherblack-glazedin and on top of rimand plain out,or plainall over. The painted variety,correspondingto Stibbe's groupD, 'veryshallowbowls',is foundat sanctuaries duringthe 6thcent.,whiletheplainversionoccursin themid"5thcent,at Kopanaki.95 Date; c.600-400? Black-glazed:H40 b/i; P260/7;M322B/3. Plain:R281D/17;U511A2/10;T512B/3. rimwithgroovedtop d. Broad, everted,flat-topped and squarededge. Black-glazedon rimtop. This rimshouldbelongto a standard6th-cent. dish ofStibbe'sgroupCb.96 A118B/2.

23. PYXIDES(FIG. 14.6, ig-20)

in theseventhcentury, The pyxisis a rareshape on thesurveysites.Followinga periodofpopularity it is notcommonly foundin votivecontexts.97 a. This type of Laconian pyxis(FIG. 14.6, ig) was astutelyrecognizedby Hayes at Tocra, where it is datable withinthe firstseventy-five yearsof the 6th cent.98A fragment of another,muchlargerexample was foundin the excavationof the sanctuaryof Zeus Messapeus(N415),and is mostlikelyofthesecondhalf ofthe6thor theearly5thcent. Short, vertical,pointed rim offsetfrombroad, roundedbody;slightcarinationbetweenshoulderand belly. Horizontal, ovoid strap handle attached at belowcarination.D85/23is rakingangleimmediately a largerexamplewithcontinuousprofilefromrimto shoulder.D. (rim)0.13. Black-glazedout and insiderim.Inside of handles reserved.

Date: c.600-500. d85/23;M325/i2. b. Vertical,pointed rim (FIG. 14.6, 20) offsetfrom verticalwall turnsin narrow,cantedlid-rest.Straight, sharplyto base. D. (rim)c.o.15-0.20. Black-glazed in. Out: rim reserved;verticalwall decoratedwithlatticepatternwithwhitedotsin each space, boundedbelow by fineband and black-glazed lowerwall. This typeofpyxisis notfoundin theAtticrepertoire. Its decorationis foundon a numberof othershapes and is typicalofthe4thcent.99 (especially squatlekythoi) Date: £.400-300. R282/1.

24. LEKANIS(FIG. 14.6, 2l)

This termis used to referto a shallow,lidded bowl equipped witha pair of horizontalreflexstrap handles at the rim. It is best knownat Athens,where it occurs fromthe earlysixthto the fourth Our exampleis the onlyone knownfromLaconia. A plain examplefromthe sanctuaryof century.100 Laconian.101 ApolloTyritasin Kynouriais ofuncertaindate and notcertainly in-turnedrimoffsetfromthickenedupperbodywithbroad cantedlid-rest.Body Thinned,slightly

93 Sparkes and Talcott 146-7, fig. 10. 1029-30, 1034-5; Gauer 163-4,fi^·iQ·4~6. 94Sparkesand Talcott133-4,% 9· 840. 95Stibbe,LDV 93, 224 nos. D 1-2, figs.385-6; Kaltsas.231 nos.1^.-6. fie". 10.nl. 8q d. 96 Stibbe,LDV 85, figs.309-13. 97R. Catling(n. 4), 65.

98Boardmanand Hayes 1966,88, 90-1 no. 970,pl. 66. 99 D. J. Beazley,'MiniaturePanathenaics',BSA 41 (1940-5), 11-21,at pp. 17-21. 100SDarkesand Talrott16^-7.fip·. 11.nl. ao. 101 Stibbe, LDV 90, 219 no. A 4, fig. 344. Strangelynot classifiedas a lekanis;it is notexplainedwhyit is thoughtto be Laconian. Forthesitesee below,Chapter23,BB29.

54 Chapter 14 curvesin sharply. Broadhorizontalstraphandleattachedimmediately belowlid-rest; handleflankedby broadrectangular projection(degeneratereflexhandle?). Black-glazedout,tracesin. Our examplemostcloselyresembles5th-cent. types. Date: £.500-400? H29B/6+ 7. 25. lids (fig.14.6,22-7) Fine-warelids are usuallyassociatedwithsmallshapes such as the pyxisand lekanis,less oftenwith largeclosedshapessuchas theamphoraor stamnos. a. Small, low, cylindrical(?) lid (fig.14.6, 22) with evertedtop,recessedon upperside. Paintin recessoflid top. Its votivecontextand smallsize suggestit is a pyxis lid. Date: c.600-400. N415 A/119.

b. Broad,curvedlid (?) (FIG.14.6,23) withlow everted knob,withconicalhollowingon top. Paintedin,pale slipout. M194/10.

c. Possiblythelid ofa lekanis(FIG.14.6,24) ofa kind knownat Athens.102 Fine, thin-walledbase of lid. Verticallower part withpointed restingsurfaceoffsetfromalmostflat uppersurface.D. (lid)0.07. Black-glazedout,plainin.

Date: c.450-350? J212/11. d. Fragmentof flatlid (FIG.14.6,25) withmouldings aroundstumpofknob. Black-glazedon top. lidsuitable fora largeshape. Perhapsfroman elaborate D96/18. e. Tall conical lids (FIG.14.6,26-y)withbroad, flatrecessed. toppedknobs.Undersideofknobslightly Plainin and out. These lidsmayhave been used to covera domestic ratherthana fine-ware shape. Their siteassociations suggesta late archaic to earlyclassicaldate. Lids of of thesame typeoccurat ArtemisOrthiawithpottery the6thand early5thcenturies. Date: c.550-400? B103A/40;C169/27;P272/13,37; U3006/51+ 77.

MEDIUM-SMALLOPENSHAPES:RIMS 26. UNCERTAIN to be made withany of the rims of the small fine wares are toe> small forshape attribution Many certainty. a. Flaring,unthickenedor thinnedrimson concave upperwall.D. (rim)0.11. Black-glazedin and out. Most of these rims probably belong to cups or mugs. H31/15;B103 a/8; C114/1;K200/14; R281 B/12; R281D/2 or 3; S432/1;S458/9; N503/9;U3024/1-2; small version B103 A/7; S458/7; U492/1; U511 A2/6. rimon lightly b. Everted,flat-topped curvedwall. Black-glazedin and out. These rims probably belong to small shallow bowls.

B121/12; R281 B/?; small version M325/5; A3018/2. wall. c. Evertedrimwithroundedtop on flaring in and out. Black-glazed U500 A2/22.

d. Miscellaneoussmallrimsherds,lackingdiagnostic features. Black-glazedin and out. Bin A/5-6,9; P262/11;R275A/7;R296/13,16, 51; N415A/31-2,84; n4i6/i-2; S458/8;S524B/6;R526/1; U3002/?; U3006/3; small versions Bui D/12, 45; J217/5;U490AM/6,ii; A3018/63.

102Sparkes andTalcott167-8nos.1226-39, fig.11,pl.41.

Archaicand Classical pottery55 27. UNCERTAINMEDIUM-SMALL OPEN SHAPES: BASES (FIG. 14.6, 28-6Ö)

The associationof thenumeroussmall-medium bases withspecificshapesis difficult. As a generalrule decoratedwaresin thearchaicperiod,whilethemassofplainblackringfeetwereonlyusedforthefinest articulated or not.The use offlatbaseslastedwellintotheclassical glazedshapeshad flatbases,whether to thefifth throughout centuryand stillpresentin thefourth. period,probablycontinuing predominate commonin the late classicalperiod,perhapsintroduced Ring feetseem to have become increasingly in thelaterfifth basesas ofAtticpottery undertheinfluence century. Skyphoi(14) had flat,unarticulated had articulated flat bandsin thehandlezone (frequently withleafornament) a-b. Skyphoiwithreserved bases. Mugs,when equipped witha properbase, have eitherbase typespeculiarto the shape or an flatbases at flatbase. Bolsals/one-handlers and bowlswithin-curvedrimshave articulated articulated least duringthe fifthand earlyfourthcenturies,thoughsubsequentlytheyare fittedwithringfeet. Althoughexceptionsto thesegeneralizationsinevitablyoccur,theyare of some use as approximate In whatfollowsit willbe assumedthatmostunarticulated flatbases belongto indicators. chronological the sixth or fifth whilethearticulated can date either to thesixthcentury, century. variety hollowedbases (FIG. a. Medium-sizedflator slightly 14.6,28), not articulatedfromthe body.Wall usually fairlysteep,less oftenshallow.J367/29preservesthe stumpofa handle.D. (base)0.05-0.11. Black-glazedin; someblack-glazedout,someplain; underfoot reservedexceptforJ367/29. Examplesofthistypeand ofb witha plainexterior maycomefromdishes(22 c). The siteassociationsgenerallysupportthe6th-cent. dateproposedforthistypeofbase. Date: c.600-500? P262/73; P268/7; P278/7; P279/3, 5; J367/29; S434/7;S440/3;U499/22;U500 B2/31;T512b/6; U516 A/48;U3002/25. b. As a, exceptforveryshallowcurveofwall. Lower wallmaybe concaveor convex.D. (base)c.0.09. Black-glazedin; exteriormay be black-glazedor plain.S524B/24has a reservedband at thebase ofthe wall.Underfoot reservedexceptforJ367/26. As witha, thesiteassociationsfavourtheproposed 6th-cent. date. B107/19;N184/14;J219/2;P262/25;R275/12;P288 A/g, ii; R294/2, 5; J367/26; U499/23; N503/28; S509/14;S524B/24;U3003/11;A3018/35. c. Small-sizedflator slightlyhollowedbases (FIG. frombody.The base is usually 14.6,2g-jg) articulated evertedfrom,or verticalto, the wall, suggestinga false,low ringfoot.The loweredge ofthefootis often bevelled.The wall usuallyhas a steepcurve,lessoften shallow.D. (base)0.040-0.075. usuallyreserved Black-glazedin and out; underfoot butsometimes J367 paintedall over(K203/3;J367/25; A/7; U506/39; U511 B1/14) or round the edge

(S437/51).U511A2/20,withreservedlowerwall and base,mayhavebeen dipped. The smallerbases (asj2i2/9, S437/51)probably belong to one-handlers or small mugs. Site associationssuggesta muchwiderdate rangethanfor a and b, possiblyextendinginto the 4th cent., as alreadyproposedabove. H31/29,32, 35; H33/4;H40 B/7;J43/1;H45.14/27; E76/9; D85/43,45; C108/4;Bin A/45,54> 69> D/28, G/2; C114/35; A118 B/42, 46; C169/6; N195/23; K203/3; J212/9; P262/27, 30; P267/5; R275/13, A/11-12;P279/4,7; R281b/ii, D/21-3;P285/15;p288 a/io; R294/6; R296/31;M325/15;N354/8;J367/25, A/7; N415 A/5, 107, 109, 116; R421/19; S432/4; S437/51-3;S459/11;U490 AC/16,AM/48,72, BC/47; U491/23,25-6; U499/25;N503/27;U506/39;S509/18; U511A2/20,Bi/14,B2/10,12-13,Ci/15; U516 A/30; R518/5;U3000/8,10, 12-14;U3006/49;A3018/33-4; U3022/6;U3024/13,15;LS IOO82/?;LS IO594/3. d. Everted'cushion'base (FIG.14.6,40) withrounded hollowedunderneath;steepwall. Thin profile, slightly floor.D. (base)0.06. Black-glazedin and out on wall,base reserved. This curious base perhaps belonged to a cup or gobletof a typemade betweenc.650 and 550, though it is not the foot type usually associated with the shape.103 Date: c.600-550? R296/23. e. High flaringring foot (FIG. 14.6, 41) without D. (base)0.06. footplate. reserved. Black-glazedin and out,underfoot Probablythefootofa smallcup,similarin shape to

103Stibbe, LDF49-51,figs.131-47.

56 Chapter 14 Stibbe'sgroupC cups,one ofwhosedefining features is a highringfoot.104 However,theformofthefootis withoutclose parallel in this group, suggestingit mightbe later. Date: c.600-500? R296/29. f. Low, ringfoot(FIG.14.6,42) withroundedresting surface.Everted and offsetclose to junction with convex, in-curvingface; steep wall. Pronounced interiorconcavity;floor flat or sagging. D. (base) 0.08-0.09.

reserved. Black-glazedin and out;underfoot The closestparallelsforthistypeof footand floor are foundon stemlesscups and cup skyphoiof the first two-thirds ofthe5thcent.105 Date: c.500-425? Bin A/33,G^3iP261/6. g. Broad,evertedand splayingringfoot(FIG.14.6,43), thickeningdownwards. Face of foot offsetfrom splayingupper edge, continuousprofilefromface to Wall risessteeplyfromfoot. junctionwithunderfoot. Undersideflator slightlysagging.No footplate.D. (base)0.12. Black-glazedin and out exceptforreservedface of reserved. foot;band insideat topofring,otherwise This distinctive typeof foothas close parallelson Atticskyphoiof the Hermogeneanclass of the mid5thcent.106 Date: £.500-425? E55/4;Bin F/19+ 20; N354/10. h. High,concaveringfoot(FIG.14.6,44) withpointed restingsurface.D. (base)0.09. Black-glazedin, plain out, band on inneredge of underside. Its site associationsuggestsa late archaic to early classicaldate. Date: c.550-400? S524A/30. i. Small, relativelyhigh ringfoot(FIG. 14.6, 43-6), usuallywithoutfootplate.Foot slightlyeverted,with or slightly concaveface;Β103a/9 has convex straight face. Bottom of foot may be slightlythickened; rounded or pointed restingsurface.Flat or slightly

104Stibbe, LDF59-64, figs.185-205. 105 Sparkesand Talcott101-2,fig.5. 469, 474; 109-10,fig.6. 572; Gauer 178-80,fig.24. 4, 9; no. 9, whichhas a knobbed handle, may itselfbe Laconian (pl. 36. 7), having close parallelsat ArtemisOrthia (Sparta museum,trays2370/9, 2371/7).

saggingfloor.Shallow wall. D. (base) 0.06-0.10; H. (base)0.006-0.010. Black-glazed in and out. B103 A/9 reservedout exceptforband on lowerpartof foot;band on inside ofring.U493/3paintedon underfoot as well. These feetprobablybelong to shapes such as the cup skyphos, perhapsofthe5thcent. Date: £.500-400? H29 B/9;H34/2(?); B103A/9;U492/9;U493/3;U511 A2/22;S524A/37. j. Low, pointed ring foot (FIG. 14.6, 47) without Flat below offset. footplate.Foot evertedor in-turned underfoot withprominent groovebetweenunderfloor and ring.Shallow,curvingwall.D. (base)0.065. Black-glazed in and out. R275 A/9 has reserved reserved. foot;insideoffootpainted,underfloor The grooveat theedge oftheunderfoot recalls5thcent.mugbases (16 e). Date: £.500-400? R275A/9;N503/30. k. High,evertedringfeet(FIG.14.6,48-31).Markedly evertedupperpart,offset bysharpanglefromvertical face, oftenwithprominentgroove;pointed resting surface.Wallmoderately usuallyflat, steep.Underfoot but may be pendent.D. (base) 0.07-0.12; H. (base) 0.009-0.017. Varied treatment.Some black-glazedin, out and somewithreservedunderfoot. underfoot; D85/52and U493/11are reservedout exceptforpaintedvertical face of foot; also painted on interiorof ring with underfootreserved.The exteriorand underfootof U499/29are plain. Moulded ringfeetsuchas theseare unlikely to have occurredbeforethe secondhalfof the 5thcent.,and the majoritymay be 4th-cent.;none is foundin the few known deposits of later 5th-cent. Laconian also seemsto be a pottery.107 Paintingthe .underfoot latehabit. comparatively Date: c.425-300? H31/33;D85/52;Bin B/5;G159/16;K235/6;M325/?; s437/49;U486/12;U493/11;U499/29;U500A2/26. 1. High,mouldedringfoot.(FIG.14.6,32) Verticalface has three concave mouldings and pointed resting surface.Almostflatfloor.D. (base)0.11.

106C. W. xiii: Biegen,Η. Palmer,and R. S. Young,Connth, The NorthCemetery (Princeton, NJ, 1964), 107 fig. 11. 329-5· 1U/ A footapparentlyof this typefromthe Sportsground excavationlacksa securecontext:Cook and Nicholls291 no. 3, fig.16,pl. 29; itsexterioris plainlikeU499/29.

Archaicand Classical pottery57 Black-glazedin and out except forlower face of foot. Band round edge of underfloor,otherwise reservedunderfoot. As withk, thismouldedringfootis unlikelyto be earlierthantheend of the5thcent,and is verylikely It is closeto footformsofAtticstemlesscups 4th-cent. and cup skyphoiof the later5th and the firsthalfof the4thcent.108 Date: c.425-300? U499/31. m. High, plain ring foot (FIG. 14.6, 53-4) without or slightly Almostverticalringwithstraight footplate. convexface. Shallow curveto wall. H45/5and R281 everted.D. (base)0.10. D/19are slightly Black-glazed in. H45/5 has painted ring but reservedwall and underfoot;E76/10 has part of stampedpalmetteinside;R281D/19nas band at base offoot,paintedundersidebutreservedinsideofring. Simple ring feet such as these are hard to date closely,but the majorityare probablyclassical. The examplewithstampedornamentbelongsto the later 5th or early4th cent., and is a furtherinstanceof in thisperiod.109 influences atticizing Date: c.500-300? H29 B/9 (?); H45/5; E76/10;R281 D/19; u5I9/24; S524B/22;U3010/8?;LS 11163/1. n. High ring foot (FIG. 14.6, 55) with or without fromvertical Evertedfoot;upperpartoffset footplate. face. Underfootusually domed, sometimesflat.D. (base) 0^10-0.14, small version 0.05-0.08; base H. 0.010-0.015.

Probablyblack-glazedin. Exteriortreatment uncertain. datetom. ofsimilar Probably Date: c.500-300? H45.14/28; D85/42; Bin A/46; G163/8; U511 Ci/14.

o. High, pointed,wedge-shapedringfoot(FIG.14.6, 36) withoutfootplate.Foot evertedwithstraightor convex face, but on S509/13 has angle close to junction.Flat floorand gentlycurvingwall. D. (base) 0.11-0.12.

Black-glazedin. Exteriortreatmentrarelyclear; S509/13 has band on verticalface of foot and on inside,leavingtheupperand loweredgesreserved. These feet have close parallels on several cup skyphoifromOlympia of the mid~5thcent.,one of

108 Sparkesand Talcott102-5,no-n, figs.5. 484; 6. 605. 109Sparkesand Talcott22-30. 110Gauer 178,fig.24. 4, 9; pl. 36. 7. See also Coulson 334,

identifiedas Laconian, is which,alreadytentatively verylikeS509/13in formand decoration.110 Date: c.475-400? A118 B/?, c/16-17;

S509/13; U519/20; LS 11163/1.

p. Medium ring foot (FIG. 14.6, 57) with footplate. Vertical or slightlyeverted face. Flat underfloor, shallowcurvingwall. P264/24 black-glazed in, out and underfoot; stamped palmetteoutside,two groovedbands and traceofstampedovuleinside. The form,overallglazing,and stampedornamentof P264/24suggestit belongsto a plateof thelate 5Ü1to xλ ofan Atticvariety. early4thcent.;1 itisa closeimitation Date: c.500-300? Bin F/21;P264/24. q. Low,evertedringfoot(FIG.14.6,58-60) withbroad footplate.Exteriorof footstraightor slightly ridged. Shallowwall.D. (base) 0.055-0.09. Black-glazedin and out and underfoot; footplateof U499/30reserved. This distinctivetype of foot has no obvious parallels,but its site associationsindicatea classical date,quitelikelyin the4thcent.Theirall-overglazing pointsto a similardate. Date: c.425-300? F133/6;F147/5;U490 AM/50;U499/30;U519/19;LS 11119/10.

r. High, flaringringfootwithfilletat junctionwith body;no footplate.Probablysteep-walled;concavein withslightly saggingfloor. Uncertaintreatment. The closestparallelis foundon a two-handled mug cent,fromKopanaki,112 ofthemid-5th thoughthefillet date. byitself mightsuggesta 6thor early5th-cent. Date: c.500-400? J213/11. s. High, everted,heavy,squared footwithfootplate; vertical face offsetfromnarrow upper part. Flat underfloor; shallow,curvingwall. Uncertaintreatment. The heavyformofthefootrecallsskyphoiand cup skyphoiof the late 5th and the firsthalf of the 4th cent.,thoughit is unlikelythateithersherdbelonged to theseshapes. Date: £.425-350? A118Β/6; Ν415 A/120.

348 Ρ 1642,fig.7. 4, pl. 7. 3, foran examplefromNichoria. 111 Sparkesand Talcott146-7,fig.10,pl. 36. 112Kaltsas 229 no. 13,fig.8, pl. 82.

58 Chapter 14 t. Verylow ringfootwithroundedrestingsurface. Wallsteepand straight. Black-glazedin and out. CI92/5. u. False ringfoot.Verylow,narrowringarticulated fromthick,saggingfloorby notchinside foot.Wall steepand straight. Possiblyfroma mug. Black-glazedin and out and underfootexceptfor reservedband roundouteredge. From the mid~5thto early 4th centuries some mugs stood on a narrow ring formed by the bottom of the wall and the hollowing of the underside.113 This piece veryprobably belongs to such a mug. Date: £.475~375? D85/44. 28. UNCERTAIN MEDIUM-SMALL OPEN SHAPES: HANDLES(FIG. 14.6, 61-2)

a. Skyphoi,bolsals/one-handlers,cups, and other small-mediumshapes (FIG.14.6,61-2). Loop handles in sizesvaryingfromsmallto medium,mostlyroundsectionedbutsomeovoid.Usuallyattachedto bodyat slightly rakingangle. R526/12has a prominentknob applied to the outermost edge. Th. (handle) 0.012-0.016. Black-glazed all over or only on visible faces. Associatedbodiesblack-glazedin and out. The knobbedhandle (R526/12)is of 6th-or early date. 5th-cent. H45.7/11,H45.12/17,H45.14/18;B107/5-6;B111/5; Bin A/21-2,29-32, 34, B/13,15,F/14,17;A118B/13; B121/5-6, 8; N185/8; N187/7; K203/7; J223/7; J225/4; K257/10; P260/13; P262/16; P268/5; P272/20, 23-6, 28; 273/4-5; R275/2i, A/16; R281 B/15, c/5; P284 c/24; P285/24, 28; P286/5-6; R294/9; R296/37; D301/4, ?; M321/29;N415A/37, 123-4, B/41,45> 5°> 53~5> 64; n4l6/5; R420/12-13, 21; R428/51;S431/9;S432/5; S458/17-18;S459/2-3; S460/12;U490 ab/ii, AM/32;U491/14;U494 A/5,8; N503/13, 19-20, 22-5; 505 A/4; U506/9, 14, 16; S509/10; U511 A2/66-7; U516 A/23; S524 A/23-6; R526/11-12, 17; U3001/1-2; U3001/15; U3003/8; U3006/26; A3014/24;A3018/18;LS IOO71/14-17;LS IOII2/9; LS IOI36/4; LS IO4IO/8.

Black-glazedin and out. The formofthehandlesuggestsa 4th-cent. or later date. Date: c.400-300? T465/7. c. Small, round-sectionloop handles at slightly rakingangle,fromsmallshapes(skyphoi, etc.). Black-glazedall over. B107/4; Bin D/19-20; B121/26; P279/8-9; P285/35-6;R294/8;S431/10;S437/59-61;U490 AC/3; U499/10. 29. UNCERTAINSMALL-MEDIUMOPEN SHAPES: BODY SHERDS(FIG. 14.6, 63-5) a. Decorated (FIG. 14.6, 63). From deep-walled forms. S460/6 has traces of paint over thin white slip. R526/33 black-glazedin, except forreservedband flankedby thinpurple lines on upper wall; blackglazed out, exceptforfinereservedband wherewall turnsout to rim.R526/37black-glazedin, exceptfor reservedband; plainout. irregular S460/6 is probably of the 6th cent.; the two sherdsfromR526 maybe of the late 6thor early5th cent. S460/6;R526/33,37. b. Incised arcading(FIG. 14.6, 64). Fromdeep thinwalledforms. Arcadingcomposedofpairsoffineshallowgrooves, which merge into three where sets join; top of arcadingboundedby two shallowhorizontalgrooves. Black-glazedin and out. Decoration of fineincised lines is unlikelyto be earlier than the mid~5th cent.114This type of decoration is found on a number of shapes at Kopanaki (cup skyphos,two-handledmug,mug (?), and oinochoë(?))·115 It also occursat Kytherain the late 5th cent.,116and in 5th-cent.deposits at the Menelaion. Date: c.475-400? H31/22; B103 A/20; N193/14;J212/14;P262/52; U506/25;U520/18;A3018/42.

b. Thick, ovoid loop handle with angular curve, attachedat rightanglesto body.

c. Horizontalgrooving. Fromdeep forms. Groups of two or three horizontal grooves of varyingdepth,usuallyon upperbody,probablyclose

113 162no.39,fig.48,pl. Stibbe,LDF47,groupG, fig.116;Kythera 4^; Coulson334,048Ρ 1641,fier. 7.4,pl.7. 3 (bothlate^th-cent). 114 Sparkesand Talcott22-30. 110Kaltsas 229-31nos. 13,25-b, 32, tig.9, pis 02-3; it should

be notedthattheskyphos(no. 25) has thetypically Laconian knobbedhandles. Kaltsas's date in the early5th cent, for thesepiecesseemstoo early. 116 Kythera 163no. 48, 307,pl. 45.

Archaicand Classical pottery59 to rim. U500 A2/23 has row of diagonal slashes betweentwoofthegrooves. Black-glazedin and out. These sherds are possibly associated with the inciseddecorationdescribedunderb, and shouldbe ofa similardate. Date: c.475-400? H40 B/12;P285/11;U496/10+ 15;U500A2/23;S524 A/44. d. Fluting.Fromdeep forms. Shallowincisedfluting, usuallyirregularly spaced. Black-glazedin and out. Fluting occurs later than the incised ornament describedunderb and c, not beforethe second half of the 5th cent.117It is typicalof late classical and earlyhellenistic pottery. Date: c.425-200. Bin e/6; N415A/140;LS 10359/1. e. Netpattern.Networkofdiagonalshallowgrooves. Black-glazedin and out. Date: c.400-300? LS 10618/1. f. Flanged body sherds(FIG. 14.6, 65). Straightor slightlycurvedverticalwall with broad horizontal flange;end of flangemay be hookedover(U3024/5). Flangewidth0.011-0.015. Black-glazedin and probablyout. These sherdsrecallthe similarflangeson the large shape provisionallyidentifiedas a situla (8). Their onlyapparentpurposeon a smallshape would have been as a lid-rest,suggestingthat these two sherds belongedeitherto pyxidesor lekanides.Their date is uncertainbuttheoccurrenceofone at Bin suggestsa classicalratherthanan archaicdate. Date: £.500-350? Bin D/8; U3024/5. sherdsfromvarietyofforms. g. Featureless Black-glazedin and outor plainout. F9/10;H29 B/7; H31/21;H34/1;H40 b/ii, 13, 15; H45.12/28, 30; H45 1/12; E55/1; H60/2; D83/1; LARGE-MEDIUM

CLOSED

D85/26-8,57-8,61-2;D96/9,11,17;B103a/6, 21-6,28, 31-2, B/1-2, 4, 6-9; biO5/8, 10; B107/16-17,20-5; Bin A/27,59>B/1-4,20-2, C108/1-2,5; ano/5; B111/3; c/15-17, D/38-41, 44-5, E/7-8, F/9, 24-7; CI12/2; C126/7; C114/3,41; A118B/47,D/i (?),7 (?); B121/13-19; F143/7;F147/2,7-8; G157/25-7,30; C169/8, 10, 12; N184/11-12; N185/10-12; 175/4,8-9, 20; N183/17-21; N187/20-4;N188/9-16,18-22;N190/1,6; N193/12-13, J213/1, I2;j2i5/2i, 31-2,34, 15;K203/6,10-12;J212/18; 48;j2i7/n;j22o/2, 12-13^221/20,24, 28, 37^223/10, 13;J224/17;K250/6,12; K258/10;P260/5,18-19,21; P261/8,12;P262/41,47, 49, 72; P264/5,18,28; P271/4; P272/36,38-41; P273/6+ 11; R275/23,30, 33, 37-8, A/24,26-7; Γ276/3;r277/n-i2,36; P278/15,18; R281 A/17-18,c/8, D/49, 51, 53; R282/11-13;P284 A/39, c/40; P285/37,39; P288/9;R294/14,17,19-20,22, 24; R296/44-5,47, 50, 60; E308/?;N314/1,6; J316/4,33; M322/9;M325/20;M327/38;M334/14;M347/10-11; 36-7, A/12,13 + 16 + 17,18;J369C/12(?); J367/31-4, 1400/17,20; N409/5-6,8; K414B/24;N415A/63,72>78» 85, 88-9, 133, 137, 143, B/21,61, 81-2, 87, 92, D/2; 17-18,20-2, 24, 34; S432/6,8, n4i6/8, 10, 13-14;S431/ 12-13,16-17;S433/10,14;S434/16;S437/7,24-5;S440/7; S450/9;S458/27,30,35,37-42;S459/10,17,19;S460/18; R461/5; T467/18; R473/7-12; S475 A/?; T484/10; U486/17;U490 ab/1, 26-8, 54, AC/24-9,AH/23-5,27> 31-2,AL/41,AM/54,58-61,63-4, 66-8, 70-1,73, 75-6, 78-9,81-2,84-6, 88-92,95-102,104-5,I07>ΙΠ> "δ"20* 122-3,I25>I27>I29>AN/28,AR/38,40, 45, AX/92,96, 40-1,47;U492/12, 14-15; U491/36-7, 98-102,104,BB/31; U493/2,15-16,18; U496/11;U499/41-5,47, 54; U500 Ai/30-5,A2/24,25; N503/35-36;505A/7,9, B/5,8, 10; U506/28,30; S508/1;S509/27,31-3, 35-36, 44; U511 A2/27,30, 32, 34-7, 46, A3/1,Bi/16,B2/28,Ci/25,?, c3/5; T512 A/15-20; T512 b/ii, 13-15; U516 A/44; 38; U520/19;S523/3,5, 22; S524A/47, U517/6;U519/32, B/29,30, 32, 34-40,42-3, 49; R526/23,31-2,34, 44-5, 54; U530/16; U531/5; U3000/7, 9; U3001/39; U3002/28-32, 39; U3003/10, 12, 14-15, 19-20; U3006/68-76, 78; U3010/20-1,27-8; A3014/28-30; A3018/37-41,43-50, 55, 61, 64-5, 68-9; U3022/8-9; U3023/1;U3024/14,17-18,20-1, 23, 25-6, 29, 31; LS IOO48/4; LS IOO82/5; LS IOII2/16; LS IO172/3;LS 10410/ 14-15;LS 10884/1.

SHAPES (30-8)

difficult wheresmallsherdsare to specificshapes is particularly In thiscategory, attribution can be regardedas certain.The principal concerned.In whatfollowsnot all the attributions neck-handled are hydrias, amphoras,oinochoës,jugs, flasks,and stamnoi, shapesrepresented which can be differentiated by certain diagnostic featuresand to a lesser degree by dimensions. 117 Sparkesand Talcott21-2.

6o Chapter 14 30. HYDRIAS(FIGS. 14.7; 14.8; 14.9, I-4; 14.10,I~2' PLATEI b, d)

Two distinct Laconiantypesofhydriaoccurin thesixthand fifth centuries. Commonerseemsto be a large,ratherungainlyform,of whichno absolutelycompleteexampleis known.Its mostnotablefeaturesare an exceptionally wide mouth(D. (rim)c.0.20-0.35)and a rather short,broad flaringneck,nearlyalwayswitha low ridgeabove midpointto whicha broad,vertical straphandle is attached.The neck is articulatedfromthe body,occasionallywiththe additionof a cordon.Its bodyseemsto have been disproportionately small,and was equippedwithhorizontalstrap or ovoidhandleshighon thebelly.The typeofbase withwhichit was fittedis notknown.A rolledor roundedrimseemsto be normal.Exceptfortwo sixth-century thickened, examplesfromThera and Tocra,118none is foundoutsidethe immediatesphereof Spartan influence.This utilitariantypeof when its disproportionately hydriaseems to have continuedwell into the fifthcentury, large neck perhapsbecamemoremarked.Examplesfromthisperiodoccurat Kopanakiand in Spartaitself.119 The secondtypeis inspiredbybronzeoriginalsand exhibitsa numberofmetallicfeatures. A broad, shoulderoffset froma conicallowerbody, markedly flaringrimon a rathershortneck,a broad,flattish and possiblya ringfootseemto be typical.The rimis turnedso as to have a verticalor slantingedge, sometimesgroovedand oftenembellishedwithflanges;less often,smallprojectionsare appliedto the ofmetalprototypes. As above,ridgesare normalat mid-neckbutnot edgeoftherimin directimitation at thejunctionof neckand shoulder.Unliketheprevioustypeitwas exportedin smallnumbersin the sixthcenturyto Cyrenaica,Italy,Sicily,and South Russia.120 They also occur at Olympiain the late sixthand fifth centuries.121 Hydriasare distinguishedfromneck amphoras,withwhich theyshare a numberof diagnostic It has alreadybeen noted(see 4) thatsomeoftherimslisted features, mainlybytheirlargerdimensions. underc and d couldbelongto largemugs. a. Everted,thickenedand rounded rims(FIG. 14.7, 1-12;FIG.14.8,1-3; PLATE1 d),oftenrolled,on slightly flaringupper neck. The form of the rim varies: sometimesonlyslightly or hookedover,or thickened, In manycases a ridgeoccursabout heavilythickened. two-thirds of theway up the neck,thoughsometimes below lower;a low ridgemayalso occurimmediately the rim.The lowertwo-thirds of the neckare almost concave vertical,and have a straightor veryslightly profile.The handle or handles are attached at the levelof the neckridge.A ridgemay also be foundat thejunctionofneckand shoulder, butmoreoftenit is simplysharplyarticulated.The shoulder is rather broadand flat.The handlesare broadstrapsofrather irregularformwhichprojectat rightanglesfromthe neckand turndownsharplyto the shoulder.D. (rim) 0.20-0.30;smallest0.18,largest0.38. Black-glazedoutand in,to base ofneck. As indicatedabove,thereare groundsforbelieving thatthistypeof hydriahad a long historyspanning the6thand 5thcenturies.

118 N.St.Zapheiropoulos, Σελλάδας "Ανασκαφή Θήρας',PAE

1974,194-200,at p. 195,pl. 136b' Boardmanand Hayes 1966, in 90 no. 955,pl. 65. A hydriafromMegaraHyblaia,published Laconian. 1992,145,figs.82-3,isnotcertainly Pelagatti 119Kaltsas 221, 226 nos. 1-3, fig.7, pl. 81 a-c; Cook and Nicholls291no. 4, fig.16.

Date: c.600-400? Rims withassociatedneck ridge:P268/2 + 12-14

(PLATEI d)' S458/2; LS IOO71/18.

Rims lackingor not preservingneck ridge:D85/2 (?); B103 A/2 (plate 1 d)' N185/5;R275/2,6, 26-7, 32; ^77/3-4, 33; P278/1; R281 D/7-8; R282/14;

J367/2, 51; R420/4 (PLATE I d)' S433/5; S437/43 (plate ι d), 44-5; S458/23; R461/1 + 2 + 6, A/3; U490 AQ/24; U499/83; U5II A2/I; T5I2 A/2; U5I6 a/i; R518/1; U3001/42; U3010/4; U3024/7; LS IO4IO/3; LS IO646/1; LS IIII9/1; LS 11149/1; LS III59/2.

b. Broad, everted rim (FIG. 14.8, 4-7), thickened towards exterior. Face of rim flat, once lightly grooved.Several have verticalflangeon outeredge of rim. Straight,slightlyflaringneck; continuous interiorprofile.D. (rim)0.26-0.28. Black-glazedin and outor uncertain. These rimsbelongto thesecondcategoryofhydrias describedabove. They apparentlydate fromthemid-

120 They are discussed in Pelagatti 1991; for a precursor see R. Catling (n. 4), 68-70 no. 53, fig. 19.,For bronze hydriaisee Stibbe,'Hydriai'. See also Williams1993,589, fig.28. 121Gauer 116, 6. fig. 2-3, pl. 19.4.

Archaic and Classical to late 6th cent. The grooved face of S524 A/4 is exactlyparalleledon some of the exportedpieces.122 The rim formof M325/1-3 is probably the latest, thosefoundat Olympiain contexts closelyresembling of the late 6th to mid-5thcenturies(above, n. 121). The same typeof rimoccurson a neck amphoraat Kopanakiin themid-5thcent.123 Date: £.575-45°? N184/2;M325/1-3;S509/2; S524 A/4; U3001/7-8; LS IOO48/1. c. Thickened, rolled or rounded rims (FIG. 14.8, 8-12), sometimeshooked over,on markedlyflaring upper neck. C169/3vei7 slightlythickened.D. (rim) 0.26-0.30. Black-glazedin and probablyout. The resemblanceof a jug rimfromTocra suggests that some of these rims belong to jugs as well as hydrias,124though where the diameter can be estimatedthey seem too large forjugs. They are date. probablyof6thand 5th-cent. Date: c.600-400? A118 A/2; B121/2 (?); C169/3; N184/1; N185/3; K.200/2;K204 A/4;P272/5+ 6; P288 a/i, 2; R296/8; N312/8;N354/2;R422 A/7;R429/2;S437/2;T467/2; U490 AB/4; U511 A2/3; S524 B/3; LS 10241/1; LS 10590/1;LS 10664/2;LS 10908/1. d. Thickenedrim (FIG. 14.8, 13-16) withflattened, or verticalface on markedlyflaring outward-slanting upper neck. Rim may be hooked over.R526/2 has pendentprojectionattachedto face of rim.D. (rim) 0.18-0.30. Black-glazedin and out,on rimor all over. A very close parallel for R526/2 comes from A hydria Pikromygdaliá,thoughrathersmaller.125 withthe same typeof flaringrimand projectionson the rim eitherside of the handle occurs at Megara Hyblaia,datableto thesecondhalfof the 6thcent.126 Two otherhydriaswithrimsof typeb also have rim projections.127 Date: c.575-400? Bin D/14; Π1173/18;r276/i; Q360 F/3; K419/3; N430/4;U490x/i; R526/2;U531/3.

122Pelaeattiiqqi, 1^-6 nos. 1-2,^-6, figs.2-
pottery 61

e. Slightlythickened,pointedevertedrim(FIG.14.8, if) on flaringneck.D. (rim)0.20. Black-glazedin and out. are foundamongjug rims, The closestsimilarities to whichthesepieces shouldperhapsbe attributed.128 Their site associations suggesttheymay be of the classicalperiod. c.500-300?

J221/32. B103A/17;Bni p/5J mouldedrims(FIG.14.8, f. Broad, evertedor flaring, 18-22). Some are flat-toppedand have a marked vertical flange on the outer edge. Face of rim is D. (rim)0.18-0.25. mouldedand oftendownturned. Treatmentin most cases uncertain,but probably black-glazedin and out. U3023/2 finelydecorated: black-glazedin and under rim,top of rim reserved, facedecoratedwith'tear-drops'. These rims, with their comparatively small to metalprototypes, dimensionsand obviousaffinities belongto a moreelaboratetypeof vase, moresuited water-carrier. thanas a utilitarian to the dining-table They have no Laconian parallels. There are clear withthe rimsof 6th-cent.bronzehydrias, similarities but a rim such as U3023/2is perhapscloserto 5thcent.kalpisrimsofAttictype.129 Date: £.550-450? A118 b/8, ii; A119/2; P272/2; T470/4; U491/8; U3023/2. g. Slightlythickenedrim(FIG.14.8,23) withsquared, outward-sloping face on flaring upper neck; neck,and ridge prominent'step' in middleof straight at junction with broad, flattishshoulder.D. (rim) £.0.16.

Black-glazedout and in,to base ofneck. The short,broad neck recalls an example from to thesecondhalfofthe6thcent.130 Cyreneattributed Date: c.575-500? T512b/i. h. Necks (FIG. 14.9, 1-2) with neck ridges and sometimeshandle stumps.D96/16 (PLATE1 b' whose widthsuggestsit belongsto a hydria,has a prominent flangeratherthana ridge,whichmarksa changein the

127Pelagattiiqqi, 135-6nos. 1 and 4, figs.2-3, and 7. 128Gauer 89-102,fig.3.

129C. Rolley, Us Vasesde bronzede l'archaïsmerécenten Grande-

Grèce (Bibliothèquede l'InstitutFrançaisde Naples,2nd ser., 5; Naples, 1982), pis 1-2, 4-5; E. Diehl, Die Hydria: im Kult des Altertums(Mainz, und Verwendung Formgeschichte

1964),30-43, 61-4,pis 9-23, 39-43. 130Schaus 20 no. 63, fig.2, pl. 4.

62 Chapter 14 profileof the upper and lowersectionsof the neck. The same featureoccursto a less markeddegreeon C114/37and N183/16. Both the main types of hydria are probably representedamong these sherds; those with wide necks are likelyto be associated withrimsas a. A sherd of this type,assigned to the mid-6thcent., occursat Pikromygdaliá (cf.siteU3001).131 Date: c.600-400? D96/16;C114/37;F147/9;N183/16;N184/9;J216/8; P264/36;P278/11;R281c/7, D/45; R282/3;R294/26, 28; N312/23;M322/88;J367A/8; S437/20; R454/8; S458/25;T468/7; U490 AG/47,AH/30;U499/34,49; R526/49;U3003/3;A3018/74;LS 10627/4;LS 10664/3; LS 10674/4;LS 10818/1. i. Verticalbroad, straphandles (FIG. 14.10,1-2). W. 0.037-0.050. Black-glazedall over. Bin/8; M172/47;R275A/39;U500 B2/7;U511Ci/8; S524A/15. j. Belly sherds(FIG. 14.9,3) with stumpsof round, ovoid,squaredor flattenedstraphandlesattachedat

rightanglesor at rakingangle to body.On S509/38 the shoulder is sharply offset from the belly immediatelyabove the handle stump.Bin F/29 is froma verylargeexample. Black-glazedout.U493/23apparently plain. S509/38, with its shoulder offsetfromthe belly, resembles examples of the second half of the 6th cent.132While 6th-cent.hydriasall seem to have round-sectionhorizontalhandles,the mid^th-cent. hydriafromKopanakihas one ofovoidsection.133 B107/3; B111/4; Bin F/29; N184/7; R294/27; J367/52;U493/23;S509/22,38. k. Bodyand neckof smallertypeof hydria(FIG.14.9, 4), characterizedby tall,slenderbody and carination markingoffsteep shoulder and neck fromalmost verticalbelly; horizontalhandle, ovoid in section, attachedat widestpoint. Black-glazedout and in,to lowerneck. This typeofhydriahas no parallelamongLaconian A 6th-to early5th-cent.date is suggestedby pottery. itssiteassociation. Date: c.600-450? r277/i+ 17.

AMPHORAS(FIG. 14.9,5-/0; PLATEI d) 31. NECK-HANDLED

The neck-handledamphora,likethehydria,occursin severaldistinctive Laconian formsin the sixth which continued into the fifth. Two main century evidently types have been distinguished, differentiated and treatment.134 The and far the more first, common,is usuallytypified by shape by by a rolledrimon a tall,slightly flaringneckarticulatedfroman ovoid or rathersquat body,withan everted,slightlyhollowedflatbase; a singleridge is foundon the neck at the level at which the handlesare attached,and a further ridgeor broaderfilletat thejunctionofneckand shoulder;round or ovoid handlesare attachedaround the middleof the neck.135 Its dimensionsare relativelysmall, most often0.21-0.30 high,0.11-0.16 wide at the mouth,and 0.08-0. 11 wide at the base. Larger examplesare uncommon(largestH. 0.385; D. (rim)0.165, (base) 0.135). The exterioris glazed all over,whilepaintprobablyextendsto thebase oftheneckinside.The shape was frequently exported, examplesbeing knownfromCorinth,Thera, Rhodes, Cyrenaica,South Italy,Sicily,and Etruria. The secondtypeis larger(H. 0.29-037; W. (mouth)0.13-0.14,(base) 0.115-0.135),characterizedby a broad ovoidbodywitha highcentreof gravityand a rathershortneckwiththickened,roundedrim and sometimesa prominentangularridgeimmediately below the rim.However,the reservedupper shoulderand neck is its singlemost diagnosticfeature.Fewerexamplesare known,fromRhodes, Sicily,and Etruria.136 Few rimswere foundon the surveythatcould be attributed to amphoras,thoughit is likelythat manyoftheneckand shouldersherdsand bases describedbelow(35-6) belongedto thisshape.

131Stibbe iQQi,40 no. 2, fie.3 0, c. 132 Pelagatti1991,135-6nos. 2-4, figs.4-7. IMKaltsas226 no. 1, 81. pl. 134See Pelagatti1992,130-8. MDThe typeis well representedat Tocra (Boardman and Hayes 1966,88, 90 nos. 951-4) and by exportsto Italyand Sicily(Pelagatti1992,130-2,figs.25-37, !55 % I29î G. M.

Stibbe,'Sparta und Tarent',Meded.Rom.37 (1975),27-46, at pp. 37-8, pis 2. 4 and 3. 1-2; F. D'Andria, 'Le ceramiche archaicheda TorreS. Sabina (Brindisi)e gliapprodiadriatici

della Messapia', in Ricerche e studi: quaderni del Museo Provinciale'FrancescoRibezzo' di Brindisi,9 (1976), Archeologico

19-66,at p. 37 no. 26, fig.7. 136 Pelagatti1992,131-2,figs.38-42.

Archaic and Classical pottery 63 rims(FIG.14.9,3-7), often a. Everted,round-topped hooked over.Neck almostvertical,thougha flaring exampleoccurs(H40/8).D. (rim)0.18-0.21. Black-glazedin and out. thetwohookedrimswith The possibility ofconfusing those of bell craters cannot be excluded. It is are greaterthanon thattheirrimdiameters noteworthy anyof the tableamphorasdescribedabove.Whilethe twohookedrimshave no Laconianparallels,H40/8is similarto examplesofthesecondhalfofthe6thcent.137 Date: c.600-400. H40/8;R275/3;S458/3. b. Thickenedand roundedrim(FIG.14.9,8) on slightly insiderim.Ridgeon neck neck.Slighthollowing flaring towhichhandlesare attached.D. (rim)0.20. Black-glazedin and out. This rimwithits comparatively large dimensions mightbelongto a hydria.

Date: c.600-450? N183/2(plate 1 d). rim (FIG.14.9,g) on almost c. Squared, flat-topped verticalneck.D. (rim)0.155. Black-glazedin and out. This rimresemblesa fragment fromSyracuseofthe thirdquarterofthe6thcent.138 Date: £.575-500? R275A/5. rim(FIG.14.9,id) on vertical d. Everted,flat-topped neckwithridgeimmediately belowrim.D. (rim)0.12. Black-glazedin and out. This rimformis close to Pelagatti'ssecondvariety of Laconian table amphora, though it lacks the characteristic reservedneck.139 Date: c.575-500? M347/2.

32. OINOCHOES(FIG. 14.10,3-6)

Oinochoes are a standardelementin the table ware of our period and continueto be so in the hellenisticperiod. However,theyare hard to recognizeamong sherdsunless parts of the trefoil mouthor handles are preserved.The mostfamiliartypeof black-glazedLaconian oinochoë has a ratherungainlyform,witha shortneck on a dumpybody; the handle is of roundsectionand the It is found throughoutthe sixthcenturyand base flat,whetherarticulatedor unarticulated.140 Besidesthesethereare other,better-proportioned continuesintothefifth.141 exampleswiththe neck as well as a muchmoreelaboratevarietyinspiredby metal cordonsso typicalof Laconian pottery,142 to whichmostof the handle protomesbelong.143 They are probablyall of sixth-century prototypes, date. a. Unthickened,roundedor squared rimsof trefoil mouth (FIG. 14.10, 3-6) with handle, round in section, attached at rim; rear of trefoilpushed in deeply; handles veryoccasionallyovoid in section. Large and medium-sizedexamples both present. Handles slope down fromattachment.Th. (handle) 0.015-0.020. Black-glazedout and all over handle, and inside neck. All probably belong to the ordinaryvarietyof oinochoë. Their date may range from6th- to 4thcent.,thoughmostare likelyto be 6th-to 5th-cent.

Date: c.600-300? handle:D96/10;C114/14; Large withround-section M172/14;M174/7;N193/7;Γ277/35;P278/3;J317/78; M325/13;S437/62;S509/7;U517/3. handle:J222/25;P260/9; Large withovoid-section P284F/i9;U5i9/7. Medium:P268/19;U490AM/12;U511A2/2.

137 Pelagatti1992,185no. 244,figs.33-4. 138Pelagatti 1992,131,187no. 276,fiers. 27-8. 139 Pelagatti1992,133figs.41-2 is theclosest. 140For examplessee Boardmanand Hayes 1966,88, 90 nos. 962-7, pl. 66; Pelagatti1992,145-6,figs.86-8; Sparkesand Talcott59 nos.97-9, pl. 5. 141An oinochoëfrom Kopanaki shouldprobablybe classed withthese:Kaltsas227-8 no. 6, fig.7, pl. 81/ 142 Pelagatti1992,160 no. 22, fig.133.There is less certainty

about the attributionof other oinochoës to Laconia (e.g. Pelagatti1992,160nos. 21,23-4, 185no. 249,figs.89, 134-6). 143A fine examplecomesfromTocra: Boardmanand Hayes 1973,39-40 no. 2111, pl. 21. For mid-6th-cent.oinochoës withprotomesas handle finials,see Droop 1929,83-5, fig. 65. An examplewithlion's-headprotome,perhapsas late as the end of the5thcent.,comesfromAnálipsisin the Skiritis (below,Chapter23, DD45): Romaios 1961,167-8,pis 124-5. See also Stibbe1994,esp. pl. 27. 4 and 6.

b. Mostly unattached handles, round or slightly squared in section,probablyto be associated with oinochoës.A fewhandlesattachedto steeplysloping shoulder. W. 0.015-0.025.

64 Chapter 14 Black-glazedall over. The sameremarks applyas to a. M194/5;K203/8; J221/5;R281 D/36; P288/3-4,

A/4,6; P285/27;M347/6;N415B/52; S433/11;U490 AX/23;U493/8(?); S509/8;U511C2/5;T512A/9;S524 LS IO234/4;LS IO594/1. B/26;LS IOO71/13;

33. FLASKS(FIG. 14.9, II- 12)

to as 'narrow-necked is This diagnosticLaconianshape(also referred jugs' or 'oinochoaia collo stretto') a flat short narrow and or mouth. base, neck, broad, typified by globularbody, flaring funnel-shaped and neck-mouth and at theshoulder-neck Ridgeson theshoulder, junctions,are usuallypresent.Apart fromtherim,neck,or uppershoulderthisshapeis hardto identify amongsherds.Bases maybe present themfunctionally among36 c- d. The term'flask'has been deliberately adoptedhereto differentiate fromjugs and oinochoës,used forwater and wine. Their narrowneck and funnel-shapedmouth in Sicilyand Cyrenaica,and suggestthattheyservedas oil containers.The shape is well represented examplesalso occurat Nichoria,Kopanaki,and Babes.144Their contextsindicatedatesrangingfrom thefirst halfofthesixthuntilthesecondhalfofthefifth century. a. Unthickened, flat-topped rim on narrow, flaringneck with prominentridge on lower part. D. 0.05. Black-glazedin and out. Date: c.550-450? A3018/1+ 4. b. Narrow neck (FIG. 14.9, //) offsetfrombroad shoulderby prominentridge;furtherridgeon midshoulder.M329/5lackstheridging.

Black-glazedoutand in. Date: c.550-450. R281D/44;M329/5. c. Narrow, biconical neck (FIG. 14.9, 12) with on interior.Not certainlyof prominentwheel-marks thesame shapeas a. Black-glazedout. Date: c.550-450? K203/1.

34. STAMNOI(FIG. 14.IO,?-g)

It is typified This shape has been the subjectof a studyby Stibbe.145 by a shortcollar neck,slightly rim a at the and offset from ovoid bulbous, thickening bodysupportedbya veryhighringfoot;a pairof round-section at the base of the loop handles,oftenembellishedwitha knob,are attachedvertically shoulder.The majoritybelongto thelate sixthand earlyfifth centuries.They wereexportedin small numbersto Sicily,Lipari,SouthItaly,and Cyrenaica. rimon shortverticalor evertedneck,offset fromflattish shoulder.D. thickened, Slightly flat-topped 0.18-0.24. (rim) Black-glazedoutand in*to base ofneck. Date: c.525-450. NI93/2,3 + 4; R526/69. LARGE-MEDIUM CLOSED SHAPES:RIM-NECK-SHOULDER(FIG. 14.9, 13-16) 35. UNCERTAIN

The majorityof sherdslistedunderthisheadingwillhave belongedto hydrias,amphoras,oinochoës, andjugs. a. Pointed,flaringrim(FIG.14.9,13)on rathernarrow neck. Probablyfroma medium-sizedjug. D. (rim) 0.10.

Black-glazedin and out.

144 1992,145-6,figs.90-9; Boardmanand Hayes1966, Pelagatti 88, 90 nos.957-61,pis 65-^6;Schaus21 nos. 67-8, fig.2, pl. 5; Coulson335,349Ρ 1649,% 7· 6, pl.7-4; Kaltsas228no.7,fig.7,

Its siteassociationsuggestsa date in thelate 6thto early5thcent. Date: c.550-450? U531/2.

two pl. 81£ Lang 91,fig.20. 3-4,pl. 17.9 (itis unclearwhether handleshavebeenmistakenly inthedrawings). restored 145Stibbe 1984.

Archaic and Classical pottery 65 neck(FIG.14.9,14) b. Plain,concaveor straight withunbrokenneck-shoulder profile.R281D/45 has a prominentridgeclose to the base of the neck. outandin,tobaseofneck. Black-glazed neckmostlikely Sherdswithan unarticulated belong to jugs or oinochoës.It may also be a featuremorecommonon classical thanarchaic vases.146 Date:c.500-300? M194/?;R275/29;R281A/15, H40 B/9;N183/14; s437/3;T443/1; D/45;D30l/l°; Q36° F/i;J367/35; U49O AC/61,AX/91;LS IO616/1.

from neckarticulated c. Plain,concaveor straight shoulder. outandin,tobaseofneck. Black-glazed Sherdswithsimplearticulationcan probably itis belongto anyofthemainclosedshapes,though typicalof the ordinaryvarietiesof hydriaand oinochoë(30, 32). It, too,maybe a featuremore foundin theclassicalthanin thearchaic commonly period.147 Date: c.600-300? N187/1;K2O4/3;j22o/i;J221/39;U499/6;S509/23; A3018/51+ 53.

d. Plain, concave or straightneck (FIG. 14.9, /j) articulated from shoulder by ridge. The ridge normallyis a pointedor roundedcordon,butmaybe broadand flattened (Bin F/22,U491/21,53). Black-glazedout and in, to base of neck; R275/4 black-glazedall overin and out. Cordons at the junction of neck and shoulder seem to be standard features on amphoras and occasionalon hydrias,oinochois,and stamnoiin the 6thcent.148 They probablydisappearedin thecourse ofthe5thcent.In the secondhalfof the 6thand the early5thcent,a broad flatcordonor collar is found on some amphoras and stamnoi.149 The comparativelysmall dimensionsof many of these pieces suggesttheybelong to amphorasratherthan hydrias. Date: c.600-450? Bin F/22; G163/3; M194/21;J216/9; R275/4; D301/13;M325/8,?; N415A/53; S434A5; T484/11; U490 AC/61;U491/21,53; U499/36;S509/24;R526/4; U3024/3;LS 10410/18+ 19.

146It is foundon an oinochoëand flaskat Kopanaki:Kaltsas 227 fig.7. A 5th-cent. jug fromthe Menelaion also has this feature. 147The hydriasand amphora at Kopanaki all are of this simpletype:Kaltsas226-7 nos. 1-3 and 5, fig.7, pl. 81.

e. Broaduppershoulder andbaseofneck. in out and atbaseofneck. Black-glazed These sherds probably come from vases withoutcordons at the junction of neck and shoulder(as c). Date:c.600-300. N184/3;J221/3;R282/7;U490AM/77,I245S524 A/45. f. Broaduppershoulderand base ofneck;ridgeat withneck,additional ridgeonshoulder. junction outandinatbaseofneck. Black-glazed This arrangement is an elaboration oftheuse of cordonson theneckand junctionwiththebody. These sherdsare unlikely to be laterthanthe6th cent. Date:c.600-500? + 9 + 13;R428/137; R427/2 S524A/55. g. Neckswithstraightlower,and flaringupper parts.Broadstraphandleattachedat baseofflaring section, risingin broadcurvefromneck;LS 10236/3 is slightlyribbed;Bui F/13has a neckridgeto which the handle is attached. W. (handle) 0.031-0.044.

Black-glazedinside neck, and out except on underside ofhandles. thatthesepieces The shapeofthehandlesuggests The highcurveis foundonlyon a belongto hydrias. from Tocra.150 mid-6th-cent. example Date:c.600-450? Bin A/28,F/13;AII8 c/8; J221/34;S509/4;LS 10236/3;LS 10818/2.

broken h. Neck(fig.14.9,16)withconcaveprofile by middle and at base. at ridge out. Black-glazed itcomesfrom The dimensions ofthissherdsuggest an amphora oroinochoë. It isunlikely tobe laterthan the6thcent. Date:c.600-500? P262/31.

i. Undiagnostic necksherds. outandin. Black-glazed

H45.14/32; Bin A/62; N195/2; M344/5; R421/30; U490 AR/39; U491/7, 51; S509/12; T512 B/9; LS 10431/1.

148See Boardmanand Hayes 1966,88, pl. 65; Pelagatti1992, 130-1,figs.25-37. 149Pelaeatti1QQ2,iqi, figs.20-34,43-6, pl. 16 c. 150Boardmanand Hayes 1966,88, 90 no. 955,pl. 65.

66 Chapter 14 36. UNCERTAINLARGE-MEDIUM CLOSED SHAPES: BASES (FIG. 14.II, I-39)

shouldbe drawnto thepossibility thatsomeofthepieceslistedbelowbelongto open shapes. Attention It is oftenhardto saywhethertheabsenceofpainton theinterior is realor due to wear. a. Medium to high,markedlyevertedflatbases (FIG. 14.11, 1-12), slightlyhollowedunderneathand thinfloored. Profileof foot may be straight,rounded, concave,or bevelled.Wallusuallycurvesup steeply;on itis almostvertical. D. 0.08-0.16,largest0.18. J224/21 Black-glazedout (wherewell enough preserved), plain in and underfoot;some may have been plain out.LS 10903/3has reservedbase and lowerwall. Basesofthiskindare to be associatedwithamphoras of both varieties,151 some jugs and oinochoes, and probablywithhydriasof the ordinaryvariety(30 a). Size is likelyto be thefactorfordistinguishing between thehydriasand theothershapes.Amphorabases seem to be about 0.09-0.12in diameter, and the size range foroinochoesis likelyto be similar;the bases larger than0.12 are probablyhydrias.Most probablydate to the6thand 5thcenturies. Date: c.600-400? H16 bis/i; H31/1;H45.5/22;D85/53; d95/5; Bin A/47, D/3°; AlI8 D/5; B132/8; C169/25; N193/9; J221/11; K200/9;J213/9-10; J224/21; J225/2;K235/5; P261/5;P262/9,28; P268/9;P272/18;R275a/io, 13, 41; P285/17;M347/12;M352/12;Q360 B/13;N415A/15; R420/24, 27; S437/50; R457/l3; U49° AM/46; U491/28; U494 B/7; S508/4-5; U511A2/19,Ci/19; T512 A/8; R518/3; S524 A/28-9, B/23; U3001/33; A3014/27;A3018/31-2; U3024/16; LS 10903/3; LS III49/2. b. Articulated flatbases (FIG.14.11,37-8), sometimes hollowedunderneath. everted,usuallyvertical,slightly Frommedium-sized vessels.D. 0.05-0.06. Black-glazedout,plainin. These bases probablybelong to small oinochoes, jugs, and flasks.152 They mayhave a widerdate range thana. Date: c.600-300? HS1^1? 34j Bl11 0/32; N188/7;R281 D/20; U511 A2/17.

151Boardman and Hayes 1966, 88, 90 nos. 851-4, pl. 65; Pelagatti1992,130-2,figs.25-42; F. Boitani,'Le ceramiche laconichea Gravisca'^in Pelagattiand Stibbe,Lakonika (n. 2), 19-67,at p. 59 nos. 106-7,%· I51· 152Included among the jugs is the tall, narrow-bodied varietyfoundin 6th-cent.contexts:Boardman and Hayes 1966,91 nos. 971-2,pl. 66; Boardmanand Hayes 1973,40 no. 2112,pl. 21; Schaus 21-2 no. 69, fig.2. 153por oinochoesand flaskssee Pelagatti1992, 145-6, figs. 88-9, 93-9; for5th-cent.examples,see Kaltsas 227-8 nos.

c. Low,onlyslightly articulatedflatbases (FIG.14.11, everted,withverticalor inward13-16); veryslightly slopingfaces.D. 0.09-0.12. Black-glazedout,plainin and underfoot. Bases of thiskind are probablyconfinedto large oinochoes,flasks,and jugs, thoughin the 5th cent, baseswereperhapssimilar.153 table-amphora Date: c.600-300? B107/11; A118 B/43; G157/?; M194/11;J214/5; M325/17; J367/27; N415 a/i, 57, 106; R425/24; U491/28;R518/2;R528/2;LS 10575/1. d. Unarticulatedflatbases (FIG.14.11,17-19),slightly hollowed underneath; wall usually steep. From medium-sized vessels.D. 0.06-0.08. Black-glazed out, plain in. Base of wall may be reserved(S509/15,17; R526/48).Some perhapsplain (N188/8;S433/7). These bases are probably to be associated with oinochoes, flasks, lekythoi,and jugs of various kinds.154 to the 6th and They are perhapsrestricted early5thcenturies. Date: c.600-450? H31/30; D85/48; A118 B/44; N187/24; N188/8; J219/1; R281 a/io; J367/30; R421/14; S433/7; s437/54; S509/15, 17; U511 A2/23; R526/48; A3018/29-30. e. Veryhigh,large pedestal foot. Everted,slightly concavepedestalwithroundedrestingsurface;slightly sagging,thinfloor.H. 0.056. Apparently plainall over. The onlyLaconian shapeswithsucha highfootare thestamnos(34), a curiousvarietyofamphora,and a fewmonumentalstirrup-handled craters,all falling withina shortperiodtowardsthe end of the 6thand thebeginningofthe5thcent.155 Date: c.525-475? LS IOI44/1.

6-7, fig.7. The survivalof the table amphorainto the 5th cent,is shownbyfragmentary examplesfromKopanaki,but no completespecimensurvives. 154 Boardman Examplesofoinochoes,flasks,and a lekythos: and Hayes 1966,90 nos.957-8,961-4,969, pis 65-6. 155Stibbe 1984,esp. figs.4 and 8; theamphorais includedas no. 18. Stibbe,LMB 44-5, 115-16 nos. G 13and 15,fig.82, pl. 14. 2. See also Pelagatti1992, pl. 16. For a late 5th-cent. craterwithsucha footsee Karouzou 1985,36 fig.3.

Archaicand Classical pottery67 f· Veryhigh,evertedringfeet(FIG.14.11,20-f). The butmaybe slightly profileofthefootis usuallystraight but roundedor concave.Most have a broad footplate, some are pointed(Bin f/6,U499/26);a thin,sagging flooris common.D. 0.12-0.18;H. (foot)0.020-0.038. Probablyblack-glazedout,plain in and insidefoot; ofring(S509/16),and on someare paintedon interior undersideoffloor(cii2/i). These feet, if all correctlyattributedto closed shapes,shouldbelongeitherto hydriasof one of the As suchthey moreelaboratevarietiesor to stamnoi.156 would date to the 6th and early 5th centuries. withstirrup-handled However,theclose resemblances craterfeetof the later 6th cent,suggeststhat some maybelongto thatshape.157 Date: c-575-475? H26/1;H29 A/3+ 5; H31/6;H51/5;Bin A/49,F/6> 23; C112/1;A118 B/7; N193/10;J221/16;J222/14; K235/4;P262/2,56, 69; M328/24;N415A/13;S458/n; U499/26;U500 A3/6;N503/24;U506/41;S508/6, 11, ?; S509/16. evertedringfeet(FIG.14.11,28-9), g. High,markedly to verybroad withstraight or convexface,thickening footplate. exceptfor Black-glazedout,plain in and underfoot one (U499/27)paintedinsidering. There are no good parallelsamong closed shapes forthistypeoffoot.Closestare some stirrup-handled craterfeetof the earlyto mid-6thcent.158 However, thereis no good reasonto see themas exclusiveto this period. It should be noted,withregardto thisand some of the followinggroups,that in many other regionsringfeetwerenormalforclosedshapesin the archaicand classicalperiods. Date: c.600-300? Fi33/8;j22i/i2;U499/27. h. High to medium,markedlyevertedringfeet(FIG. D. withnarrowfootplate. 14.11,30-2) ofeventhickness 0.11-0.15. Black-glazedout,plainin and underfoot. As forg, thereare no Laconian parallels among closed shapesforthisquite commontypeof foot.In thiscase thereare no resemblanceswithcraterfeet. Their site associationssuggestthesefeetmay have a widechronological range. Date: c.600-300? D85/49; Bin C/13;A118B/41(?); K200/3;J224/4;

156 1992, 1991,135-6nos.1-4,figs.2-7; Pelagatti Pelagatti 4,8. figs. 144-5,%s· 84-5;Stibbe1984,9-10nos.2, 11-12, 1S/ Stibbe, LM040-3,figs. 69,71,73-8,80-1,pis10.3,11-13.

P273/1,8; R294/3; J316/13;N415 A/2, 4, 6; U490 BC/36;U492/7;U500B2/36. i. Mediumto low,thick,evertedringfeetwithconvex D. 0.12-0.14. broadfootplate. or bevelledexterior; Black-glazedout,plainin and underfoot. The same remarksapplyas forg and h. The only comparisonto be foundamong Laconian potteryis witha craterof the firsthalfof the 7thcent.,though thereis nothingto suggestthatthesesherdsshouldbe As withh a widedate rangeis possible. so early.159 Date: c.600-300? D85/47,51; Bin A/56;A118D/6; S524A/27. j. Markedlyevertedfoot(FIG.14.11,33-4) withconvex face and pointed or rounded restingsurface. D. 0.12-0.14. Black-glazedout,plainin. The same remarksapplyas forg, h, and i. Their siteassociationsindicatethatmostbelongin the late archaicand earlyclassicalperiods. Date: c.600-400? A118c/18; N187/13;P285/1,19; N415a/8; R427/4; S459/12;R473/10;N503/26;U511A2/21. k. Medium to low ringfeet(FIG. 14.11,3g) everted frombody; broad footplate. From medium-sized vessels.D. 0.06-0.07. Black-glazedout,plainin. Parallels for ring feet on medium-sized closed vesselsare no easier to findthan on the large.Until moreis knowna widedate rangemustbe given. Date: c.600-300? Bin c/12,E/5;S524A/36,B/21. 1. High, moulded ringfeet(FIG. 14.11,35-6), all of differentforms. M357/10 has simple, squared mouldingabove convex verticalface; R526/10has rounded mouldingson vertical face; R526/22 has broad,splayingupperpartoffset byconcavemoulding fromvertical(?) face; A118B/4 has finemouldingat top with splaying,concave foot and squared lower edge.D. 0.13-0.18. Probably black-glazed out; all plain in and underfoot. Feet of thistypewere probablyintroducedin the M357/10and R526/10 5thcent,underAtticinfluence. and 22 recall the base formsof Attic calyx and columncratersand somevarietiesof amphora.In the

158Stibbe, 1MB38-9,figs. 43-52. 159R. Catling (n.4),64 no.75,fig.17.

68 Chapter 14 late 5th cent,largemugs(see 4) were equipped with feetof comparableshape.160 They wereperhapsused forbothopen and closedshapes.

Date: c.450-300. Bin A/51(?); A118B/4; R281 D/18 (?); M357/10; U490AM/44;R526/10,22.

37. UNCERTAINLARGE-MEDIUM CLOSED SHAPES: HANDLES (FIG. 14.10, IO-lf)

A largenumberof the handlesprobablybelongto jugs, stilla poorlyunderstoodshape in Laconian potteryof the archaicto classicalperiods.Three black-glazedjugs classedas importsin theAthenian identified, Agoramaybe Laconian. All date around500 and, ifcorrectly perhapsgivean idea of the A characteristic featureof Laconianjugs, foundalso on oinochoës,is varietyof Laconianjug types.161 thedownwardslopeofthehandlefromitsjunctionwiththerim. a. Everted, flat-toppedrim (FIG. 14.10, 10-11) on straightor slightlyflaringneck; thick,ovoid handle attached at rim, sloping downwards, less often projectingat rightangles.U490 AL/17has flat-topped squaredrim,noteverted.Th. (handle)0.020-0.031. Black-glazedoutand all overhandle. These sherdsalmostcertainly belongto a varietyof jug. The formof the rimis similarto somejug rims fromOlympiadatedto thesecondhalfofthe6thand theearly5thcent.162 Date: c.550-400? B103A/5; Bin a/8; ai 18 B/5,D/3; Γ277/34;U490 AL/17;N5°3/n; U506/18. b. Unthickened,or veryslightlythickened,rounded rim (FIG. 14.10, 12) on flaringneck. Broad, ovoid handle attached at rim, at rightangles or sloping above the levelof the rim. down;B115/1risesslightly Th. (handle)0.024-0.033. Black-glazedoutand all overhandle. These sherds,too,probablybelongto a typeofjug. An examplewiththe same typeof rimoccursat the Menelaionin a 5th-cent. context.The formoftherim can again be relatedto typesfoundat Olympiaofthe 6thand 5thcenturies.163 Date: c.600-300? Bin A/19;BlI5/!; AII8 B/18;J221/38;R281 B/16; R282/5;p288 A/5;U3010/10.

Black-glazedall over. These handlesshouldbe associatedwitha and b. Date: c.600-300?

F9/2; H40/8; d92/i; B103 A/18; A118 D/2; M172/46; M194/6, 8; J220/6; R275/17; R281 c/3, D/31; P288 A/5; R294/7; J316/7, 29; J367/15; N415 B/40; R421/9-10; S458/ 13-14; T468/4; U490 AB/9, AG/53; U493/10; U499/7; N503/12, 18; U506/12, 17, 19; S509/20; U519/11; U520/4; S523/1; S524 B/13, 15; LS IOO82/4.

d. Broad, flattenedstraphandles (FIG. 14.10,13-14) with prominentdorsal rib, in one case (U491/17) attachedto flaringunthickenedrim,in another(LS 10236/3) attached to markedlyflaring neck. W. 0.026-0.031;largest0.036 and 0.044. All probablyblack-glazedon face. Handles of thistypeare probablyto be associated withjugs and hydrias,as indeed is suggestedby the twofoundattachedto therimand neck.Hydriaswith thistypeofhandleare knownin thesecondhalfofthe 6th cent.,164as is an elaborate oinochoë from Análipsis in the Skiritis,perhaps of the later 5th cent.165 It is likelyto be a commonvariationon c and maynothavemuchchronological significance. Date: c.600-300? D85/5; Bin D/23 + 24; A118 B/22, c/9; C169/24; R421/7; U490 ar/ii; U491/17; U496/3; U519/10; LS 10236/3.

c. Unattachedhandles,mostlyof broad, flattened ovoid section,less oftenthick,thoughthe outerface maybe thickenedin themiddle.Severalhave an oval at thebase ofthehandlewhereitjoins the impression shoulder(J220/6,U506/12).Most risevertically from the shoulder and curve in gently to the rim attachment; less often there is a more or less continuous curve from close to the shoulder attachment. W. 0.025-0.035.

e. Unattached broad, flattenedstrap handles (FIG. 14.10, 75) with prominent central groove. W. 0.019-0. 031. One narrow example springs horizontally from the neck and curves tightly downwards(U3024/10), W. 0.016. Probablyall black-glazedall over. This distinctive handlevarietywas perhapsinspired by metalwork,being found on vases with other

160Karouzou (n. 17),34 fig.1,41 fig.4. 161Sparkesand Talcott248-Qnos. 177-8,184,pl. 10. 162Gauer 96, fig.3. 22-5.

163Gauer 91-2,fig.3. 1-11. 164Pelaeattiiqqi, 1^-6 nos. 3-4, figs.6-7. 165Romaios 1961,167-8,pis 124-5.

Archaic and Classical pottery 69 Such handles featuresdrawnfrommetalprototypes. occur on a black-figured amphoraand hydriaof the second quarter of the 6th cent., and on a blackglazed hydriaof the second halfof the 6th cent.166 Examples dating to the firsthalf of the 6th cent, fromtheMenelaionprobablybelongto oinochoësof an elaborate type.It may well be a handle variety not found afterthe archaic period. The curve of U3024/10 suggests it comes froma black-glazed amphora. Date: c.600-500? K141/1; J224/8; R281 D/35; N314/7 (?); R420/10; S458/15; U490 AW/8;N503/15; U506/11; U517/4; S524 B/17; U3024/10.

f. Broad, flattenedstrap handles with sharp angle markingfrontfrom back, rising verticallyfrom shoulder. W. 0.032-0.034. Black-glazedon face. variationof c. Its date cannot This is a distinctive be determined. Date: c.600-300? Bin D/22; B115/2;U490 AX/22.

broad flattenedstraphandles,often g. Exceptionally thickened in the middle. Rises vertically from shoulderand curvesin at tightangle.W. 0.038-0.045. Most probablyblack-glazedon outer face, some perhapsplain. These handles, if correctlyassigned to a closed shape, most likely belong to hydrias. Their site date. associationsindicatea 6th-to 5th-cent. Date: £.600-400? B107/7;P285/22;U492/3. h. Unattached flattenedstrap handles which may either rise verticallyor curve inwards from the Frommedium-sizedvessels.W. shoulderattachment. 0.018-0.023, largest0.028.

Probablyblack-glazedall over. smaller They probablybelongto jugs of a slightly size thana and b, and havea widedaterange. Date: c.600-300? Bin F/18; B121/4; C169/5; N187/10; P260/11; P262/14; P272/27; R294/7;J367/22; LS 11111/1.

i. Unthickened, rounded rim (FIG. 14.10, 16-17) on

flaringneck; high-flunghandle of thick,ovoid or

166Stibbe 1972,78, 137-8,pis 22 and 76; Pelagatti1991,135 no. 2, 137,fig.4. 167 Droop 1929,83-4, figs.64-5, 73; Pelagatti1992, 145 fig. 86, 160nos. 22-3, figs.133-4;Boardmanand Hayes 1973,40 no. 2111,pl. 21.

rounded section rises in steep curve from rim. on upperpart,knob R526/15has stumpofattachment (?). W. 0.016-0.020.

Black-glazedout,all overhandleand insiderim. High-flunghandles are standardon black-figured oinochoësof themid-6thcent.,but are also foundon black-glazed oinochoës and could also occur on jugs.167They may be confined to the 6th cent., intotheearly5th. perhapscontinuing Date: c.600-450? R275/18;R526/15. j. Double handle composed of two round-section elements pressed together,rising outwards from shoulder.W. 0.031. Black-glazedall over. Double handles are rare in Laconian pottery, excepton mugsof the classicalperiodwhichimitate metal prototypes.An unusual black-glazed table amphoraof the thirdquarterof the 6th cent.,found at Syracuse,is equippedwithsuchhandles.168 Date: c.600-400? P264/26. 38. UNCERTAIN LARGE-MEDIUM CLOSED SHAPES: BODY FRAGMENTS (FIG. 14.IO, 18-20)

a. Body fragments (FIG. 14.10,18-ig) of verythickwalled (0.012-0.013)closed shape(s),distinguished by prominentgrouped ridges(usuallythree?)on belly and/orshoulder.One (R281a/8) has shoulderoffset fromverticalbelly,twowidelyspaced ridgesbelowthe carination. Black-glazedout,probablyplainin. These piecesprobablybelongto black-glazedpithoi ofa typealso knownin Athensin thelater6thand 5th centuries.169They are probably related to the elaborate pithoi of the mid-5th cent, found at Althoughtheseappear notto have been Kopanaki.170 painted, they have the same carinated bodies as severalofour sherds. Date: c.550-400? R281a/8; p288 a/ 13-14;ls 10649/5-6. fromlargeshapeswithlow ridges b. Body fragments on thebellyand lowershoulder. Black-glazedout. Ridgingon largeclosed shapesseemsto have been a practice of the later 6th and early 5th centuries

168Pelaeratti 1002.mo-i. fiers. αλ*4Λ. 169 Sparkesand Talcott194nos. 1520-1,fig.19,pl. 66. 170Kaltsas 223-4, 235~6 nos·54~6, 60, 68, figs.11,13-14,pl. 84 d-e.

70 Chapter 14 whenit is foundon a numberofelaboratestamnoi,a largehybridamphoraand a tableamphora.171 Date: £.525-475? N187/25-26. c. Featurelessbody sherdsfromverylarge shapes. M321B/70has a pairofshallowhorizontalgrooves. Black-glazedout. K141/48;M174/33;R275A/18;M321B/70;U519/26; U3OO2/48;LS IOO46/2.

d. Fragmentfromthelowerbodyof a massive,thickwalledshape. Decorated in red-figuredtechnique, preserving upper parts of a zone of rays,above which are the crossedhindlegsofa pair ofanimalsstriding apartin directions. opposite There is nothingin Laconianred-figure to compare withthispiece or to suggestthe shape fromwhichit comes. Date: £.425-375? Q360 D/27. e. Decorated body sherd.Narrowbands over a thin whiteslip. Decoration over whiteslip is typicalof the Late Geometricand archaicperiods;it does notsurvivethe 6thcent.The close bands of thissherdmaysuggesta date. 7th-cent. Date: c.700-500? M194/15. f. Polychromedecoration(FIG. 14.10,20). M194/16, froma large vessel, has a purple band within a reserved band on the belly. T512 A/11-12, from medium-sizedvessels, have a broad purple band betweennarrowwhitebands (one above,two below), appliedoverblackpaint. a purplebandwithina reserved band,rather Painting thanoverblackglaze,is foundon potsofthelater7thto and maybe a relatively early6thcenturies earlyhabit.172 Decorationwithpurpleand whitebands appliedover blackglazefirst occursin thelastquarterofthe7thcent, andremains cent.173 popularuntilthemid-6th Date: c.625-550. M194/16; T512 A/11-12.

171Stibbe 1984,10 nos. 8-9, 18,figs.8-10, 16; Schaus 29 no.

125, pl. 8; G. Jacopi, Clara Rhodos,iii: Scavi nella necropolidi

Jalisso, 1924-1928(Rhodes,1929),82 fig.72. 172See e.g. R. Catling(n. 4), 66 no. 45, fig.18; Stibbe,LDV ιφ nos.C 4-^, figs.62-3. 173 Stibbe,LDV 30-1. w*buschorand von Massow 55, pl. 14. 15; Kaltsas 231 no. 32,pl. 83 b' Kythera 163no. 48, pl. 45.

g. Vertical grooving. Medium-sized shapes with groupsof threeor fourshallowgrooveson the body. has a pair ofhorizontal R281D/54,fromtheshoulder, groovesedgingtheverticalgrooves. Black-glazedout. R281D/54 has paintinsideat the base oftheneck. These sherdsare decoratedin the same technique as type29 b and date to the same period.Examples of closed shapeswiththisdecorationare knownfrom Amyklai,the Menelaion,Kopanaki, and Kythera.174 Theyperhapscome fromoinochoës. Date: £.475-400? J231/5;R281D/54. h. Fluted.Gougedparallelfluting on bellyfragments. May be bounded at top or bottom by pair of horizontalgroovesbut moreoftennot. Flutingvaries in thickness.K141/2has veryirregularfluting,not vessels. parallel.Frommedium-sized Often worn, but all probably originallyblackglazedout. These sherdsmost likelycome fromhydriasand oinochoës,the two closed shapes most oftenfound withfluting. None is likelyto be earlierthan the 4th cent.,themajorityprobablyfallingin the secondhalf of the centurywithsome perhapsas late as the 3rd cent.175 Partof a fineflutedhydria,apparentlydating to the late 5th or early4th cent.,has been foundat Sparta.176Part of a smaller shape of similar date occurson Kythera.177 Otherflutedsherds,perhapsof the 4th cent., come fromAmyklai.178 Late 4th- to early3rd-cent.vases withflutingcloselycomparable to our sherdsare presentin thecemetery at Ellinikoin theThyreatis.179 Date: c.400-250? H31/23; B111/2;A118 c/29; K141/12; M172/21; P264/2, 14; R421/13, 24; U490 AG/73; R526/38; U3024/30. i. Bodysherdsfrommedium-sized closedshapeswith markedcarinationon thelowerbody. Black-glazedout. Althoughcarinatedformsare not uncommonin Laconian pottery,180there are no known closedshapesto havethisfeature. large-medium AM/74; U490 R526/24.

175 Sparkesand Talcott21-2,53, 61-2,pl. 7. 130-1. 176Cook and Nicholls 291-2no. 11,fig.16,pl. 29. 177 161no. 28, fig.48, pl. 44. Kythera 178Buschorand von Massow 55,pl. 14.9- 11,17-18. 179C. Abadie and T. 'Fouillesà Hélleniko(Eua Spyropoulos, BCH 109(1985),385-454,at pp. 393-5 no. 4, de Thyréatide)', 407-9 nos. 1-2,figs.17,46-7; below,Chapter23,AA13. 180porsmall shapessee Lane 155fig.20.

Archaicand Classical pottery71 j. Body sherds of large and medium-sizedclosed shapes. Featureless. Black-glazedout. £5/1;H31/20;H45.5/16-17;D85/54-5; D96/19-20, 23, 25; B103A/27+ 3°5 BlII/9? nj Bm A/64;Bi15/7; G157/33;M171/6;N183/11,15, 22, 25-6; N184/10; N187/16-17;N193/16-18; M194/26, 29, 31-2, 34; K200/1;J221/17;K235/8;P260/6,10, 16-17;P261/1, 11; P262/38-9,42, 53; P264/15,17, 27, 30; P268/11, 16-18; P272/16, 35, 45; P274/3; R275/25, 34-5, A/21-3;^77/19, 21, 23; P278/5,17;R281B/20,D/48, 52, 55-7, 62, 69; R282/10; P285/4; R294/11, 23; R296/53; N314/10;J316/5;J367/38-42;L400/16 + 23-4, 19, 22 + 25; N415A/65,74» 82> X32,i36> ß/67> c/2; 11416/11, 15;R421/12,15,31; R428/90-1;S431/15,

23; S432/9; S433/13;S437/21-2;S440/8,10; S442/12 (?); T443/3-4; S458/28-9, 31-4, 50; R461/3-4;U490 AG/46,48-9, 60, 71,AH/28,AM/57,69, 80, 83, 87, 94, no, 112-14, 121, 131-2, 135, 139, 183, 218, AN/31, AR/41, 44, AX/2, 93-4, 97, BC/48-9, 51, 53-5; U491/42-3; U492/13; U499/37-40, 48, 50-2; U500 Ai/36; N503/32-4,39; U506/29,34, 37; S508/9-10; S5o9/25-6> 28-9, 34, 42-3, 45; U511A2/28-9, 31, 41-2, 45, 50, 52-4, ci/24, C2/7; T512A/13-14,b/io, 16; U517/7,10; S524 A/41,50, 56; B/31,33, 41, 45-8, 50; R526/28-30,35-6, 43, 45, 47, 52; U3003/18,22-3; U3010/19, 22; A3018/57, 60, 67, 71-2; U3022/7; U3024/22, 24; LS IOO71/23-4; LS 10299/2, 4; LS 16; LS IO571/3;LS 10835/2;LS 10843/1; 10410/11-14, LS III44/1.

SMALL CLOSED SHAPES (39-40) (FIG. 14.10,2I-J) 39. ARYBALLOI

archaicLaconian shapes,occurringin largenumbersat most The aryballosis one of thebest-known sanctuariesand in substantialnumbersas exportsabroad.181No satisfactory typologyhas yetbeen of the shape in the late 6th and 5th centuries.In establishedwhichincludesthe latermanifestations Witha few Laconia the presenceof aryballoiat a siteis an almostcertainindicatorof cult activity. exceptionsall thoselistedherewerefoundat N415,thesanctuaryofZeus Messapeus. thickened a. Plain discus(FIG.14.10,21) withslightly and squaredrim. Black-glazed. Date: c.600-450? N415A/29-30,122,B/7-9;S460/10. moulded b. Plaindiscus(FIG.14.10,22) withthickened rim characterizedby flangedlower edge. D. (rim) 0.04. Black-glazed. Date: c.575-500. N415a/iii. c. RoundedbottomofLaconianglobulararyballos. Black-glazedout. Afterthemiddleof the 6thcent,theroundbottom is replacedbya lowringfootor flatbase. Date: c.625-550. N415a/io. d. Low,fineringfeet(FIG.14.10,23-4) withflatfloor,

181For findsin Laconia see Lane 112, 155-6; Buschorand von Massow 56, figs.32-3, pl. 13; Catling,'Menelaion',38, 134no. 2, pl. 52, fig.45; Catling1990^,31,fig.6. 2; Phaklaris2 177,pis 86-7; R. Catling(n. 4), 66-8, fig.18. 41-8. For finds ofaryballoioutsideLaconia see amongothersB. B. Shefton, 'Other non-Corinthianvases', in T. J. Dunbabin (ed.),

Perachora:The Sanctuariesof Hera Akraia and Limenia,ii: Pottery,

fromthe later typesof aryballoi.In some cases the footis neatlymoulded and has a prominentgroove above thefoot(N415c/i). D. (base)0.035-0.04. Black-glazedout. Some aryballoi,especiallythelargerexamples,were equippedwithlow ringfeetfromthe early6th cent.; theybecame the normaltypeof base forthe bettermade aryballoiin thelater6thand 5thcenturies. Date: c.600-450? N415A/14,II0> H4> Il8> B/22,34, C/i, 5. e. Flat or veryslightly hollowedbases (FIG.14.10,25). D. (base)0.03. Usuallyblack-glazedout,butsometimes plain. Some aryballoi,usuallyof ratherpoor quality,had flatbases fromtheearly6thcent.;theybecame more commonafterthe middle of the century.Miniature aryballoinearlyalwayshave flatbases, regardlessof theirdate.182 Date: c.600-450. N415 A/9, 108, 115, 117,B/10-19, 27.

Ivories,Scarabs,and OtherObjectsfromthe VotiveDeposit of Hera

Limenia (Oxford,1962),368-88, at pp. 382-4 nos.4105-12,pl. 160; Stibbe (n. 135),pis 3. 3, 4. 1-4; Boardmanand Hayes 1966,88, 91 nos. 977-81,pl. 67; Schaus 23-4 nos. 72-82, pl. 5; Pelagatti1992,147-9,IQ.5>figs·101-18,148,244-5,257· 182 the fromthe Menelaion:R. Catling earlyminiatures e.g. (n. 4), 66 no. 46, fig.18.

72 Chapter 14 f. Rathernarrow, poorlyformedstraphandles. Black-glazed. Date: c.600-450. N415B/31,47-9, 51. g. Plain, rounded body sherds(FIG. 14.10,26), the majorityprobablybelongingto aryballoiwithring feetor flatbases. Black-glazed out. N415 A/77,frommid-body,is decoratedwitha band of purpleenclosedby a set of white dots between fine white bands above and below,appliedoverblackglaze. N415a/ 135 originally has twosetsoffinegroovingon itsshoulder. The decoration of N415 A/77, found on many Laconian globulararyballoi,places it in thé firsthalf ofthe6thcent. Date: c.600-450. J367A/11(?); N415A/67,75-7. 9h 94> ^o-1, i3°> !34-5> i38. ^o* Β/68> 72, 74. 80, 83-4, 105, d/i; n4i6/7;R526/53. h. Possiblefragment of a square-shouldered aryballos

fromthebodyby a (FIG.14.10,27),theshoulderoffset markedcarination. Black-glazedout. Some aryballoihave theirshoulderclearlyoffset fromthe body.183 Other small shapes have a similar carinatedshoulder;commonestis a shape equipped with a trefoil mouth, described as a squat lekythos.184 Date: £.575-500? S437/65. 40. LEKYTHOS/JUGLET

Pointed,flaringrimon short,concaveneckwithstrap handleattachedto neckor rim.W. (handle)0.014. Probablyblack-glazedout and insideneck. Their site associations suggestthat both pieces belong to the classicalperiod. Some smalljugletsof thisdate fromOlympiamay give some idea of their versionsof the shape originalform.185 Sixth-century also existed,as shown by an unpublishedexample fromArtemisOrthia.186 H31/18+ 36; U516A/17.

SHAPES (41) 41. HANDLES(FIG. 14.10,28-Ji; PLATE2 a) UNCERTAIN OPEN OR CLOSED

The handlesgroupedherecannotbe attributed to open or closedshapeswithanycertainty. a. Large,round-section loop handles(FIG.14.10, 38-41) of differingform, equipped with a knobon theoutermost prominent partoftheloop. Mosthavea simplecurvedloop,but severalhave an angled loop (S524 A/13-14).Th. (handle) 0.015-0.024. Black-glazedall over. Handles of thiskind are knownto occur on bell cratersfromthe mid-6thto early5th cent.,and on stamnoifromthelate 6thto early5thcenturies(see 5, 34). The examples with an angled loop are more likelyto belongto stamnoi.187 Date: c.575-475? dç.5/1;P262/13;J367/13;U514/9; S524 A/13-14 (plate 2 0), 20. or b. Thickhorizontalhandlesofroughlyrectangular squaresection.Th. (handle)0.016. Black-glazedon exteriorofhandle.

183An example from Artemis Orthia is illustratedby Pelagatti1992,148figs.107-8. 184Lane 155fig.20j; Schaus22 no. 71,fig.2. 185Gauer 113-14,pl. 14.7-9.

P273/3;R275/20;R296/34; N503/17;U511A2/64, B2/3;S524A/16;U3000/3,6; U3003/9. c. Thick horizontalhandles of ovoid section.Th. (handle)0.014-0.022. Black-glazedon exterior, thoughsomeare too worn forpaintto survive. That someofthesehandlesmayhavebeen fittedto hydriasis suggestedby the formof the horizontal handleson a mid-5th-cent.hydriafromKopanaki.188 N185/9; N187/9;J223/4; P273/2; R275/19;R281 B/14, D/40; P285/28-9; N354/5; U491/18; U494 A/9-10; U500 Ai/12; N503/14; U506/15; R526/16; A3018/21.

d. Broad horizontalstraphandles.Th. (handle) 0.025-0.033. Blackglazedon exterior. Bin A/23+ 255M194/7;P264/3;T465/6.

186 Spartamuseum,tray2370/11. 187Stibbe 1984,3, fig.4. 1. 188Kaltsas226 no. 1,pl. 81 a.

Archaicand Classical pottery73 Semi-coarse

Wares (42-5)

open shapes 42. MORTARS(FIGS. 14.12; 14.13,/-//)

Amongthe shapes associatedwithfood preparation,mortarsare one of the mostprominentin the Laconia Surveymaterial.Like a basin in shape,theycomprisea comparatively shallow,thick-walled body on a broad, heavy,flatcushion base, and have a thickenedor evertedrim; theyare never equippedwithhandlesor spouts.Exceptfora smallnumberwithpaintedrims,and one unusualtype theyare plain. The interioris alwayscoveredwithhard grey-to-black paintedall overon theexterior, or so. The size and crushed volcanic rock),whichstopsshortoftherimby a centimetre grit(probably it is uncertain whether or not this should be correlated of the though density gritvaryconsiderably, uses. In a numberof examplesthereare clear signsof wear on the grits,suggesting withdiffering prolongedand vigoroususe. In size theyvarymostin thediameterofthebase (0.15-0.22;smallest0.11), muchless in rimdiameter(0.28-0.32).The one completeprofile(N415a/ 18) maybe typical:D. (rim) of mortarsmusthave been as vesselsforgrinding, 0.29, (base) 0.19; H. 0.085. The primaryfunctions but not excludingthe preparationof crushing,hulling,and lightpounding,mostlyof foodstuffs drugs,and otherlightmineralproducts. pigments, Althoughmortarswereprobablya standardelementin the domesticassemblagesof mostpartsof Greece in the archaicand classicalperiods,theyfigurein onlya handfulof publications, beingbest known at Athens189and Corinth,190where they occur fromthe seventh century.The closest are withmaterialfromOlympia,Pylosin Elis,Babes, Kopanaki,Kythera,and however, resemblances, A fewmortarsherdsfromSparta,mostlywithoutcontext,have been a sitein southernArkadia.191 Theirpresenceat sanctuarysitesshouldalso classified by Stibbewithinthebroadcategoryofbowls.192 be noted. on theformoftherim.The decoratedexamplesare ofour mortarsis based primarily The typology withinthistypology. incorporated a. Thickened and rounded, 'triangular' rim (FIG. 14.12,/)evertedfromdeep body. This varietyis closestto an examplefromCorinth of thesecondhalfof the7thcent.,thoughthereis no While reason to doubt its Laconian manufacture.193 our pieces are unlikelyto be as early,theyshouldbe datedno laterthanthe6thcent. Date: c.600-500? R275/8;U514/1. b. Flat-topped, wedge-shapedrim(FIG.14.12,2) with body. pointededge,evertedfromverythick-walled Althoughunparalleled,its siteassociationindicates a latearchaicto earlyclassicaldate. c.600-400? P262/67.

189 Sparkesand Talcott221-3,369-71,nos. 1884-921,fig.16, pis90-2. 190D. A. vii. 2: Archaic Amyx and P. Lawrence* Corinth, Corinthian Potteryand theAnaploga Well (Princeton, NJ, 1975),

95, nos. 151An 266, 152An 272-3, 154An 286, 158An 307, pis 80-1. 191Mallwitz and Schiering(n. 75), 230-1, pl. 76; Gauer atPylosinEL· (Hesp. Suppl. 157-61;J. E. Coleman,Excavations

c. Broad, heavy,flat-toppedor slightlycurved rims(FIG.14.12,3-7) withroundededge everted fromdeep body.In some cases the rimmaybe slightlydownturned.D. (rim)0.25-0.27; largest 0.41.

M194/2paintedon top oftherim. They are similarto mortarrimsof thelate 6thand 5thcenturiesfromOlympiaand one fromBabes. An examplefromSparta,witha glazed rimbut without context, is of this type.194Their site associations indicatethattheyare of late archaicto early strongly classicaldate. Date: c.550-400? Plain: N183/6 (?); N185/6; N187/4; K235/3; P262/68; P268/1; N503/1; U3022/3; LS 10043/1. Painted:M194/2.

21;Princeton, NJ,1986),116nos. 299-302,ill.20, pl. 49; Lang 85-7,figs.18. 6-8, 19. 1; Kaltsas223,231-3,nos. 37-41,pl. 84 a-b; Kythera 164 nos. 64-6, fig.49, pl. 46 (withthe benefitof hindsighttheycan be seen to be of Laconian ratherthan Corinthian types);Pikoulas1088,130,fig.15,pl. 7Q. 192Stibbe,LDVqi-2, figs.<^q-6^. 193 Amyxand Lawrence(n. 190),158no. An 307,pis 80, no. 194Stibbe,LDV221 no. D 4, fig.361.

74 Chapter 14 d. Broadrims(fig.14.12,8-g),withflator slightly hookedover;thehook curvedtopand prominently may be pointedor rounded(U493/5).D. (rim)

0.29-0.30. This varietyis well attestedamong the published mortars.It is the only typefoundat Kopanaki and also occurs on Kythera, in southernArkadia, at Olympia, and among the fragmentsfromSparta. These parallelssuggestthatit is mainlya 5th-cent. type. Date: c.500-400? Plain:H26/2;K235/1.Painted:N415a/ 18;U493/5. e. Broad,flat-topped or curve-topped rims(FIG.14.12, 10-11) with squared edge everted fromdeep, inhas a rounded curvingwall; Bin F/2,exceptionally, butsome edge. Normallytherimis ofeventhickness, thickento theedge.D. (rim)0.24-0.37. Two are paintedon the top of the rim (Bin F/2; U506/6),one on the top and verticaledge of the rim (S437/1). Examplesof thisrimtypefromOlympia,Pylosin of the Elis,and Kytherasuggestit to be characteristic secondhalfof the 5th cent.,perhapscontinuinginto the 4th. An example fromPikromygdaliá(cf. site U3001)is dated to the secondhalfof the 5thcent,by Stibbe.195The site associationsstronglyfavourthis chronology. Date: £.450-350? Plain: D85/40; ano/i; Bin F/7-8;J219/5;U506/3; U3010/10.Painted:Bin F/2;S437/1;U506/6. f. Flat-topped,slightlythickened,unarticulatedrim on straight, wall. inward-slanting Its site associationsuggeststhisunusualvarietyis classical. Date: c.500-300? P264/22.

mortarsfromKopanaki,suggesting thatthe low everted at leastuntilthemidtypeofbasecontinued 5thcent. Date: c.600-425? N187/14;P268/8;R275A/14;J316/14;s433/6; U5n B2/11;R526/25.

i. Heavy,articulatedflatbases (FIG. 14.13,4-g) with vertical face. Profile may be straightor slightly convex.D. (base)0.12-0.22. On N415a/ 18 thistypeof base is combinedwitha rimof typed, a combinationrepeatedon themortar froma site in southernArkadia. It is also found combined with rims of type e at Pylos in Elis. Togethertheysuggesta date rangingfromthe 5thto mid~4thcenturiesforthisbase type. Date: c.500-350? J221/13;J227/3;P272/19;R282/6; M347/14;N415 A/18;R427/26;S437/55;U506/44;LS 10595/1. j. Heavy,articulatedflatbases (FIG.14.13,10-11)with inward-slantingface; profile may be straightor convex.D. (base)0.17-0.20. There are no parallelsforthistypeofbase. The site associations indicate that theyare no earlier than classical.It is possiblethattheinward-slanting faceis a fromtheverticalvariety(i). Ifso, theyare development perhapsassignableto the4thcent,and perhapslater. Date: c.400-250? H45 D/3; R281 D/27; t444/i; T470/14; U496/7; U499/35· k. Similarto i but much heavier;base more clearly articulated and hollowedunderneath. If the arguments fordatingbases of typei are also valid forthis much largervariety,it too should be assignedto theclassicalperiod. Date: c.500-350? A118C/21.

pointedrim(FIG.14.12,12),bevelled g. Unthickened, on theexterior, on roundedbody.D. (rim)0.30. Paintedall overexterior. This piece standsapartfromall the othermortars in formand treatment.It is similarto an example fromOlympiaoftheearly5thcent.196 U511A2/57.

1. Unarticulated flatbasewithsteepwall. This piece has no parallelsamongarchaicto classicalmortarbases.A hellenistic datecannotbe excluded. Date:unknown.

h. Everted flat bases (FIG. 14.13, 1-3); P268/8 bevelled.D. (base)0.11-0.20. markedly

m. Bodysherds attributable tomortars onthebasisof thegritted interior surface.

Thistypeprobably includesmostofthe6th-cent. mortarbases. There are fewparallelsamongthe resembles thebasesofthe mortars. N187/14 published

U511Ci/22.

B107/2;P285/46; M328/5, 12; S437/18;U491/64; U500 Ai/54; U517/12;S524 B/25;R526/64;U3024/6; LS 10809/2.

195Stibbe1991,41no.5,fig.3 0,A. 196 18.7. Gaueri6i,fig.

Archaicand Classical pottery75 43. BASINSANDTUBS (FIG. 14.13,I2~IJ' FIG. 14.14)

This categorycomprisesa varietyoftypesoflargeto verylargeopen vessels,whichwereprobablyused in connectionwithfoodpreparationor washing.Both rimsand bases occur,but it is not possibleto associatetheone withtheotherin anyinstance.In the absenceof publishedexamplesof suchshapes fromLaconia or its neighbouring regions,comparisonshave to be made withsimilarmaterialfrom Athensand Corinth.197 a. Ratherfine,flat-topped, squared rims(FIG.14.13, inward-slanting 12-13)withverticalface on straight, wall. Bin c/6 has a taller,concaveface to its rim;it crater thedevelopedtypeofstirrup-handled resembles rim(2 b). D. c.0.50. no paint. Thin paintin and out.Bin c/6 preserves A date range fromthe late archaic to classical bytheirsiteassociations. periodsis suggested Date: c.600-300? Bin c/6; R275a/6. roundedrim(FIG.14.13,14). D. b. Heavy,thickened, c.0.45. Plain. A 5th-cent.date may be indicatedby thissherd's siteassociation. Date: c.500-400? J231/2. rim(FIG.14.13,15)on vertical c. Everted,flat-topped wall.D. c.0.30. S431/1+ 2 painted in and on top, and on outer edgeofrim. These pieces withtheirverticalwalls more likely belongto tubsor evensmallpithoithanbasins.Their datewithintheperiodis uncertain. Date: c.600-300? U3O23/5;s43i/i+ 2. d. In-turned, flat-toppedrim on vertical wall, concaveinside. markedly Plain. Like c, this perhaps came froma tub or small pithosratherthan a basin. A potentiallywide date range is indicatedby its context,thougha classical dateis perhapsthemorelikely. Date: c.600-300. R526/74. e. Large,flat-topped, wedge-shapedrim(FIG.14.14,/) on deep curvedbowl. Plain.

197 Sparkesand Talcott215-19,fig.16,pis 87-8; Amyxand Lawrence(n. 190),151-4 nos. An 268, 277-8,280-2, 159-60 no. An 318,pis 81-2, no.

This isolated find was assigned to the archaic-classical periodson thebasisofitsfabric. LS 10410/4. f. Heavy,flat-topped, squaredrims(FIG.14.14,2-3) on thick,straightor slightlyconvex, inward-slanting set on body.B121/3has horizontalhandleattachment theupperwallbelowtherim.D. 0.50-0.70. Paintedin and on top of rim;exteriorand vertical faceofrimplain.LS 10072/9plain. Their site associations indicate that these rims belong to the late archaic and/or early classical periods. Date: c.600-400. B121/3;M322B/18;U511A2/79;S524 a^9j h5 b/9j U3003/7;LS 10072/9. squaredrim g. Medium-sizedvesselswithflat-topped, (FIG.14.13,16-17)on verticalwall.D. c.o.16-0.20. Painted in and on top of rim; U490 AM/29also paintedon faceofrim;U519/1has tracesofpaintout. A classical date is perhaps indicated by the site associations. Date: c.500-300? S437/8;U490AM/29;l]519^1' h. Flat-topped,thickened,evertedrim on inwardslantingwall.D. c.o.17. Plain. Its contextfavoursa classicalor evenlaterdate. Date: c.500-300? Bin c/3. i. Medium-sized basin or bowl with flat-topped, evertedrimon deep,gentlycurvingwall.D. c.o.17. Plain. This piece perhaps belonged to a type of bowl so farknownonlyfromexamples hemispherical foundin Sicilyand datingto the second halfof the 6thcent.198 Date: c.600-400? P262/66.

198Stibbe,LDV 91, groupB, 219 nos. Β i-$, figs.345-6, pl. 19. 1.

76 Chapter 14 from j. Thick,flatbases (FIG.14.14,4-6), usuallyoffset steep curvingwall withverticalor inward-slanting faceofbase. D. c.0.22-0.27. Plainor paintedinside. Their siteassociationsplace thesebases in the late archaicto earlyclassicalperiods.They perhapscome fromthesameshapesas therimsdescribedunderf. Date: £.600-400. Plain: K235/7;P268/25.Painted:P262/64,71; R461 A/4;U493/i3. k. Unarticulatedflatbase (FIG. 14.14,7) withsteep, concavelowerwall.D. c.o.24-0.27.

Probablypaintedinside. A 5th-cent. dateis suggestedbythepiece fromH31. Date: £.500-400? H31/4;U491/?. 1. Unarticulatedthick,flatbase (FIG. 14.14,8) with wall.D. £.0.20. steep,straight Mostlyplain;N183/13and M325/18paintedinside. Theirsiteassociationssuggestthatbases ofthistype occurredfromthe6thcent,intotheclassicalperiod. Date: c.600-300? Plain: D85/41; ^95/3; U490 BC/45; U491/62. Painted:N183/13;M325/18.

44. SIEVE-STRAINER-SPRINKLER (FIG. 14.II, 4O-2)

similarto theseoccur among the unpublishedpotteryfromArtemis Examplesof strainerfragments Orthia,apparentlyfromlate archaicto earlyclassicalcontexts.They have holes piercedin the floor and lowerwall.An examplefromBabes apparently has holesonlyin thefloor.199 The paintedexamples have the that ofa ritual on outside,suggesting theybelongto a closedshape.The possibility only paint functionmay be indicatedby theiroccurrenceat sanctuaries,wheretheymay have been used as A sixth-to fifth-century date is indicatedbytheirsiteassociations, sprinklers. thoughsucha functional shapeprobablyhad a longerhistory. a. High, evertedring feet (FIG. 14.11, 40-2) with U494A/2,whichhas a lowringfoot footplate; exception withbroadfootplate Wallrisesat steep and saggingfloor. angle.Holesinfloorandlowerwall.D. (base)0.06-0.10. PlainexceptCi14/32,whichis black-glazedout. Ci14/32;K200/8;P262/29;U494A/2.

b. Body sherdsfromlowerwall withregularly spaced holes. Plainin and out. N188/25;P262/32;N415A/62;U492/11;T512A/21; R5i8/7;ls 11118/5.

LARGECLOSED SHAPES 45. UNCERTAIN

Underthisheadingare groupedthoseplainsherdswhichfromtheircontextseemlikelyto be ofarchaic or classicaldate. Plain versionsof the twoshapesto whichtheyprobablybelong,transport amphoras and hydrias,are so farunknownin Laconia. Their siteassociationssuggestthattheyprobablyoccur the late archaicand classicalperiods.A glazed varietyof transport throughout amphoraof the sixth remains has been attributed to but its to be Laconia, century origin proved,eitherby finds plausibly fromLaconia itselfor byscientific analysis.200 a. Broadovoidhandlesattachedat neckand shoulder, mostlikelyfromtransportamphorasor hydrias.W. (handle)0.033-0.047. Plain. A118 B/33; N184/8; J224/7; Γ277/8; S437/15; S458/16;U499/14;N503/16;R526/21.

likely amphoras or hydrias. S524 A/39 nas tne stump of a horizontal belly handle. Th. (wall) 0.008-0.013.

b. Body sherdsof large, thick-walledvessels,most

Plain. K200/12; K203/15-17; R275 A/25, 28> r277/i8; P278/13;P279/15;R282/15;S437/23,28, 3o; S458/45; S460/5,9, 19-21;U499/59;S524A/38-9,42-3, 46, 48, 51,59-60.

199 Lang 98-100,fig.22. 11. 200 Pelagatti1992, 133-8, figs.47-57; A. Johnston,'Pottery

fromarchaic building Q, at Kommos', Hesp. 62 (1993), 339-82,at pp. 358-62 nos. 81-99,fig.7, pl. 78.

Archaic and Classical pottery 77

Cooking

Wares (46-56) Virtually nothingis knownof Laconian cookingwaresfrompreviousstudies.The onlylocal at Spartaand therecent are withunpublished materialfromtheearlyexcavations comparisons ofZeus Messapeus.The shapesofLaconiancooking ones at theMenelaionand thesanctuary familiar at othersitesin thePéloponnèseand beyond, fromthevarieties waresalso seemto differ of is suggestive are nothelpful.Theirpeculiarity so thatforthemostpartexternalcomparisons Laconian of a diet. to the needs methods and different distinctly maycorrespond cooking OPEN SHAPES flaringand evertedrim,usuallythickening 46· Deep-bodiedopen shape (FIG.14.15,1-8) withmarkedly to squaredverticaledge; a slightverticalflangemay occur at the upper edge. M357/26is alone in havinga roundededge to therim.Severalpreservethestumpofa largehandleofuncertaintypebelow therim,at thetopoftheverticalwall.D. (rim)c.o.18-0.28. An exampleoccursat the Menelaion,but does not help in elucidatingthe overallshape; the wall below the rimis so thinthatit willrarelybe preserved.The weaknesscaused by the thinnessat this thattheseare the rimsof hydriasor some otherclosed shape. pointseemsto excludethe possibility Their site associationssuggesta wide range of dates, fromthe sixthcenturyuntilthe fourthand intothehellenistic period. continuing Date: c.600-300. Bin A/16;G159/6;P262/54;P272/7;N354/1,3a + b; M357/26;N415A/24;R420/3;R421/4;S431/26; S437/47;T467/6;T468/2;N503/4;U511B1/2;U3002/14;U3010/7. PAN(FIG.14.15,9~2l) 47. LOOP-HANDLED The overallformof thisshape is unknown,as onlythe rimand handlesever surviveas substantial thin-walled. It is characterized sherds,thebodybeingexceptionally by thelarge,verticalloop handles attachedat the rim,each pot possiblyhavingbeen equipped witha pair of such handles.They are to be associatedwitha distinctive almostcertainly typeof thickenedrimwhichflaresfroma deepish, of thesepans occur at the feet with and (see 56). Large fragments highring in-curving body, possibly centuries. ofZeus Messapeusin depositsofthesixthand earlyfifth Menelaionand at thesanctuary a. Evertedand thickenedrims(FIG.14.15,9-19) with pointedtop,flaringfromthinwall; a ridgemayoccur below the rim.A thin,angularrimformalso occurs (R427/3).The (R454/4,U3010/6),once round-topped handlesare thickovoidor squaredin sectionand rise in a highloop. D. (rim)£.0.24-0.34. Usually well-smoothed,slightlygrittysurfaces, use as blackenedon theexterior, sometimes suggesting cooking-vessel. Cookingpotswitha ridgebelowtherimare foundat Athensand Olympiain the5thcent.201 Loop-handled shallowpans occurat thesame twositesbutare much smallerthantheLaconianexamples;theyare ofthe5th The frequency of thisshape and early4thcenturies.202 showsit to have been an essentialpart of standard kitchenequipmentover a long duration,startingat intothehellenistic latestin the6thcent,and continuing hellenistic 28). type period(see

Date: c.600-300. Rims: G163/6;N188/3;P262/55;P264/21;Γ277/2; R281 D/9; R296/21;J316/28;J317/61;M325/9;N415 A/23; R427/3; s437/48; R454/4; T471/5; U491/57; U493/4; U499/5, 86; S509/5-6; U511A2/16,C1/7; S524b/ii; R526/8;U3010/6. Rims and handles: H29 A/7; E75/2; D85/13; A118 J221/1; B/26,31,39, c/13-14;N183/12; P264/8;E308/?; M322 B/7; M328/25; R420/23; T471/12; U491/31; U493/25; U511A4/15,Bi/16; U3022/4; LS 10410/5 form). (includesexampleswithrimsofindeterminate

201 Sparkesand Talcott 224-5 nos· Σ927~9>%· !8» pi· 94; Gauer 143,fig.12.4-6.

202 Sparkesand Talcott227nos. 1973-5,pl. 95; Gauer 145.

b. As a, butdistinguished everted,almost bymarkedly flat-toppedrim (FIG. 14.15, 20-1), sometimeswith flattened face.Probablythelaterdevelopedform. Date: c.500-300? Rims and handles: H34/14; D85/12; A118 A/18, B/38, c/n-i2;U493/24.

78 Chapter 14 48. BROADBOWLS(FIG. 14.15,22~j)

a. Straight-sided, rathershallowshapes(FIG.14.15,22) with unthickenedrounded rim. LS 10410/1 has a slightlythickenedrounded rim; LS 10071/8 has a thickened slightly squaredrim. The siteassociationsindicatea late archaicto early intolateclassical. classicaldate,perhapscontinuing Date: c.600-300? LS 10071/8;LS 10410/1. R281d/io-ii; A3018/14; or slightly b. Veryfine-walled, curved, straight-sided rounded deep shape (FIG.14.15,23) withunthickened or pointedrim.D. (rim)£.0.20. Carefully smoothed light brown surfaces. Blackeningon exterioror at rim. The siteassociationsindicatea late archaicto early classicaldate. Date: c.600-400. H31/25; M194/1; S524 B/12.

49. SHALLOWBOWL(FIG. 14.15,24)

fromstrongly curvedbowl. Shortevertedrimoffset D. (rim)0.26. Smoothed,gritty, orangesurfaces. Date: c.600-300. R526/6. (FIG. 14.15,25-6) 50. DEEP BOWL/BASIN

a. Pointed, unthickened rim on straight-sided, wall; U519/3has slightinternalridge inward-slanting D. (rim)c.0.20. belowrim- lid-rest?

Well-smoothed surfaces;unlikeother greyish-brown cookingwares.Probablywheelmade. oftheirfabricto a hellenistic The similarity cooking waresuggeststhatthesepiecesare no earlierthanlate classical. Date: £.400-300? T468/1;U519/3. b. Large,thick-walled (0.008) basinwithunthickened, pointed rim and heavy flange below on straight, wall. inward-slanting This piece is attributedto the archaic to classical periodson thebasisoffabric. Date: c.600-300? H51/2. c. Large, thick-walledvessel (FIG. 14.15,25) with rim thickened,squaredor flat-topped flaring, slightly on deep body. Date: c.600-300? P264/23;U517/2. rims(FIG.14.15,26) on d. Everted,broad,flat-topped wall. D. 0.38. inward-slanting straight, Date: £.600-300? J221/2;U491/12. oute. Medium-sizedvesselwithpointedrimslightly turnedfromverticalwall.D. £.0.11. Itscontext a latearchaictoearlyclassicaldate. suggests Date: £.600-400? U492/2.

51. HIGH RINGFEET (FIG. 14.16, 70-/6)

High ringfeet,evertedfrombodybut in continuousprofile,usuallythickenedtowardsbottom;broad D. (base) c.o.13-0.25; footplate.Wall risesin shallowcurve;flatfloor.A varietyof sizes is represented. H. (foot)0.013-0.028. It is curiousthatringfeetare theonlytypeofbase foundamongthecookingwares,whenflatbases that weremorecommonamongthefinewaresofthearchaicto earlyclassicalperiods.The impression these feetbelong to a single shape, given by theirsimilaritiesin form,has to be set against the lowerwall in mostcases pointsto an open wide rangeof base diameters.The surviving surprisingly to that some it cannot be excluded but cooking-ware hydriasand otherclosed shapes. belong shape, Their site associationsindicatethat most date to the late archaic to earlyclassical periods,some century. perhapsbeingofthefourth Date: c.600-300? Bin A/25;P261/2;Π277/6;R281D/26;M325/16;S437/56;S509/19;U511A2/58,Ci/20;U3002/18,24; U3010/18.

CLOSED SHAPES 52. CHYTRA(FIG. 14.16,I -4)

in mostpartsofGreece,witha In itsmanyvariedformsthechytrais thestandardclosedcooking-vessel long historydatingback to the beginningof the Early Iron Age.203It normallycomprisesa broad 203See Sparkesand Talcott224-6,fig.18,pis 93-4.

Archaicand Classical pottery79 roundedbody,a singlelargestraphandlefromshoulderto rim,and a roundedbottom.It was designed in thefire.Thoughnoneis publishedfromLaconia, itoccursat severalsiteswithinthe to be setdirectly sphereofSpartaninfluence.204 a. Markedlyeverted,thinnedrims(FIG.14.16,/)offset fromflattish shoulder;oftenthickenedat thejunction of rim and body.D. (rim)0.16-0.17. U500 A1/4is a largerversionwitha longerrim,squaredat theedge. Smoothedpinkishor lightbrown,grittysurfaces, sometimes blackenedon theexterior. The comparatively smalldimensionsof our pieces recur among unpublishedexamples fromArtemis Orthia and the Menelaion. Its distinctiverim form seems to be peculiarlyLaconian and is not found outsidethe region.Its siteassociations,togetherwith to above,indicate the unpublishedexamplesreferred thatit may not have continuedmuch,if at all, after the 6th cent.If thisis correct,it becomesusefulas a typediagnosticofthearchaicperiod. Date: c.600-500? D96/4; B107/1;J221/36;J223/1;P274/1;R275/9; 11-12. A3018/6-8, P285/8;M322B/2;U511Ci/6;U3003/4; b. Markedlyflaring,rounded or pointed rim (FIG. or concaveneck.Straphandle 14.16,2-3) on straight attachedat rim.D. (rim)c.0.25-0.30. surfaces. Roughlysmoothed,pale brown,gritty This rimtypeperhapssucceededa in the5thcent., withitslimitednumberof site a possibility consistent and mayalso havecontinuedintothe4th associations, cent. Rims of a similar kind occur at Babes and Olympia,thelatterdatingto the5thcent.205 Η3ι/ι2;αιι8α/3;γ277/5· c. Slightlythickenedsquaredrim(FIG.14.16,4) with inwardbevelon short,straight neck;continuouscurve betweenneckand shoulder.D. (rim)0.24. surfaces. Roughlysmoothed,lightbrown,gritty Cooking pots with a similar profile occur at Olympia in contexts of the late 5th to mid~4th centuries.206 Date: c.425-350. H31/5.

Date: c. 600-300. P278/12;N409/4;N430/9;U499/55. 53. LARGEJARS(FIG. 14.16,$-g' PLATE2 b) rim(FIG.14.16,5) evertedfrom a. Broad,flat-topped gentlysplayingneck. Broad, flattenedstraphandle attachedto neck.D. (rim)0.32. This piece, found on a site with mainly EBA is attributed to thearchaicto classicalperiods pottery, on thebasisofitsfabric. Date: c.600-300? U3001/13.

b. Very broad, flat-toppedrim (FIG. 14.16, 6")with two wide grooves on top and squared edge; everted from straightwall. D. 0.35. A 6th-cent. date seems to be indicated by its context. Date: c.600-500? P272/49.

c. Straight-sidedjar? Everted, pointed rim on thick, verticalwall with slightridge below rim. Roughly smoothed, pinkish surfaces with much visible grit. Its context indicates a date in the late archaic to early classical periods. Date: c.600-400? N188/4.

d. Several neck and shoulder fragmentsprobably belongto thisshape.N409/4has a markedcarination on the shoulder,a featurefoundon severaltypesof at Olympiaof thelate 5thcent,and first cooking-pot halfofthe4thcent.207 N430/9has a ridgeon itsneck.

d. Handles (FIG. 14.16, 7-8) attached either on the shoulder or at the neck. A steep shoulder in a continuous curve with a concave neck seems to be typical. The handle(s) are attached on the shoulder and at the base of the neck. They are flattenedstraps, sometimes hollowed in the centre, sometimes with a central ridge, or just plain. A finger-impressionmay occur at the base of the handle (D96/1, J220/11, S433/9). W. (handle) 0.035-0.046. Their site associations suggest that the shape to which these handles belong may have been current throughoutthe late archaic and classical periods. Date: c.600-300? D85/9; D96/1; Bin A/45; N187/12;J220/11;R420/14; S433/9; U511B1/7;S524 A/17,Β/56-?; Α3018/24, 26.

204Kaltsas nos. 33-4,fig.10,pl. &?>f-g, Lang97,fig.22. 1-7; 231 Gauer 143-5,figs-I2· l~l an<^13,pis 28 and 29. 3-4. A small occursat Nichoria(Coulson335,349 Ρ 1650,fig.7. 6). version

205Lane 07, fie.22. 1-4.:Gauer 14.3-4., fie.12.7. 206Gauer 147-8,fig.13.7-12,pis 28. 4, 29. 4. 207Gauer 145-8,figs.12.8-10; 13. 1-4,8, 10,12.

8o Chapter14 e. As d, but the handle (FIG. 14.16, g) is broader and apparently attached below the rim. Two of have a the examples g/i, U506/23) (Bin prominent flattened central ridge. Th. (handle)

0.047-0.063. A date similar to that of d is indicated by their contexts. Date: c.600-300? Bin g/i (plate 2 b); U506/23; U531/4.

54. HYDRIA?(FIG. 14.16, iy' PLATE2 b) Hydrias are common in the Attic repertoire of cooking wares.208 Horizontal handle-stump set high on belly of large vessel. Handle thickovoid in section, with deep fingergroove at spring.W. (handle) 0.042. The formof the handle is foreignto the Attic series. Its context indicates a late archaic to early classical date. Date: c.600-400? D301/1 (plate 2 b). CLOSED (FIG. 14.16, 18) 55. UNCERTAIN a. Neatly formed, small false ring foot (FIG. 14.16, 18) articulated from body; hollowed underneath with pendent disc. D. (base) 0.035. Well-smoothedsurfaces. The form of the foot recalls a varietyfound among

it is no earlierthan hellenistic finewares,suggesting thelateclassical period. Date:c.400-200? R281 A/12.

in section,attached b. Verticalhandle,rectangular at shoulderand taperingin width.W. (handle) 0.023.

Sucha handlemight havebeenusedfora cookingA latearchaictoearlyclassical dateis wareoinochoë. indicated byitscontext. Date:c.600-400? J223/6. c. Flattenedstraphandle attachedto flaring, rimof uncertainshape.W. (handle) unthickened 0.020, 0.030.

Thesehandles perhaps belongtoa typeofchytra. Date:c.600-300? Bin F/16; J316/8.

rimof d. Straphandles,one attached belowflaring smallclosedshape.W.(handle) 0.018-0.020. These handles perhaps belong to a smaller versionoftheshaperepresented by53 d-e. A late archaic to classical date is indicatedby their contexts. S509/11; S524 B/14, 20.

56. MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES (FIG. 14.16, ig~22' PLATE 2 b)

A wide varietyof handles occurs,good evidenceforthe diversityof cooking-wareshapes in disproportionate numbers producedin Laconia.Theysurvive comparedwiththeotherpartsof cookingvessels,theirdurability beingdue to theirsturdybuild. Some are of verydiagnostic whichmayin thefuture be shownto date tö morenarrowly definedperiodsthancan be forms, demonstrated on the currentevidence.A characteristic featureof Laconian cookingwares on thefaceand thefinger-mark at therootof manyhandles, appearsto be thefinger-grooving bothverticaland horizontal. a. Unattached flattened often vertical, straphandles, of irregularsection; usually slightlyrounded, W.(handle) sometimes squared. 0.025-0.033. Manyofthesestraphandleswillhavebelongedto andwillrangeindatefrom the6thtothe4th chytras cent. Date: c.600-300. D85/10, 14; B107/8-10; A118 B/36; B132/5; R275/22; R281 D/39; P286/13-14; M328/29; M352/17; R420/16, 20; S459/12; T471/11; U491/20; U492/6; U499/18-19;

N503/10; U506/24; U519/16-17; S523/2; R526/19-20; U3022/5.

b. Unattached vertical, thin,flattened straphandles (FIG.14.16,19-20),nearlyalwayshollowedin the middle but sometimesflat. All probablyrise curvein sharply to theupperattachment, vertically, and belong to closed shapes. W. (handle) 0.030-0.037; 0.043-0.047.

208 Sparkesand Talcott200-1,fig.17,pl. 71.

smallest

0.022-0.027,

largest

Archaicand Classical pottery81 Like a, mostofthesehandleswillhavebelongedto ofa comparablywiderangeofdates.A chytra chytras fromKopanaki has a hollowed strap handle from shoulderto neck.209 Date: c.600-300. D85/6; Bin A/43, F/^; An8 D/4; N183/4 + 9; N187/12;K200/5; P268/6; P272/30; P279/10;R281 D/37; J367/2i; J367 A/5; N415 A/26; R420/15; 28. T470/20;U499/15-16;U3001/13;A3018/25, c. Unattached, vertical,thick strap handle with centralridge.W. (handle)0.030-0.033. These handles are similarto some of thoselisted under53 d. Date: c.600-300? Bin A/44;J3i6/6. d. Unattached,tall,vertical,thickhandles(FIG.14.16, 21), ovoid or squared in section, sometimeswith central ridge (S437/63, R526/18). All absolutely straightexceptfora few(P261/3,R429/6,S437/63) curved.Perhapsofsame shapeas 55 whichare slightly b, W. (handle)0.020-0.025. These handles might have been attached to cooking-warejugs, oinochoës, and hydrias.They theperiod. probablyoccurthroughout Date: £.600-300? A118B/29, 34, c/10; P261/3; P272/29; R420/11; R429/6; S437/63,64 (plate 2 b)' N503/2;R526/18; A3018/23. e. Large, stronglycurved handle (FIG. 14.16, 22), roundand flutedin section.Th. (handle)0.023. This elaboratehandle,foundon a predominantly archaicto EBA site,in itsfabricmostcloselyresembles classicalcookingware.Ifithasbeencorrectly attributed, it mighthavebeen a verticalloop handleratherthana and neck(as drawn). vertical handlejoiningshoulder Date: c.600-300? 1400/ 11.

or rectangular f. Horizontalhandles,triangular (D96/2) in section,setat rakingangle.J223/8(PLATE 2 b) has a seriesofincisednickson thefaceofthehandle.D96/2 at the springof has a deeplyimpressedfinger-mark thehandle.Th. (handle)0.020-0.022. These handles are very distinctivewith their sections.Althoughthe siteassociationsare triangular not conclusive,theirabsence fromcertain6th-cent. sitessuggeststheyshouldperhapsbe attributed to the classicalperiod. The rectangularversion(as D96/2; PLATE 2 b)maybe thepredecessorofthetriangular.

Date: c.600-300? J44/12;H51/4; D96/2; N187/8; K204/?; J223/8; U499/89;U5iiC2/4. g. Horizontal handles, round or sub-rounded in section,set at slightly rakingangle.Most have a deep (U490AM/38;U511B2/6,C3/7;T512 finger-impression B/8) or groove(A118B/37;U3002/11)at the springof the handle. M325/14has the scar of an attachment (knob?) on the top of the handle. Th. (handle) 0.020-0.023;smallest0.015,largest0.027. Their site associationsindicatethatthiscommon theperiod,from typeofhandlemayoccurthroughout the6thto the4thcent. Date: c.600-300? Bin A/42;A118Β/37;Γ277/23;M325/14;R421/11; U490AM/38;U499/17,20; U511B2/6,C3/7; T512b/8; LS 10534/1. LS 10071/11; U519/6;U3002/11-12; h. Horizontalhandles,thickovoid or rectangularin section,set at slightlyrakingangle; R281 D/38 has grooveat springofthehandle. The indications ofdate are thesame as forg. Date: £.600-300? H31/8;J231/3;P271/3;R281 D/38; U493/9; U511 B2/7;T512B/7;U3003/10;U3024/11;LS 10083/3. i. Broad horizontal strap handles, rectangularor ovoid in section, all (except G157/18)with finger groove on face, deeper at spring of handle. W. (handle)0.034-0.037. Theyare probablyofthesame date as g and h. Date: c.600-300? Bin A/41;G157/18;N415A/33;T479/3;U499/21. j. Body sherds most probably fromlarge closed pieces(0.007). shapes.Some thick-walled A118A/21;C169/42;P272/44,46; R281A/29;Q360 B/3;N415A/95-6;R421/26;S433/3;S437/29;S440/18; S458/48;U493/26-9;U499/57;S508/8;S509/49;S524 B/55;U531/13+ 14;U3002/40,45. k. Body sherdsfromsmall-mediumvessels,usually thin-walled (0.003-0.005). G159/36-7; 085/33»39; BI11D/5°; C114/40;K141/54; C169/17;G182B/1-3;N183/5,38; N187/31-3;P260/15; Γ277/24;D301/9; M325/22-4;N409/10;N415A/139; n4i6/6; R420/20; R421/6; R427/15; S431/25, 28; S432/18;T443/5-6;S458/51;T479/?;U491/58,61; U494 A/21;U496/8;U499/58,63; S509/46-8;U511A2/43,49? S523/11; R526/56;R528/5; 55,Bi/25;T512A/5;R518/12; 70; LS 11163/6. A3018/59, U531/11; U3003/17; U3010/25;

209Kaltsas231no.33,fig.10, 83^ pl.

82 Chapter 14 Coarse

Wares

(57-8)

57. PiTHOi (fig. 14.17,i-ig; plate 2 c-d)

Potsforstorageformthethirdmainfunctional categorybesidestablewaresand domesticwares.Their occurrenceon ruralsitesis to be expected.As formostunpaintedpottery, thereis littleparallelmaterial forthepithoi.Amongthemostimportant are fragments ofpithoifromKopanaki210 and some surface materialfromsouthernArkadia.211 As onlyrelatively smallfragments occuron thesurface,theprimary divisionsare byrimform.It is noteworthy thatthepithoiofprobablesixth-century date are typological forthe mostpart rathersmall,and thatthe size of pithoiapparentlyincreasesin the course of the in thegigantichellenistic classicalperiod,culminating specimens. a. Large,flat-topped, rim(FIG.14.17,1-2) wedge-shaped witha shortverticalface,evertedfroma shortneck slopingout to the shoulder;U493/7has an inwardface.J224/ 1-2belongtoa lessheavytype.Several slanting D. c.0.35-0.50. piecesareverylarge(U519/44-5, U530/2). This type of pithos rim seems mainly to be associatedwithclassicalsites,thoughenoughoccuron late archaic to early classical sites to suggest it in the6thcent. originated Date: c.600-300? D85/68,71;J224/1-2;U493/6-7;U499/90;U506/8; U511Ci/52-3;U519/44-5;U530/2. b. Large,broad,flat-topped rim(FIG.14.17,3-4) with a vertical face, everted froman outward-sloping shoulder.D. c.o.35-0.50. This typeof rim is similarto the pithoifoundat Kopanaki dating to the mid-5th cent., where a diameterof c.o.50 seems the norm.212Such a date classical date of agrees well withthe predominantly thesiteswherethistypeoccurs. Date: c.500-300? d95/7; A118B/57,?; R281 D/15; M321B/63; U490 am/i; U494B/5-6;U511Ci/55. c. Heavy,flat-topped rim(FIG.14.17,3-6) withvertical face,usuallycharacterizedby the bevelledouterand inneredges;thewallis almostvertical, concave markedly on theinterior. This typeclearlyhad no neck,and must havehad theformofa verylarge,moreor lessstraightsidedjar.D. c.0.45-0.52; T512A/4is muchsmaller. Once again the majorityare foundon siteswitha thattheonly strongclassicalpresence.It is noteworthy certain6th-cent. example(T512A/4)is notonlymuch smaller but lacks the distinctive bevelling characteristic oftheremainder. Date: £.600-300? H31/7;A118B/59;R281A/32(?); D301/14;U499/91; U511A2/72; T512 A/4; LS 10380/1.

210Kaltsas 223-4,235~7>nos·b°~l1'

d. Heavy,flat-topped rim(FIG.14.17,J-8)withvertical face, thickeningoutwards,evertedfromshortneck and flattishshoulder; lower edge of rim may be bevelled (Bin c/5) and underside of rim may be undercut(Bin c/4, LS 10046/1).D. c.0.27-0.38. This typeanticipatestheformsofhellenistic pithoi, and maybe tentatively datedto the4thcent. Date: c.400-300? Bin c/4-5; A118A/5,B/56;LS 10046/1. e. Massive,squared,flat-topped rimwithverticalface, evertedfromveryshortneck and flatshoulder.A raised cordon,eitherwithdiagonal slashesor finger decoratestheneck. impressions, Like d, these very large pithos rims resemble hellenistictypesand, if not hellenisticthemselves, shouldbelongto the4thcent. Date: c.400-200? A118B/54,c/4. f. Flat-toppedrim(FIG.14.17,g), withverticalor less oftencurvedface,evertedfromverticalwall. Like c, thistypeprobablyhad the formof a large straight-sided jar. All come fromsitesofclassicaldate. Date: c.500-300? 095/6;A118E/3;P264/7;U519/41. g. Small pithoswithsquared, flat-toppedrim (FIG. 14.17, 10) with vertical face, everted fromsteeply slopingshoulder.D. £.0.30. Its contextsuggestsa 6thor 5th-cent. date. Date: c.600-400? S524b/io. h. Small pithoswithflat-topped,slightlythickened rim(fig. 14.17,//)on steepshoulder.D. £.0.40. The contextsuggeststhesame date rangeas forg. Date: c.600-400? N415A/20.

211Pikoulas 212Kaltsas 1988,18-19. 235 nos.50-3, 58-9, fig.12.

Archaic and Classical i. Slightlythickenedrim(FIG.14.17,12) withsquared face on flaringwall. The insideof the rimis usually hollowed. slightly S524 A/10 is decorated inside the rim with an incised wavy line bounded below by a horizontal incisedline; also, on thefaceof the rim,witha more deeplygougedwavyline. The shape to whichtheserimsbelong is unclear. Theymaybelongto basinsratherthanstoragevessels. Theirdate is likewiseobscure,S524beinga siteofthe 6thto early5thcenturies, T470largelylate classicalto and later. hellenistic Date: c.600-300? T470/6;U499/67;S524A/10. j. Indeterminatefragments,too damaged to be to type.D85/65 + 66 has a plain ridgeat attributed thejunctionofitsshortneckand shoulder;it perhaps belongedto typed. D85/65+ 66, 67; N193/5;R421/36. k. Heavy,flatbases (FIG. 14.17,13-14)withvarying degreesof articulationfromthe steeplyrisingwall; U506/45has bevellededge to base. D. c.o.16-0.23. Theircontextssuggesta classicaldate is likeliest. Date: c.500-300? A118B/61;U491/33;U506/45. 1. Veryheavy,flatbases withverticalface, sharply fromshallow,risingwall. articulated This kind of base should probablybe associated withthe rims(d- e) thatare consideredto anticipate hellenistic pithostypes. Date: £.400-300? A118B/60;LS 10169/1. m. Veryheavyand thick,but relativelynarrow,flat 'button'base. D. c.o.13. Context and type indicate a late classical or date. hellenistic Date: c.400-200? U519/42.

pottery 83

In profilethe cordonvariesfrom alternatedirections. a fullto a barelyraisedridge.Such reliefdecoration seemsto have been applied to the shoulderand belly ofthepithos.Th. (wall)0.018-0.030. The mouldedrope cordonsare a standardfeature thedesignof thewell-known figuredrelief articulating pithoidcratersfoundin Sparta,whichdate fromthe late7thto mid-6thcenturies, thoughthereis nothingto listedbelowcome from that of the sherds any suggest The findsfromthesurvey, together potsofthistype.213 with similar pieces found in southernArkadia,214 reliefdecoration suggestthatpithoiwitha simplified continuedto be made afterproductionof the figured pieces stopped.It shouldbe emphasisedthatthe only linkbetweenour pieces and the figuredpots is in the use of the rope cordon.None of ours come fromthe typicalcratershape to whichthe figureddecoration was applied.Insteadtheyare frommuchlargerpithoi ofa utilitarian nature,whichmayhavebeen madewith littlechangeovera muchlongerperiod.The factthata numberoccuron sitesofclassicaldatelendssupportto thatpots theargument, thoughitmustbe remembered as thesemaywellhaveremained as valuableand sturdy in use formanydecades;evenbrokenpithoicould be putto gooduse.Untilevidenceis foundto thecontrary, thereis no good reasonto doubtthatpithoidecorated the 6thand withrope cordonsweremade throughout in the cent. even early 5th perhaps Date: c.600-450? D96/26; Bui/10; A118 A/20, C/25; K153/9; C169/44;J22o/i4;j22i/2i;P272/42-3;R282/17(plate 2 c); P285/44-5; S440/20 (plate 2 d); S475 a/ 10; U491/74;U497/8(plate 2 c); S524A/72. o. As n, but withthe rope cordons twistingin the same direction. on theirdate. See η forremarks Date: c.600-450? J230/6;U499/71.

n. Thick-to verythick-walled (FIG. body fragments 14.17,15-16]PLATE2 c-d),withgroupsofbetweentwo and fourapplied mouldedrope cordons,twistingin

p. As n, but with very low applied ridges with herring-bonedecoration(FIG. 14.17,17; PLATE2 c); thoseonJ224/20are incisedratherthanmoulded. on date. See η forremarks Date: c.600-450? J224/20;U499/70(plate 2 c).

213Ch. Christou,'Σπαρτιατικοί αρχαϊκοίτάφοι και επιτάφιοςμετ' ανάγλυφωνάμφορεύςτου λακωνικού and 'Ό νέοςάμφορεύςτης Σπάρτης*οι εργαστηρίου' "λλοι μετ' ανάγλυφωναμφορείς του λακωνικού Mel. 123-63and 164-265, Α. Delt.19(1964)» εργαστηρίου', the at pp. 254-65,fig.6, pis78-103;hispl. 87 d illustrates simpleuse of rope cordonswithoutotherdecorative

See also thesurvey. tothepiecesfrom elements, comparable Stibbe, LMB 65-7. Ghristou'scontentionthat the to Sparta tobe restricted ofsuchpithoiis likely distribution at Xerokambi ofa fragment is undermined bythediscovery inKynouria: Phaklaris2 116,fig.64,pl.42 a. 214Pikoulas1988,18-19,figs.12-14,pis 72,77-8,103;his here. issimilar tothatfollowed dating

84 Chapter 14 (FIG. body fragments q. Thick-to verythick-walled 14.17,18-ig), with groups of two or three applied mouldedcordons,withoutany decoration,appliedto the shoulder and belly of the pithos. Th. (wall) 0.010-0.027. Two examplesare paintedon theexterior:U519/40 κ 153/8 dullreddish-black. black-glazed, of These pithoirepresenta furthersimplification the varietieswiththe rope cordondecoration(n-p). Their siteassociationssuggestthattheyweremade at the same date as η- ρ but continuedto be produced intothelate classicalperiod.It maybe notedthatthe rope cordons on the frontof the figuredpithoid cratersbecome plain cordons on their reverse.215 Severalof thesepieces (P272/48,R282/16)belong to much smallerpithoi comparable to those foundat way Kopanaki,on whichridgingis used in a different to articulatetheirshape.216 Examplesofpaintedpithoi

withridgingoccur at Athensin the late 6th and 5th centuries.217 Date: c.600-300? H29 A/9; Bin a/66, c/19, D/48-9; A118B/52,?, c/27; K153/8;P272/48;Γ277/25;R281D/63; R282/16; M347/19;R421/35;U490 AL/74;U499/72-3;U519/40; LS 10818/3. Th. r. Plain, thick-to verythick-walledfragments. (wall)0.019-0.030. D85/?; Bin D/33; G159/38; C169/20, 43; M171/10; N183/39; P271/5; R281 B/33, D/15; D301/17;J316/10-11;M321 Β/67-8; Μ328/7;J369 c/29; R421/33; S440/19; S459/47; T465/22; T484/13-14; U490 AM/234;U494 A/24-5; U496/5; U499/68-9; N503/41; S508/12; S509/54; U511 A2/74, Bi/30, B2/32; U519/43; U520/69, 71; A3014/19;A3017/1.

58. BASINSANDTUBS (FIG. 14.17,20-j)

These are verylargeopen shapes,made in a coarsefabriclikethatof thepithoi.They wereprobably vesselwas necessary. Theirclosestparallelsare used fora widevarietyofpurposeswherea heavy-duty withthe semi-coarsebasinsdescribedabove (43), fromwhichtheyare differentiated mainlyby their coarse fabric.In otherrespects,notablyin theirdimensionsand some of the details of form,the similarities are close. These apart,thereare no parallelsforsuch utilitarian pots in Laconia, though and fourthcenturyare knownfromAthens.218 It is a typelikelyto be comparableexamplesofthefifth foundwithoutmuchvariationthroughout theperiod. a. Heavy,flat-topped, squared rims(FIG.14.17,20-1) withverticalface, evertedfromin-curvingbody of deep form.The interiorof R281 D/14 is roughened thatit mayhave servedas a belowtherim,suggesting D. c.o.60-0.70. mortar. Their site associations indicate that some at least belong to the late archaic to early classical periods. Date: c.600-300? J224/19;R281D/14;M32iB/61;A3014/16. b. Heavy, flatbase (FIG. 14.17,22-3) with inwardslantingface,slightlyarticulatedfrombody.A large

Miniatures

versionofthemortarbase 42 j. D. (base)0.24-0.28. Unlike the mortarbases of similarshape, these bases apparently occurat leastas earlyas the5thcent, ifnotbefore. Date: £.600-300? R461A/5;R526/26. c. Heavy,flatbase (FIG.14.17,24-5) withdistinctive bevelevertedfromsplayingwall.D. (base)0.20. Theirsiteassociationsare unhelpful as evidencefor theirdatewithintheperiod. Date: c.600-300? A118A/19;Nl93/H>M321B/64.

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59. MINIATURE VOTIVES (FIG. 14.16, 23-34)

Miniaturevases of variouskinds,mainlylakainas,craters,skyphoi,mugs,kantharoi,aryballoi,and occur in huge numbersat mostLaconian sanctuaries,large and small.Their presence amphoriskoi, is a good indicator of cult activity.In spite of this theyhave attractedlittle attentionin most

215Christou (n. 213),pis 79, 81. 216Kaltsas 223-4,235nos.54-6, 6o, figs,n, 13-14,pl. 84 d-e.

217Sparkesand Talcott104nos. i^o-i, fig.iq, pl. 66. 218 Sparkesand Talcott217,366 no. 1848,pl. 88.

Archaicand Classical pottery85 evidenceforthepopularizationof cultin the archaicperiod. thoughtheyare striking publications,219 thoughthe periodof theirgreatest They are foundfromthe seventhuntilat least the thirdcentury, centuries.Their simplicity and oftencrudemanufacture was thelaterseventhto fifth makes popularity in mostcases.Here theyare subdividedbyshapewithoutdetaileddescriptions. accuratedatingdifficult a. Skyphoi(FIG.14.16,23):P261/38;R296/1. b. Kantharoi(FIG.14.16,2^-5):220j22i/6; J224/9;N415 a/4o(?),97,b/i(?). c. Mugs (fig. 14.16,26-7):221 N415A/41-2. d. Bowls:P260/2. e. Aryballoi(FIG.14.16,28): P260/1;N415A/39,98-9; A3018/96.

f. Pedestalled amphoriskoi (FIG. 14.16, 2g-jo):222 J215/9;Q360 F/12, 18, 20-1, 23-34, 36, 45> G/l5; i4;R427/27. J367/10-11, g. Pedestals(FIG.14.16,31-3), probablyfromf: Q360 F/14-16;K414B/15;N415A/43;s437/57;S524a/31· h. Indeterminate (FIG.14.16,34): B103A/41;P260/3; R296/32,33 + 48; Q360 F/37,AH/14;J367/10;N4!5 A/17, 44> 92, 102, B/20, 23, 43, 59; n4i6/3; ls 10395/1.

Tile the singlelargestcategoryof ceramicartefactfoundon sitesof the Althoughtileconstitutes archaicto classicalperiods,no systematic studyofitwas made. This was partlybecause study conditionof the and partlybecause of the veryfragmentary of the potterytook priority, thatso littlehas been publishedabout the basic roofingmaterials, material.It is regrettable thoughtheyare foundin suchabundanceon everyexcavation.Samplesof tilewereretained fromeverysite wheretheyoccur,allowingforfutureresearchin thisarea. The following are ofa generalkind,and summarizetheoverallimpression remarks gainedfromhandlingtile archaic to Roman of the from sites periods. fragments was that,on all buta fewspecialsites,onlypantilefragments observation The mostinteresting and ridge-tiles did withoutthecover-tiles thatnearlyall ruralroofedstructures occur,suggesting are theroof manner.223 The in Laconian the roofs tiled with associated onlyexceptions normally was found and ridge-tiling ofthetempleofZeus Messapeus,whereevidenceforbothcover-tiles site at the from a few cover-tile the sanctuary Phagiá(U3002);and part fragments during survey; The is thatthe for cult. also evidence where there is ofa ridge-tile implication (J367/8), fromJ367 classictypeofLaconianroofmaybe a featureonlyof religiousand perhapscivicarchitecture, couldbe roofedin a muchsimplerfashionwhichwas bothlesscostly and thatprivatebuildings of be assumedthat,in buildings It musttherefore buildersto construct. and easierforunskilled In thiscontextit is worthnotingthe and ridge-tiles. thiskind,pantilesalso servedas cover-tiles frequencyof pantiles on the early classical house at Kopanaki.224The disproportionate Arkadiamayalsobe noted.225 ofcovertileson at leastone sitein southern occurrence

219G. Dickins,'Excavationsat Sparta,1907:a sanctuaryon the Megalopolis road', BSA 13 (1906-7), 169-73, fig. 2; Buschorand von Massow 58-61, pl. 15; Droop 1929,106-9, fig.82; Lane 154-6; Catling,'Menelaion', 35, 38; Coulson 337»pl· 7· 8; Pelagattiand Stibbe1988,20, 24-5 nos. 17-20, figs.23-30; Stibbe,1MB 47-50, figs.97-126; Catling1990^, 177,pis 86 d,87 d; R. Catling(n. 4), 30-1,fig.6. 4; Phaklaris2 70 nos. 59-62, fig.20; Stibbe1993,90-2, figs.75-81; Stibbe, LDF34, 44, 49, figs.11-14,84, pis 3. 1-2; 7. 6; 8. 1-2.

220Cf. the handles in Buschorand von Massow pl. 15. 19 and 21;Droop 1929,fig.82 k,m. 221Cf. Buschor and von Massow 59, fig.40, pl. 15. 6-7, 12-13.

222Cf. Droop 1929, fig.82 Κ I. 223N. A. Terracottas Winter,GreekArchitectural fiom thePrehistoric totheEnd oftheArchaicPeriod(Oxford, 1993), 95-109, esp. 108-9. 224Kaltsaa 213-14; a cover tile is illustratedat pl. 80 b. "° Pikoulas 1988, 129.

86 Chapter14 Withinourperiodthereis littlevariationin thestandardpantile.A prominent featureis the occurs at the broad end of the concave that which must have servedto side, flange-and-groove minimizesurfacecontactbetweenthetileswheretheyoverlapped.However,it is notablethat the tilefromthe templeof Zeus Messapeuswas thickerand glazed to a higherqualitythan thatfromthe majorityof ruralagrariansites.The generalimpressionis thatthe qualityof manufacture deteriorates duringtheclassicalperiod.Archaicand earlyclassicaltilesare fired have black or reddishhard, carefullysquared edges,and are coated in fine,semi-lustrous brownpaint.226 the classical are late fired have bevelled or rounded softer, By period they in is and are coated It hard to detect in clear thin,washypaint. edges, any change thefabric, whichis anywayveryvariable.A smallsampleof tilesfromfivesiteswhichspan theperiod (P274,R275,S431,R456,U499)was examinedin detail.The appearanceoftheclayofmostlate archaicand earlyclassicaltilesis lightbrownto reddish-brown, sometimes or purplish-brown reddish(usuallyassociated withthe red-glazedexamples),most being even-firedthough exampleswitha distinctreddishcore occur. The temperusuallyincludessmall to large, reddish-brown or white,roundedinclusions(claypelletsor grog),sometimeswhite,reddish, grey,or black gritsand quartz. One distinctvarietycontainsa notableamountof smallto largecrushedschistas temper.The late classicaltileis generallysimilarin fabricbutincludes much paler,yellowish-brown varieties.There also seems to be a wider range of temper includinglime,quartz,schist,and thefamiliarreddishto black,roundedinclusions. Conclusions Althoughthepotteryfromthe surveycannotprovidethebasis fora completeunderstanding of the historyof Laconian potteryduringthe archaic and classical periods,it pointsthe directionwhichLaconian and otherregionalceramicstudiesshouldtake.There is muchstill to be learntabout the repertoireof shapes,theirdevelopment,and theirchronology. It is - the decorated thatthewell-studied areas ofLaconian pottery particularly noteworthy styles - are barely of Laconian I-V and especiallythe black-figured in thislarge style represented it showsjust how body of material.Althoughthe explanationmay partlylie in chronology, and irrelevant of this is where rural sites are concerned. unrepresentative pottery type Even ifmuchremainsto be learnt,thesurveypottery ofthe givesa good overallimpression constituentsof the typical Laconian rural domestic assemblages of the sixthto fourth centuries. Theircomposition, in whichall theprincipalcategoriesare present,mayreasonably be regardedas typicalof ruralsitesthroughout muchifnot all of Laconia. Small ruralsites encountered chance outside the area and theplain of Spartadisplaya remarkably by survey similarrangeofpotteryin all categories.This basic domesticassemblagealso compareswell withthe one publishedhabitationsite,at Kopanaki in northernMessenia,wherethereis a similarmixtureof table wares,mortarsand othertypesconnectedwithfoodpreparation, it is broadlysimilarto therangeofpotteryfoundin cookingwares,and pithoi.Furthermore, the topographicsurveyof the regionto the southof Megalopolis.Withthisin mind,some and couldusefully be testedin futureresearch. generalobservations maybe worthwhile the archaic to classical from the Treating pottery surveyas a singleassemblage,some sherds were to interesting pointsemerge.3,340 assigned thearchaic-classical periods.Of this

226It is notclearwhetherthe conditionsthatproducedthered-glazedtilesweredeliberateor accidental. oxidizingfiring

Archaicand Classical pottery87 numberthevastmajorityare finetablewares(2,644,or 79 per cent).Only about 20 per cent belong to the categoriesassociated with food preparationand storage. Cooking wares basins,etc.) 4.5 per cent(148 comprise10 per cent(338 sherds),semi-coarsewares(mortars, Miniatures make cent and (147sherds). up theremaining2 per cent(63 sherds), pithoi4.5 per is not of these The figures greatlyunderminedby the factthat sherds). generalvalidity collectionof the potteryon the siteswas selective;althoughthis has perhaps somewhat dominanceof the finetable wares,the objectiveof pottery accentuatedthe overwhelming collectionwas to includeall materialwithdiagnosticfeatures,notjust the paintedpieces. Amongthe finetable wares,smallopen shapes are mostnumerous(1,238,or 47 per cent). Large and mediumclosedshapesmakeup 31 per cent(811sherds),largeopen shapes 19 per cent(493 sherds),smallclosed shapes 2 per cent (63 sherds),and unassignableshapes 1 per cent (39 sherds).The cookingwares are not susceptibleto any usefulbreakdown.Mortars predominate among the semi-coarse wares (66, or 45 per cent), with basins and vesselsaccountingfor23 per cent (34 sherds)and 25 per cent (37 sherds) storage/transport strainers/sieves comprisethe remainder(11,or 7 per cent).These proportions respectively; sherds siteswheremore than fifty correspondfairlywell withthosefoundon single-period were attributedto types.Table wares normallyaccount for 70-85 per cent of the site of assemblage,thoughin a fewcases it fallsas low as 60 per cent.Althoughtheproportions the otherwares are more variable fromsite to site,cookingwares are usuallythe most numerous.Mortarsare foundon a largenumberofsites,butrarelydo morethanone or two occuron any but the largestsites,whosepopulationis assumedto have been greaterthana singlehousehold.The numbersofpithoiare morevariablethanany of the othercategories, thatstorageof agricultural producein quantityon ruralsiteswas not a universal suggesting their on account of However, relatively highvalue,allowancemustalso be made for practice. theremovalofintactpithoiwhensiteswerepeaceablyabandoned. Withinthe categoryof tablewaresthereis a wide rangeofvesseltypessuitableforeating and storageofliquids.The largest forthemixingofwine,and forthetransport and drinking, numberconsistsof small open shapes whose principalfunctionmusthave been forthe consumptionof food and drink.The commonestshapes are two-handledbowls of various whichperhapshad a specialrole in diningceremony stemmedcups (kylikes) kinds(skyphoi), and religiousritual,mugs,and shallowdishes.Unusualshapes,suchas thepyxisand lekanis, probablyhad specialritualuses and werenotpartof thetypicalassemblage.The largeopen shapescan be dividedintotwo main groups.Cratersand dinoiwereused forthe mixingof wineand,likethecups,are probablyto be associatedwithdiningceremonial.The bell-craters are and lekanesare morelikelyto have been used forservingfood;mostof the bell-craters a have formed to seem bowls. for use as too small large Hydrias wine-mixing probably proportionof the large closed shapes,and were presumablyused forcarryingand storing waterand wine.Amphorasseem,by comparison,to have been uncommon.Whileoinochoës fromthe trefoilmouth,it is muchharderto identify can be recognizedby fragments jugs in sherdform;however,it is likelythat these two shapes account formany of the handles groupedundertype37, and thatbothwereregularamongthetableware.Two othershapes, the flask the flaskand stamnos,are muchless commonand probablyhad specialfunctions, the is closed small The common an container. used as oil aryballos, shape only probablybeing to one sanctuarysite(N415);it seemsto have had no use in a whichitselfis largelyrestricted domesticsetting. shapes,because in Verylittlecan be said about thespecialuses of anyofthecooking-ware mostcases theircompleteformremainsunknown.The onlyfamiliarshape is thechytra,the

88 Chapter14 standardcooking-pot used forsettingdirectlyon thefireor shape of mostregions,evidently on a pot-stand.Unfortunately, it will rarelybe possible,even amongexcavatedmaterial,to restoreany of thesecooking-wareshapes because of theirverythinwalls. It is noticeable amongthe findsfromthe Menelaionand Tsákona excavationsthatthe numberof cookingware rimsand handlesis not proportionate withthe numberof body sherds,implyingthat mostofthebodysherdshavedisintegrated. as an Amongthislargebody of potteryonlyone piece (see 3) can plausiblybe identified This should as come no when the inland location of the import. surprise surveyregionis with the socio-economic conditions Laconia to that considered, together peculiar discouraged tradewiththe outsideworld.Afterthe earlysixthcenturythereis virtuallyno imported potteryfoundin Spartaitself,and ifimportsdid not reachthe citytheyare unlikelyto have foundtheirway to thehinterland. All thepotteryseemsto have been made in Laconia and, one mightreasonablyassume,mostlyin thevicinity of Sparta,themain centreofpopulation and consumptionin the region, which has also produced some evidence for pottery in thearchaicperiod.227 manufacture No evidenceofproduction was foundin thesurveyarea, with the of has in nor, exception Sparta, anybeen foundelsewhere Laconia fortheGeometric, archaic,and classicalperiods.The occurrenceofexportedLaconianpotteryin manypartsof theMediterranean was locatedcloseto thecoast,perhaps mightsuggestthatsomeproduction in the area of Gytheion.It is particularlytemptingto thinkthat the archaic transport amphorasattributedto Laconia,228yet so farneverfoundthere,were produced at a site remotefromtheplainofSpartaand closeto thesea. The size and geography oftheregion,in whichcommunications betweenlocal centreswere difficult, favoursa local ratherthan a centralizedsystemof productionforcertaincategoriesof ceramics,especiallythe largeand heavyitemssuchas pithoiand tiles. At variouspointsin theforegoing the influenceofAtticpotteryon Laconian has typology been observed(e.g.types3, 16-17, 20, 27 m and p5 29 b and d9 and 36 1). This seemsnot to have been feltbeforethe mid-fifth century.Up untilthis date Laconian potteryhad ratheridiosyncratic lines,producinga recognizable, developedverymuchalongindependent is strongand externalinfluences regionalstylein whichtheinfluenceoflocal metalwork only occasionallydetectable.In the sixthand earlyfifthcenturiesit is much easier to tracethe influenceof Laconian ceramicson otherregions,especiallythose(suchas Messenia,partsof southernArkadia,and Triphylia) knownto havebeen subjectto Spartanpoliticaland military control. Even after the mid-fifthcenturyLaconian potteryretains many distinctive manifestedin shapes such as the large mugs.However,at the same time characteristics, contact withtheoutsideworldled to a progressive dilutionofthesecharacteristics, increasing so thatby the laterfourthcenturyLaconia was littlemore than a producerof provincial versionsof typeswidespreadin muchof the Greekworld.This trendtowardsuniformity is commonto nearlyall regionswhichhad possessedtheirown distinctive ceramicstylesin the archaicperiod,and is mirrored in craftsotherthanthatofthepotter.An explanationforthe Atticinfluencesfeltin the mid-fifth whichbegan thisprocessof convergence,is century, to be in found in the worldbeyondthe confinesof involvement perhaps Sparta's growing Laconia and thePéloponnèse;but thegeneraltendencyto conformity in thematerialculture oftheGreekworldin theclassicaland laterperiodscannotbe overlooked.

227Christou (n. 213), 137-9.

228See Pelagatti 1992, 133-8; Johnston (n. 200), 358-62.

Archaicand Classical pottery89 The evidencethatthepottery amongthesurveysites assemblagesprovidefordifferentiation is discussed elsewhere(see Volume I). Here it is sufficientto remarkupon the general similarity among the majorityof theseassemblages,and to emphasizethe clear distinction The latterare distinguished notso muchbytheabsence and sanctuaries. betweensettlements as by theoccurrenceofcertainspecialshapes,ofwhich ofpotterytypesfoundon settlements butfar votivevasesare thetwomostobvious.Cups also havea strong, aryballoiand miniature fromexclusiveassociationwithsanctuaries.Potterywhichis normallyconsideredtypicalof such as cookingwares,mortars,strainers,and sometimespithoi,can also be settlements, farfromuniform, ofsanctuaryassemblagesare themselves present.However,theconstituents associated ritual practices,as well as its dependingupon the nature of the cult and its in thereligiouslifeofthewholecommunity. importance Withthe exceptionof a fewseventh-century sherds,none of the archaic-classicalpottery fromthesurveycan be datedearlierthanthesixthcenturyBC.Even allowingforgaps in our thereare no groundsfordoubt settlement pottery, knowledgeofeighth-and seventh-century littlethatcan be datedwithconfidencein thereis comparatively on thispoint.Furthermore, The vast majorityseemsto belongto the periodafterthe the firsthalfof the sixthcentury. middleof thatcentury.Althoughsome upwardrevisionof thisdate may resultfromour ofLaconian black-glazedwares,it willnotgreatly ofthechronology improvedunderstanding conclusion. affect thisfundamental

15 THE HELLENISTIC POTTERY HeleenVisscher in Laconia. In fine During the Hellenistic period,1local waresseemto predominate in fromotherplaces(specifically Athens waresSpartaseems, partat least,to be different to datethepottery fromSparta,and evenharderto and Corinth).2 Thismakesitdifficult datethelocal Laconianware,especiallybecausethestudyofthelatteris based on worn and quite oftentinysherds.There are further problems,to do withdatingthrough contextshas not foundin good datedPeloponnesian pottery parallels.Much hellenistic ware,cookingware, yetbeenstudied,letalonepublished;thisappliesnotonlyto kitchen and pithoi,butalso to fineware.Thus theunstudiedcollections keptin museumsonly in thehellenistic period,and do givean idea oftherangeofshapesand fabricsoccurring notproducea reliablebasisformoreexactdates.Another problemconcernsthefactthat noteverygood dated(and published)contextcontainsall thetypesthatare presentat thetime;forinstance,in Corinthveryfewfine-ware jugs of thehellenistic periodhave whilein othercontexts(suchas theDipylonCisternat Athens)plain-ware beenfound,3 The finalproblemdeservingof mentionhere is thathardlyany jugs predominate.4 contexts materialfromlatehellenistic (post-86BC,whenAthenswas sackedbySulla)has eventhoughthematerialis to hand(e.g.at Argos)and showsthatin the beenpublished, BCthereis an important first change.New,usuallyangularshapesappear,which century are wellmadeand coveredwitha thickredglaze,whileat thesametimetheold shapes no exampleshavebeenfoundof continueto be producedor used.In Laconia,however, the typicalpotteryof the late hellenisticperiod, and it seems that the old styles continued. theAgoraatAthens Koroniin material is from The best-dated (downto86 BC),5 published of the to the sack of the the Attica(280-260BC),6andCorinth (from beginning cityin period for The material from turns out to be useful 146BC).7 Argos very gainingan unpublished the the same into the local that exist styles may throughout Péloponnèse; appliestothe insight from which is material partially published.8 Mycenae, 1

Datingconventions: = generalhellenistic hellenistic ι = fromc. end of4thcent,to c.ioo BC hellenistic = fromc. end of4thcent,to c.200BC hellenistic early = c.200-100 BC middlehellenistic = post-100BC latehellenistic 2 R. V Nicholls,'Laconia: Sparta',BSA 45 (1950),282-98, at p. 290. 3 Edwards ff. 49 4 See Braun.

5 Braun; S. G. Miller,'Menon's cistern', Hesp.43 (1974), 195-245;Metzger;Rotroff 1982;Rotroff 1983;Thompson. 6 E. Vanderpool, J. R. McCredie, and A. Steinberg, 'Koroni:a Ptolemaiccamp on theeast coastofAttica',Hesp. 31 (1962),26-61. ' Edwards. 8 W. W. Rudolph,'Hellenisticfineware potteryand lamps fromabove the House withthe Idols at Mycenae', BSA 73 (1978),213-33.

92 Chapter 15

The datingof the Laconian potteryis based on similaritieswithillustratedpublished fromwell-datedsitesas mentionedabove,and also on bothpublishedand pottery, preferably material studiedbytheauthorforthepurposeofthischapter.Owingto thesmall unpublished and theirverywornstate,thedatesare verygeneraland should size ofthestudiedfragments be consideredpreliminary. Since storagevesselshave hardlybeen publishedand/orstudied, and cookingware and kitchenware onlyin part,the datesfortypesin thosewaresis based withtheassociatedfinds. mainlyon thefabricin combination Table

Wares (1-20)

FABRICS

During the hellenisticperiod the same fabricsused fortable ware are also oftenused for kitchenware and occasionallyforstoragevessels.The tablewarefabricsare dividedintofour maingroups(Α-D), each consisting a to d). The ofup to foursubgroups(indicatedbysuffixes the raw the main information about the from whereas subgroupsgive pastesprepared clay, The indicates the and its surface treatment. subgroupsare grouping resultingproduct then each main is described explainedfirst, group separately. Subgroups

(a) A very fine clay,containing only a few tinymica and matt grits.Its use is restrictedto table ware, mainlywithinmain groups A and F, though occasionally withinmain groups Β and C. A medium-fineto medium clay; same inclusions as (a), though frequentlyslightlylarger; occasional (b) schistand shinygrits;some lime. It occurs in each main group. (c) Similar to (b), but of medium coarseness. It, too, occurs in each main group. (d) A medium to medium-coarse structurewith the same inclusions as (b) and (c). A small group, only occurringin main groups A, C, and Ε Subgroups (b) and (c) representthe largestgroups of clays used duringthe period. Main groups

FabricA. The largestgroup,formingmostof the glazed, painted,or slippedwares as well as a few unglazed vessels. It is medium-hard(though the hardness varies), normallyevenly fired,and 2.5 YR 6/8, 5 YR 6/4, and 2.5 Y 6/2). Surfaces (respectively orange,dull orange or yellowish-grey tend to be smooth.The glazes associatedwiththisfabricare of variable quality,thickshinyblack to brown; the red varies fromthickto thin.A combinationof black throughmattblackish-grey and red also occurs. On painted or slipped ware the colours of the paint and clay are usuallythe same. FabncB. A smallergroupthan (A), mainlyused forunglazedvessels.Its basic paste comes from evenlyand unevenlyfiredexamplesseemto be equallycommon.When subgroups(a-c). Medium-hard; evenlyfiredit tendsto be orange(5 YR 6/6), thoughthereare variations(5 YR 7/6 and 10 YR 5/2). Unevenlyfiredexamples(e.g.N430/2)usuallyhave oxidizedoutersurfaces.The smoothedsurfacesare softwitha soapyfeel,and showsmallvesicles. FabncC. Mainlyusedforunglazedvessels.Medium-hardto hard,itis usuallyevenlyfiredand orange vesicles.The (5 YR 6/8),thoughvariationsoccur.The surfacesshowsmall(occasionallymedium-sized) and easilyabraded. surfaceis gritty FabncD. The smallestgroup.Made in a clay of subgroup(b) or (c), it is hard to veryhard. The smoothed surfaceshave a soapy feel and show small vesicles. Both evenly and unevenlyfired examples are common. It is usually orange (5 YR 6/6-6/8), occasionally brightreddish-brown (2.5 YR5/8).

Hellenisticpottery93 OPEN

SHAPES

I. PLATES (FIG. 15.1, 1-5)

Platesare quite commonduringthe hellenistic period,and the evidenceof the excavationat Koroni which dates from has revealed thatplateswithverydifferent 280-260 BC, (Attica), profileswerein use at the same time.9They are relatively thin,withsteep and straightwalls,when comparedwiththe towardsthe rim.Most are walled,shallowplatesof the classicalperiod,whichcurvestrongly heavy10 (ST ti2; ST U3) glazed,fullyor in part. a. (FIG. 15.1, /) Plate with inward-rolledrim (D. 0.18-0.30) withroundededge on straightor slightly convexwall. T470/5has a horizontalgrooveon outerface. Date: hellenistic.(The general hellenisticdate is based on the wide time-spansuggestedby associated findsand parallels.)11 E76/11-13; A119/7; G159/3; G162/1; N186/8; J229/3,21; R281 B/4; R422 D/16; R454/2; T470/5; (ST ti2; ST ti3.a) U490x/i. b. (FIG. 15.1, 2) Plate with outward-rolledrim (D. 0.30-0.34)on straight, steepwall. Horizontalgrooveon innerrim. Date: hellenistic.12 (ST ti3.d) H45a/i; S436/1;I438/3. c. (FIG.15.i, 3) Platewithupturnedrim(D. 0.19-0.25), whichmaybe flat(H45.14/7; M348/18;lq.08/3;T467/4) or ridged(K201/2;S466b/i),on shallowwall. T467/4has redglaze. Date: hellenistic.13 H45.14/7;K201/2;R281 b/i, 4; M348/18;lq.08/3; (ST ti3.a; ST ti3.b) S466 b/i; T467/4. rim (D. d. (FIG. 15.i, 4-5) Plate withinward-folded and which is downturned 0.18-0.26) protrudeson outerand/or innerface.

Glaze badlyworn. Date: hellenistic (end of3rdcent.BCand later?)14 N192/18;K204B/2;R469/2,4; U516a/io. (ST t3.c) e. Plate withevertedhorizontalrim (D. 0.18-0.20), usuallyfurrowed,thoughit may be plain (Q181/1); stronglycurvingbody wall. P284 F/4 has a straight wall. Date: hellenistic 1 (Q181/1; N186/1),middle to late hellenistic(P284 F/2). The shape has parallels in the much smaller saucer with furrowedrim, popular in the hellenisticperiod and presentin the Athenian Agora. Gradually the curving profile changes into a straightwall; the furrowedrim may become plain.15 Q181/1;N186/1;P284F/2. (ST t3.a) broad rimwith f. Platewithevertedand downturned body.The fabricis plain edge (D. 0.35) on a straight and hard-fired. gritty Date: earlyhellenistic.16 (ST ti3-f) Example:L406/3. 2. SAUCER

Rolled rim (D. 0.12) on slightlyconvex (upper) wall. No glaze preserved. Date: hellenistic.17 (ST 1:14) Example: U490 AX/9.

3. DISH (FIG. 15. 1, 6-y)

The to be associatedwithcertainty. Includedin thiscategoryare a numberof sherdstoo fragmentary rim Most and sizes a of dishes with varied covers (D. 0.25-0.50). examples range profiles, forms, shape but theglaze is poorlypreservedand it is not alwaysclearwhetherit was wereprobablyblack-glazed, originally appliedto one or bothsurfaces.Some werered-glazed.The subtypesare createdon basisof therimform. (ST U3)

9 Vanderpooletal. (n. 6). 10Edwards 35-6; Rotroff 1983,268; Thompson432-5. 11Parallels: Argos C-23415; Athens,Agora A 2, 70, C 1 (c.260,150,and 175-150BC; Thompson,figs.2, 28, 115-16); Piraeuscistern5 (c.225-150BC;Metzger,fig.1);CorinthC-3429 (200 BC;Edwards,pl. 4. 45). Cf. also 2. 12Parallels: ArgosC-23415;Berenice120.1 (Kenrick,fig.16); Corinthc-46-66,C-47-354(c.146BC;Edwards,pl. 4. 45). 13 cf.also 1 d. Onlyone unpublished parallel,ArgosC-801174;

14Cf. 1 c; also Athens, Agora C 63, 65 (c.175-150 BC; Thompson, fig. 122); Piraeus cistern 37 (c.225-150 BC; Metzger,fig.2); Berenice118.4,120.2(Kenrick,fig.16). 15 Thompson'sgroupsA, C, and Ε (A 3-5, C 2, Ε 27-32). Changing profile: Thompson 435. Other parallels: Thompson'ssaucerA 38 (c.260BC;ibid.,figs.3, 117).N186/1: ArgosC-23322,C-23413. lbCf. Corinth 031-151(c.300BC;Edwards,pl. 5. 46). 17Cf. the larger1 a (ST ti2).

94 Chapter15 a. Small dish with everted and downturned broad rim withplain edge (D. 0.25-0.28); concave wall. Two thin horizontal grooves on outer rim. Date: hellenistici.18 (ST tiß.e) Example: Bin D/13; R422 B/7. b. Dish with carinated, out-curved rim. Profile of J210/2 largely preserved. Carinated, out-curved rim (D. 0.45) with flat,verticaledge on straightwall. Two incised lines on upper face of rim; horizontal band of stampedintertwined'S' shapes on innersurface. Date: hellenistic 1 (based mainly on the fabrics and associated finds). J210/2;Π1338/4. (ST ti3.g) c. (FIG. 15. 1, 6-y) Large dish with inward- or outward-rolledrim (D. 0.33-0.50, but note h6i/i 0.22, R281 A/5 0.24), which protrudes slightly on inner (K407/1) or outer (J216/1)face. Outer face of rim may be flat (H45 H/28; H45.14/15; U490 AG/12), flat and bevelled (D85/32; Π1326/4; K407/1; 1^408/2; K419/1), carinated (F142/2; J216/1; I438/4), or slightlyconvex (h6i/i; d95/3; R281 A/2, 4-6; R281 c/6; U488/3). Frequent decoration of horizontal grooves on rim: K407/1 (one on inner face of rim); D85/32, H45.14/15 (one on outer face); I438/4 (two on outer face); H45 H/28 (two on upper outer wall). D85/32 red-glazed. Date: hellenistic.19 H45 H/28; H45.14/15; 61/1; D85/32; 95/3; F142/2; J216/1; R281 A/2, 4-6; 111326/4; K407/1; 1^408/2; (ST t13.l1) K419/1; I438/4; U488/3; U490 AG/12. d. Large dish with rolled rim (D. 0.35-0.50) with plain edge, protruding on outer face of equally thick, slightlyconcave wall. Usually broad, horizontal groove on inner face of rim (though U491/6 has four); U490 BC/9 has one on outer face. U490 BC/9 and U491/6 red-glazed. 6. ECHINUS BOWL (FIG. 15.1, 10)

Date: hellenistic.20 M321 B/73; R472/1; U490 BC/9; U491/6.

(ST tiß.i)

e. Large dish with D-shaped rim (D. 0.35); slightly convex, thinwall. Date: hellenistic. (ST ti3.j) M349/170; U486/9. 4. SKYPHOS Slightly out-curved (D85/24; J232/2; R281 B/5) or sharply out-turned (A120/2) rim (D. 0.08-0.1 1); steep, concave, almost verticalwall (Th. 0.004). Fairly thick, shiny glaze on both surfaces, giving well-finishedappearance. Date: (late classical-) early hellenistic.The skyphos is very common in the classical period; the type continues into the hellenistic period, but is replaced by the Megarian bowl which, in Athens and Corinth, is produced fromc.225 BC.21 D85/24; C114/18; A118B/1;A120/2; N186/3; J232/2; R281 B/5. (ST 14) 5. KANTHAROS(FIG. 15.I, 8-9) Wall (Th. 0.005) maY simply curve (B111/2+ 6) or be carinated (n186/36 + 37). Upper outer body decorated with broad, vertical incisedlines;traceson Ni86/35 ofbroad verticalincisions· rising to three small horizontal grooves. May have moulded ring foot (K205/2, D. 0.07). Usually glazed on outersurface.Inner surfacenot as wellpolishedas outer. Date: (late classical-) earlyhellenistic.The production of kantharoistops at the end of the thirdor beginningof the second century BC as a result of the growing popularityof the Megarian bowl, and fewkantharoiare presentin contextsof the second centuryBC.22 H24/5; H32/55 Bm Ζ2 + Φ Bm °/355 AII8 c/29; A120/14; K141/12; M172/21; N186/35, 36 + 37; K205/2; M327/16; U490 AF/76; U490 AG/73. (ST t6)

rimand convexbodyon highringfoot,varyinggreatlyin size. In-curving

(ST tio)

a. (FIG.15.1, 10) Small echinusbowl. In-curvingrim (D. 0.065-0.10) may be plain (A118 e/i; A120/1; J210/19)or pointed(D85/35; F147/1).J210/19has a highringfootand thin(0.002)floor.

U490 AX/15:narrowincisedhorizontalgrooveon outerrim.Usuallyglazedon bothsurfaces. 1 (c.300-150BC).The echinusbowl Date: hellenistic and Roman times. is producedin classical,hellenistic,

18Parallel:Areos02 24.^6. 19Parallel:Berenice120.4,i2O.<s(Kenrick,fig.16). 20Parallels: cf. c and lekane 11 e (0359/1, 3). Roman 3 parallel:Berenice118.5(Kenrick,fig.16). 21Few skyphoiare presentin the Agora: see Thompson's groupA (260 BC);thereare none in theothergroups(240 BC and later). (Edwards 66-8; Rotroff1983, 264; Thompson

432.) Parallelsfor4: Mycenae 59-199 (laterthan £.290BC; Rudolph(n. 6), fig.7, pl. 28). 22Edwards 71-2; Rotroff1983, 264; Thompson 434. Parallels for 5: Corinth C-47-77,C-40-469 (300-250 BC; Edwards,pl. 14. 51). K205/2:CorinthC-60-70,C-47-122(275 and 225 BC; Edwards, pl. 15. 53). Decoration, N186/35: CorinthC-47-66(kantharos, c.300BC;Edwards,pl. 15.52).

Hellenisticpottery95 formmaybe distinguished The hellenistic byitssteep profile(as J210/19),not as shallow as the earlier examplesoftheclassicalperiod.23 D85/35;A118E/1;A120/1;F147/1;0,181/7;J210/19; (ST tio.b) U490AX/15. b. Large echinusbowl. In-curved(A100/2,9; U519/4)

or in-turned(H45 c/i; F144/1; R422 a/6) rim (D. 0.22-0.28),witheitherpointed(A100/9)or plain (H45 c/i; A100/2;F144/1;U519/4)edge. Date: hellenistic ι; Α100/2: middle to late hellenistic.24 H45 c/i; A100/2,9; F144/1;N186/11;R422 a/6; (ST tio.c) U519/4.

BOWL(FIG. 15.1,II-14) 7. MEGARIAN

The decorationschemesare: (i) imbricatelongpetalswithroundedtops,belowtwohorizontalgrooves parallelto theplain rim(S436/2;U490AM/62);(ii) an imbricatemotifof singlelongpetals,each partly coveredby a calyxof leaves below one horizontalline (M321/33);(iii) imbricatesmallfernsor pinecones(P284F/30);(iv)a floralmotifwitha calyxofleaves,abovewhicha smallpartremainsofanother to showmorethanthehorizontal motif, perhapsa figure(R281B/19).One exampleis too fragmentary varies(0.003-0.005).All examplesare glazed in groovesoutsidebelow the rim(E55/1).Wall thickness brownish-black and out;theglazevariesfromthick,shiny, (S436/2)to thinmattblack(P284F/30). Date: after225 BG;S436/2and U490 AM/62maybe laterthan 150BC. The 'Megarian'mouldmade bowl is a new shape that(in Athens)is producedfrom£.225BC. There are severaldecorativemotifs, but the imbricatelongpetalsmaybe later(after150 mostof whichare producedfromthebeginning, is producedin Athens).The othermotif BC; fromthenon thelong-petalmotif,thoughnot imbricate, to after 86 BC. is from Athens,Corinth,Argos) produced £.225 (elsewhere: The qualityoftheglaze cannotbe used fordatingthesebowls,as good-quality examplesoccurin the firstcenturyBC, bad in the third.25Imbricatesmall-ferns(as on P284 F/30) are used as the only decorativemotifon bowlsthatare producedfrom225 BC on, and are stillpresentin Athensin 86 BC. But the motifalso may be combinedwithfloralor figuredbowls,whichhave a shorterperiod of BC.26 £.225-146 production, Bin R281 (ST t8) D/36; B/19;P2^4 p/3°jM321/33;S436/2;U490AM/62. E55/1; 8. KYATHOS

Plainrim(Th. 0.003) on roundbody. Horizontalincisedline on outerrim,twoon inner. Mattblackglaze on bothsides. Date: hellenistic 1,middlehellenistic.27 (ST t5) Example: J229/1. 9. BOWLWITHOUT-TURNEDRIM (FIG. 15.1, ij)

(G159/2;N186/7). Usuallyglazedin and out. Date: hellenistic.Elsewhere the bowl with outturnedrimis quite popularduringthe period.They are presentin bothearlyand latecontexts.28 H45.14/10;Bin F/28; G159/1-2;0,181/5;N186/7; (STti.a) K233/5;t467/i.

Out-turnedrim(D. 0.08-0.12),whichmaybe pointed

23Edwards 29-31; Rotroff1983, 265. Parallels: J210/1: CorinthC-53-260,C-34-22(300 and 175BC; Edwards,pl. 2. 44). F147/1:Mycenae64-467,62-429(3rdcent.BC; Rudolph (n. 6), fig.3, pl. 28). U490 AX/15:CorinthC-60-65(£.250BC; Edwards,pl. 2. 44). J210/19:Berenice 123.10(Kenrick,fig. 17),CorinthC-34-22(175BC;Edwards,pl. 2. 44). 24Parallels: Athens, Agora A 14-16, 20 (c.260 BC; Thompson,fig.3). A100/2:Athens,Agora D 8-9 (c.150-110 BC;ibid.figs.55, 117).See also n. 23. 25See Rotroff 1982. Parallels:E55/1,S436/2,U490 AM/62: Athens,Agora 344 (c.100-86 BC; Rotroff1982, pl. 62. 87). M321/33:Sparta Υ (Μ. Β. Hobling,'Excavationsat Sparta, 1924-25 and 1925: Greek relief-warefrom Sparta, I. mouldedwares:Megarianbowls',BSA 26 (1923-5),277-310,

fig.2). P284 F/30: Athens,Agora, nos 24, 93, 242 (Rotroff 1982,pl. 4. 16, 47); Sparta typeg (Hobling (above), fig.5). R281B/19:Athens,Agora228 (c.225-175BC;Rotroff 1982,pl. 44); CorinthC-47-237(c.146BC;Edwards,pl. 67). 26Rotroff 1982,11-18. 27 Kyathoiusuallyhavea flatbase, ofthesame typeas dealt with under type 19 c. Parallels: Athens,Piraeus cistern BC;Metzger,fig.4, pl. 10). 68-70 (£.225-150 28 e.g. in Agora depositswithmaterialfrom350-250 BC, and in Thompson'sgroupΕ (c.iio-86 BC).(Rotroff 1983,265; Thompson 435.) Parallels: Athens,Agora A 71 (c.150 BC; Thompson,figs.3, 117);KolonosAgoraios(Menon'scave) 92 1983,fig.4; Mycenae64-428(290-150 (c.150-110BC; Rotroff BC;Rudolph(n. 6), fig.4, pl. 28).

96 Chapter 15 ίο. cups and/or bowls (fig. 15.1,16-ig) A rangeof mouldedbases and loop handles,clearlybelongingto cups or bowls,cannotbe classified withcertainty to a particulartypeand are listedbyshape. (ST ti) a. (FIG.15.i, 16) Cup or bowlwithhorizontal,slightly tiltedloop handleofcircularshape; in section,handle is oval (T467/9),D-shaped(R422B/13),or triangular. Mostare glazed. Date: hellenistic 1 (mainly by association and fabric).The handlesmaybelongto vesselsof types4 or 11. C114/19+ 23; M177/3;K205/1; M357/7-8; R422 B/13;S436/22;S436/33;T467/9. (ST -i.b)

b. (FIG.15.1,17-19)Cup or bowlon mouldedringfoot (D. 0.05-0.10) supportingsteep body (maybelongto tableamphora). U511c/14 is red-glazedin,black-glazedout. 1 (theexamplesseemto Date: hellenistic/hellenistic be mainlyhellenistic i).29 H45.14/28;A118B/45; A119/18;A119/19;M175/3; F145/3;J232/5;M348/65; M353/18;T467/3; U486 A/12;U511C/14. (ST -i.c)

II. LEKANE(FIGS. I5.I, 20-J, 15.2, I-j)

Large,deep vessel,usuallyon ringfoot;mayhavea verticalloop handleclose underrim.Innersurface bettertreatedthanouter.Most are black-glazed, on bothsurfacesor onlyon inner;a feware frequently on A outer surface a few are broad glazed only; red-glazed. rangeof rimformsare used. The general ofthelekaneformcan be tracedfromtheshapeoftherim.The earlierrimis evertedand development convextop; the outeredge may be horizontal,oftenhavingdecorativegrooveson its flator slightly downturned. The rimand/oredge of the laterones of the secondcenturyBC is sharplybent slightly down.)30 (ST t47) a. (fig. 15.1, 20-1) Lekane with slightlythickened,outcurvedrim (D. 0.22-0.35), downturned,plain edge (11486 a/6) and steep,straightwall, thoughD85/31 is carinated. May have a single horizontal groove on outer rim (U486 a/6). J229/22 is glazed on outer surface only, T467/2 has both red and black glaze. Date: hellenistici.31 D85/31; A118 B/7; A118 E/2; J229/22; R422 A/7; T467/2; T470/4; U486 A/6; U491/8. (ST t47.a) b. (FIG. 15.1, 22-3) Lekane with everted horizontal rim (D. 0.25-0.40) with flat top and plain (H32/1) or slightlydownturned (S436/3) edge. Frequently horizontal grooves on rim (H32/1). F137/1:red-glazed. Date: hellenistic1 (probably 3rd cent. BC).32 F14/4; H32/1; H32/2; H45 g/i; E76/1; F133/1;F137/1; F143/2;G159/4;0,181/2-3,8; N186/2;J224/15;R281 B/3; M321B/4; M348/3;M362/2;R422 D/15; N430/30;S436/3; S466A/5,B/8; U511c/4; U516A/5;U517/1. (ST ttfty

29Parallels: 4- 5, cf. also 18; Athens,Agora Β 3 (c.240BC; BC;Metzger, Thompson,fig.16);Piraeuscistern63 (£.225-150 figs.4-5; CorinthC-47-75,291,C-34-394(Edwards,pis 15-16. 52-3);Mycenae14-15(Rudolph(n. 6), fig.3, pl. 28). 30 Thompson468-70. 01Parallels: Athens,Agora A 79 (c.150BC; Thompson,fig. 122); Berenice 69.1 (withcarinatedwall, but not as large: Kenrick,fig.8).

c· Lekane with everted, slightlydownturned rim (D. 0.35-0.45); convex top and plain (D85/29) or flat (J213/2)edge. Date: hellenistici.33 D85/29; ano/i; K153/1; J213/2; M348/1, 16; (ST 147) T471/38; U490 AM/21;U511 B/21. d. (FIG. 15.2, /) Lekane with everted, downturned rim (D. 0.33-0.40, but note N186/4: 0.22); flat top and plain (J229/12)or flat(M348/1) edge. Date: hellenistic(2nd cent. BC?).34 (ST t47.c) H45.12/5; N186/4;J229/12;S436/8. e. (FIG. 15.2, 2) Lekane with everted, diagonally upward-everted rim (D. 0.35-0.40) with outwardfolded edge. Q359/3 has horizontal groove on rim. Glazed on inner surfaces;Q359/3 has red and black glaze. Date: hellenistic(later than c.200 BC?).35 (ST H7-b) Q359/1*3·

32Parallels:cf. 23 (D85/40);Athens,Agora A 59, 61 (t.260 BC;Thompson,fig.122);see n. 66. 33Parallels: cf. 21 a (K242/17); Athens, Agora C 61-3 (c.175-150 BC; Thompson, fig. 122); Piraeus cistern 80 (t.225-150BC;Metzger,fig.5); Corinthc-47-129(coarse-ware crater;t.300BC;Edwards,pl. 21.59). See n. 61. J4See n. 3*. 35Cf.dish and Roman 3 type3.

Hellenistic pottery 97 f. (FIG.15.2,3) Lekane withhorizontalloop handle. The handlesrisesharply(J213/6;U511A/59)or only (D85/2;J216/4;M327/18+ 25 + 28; L406/5; slightly T465/6). They may be circular in section (D85/2; J216/4;U511A/59),oval (N186/22;L406/5),or J213/6; oval and ridged(M327/18+ 25 + 28; T465/6). Surface treatmentvaries from careful (D85/2;

J213/6;M327/18+ 25 + 28; T465/6; U511A/59) to rough(J216/4).Usuallyglazed, U511A/59w^h both blackand red;L406/5is unglazed. Date: hellenistic.36 D85/2; Bin A/38-9; N186/22; J213/6;J216/4; M327/18+ 25 + 28; L406/5;T465/6;U511A/59. (STt47.e)

12. CRATER(FIG. 15.2,4-5)

The fewcratersregisteredare black-glazed.It seems thatthe cratersof the classicalperiod hardly continueintothehellenistic period;theyare notpresentin contextslaterthan250 BC,and onlya few contextsof the AthenianAgora.37They are groupedby rimand base are presentin earlyhellenistic form. (ST Γ46) a. (FIG. 15.2, 4) Crater with out-turned,thick, horizontalrim(0.45) withconvextop and protrusion on inner face; thin, steep body wall. Thin, matt brownish-black glaze. Date: hellenistic (2ndcent.BCor later?).38 (ST t46.c) Example:J229/10. b. (FIG. 15.2,5) Craterwithflaringpedestalfoot(d.

0.09-0.15),witheithermouldedor plain verticaledge (R469/1+ 6; A119/1;U491/52).Thin floor;withthe exceptionofR469/1+ 6, bodyrisessteeplyfromfoot. R469/1 + 6 is noticeablyfiner,and its body more shallow,thanotherexamplesof thistype.Horizontal ridgeatjunctionoffootand body. Date: (lateclassical-)earlyhellenistic.39 (ST t46.e) A119/1;R469/1+ 6; U491/52.

13. DEEP OR SHALLOWOPENVESSELSON TALLRINGBASES40(FIG. 15.3, I-j)

This headingis used forvesselson tall ringbases (e.g.M174/16;M327/13)thatusuallybelongto open typessuchas cups,bowls(includingthelargervarietiessuch as lekanaiand craters),plates,or dishes. The ringbase (D. 0.04-0.13)can be thinor thick,evertedor vertical,witha convexor carinatedouter footplate.Footplates(G157/19;M346/17;L406/1; S508/6, 11), edge and a flator outward-bevelled D. 0.14-0.19,also belongto thisgroupand mayhavebeen partsofcraters. Groovesare foundinside(H45.14/25;U490 BC/35).U490 BC/35has palmettesstampedin the area enclosedby the innermostgroove.Decorationwithroulettedor stampedpalmettesis commonfor centuryBC, plates,but also occurson bowls.41This typeof decorationgoes back at leastintothefifth but continuesintothehellenistic period.The schemechanges;in the courseof the hellenisticperiod in Thompson'sgroupA) is replacedby (c. secondhalfof thirdcentury)the old style(as represented whichhavepointedand angularpetalswithoutthebase volutes.42 fewerpalmettes, Most examplesshowtracesof blackglaze on one or bothsides;M177/8is red-glazed;M348/64has redglaze in and blackout. Cf. 1-6, 9-12. Date: hellenistic. M174/16;M177/8;K240/5;M321B/58;M327/13;M327/i4a-c;M335/3;M348/68; H45.14/25;A119/21; (ST-ti/n) 1406/1; N430/1;U490BC/35;U494A/15;υ5ι6 Α/32·

36Parallels:Athens, Agora A 77, c 62, D 67 (c.150,175-150, 150-110 BC; Thompson, figs.76, 122); Corinth C-47-129 crater;c.300BC;Edwards,pl. 21.59). (coarse-ware 37 cratersare of shape very Thompson432. The hellenistic similarto thelekanai(11). 38Parallels:Roman type28, U490 AX/5;Berenice655 (but in coarseware:Riley,fig.in). 39See n. 38. 40 bases are not very usefulfor defining Unfortunately, tableware types.Also,it is notalwayspossibleto distinguish

fromkitchenware examples,sincethe sherdsare veryworn and thesame fabricsare used forboth.Hellenisticringbases are used forbothopen and closedtypes.There are fewerflat to closedtypes,e.g. bases,and theseare commonlyrestricted jugs and jars; but theycan belong to othertypessuch as mugs,kyathoi(8), and lamps. Fabricand surfacetreatment givesomeindicationofdate. 41As Athens, BC(Thompson, figs.55,115). AgoraD 8, £.150-110 42 Thompson 430-2. Parallel for U490 BC/35: Athens, Piraeuscistern6-7(c. end 3rdcent.;Metzger,fig.1).

g8 Chapter15 CLOSED SHAPES 14.JUGS (FIG. 15.3, ff-i)

both.Occasionallythevesselis dipped. Most fragments are glazed on one surfaceor,morefrequently, there are a few red. Wall thickness varies(0.005-0.007).The groups the is black, Usually glaze though fewfineare arrangedby rimform.In contrastto the classicalperiod,thereare generallyrelatively warelargetrefoil depositsof period;onlya veryfeware presentin thehellenistic jugs in thehellenistic Athensor Corinth.Thesejugs,used forpouringwinemixedwithwater,seemto havebeen replacedby metaltypes.Typicalofthehellenistic types;in plain periodare,jn tableware,smallpitchersofdifferent It shouldbe noted,though,thatin Corinthveryfewfine-ware ware,water-pitchers. jugs are presentin thehellenistic (ST t23) period.43 a. (FIG. 15.3, 6-7) Jug with slightlythickened,outcurvedrim(0.04-0.14)withflatedge. Some examples show handles either springingup from the rim (A119/11;F144/6; G157/15;N186/24),horizontally (H45.5/9;H61/3; F137/4;J222/2;M348/36),or even downwards(M362/4). h6i/3 and K242/27 have a shallow horizontal grooveon the innerrim. Usually the rim and neck are glazed on both sides. Complete profile of J210/18preserved,withtracesof letteringscratched on body; steep body with vertical ovoid handle risingfromshoulderto just below rim. Small ring foot with flat resting surface. Around shoulder, beneath handle, are two horizontal decorative wheel-ridges. Date: hellenistic.44 H45 u/4, c/5; h6i/3; E76/4, 15; D85/27; A119/11;F137/4;F144/6;G157/15;G162/2;M172/7; M174/1; N186/24; J210/18; K211/1; J222/2; K242/27; R281 B/2; M327/24; M362/4; L406/2; R426 c/g; T510/2. (ST t23.a)

18; N186/30;K234/2;P284 F/18;M332/2;R422 B/18; (ST t23-b) U490AF/18,AL/17;U516A/18. c. Trefoiljug. Flat-toppedrim (Th. 0.004-0.005) to verticalstraphandle,which connectedhorizontally may be oval in section (M172/14;J222/25;K407/6; T471/7;U519/7)or round(M174/7;U517/3). J222/25has horizontalgrooveon innerfaceofrim. Usually glazed in and out; U517/3has red glaze on bothsurfaces. Date: earlyhellenistic.46 C114/14; M172/14;M174/7;J222/25; T471/6-7; (ST t23.c) U517/3;U519/7. 15. DECANTER (FIG.15.3,g) Thickened,offsetrim (D. 0.08?), slightlyin-turned, fromwhich springs horizontallya vertical strap verticalbody. handle;straight, Red washon outersurface. Date: hellenistic; earlyhellenistic?47 (ST t27) H45b/i;J210/4. 16. TREFOILOINOCHOE

b. (FIG.15.3,8)Jugwiththick,outward-flaring rim(D. 0.10-0.20); vertical strap handle attached at rim; wall. Ni86/30 is part of a spoutedjug steep,straight decorated with a horizontal ridge on outer rim. Usuallyglazed on bothsides;U516A/18has red glaze on bothsides. i.45 Date: earlyhellenistic/hellenistic H39/2; H45 A/3; H45.5/12,H45.9/1, H45.14/20; D85/15;B123A/4;K141/1;C168/2;M174/4;M175a/ii,

rim(Th. 0.003), fr°mwhichverticalstrap In-curving handlespringsupwards;narrowneck. Glazed on bothsurfaces. i.48 Date: earlyhellenistic/hellenistic (ST t28) M321B/16;M327/5.

43Edwards47; Thompson437. 44Parallels: Athens,AgoraA 37 (c.260BC;Thompson,fig.5); Dipyloncistern25 (c.300BC; Braun,pl. 54); CorinthC-47-314 BC;Edwards,pl. 11.49). The formofJ210/8is early, (£.200-149 and differs clearlyfromtheelongatedlaterones foundon the Antikythera shipwreck(nos. 2-3, £.75-60 BC): see G. R. Transactions Edwards,'The Antikythera reconsidered', shipwreck

comparedwith14 c: also see n. 46. 46Parallels:Athens, Dipyloncistern21 (£.300BC; Braun,pl. 54). To be comparedwith14 b; see also n. 45. 47Parallels: Argos80-1176;CorinthC-40-413(£.300-275BC; Edwards,pl. 12.49). 48There are no exact parallelsin thepublications;theform ofneckand rimis similarto Athens,AgoraA 36 (Thompson, fig.5); the curve of handle is similarto CorinthC-47-300 (Edwards,pl. 9. 48). See also n. 46.

n.s. 55.2 (1965),figs.2-3, 28. Society, oftheAmerican Philosophical

45There are no parallelsof thisrimshape, but it may be

17. jar (fig. 15.3,70) rim(D. 0.14-0.16);almostvertical Everted,flat-topped neck.

Hellenistic pottery 99 on neck of S436/5.Matt Decorativewheel-ridging blackglaze on bothsides. Date: hellenistic1. S436 is a single-periodsite,

probablyto be dated in the second centuryBC (see also 7). (STt22) s436/5,7.

18. AMPHORA(FIG. 15.3, Il-lfj

Table-wareamphorashave an almostverticalneck,joined at a sharp angle to an almosthorizontal shoulder(Th. 0.005-0.007).Handles risefromjust below the rimbeforecurvingdownwardstowards rimand neckhaveblackglaze on bothsurfaces.May havea mouldedringfoot theshoulder.Frequently on theneckis common.The subgroupsare arrangedaccordingto (cf.10b). Decorativewheel-ridging rimform. (ST I44) a. (FIG. 15.3, //)Amphorawithrim out-turned(D. 0.12-0.16: Bin F/22;J221/12;M321b/io; K407/4)or downwards evertedslightly (fi33/2;G157/1,4; G164/1). witha plainedge;Bin F/22has a mouldededge. i.49 Date: hellenistic/hellenistic Bin F/22;F133/2;G157/1,4; G164/1;J221/12; M321 b/10;K407/4. (ST t44.a) b. (FIG. 15.3, 12-14) Amphora with double rim (D. 0.10-0.15),createdby a plain edge as the end of the neck and a horizontal,or slightlybevelled, broad band attachedto the neckjust below the edge. The outeredge oftheattachedband maybe flat(K299/1), pointed (F140/8),or convex (Bui d/io; M348/17). section. F140/8 showsa handlewitha triangular

Date: hellenistic.50

Bin d/io; F140/8; R281 c/2; K299/1; M348/17.

(STt44.b)

c. (FIG.15.3,15-16)AmphorawithD-shaped rim(D. 0.08-0.14);thatof N186/12(D. 0.22) formsthe end of a strongly neck. out-curving N186/12is red-glazedout and black-glazedin. Date: hellenistic.51 N186/12;M348/14;U516A/3. (ST t44.c) rim d. (FIG.15.3,if) Amphorawithoutward-pinched with 0.1 2-0. (D. 15) plainedge. Date: hellenistic.52 K204A/3;M349/168;lq.08/1;R423A/5. (ST t44-d)

19. CLOSED VESSEL(FIGS. 15.3, l8~ig' 15.4, i-g)

This typeincludesbases and handlesthatcannotbe assignedto eitherof theabove-mentioned shapes All are glazed,fullyor in part. withcertainty. (ST t2i) a. (FIG.15.3,18) Closed vesselwithringfoot.In some cases it is possible to distinguishringfeetthatvery belongto a jug,jar,or amphoraon thebasisof probably oftheinner betweenthetreatment difference thestriking but outersurface, a verywell-polished and outersurface: The wheel-marks. withveryprominent an innersurface orvertical, shapeoftheringfoot(D. 0.05-0.12)is everted witha convexor carinatedouteredge and a flator has a verythinfloor outward-bevelled K151/24 footplate. thatmightpointtoa datewellintothehellenistic period. K151/24is red-glazed; N186/49 is black-glazed apartfroma horizontalon theupperhalfof the ring footand thelowerpartofthewall;Ν186/27 is dipped.

49Parallels:Athens, Agora Β 35, C 11,D 25 (c.240-110BC; Thompson,figs.22,30, 59). 50Parallels onlyin coarseware:Berenice80-1(Riley,fig.71). 51Parallelsonlyin coarseware:Berenice103(Riley,fier. 72). 52Parallels shipwreck14 onlyin coarse ware: Ankitkythera (c.75-60 BC;Edwards(n. 42),fig.14.28).

Date: hellenistic.53 A120/12; K151/24; N186/27, 49; R454/6; U49° AG/18. (STt2i.b) b. (figs. 15.3,ig' 15.4,/) Closed vesselwithfalsering foot (D. 0.04-0.07) that has a slightlyconcave undersideand a roundedoffset edge (S436/9and 11). May havependentnippleat centre(A120/13). Glazed on one or both surfaces. N186/28 and S436/9are dipped. Date: hellenistic.54 E76/9; Bin A/54; C114/34; A120/13; N186/28; (ST t2i.c) J229/5;M327/26;S436/9,11.

53Parallels: Argos 80-1176, 80-1153; Corinth C-40-413 (c.300-275BC; Edwards,pl. 12. 49). N186/49:also Athens, Agora A 37 (c.260BC),Ε 70-3, 134 (c.iio-86 BC; Thompson, figs.5, 92, 101);cf.also 20. 54Parallels: J229/5:Athens,AgoraM 20.1,Ρ 14435(c.ioo-86 BC).

ioo Chapter15 (FIG. 15.4, 2-5) Closed vessel with flat base55 (D. 0.03-0.05) that may be slightlyconcave (K407/9) or have a horizontalgroove (J226/26;K242/2; U516 A/31); they may be thick (M321/55; M348/61; U491/27). K407/9 has an offsetbody wall; K.242/2is carinated. Glazed on one or both surfaces;M321 B/55 is glazed in red and black; K407/9 is black-glazed out and red slipped in; K.242/2, M348/61, and M348/67 are dipped. H45. 14/29, M321/55, M348/61 and 67, and underneath. lq.08/5 have string-marks Date: hellenistic.56 H17/6; H45.14/29; D85/45, 48; B104/13; A118 B/46 + 47; A118 D/5; F152/6 + 2; M172/48; J222/26-7; K233/11; K239/13; K242/2; M321/55; M321 B/60; M348/61, 67, 69; K407/9; k4o8/5~6; U491/27; U516 A/31. (STt2i.d) c.

d. (fig. 15.4, 6-g) Handles of closed vessels. Vertical strap or loop handles give an impressionof the variety of shapes, sections, and sizes occurring in hellenistic associations. Most also occur in pottery of other periods, when their fabric may be different. Oval sectionspredominate,but circular,pointed, square, and triangularsections also occur. Few handles are ridged, and some show a finger-impression at the attachment to the vessel (F148/1).H24/2, G159/11,M177/4,J210/20, Π1326/21,and M348/22 have a thumb-rest;D85/1, A118 B/21, K211/4, and U517/5 are twisted, and a ridge encirclesthe attachmentof the twistedhandle onto the vessel in D85/1 and A118 B/21. Handles are horizontal or looped before being curved strongly or gently downwards. Some handles are attached to the vessel just above the largestdiameter (e.g. F148/1,D85/1). Black-glazed handles are abundant, but there are some red or variegated examples and a few show no OPEN

OR CLOSED

traces of glaze. The handles are grouped below according to the size of their section: small (D. 86, AM/39, AR/28, AX/22; U491/16; U494 a/io; U511 B/6, c/9; U517/5; U519/11;U520/7. Large: H24/2-3; H45.12/21, H45.14/23; D85/1, 4; F148/1; G157/14; G159/11;M172/10; M177/4; N186/26; J210/20;J222/55; K239/12; K250/5; M321/21,23; M321 B/24; m326/io; M348/22; M362/3; R422 D/34; S466 (ST-t2i.f) B/13; R472/2 + 3; U490 ar/ii. e. Closed vessel with decorated body. The thicknessof the body wall varies between 0.003-0.006. The most common decoration consists of horizontal grooves, usually only one but occasionally bands of two or three. All are glazed, usually in black, on one or both sides; U490 AL/76 is glazed in red. Date: hellenistic.58 H45.5/18; h6i/n; E76/24, 25 + 26; F140/15; G164/20; M175/13; M177/12; K201/4; J222/44; J229/27; K250/10; M321/50; M321 B/34; M353/15; K407/13; S466 B/51-2; T467/30; U490 x/21, AL/76; U511B/18, 22,c/35. (STt2i.g)

SHAPES

2O. OPEN OR CLOSED VESSELON RINGFOOT (FIG. 15.5, /HS) Many ring feet (e.g. J217/7,K242/13) could belong to open or closed types(e.g. plate, dish, bowl, cup, jug, or jar), but those with fairlylow ring feet and a more or less stronglyup-curvingwall belong to a deeper vessel. These ring feet (D. 0.06-0.12, but J222/6 0.20) range from very low (U494 a/ 13) to tall (M177/7; K241/7; M348/63; R422 D/40). Their shape varies from

vertical to everted (e.g. M327/12), with a convex, straight,or carinated outer edge. The ring foot is in some cases pinched outwards (e.g. K242/13); S436/12 and S466 a/ 14 have a groove that marks the transition of the underside towards the ring foot. J225/3 has a narrow groove on the outer edge of the ring base. M321/84 has both grooves marking the transition of the underside to the ring foot and a broad ridge on the vertical outer edge of the ring base. H45.14/26 and

55See n. 40. 56Parallels: Argos023296; Athens,Agora C 8, D 19-22,Ε 55~6 (t.175-86 BC; Thompson, figs.29, 58, 86); Piraeus cistern*&-η.61 (£.22^-160BC:Metzger,fie.4, pl. 10). 57Parallels:cf. 14-18, 19 a- b. Twistedhandles:Athens, Agora Β 3, D 25-6, Ε 59 (Thompson,figs.15-16,59-60, 88); Piraeuscistern85 (Metzger,pl. 11).Ridged: Argos80-1176,

80-1153. Thumb-rest (but smaller and belonging to kantharoi):Athens,Dipylon cistern 1, 5, 7, 78, 100, 113 (Braun,pl. 79); Koroni(Attica),nos. 35, 37 (Vanderpooletal. η. 6), pl. 20). 58Parallels only in plain ware: Agora, AthensΒ 35, C 79 (c.240and 175-150BC; Thompson,figs.22, 52); also type19 d(D85/i)andn. 57.

Hellenisticpottery101 K242/13 have a core, and M321 B/84 and S436/10 have a button as the centre of the underside. The examples are glazed in and/or out; Ai 19/20, M348/66, S466 a/8, and U494 a/ 13 are red-glazed; K242/13, M348/63 and R422 D/39 are variegated out. J217/7and M348/72 are glazed by dipping. Date: hellenistic.59 H32/3-4; H45 A/14; H45.14/26*,34; D85/42; B104/6;

Kitchen

A119/6, 20; A120/8, 9 (?), 10; G164/5; Μι7^Ι4~Ι5Ί M177/7; J210/17; J217/7; j222/a, b; J225/3; J226/2; K240/8; K241/7; K242/13; M321/84; M321 B/56, 62, 84; M327/12;M348/63, 66, 70-4; M349/177;M353/16 + 17; K407/12; lq.08/4; R422 D/39-40; S436/10, 12-13; S466 a/8, 14, B/32; R472/9; S474/2; U488/2; U490 R/4; U494 (ST-ti-2i.a) A/13;U5n a/2I> g/i7·

Wares (21-7)

FABRICS

Table and kitchenwaressharemanyfabrics.Some kitchenwares(basinsand a fewamphorae) utilize the same fabricsas pithoi,while some mortariamay use fabricswhich are also employedforpithosor cookingwares. OPEN SHAPES 21. LEKANE60 (FIG. 15.5, 7)

a. (FIG. 15.5, 7) Lekane with rim everted and horizontal (D. 0.25-0.50; M321/7)or everted and slightlydownturned (K233/4). Steep or shallow, body. in-curving (K242/17)slightly in and is slippedoutside; H45.5/3has a protrusion inside. is K233/4 slipped Date: hellenistic.61 H34/8;H45.5/3;C168/4;K233/4;K234/1;K242/17; (ST t47) M321/7;M321B/7. b. Lekane with outward-rolledrim (D. 0.25) with roundedtop. Shallowgrooveon innerrimofH45.11/1. Date: hellenistic.62 H45.11/1,H45.12/2.

or have a pinched-insectionwitha on top (111326/6), flatedge and downward-pinched lip (F142/3).Flat, sometimesthin foot eitheroffset(D. 0.15-0.25) or angled(D. 0.30-0.40) to thewall (A118A/19an<^ß/6o are slightlyhollowed). Outer surface not as well finishedas inner.Most are glazed inside; ^95/3 (with very large foot: D. 0.40-0.50) is glazed outside; M321 B/62 (?) is glazed on both sides; A118 a/ 19, B/60; M321 B/64; K407/45, and U519/22-3 are plain. Date: hellenistic.64 H45.5/3; D85/41; A118 A/19, B/6°JF142/3;J222/30; Γ295/3; M321 B/62 (?), 64; Π1326/6; M353/19; M362/5; K407/45; K419/2; T471/15; U491/32; U511 c/53; (ST k52) U519 /22-3 .

Evertedrim on thick,shallow(rimD. 0.50-0.60) or steeplycurving(rimD. 0.40-0.50) wall. Rim may be flatand bevelled(M353/19), plain (K419/2),or convex

(FIG. 15.5, II-16) 23. MORTARIUM65 Everted rim (D. 0.24-0.35), which may be horizontal with a plain edge (D85/40), thickenedwith a carinated top and pointed lip (S436/3), flat and downturned with a pointed or rounded edge (mi77/2, Π1326/3), or

59Parallels, open shapes:1-6, 9-12; Athens,AgoraA 17,24, 39, C 3-4, D 5, 9 (Thompson,figs.4, 6, 28, 55, 117);Menon's cistern57-8 (Miller(n. 5), fig.6); ArgosC-23-415,80-1174; CorinthC-47-129, 477; CP-398;C-33-306;060-58; C-31-200 (Edwards,pl. 6. 21,47);Koroni(Attica)23,25, 103(Vanderpool et al. (n. 6), flg. 8). Closed shapes: 14-19; Antikythera 2-3,6, 8-9 (Edwards,figs.2-4,7-8, 28). shipwreck βυFor the oi the lekaneduringthe hellenistic development periodsee 11. 01Parallels:Athens, AgoraC 01-3 (c.175-150BC; ihompson, fig.122; Piraeus cistern80 (£.225-150BC; Metzger,fig.5); Corinthc-47-129(coarse-warecrater;i.300 BC; Edwards,pl. 21.59). K.242/17: Athens,AgoraC 61 (c.175-150BC,butnotas

steep:Thompson,fig.122);Piraeuscistern80 (Metzger,fig. 5). Cf. also tablewarelekane11 c. b2Parallelsin table ware: Berenice128.2 (Kennck,fig.19); cf.also mortarium 23 (Hi9/10)and table-wareplate1 b. 63The developmentof basins may be comparedwiththat oflekanai;see 11. 64 Comparablelekanerimforms:F142/3:Athens,Agora C 62 (c.175-150BC). M326/6:Agora A 62 (t.260 BC,but not as steep).J219/5:AgoraΒ 40 (c.240BC).See Thompson,figs.23, footcf. 122.M353/19:Berenice654 (Riley,fig.in). Foroffset 23 (H45D/3; K407/10,40) and 37 g (J212/21). 65The developmentof mortariamay be compared with thatoflekanai;see 11.

22. BASIN63 (FIG. 15.5, 8-10)

102 Chapter 15 curveddownwardswitha convextop and plain edge rim;J224/5has (H19/9).H19/10has an outward-rolled a D-shaped rim.Flat foot(D. 0.12-0.20,but 1406/15 0.30) withan offsetedge thatmay be low (K407/10, 40, 41; R472/11)or tall(H45D/3; A118c/21; M177/10; J227/3;1406/15; T470/14; U488/39). The foot of K407/41is slightlyhollowed.Fairlysteep walls (Th. 0.007), roughenedinside by medium-darkto dark greyishgritsof medium size that cover the whole surfaceto the rim(but H19/9and Π1326/3have fine gritsthatroughentheinnersurface). D85/40has a ridgeoutsidethatmarksthejunction of the rim and the upper wall; S436/36 has a horizontalgrooveoutside,immediately belowtherim. Most are unglazed;Π1326/3has black and red glaze,

S436/36has a brownishslip outsideand black glaze on thetopoftherim. Date: hellenistic i.66 H19/9,10;H45D/3; D85/40;A118C/21;M177/2,10; J224/5;J227/3;111326/3;1406/15; K407/10,40-1; S436/36;T470/14;R472/11;U488/39. (ST k5i) 24. STRAINER(FIG. 15.5, ij) Slightlyevertedringbase withbroad footplate(D. 0.08-0.10) and sagging floor; steep wall. The draining-holes (0.002wide)coverbothfloorand wall. U494 a/ 12 has a greyslip outside;J218/4is plain and coarselymade. Date: hellenistic.67 J218/4;U494A/12. (ST lqo)

CLOSED SHAPES 25. JUGORJAR(FIG.15.6,1-4) (ST t2I,23) a. (FIG. 15.6, 1-2) Jug or jar with out-curvedrim. rim(0.10-0.16)withflat out-curved thickened, Slightly edge.Verticalstraphandleattachedat rim. Date: hellenistic. This typemaybe comparedwith the pitcher that is very common in hellenistic contexts,and of which many examples have been foundin theAthensAgora,Corinthand elsewhere.68 H45.5/9,H45.12/4;F140/7;K239/10;M348/7,36; U494A/3. (ST t23.a)

Date: hellenistic.69 H39/3; H45 DA; D85/47;Aioo/28 + 30; K141/10; F145/4;G164/7;M175/26}M175A/26;M321B/55. (STt2i.b) c. Jugorjar withflatbase (D. 0.12-0.20,butB104/18: 0.08)thatmayhavean offset bodywall(G164/6; J232/1). Β104/18 has redslipoutside. Date: hellenistic.70 H45 c/8; E76/23;B104/18;G164/6;J232/1,8; U486 a/io. (STt2i.d)

b. (FIG.15.6,3-4)Jugorjar withringfoot.In somecases it is possibleto distinguish ringfeetthatveryprobably belongto a plain-warejug or jar, on the basis of the fabricand a striking difference betweenthetreatment of the innerand outersurface:forexampleD85/47and outersurfacebutan M175/26havea verywell-polished innersurfacewithprominentwheel-marks. The ring foot(D. 0.04-0.10)is slightly evertedor vertical, witha flator outward-bevelled Aioo/28+ 30 has a footplate. betweenthe grooveoutsidethatmarksthein-carination ringbase and thewall. This exampleand also H39/3 havea comparatively verythinfloor.

e. Handles of jugs or jars. Vertical strap or loop handlesgive an impressionof the varietyof shapes, associations. sections,and sizesoccurringin hellenistic Most also occurin potteryofotherdates,butoftenin a differentfabric. Oval and triangular sections

66Parallels. Athens,Agora, lekaneA H19/9:22 (111326/6); 62 (c.260BC,but not as steep;Thompson,fig.122).H19/10: 21 a (H45.12/2).D85/40: 11 b (H32/1);Agora,lekaneA 61, 22 (F142/3); (c.260 BC; Thompson,I.e.). M177/2,111326/3: Agora,lekane C 62 (c.175-150BC; Thompson,I.e.)! J224/5: Berenice,lekanai599-600 (Riley,fig.109). S436/36:Agora, lekanaiA 62, 78 (c.260 and 150 BC; Thompson,I.e.). Bases: low offset edge,CorinthC-47-242,C-60-67(c.275and H9 BC5 Edwards, pl. 22. 59); tall offsetedge, 22 (A118 B/60; U519/22);Berenice,lekane594 (Riley,I.e.). 67Parallels:none; cf. strainerof classical period,Classical type44 a (Ci14/32). 08Parallels: Argos 80-1183.1, 80-1184.1; Athens,Agora A 52-5, Β 12,39, Ε 127(ί·26ο,240, and 110-86BC; Thompson,

figs.8, 17);Dipyloncisternin (Braun,pl. 58); CorinthC-3433; C-46-90;C-47-158-9,245,472-5, 831; C-48-36,122;C-60270 (Edwards,pl. 34. 63). 69Most fromthose shownon FIG. examplesare different 15.6, and have parallelsin Athens:Agora M 20.1, Ρ 14444, 14446;AgoraA 48, 50-1, 56, D 62, Ε 125,127-8(Thompson, figs.8, 76, 100); CorinthC-47-79,130-1,234; C-63-661,718 (Edwards,pl. 24. 60). 70Parallelsare onlyknownforbases withD. less than0.14, and maybelongto thesame typeofvesselas 25 a: Argos801162;Athens,AgoraA 52, Β ΐ2,33, 39 (Thompson,figs.8, 17, 21,23). 71Parallels: Argos80-1183.1; Berenice1099 (Riley,fig.135); Corinthc-47-147,472; C-35-557(Edwards,pl. 23. 34, 60, 63).

d. Jugor jar withhollowedbase (Th. 0.04), offsetor carinatedat body wall. Ni86/29 + 6° nas a circular grooveat theedge oftheresting-surface. Date: hellenistic.71 F148/2;N186/29+ 6°; p284F/20. (ST t.21)

Hellenisticpottery103 predominate, but square also occur. Few handles are ridged (H17/2, 4; Aioo/21; J210/3; N192/16). Handles are horizontal, looped, or bevelled before being curved stronglyor gently downwards. Some handles are attached to the vessel just above the largest diameter (H45 c/6) or onto the neck (K242/19). The diameter of the handles varies between D. 0.20-0.35. J210/3,J229/7and M321/21are slipped. Date: hellenistic.72 H17/2, 4; H32/9-10; H39/1; H45.5/10, H45.15/6, 9, 15, H45. 12/16, H45.11/3; H45 C/6; H45 H/21, Y/3, z/10; H60/5; D85/7; Aioo/21; C114/21; A118/11,13-4, 14, 17; B123 B/3; F152/1; G159/10; J170/3; N186/26; N192/16;J210/3;J212/5;J216/5;J229/6-7, 9; K241/6; OPEN

OR CLOSED

K242/19;M321/19,21-2; M321B/24; M353/7;R423 a/io; S436/20; R472/6; S474/25; U488/17; U490 AA/12;U494a/6; U511B/9;U519/5,15. (ST t.2i.f) 26. lid D-shaped rim with wall rising slightlyupwards towardsthe centre.Two circularincisedlines in the curvetowardstopside. Tracesofbothredand blackglaze. Foundherein a siteassociatedwithotherhellenistic material,though the shape also occurs in Roman contexts. Date: hellenistic (-Roman).73 (ST t7o) Example:M348/13.

SHAPES

27. OPENOR CLOSEDVESSELON RINGFOOT (FIG. 15.6,5) Many ring feet could belong to an open or a closed vessel. The ring feet (D. 0.09-0.15, but R453/3: 0.06) range from very low to tall. Their shape varies from vertical to everted with a convex, straight, or carinated edge.

Cooking

M348/64has an undulatinggrooveoutsideon the ringfoot. Date: hellenistic.74 fi3/i; H32/7;H60/3,8; Bin A/52-3;K141/11, 47 + 53; M321/52;M348/64;M352/11;R423A/?;R453/2-3; R454/5;S474/21-2;U511c/18. (ST ti-2i.a)

Wares (28-34)

FABRICS

in greyish schistand gritinclusions and FabncSTcA. A medium-coarse claywithmanyfineto medium-fine colours.Frequently thecoloursvaryfrompale orange(5 YR8/4)withdullyellowishfired, unevenly pinkish to dullyellowish-brown withdarkgreyish-yellow brown(10YR 6/3) cores(K407/30), (10 YR 6/3) surfaces YR YR GY cores 6/6 and outer surfaces occuralso. Hardness 6/8) (A119/17). Brighter orange(5 5 (2.5 5/2) fabrichas a rough variesfromsoftto hard(E76A/10 + 11;K407/44).The smoothedsurfaceoftheresulting aspect,butwitha softsoapyfeeland somesmallvesicles.The fabricalsooccursin theclassicalperiod. FabncST cB. A medium-fine claywitha fewsmallgreyishgrits.There are bothevenlyand unevenly firedexamples.The coloursare mainlydullyellow-orange (10 YR6/3) or yellowish-brown (2.5 Y 5/3);if has an YR a fired the fabric core The fabric has 6/6) (H60/7). unevenly orange(2.5 lightsoapytouch, This fabricis used forthinner-walled and vesicleson itsoutersurfaces. cooking-vessels. FabricsST cC and ST cD. ST cC is a medium-fine clay withsome small and medium-sizedgrits and/orschistinclusions, mainlyin greyishcolours.Evenlyfired,it has orangecolours(5 YR 6/8) and a surface(Bin A/33)w^tnsome smallvesicles.It is used forbothfineand medium-hard sandpaper-like ST a variation ofST cG, is a muchfinerclaywithonlysmallinclusions.Bothevenly vessels. cD, heavy and unevenlyfiredexamplesoccur.It is lessbrightin colour(orange2.5 YR 6/8; N192/1).It is used for thinner-walled cookingvesselsonly,and continuesintotheRomanperiod. FabncST cE. A mediumto medium-coarse schist,and fewer claywithsome smalland medium-sized in inclusions white and brownish colours. Colours from YR 6/8; vary grit, orange(5 K250/9)to grey(2.5Y It has a sandpaperyfeel N5;k4o8/io).Hardnessvariesfrommediumto medium-hard (K250/9;F135/15). and somevesiclesoccurin thesometimes It is usedforthicker-walled roughoutersurfaces. cooking-pots. ST cB, ST cC, and ST cE seemto havebeen used in thehellenistic periodonly. 72Parallels, plain: Argos 80-1183.1, 80-1184.1; Athens, Agora A 48, Β 39 (Thompson, figs.8, 23); Corinthc-47130-1, 147; C-63-661, 718 (Edwards, pl. 23. 60). Square with one ridge: Agora M 20.1, Ρ 14444; Agora D 30

(Thompson, fig. 63). Ridged: Agora M 20.1, Ρ ΐ4447> 14449· 7i Parallels:Romantype<*o. 74Parallels:as for 21, 23-4, 25 b.

104 Chapter OPEN

15

SHAPES

28. COOKING-PLATE? (FIG. 15.6, 6-g) Rim out-turned (D. 0.35-0.40) and pinched in with a thickened, rounded, bevelled, or plain edge. Both ends of a low ribbon handle, flator oval in section, are attached to rim, rising from and above the rim. U511 c/13 has a B-shaped horizontal handle created by a double curve attached to the rim and upper wall; M321 B/51 and N192/14 have a conical knob, circular

in section and set at an angle; that of M321 B/51 is pierced at the end. N192/14,M321 B/54, and K407/8 show traces of use over fire. Date: hellenistic.75 H45 B/2; E76 A/12-13; Ci 14/28; F144/5; M174/27; N192/14; K204/15; K250/9; M321 B/51; K407/8; U511 (STci,c2) c/i3;U5i9/3.

29· CASSEROLE (FIG. 15.6, ίο)

The casseroleis no newtype;it also existsin theclassicalperiodand continuesintoRomantimes.The rimof the classicalperiod developmentof the shape affectsboth rimand body: the upward-everted becomesgraduallymorehorizontaland onlyslightly evertedupwards;afterc.150BC theroundedside wallbecomesangled.76 Evertedrim (D. 0.20-0.28) witha flator plain edge and a ledgefora lid. Steep,concaveupperwall. K407/6and 38 showtracesofuse overfire.

Date: hellenistic.77 H45.14/3-4; Ci 14/10; N192/1; K242/6; K407/6, 38; (ST c6, cgb) R454/3.

CLOSED SHAPES 30. STEWPOT (FIG. 15.6, //)

Tall, vertical rim (D. 0.08-0.14) with a plain, pointed, or flat edge. Ovoid body, thin walls; may have ledge fora lid on inside (H45 c/7; H60/7; Q181/18). Date: hellenistic.D85/39 and An 8 A/3 may have an earlier date, late classical-hellenistic 1, based on their fabric; this also suits the associated finds.The stewpot is very common and, like the casserole, not restricted to hellenistictimes.78 H45 c/7; H60/7; D85/39; A118 A/3; -M175/2; Q181/18; N192/22; K241/2. (ST c8,C9.a) 31. COOKING-JAR (FIG. 15.6, 12)

(ST C5,C7)

a. Cookingjar withpinched in rim (D. 0.28) with rounded,horizontaltop; steep,concave neck. Large

vertical strap handle, flat in section, attached horizontallyat rim. Date: (late classical-) hellenistic 1, based on fabric and also associated finds. E76 A/3~4a + b, 5-9, 10 + 11. (ST c6) b. (FIG. 15.6, 12) Cooking-jar with high, diagonally everted rim (D. 0.14-0. 15) with plain edge, fromwhich springs diagonally a broad strap handle, flat or circular in section; thick-walled. M321 B/20 has a vertical rim and a thumb-rest. Date: hellenistic. The associations of M348/25 and S436/19 suggest an earlier date for these examples, hellenistici.79 M172/12;M321 B/20; M348/25; S436/19. (ST C7)

OPEN OR CLOSED SHAPES 32. LID FOR CASSEROLEOR STEWPOT(FIG. 15.6, 13-14)

Plain edge; walls curve eithersteeplyor shallowly down. The shape of the knob varies:it can broaden towardsitsslightly hollowedtop (f4/8;C169/27;R281 a/i; M357/3(?); D. 0.015-0.025),have roundededges

75Parallels:Berenice 430 (Riley,fig.99). 76 Thompson466.

77 Parallels: Athens, Agora M 20.1 Ρ 14462 (c.ioo-86 BC); Berenice 413-14, 417 (Riley, figs. 97-8). Because of the worn state of preservation, the rim angle of the examples (apart from K.242/6) can only be estimated, which makes it impossible to establish a more exact date. 78 Parallels: Athens, Agora A 57, c 69-72, D 70-1

towards a flat top (J212/1),be mushroom-shaped with a flat top (R454/7; D. 0.022), or rise vertically to a slightlybevelled top (U516 A/19; D. 0.01). f4/8 and R281 a/i show traces of fire. Date: hellenistic.80

(Thompson, figs. 8, 51, 77, 108); Agora M 20.1, Ρ 14437 (c.100-86 BC); Corinth 060-60 (c.300 BC; Edwards, pl. 27. 61).

79Parallels:Roman type54.

80 Parallels:

f4/8, C169/27, R281 a/i, M357/3 (?): Athens, Agora Ε 147-8 (c.110-86 BC; Thompson, fig. 105); Mycenae 64-424 (c.290-150 BC). U516 A/19: Agora A 58 (c.260 BC; Thompson, fig.8).

Hellenisticpottery105 f4/8; C169/27;J2i2/i; R281 a/i; M357/3(?); (STcl3) R454-/7;u5i6a/i9· 33· STEWPOT OR CASSEROLE WITH ROUNDED BASE (FIG. 15.7,/)

Rounded base, slightlyin-curvingbody (max. D. 0.16-0.30)witha convexprofile. Burnedblackbyuse overfire. Date: hellenistic.81 (ST CI°) F140/42;N186/57;Q359/15. 34. HANDLE OF CASSEROLE OR STEWPOT (FIG. 15.7, 2)

handles,whosesectionsmaybe round, Cooking-ware

oval, flat,rectangular,or hollowed, are elsewhere associatedwithbothopen and closedvessels.J222/52 has a ridged, downward-curvingstrap handle attachedto a plain rim; it is not knownwhetherits shapeis open or closed. Manyshowtracesoffire. Date: hellenistic.82 H45.5/8; H45.10/11, H45. 14/24; H45 c/4b; E76/2; E76 A/14;085/6, 9, 13; Aioo/22; A118B/32, 39, C/i, 10, 14, D/4; K204/9; A119/16-17; B123 A/3; B132/6; G157/18;G159/15;J222/24,52; R281 B/28; K407/30; R423 A/12;T485/4; U519/16-17. (ST C11-C12)

Storage Vessels (35-7) open shapes 35. AMPHORA(FIG. 15.7,3-5)

narrowneck,whichmay be verticalor flare Thick-walled(0.007-0.01),largevesselswitha relatively are inside. Vertical Wheel-marks in or out. straphandle usuallyspringsfromthe prominent slightly neckto theshoulder.Rim formsvary(D. 0.08-0.15).All examplesare plain,and are groupedaccording to rimand base forms. (ST lq.2) a. (FIG.15.7,3) Rimlessamphorawithflathorizontal inwards. lip and verticalneck.K242/21is offset Date: hellenistic. (ST lq.2.a) K242/21,31;M321B/37. b. (FIG.15.7,4) Amphorawithpinched-outplain lip rim. and thickened, outward-flaring slightly Date: hellenistic.83 K233/3. (ST lq.2.b) H45D/2a,C/2;J213/4; H45.10/4; c. Amphora with pinched-inplain lip, otherwise wall. similarto 35b butwithinward-flaring Date: hellenistic. R281 A/22; M321/18; S436/37; R454/11;U490 x/4. (ST k42.c)

Date: hellenistic.84 J229/23;U511 C/3.

(ST k42.d)

e. Amphorawithknob-shapedbase. Underside(D. 0.045) rounded and flaringout towards the wall. Knob servesbothas base and thirdhandle. Date: hellenistic.85 Ai18 c/24; U490AV/3. (ST lq.2.f) f. Amphorawithnarrow,hollowedor concave base (D. 0.04), restingon a falseringfootand flaringup in a continuouslinewiththewall. Date: hellenistic 1,alsobasedon associatedfinds:Q181 i.86 sitethatmaybe datedhellenistic is a single-period (ST lq.2.g) Example:Q;8i/i6.

d. (FIG.15.7,5) Amphorawithtriangularcollar rim Th. 0.03). (J229/3:

g. Amphorawithpointedbase.87 Date: hellenistic. Example:M327/11+ 20.

81Parallels:Berenice 413,434,440 (Riley,figs.97-8). 82Parallels: 28-31, 33; also Athens,AgoraM 20.1 Ρ 14437; AgoraΕ 145(Thompson,fig.106);Berenice413-15,420, 430 (Riley,figs.97-9).J222/52maybe middleto late hellenistic, sincethe ridgedhandlesin cookingware originatefromthe ofmetalvesselsofthetime(Thompson466). influence 83Parallel:Berenice02 (Riley,fier. 72). 84Parallels:Berenice 42-5 (Riley,fig.70); Spain (CorinthCand theAncientWineTrade 47-840: V. R. Grace, Amphoras (AmericanSchool of Classical Studies at Athens Picture

Books,6; 1961),fig.31);also 35 f; Romantype63 g-h. 85Parallels: Berenice 16, 86 (Riley,figs. 69, 72); Spain (CorinthC-47-840: Grace (n. 83), fig.31); Thasos (Athens, Dipylon cistern199, with stamped handle; c.220-180 BC: Braun,fig.34). 86Parallels: Corinthian, 3rd-ist cent. BC (Athens,Agora, depositsΒ 13.7,c 9.7: Grace (n. 84), figs.22, 38, 62); cf.also 35 d. ö/Parallels:Chian (Athens,Stoa of Attalos,Ρ 1114,Ρ 19120 (Grace (η. 84),fig.47).

(ST k42.l1)

io6 Chapter15 PITHOS FABRICS Pithoisharecommonfabricswithlargebasinsand severalkitchenvessels. FabncST pA. A mediumto medium-coarseclay withmanysmall,some medium,and manylarge dark greyschistor purple inclusions.The clay is usuallyunevenlyfiredand hard witha marked oatmealeffect createdbytheinclusions.The smoothedsurfaceshave a softsoapyfeel,and vesiclesare visible.Colours vary fromorange outer surfaces(5 YR 6/6-7.5 YR 6/6) with a grey(5 Y 5/1) to (5 YR brownish-grey (7.5 YR 5/1) core,to orange(5 YR 6/8) innersurfacesand brightreddish-brown in outer The fabric occurs both classical and hellenistic associations. surfaces. 5/6) schistinclusions FabncST pB. A medium-coarse to coarse clay withmanysmalland medium-large and whitishand greyishgrits.The surfaceis roughand has manyvesicles.Hard, usuallyevenlyfired. (2.5YR5/8,2.5 YR5/6) or brown(7.5YR Orange(2.5YR6/6; 5 YR6/8),lessoftenbrightreddish-brown in The fabric and occurs both classical hellenistic associations. 5/4). FabncSTpC. A medium-fine to mediumclaywitha fewsmalland medium-large mattgreyishgrits. Evenlyfiredorange(5 YR 6/8-6/6),or unevenlyfiredwithorangesurfacesand a core thatvariesfrom dullyellowish-brown (10 YR5/4) to grey(5 Y 5/1).Smoothedsurfaceshave somevesiclesand a similar feel to fabricST pB. The fabricis similarto tile ware ST tB (below) and occurs in hellenistic associationsonly. FabncSTpD. A mediumto medium-coarse claywithsomesmalland medium,greyand whitishschist and gritinclusions. Evenlyfired.Coloursvaryfromorange(5 YR6/8-2.5YR 6/6) to dullorange(7.5YR to hard. Similarto evenlyfiredtileware ST tA (below). 7/4).The hardnessvariesfrommedium-hard The fabricoccursin hellenistic associationsonly. FabncST pE. Similarto ST pA, withtwo differences: (1) althoughthereare similarinclusionstheir numberis noticeablyfewer,thusnot achievingthe oatmealeffectof ST pA; (2) the colours,of both to orangewithinthecolourrange2.5 YR 6/6-5 YR evenlyand unevenlyfiredexamples,are restricted 6/8. The fabricoccursin bothRomanand hellenistic associations. PITHOS(FIG.15.7,6-g) 36. SMALL (ST pi) As no parallelshave been foundin the publications,the date of the pithoiis based mainlyon their fabricand on associatedfinds. a. (FIG. 15.7,6-8) Small pithoswithD-shaped rim. Biconicalprofile;flat,horizontalrim(D. 0.30) maybe D-shapedout (S474/19), pinchedout (S475A/7),or Dshapedand pointedout (K205/3).Straightor concave at shoulder;lowerwallthickens towardsthecarination. at the K205/3and S475A^7navemouldeddecoration upperpartof thebody.S474/19has narrowhorizontal grooveson shoulder;a broadridgewithverticalincised groovesmarksthe carination.M321B/65has a broad horizontal groovejust abovethehandlestump.S436/17 has a grooveat thetransition ofthelowerto upperwall, redpaintinsideand dullslipoutside.

Date: hellenistic. K205/3; M321 B/65; S436/l7; S474/19; S475 A/7. (ST pia)

b. (fig. 15.7,g) Small pithos with high, upturned verticalrim(D. 0.20-0.25)withplainedge. H45.10/14 has a large, horizontal lug handle attachedjust below rim.K233/2has a broad ridgeat outerjunctionofrimand body. Date: hellenistic. H45.10/14;M175a/8; K233/2;R422D/23. (STpl.b)

37. LARGEPITHOS88(FIG. 15.8, I -5)

(ST p2)

Large pithoihave thickwalls and smallbases. The upperwall curvesin fromthe bellyto a rimthat belongsto one ofthefollowing subtypes.

88On thedateof to thissection. pithoicf.under36, and introduction

Hellenistic pottery 107 a. Large pithoswithtall,squarish,D-shaped rim(D. 0.35-0.50)witha horizontaltop (0.05-0.06 wide) and concaveprofile, roundededges.Outeredgehas a slightly wall.Lowerrimisconcave.U511 bevelled inwards towards A/72has a bevelledinneredge.The shortneckis slightly andM321B/63havea tallneck. concave;H45.14/17, 1. Date: hellenistic H45 H/32; H45.14/17;61/6; A118A/8-9; Bl32/3>4 (?); G157/8;M321 B/63; 1406/13; R422 D/26; U511 (ST p2.a) A/72. b. Large pithos with out-turned,broad rim (D. 0.30-0.50),whichhas a flatouteredge, on steep incurvingbody withshortneck. The upper edge (W. 0.06) is flat, and may be straight,bevelled, or undercutbelow.The shortneckis concave. Date: hellenistic 1. CI95/7;Bin A/20;A118a/6, B/55-6,c/3; G157/9; (ST P2-b) S436/6;T470/8-9;U516A/15. c. (FIG.15.8,/) Large pithoswithlarge,squarishrim (D. 0.50-0.60) of similar shape to a, with flat, horizontaltop (W. 0.09) eithercurvingdownwardsto thewallor horizontaland undercut. Date: hellenistic. D85/67;A118A/7,B/57;K204a/i; S475a/6. (STp2.c) d. Large pithoswith triangularrim (D. 0.45-0.50) with a flat top (W. 0.07-0.09 wide) and a flat or convexouteredge. M327/4,U491/73and U511c/56 have a horizontal grooveon the rim;M327/4also has an appliedplain band at thelowestpartoftherim. Date: hellenistic. D85/68; A120/6;B132/4;M327/4;U491/73;U511 (ST P2.d) C/52,56; U519/45. broad rim(D. 0.60) e. Large pithoswithout-turned, broadeningtowardstheflatedge. Date: hellenistic. (ST p2.e) H45D/ia; F133/5;U520/71. f. (FIG. 15.8,2) Large pithoswithout-curved,blunt rim (D. 0.75) with a pinched-outedge; in-curving

shoulder,turnedup to forma fairlyhigh but thick neck. that Outer neckis decoratedby finger-impressions forma rowof largecrosses(K233/1;K234/4;K299/3; ^99/4). Date: hellenistic; latehellenistic?89 See alsoj. B123A/28;K299/3-4;K233/1;K234/3-4. (ST p2.f) g. (fig. 15.8,3) Large pithoson large,hollowed,flat base (D. 0.25-0.50) witha roundededge at the steep wall. Date: hellenistic.90 A118B/61;F133/10; J212/21. (ST p2.g) h. (fig. 15.8, 4) Large pithos on low ring foot (D. offset fromthe 0.15-0.20),withtall edges and slightly steepwall. The floormaybe thickand curvesharply up towardsthe innerwall (M353/20;K407/47),or be thinand forman angle(ai 19/22;R469/7). The angle frombase to wall on the outside of groove, S436/14is markedbya deep hollowhorizontal thatofK407/40bya narrowhorizontal groove. Date: hellenistic. Ai19/22;M353/20;K407/47;S436/14,40; R469/7. (ST P2.h) i. Large pithoson flatbuttonbase (D. 0.12-0.15)with a vertical offsetedge that flaresslightlyoutwards towards the wall. Both bottom and floor (Th. 0.07-0.13)are flat. Date: hellenistic. (ST p2.i) K299/5;U516A/37;U519/42. j. (FIG.15.8,5) Decoratedpithos.Occasionally,in the area of the body or upper shoulder,two plain clay bands are applied (K153/8-9; Q359/16; S436/40). J229/28has an appliedband witha horizontalrowof incised dots and, below this band, a horizontal linealso createdbyinciseddots. undulating Date: appliedbands hellenistic1. Finger-impressed crossesoff (q.v.)late (?) hellenistic. H45 (5)/i4; 85/72; 95/10; Bin A/65; Αΐΐδ Β/62, c/26, d/ii; A119/10;K153/8-9; K204/17;J222/17; J229/28; K233/1; K234/4; K242/22; K299/3-4; (ST p2.j) Q359/16;S436/40.

Tile A large amountof hellenistictilewas been collectedfromover eightysitesin the Laconia of hellenistictile,in termsof formand fabric,have been Surveyarea. The characteristics hellenistic the examination of examplesfromthe 'single-period5 identified sites,and through 89Parallels:see underRoman 90 To be type62. comparedwith22 (A118A/19,B/60).

io8 Chapter15 comparisonhas been made withtile of 'single-period'sitesof otherperiods.Most of the hellenistictile is extremely witha predominanceof glazed materialwithlittle fragmentary, variation. The tile is typological groupedaccordingto surfacetreatment. SHAPE

or strongly (Th. 0.015-0.025)showa slightly curving, Largertilefragments curvingprofile.The slightly almostflatprofileseemsto be restricted to fabricST tA (below),and its edges are eitherflatand of a rimwitha plainedge.Upturnededges withthebody,or sharplyevertedand forming equal thickness in also occur in the strongly tile fabrics ST tB and tC, and are presumablylocated onlyat curving imbrices.But the plain,flatedges of fabricST tA are not presentin fabricsST tB, tC and tD; they seemto havebeen replacedbythickened, bevellededges. FABRICS tilefabricgroups,theyhave severalelementsin common.The clay Althoughthereare fourdifferent used has a mediumto medium-coarse withtheexceptiononlyoftilefabricST tB whichhas structure, a medium-fine All tilefabricscontainsmalland medium-sized to mediumstructure. inclusions, mainly mica and mattgritsin greycolours,oftencombinedwithschistand, apart fromfabricST tB, with lime.The surfacesofthetileare usuallysimilarly treated:one ofthesurfacesis smoothed(for yellowish glazed tile,usuallytheglazed side) and has smallvesicles;theotheris roughand has manyvesiclesof different sizes.Both sidesof ST tB are smoothed.All tileshave a hard,sandytexture.ST tD is also abraded. easily FabricST tA.Medium-hardto hard,dullcolours:dullorange(7.5YR7/3-7/4,7.5 YR6/3-6/4,7.5 YR 5/3-5/4, and 5 YR 6/3-6/4; H45.14/47;^155/1*]', N186/65)or dull orange outer surfaceswithan oxidizedorangecore (2.5 YR 6/6-6/8; N186/63).Oxidized examplesalso occur,and theircoloursare in therangeofred(10YR5/6-5/8)or,lessoften,orange(2.5YR6/6-6/8; N186/64). FabricST tB.Veryhard.Bothevenlyand unevenlyfiredexamplesoccur.The evenlyfiredexamples coverthecolourrangeofbrightreddish-brown (5 YR5/6-5/8;B123A/29),reddish-brown (7.5YR5/6), and orange (2.5 YR 6/8). The unevenlyfiredexamplesshow a verybroad range of colours: from reducedgrey(5 Y 5/1)surfaceswithan oxidizedreddish-orange core (10 R 6/8; R472/18)verysimilarto fabricST tA,to oxidizedorangesurfaces(2.5 YR 6/6) witha slightly different orangecore (5 YR 6/8; M340/5)similarto fabricST tC. FabncST tC. Medium-hardto hard; mainlyorangecoloursin thç range2.5 YR 6/6-6/8 and 5 YR 6/6-6/8 (K242/33).The fewunevenlyfiredexampleshavea core in a slightly different colourfromthe outersurface(e.g.U511A/77w^tnsurfacesin 5 YR6/6 and core5 YR6/8). FabncST tD. This differs fromfabricST tC by itstextureand itsconsistent, evenfiring. Coloursare thantherange2.5 YR 6/8 or 5 YR 6/6-6/8 (J210/15); extremely very bright,oxidizedoranges,brighter also occurs(2.5 YR 5/8 or 5 YR 5/8; K242/34).The surfacesare usuallyeasily brightreddish-brown abraded. RED-GLAZED TILE Examples:H35/2;H45A/17;H45.14/49;H60/11;E76/31;D85/77; K141/39-40,42; F147/13;F152/10;Q181/65,69; N186/64; K204/18;J225/6;J226/3;K239/15; M327/19,21;M344/30;M362/14; R421/40;R422A/28,B/22,D/71;S439/1,4, 7; R457/49;T471/34,36; S475A/38,41; T479/15;T485/10;11486/37; U490AC/65,ab/68, 73,AG/165,168,AH/64,AL/75> AM/238;U491/65-6;U496/16;U497/9; (ST HL-77) U500A/25;S508/15,17,19-20;T510/14;U511A/77-8,c/46; U516A/63. BLACK-GLAZEDOR BLACK-PAINTEDTILE Examples:H18/1;H30/1;H32/11;H33/6; H35/3;H45 G/ia, 2; H45.4/1,H45.14/46-7,H45.14/48;€58/2;I161/9;

E76/30; D85/73; 095/8-9.

Hellenisticpottery109 Bin/12; A118A/23, D/12; F133/16;F135/17;F137/13;K141/38,41; F145/9-10; F147/15,17; K153/11,13; M172/43-4;M174/32-3;M175/25;M176/18;M177/29-30,34; 0,181/64,66-7; G157/40-1;G164/30;J170/11-12; N186/63,65; N190/C. K204/21;K205/4;J210/14;J212/19-20;J219/6;J222/42,46; J226/1,4; K233/40-1; K239/1, 18; K240/10; K242/30,32; K243/3;K246/3;K247e/46; r28i A/34,40(78);R281c/14. M321/80-1,88-9; M327/31,33; M332/14;M340/4-6;M344/6,29; M346/23(?); M348/99;M349/187;M351/4-6; M352/23-4;M357/23;Q359/18-19;Q360 Aj/5;M362/15,17-18. P405/20-1;1406/17-18;K407/27,50, 52; k4o8/n, 13; N417/2;R422B/27,D/5, 7; S436/41,45, 47; T446/19-21; R454/16;T465/16,24; T467/13;T470/40;T471/33;R472/19;S475 A/40; S475 c/24; T485/17;U490 R/11,X/31, ac/66, 69-70, AB/70,72, AF/90,AH/62,Ai/20,AM/227,23I> 233, 240, AS/45,AR/95,97, 99, Ax/208, 210; U491/67-8,70; U494A/26-9,31;U497/10. (ST HL-78) S508/14,21;U511A/76,B/28,c/28, 48; U516A/61;U517/14,17;U519/47,50; U519/52. TILE RED-AND-BLACK-GLAZED Examples:h37/ia; D85/74,76, 80; A118D/13; K151/27;G159/39;Π1326/17;M327/22;R422 B/19;T479/11;U490 AH/60,AM/126, (ST HL-79) AX/209,211;U516A/62. x/32,AB/71, PLAINTILE H34/15,18;I137/2;H45z/13; E76A/15;^bhb-> 78· Examples:^3/2-3; H19/11-12; F143/13;F148/11;K153/14;G157/43; F135/21;F140/43(?),44-5, 47; K141/58;F142/15-17; B123A/29;F133/18-19; M172/42;M174/2;M176/16;M177/32;0,181/62;N192/33-4. G159/43-4;G162/10-11; K201/6-9;K204/6,22; J210/8+ 9, 11, 15; K211/5-6;R281/38;R281 B/?;J222/45;J225/8;K234/5;K236/4; K239/16;K242/33-4;K250/16;R293/6,8-9; K299/14. M321/76-83;m326/5,15-16,18;M327/23,30, 32; m338/6;M348/86-7,91; M361/3. K4O7/49>5i, 54; Iq.o8/i2, 14; N430/15;S436/44,46; T446/23;R453/18;R454/17;S466 Β/105-6;Τ467/35-6, 38-9; T470/39;R472/10,14, 18, 21; S474/13-16,30-1; S475A/37,c/2o; U488/52;U491/69;U494 A/30;U495/9; U497/12.

15;u519/46, 48-9,51. u516a/64,68;u517/13, s508/18;

(st hl-80)

Conclusion to realizethatbecause Most ofthematerialstudiedconsistsofplainware,but it is important sherds thesame fabricsare used forbothplain and fineware,wornfine maybe misidentified in as plainware.The mostdiagnosticare rimsherdsand also fabrics; somecases it is possible to recognizea shape and date on basisofthefabriconly(as withcookingware and pithoi)or on the basis of the decorationused (as withkantharoiand Megarian bowls). At present, to givemorethan a generaldate. This is however,the materialofferstoo littleinformation due, in part, to the worn stateof most of the material,to the state of our knowledgeof hellenistic potteryof the region,and to the factthatnot everytypehas parallelselsewhere. refined. evidenceis badlyneededbeforethedatingcan be further Stratigraphie materialhas beenfoundon sitesassociatedwithothermaterial, Mostofthehellenistic usually with(late)classicalor (early)Roman,lessoftenwithByzantine. Onlysixsites(Q181,R281Β,Μ348, sitesthatalso produceda as (are'almost')single-period K407,lq.08,and S436)can be considered basis forthe type-series. reasonablequantityof diagnosticsherdsand thusforman important sherds. hellenistic siteshaveproducedtoofewdiagnostic Otherpossibly single-period Mostofthematerialis datedto thefirst period(beforec.ioo BC).Little partofthehellenistic data as latehellenistic, butthisis also a resultofthepaucityofcomparative has beenrecognized fromthatperiod.One shouldalso bear in mindthatthebasicfabric(thatis,thepaste,without ware of theRoman periodis verysimilarto thatused for anyslipor glaze)of thered-slipped as such.Some and thusmaynothavebeendistinguished hellenistic elsewhere, pottery red-glazed havebeenassignedtothelatehellenistic sites,however, period(e.g.Aioo,J229,K233,and K234).

no Chapter15 The tablewareseemsto lead, at leastin part,a lifeofitsown.There seemsto exista local forlargesizes,suchas theplatewithfurrowed rim(i e) thatis knownelsewherein preference muchsmallersizes.Anotherexamplemaybe thelargefinewarejugs (14), and thelargedish (3 f) thatperhapsdatesfromthelaterhellenistic periodand continuesintotheRoman. The contains few repertoire relatively bowls,especiallytowardstheend oftheperiod,althoughitis to realize thata fairnumberofbodyfragments thatmaybe partsofbowlsare not important includedin the typeseries.The large quantityof table-warejugs and/orjars (14-19) is whencomparedwithothersites,butthehellenistic striking lagynos,elsewhereso common,is not present.There are also quite a numberof examplesof the lekane(11), and its subtypes coverthewholeperiod. The repertoireof the kitchenand storagewares seems to be more complete.There are fewplain-warejugs and jars (25), but it shouldbe notedthatforthesetypesit is relatively the hellenistic fromthe Roman fabric.This does not applyto hardlypossibleto distinguish since the fabrics of Roman the are slightly and can be different cookingware, cooking-pots not It is also to and hellenistic classical distinguished (though easily). quite easy distinguish wares. For both kitchen and ware thereseems,as withtable ware,to be a cooking storage forlargesizes:thusthepithoiseemto have a heavierrimand largerdiameterthan preference thoseoftheclassicalperiod,and in thesecondhalfoftheperiodthediameterbecomeslarger still.This development continuesintoRoman times,as shownby37 f. Plain-warejugs orjars (25) can also be remarkably large. Vesselsdisplaying somesortofcontinuity are theechinusbowl(6), thebowlwithout-turned rim(9), table-and plain-warelekanai (n, 21), plain-warejugs or jars (25), casseroles(29, 33-4), and stewpots (30, 33-4). All are presentin bothearlyand latersites.The casseroleand stewpotalreadyexistin theclassicalperiod;theplain-warejug or pitcheris an innovationof the hellenisticperiod;and all threetypesjust mentionedcontinueinto the Roman period. There are also othernew shapes such as the 'Megarian' mouldmade bowl (7), which is producedfromabout 225 BCon and replacestheskyphos(4) and kantharos(5), bothofwhich alreadyexistedin the classicalperiod.Anotherpossiblynew shape is the cooking-jarwith evertedrim (31 b), whichcontinuesinto the Roman period and has no parallelson early hellenistic withpinched-inrim(31 a). sites;itmayreplacetheearlyhellenistic cooking-jar from the coarse-ware Verylittleofthematerialseemsto be imported; apart amphorathereis one bowl sherd that have come from elsewhere only Megarian may (S436/2). The other bowls in in well have been made since the clay is not Megarian may workshops Sparta, unfamiliar. The possibility thatsome table and or plain ware mayhave been importedfrom in thePéloponnèseshouldnotbe excluded.The validity elsewhere ofthishypothesis couldonly be testedon the basis of a studyof hellenistic from other pottery Peloponnesiansites.This absenceof importedfineware is in contrastto the quantitiesthatoccurin the urbancentre, Sparta,and also contrastswiththe classicalperiod(compare,forexample,the classicaland hellenistic findsof D85). Althoughthe typeof settlements suggestedby the characterof the does not to have been none seemsparticularly assemblage appear impoverished, prosperous; one shouldbewareofestablishing thestatusofa sitesimplyaccordingto thedegreeof however, of typesthatis present:it verymuchdependson the visibility conditionsduring complexity and the state of of the its material. However,it site, field-walking preservation including remainsthe case thatsmall townsand agriculturalcentrescannot be identifiedfromthe ceramicevidenceofthehellenistic period,and thatclosetradinglinks,involving, amongother the of between the urban centre and rural catchment its area, things, exchange 'luxury'goods do notseemto havedeveloped,at leastnotafterthebattleofSellasiain 222BC.

16 THE ROMAN POTTERY JoLawson Table

Wares (1-52) Study of the Romanpotteryis,giventhepresentstateofknowledge, a complextask.Despite theproximity ofRomanSparta,theoccurrence ofimported finewaresin ruralLaconia is rare. in favouroffinewares,little Sincepottery researchhas,untilfairly tendedto be selective recently, and local tablewaresin contemporary use. Such attitudes, is knownoftheutilitarian thoughno in a Laconia. have resulted total lack of stratified material from published longerprevalent, rimsherds Dates mentionedin thetypeseriesare based on similarities betweenillustrated and those of otherpublishedassemblagesfromGreece and otherregionsof the Roman whichmaybe subjectto changeonce empire.The datesshouldbe treatedas approximations, - in particular, one hopes,fromthe evidencebecomesavailablefromexcavatedsites further on theacropolisofSparta. newexcavations is The quantityofRoman tableware is large,but thequalityand the stateofpreservation a the of isolated There is absence of fine with striking imported ware, exception disappointing. (39, 28). Dumped materialfromSparta shows,however,thatfinewares from fragments NorthAfrica,Italy,and Antioch,as well as othercentresofproductionin theAegean,were to theexclusionoflocal wares. beingimportedintotheurbancentrein largequantities, of wares account for the bulk of the material,but littlerepetition Locallyproducedplain are and when occur Local vessels are occurs. uncommon, they they red-slipped types and theirsurfacestendto be wornto the extentthatthe slip has been almost fragmentary lost.A commonfabricalso appearsto have been used forbothplain and slipped completely to quantify. ofplainto slippedvesselsdifficult vessels,makingtheproportion YR small white(lime?),red (grog?), fine-ware fabric is with The 'local' reddish-yellow (5 6/8) and tinymicaceousinclusions.The fabricis soft,withan oftenpowderysurfacetexture(e.g. coarserfabric(e.g.2-23; SF A, L, E), but SF D, S, AX). Slippedvesselsalso occurin a slightly in colourand hardnessare unusual. extremevariations unlessotherwisestafed,the Few vesselshave completeprofilespreserved.Consequently, followingdescriptionsof vesseltypes,and any comparisonsmade withknownformsfrom rimfragments, fromwhichtheformofthevesselcan stratified sites,are based on thesurviving oftenonlybe estimated. I. LARGE PLATE/DISH WITH UPTURNED RIM (FIG. 16. 1, 1-4)

A gentlysloping floorending in an upturnedand in section,whichis bevelledflat offset rim,triangular on theinsideand roundedbelowand outside.

A worn red slip is preservedboth insideand out, withan unevenfiringcolour of 5 YR 6/6 orange to black. D. (rim) 0.30; Th. (wall) 0.004. Date: early Roman?1 J217/1.

(ST25)

1 Cf. H. Dragendorff, Bonner 'Terra-sigillata', Jahrbücher, 96 (1895-6),18-155;ibid.97 (1896-7),54-163,form42.

112 Chapter 16 a. (FIG.ι6.i, 2) Witha slightoverhangat therimbase. Some examples occur with shallow grooveson the inneredge ofthelip.D. (rim)0.30; Th. (wall)0.004. Slippedexamplesare rare. Date: earlyRoman?2 K141/8;Q180/3;K241/5;M348/8;A101/3;N191/1; U490an/io; U511C1/5;U521/1. (ST 65) b. (FIG.16.1,3) Heavierversionof a, withoutwardtiltedrim.D. (rim)0.30-0.36;Th. (wall)0.008. Reddish-brown slip occurs (2.5 YR 5/8; M348/15; U490/23). Date: earlyRoman.2ndcent.AD?3 M348/15;M352/6;R472/1;N191/10;U490AM/23. (ST118) c· (FIG.16.1,4) Thickwalled,withheavy,mouldedrim. Four prominentgrooveson outersurfaceof rim.D. (rim)0.30; Th. (wall)0.007.A wornredslipis preserved on therimand insidethevessel(2.5YR6/8 orange). Date: lateRoman;6thcent.AD.4 B123b/i; U490y/i,AP/2. (ST 88) 2. LARGEDISH/BOWLWITHKNOBBEDRIM (FIG. 16.I, 5)

rimwhich Shallow,convexfloorendingin a thickened is circularin section.The innerjunctionof rimand flooris markedbytwonarrowparallelridges.D. (rim) 0.25-0.35;Th. (wall)0.007. Date: lateRoman;c.6th/7th cent.AD.5 A100/3; H45.13/1.

(ST 114)

3. LARGEDISH WITHSTEEPWALLS(FIG. 16.I, 6)

Flatfloorrisingto a steep,almostvertical, wall straight witha shortevertedand flatrim.The floorprojects slightly beyondthelineofthewallin theformofa low ridge at the external carination, and a slight of the wall is produced at the interior undercutting pointofjuncture.D. (rim)0.30-0.32;Th. (wall)0.004. Tracesofa redslip(5 YR6/6 orange)occuroutside, and on theupperrimsurface. Date: earlyRoman?6 F144/4. (ST 126) 4. DISH WITHIN-CURVEDRIM (FIG. 16.I, 7-8)

Convexwallto slightly inward-curving plainrim. a. (FIG.16.1,7) Withtwonarrowincisedlinesoutside, halfwaydownthebodywall. D. (rim)0.30; Th. (wall) 0.005.

2 Dragendorff (n.1),type42. 3 Cf.Hayes,'Knossos', fig.5. 21. 4 Fulford andPeacock, fig.70,type32.

5 Cf.Jones,Tarsus, fig.207;Hayes,LRP 166.

Remainsof a glossyred slip occur insideand out (10YR5/6 red). Date: earlyRoman; istcent.BC.7 K242/ii;f4/3. (ST53) b. (FIG.ι6.i, 8) Withtaperingrim.D. (rim)0.20; Th. (wall)0.007. Date: earlyRoman.8 F138/5. (ST5) 5. dishes (fig. 16.i, g-w) a. (fig. 16.i, g) Dish with in-turnedrim. Gently slopingfloorto sharplyin-turnedrim whichis flat outsideand concave inside.D. (rim)0.30-0.35; Th. (wall)0.004. F140/6;LS 11122/1. (ST 129) b. (FIG.16.1,10)Dish sherdofuncertainshape. J220/10.

(ST in)

6. plate/dish with incised decoration (fig. 16.1, ") Fragmentfromthe flatfloorof a large open vessel, incorporatingpart of a central,slightlydepressed decorative medallion. D. (rim) absent; Th. (wall) 0.009.

The motifconsistsof a single incised wavy line, bound on itsouteredge by a shallowgroove,beyond whichis a band of rouletting. The centreappears to have been slippedon theinsideonly,wherea finebut wornredslipremains(10R 5/8 red). H24/4. (ST59) 7. LARGEBOWLWITHBROADFLARINGRIM

Convex wall to a slightlyoffset,broad evertedrim, flattened on top. D. (rim) 0.28-0.46; Th. (wall) 0.006.

Red slip appears on a numberof examples,but variesin quality(N192/10fine,10 R 4/6 red;J222/4 poorly fired,10 R 4/3 weak red to 5 YR 5/1 dark grey). Decoration is absent, with the single exceptionofT482 A/3,therimofwhichis decorated on its upper surface, by a series of fingernail impressionsarrangedin bars betweentwo parallel grooves. Date: middleRoman;3rdcent.AD?9 J222/4,6, 8; K207/1;M348/5, 10; M352/2;T482 A/3; K419/5; N192/10; G163/2, 4; H45.7/15, 18; (ST 29) K141/7;M321B/6;Q180/1;F143/2.

6 Cf.Jones,Tarsus, fig.192.369. 7 Robinson,pl. 1. 60, typesF 1-2. 8 Cf. Hayes,LRPi type27. 9 Fulfordand Peacock,fig.61. 8.2.

Roman pottery 113 8. BOWLWITHBROADCONVEXRIM (FIG. 16.I, 12-14)

Convex upper wall to a broad convex, slightly rimwhichbears a groovealong itsinner overhanging edge.D. (rim)0.25;Th. (wall)0.008. Possibly once slipped (K515/7: reddened rim surface). Date: earlyRoman;2nd-ßrdcent.AD.10 (ST 78,124)K515/7,29; H45.7/1,14;Aioo/i, 11. (ST 82) aioo/i, ii; K515/29(cf.below). RIM(FIG.16. 1, ij) BOWLWITHDOWNTURNED 9. SHALLOW D. (rim)0.20-0.30; Th. (wall) 0.005.

Only one example of this retainsa finered slip to black); (U516A/5:2.5 YR 5/8 brightreddish-brown the slip on otherexamplesis almostcompletelylost (e.g.M352/5). M324/2;K515/4;N192/7;M352/5;U516A/5. (ST69) 10. BOWL WITH PRONOUNCED DOWNTURNED AND SQUAREDRIM (FIG. 16. 1, io)

Rim fragmentwith flat top and long angular overhang.A shallow groove runs along the upper surfacetowardsitsouteredge.D. (rim)0.35; Th. (wall) 0.006.

Traces of a thinred slip remain(uppersurface2.5 YR4/8 reddish-brown; outersurface2.5 YR5/8 bright reddish-brown). Date: earlyRoman?11 LS 10614/6. (ST 146) 11. BOWLWITHUPTURNEDRIM (FIG. 16. 1, if)

Steeplyslopingwall to upturnedmouldedrim,with concave innersurfaceand singlepronouncedridge, centrally placed,on itsouterface.D. (rim)0.25-0.30; Th. (wall)0.005. U486/2; H45 b/i (hellenistictype 15); F140/9; (ST 109) T470/3. UP (FIG. 16. 1, 18) 12. LARGEBOWL/DISHWITHHANGING

Gentlyslopingwall to everted,flatrimwithhanging lip. Singleridgeon top.D. (rim)0.20-0.30; Th. (wall) 0.005.

Only one exampleretainspartof a slippedsurface (U490 am/22). A faintindicationof parallel vertical ridgesappearson theabradedouterfaceofa hanging offinger-rouletting? lip (βι32/1);possibleremnants Date: lateRoman.12 B132/1;Aioo/10; U488/33; U490 AM/22.

(ST 104)

10Fulfordand Peacock,fig.76. 8. 11Cf.Dragendorffín. ι),type38. 12Imitationof a NorthAfricanRed Slip vessel?Cf. Hayes, LRP,form4B.

13. SHALLOWBOWLWITHPLAINRIM (FIG. l6.I, ig)

Curvingwall to slightlythickenedplain rim. Two incisedparallel lines outside,below lip (M335/3).D. (rim)0.15-0.28;Th. (wall)0.003. 1:2·5^ 6/6 orange). Remainsofa redslip(LS10614/ Date: late Roman. 6th cent. AD?13M335/3 was found close to the mausoleum site (M334) that produceda Çandarlibowl. (ST 58) M335/3;J220/9;T470/1;LS 10614/1. RIM (FIG. 16.I, 20) 14. BOWLWITHOUTWARD-FOLDED

Concave upper wall to out-curving rim,foldedback uncertain.D. the wall. of vessel body Depth against (rim)0.20; Th. (wall)0.004. Remainsof a red slip occurs (M348/4:2.5 YR 4/4 reddish-brown). (ST 117) M348/4,6; N192/4;M321/4. 15. DEEP BOWL WITH FOLDED IN-CURVINGRIM (FIG. 16.1, 21)

lip.D. Steep convexwall to foldedrimwithin-curving (rim)0.20; Th. (wall)0.005. and has threeshallowincised N315/4is self-slipped lines,belowtherim,on theouterwallsurface. N315/4;K515/6;P264/1;H45C/3;M321B/i. (ST49) 16. SMALLBOWLWITH HORIZONTALFLARINGRIM (FIG. 16.2, /)

flattoppedrim. Flat base withconvexwall to flaring, D. (rim)0.07-0.15;Th. (wall)0.006. F136/1possiblyself-slipped. Date: middleRoman;3rdcent.AD.14 F136/1; F150/6; K242/12; C168/7; K204/2; A100/4; (ST 0 P284 H/2; LS 11122/9. 17. BOWLWITHPINCHEDRIM (FIG. l6.2, 2)

Thin-walledvesselwithsteepupperwall to a pinched rim,thickenedoutwardsand withflattenedtop. D. (rim) 0.10-0.20; Th. (wall) 0.004. Date: late Roman; 5th cent. AD.15 C168/3; K141/3; E304/2.

18. SMALLBOWLWITHPLAINRIM (FIG. l6.2, j)

(ST 97)

Shallowcurvingfloorto verticalrim,slightly bevelled on outeredge.D. (rim)0.09; Th. (wall)0.003. Finewheel-ridges evidentoutside.The singleexample is slippedinsideand out(2.5YR4/6 reddish-brown). (st 143) J215/45·

13Fulfordand Peacocktype2.11. 14Cf.Antioch, iv,pl. 7. 645. 15Fulfordand Peacocktype5.2.

114 Chapter1 6 19. SMALLBOWLWITHOFFSETRIM (FIG. l6.2, 4)

wallrisingsteeply to offset, Straight slightly flaring, plain rim.A thin-walled vesselwithan extremely fine,soft fabricwithno inclusions visible(colour7.5 YR 8/6-8/4 D. (rim)0.12;Th. (wall)0.002. reddish-yellow/pink). Surface staining provides the only surviving indicationofthevesselhavingonce been slipped(10 R 4/6 redto darkred). Date: earlyRoman.16 F140/1,14.

(ST 128)

20. SHALLOWBOWLWITHBEVELLEDRIM (FIG. l6.2, 5)

Gentlycurvingfloorto upturnedverticalrim,slightly bevelledon itsouteredge,belowwhichrunsa shallow horizontalgroove.D. (rim)0.20; Th. (wall)0.003. M321B/14. (ST 132b) 21. HEMISPHERICALBOWLWITH PLAINRIM (FIG. l6.2,

6) Convexwall to slightly in-curvedplain rim.D. (rim) 0.16;Th. (wall)0.005. Remainsof a thinred slip occurs(U490AA/18:2.5 YR6/8 orange). U490 aa/i, 18; LS 11122/11.

(ST 142)

22. HEMISPHERICALBOWLWITH VERTICALPLAINRIM (FIG. 16.2, 7)

Completeprofilepreserved(M336/38).Low ringfoot withflatrestingsurface.Convex wall curvingto an upturnedrimwitha roundedlip. D. (rim)0.17,(base) 0.06; Th. (wall)0.005; Η. °·°6· Traces of a thinred slip occur outside(2.5 YR 5/4 reddish-brown).Striationsand dragged inclusions outside,towardsthebase ofthebody,suggestthatthe vesselwas paredon thewheel. Date: lateRoman?17 M336/38;H19/7;Aioo/31. (ST 57) 23. HEMISPHERICALFLANGEDBOWL WITH LOW RING FOOT (FIG. 16.2, 8)

Completeprofilepreserved(G252/1).Convex wall to shorthorizontalflangefromwhich a high,vertical rimrises,concaveon itsinnersurfacewithan offset, pinched lip. D. (rim) 0.14, (base) 0.05; Th. (wall) 0.004. Red slip preservedoutside only (10 R 5/4 weak red). Date: middleRoman.18 G252/1;Aioo/26. (ST 32)

16Cf.Jones,Tarsus, fig.144.416. 17Cf.Tones,Tarsus, fier. 207. 814. 18Cf. Hayes, LRP, Çandarli form3; S. Loeschcke, 'Die römischenZiegelofen im Gemeindewald von Speicher',

24. FLANGEDBOWLWITH POINTEDVERTICALRIM (FIG. 16.2,3)

Convex, thin-walledvessel with a shorthorizontal flangeand low,vertical,plain rim.D. (rim)0.11; Th. (wall)0.002. Date: lateRoman;6th~7thcent.AD.19 K251/1. (ST43) 25. HEMISPHERICALBOWL WITH FLAT RIM (FIG. l6.2, Id)

Shallowhorizontalgrooveoccursbelowthelip,on the outer surfaceof the vessel. D. (rim)0.17; Th. (wall)

0.003. J215/4;A100/7; R425/2.

(ST 132A)

BOWLWITHTHICKENEDIN26. LARGEHEMISPHERICAL CURVEDRIM (FIG. 16.2, //)

Narrow horizontalgroove below the rim on outer surfaceof vessel. D. (rim) at least 0.30; Th. (wall) 0.005. Date: lateRoman;6th~7thcent.AD.20 M321B/11.

(ST 133)

27. HEMISPHERICALBOWLWITH THICKENEDVERTICAL RIM (FIG. 16.2, 12)

The rim is undercut on the outside by a broad, shallow groove, producing the effect of being thickenedoutwards.D. (rim)approx.0.20; Th. (wall) 0.005. Aioo/8, 14.

(ST 145)

28. HEMISPHERICALARRETINEBOWL WITH D-SHAPED RIM

Rim fragment of an Arretinebowl. The fabricis fine and hard,withoccasionaltinywhiteinclusions(fabric colour 2.5 YR 6/6 orange;SF H). D. (rim)0.18; Th. (wall)0.004. A damaged,lustrousred glaze (2.5 YR 4/8 reddishinsideand out. brown)survives U490AX/5. (ST 141) 29. DECORATEDBOWL(FIG. l6.2, Ij)

Slightlyevertedringfoot,withflatfloorand flaring, outward-convexwalls. Upper wall and rim do not survive.D. (rim)absent,(base)0.10;Th. (wall)0.005. A worn band of roulettingdecorates the inner surfaceof the lower wall. A thin red slip remains inside,unevenlyfired(10 R 5/4 weak red to 10 R 5/1 darkreddish-grey) and worn.

Trierer 6 (1931),1-7,type19 (earlier). Zeitschrift, 19Fulfordand Peacock,fig.77,type12.ι. 20Fulfordand Peacocktype2.10.

Roman pottery 115 Date: middleRoman?Cf. Terra Sigillatatype

31R. J217/8.

(ST 24)

FLATRIM(FIG.16.3,/) 30. DEEPBOWLWITHEVERTED Curvingfloor to verticalupper wall ending in an evertedflat-topped rim. D. (rim)o. 16-19; Th. (wall) 0.004-0.005. consistsof littlemore Survivingsurfacetreatment than self-slipping(N315/6,8) and the very worn remainsofa redslip(U490AM/26-7). N315/6,8; K239/4; F137/2;U490 ai/ 1, AM/26-7; Aioo/6;N192/3;H45.14/6;K141/3. (ST 51, 113) (FIG.16.3,2) 31. DEEPBOWL/BASIN rim wallsto heavy,angular,downturned Steep,straight withflattop.D. (rim)0.25-0.36;Th. (wall)0.007-0.008. Date: middle-lateRoman.21 J228/2,4; K239/7; E310/2; T482 A/2; T470/12; (ST 18) T481/2;S475B/2;U516A/13;LS 10646/2. (FIG.16.3,5) 32. DEEPBOWL/BASIN rim. Concave upperwalls to a rounded,downturned D. (rim)0.24-0.30;Th. (wall)0.005. Date: lateRoman;6th.cent.AD?22 (ST 123) K243/1;U511C1/1. (FIG.16.3,4-6) 33. DEEPBOWL/BASIN Straight, almost vertical upper wall with a on top.D. (rim)0.15-0.36; downturned rim,flattened Th. (wall)0.003-0.005. Slippedexamplesare rarebutdo occurQ222/2:2.5 YR 5/4 red/browninside, to 5 YR 7/6 red/yellow outside). Date: earlyRoman: istcent.AD?23 J228/3; J222/2, 7; K515/1; N192/15; M321/11; N195/1;K246/1;H45#312/6;Q180/5. (ST 19,116) (FIG.16.3,J-II) 34. DEEPBOWL/BASIN Verticalwall to thickened, everted,flatrim(FIG.16.3, 7). D. (rim)0.26; Th. (wall)0.01. Date: hellenistic or earlyRoman.24 (ST 66) K241/1. withstraight, a. (FIG.16.3,//)Largebowl/basin steeply everted upperwalland thickened slopingwalltovertical and flatrim.D. (rim)0.45;Th. (wall)0.009. on innersurface. Wheel-ridged Date: earlyRoman; ist-2ndcent.AD.25 J228/1;K204A/2. (ST 20)

21Cf.Hayes,LRP,Çandarliform1,fig.64; Fulford and Peacocktypes 50.17,9.3. 22Fulford andPeacocktype16.1.

b. (FIG.16.3,8-10) A heavyflatbase withverticalor steeplyslopingwallsmaybelongto thistype.D. (base) 0.18-0.24;Th. (wall)0.01. and The internalwall surfaceis oftenwheel-ridged slipped(2.5YR5/2 weakredto 10R 5/Rred). J228/7;J222/24, 31, 34, 37; K242/20; N315/7, M328/21;C168/19-20;M176/6,10; U486/8; N318/4; (ST 21) F72/11;K404/5. 35. bowl/basin,decorated (fig. 16.3,12) everted Verticalupperwall to thickened, horizontally rim,roundedon top and undercutbelow (FIG. 16.3, 12).D. (rim)0.30 at least;Th. (wall)0.006. An incisedwavyline decoratestheuppersurfaceof therim. M335/7· (ST55) bowl/basin.Slightly in-turned a. Largehemispherical upperwall to thickenedrim,flaton top.D. (rim)0.29; Th. (wall)0.009. (ST 86) K515/55;H29 B/3;R425/9. b. Sherdsprobablyassignableto bowls are J217/14; (ST26) M335/15. c. Sherdsprobablyascribableto basins include (ST 52)N3i5/i3;(STi37)T47o/7. 37. WIDE-NECKEDJARWITHROLLEDRIM (FIG. 16.3, 14)

In-turnedupper wall to thickened,rolled rim with concave upper surface,possiblyto receive a lid. A large,wide-mouthedvessel,probablyhemispherical. D. (rim)0.22; Th. (wall)0.004. (ST77) K515/5;T482A/i. 38. JARWITHHORIZONTALRIM (FIG. 16.3, /j)

Globular body to short, concave neck curving downturnedhorizontalrim.D. outwardsto a slightly (rim)0.14-0.17;Th. (wall)0.005. The rim is thinnedby a depressionon its upper surface,possiblyto receivea lid. (ST 87) F149/1;H47/1;M352/1;S475A/4. RIM(FIG.16.3, THICKENED 39. JARWITHOUT-TURNED, Globularbodyto concaveupperwallwitha thickened rim, bevelled flat on top. D. (rim) 0.16; Th. (wall) 0.004. Fine groovesare evidenton outernecksurface. F140/2,29-30; R426Ci/8. (ST 130)

23Robinson,pis 38, 72,Ρ i4-8
ii6 Chapter 16 40. JARWITH OUT-TURNED,BEVELLEDRIM (FIG. 16.4, 1-2)

a. (FIG.16.4, /) Verticalneck/upperwall, to slightly out-turned thickened, rim,bevelledon itsinneredge. D. (rim)0.11;Th. (wall)0.003. Fainttracesofa slip(U490AB/ß). J215/8;U490 AB/3;D306/2;U490 AQ/2;R425/3;LS 11122/10. (ST 144) b. (FIG.16.4,2) In-turnedrim,bevelledon its outer edge. No indicationof bodyformpreserved.D. (rim) 0.13;Th. (wall)0.006. G161/1. (ST92) c. Uncertainjar fragments are (ST 102) LS 11122/12; (ST 140)R426ci/i; U490/13. PITCHER 41. SMALL (FIG.16.4,3) In-turnedneckto triangular rim,thickenedoutwards. D. (rim)0.06; Th. (wall)0.002-0.003. Date: middleRoman;4thcent.AD?26 F149/2; Aioo/12; K240/4; H45.10/1; P284 h/i; M365/5;U490AQ/67,AM/9;R425/6;LS 11122/7. (ST91) PITCHER/FLAGON 42. SMALL (FIG.16.4,4) Narrowneckwithflaringrim,flattened on top witha shallowcentralridge.D. (rim)0.04-0.065; Th. (wall) 0.004. M352/4;F140/5. (ST 121) PITCHER 43. WIDE-MOUTHED (FIG.16.4,5) High neck with steeplyflaring,straightwalls to a thickened,flat-toppedrim. D. (rim)0.12; Th. (wall) 0.006. Deeply incisedparallelgrooveson outersurfaceof neck. Date: lateRoman;6th~7thcent.AD.27 T510/1; Q359/2.

(ST 108)

44. TREFOIL-MOUTHEDPITCHER(FIG. 16.4, 6")

a. Globularbodyto short,verticalneckwithslightly evertedplainrim.Oppositesidesoftherimhavebeen pushed in towardseach other to forma spout. A verticalstraphandle,withcentralridgeon top and groovebelow,is attachedat rimand shoulder.D. (rim) approx.0.10;Th. (wall)approx.0.004.

26Robinson,pis 28, 4.1,"ί8,typeM 2^. 27Robinson,pl. 34, typeM 371. 28Fulfordand Peacocktype27. 29Cf.J. A. Riley,'The coarsepotteryfromBenghazi',inj.

Remainsofred slipare rare,butdo occur(j215/44: to 2.5 YR4/8 outside2.5 YR5/8 brightreddish-brown inside5 YR6/8 orange). reddish-brown; Date: lateRoman; 6thcent.AD.28 B121/29; J215/44; A100/5,15;C108/9;LS 11122/20. (ST75) b. (FIG. 16.4, 6")Fine, thin-walledversion,of which survive.D. (rim)0.06-0.07; Th. onlywornfragments (wall) 0.002. F140/3-4; R425/5.

(ST 127)

45. PITCHERWITHPLAININ-CURVEDRIM (FIG. 16.4, J-8)

Short,bulbous neck with plain rim,fromwhich a straphandlesprings(FIG.16.4,7). The handleis oval in section and flattenedon top. D. (rim)0.09; Th. (wall) 0.005. Handle: W. 0.028-0.035, Th. 0.012-0.018. N315/9;K204/10;J216/6;T482 a/io, 16; K419/7; H45.13/2;U516A/18,25, 29; U490AD/7;Q3007/4. (ST76) a. (FIG. 16.4, 8) With oval-sectionedstrap handle springingfromjust below the rim. D. (rim)absent; Th. (wall)0.005. R472/2-3; U488/15, 18; R426 A/6-7, 11-12; M344/10;S466 B/30. (ST 138) 46. PITCHERWITHOMPHALOSBASE(FIG. 16.4, g-IO)

Raised, concave floorwithflatfoot.Steeplysloping, almost vertical,straightwalls. Shoulder probably roundedand wheel-ridged.29 D. (rim)0.12-0.20; Th. (wall)0.09-0.05. Date: earlyRoman.30 21;H45.7/13;T481/8;K403/3. K233/12-14, (ST 122,44) 47. SPOUTED PITCHERWITHSTRAINER(FIG. 16.5, /)

Fragmentof the strainerthatwould have sat, inside thevessel,acrossthe base of the neck.It is curvedin profile,and is pierced at regularintervalsby small (D. 0.003), tnreeof whichare preserved. perforations The fabricis fineand soft,and is therefore unlikelyto have belonged to a kitchenor cooking vessel. Th. (wall)0.006. The only fragmentfroma pitcherof thistypeto havebeen identified fromthesurvey's sites. K233/38. (ST105)

A. Lloyd (ed.), Sidi KrebishExcavations,Benghazi (Berenice),ii

(Tripoli,1981),91-467,D 1128;Hayes,'Knossos',jug no. 31. 30Cf. Riley(n. 29), fig.137.1128;Hayes, Knossos, 267,fig. 16.31.

Roman pottery 117 PITCHERHANDLES(FIG. 16.5, 2-6) 48. MISCELLANEOUS

Fragmentary pitcherhandles,ofwhichthereare many fromthesurvey's sites,withoutan associatedrimform The are difficult to typify. or otherdiagnosticfeature, basic vocabularyof handletypes(e.g.flatstrap,ovalsectioned, ridged) is used for a varietyof forms, to a certainpitchertype. nonebeingspecific apparently The vertical strap handle is the most commonly formin the Roman tablewaresof Laconia, occurring thosebelongingto largervessels(ST 60, particularly uncommon ridgedversionis relatively 11).The smaller, (ST 4, 112)and thecircularloop handleis rare(ST 107). (ST 60, 11) Handle: Th. 0.009-0.035, W. 0.006. F2/2;H29/2;H45 a/8; H45.10/7,10; F72/3;Aioo/23; F137/5;F143/11;F149/6; G161/2;G165/4; M176/2; Q;8o/i2; P284 H/12; M321/27;K419/8; R426 Ci/6; R428A/18;U490 AQ/33,46, 66; K515/22;U516A/21, 24, 26, 33-4; U521/4;LS 11122/22. (ST 4, 112) Handle: Th. 0.006, W. 0.016-0.026. E56/2;F136/2,4; J212/7;M321B/30;M328/3. (ST 107)Handle: D. 0.01. K204 a/6; Q359/5;S475 A/8. (FIG.16.5,7-22) 49. MISCELLANEOUS a. (fig. 16.5, 7-14) Bases. Flat bases and ring feet among the finewares,oftenwith appear frequently to littleof thevesselwall surviving. They are difficult to date,sincetheywereused and verydifficult typify fora varietyof vesselshapes and changedlittlewith suffice. time.An outlineofthemaintypeswilltherefore Plain, flat bases with flaring, convex walls frequentlyoccur (ST 41, 93-4). They occur with moulded (ST 48) and splaying(ST 61) profiles,but theseare uncommon.The mostcommonringfootis also the plain form,with a simple profile:vertical outeredge and roundedfootplate(ST 22, 7). Variants of thisbasic typeincludea low cushionform(ST 33) and a higher,slightlyeverted/ splayingpedestaltype (ST 27; D. (base)0.09-0.25). Plain (ST 41, 93-4): H45.9/9, H45.14/16, H45.10/21-2;H45 z/12; K141/51;G161/4-5;J229/16; K419/6;R422a/ii; T467/10;LS 10247/1. Moulded (ST 48): F144/10; N315/19-20; U490 AM/47;U516 A/31. Splaying(ST 61):F2/3;F144/9. Plain ringfoot(ST 22, 7): E3/1; H19/5;Aioo/29; F150/1;G163/7;M176/4-5;N192/5;J228/8-9; S475 A/12;U486/9.

Cushion(ST 33)^222/29; K242/25. Pedestal(ST 27^222/25; M335/17). b. (FIG. 16.5, 15-22) Sherds of various pitchers(or possiblyamphoras). (ST 13) F4/4; H24/1; G165/11; C167/16, 18; J222/38-9;K242/14. (ST 14)G165/9;J229/4;T445c/7, 19;S475B/13. (ST 28) J68/8; G155/10;J217/10;R423 A/14; LS 10192/8-9;LS 10247/2. (ST 34) F10/3;J220/50;N314/2-4,9; S475 B/6-7; U488/29,31-2,37,42, 44; U516a/ii. (ST 42) H11/3;H22/1-3;H45.14/36;E53/1;E56/6; C108/12-13, 17, 20; G158/17; G161/9; K251/4-5; M344/22; K403/8, 10, 12, 15; P405/5; R426 c/113; T482A/21-9;LS 10069/1-2. (ST 56) K204/12;M335/11. (ST 74) E56/5;J229/26;T445c/ii. (ST84)H45.i4/38;K5i5/3i. (ST 85) K204/11;K515/38. (ST 125)G155/4;Q359/4;R422a/8. 50. LID(FIG.16.5,23) . Domed lid withevertedrim,thickenedon top,witha flatrestingsurfacebelow.The formappears in both table and householdwares. D. (rim)0.25-0.30; Th. (wall)0.008-0.012. (ST 115) K240/1;T465/3;LS 11122/3. 51. LID (FIG.16.5,24) Low, horizontal rim fragment,flat on top, with roundedoutersurfaceand taperingto a pointbelow. D. (rim)0.20; Th. (wall)0.005. (ST70) M324/1. 52. LIDS (FIG. 16.5, 25-7)

hollowed a. (FIG.16.5,6) Circulardiscofclay,centrally underneath,witha flared,up-curvingrim. It has a centralknobhandleabove,thetopofwhichappearsto in the shape of the handle be missing.Irregularities The maybe the resultof pinchingduringproduction. colour(2.5 fabricis fineand hardwitha greyish-yellow Y 7/2).D. (rim)0.04; Th. (wall)0.005. Date: middle-lateRoman?31 (ST 68) E94/3. b. (FIG.16.5,7) Fragments probablyoflidsare (ST 12) Q360 Aj/3. (ST 120) M348/60; G165/2;

31Cf.Robinson,no. M 316;Fulfordand Peacocktype9.1.

ii8 Chapter 16

Household

Wares (53-65)

cooking/food preparation Cookingwaresare uncommonin thepotteryrecordof theRoman period.This mayin part thelife-spanofvesseltypes;theirslowrateofchange,in be due to theproblemofestablishing materialfromLaconia Surveysites,make termsofformand fabric,and thelack of stratified the dating of such vessels extremelydifficult.There is a possibility,therefore,that the cookingwarescontinuedintotheRoman periodbut thatthey productionofsome hellenistic failto be recognizedas Romantypes. ofvessel (55),withan otherwise striking paucityin therepertoire Cooking-pots predominate formsoccurringin cooking-fabric. Fragmentsof alternativeformsof utilityvessels,such as mortaria(ST 16),kitchenpitchers(ST 75), frying-pans (ST 50), and colanders(ST 105),are rareand tendto occuras isolatedexamples. The fabricrangesin firingcolourfromlightbrown(7.5 YR 6/4) to lightred (2.5 YR 6/8), withtinyto smallmica, smallto medium-sizedschist,quartz,and calcite,and smallbrown and red groginclusions.The fabricis coarse and hard,witha rough,but slightly'soapy', ofa slightly coarserrange surfacetexture(SF B, AJ).The fabricappearsto be a development of table-warefabric(SF A) intoa moredurable,coarse fabricappropriateto cooking.There in termsoffabricstructure and colour,withthehellenistic are also similarities, cookingware well have out of which the Roman fabric G, may developed. 53. SPOUTED COOKING-POTWITH PINCHED RIM (FIG. 16.6, /) Rounded, piriformbody to short, concave neck with thickened, outward-pinched rim. A horizontal loophandle, oval in section, is attached at the shoulder. The neck/shoulder is pierced by a circular opening, around which a strip of clay has been attached to the vessel body to form an open spout, perpendicular to, and flush with, the vessel rim. D. (rim) 0.26, (spout) c.0.03; Th. (wall) 0.006. Handle: W. 0.025, Th. 0.02. (ST 37) G252/2-3, 13-14. 54. COOKING-POTWITHEVERTEDRIM (FIG. 16.6, 2~j) Rounded, piriform body with in-turned shoulder, to an everted rim which is slightly concave on its upper surface. A broad, vertical loop handle, oval in section, is attached at rim and shoulder. External wheel-ridging occurs on the shoulder. D. (rim) 0.16-0.24; Th. (wall) 0.007. Handle: W. 0.03, Th. 0.015. Date: early-middle Roman?32 The type also occurs in the preceding period (hellenistic type 31 b) in hellenisticfabric G. F136/3, 6; G165/6; J228/5; K239/11; K241/4; K240/3; G165/1; C167/24; G252/7; K244/25-6, 32; (ST 2, 8) M350/2; R426 C2/1; J215/37;U490 AP/3.

COOKING-POT(FIG. 16.6, 4) 55. HEMISPHERICAL Closed vessel with thickened, outward-folded rim, rounded on its upper surface and a broad groove along its inner edge. An oval-sectioned loop handle is attached at rim and shoulder. D. (rim) 0.20; Th. (wall) 0.005. Handle: W. 0.03, Th. 0.011. Date: early Roman; ist cent. AD.33 K239/3; J220/3; H45 H/2; H45.13/3; LS 11122/21. (ST 64) 56. MORTARIUM (FIG. 16.6,5) The only rim fragmentis distorted and overflred;it has a convex everted rim with a downturned lip, bevelled flat on its outer face (K240/2). The interior surface is covered with medium-black volcanic (basalt?) grits,and the wall profileis open and convex. Bases are usually flat; two have a false ring (R472/11, M344/26) and are slightly smaller. D. (rim) not calculated, (base) 0.14-0. 18; Th. (wall) 0.006-0.013. Rim: K240/2. Bases: C167/36; M176/15; L406/16; (ST 16) M344/25-6; R472/11.Body sherd: F135/16. (FIG. 16.6, 6") 57. FRYING-PAN Only the horizontal handle, trapezoidal in section, with its body attachment, is preserved. Handle: W. 0.036, Th. 0.026. (ST50) N315/1.

32Robinson,pl. 14,typesκ 92, 103. 33Robinson,pl. 3. 72,typeF 82.

Romanpottery119 58. TREFOIL-MOUTHEDPITCHER Spout fragment. The only fragment of a trefoilmouthed pitcher to occur in cooking-fabric.Probably used for boiling water. W. (max.) 0.018; depth c.0.02; Th. (wall) 0.004. G155/7;C167/33; K233/15-19, 23-8, 30-5. (ST 17) 59. COLANDER(FIG. 16.6, 7) Ring foot with part of the flaring, convex wall preserved.The thicknessof the wall and flooris pierced by small perforations(D. c.0.004), three of which are indicated. The fabric belongs to the finer range of cookingwares (SF A). D. (base) 0.09; Th. (wall) 0.005. U516 A/7.

STORAGE

(ST 105)

60. SMALLFLAGON/UNGUENTARIUM (FIG. 16.6, 8) Truncated, conical, solid toe with flaring, convex lower wall probably rising to a vertical wall with inward-sloping shoulder. The fabric belongs to the finer range of cooking wares (SF A). It is unevenly fired, from a dull orange (7.5 YR 6/4) outside to a bright reddish-brown (2.5 YR 5/8) inside and at the core, which is reduced at its centre. D. (toe) 0.013; Th. (wall) 0.006. U486/11. (ST110) 61. MISCELLANEOUSSTEWPOTFRAGMENTS(FIG. 16.6,

9) K515/8, 10.

(ST 79)

VESSELS

62. PITHOI (FIG. 16.8, /)

Pithosfragments are fairly rareand tendto be veryabraded. common,butrimsand bases are relatively In termsof formand fabric,coarse storagevesselsare evenless likelyto changedramatically through timethancookingvessels.The problemof dating,withno stratified increased, examples,is therefore in formand fabricwithpithoiofthehellenistic and similarities periodwouldbe expected. The mostcommonpithosfabricis lightredto reddish-yellow in colour(2.5 YR 6/8-7.5VR7/6).The fabricis coarse and hard, withthe occasional inclusionof small,medium,and large purple grits, numeroussmalland mediumschistand quartzfragments, and mediumblackgrits(SF BB). It is closeto hellenisticpithosfabricA. A second fabricused frequently duringthe period is extremelyclose to hellenistic fabric and was also used for tile C, pithos extensively (SF BG; Roman tilefabricA). It is an to hard,withsmallto colour(5 YR6/8). The fabricis coarse,medium-hard evenlyfired,reddish-yellow medium calcite, occasional medium and large quartz and brown/redgrog, and numeroustiny micainclusions. sparkling Littlevarietyin theshapeofthebases is apparent,and nonecan be said to belongto a particularrim form.They tendto be flat,witha falseringfootthatcan becomeslightly everted.A diameterrangeis difficult to estimatebecauseofthegenerally and itslargesize. poor stateofpreservation Rimstendto be evertedand D-shaped,witha concaveneckbelow,buttheyvaryin theirdegreeof evento thepointofbeingalmostrectangular angularity (e.g.R472/17;U516A/37).The generalrimtype is also presentin hellenisticcontexts,as is the typeof our singledecoratedexample (G155/1);see hellenistic shoulderand a high, type37 f. This fragment belongsto a largevesselwithan in-curving thickenedneck.The rimis roundedand thickenedoutwards.The outersurfaceof out-turned, slightly the neck is decoratedwithfingertip impressions forminga seriesof crosseswithcircularsurrounds, and vertical lines. D. (rim)0.30-0.50, (base) c.o.15-0.25;Th. (wall) to, with, joined alternating single or earlyRomandate seemslikely. 0.015-0.025,(neck)0.075.A hellenistic C168/5; G155/1 (fig. 16.8, /), 3; M348/76-7; K419/13, 22; N192/9, 12; H45 u/i; H29 a/io; M321/82; Q180/80; P284 H/6; R472/17; M350/16; R426 C1/2, 9; M339/3; U516 A/15, 37; E76 a/i; F137/3; U490 AQ/4; U521/12, 15. (ST96) 63. AMPHORA (FIG. 16.7, 1-12)

are relatively commonamong householdwares.Althoughtheyare mostlybody Amphorafragments sherdsand handlefragments thatcannotbe matchedto a particularbodyform,thevarietyofvessels is good, includingsome recognizabletypessuchas a Rhodianhandle(ST 45) and base (?) represented fabrics.The (ST 6), a Goan handle(ST 31),and an 'AegeanRed' rim(ST 30). They occurin distinctive fabrictypemostfrequently encounteredin thelargerbodyof amphoramaterialis reddish-yellow (7.5 YR 6/6 to 5 YR 6/6); it is softto medium-hard, and has a fineto mediumtexture.Numeroustinymica smallwhiteinclusions(calcite?),and somegroginclusionsare visible(SF Z, AD). inclusions,

120 Chapter

16

a. (FIG. ι6.7, /) Rhodian amphora. Vertical handle, round in section, risingto a peak before angling down to its junction with a vertical, slightlyconvex neck. Rim missing.D. (neck) 0.08; Th. (wall) 0.006. Handle: D. 0.027. Date: hellenisticor early Roman. LS 10229/3. (ST 45) b. (FIG. 16.7, 2) Coan amphora. Vertical handle with 'double-barrelled' section, the horizontal shoulder of which is attached to the verticalneck of the vessel. Coan fabric: outside 5 YR 8/4 pink, inside 2.5 YR 6/6 light red; numerous small, black, sparkling volcanic grit inclusions.D. (rim)absent. Handle: W. 0.053, Th. 0.027. Date: hellenisticor early Roman. J222/21. (ST 31)

Variant: bottom of rim is moulded outside to produce a receding, ledged effect.D. (rim) 0.06; Th. (wall) 0.006. K244/2;H45Z/i.

(ST54)

g. (fig. 16.7, 8) Amphora with thickenedrim. Vertical, convex neck to plain, slightlythickened rim; undercut outside producing a narrow collared effectat the rim. D. (rim) 0.06; Th. (wall) 0.007. J228/6; H29 B/4; Aioi/i; LS 11122/8. (ST 23) h. (fig. 16.7, g) Collared amphora. Short neck to a broad collar rim with an in-turned,plain lip. D. (rim) 0.06; Th. (wall) 0.008. Date: hellenisticor early Roman (Corinthian type?). (ST 81) K515/28.

c. (FIG. 16.7,3) 'Aegean Red' amphora. Neck narrows towards a vertical rim, below which is a deep groove on the outer surface and a projecting horizontal flange. Fabric 5 YR 7/8-6/8 orange; fairly soft and friable, with a sandy fine to medium texture; numerous very tiny sparkling mica fragments, also tiny red, black, and white (quartz and calcite?) inclusions. D. (rim) 0.06; Th. (wall) 0.01. Date: middle Roman; 3rd~4th cent. AD.34 J222/16. (ST 30)

i. (FIG. 16.7, 10-12) Various miscellaneous amphora fragmentswere recorded: (ST 3) F136/21; G165/23; T467/5; T467/8. (ST 10) H45.7/30; G165/26; C168/17. (ST 67) E94/5; K141/27. (ST 73) H45 A/4; E56/3-4; F140/13; G158/3;J220/8; M348/26-8, 35. (ST 80) Aioo/18, 24; G158/2; G161/3; q,i8o/ii; K204/7; K298/3; R423 A/7; U486/13; K515/14-20; LS

d. Amphora with ringed toe. Solid, fairly short conical toe with projecting ridge. The springingof a flaring,convex body wall remains. D. (toe) 0.025; Th. (wall) 0.004. Date: early Roman? Possibly belongs to either Rhodian or Knidian amphora.35 (ST 36) M176/7; G252/5.

j. Miscellaneous amphora handles: (ST 9) H16/25, 35; G165/3; C168/6; J170/3;K233/9; K244/9; K298/4; M348/32-3. (ST 62) H36/5; M176/1;K241/9; M321 B/39. (ST 72) H19/1;J215/36;M355/2. (ST 90) A101/4; K151/2; 0,180/13;K204 a/8; J218/3; K246/2; R423 A/9; T482 a/8.

e. (FIG. 16.7, 4) Amphora with conical toe. Solid, truncated, conical toe rising to widely flaring lower body wall. D. (toe) 0.035; Th. (wall) 0.007. Date: hellenistic »or early Roman? Rhodian

64. FUNNEL(FIG. 16.7, 13) Broad and deep bowl with thickened,in-curvingrim. The body tapers down to what was probably a cylindrical spout (missing) extending vertically down from the wall for insertion into the neck of a storage vessel. D. (rim) 0.14; Th. (wall) 0.007. (ST119) M348/31.

amphora? F150/5; M321 B/32.

(ST 6)

f· (FIG. 16.7,5-7) Amphora with D-shaped rim. Ovoid body to vertical, concave neck with rim thickened outwards. Slight thickening on inner edge. D. (rim) 0.10; Th. (wall) 0.006. Exterior surface of body is decorated with broad, incised horizontal lines. (ST 71) M355/1,3; P262/15; S452/2; LS 10646/5.

34Cf. Robinson,nos.Κ 113,M 237;Riley(η. 29),fig.84. 243; Hayes,'Knossos'.

11122/23.

65. AMPHORASTAND Open-ended, vertical, concave wall to an out-turned rim with a flat top and out-turned, bevelled resting surface below. The external surface is self-slipped.D. (rim) 0.14, (base) 0.16; Th. (wall) 0.013. (ST 46) U486/24.

35Cf. V. Grace, Hesp. 3 (1934), 241-75; ead., in Pnyx,ii. 144-64(Knidian).

Roman pottery 121

Miscellaneous

Material

66. FINEBODY SHERDS These include A101/7; F140/24, 35-8; K141/22; G155/2; G163/10; G166/8-9; C168/8-10, 13, 15; M176/13; N191/52; N192/23-9; J215/23; K250/9; K298/14; K419/11;S449/2; U486/19; U490 AB/53.

(ST98)

67. MEDIUMBODY SHERDS (FIG. 16.7, 14-15) H45.14/35, 4°> 42-3; A101/9-10; F137/11; F140/33-4, 41; K141/56; F144/12-13, 15-16, 2i; G155/9, II-14;

(66-8)

G160/5, 9, 12; G163/11-14; Cl68/lI-I2, 14, 18; J170/10; M176/8, II- 12, 14; N191/3, 7, 19-20, 22, 58, 61, 69-70, 72-3, 76-8, 80, 86-8, 90, 102; K204/14; J215/17-18; J216/10; K298/6, 8; N318/2-3, 5; M321 B/35; M344/4; M346/14; K404/1-3; K419/12; S449/3; T482 A/30, 32-55, 72-3; U486/18, 23; U490/8, 12, 17; T510/6-9; LS 10379/1-2. (ST 98) 68. COARSEBODY SHERDS OF UNCERTAIN TYPE ST 100: U521/3, 6-7, 9- 11.

Tile A largeamountofRoman tilewas collectedfromoverseventysitesin the surveyarea. They Roman sitesand those producingmaterialof more than one includeboth 'single-period5 of Roman tile,in termsof formand fabric,have been identified period.The characteristics sites,and comparisonhas been throughtheexaminationofexamplesfromthe'single-period' made with tile of other periods. Most of the tile is extremelyfragmentary, with a predominanceof unglazed materialof littletypologicalvariation.Given the absence of stratified be givento thematerial,and a evidence,onlya general'Roman' date can therefore detailedtypology is notattempted. FABRICS

Threemainfabricgroupsoccurfrequently theRomantilerecord. throughout Fabric mediumto hardfabric,orangein colour(5 A, themostcommon.A medium-textured, YR 6/8 to 7/8); numeroustinymica, smallwhite(calcite?),and occasionalschistinclusions occur.Evenlyfired.(SF AS, BE, BG) FabricB. A coarse-textured, hard fabric;lightred/orangein colour (2.5 YR 6/7-6/8); numeroussmallto largequartz,calcite,and schistinclusions;occasionalmedium-sized purple grits,stones,and red groginclusions.Evenlyfired.The fabricis close to thatused in brick manufacture duringtheRomanperiod. (SF BD) FabricC. A medium-textured, hard fabric,orange in colour (7.5 YR 7/6); numeroustiny micafragments; occasionalsmallredgrogand blackgritinclusions. Evenlyfired.(SF BA) FORMS

The mostfrequently tileformhas a simplecurvedprofilewhoseedgesare flatand recurring inwards towards the concave face.A groovealong one end also occurs.The concave slope surfaceis smoothed;finger-grooves runacrossit. The convexsurfaceis leftrough. frequently The characteristic fabricassociatedwiththistypeis fabricA. BodyTh. £.0.02-0.03. A secondform,whichhas morein commonwithhellenistic witha tile,is generallyflatter, raisededge thatis roundedon top; it tendsto be heavierthantheother.Its uppersurfaceis smoothedand the under-surface also leftrough.When theyoccur,finger-grooves appear on thesmoothedsurface.The coarser,dullerfabricΒ was used in theproductionofthistype,and abradedfragments are oftenindistinguishable frombrick.Th. 0.025-0.04. The fewrecordedexamplesof glazed tile are generallyflatwitha slimmerbody (Th. in colour(2.5 YR 4/6-4/8),and is 0.015-0.025).The glaze tendsto be hardand reddish-brown A to tile of fabrics a/ and C applied (T482 64; Q180/75) (J215/38-9, 47;M341/11; U490AM/226, 230).

122 Chapter 16 69. TILEFRAGMENTS H28/1; H29 c/i; H39/5; H45.13/5, H45.5/23-5, H45.7/31. Aioi/8; B132/14; F135/3, 20; F137/14; K141/9; G157/42;G163/16; F144/24,26; F146/39;G155/15-16; C168/21-3; M176/16-17,19; 0,180/71,75, 77, 79; N192/11. K201/6, 9; K204/20; K207/2-4; J215/39-40,42; K233/39342-4; K236/4;K243/4;K246/4-5;K250/14; P284 H/34-5; R295/7; K297/1-5; K298/10-13; 15-17. K299/12-13,. B^/õs, 57; N318/6,8-9; M321/58,65-8, 70-5, 77-9; M336/1-2;M339/2,4-11;M341/8-11;M343/1-4; M344/8, 31, 36; M346/19-20, 24-5; M348/79-80,

82-3, 85, 88, 92-4; M350/9-13;M357/24;Q359/20; M361/2,4-5, 15;J369A/2. K404/6-9;P405/19;1406/19-20; K419/15-21;R422 A/29-31; R423 A/28, 31, 34-5, 37-55; R426 ci/21, 24-6; T445 c/21; S449/5-6,8-10; S451/1;S452/14-15; T464/12-13,15; T465/19;T467/28,33, 37; R469/16; R472/10,21; S475/22, 28; S475 A/32, B/19-21,23, 25-7; T482 A/60-71; T485/16, 21-3, 28, 45-6; U488/45-6, 51; U490/142, 226, 230; U494 B/15; U495/8. T510/11,13; U511ci/47; U516/64-70;U521/13-14,

l7-

LS 10192/10; LS 10247/3; LS IO499/3~45 LS (ST 95) 10646/7-8.

ofsites,in termsoffunction The degreeto whichtilecan be ofassistancein theinterpretation material. The possiblereuseof of the associated and status,shouldbe determined bythenature ofsitesthatinclude examination duringthe particularly buildingmaterialshouldbe considered, sites to interpret materialofa laterdatewithno otherassociatedRomanmaterial.Anyattempt evidence in viewofthelackofsupporting aloneshouldbe dismissed, thatproducetilefragments thatonlya clearancedumpingofbuildingmaterialis represented. and thepossibility Tile materialfrom'single-period' Roman sitesshouldtherefore providethe mostreliable and status. ofsitesin termsoffunction fortheinterpretation evidenceto thepottery supporting thepresenceofa largenumber ofplaintilemayserveonlyto confirm occurrence The frequent sitesduringtheRomanperiod,as indicatedbythepottery ofruralhabitation evidence;butthe - although centres of 'industrialized' does standardization production imply apparent ofa studies.The possibility theassistanceofpetrological without cannotbe identified production ofglazedtile The rarity seabornetradein ceramicbuildingmaterialshouldbe bornein mind.36 unlikethatofplaintile,but was notgearedtowardstheruralmarket, thatitsproduction suggests theruralareas,in thiscase probablyfromthe;urbancentreof that,smallquantitiesinfiltrated Sparta.Althougha potentialforgreaterwealthis perhapsto be expectedwithinthelargerrural ofglazed theoccurrence in somecasesitspresencemaybe recognizedonlythrough settlements, in therangeoftableand householdwaresrecoveredfromsmall tile.This is due to a similarity orvillages(T482;U490;Q180). and largeruralsettlements Conclusion fortheprovision Examinationoftheassemblageis broadlyguidedbyquestionsofchronology of site dates, and by the historicalimplicationsof the findings.Given the paucity of comparativedata and the poor qualityof the Laconian assemblage,it is possibleto provide only approximatedates forhalf of the eightyvarietiesof vessel types.The poor state of ofmostofthediagnosticrimsherds,and theirlow densityon anyone site,does preservation allowa conclusions.The resultsdo, however, notmeritthemakingofambitiousinterpretative usefuloverviewoftheassemblage. Table waresaccountforthebulkofthematerial.Althoughplainwaresappear to dominate

36F. Benoit,'Nouvellesépavesde Provence,3', Gallia,20 (1962),147-76.

Roman pottery 123

Wheresucha slipcan be identified tracesofa redslipoccurquitefrequently. thiscategory, (1, 1 c, etc.),it has been almostcompletely lost.Giventhepowderysurfacetextureof the most occurringfabrictype(SF D, S, AX), and the generallywornstateof thematerial, frequently thepresenceofa PeloponnesianRed Slip ware mayhave been farmorewidespreadthanthe presentstateoftheassemblagesuggests. uncommon.This maybe due to the slow rateat which Householdwaresare surprisingly the coarse wareschangein termsof formand fabric,makinghellenisticand Roman forms There is, however,no apparentexplanationforthe scarcityof oftendifficult to distinguish. as mortaria and frying-pans. The cooking-pot vessels such withevertedrim(55) is otherutility in with little variation vesselformsotherwiserepresented themostfrequently occurringtype, in therepertoire. In termsof productivity and distribution, the dated potteryshowsa concentration within to thirdcenturiesAD).The frequency theearlyRomanperiod(first oflarge,open,table-ware witha suddendrop in popularitygivingway to an dishespeaks duringthe second century, ofbowls(e.g.7-8, 16). There is a lullin thepotteryrecordduring increasein thedistribution the middleRoman period (thirdto fourthcenturiesAD),afterwhichno fullrecoveryever to seventhcenturies) do occur,bowlsin particular, reallytakesplace. Late Romanvessels(fifth is limitedand theirquantitysmall. buttheirdistribution The onlyvesselsdisplayingany formof continuity withintheirlife-spanare pitchers(41) and cookingvessels(55). These persistalmostunchangedfromthe late hellenisticto the fromthe late hellenistic middleRoman period.Amphoraeshowa similarcontinuity period, but virtuallydisappear fromthe repertoireat the end of the firstcenturyAD, with the ofan Aegean Red' middleRomanamphora. exceptionofa singlefragment of The historical implication thisoverviewis thatmanysiteswereabandonedas earlyas the fourth century, longbeforetheso-called'Dark Age' oflateantiquity (AD600-900). The absence of importedfinewares in ruralLaconia is in striking contrastto the large in that occur the urban almost to the exclusion of local wares. centre,Sparta, quantities the of settlement the character of the do Although types suggested by assemblage notappearto none seemsparticularly have been impoverished, Small townsand agricultural prosperous. centrescannotbe identified fromtheceramicevidenceoftheRomanperiod,and closetrading linksbetweentheurbancentreand itsruralcatchment do notseemto havedeveloped. This may have contributedto the earlydemise of a numberof rural settlements. The of wares little fabric variation a local source for persistence unparalleled displaying suggests much of the material(again, withoutpetrologicalexaminationthiscannot be confirmed). Giventhescarcity ofdiagnostic, ruralcommunity importedamphorae,a largelyself-sufficient can be envisaged.It is possiblethatfarmssituatedalong naturallines of communication ofmoreisolatedsettlements monopolizedtradelinkswiththeurbancentre,to the detriment a as sooner. which, result,perished In theabsenceofpetrological examinationofthematerialit is notpossibleto commenton thesourceofpotterysupply,nor on any changesthatmayhave occurredduringtheRoman period.It has, however,been possibleto forman overallimpressionof the characterof the arise.It seemsthatthe impactof an intrusive assemblage,fromwhichhistoricalimplications cultureon the indigenousruralcommunity does not seem to have been greatin termsof its materialculture,but had far-reaching effects on the stability of thepopulation:a numberof sitesseemto havesurvivedfromthehellenistic intotheRomanperiod,afterwhichmanywere abandoned. The presenceof single-periodRoman sitesmay be the resultof population in reactionto thedemandsofa prosperousurbancommunity. movement

17 THE BYZANTINE AND OTTOMAN POTTERY PamelaArmstrong Until RECENTLY ourknowledge oftheByzantine ofLaconiawas restricted to the pottery Dawkins and in 1 of wares excavated between by pioneering presentation Droop 191 glazed 1906and 1910on the acropolisof Sparta.1Most of thesewereproductsof the twelfth whilea lessernumberwenton intothethirteenth. A preliminary century, reportofboth wares excavatedlatterly fromthecity'sRomanstoahas addedto the glazedand unglazed workofDawkinsand Droop,introducing unknown previously storageand cookingwares.2 The new materialspansthe twelfth to fourteenth centuries.Publicationof particular foundduringtheearlyexcavations in thetheatre, classesofceramics, focuseson thenature oftenthand thirteenth-century at Sparta.3Studyis in progress of ceramics, respectively, fromtheearlyexcavations theByzantine on theacropolisand in thetheatre, which pottery is mainlyofthetenthto twelfth centuries.4 DuringthefieldseasonsoftheLaconiaSurvey it becameclearthata particular handle typeof amphora,identified by itsidiosyncratic was probablya Spartanproduct;thisled to a preliminary ofthe decoration, presentation idea at a colloquiumin Athensin 1987,proposinga MiddleByzantine date.5In 1990a of completeamphoraof the same typewas foundin an excavationin theperipheries the proposeddate.6Meanwhilemorenumerousand fragmentary Sparta,confirming at theRoman examplesof thesameamphoratypewerebeingfoundin theexcavations stoa in the city,refiningstillfurtherour knowledgeof variationsin its form.7The and Byzantineand Ottomanpotteryfromthe Surveyhas not been easy to classify, doubtless future studieswillcorrectsomeoftheinterpretation. In particular, construction ofa typology oftheunglazedwares,amphorae, and pithoiofLaconiawas a cooking-pots, intovirginterritory. venture Butapplication oftherigorous methodofstudyproduceda of themedievalceramicsof ruralLaconia. The typeseriesthatis a fairrepresentation basic framework that has emergedis sound: studywas completedbeforerecent in thecityof Spartaitselfappeared,whichsupported fromexcavations most publications oftheconclusions drawn. already 1 R. M. DawkinsandJ. P. Droop, 'Byzantinepotteryfrom Sparta'.BSA 17(1910-11),23-8. 2 G. D. R. Sanders, 'Excavationsat Sparta: the Roman stoa, 1988-91. Preliminaryreport,part 1 (c)' medieval BSA88 (1003),251-86. pottery', 3 P. Armstrong, 'Some Zeuxippusderivatives fromSparta', in Φιλολάκων 1-9 ( = Armstrong1992); P. Armstrong, 'From Constantinopleto Lakedaimon: impressedglazed white wares', in A Mosaic of Byzantineand CypriotStudiesin HonourofA. H. S. Megaw (forthcoming).

4 Althoughthe ofthismaterialis lost,ithas an stratigraphy intrinsicvalue for the studyof individualwares and the betweenimportedand local products. relationships 5 P. Armstrong,'Lakonian amphorae', in Déroche and Spieser185-8 ( = Armstrong 1989Ä). 6 O. Vassi,'Anunglazedwarepottery workshopin twelfthcenturyLakonia',BSA 88 (1993),287-93. 7 Sanders, nos. 35-8. His chronologyis later than that proposedbyVassi.

126 Chapter17 Table

Wares (1-23) The shapes are eitherbowlsor jugs. No attempthas been made to distinguish subjectively betweenbowlsand dishes.One classofjug (20-3) is unglazed,butwas clearlyused at table. There are twomainfabricsfromwhichthemajorityofthetablewaresweremade. One is mediumhardwitha finetextureand orange-red(5 YR7/8) in colour.It is frequently unevenly firedwithgreycores.It is micaceouswithsmall-medium whiteinclusions,and itsdistinctive characteristic is thepresenceofmanysmallredspecks,possiblygrog.The otheris hardwitha fine texture and red-yellow unevenwithred very (7.5 YR 7/8) in colour.Firingis frequently outersurfacesand a yellowcore. It is micaceous and thereare manysmall whitespecks The finewaresfromP284wererestricted to theformer fabric,whilethoseofK247 throughout. weremostlymade fromthelatter.There werea fewvesselsin otherfabrics,and importsare indicatedundertheirindividualtypenumbers. OPEN GLAZED WARES (1-13)

Paintedwares(1-3)

The painted wares are divided into threegroups:slip-painted(1), glaze-painted(2), and is the decorativeapplicationof a thinsolutionof (usually simply'painted'(3). Slip-painting onto the vessel surface,underneatha colouredlead glaze.8Glaze-painting white)claydirectly is the decorativeapplicationof a pigmentedglaze (usuallygreenor brown)directlyontothe a thin,clearlead glaze.9In our 'painted'category(3), decorationis vesselsurface,underneath in to black)onto a whiteor of brown(varyingfromyellow-brown and shades applied green creamslipbase and coveredwitha thin,clearglaze. I. SLIP-PAINTED BOWL (FIG. 17.I, 1-6)

a. (FIG.17.1, 1-2) Evertedand slightlyupturnedrim (est.D. 0.240-0.280);wavylinearoundrim. K247A/18,E/8. Early12thcent.10 b. (FIG. 17.1, 3-6) Varied shapes which share a decorativevariationnot hithertonotedin connection with this ware: the application of a thin red wash ontothebodyofthepot priorto slip-painting. directly The application of glaze, usually yellow,thereby created a heightenedcolour contrastbetween the slippeddecorationand thebody.Decorationtendsto be linear(F139/1;K247 D/3;J317/34,45; N418/4,9). Rims are varied (D. 0.220-0.350); they may be rounded(F139/1)or squared(K247A^7i °/3)· Fl39/! broad flangeand plain edge while has a thin-walled, N418/4,6, and 9 have relativelythickwalls,narrow

8 Thetechnique hasa longlifespan andisstill today. practised A morecomplete ofitisgiven 96-7. byMorgan description 9 Twobowlsin thiswareare illustrated C. fromCorinth: K. Williams southwest', II, 'Corinth1977:forum Hesp.47 andC-1977-2. 34,atpl.6,nosC-1977-5 (1978), 10Fortheprofile see Morgan99, fig.75 ö, c' forthedate, Morgan100.

flanges,and thickenededges. The ringfeet(est. D. formed. 0.120)are broadand carelessly LS 10614/3;F139/1;F146/8;G156B/6, 14;J170/6; K247A/5,17,19,D/3;J317/34, 37,45; I402/1;N418/4, 6, 9, 21-2,25; S466 A/56;U483/5;U490AG/32. 11 Late Byzantine. BOWL(FIG.17.I,J-8' PLATE3 a-b) 2. GLAZE-PAINTED Carinated bowl witheverted,slightlyupturnedrim (D. 0.230-0.260); although K247 A/16 + 47 + 53 (PLATE3 b) almostcertainlyhad a ringfoot,J317/38 (PLATE3 a) and J317/64(D. 0.110;PLATE3 b) have flat bases. Decoration,on insideonly,of roughcirclesor circlesand lines(as G156A/1; PLATE3 a) or alternating circles with short radiating lines (as J317/64),is paintedin a thingreenglaze underthinclearglaze. G156a/i, b/io; K247a/i6 + 47 + 53;Ή1?^8» 64· Early13thcent.12

11Highlightingthe body with red seems to be a local practice,whilethe formsare developedversionsof ia; for thisreasona late Byzantinedate has been assigned.It is not possibleto be morepreciseat present. 12Bowlswithsimilardecorationare late i2th-cent., but the later:Hesp.46 (1977),67, carinatedformis probablyslightly pl. 32. 43; C. K. WilliamsII (n. 9), 34.

Byzantine and Ottomanpottery 127 3· PAINTEDBOWL(FIG. 17.2, I-4; PLATE3 b)

Eitherplainrimon straight wall,as K247c/73,D/8 (D. 3 a) or evertedwitha plainedge as 0.270-0.290;PLATE Q358/2(plate 3 b),U490AQ/146(D. 0.230-0.250(plate 3 b)). It may have a highringfootas K247 c/43 (D. 0.069; plate 3 û)îor an almostflatbase as Q358/7(D.

0.079;PLATE 3 b).Decorationin green,eitherofdotsor dotsand lines,underclearglazeon innersurface. J68/12; K237/7; K247 c/43 (plate 3 fl),73, D/8 (PLATE3 β), Ε/34 (PLATE3 b)' Q358/2 (PLATE3 b), 7; U483/36;U490AA/16, AQ/146(plate 3 b),ax/ 107. 13thcent.13

wares(4-8) Sgraffito

refersto theremovalofareas of slipfromthebodyofa slip-coatedvesselto reveal 'Sgraffito' the clay beneath.The wares are here dividedinto fivegroups:PaintedIncised; Fine Style IncisedSgraffito; PaintedIncised(4) is a Sgraffito; Aegeanware; and Zeuxippusderivatives. combinationofglaze-painted(2) and incisedsgraffito freehandincised techniquesemploying ornamentof bands of scribbleor hastilyexecutedfreefield rosettesenhancedby carelessly Fine StyleSgraffito appliedpatchesofpaint,usuallybrightgreenand yellow-brown. (5) is the removalof the slip witha sharp-pointed implementto createintricatepatterns.Incised (6) decorationis achievedbyuse ofa flat(ratherthanpointed)tool.Aegeanware (7) is a classof incisedbowlsdistinguished by formand by a particulartypeof coarse incision.14 Zeuxippus derivatives(8) are locallymade imitationsof a fine,high-quality prototypedecoratedin a numberofincisedtechniques.15 4. PAINTED INCISED BOWL (FIG. 17.2, J-IÓ)

thin-walled and hard-fired; oftenwithadditionalincisionof horizontal Finelypotted,oftenextremely bands close to or on the rim.16The inciseddecorationis frequently scarcelyvisible.Two of the three commonrimformsare foundin theSurveyarea: a. (FIG.17.2,5) Flat,evertedrim(D. 0.270-0.290)with plainedge. K247ο/χ7;1476/1. Late 13thto early14thcenturies.17 b. (FIG. 17.2, 6-7) Plain rims (D. 0.165-0. 180) on walls. straight K247B/28;U490AB/6,AG/70,AQ/145. 14thcent.18

c. (fig. 17.2,8-10) Bases, invariablyfineringfeet(D. 0.061-0.069), and body sherdswhich may go with eitherrimform. LS 10925/1;K245/36;K247/7,a/48) 52, 70, B/27, E/11;P284 A/70,84; B300/15,61; J317/4;J369C/15; U490AH/22,AW/23.

5. FINESTYLESGRAFFITOBOWL(FIG. 17.3,1-2)

are featureless; Onlya smallnumberwerefoundwithintheSurveyarea.19The fewsurviving fragments theirdelicacyhas contributed to a worsestateofpreservation thannormalin theharshsoilconditions,

13The decorationof K247c/43 is closelyparalledby bowls fromCorinth:Morgan82-3, figs.60-1. 14It was firstdefinedby Megaw on the basis of findsin a well-datedcontextat Paphos (Cyprus):Megaw 1975,34-45. on classification were made based Subsequentobservations on surveymaterialfromcentralGreece: Armstrong19890, 45-6, and wholevesselsfroma shipwreckoffthe Sporades islands: P. Armstrong,Ά group of Byzantinebowls from Skopelos',OJA(1991),335-47. 15PrototypeZeuxippus ware has been closelystudiedby Megaw: A. H. S. Megaw,'Zeuxippusware', BSA 63 (1968),

67-88; id., 'Zeuxippusware again', in Déroche and Spieser 259-66 ( = Megaw 1989). A selection of Zeuxippus derivativesfromexcavationsin the the cityof Sparta have been publishedas productsofthatcity:Armstrong 1002. 16See Armstrong 1989a,44. 17A. Xyngopoulos,'ByzantinepotteryfromOlynthos',in Excavations at Olynthos, ν (Oxford,1933),pl. 204,III A (a). 18G. and M. Sotiriou,H βασιλικήτου Άγιου Δημήτριου Θεσσαλονίκης(Athens,1052),pl. qq. 19This is surprising, sincetheyare numerousin otherrural areas ofGreece:Armstrong 19890,43.

128 Chapter 17 and anyconsideration offormis notpossiblehere.The patternsare eitherin horizontalbandsbetween line. One exceptionis K247 twocompass-drawn lines,or in a tondoalso definedby a compass-drawn birdsimilarto one knownfromSparta.20 c/66, whichhas a figuraidecorationofa long-necked K247°/4 + 7»66, 74; P284B/120;U500A2/4. Firstquarterof 12thcent.21 6. INCISEDBOWL(FIGS.17.3,5-/2;17.4,I -2) based on whichsurviveare mostlybody sherds,makingclassification Apartfrom6 a the fragments formimpossible. Thereforethisgrouphas been subdividedaccordingto thestyleofdecoration. a. (FIG. 17.3,j-g; PLATE3 c, 4 c) Everted rim with plain edge (D. 0.197-0.292, though most in range 0.230-0.250), decorated withcoarse incisionwhich may go continuouslyaround the rim (P284 A/3; A/32, PLATE 3 c) or occur as motifsat intervals(K247 c/30, PLATE3 c; P284 A/9). The point of carination is frequently highlighted with a line (as K247 c/30)· Body usually filledwith incised decoration. This shape and styleof decoration is a product of Sparta.22 LS 10905/1;J212/4; K245/35; K247 C/8, 11 (PLATE3 c), 13 (PLATE3 c), 30, 52 (PLATE4 c), 80, D/16 (PLATE3 ή, Ε/9; Ρ284 A/3, 9, 32, 39, B/3 (PLATE 3 c), F/40; B3OO/28; M344/20; S441/3; T445 B/19 (PLATE 4 c)' S451/1; U483/25; U490 N/4, Q/3, AD/12, ag/68, AK/16,BC/57; U500 Al/26, A4/II. Late 12th cent.23 b. (FIG. 17.3, 10-12; PLATES4 a-b) Large bowls with thick walls and heavy, irregular ring feet (D. 0.1 12-0. 122), decorated with champlevé-type incision where a two-dimensional effectis created by removal of a 'field' of slip, leaving the decoration slightly protruding.All our examples have a green glaze. K247 a/ 15 (PLATE 4 b) has a tondo enclosing an animal, while U500 B2/30 (plate 4 a) and 33 (plate 4 a) appear to have abstract designs. K244/33 (PLATE4 a), 34; K247 A/15, C/37 (plate 4 a), 78; P284 A/69 (plate 4 a), D/7; U500 B2/30, 33 (PLATE4 a). Late 12th cent.24

20Dawkinsand Droop,pl. 15.25. 21Morgans groupI: Morgan119. 22Confirmedby recentpublication of such wares from excavationsin the city:Sanders,nos. 5-7 and 10. Dawkins and Droop, pl. 17,also illustratethesewares fromthe old excavations.Quantitatively, actual numbersof 6a fromthe surveyarea are not many,but proportionatelythey are morenumerousthanotherincisedwares. noticeably 23Morgan 166; Sanders252 suggestsa date in the second quarterofthe13thcent. 24See Sanders, nos. 5- 11,thoughnone thereare closely relatedto the survey'sincisedwares.Many closerparallels were found in the early excavations on the acropolis of

c. (FIG. 17.4, /; PLATE 4 b) Large heavy bowls with thick walls and ring feet. They are characterized by free-fieldsilhouetted decoration (K247 c/31; PLATE4 b), in which fine incision is combined with the champlevé technique.25 LS 10950/28; K247 C/31. Late 12th to early 13thcenturies.26 d. (FIG. 17.4, 2-3; PLATE4 c) Large bowls; varyingring feet (D. 0.620-0.820) and one surviving rim (K247 c/12) which has an irregular circumference.All over, free-fieldincision. K247 C/12; U49O N/2 (PLATE4 c), AP/46 (PLATE4 c)' U500BI/33. 13thcent.27 7. AEGEANWAREBOWL(FIG. 17.4, 6; PLATES3 c94 a) Aegean ware was originally classified and firmly placed chronologically from the excavations at Saranda Kolonnes at Paphos.28 Subsequent findshave suggested an expansion of the original definition.29 The few fragmentary pieces from the survey area appear to resemble most closely those from the Skopelos shipwreck.30 K253/1 (plate 4 a); P284/8 (plate 3 c); U490 AG/63. Early 13thcent.31

8. ZEUXIPPUSDERIVATIVEBOWL The prototype and its derivatives have been closely defined and dated.32 Though almost certainly

Sparta.The randomstyleofchamplevéincisionand theuse ofdarkgreenglaze are Spartanpeculiarities. 25'Silhouetted'inciseddecorationis describedbyArmstrong 1991,345,nos. 13-16(fig.6); forsomeofthemanyexamplesof thiswarefromCorinthsee Morgan,pl. 52. 26Armstrong 1991,340. 27Morgan 159; fig.137 a-b illustratecompleteversionsof 6d. 28Megaw 1975. 29Armstrong iQöqa,45-6; Armstrong 1991,340-b. 30Armstrong 1991,nos. 1,4-5. ál Megaw 1975,35. 32Megaw 1968(n. 15);Megaw 1989.

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery129 manufactured at Sparta,veryfewreachedthe survey area.33

U490AC/19,BC/7. Second halfof 13thcent.34

Monochromewares(9 a-f)

These vesselshave been coated in a whiteor creamy-white slip over whicha lead glaze, decoration. usuallycolouredand frequently green,has been applied.Thereis no further 9. MONOCHROMEBOWL(FIG. 17.4,y-22)

There are threedistinctrimand twobase types.It is notpossibleto associateeitherof thebase forms withanyoftherims. a. (FIG.17.4,7) Upturnedrimwithbevelledouteredge (D. 0.195-0.210). G156B/5; K247 B/l> c/10, E/33; P284 b/86, F/9; U483/1;U490AQ/148. Ottoman.35 b. (FIG. 17.4,8-10; PLATE3 b) Out-turnedrim with plainedge (D. 0.225-0.246). K237/1, 19; K247/1, ii, B/2, C/47, 72, E/7, 30; K253/2;U49OAQ/i7i. 17thto early18thcenturies.36 c. (FIG.17.4,//)Plain rim(D. 0.186-0.213),sometimes with groove on outer face, on deep, frequently body. hemispherical K204A/5;K237/12;K247A/3,E/10;U483/44. Early16thto early17thcenturies.37 d. (FIG.17.4,12-ig)Ringfoot(D. 0.051-0.096)varying fromhigh and angular(as U483/27)to shallowand pointed(as U490AM/45,Ap/45)· LS 10627/5; LS IO95l^l4::) H11/7; H21/6; E55/5; K237/2,4; K247/5,a/i3> b/io> c/39> d/i5> *95p284

A/13, B/26, c/7; B300/24; J317/41,74; M328/22; Q358/5; N418/15,36; T445 A/50; U483/27; U490 aa/ii, AM/45,Ap/45> 47>52; U500Bi/34-5,B2/29,39. 17thcent.38 e· (FIG. 17.4,20-2) Flat bases (D. 0.054-0.057) with sharpgrooveatjunctionofbase and body. H40/9; E57/2;K204 A/16;K247 B/12,D/18, E/19; Q358/6. Ottoman.39 f. Monochromebodysherds.40 H40/14,A/3; H51/13;B106/4;F146/9;G156c/38; Q180/95;G182A/7,9; K204/13;K237/6;K247/12,14, a/3°> 39?B/21-2,D/21,28, 30, 36, E/31,36; K253/13; B300/30; J317/65; M322 B/14; Q358/8-10, 12; N418/20,27; R426A/24,27î T443/2J T445a/iii; T482 B/9; U483/42,45; T485/6;U488/8;U490 R/7,14, 16, x/8, AA/15,20, AB/30,AC/21-3,ad/ii, AF/82,89, AG/56,105,AK/18,AL/43-4,AP/58-60,AQ/44,70-1, AT/3,AV/28,AU/43-4,AX/106,BC/58;U500 Ai/47, A2/5,B2/64,72,75; U511B2/23,C3/8. 16thcent.41

Imports fromoutsideGreece(10-13) IO. GLAZED WHITE WARE BOWL, CONSTANTINOPLE (FIG. 17.5,/)

WHITEWARE II. GLAZED CONSTANTINOPLE BOWL, (FIG.

Small bowl. Out-turnedrim(D. 0.168) sharplyoffset fromthinbody; thick,mottledyellowglaze applied to clay. directly Example:P284A/43. 9thcent.42

Plain rim (D. 0.216); ridge around innerface, thick body wall; thick,dark yellow glaze speckled with brownapplieddirectly to clay. Example:U490Q/4.

33Fortheirproductionat Spartasee Armstrong 1992,7. 34Armstrong 1992,9. 35The shaDeis notBvzantine. 36Hayes'sTurkishtypeseries12: Hayes,Saraçhane, fig.107, 12. 1; 108, 12. 2-3. For other examples in Greece see Armstrong 1993,nos. 177-80. 37Hayes032, 'deep-bodiedbowl': Hayes,Saraçhane, 103. fig.

38Hayesbio and bn: Hayes,Saraçhane 283,fig.in. 39Flat bases seem to be a local feature; no closer is possible. chronology 40Some oftheseoughtto classifiedunder6a. 41Hayesbi3: Hayes,Saraçhane, 283,fig.in. 42Glazed WhiteWare I: Hayes,Saraçhane, 18 and n. 51. 43Glazed WhiteWare II: Hayes,Saraçhane, 19,fig.20. 2.

10thcent.43

130 Chapter 1 7 12. BOWL, PERSIA

Turquoise(copper)alkalineglaze directlyonto stone survive:small,fine,plain paste body.Two fragments rimand squarededge of footplatefromringfoot.No measurementspossible, but complete form was probablya conicalbowl.44 K247A/49>D/37· 12thcent.45

13. BOWL, ITALIAN ARCHAIC MAJOLICA (FIG. 17.5, j)

Plain rimon straight wall, groovearoundouterface, paintedlinearoundinside.Clear tinglaze. J232/3;U483/2;U490z/4. 14thcent.46

CLOSED GLAZED WARES (14-19) JUG 14. SLIP-PAINTED

Only body fragments preserved: white slippainted designs (spirals on P284 A/62) under yellowglaze. H51/9;K247/28;P284A/62. nth to 12thcenturies.47 JUG(FIG.17.5,4) 15. PAINTED Plain, slightlyin-turnedrim (D. 0.063) on almost straightwall. White slip under green and brown paintedlineson exterior;thinclear glaze on exterior, extending just overrimto interior.48 P284A/4. nth cent.49 16. PAINTEDINCISEDJUG

Only one body fragmentpreservedfrommediumlargevessel,showingwhiteslip and randomincision hastilydaubed withyellowbrownunder pale green glaze on exterior.50 K257/1. 14thto 15thcenturies.51

JUG(FIG.17.5,5-7) 17. MONOCHROME Smallvessels(H. 0.102,fromK247a/i), plainrimoutturnedfrombulbousbody,flatbase (D. 0.054-0.062), pinchedtrefoilmouthwhichmayhave bevelledouter edge. Thin, clear glaze over thin, and sometimes patchy, slip.52 LS 10326/1; H51/8, 10, 30; D92/4; D98/1-2; K237/13;K247/3,A/l>6> 55. B/3>9> X9>c/24> 26-8, 34, 36, 61,D/5,7, E/12-13,18,22; K258/12;P284F/13; J317/19,69; M344/7;R426 A/5; S441/2;T445 A/49, B/40,49; T484/1,4; T485/1,11;U490R/6,13,x/9, 12, z/5, aa/io, AC/20,35, AF/23,AG/57,AK/15,17,36, AL/69,AM/13,53» AN/23,Ao/2, AP/54,121,AQ/69, BA/17; U500Ai/14,58. 137,AS/23,AV/ß1'AX/171, Late nth cent.53 18. JUG Differsfrom17 only in having no interveningslip betweenthe glaze and clay body.Small vessels,plain rim,pinchedtrefoil mouth,and almostflatbase. 23; U490AB/12. K247A/50,E/38;M332/1;N418/11, MiddleByzantine.54

Imports fromoutsideGreece (19) 19. ITALIAN ARCHAIC MAJOLICAJUG

area (edgeof lozenge?) Bodyfragment preserving filledwiththin,parallel,diagonal,brown-painted lines.Cleartinglaze.

44Bothpiecesare possiblyfromone vessel.Many examples of thisware have been foundin the old excavationsin the theatreofSparta. 45J. W. Allan, Islamic Ceramics(Oxford, 1991), 18-19, describesthe ware and illustratesa jug; bowls also were common. 46H. Blake, 'The archaic Maiolica of north-westItaly: Montalcino,Assisiand Tolentino',Faenza,66 (1980),91-152, see ibid.96. fig.8, nos. 1-3; forthechronology 47Morgan97: 'jugsare surprisingly numerousin thisclass'. 48A completeversionhas been excavatedat Tigani in the Mani; for illustrationsee Catalogueofan Exhibitionto Mark the Centenaryof the ChristianArchaeologicalSociety (1884-^84)

(Athens,1984),64 no. 96.

U490AX/89. 14thcent.55

49Morgan72-3,fig.52. 50Armstrong 1989a;Valtesino. 49, fig.12,and pl. 8. Closed paintedincisedwaresare rare. 51Painted incised wares have a long life-span: see Armstrong19890, 44; the formof 17 suggestsan early Ottomandate. 52Similarsmalljugs have been foundat Corinth,Thebes, and Constantinople. Corinth: Morgan 59, fig. 41 a.

Thebes: Armstrong 1993,no. 104. Constantinople:

numerousexamples. Hayes,Saraçhane, pl. 6, illustrates 53Morgan 59; Hayes, Saraçhane,19 (Glazed White Ware II). 54Date based on connectionbetween17 and 18. 55Blake91-152,fig.4. 2; forthechronology, ibid.96.

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery131 CLOSED UNGLAZED TABLE WARES (20-3) 20. SLIP-PAINTED JUG

Unglazed versionof 14. Medium size. Ovoid body, flat base, oval handle; no further features preserved.Marked ridgingaround shoulder; loose spiralspainted on upper body zone in thickwhite slip.5* P284B/39. Early12thcent.57 21. MATT-PAINTED JUG

Medium closed vessel.Handles are the onlyfeature sherdspreserved.Medium oval handle decorated with parallel horizontal lines in dark red, matt paint.58 K247c/23>54. 64. Late 12thcent.59 22. GEOMETRICMATT-PAINTED JUG

Small closed vesselwithspout.Plain rimon straight neck; sharplyoffsetfrombulbous body,flat base. Small oval handle opposite short,oblique spout. Purple-red painted decoration of cross-hatching aroundshoulder.60 K247C/79;T445B/38;U490AV/6. 12thcent.61

23. jug62(fig. 17.5,8-16) Miscellaneous grouping of unglazed, and usually undecorated,closedvesselsof a finetypewhichwere probablyused at table.63The six rimsdrawnindicate the varied forms;the commonfeatureis theirbasic simplicity. They probablyhad a singlehandle (K247 had longnecks;thebody c/63 had two)and frequently variesfrombulbousto talland slim;basesusuallyflat.

LS 10849/1;US 10950/7;H11/4;J44/6-8,11,14;H51/2-3; E55/3; D97/1-2; F139/8; F146/1,2, 5-7; G162/2;J170/1; QJ80/15;N190/30;N191/1,25, 34-5; N195/15,17;J212/10, 15;K244/10,16-17;K245/32;K247A/7>9~io> b/6>39>c/5> 38, 42, 63, 86, D/9, 11, 13, e/ 16-17,28; P284/11,A/22-3, 25-6, B/27, 30, 38, 43, 85, F/12, 14, 16-17, 23, 41* G/8, 15-16,18-19,h/8, 19,22,30; R290/1;B300/16,23, 26-7, 47; Wl/^ 39-40. 42-44; M321/13,21, 28; M328/21,27, 30; M334/1,3; M344/3,π; Μ349/81,157,184^369 B/8-9, c/5, 10;K403/1;N418/14;R426A/4,6-10; T445 A/18,25, 29, 38; S466 a/ 27; S475 B/4; U483/10-11,17-19;U490 l/i, AB/16, AC/2,AD/5,αγ/^Ηϊ Φ ag/i, 2, ah/io, 12,AK/31,AL/19, 27, 31, AM/34,40. AP/7,AQ/32,41, 47, 49-50, 52, 56, 64, AR/15,19, 22, 26, 34, as/6, AV/19,22, AW/15,BA/3>9"io> bb/2,BC/20,bd/i; U500 Bi/14-15, 17; U501/2;U505 b/i; U516A/28;U532/2.

MiddleByzantine.64

The glazedtablewaresfromtheSurveyare fewand ofpoor quality,in contrastto otherrural areas of Greece.651-9 and 14-18 are probably products of Sparta. The few imports identified,10-13 and 19, are interestingfor pointing to external contacts with Persia,and Italy.Flat bases on glazed bowlsare not commonin Greece,but Constantinople, are standardin Syriaand Persia. Domestic

Wares (24-30) A rangeof shapeshas been groupedunderdomesticwares,withthe commonattribute that are in each some in involved the of food. include they way preparation They cooking-pots, chafingdishes,Oil flasks',and smalland largebasins. 56Similarvesselfoundin recentexcavationin Sparta:Vassi, pl. 28 c. 57Vassi293. 58Similarlydecoratedstamnoihave been foundin recently Sparta: Sanders,fig.12. 39. 21 is smallerthan the Spartan vessels,and therefore thoughtto be tableware. 5921 shouldbe contemporary with33: see n. 85. 60Some fragments foundin earlyexcavationsin Sparta: Dawkinsand Droop,pl. 18. 79-80. There is also a complete jug on display in the Mystrasmuseum. MacKay 279-88 refersto thisware and itssubdivision'Protogeometric' mattpaintedware. 61Matt-paintedware ranges fromthe nth to the 13th

centuries.J. E. Coleman, Excavations at Pylosin Elis (Hesp. suppl.21 (1986),149pl. 53, F 40),publishesexampleswhichhe datesto the13thcent.Fabricand decorationplace thesurvey's see MacKay examplesin theearlierstagesofitsdevelopment: 286 forthe fabric,and G. D. R. Sanders,'An assemblageof Frankishpotteryat Corinth',Hesp.56 (1986),183,esp. n. 87, forthedecoration.22 sharesa commonfabricwith37. 6223 is a small-to-medium-sizedclosed vessel; 'jug' is adoptedhereas an umbrellaterm. bó 1 his type01vesselwas plentiful m the Byzantineperiod, butno systematic studyofthevariedformshas yetappeared. 64Hayes,Saraçhane, 52, fier. 19. 15-17. 65See e.g.Armstrong 19890.

132 Chapter 17

The chafingdish and cooking-potclayswere obviouslypreparedwitha view to efficient heat conductionby adding large quantitiesof crushedschist,eitherfinelycrushedor in relatively largechunks.The fabricsofthesmallbasinsare similarto thoseused forthevarious tablewares,whilethelargebasinhas thesamefabricas amphora40· 24. UNGLAZEDCHAFINGDISH (FIG. 17.5, 17-18) Although this type of vessel has a distinctiverim form, featureless body sherds are difficultto differentiate fromthose of amphorae or, if charred, from cookingpots. There are probably furtherexamples under both of the other categories. Two rim formsare preserved: a broad, thickened, flattened rim (D. 0.178) with a groove along the top (K247 B/13) and a thickened, squared, in-turned rim (D. 0.168; K247 A/58). K247 A/58 shows a small strap handle springing from the rim.66 J170/2;K247 a/2j 58? B/13, X5îU49° AX/80, 82. 10thcent.67 25. COOKING-POT(FIG. 17.5, 19-20) Handmade.68 Slightlyout-turned, plain rounded rim (D. 0.200-0.212), sharply offset from body. Strap handles attached at rim. K247 C/25; K250/3.69 12thcent.70 26. COOKING-POT(FIG. 17.5,21-6) Wheelmade. Strap handle springs from rim (as K247 c/35, P284 A/16, U490 AF/4). Late 12th cent.71 a. Flat-topped, slightlythickened rim (D. 0.1 14-0. 157) with small lip on outer face, offset from outwardflaring body; prominent wheel-ridging on outer surface(as K247 c/6, T445 A/3). LS 10878/2; Hii/8; B106/6; G182 a/ii, 14; K247 c/6, 35; P284 A/14, *6> 68, B/7, h/io; R290/18, 22, 26-31; T445 A/3, 5-6, 54, B/51; U490 AD/9, AF/2,4, 8> AH/4,Au/5>Bc/8· b. Plain vertical rim (D. 0.117) offsetfrom outward flaringbody. K247 c/9.

66Bakirtzis, fig.13.2 and 4 are similar. 67Bakirtzis(see n. 66) suggestsqthto 10thcenturies. 68Handmade cooking-pots are commonin Sparta:Sanders 277-8. 69Sanders,no. 67. 70Sanders27Q. 71Sanders277. 72Sanders277notesthatflatbottomsare a commonfeature ofSpartancooking-wares.

rim. c. Flat-topped out-turned U490 AR/4.

d. Flat base (D. 0.160-0.200). K247 B/16, C/2972 27. COOKING-POT(FIG. 17.5,2J) Handmade. Distinctive, hard, black or dark orangebrown fabric with many large quartz inclusions. Thickened, rounded, out-turned rim (D. 0.158) with inner ledge; flat base (D. 0.156-0. 174); small strap handle attached horizontally. K247 A/4> 56> c/14, 67; K247 D/12; P284 A/15; J317/61;M346/6; T445 B/26, 51, 64; U490 AF/17. Late Byzantine to Early Ottoman.73 28. OIL FLASK(FIG. 17.6, I-3) The distinctive feature of this type of vessel is the funnel-shaped neck with slightly out-turned rim. The body is bulbous; single oval handle from just below rim to widest point of body; on the opposite side an oblique spout; bases usually flat or almost Hat.74 K247 D/22, E/3; U490 n/6. Ottoman.75 29. SMALLBASIN(FIG. 17.6, 4-g) Unglazed and undecorated, these small open vessels were primarilyutilitarian. The large variation in rim forms(D. 0.122-0. 251) fromsuch a small sample does not lend itself to classification: flat-topped and thickened (as U490 BC/14); flat-topped, downturned with broad, rounded edge (as U490 m/i); thickened, flat-topped, slightly out-turned with broad lip on inner face (as U490 AP/8); plain with small external groove (as U490 Al/2); thickened, in-turned,flattened with shallow groove on upper edge (as F139/6) and an everted, upturned rim with flattened edge.

73Recent examples fromSparta are i3th-cent.:Sanders, no. 63; the survey's finds indicate that their use continued throughthe 14th and possibly into the early 15thcent. 74Hayes, Saraçhane, fig.127,k5.i and lq.4 (83.53); fig.133. the completeform.Oftenthebodyfragments 3-4 illustrates retainoil stains. 75Hayes,Saraçhane, 288.

Byzantine and Ottomanpottery 133 K247 C/59 has a horizontalexternalledge.No bases wereidentified.76 J44/1,3; F139/6;G162/1;K247C/59; G254/1;ρ2δ4 B/9; B300/22; K403/2; U490 m/i, n/i, AD/3-4, AF/20,Ai/2,am/17,an/6, ap/8,AQ/40,ar/6, AX/47, 68, ba/6,BC/14;U500B4/1. Early13thcent.77 BASIN 30. LARGE (FIG.17.6,IO-Il) Decorativefeaturesare sharedwithamphorae38-9. wet-smoothed,creatingan almost 30 is frequently

burnished surface appearance. Large (est. D. rim c.o.400), everted,flat-toppedrim. The rim may be plain (as U490AN/13,AW/3)or have incisedzigzag(as K245/1).Two rim fragments preservehandle scars, joined eitherat rim(as K245/1)or just below rim(as U490 aw/3); one has tracesof inciseddecorationsas types38- 9. 78K245/1,as types38-9, has an applied band below handle junction with rim which is decoratedwithincisedwavyline.79 K245/1; U490 AN/13,AW/3>BC/10. 12th cent.80

Bothhandmadeand wheelmadecooking-pots withflatbasesare common,as in Sparta.81 Chafing used to food hot at seem to havegoneoutofuse in thetwelfth As they dishes, table, keep century. arefrequently foundwithsmalljugs (as 17-18),theywereperhapsusedtogether, withcondiments in thejugs beingadded to thehotfoodto suitindividual taste.The size ofthebowlsofchafing dishesmeansthateach possibly heldone portion.The oil flask,todayreplacedbythesamebasic formin metal,wouldhavebeen used in thekitchen duringcooking.Oil wouldhavebeen taken froma largerstoragecontainer intotheflaskformoreconvenient access.The smallbasinwould havebeen usedformixingsmallquantities ofingredients, thelargebasinforsomething done in suchas kneading bread.Mostoftherangeofactivities in thepreparation involved largequantities offoodarerepresented butinsurprisingly smallnumbers. bytheSurveymaterial, Storage

Vessels

(31-52) Storagevesselsincludeamphorae,pithoi,and thebucket-like 52. Amphoraewereamongthe mostnumeroustypeofmedievalvesselfoundin the surveyarea. Some typesare represented by so fewfragments theyare simplycalled large or smallsince theirdimensionscannotbe with gauged precision.But in generalByzantineamphoraeare smallerthan theirRoman All basesfoundwereflat,evenfromimportedamphorae. counterparts. Fabricsare variedand describedundereach typenumber.33-4 and 37-9 are thoughtto be local fabrics. AMPHORAE (31-44) 31. COMBED AMPHORA

Althoughrepresented by onlythreebody fragments, because it is the earlieststorageware 31 is important fromthe Byzantineperiod foundwithinthe survey area. Hard, fine,orange-brown(2.5 YR 6/8) fabric.

76Similar bowl found in recent excavations in Sparta: Sanders,no. 53; notealso hisno. 52, a funnel,whichsomeof 20 mayhavebeen. 77FollowingSanders275. 78Althoughillustratedwith two handles, the complete vesselprobablyhad moreto supportits size and weight.A relationshipwith38 and 39 has been noted, and so also shoulda connectionwiththethree-handled version39b. 79Similar type of vessel with correspondingdecoration foundin Constantinople: Hayes,Saraçhane, fig.19. 18.

The vesselis finewalled (0.003-0.005)withfinewavy combingon theexternalsurface. K247 E/41; P284 G/32; U490 AW/24. 10thcent.82

80Hayes, Saraçhane, 52. The independentchronologyalso reinforces theconnectionsbetweenthistypeand 38-9. 81Sanders277-Q. 82Correspondsto Saraçhanetype35: Hayes,Saraçhane, figs. 22. 10 and 23. 10, where the date suggested(p. 71) is '8th (and ratherlater?)'.The 10thcent,is proposedhereas century a compromise: thereis no recognizibly in the 8th-cent. pottery and theearliestglazedwaresare 9th-cent. surveyterritory (10) at siteP284 and ioth-cent.(11) at U490. It is significant that twoofthethreefragments of31 are fromthesesites.

134 Chapter 17 32. LARGECOMBEDAMPHORA

Mediumhard,fineto medium,orangeto lightbrown micaceouswithfewsmall (5 YR 6/6) fabric.Extremely No feature whiteinclusions. Outersurfacehas self-slip. sherds are preserved.Combing is either wavy (as K253/15)or straight(as U483/39);P284 A/65 shows in theshoulderregionofa largishvessel. bothtogether, H51/11-12;D92/7-8; 0,180/29;ni89/6; N191/75; K204 b/i; K253/15;P284/16,A/65,β/π9; Τ445 A/83, 100-1,B/59,c/12; U483/39;U490 M/3,w/17,AF/80, Al/16,AK/23,AP/61-3, AG/61, AQ/72,AS/24,54>AU/41, AV/ 193-4,AW/32, 43,AX/IO9-IO,112,AZ/lO,BA/29-3O, 78,BL/12;U506/33;U517/8. BB/55, BC/69,95,BF/51, Middleto thirdquarterof 12thcent.83 33. MATT-PAINTED AMPHORA

fewpiecesof33 have been collectedwithin Relatively the surveyarea: medium strap handles,varyingin width from 0.034-0.044 and decorated with horizontally painteddarkred bands,and upperbody decoratedwithrandomdarkred lines.The fragments fabricis hard, mediumfine,orange-red(5 YR 6/6), and micaceous.84 0,180/27, 39; K247 d/i; U490 AF/63, AN/35, Aw/19-20,32,ba/8, 16. Secondhalfof 12thcent.85 34. RED WASHAMPHORA(FIG. 17.6, 12-Ij)

Uniformhard,mediumcoarse,orangered (5 YR 6/6) fabric. Micaceous with occasional medium lime inclusionsand manygreyand whitespecks.Foldedoverrim(D. 0.146,U490 BB/25)withsharpedge and wall; smallstraphandle hanginglobe; almoststraight (W. 0.032, U490 AP/38) and fine,regular,slightly evertedflatbase (D. 0.088, U490 AP/53).Irregular splashesofredwashon shoulderand upperbody. U490AP/38,53, BB/25. MiddleByzantine?86

83Similar vessels from Corinth, though the fabric is different: MacKay 277,nos.53-4 and pl. 66. 8433 has thesamefabricas 21. 85Piérartand Thalmann,fig.8 and pl. 10: d8, D9. See also Bakirtzis, pl. 43 a. RecentexamplefromSparta:Sanders,no. later. 39, fig.12,pl. 25,whereitis datedslightly 86The uniqueformoftherim,and thefactthatit is found onlyat U490,suggestthatitwas made there. 87Examples observedin museumsat Giardini (Naxos in Sicily)and at Reggiodi Calabria,wheretheyare claimedto be local wares. 88Dates givenin museumdisplays. 89Sparta: Sanders,no. 34 ('TaffyWare').Helos plain: G. D. R. SandersandJ. M. Sanders,'The medievalpotteryand smallfinds',in W. D. Taylourand R. Jancko(eds),Excavations in 1973,1974,and 1977(BSA supp. vol., at HagiosStephanos

35. RED-BODIEDAMPHORA(FIG. 17.7,I-j)

Only three fragmentsof this large and distinctive amphorahave survivedwithinthe surveyarea. The fabricis relatively fine,red(2.5YR6/8),and extremely micaceouswithmanyblackand redspecks.The outer surfaceis coated witha whiteslip so thickthatthe relatively deep combing of K247 c/57 fails to penetratethroughit to thebody.It has a flat-topped, evertedrim(D. 0.140)and straight neck;a heavyovoid handlewithfingergrooves;twobandsoffinecombing (ten-toothedcomb) on the shoulder; and must be wide-bellied(greaterthan0.300). Productof Sicilyor southernItaly.87 K247C/57,d/4; U483/6. Late 12thto early13thcenturies.88 AMPHORA (FIG.17.7,4-8) 36. PINK-BODIED The obvious characteristicof this amphora is its soft,pale pink(5 YR 8/4-7.5 unique fabric:extremely YR 8/3), tendingto be paler on the surfaces(7.5 YR 8/2-10 YR 8/3); handles and other thicksections oftenhave greycore (2.5 Y 8/1);micaceouswithsmall schistinclusions;frequently manynoticablespecksof grog (as K247 d/io), occasionallyis grog absent (as P284 Β/130,Τ445 c/i). Otherexamplesin the region have been foundat Spartaand at AgiosStephanosin the Helos plain, and furtherafield at Xanthos in Lykia.89 These amphorae are probably They were produced in two Constantinopolitan.90 sizesofsimilarshape: a. (FIG.17.7,4-6) Narrow-mouthed (as K245/5a)with vertical,broad (c.o.048-0.060) straphandle attached to neckat small(0.031-0.041),protruding, horizontally plain verticalrim;wide-bellied(as K245/24;c.o.300) and flat-bottomed (as P284 B/129 + 30; D. 0.130-0.150).Some mayhave appliedhorizontalband decoratedwithincisedwavyline (as P284/13).Two

forthcoming), figs.36, 69-70. Xanthos: fromexcavationsin thebasilicaon theuppercity(publication forthcoming). 90The fabric of 36, macroscopically at least, appears relatedto the fabricof Glazed WhiteWare II, describedin detail by Hayes, Saraçhane,19, as a deteriorationof the earlier'white'fabricused in thesewares. The same fabric fromsome impressedwhitewaresfound has been identified in the excavations of the theatre in the city of Sparta: 'FromConstantinople. . .' (n. 3), nos. 16 and 18. Armstrong A combination of factors- the distinctivefabric shared withglazed whitewares,the paucityof theseamphoraein the surveyarea and at Xanthos, and the large quantities found at Agios Stephanos (20 per cent of the medieval material);see Sanders 268 and n. 35; Sanders and Sanders (n. 89)- leads to the conclusionthat theywere imported intoLaconia via AgiosStephanos.

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery135 handles (B300/4, 54) have incised vertical lines like38-9. separatedbyobliquediagonalstrokes, LS 10951/9,12; H33/1;H40/10;Q179/1,14-16, 18; K245/5a,14,24; K247d/^; p2ß4/i3,B/58,129+ 130, 131,c/18, H/21; M346/16; B300/4, 54; J369 B/24; AP/50-1,AQ/34. U490AM/41, b. (FIG. 17.7, y-8) Similar shape, though smaller handlestendto be ovoidratherthanflat,withsmaller dimensions(D. neckc.0.030;D. base 0.062-0.080; W. ofhandles0.025-0.035). H33/5; Fi46/3; K245/3, 25, 3°; K247 c/69> e/i; G254/2; P284 B/56, 114,F/47; M334/6;J369 B/16, c/20; T445 c/i; U490 w/6, ac/8, BF/14;U500 A1/3, Bi/12,B2/43. nth cent.,thoughpossiblylater.91 37. SMALL INCISED AMPHORA (FIG. 17.7, 9- 11)

The distinctive fabricofthisamphoracreatesa small vessel with an extremelyhard, thin (0.003-0.004) body wall. The fabric is metallic hard, fine (no visibleinclusions),and eitherdeep red (2.5 YR 6/8) or black (5 YR 4/1). The outersurfacehas frequently firedgreyor dull black.A notabledecorativefeature is an incised wavy line around the shoulder (as N191/74,K247 c/70). It had a verticalstraphandle (W. 0.027-0.032) springing horizontally from a narrow neck with a small vertical lip and a flat base.92 N191/74;K247 c/3, 70, B300/8; S466 B/60; U490 w/16,AB/21,AF/77,AH/14,47) 49? 5^, AM/39,χ62, 211,217,an/i6, AP/81,104, 112,122-3,AO/7>23, 35? 68-9, 76, 84, 103,105,109, in, 119,132,139-40,177, AR/16,19,Au/26,Av/52,AW/38,52, AX/45,103,143, 162,AY/52,BB/34-5,56, BG/13. 12thcent.93 WITHINCISEDHANDLES(FIGS. 17.7, 38. AMPHORA 72-/7;Ι7·8»!~3' plate 4 c) identified 38 and 39 are similarly bytheidiosyncratic incisionson theirhandles;togethertheymakeup one of the most commonlyattestedmedieval amphora within the survey area. The two types are fromeach otherby fabricand by size: distinguished 38 tendsto be smallerthan 39. The fabricof 38 is hard,mediumcoarse, orange red (2.5 YR 6/8-5 YR

91EvidencefromAgios Stephanossuggestsan early 14thcent. Date: Sanders and Sanders (n. 89), while an unpublishedexample fromCorinthhas been foundin an early i2th-cent. context: Sanders 281 and n. 43. Our proposednth-cent,date is based on Hayes's chronological distinctions relatedto thefabrics:Hayes,Saraçhane, 19. 9237 sharesa commonfabricwith22.

7/8). Micaceous; many small red, white,grey,and purpleinclusions;occasionallargegreyinclusionsand grog. Overall appearance of surfacesis strikingly orange.The handles are incisedeitherwithvertical parallellines(as K247D/42),varyingfromtwoto five in number,or a combination of these and short diagonal incisionsbetweenthe verticalones (as P284 A/28).94The upper part of the handles is joined horizontally to a narrow-mouthed neck (D. 0.058-0.063); the widthof the handle (0.053-0.065) frequently equals the diameterof the neck.The rim projectsslightly(as K247 D/42), if at all, above the junctionof the neck and handle. Lower neck/upper decoratedwithhorizontally shoulderare frequently incised grooves (as F146/22, U500 B2/69). The shouldermay be decoratedwitha shallowlyincised, horizontal, wavylineabove a seriesofparallelgrooves (as Qj 80/38).The bodyis broad(c.0.240)and thebase flat(D. 0.117-0.140). LS 10066/1; LS 10328/1; ls 10623/1; LS Io878/4~5> 8; ls 10979/1-2;ls 10987/1;ls 10992/1;H29 A/4; F146/4,10-12,18, H40/5,a/i, 4; E75/1,3; F139/11-12; 22, 26; G162/4-5; Q180/19, 25, 32, 38, 45, 55, 89; G182 A/5; ni89/i6; N190/11-12,23; N195/7-8, 10; K237/8;K247 A/12,B/5, 11,53, c/15, 17,20, 22, 49, 51, D/6, 42, E/40; K253/5-7,20; G254/10;K257/12; K258/22; P284/14,15, A/28, B/44, 67, c/14, 35-6, f/io, 51; R290/5,15; B300/2-3,6-7, 31-2,48, 50, 55, 57, 60, 67; M334/7; M344/15,17-18, 23; M346/18; J367/16,19;J369Β/27;Τ445 A/36,55-6, 76, B/5,10, c/4, 6, 13; S451/2; S475 B/5, c/12, 18; T482 B/31; U483/7,29, 31; U488/16; U490 R/9, s/3, τ/3, v/5, w/8, x/25,Y/2,6, 8, ζ/9, aa/8, 27,AB/14,17-18,31, 34, 36, 54, 59, 65, ac/i, 36-7, 51-2, 64, AE/7,AF/40, 42, 78, AG/6,13, 33, 64-7, 74, 77, 79, 85, 87-8, 91, 102-3,io8> 112,122,127,131,133,137,141,148,150-1, 154,158-9,161,AH/16,39-40, 42, 44, 47,49-50, 57-8, AI/4,9-10, 15,18,AK/19,22, 27, 29-30, 32-4, 37, 39, al/6-8, 10-14,32, 49, 55-60, 66-7, 70, 72, 77,80, 85, 87-9>95>97>99-!θο5AM/35,l8o> l88> 192,AN/33,4<>> 67,AP/4,6, 10,12-16,48, 56-7, 65, 71-3,75,77-9,86, 89-90, 97, 105, 110-11,114, 124-5, I3°~2, 134, 170, aq/6, 8-9, 16-17, 73-5, 96, 105-6, 112, 116, 131, AR/18,23, 53, 60, 72,as/io, 16,30, 53, AU/19-20,39, 42, 46, AV/24,37,40, 59, 65, 69, 73,87, 90, 97,aw/13, 25>27,31,33, 35, 39, 42, 46-7, AX/26,28, 30-1, 34-6,

93The date is suggestedbecauseoftherelationship between 37 and 22. 94See Armstrong of 1989Ä,185-8, forinitialidentification 38 and 39; see Sanders and Vassi for subsequent finds. forthe Sanders268-9 proposesa chronologicalsignificance different incisedschema.

136 Chapter17 38-42, 90, 114,127-8, 131,137,140, 147-8, 150, 154, 160-1,166, 170,173-4,186, 194,198,200, ΑΥ/ΐ,az/2, 9, 14,ΒΑ/24-6,37, 45, 48, 59, 70, BB/4-8,10-12,26, 32, 36, 40-1, 43, 45-6, 48, 50-2, 57, 59-60, 70, BC/19, 22, 26, 33-4, 77,96, in, be/8, 10-12,14, 16,bf/8,11, 24, 33-4, 45, 47, 65-6, 77, 86-7, 90, 96, 101-2,BG/8, 10, 15,17,21-2,BH/4,6, 8, 10, 13,BK/5,7-9, BL/1-2, 4-5, 8, 10-11,15,BM/2;U500Ai/50,B2/50,53, 55, 69; U501/5-6;U502/1;U505 a/6, 12, 16-18,B/2-3, 6~7> 11-12;U506/33;U532/1,4. Late nth to 12thcenturies.95 WITHINCISEDHANDLESANDRAISED 39. AMPHORA BAND(FIGS.17.8,4-16; 17.9,1-2) Similarto 38 in form,39 has a distinctly different fabric.It is also foundin a largerversion,39 b, which probablyhad threehandles.96The fabricis medium hard,fine,orange-redto reddish-yellow (5 YR 6/4-5 YR 7/8); micaceous; mediumlime inclusions;many redspecks. a. (fig. 17.8,4-16) This has variedrimforms;all are unsophisticatedand roughlyformed.The rim may curvein (as U490 AG/20,P284 C/10),maybe straight and sloping(as P284c/n) or be slightly out-turned (as U500 B2/11),while the edges are alwaysplain. The neckis narrow(D. 0.045-0.055);fromit springbroad (0.055-0.065),flatstraphandlesincisedwitha series (fromthreeto five)of simpleverticallines (as P284 c/11, U490 AG/20)or the same separated by short oblique incisions (as P284 c/10, U500 B2/11). A fragmentof one handle (U490 AF/6)has a unique decoration of an incised wavy line between two straightones. Neck and shoulder junctions are frequentlymarkedby deep horizontalincisions(as P284 G/31),and several examples have an incised horizontalwavyband (as N191/79)in thesame region. At thelowershoulderand/or bellythereis an applied horizontalband decoratedwithan incisedwavyline (as K244/24).One sherd(P284 F/32)preservesboth the incisedappliedband and the stumpof an incised handle.Bases (D. 0.077-0.082)are invariablyflat(as Qi80/98,K247A/11,21,S466A/9). LS 10066/2-3; LS IO336/2; LS 10849/4-5; LS IO925/8,12-13;LS IO927/1;LS IO95O/1-2,6, 15-18, 21, 23-4; LS IO951/3,5-6, 17,19-20,25; LS IOI166/1, 6; H29a/8; H40/6;F146/16-17, 19,21,27-8; 0,180/42, 47»49» 53»68» 86» 93»98» Glß2 B/1-3;ni89/4, 10, 13,

95Followingthe coin evidenceprovidedby Vassi 293. Sanders to13th centuries. late12th 269,nos.35-6,38,suggests 96Vassi288,fig.1,and Sanders271,fig.8, illustrate the three-handled callsit a small 'amphora'(Sanderscorrectly Noneofthesurvey findsdistinguished between the pithos).

22-3; N190/9,14-16, 26; N191/79;N195/4-5,9, 25; K244/5,24, 25-7, 29-30, 32; K245/ioa, 28, 34; K247 A/11,21,C/16,21,45-6, 48, 55-6, 65, 71,81,87,D/23, 32, E/29;K253/18-19,21; K257/3-4,6; P284A/35,37» 44, 47-8, 55, 57-8, 60, 80, 124,B/16,37, 50, 55, 61, 64-6, 68, 73, 84, 88, 109, 125,c/10, 11,14,15, 16,32, 34, 43, 45-6, 48, 50, D/71,E/20, 25, F/6, 31, 32, 43, 50, G/31,H/29; R290/4,8, 10-13,16-17,19; B300/1, 34-6, 59, 68-9; J317/2,63; M328/32;M332/10-11, 13; M344/9,19,24; M346/5,7, 9-15; M349/182;Q358/i3; J367/16;J369a/i, B/7, 12, 19-21,29-30, 33, 36, 38, 40, 44-5, 47-8, C/n, 27; R426A/16-18,20-1; S441/4, 7, 9; T445 a/io, 31, 58, 66, 68-9, 81-2, 85-7, 90, 98, 102,107,no, B/33-4,47-8, 50, 56-7, C/2,10;S450/11; S451/3;S466 A/7,9, 11-12,39-41; S475 A/25,b/i6» c/9; T482 B/24;U490 s/4, τ/2, ν/2, w/9, 11,15, 18, x/ii, 19-20, 23, 29, z/16, AA/3,6, 17-19,21, 23-6, 28-9, 31,AB/15,18,33, 38, 41,43-5, 47,49-50, 52, 55, 57, 60, 63, 66, AC/12,33-4, 39, 49, 55, AF/3,6, 10, 26-8, 33, 36-8, 41, 48, 50-1, 54, 58, 60, 67, 70, 86-7, AG/5,18, 20, 37-8, 42, 50, 52, 62, 80-1, 86, 89-90, 94-7, 99-100, 104, no, 115-17,119, 121,123-6, 132, i36> 139»l63»AH/17,34»38> 43»45»48> 52, 63, AK/9, 13, AL/40,53, 64, 71, 82, 84, 90, 93-4, AM/49,l67» 170, 172, 175-7,l86» i9°» X97»200, 203-4, 207, 210, 212-13, 215-16, 225, AN/4,8» l8> 36~7» 39» 41» 47» 51-2, A0/4, aq/io, 14-15,78, 81, 87, 90-1, 95, 97, 99-101, 104, 114, 117-18, 121-2, 126-8, 134, 141, AR/24,47, 59, 67, 70, 74-5, 79-83, 88, 90-1, 94, AS/5, 34~5?37»52, 55»Au/6>l8> 29, 32, 35, 37,50, AV/7,29, 49-51, 34-6, 44, 49, 56, 66, 82-4, 86, 91-3,98, AW/40, 57,AX/83,105,108,in, 117-18,121,123,134,136,138, 141,149, 156-8, 169, 189, 192, 197,201,az/i, BA/23, 32-3»35»38»40-1»δ0"1»53-5»57»64~5» 69» 75~6»8o» BB/9,28-9, 37, 58, BC/13,28, 31,38, 40-1, 65, 74, 76, 79-80, 82, 87-9, 97, 109,120,123,164,BF/9,53, 57-9, 6l, 76, 80, 89, 94, 98, 103,BG/16,18, BJ/4,BL/2,16, bm/i;U500A1/2,13,45, 48, 60, A2/6,8, 10, 12,A3/5, 8, 10-14,A4/13,Bi/ii, 41,43, 45-8, 52, 55, B2/2,8-9, 11, 12-13,17,36, 44-5, 47-9, 51-2, 54, 56, 58, 61-3, 66-8, 76, 78, 80, 82, B4/2,13-14,18-20; U511C3/12; 0522/1-3,5. versionof a. b. (FIG.17.9,1-2) Large, three-handled b, many Althoughonlytwosherdsappearto represent of thoselistedundera probablybelongin thisgroup. b froma, The size and formof the rimdistinguish since they share the same distinctivefabric and

theillustrations two-andthree-handled types. Consequently of U490 BA/20and ah/15 (FIG. 9) are reconstructed than sincetheyareobviously threehandles, larger proposing basefragments, andpossibly 39a. Manyofthebodysherds, to39a probably belongto39b. assigned

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery137 handles.The rimvariesfrom0.085 (as U49° AH/I5)to 0.171(as U490BA/20),has a flattened edge,and curves inwardsto forma ledge whichprobablysupporteda cover. Both the simple and more complex incised decorationsappearon thehandles. U490AH/15,BA/20. Late nth to mid-12thcenturies.97 (FIG.17.IO,1-g) 40. AMPHORA This is a large amphora.Its fabricis hard,medium coarse, reddish-brownto grey(2.5 YR 6/8-2.5 YR 4/N4). Frequentlyunevenlyfired.Micaceous with small to medium lime and black, angular grit inclusions.It has an unusualsurfacetexturelike fine sandpaper. Rims tend to be verticalwith rounded edges (as P284 a/ 2) or slightlyout-turned(as U490 AW/9).Broad (0.061-0.065),flatstraphandlesspring fromstraight verticalnecks(as K247B/18, horizontally whosewidthvariesfrom0.100to 0.130.Bases J317/68) (D. c.o.i10)are flatwithoutwardslopingwalls(as T445 B/18,31)or flatwithverticalwalls(as U506/42). LS 10066/4;LS 10849/2;LS 10871/1,4; LS 10878/1; LS IO925/11;LS 10950/9,22; LS IO951/16,18; HI1/5; H20/1; H21/1;H40/2-4; J44/4;D92/6; F146/13-14, 29-30; G162/6-7;Q180/36,66, 81; G182a/io; ni89/i, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14-15, 21, 24; N190/25;N191/10,33; N195/11-12,20, 24, 26-7; K204 a/io-ii; K245/29; K247 A/29, β/Σ7?l8. c/i, 19, 76; K253/12,14, 16; G254/7-8;K258/16;P284/10,A/2,52, 61, 71, 73, 79, 95, B/75,F/42; R290/9, 14, 20-1, 23-5; B300/64-6; 21, 68, 80; M328/2;0358/14^369 B/17-18, J317/15, 3Í-2, 35. 37. 39. 4^3. 45~6. c/l9; L402/2;K403/7,13; R426 A/15,23, 25; S441/10;T445 A/17,28, 48, 61, 63-4, 67, 72-5, 79, 89, 91-5, 99, 103-6,B/2-4,9, 11, 18, 20-1, 24-5, 27, 29, 31, 35-7, 39, 44-6, 52-3, 55, 61^3, c/5, 8-9; S466 a/io, 42, 46-7, 50-2, 58, 63, 65; S475 A/3,23, B/i, 12, 15, C/16; T484/2; T485/9, 10; U49OQ/2, R/8, 15,T/l, U/3,V/4,W/3,5, 12,X/14, 15, 18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, Y/5,7, io-ii, z/i, 6-8, 10, Γ2,30, AA/30,32, 34, AB/32,35, 48, 62, AC/42,45-6, 50, 54, 56-8, 60, 62-3, AD/14-15,AE/l-2,5, AF/22, 29-32, 35. 39. 45. 52-3. 62, 64, 66, 69, 71-4, 83-5, AG/4,7, 29, 34, 40, 54, 59, 72, 76, 78, 82-4, 92, 98, 106, 109, in, 128-30, 134-5, J38. Η0» Η2, 144-7. Î52-3. 155-7. rôo, 162, ah/20, 33, 35-7, 55, 57, 59, Αϊ/11,14,AK/24-6,40-2, 44-5, AL/9,35, 38, 45, 52, 54, 61,63, 73,91,96, 98, AM/16,24-5,37,43, 134,136, 159-61,164-5,168-9, 173,179,181-2,184-5,l87. l89. 191,195-6,198,201-2,205-6, 208-9, 217,219,220-2,

97Vassi293. 98See I. Stereva,'Contributionà l'étude de la céramique en Bulgarie(Xle-XIIe s.)',Archaeologia, médiévale 1977(3),fig.1a.

224, 228, AN/38,42-6, 48-50, 53-4, A0/5,AP/5,25, 30, 34-6, 69-70, 74, 76, 80, 82-5, 87-8, 91-5, 99-102, 106, 108-9, n3. 126-7,133,AQ/22,29-31,51, 53, 59, 68, 77, 79-80, 82-6, 88-9, 92-4, 102-3, 107-10,113, 115, 119-20, 123-5, 129-30, 132-3, 135-6, 138, 143, AR/33,36, 43, 46, 48-9, 54-7, 61-3, 65-6, 68-9, 71, 73, 76-8, 84-7, 92, AS/2-4,", 21, 25, 32-3, 36, 39, 41-4, 46-7, 50-1, 56-7, AT/4-6,AU/14,23-5, 27-8, 30-1, 34, 36, 38, 47-9, 51, 54, 57, 59, AV/9-11,14,30, 32-3. 39. 43. 45-7. 5°-!. 53-5. 57-8, 60-1, 63-4, 67, 70-2, 74-7,88-9, 94, 96, AW/2, 9, 14,22, 26, 28, 36-7, 53-4, 56, AX/43,50, 53, 56, 72, 86, 115-16,119-20, 122,124-6, 129-30,1323,135,139, 142, 144-6, 151-3, J55. !59. 163-8, 176, 180, 183, 185, 191, 193, 195, 203-4, 206, AZ/12-13,15, BA/18,21-2, 27-8, 31, 34, 36. 39. 43-4. 49. 52, 56. 58. 6o~3. 66. 72-4. BB/38~9. 42, 44, 49, 54, 62, 65, BC/12,21, 24, 39, 42-3, 66-8, 70-3. 75. 81, 83-6, 91-4, 98-103, 105,108,no, 112-13, 115,BE/3,J3.BF/l9.32, 36~42, 44, 46, 48-50, 54-5, 60, 62, 64, 67-9, 71-2,74, 79, 81-5, 88, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99-100, BG/7,12, 14, 19-20, BH/3,5, 9, 11,bj/i, 3, bk/6, 10, BL/9,13-14; U500 Ai/49, 51-2, A2/11,16, A3/9, 15, 22, A4/4, 8, Bi/19, 44, 50, 54, 57-8, 61, B2/16, 19, 22, 28, 32, 34, 37, 46, 57, 59, 73-4, 81, 89-90, B4/17,22; U501/3;U506/21-2,42; U511A4/14, ci/12, C3/15;U516A/54;U517/9;G522/4;U532/8,14, 16-17. Late nth to early12thcenturies.98 41. INCISEDAMPHORA (FIG.17.IO,IO-Il) Large amphora (average wall Th. 0.010; 0.014 at shoulder)decoratedwithrandomwavyline whichis not confinedto anyparticularbody zone. The fabric tendsto be hard,coarse,and lightbrown(10 YR 6/4). It is temperedwithcrushedschist.The outersurface is usuallywet-smoothed, creatinga darkerskinwhich can take on a burnishedappearance (as K247 c/58. U490 AQ/150).No rims are preserved,but vertical straphandles(c.0.085) sprmgfroma tall neck. Bases (D. 0.110-0.210) are always flat.This is posssiblya local versionof42." H21/2-4;H29 B/5, 10; G162/3;J232/8;K237/3,17; K247 A/8,C/19,58, E/14-15,G/21;K253/3,K258/9; P284 B/15, F/26, G/17; R290/6, 38; B300/14, 72; J317/15;M321/4;M344/1,12-13,16; M346/1-3;J369 B/5,15,c/14; K403/4-6;R426a/i; T445/l5.a/i3. i6. 19-22,24, 41, B/14-17,54, 60; S450/6,16; S466 a/i, 21, 26, 31, 53; S475 C/3, 5; U483/12; U49O H/l, L/4, R/l-2, V/l, W/l, AA/4, 7, AB/7, 13, 19-2Ο, 22, AC/9,

99The shape is like Piérart and Thalmann, pl. 7. Β iy, flat. thoughLaconianbases are invariably

138 Chapter17 10-11, 13-14,ad/io, AE/4,6, AF/7,15, 19, 21, 24-5, 88, AG/9,16-17,19, 24-6, 28, 39, 41, 143,AH/3,"» 18-19,Ai/5-6,AK/3-4,7-8; AL/3,18, 23, 25, 28-30, 34, 36, AM/15,l&5> 219, 228, AN/20-2,AP/18,23, 26-7, 32, 37, 42, 64, 66, 68, AQ/20-1,25, 28, 38-9, 42-4, 48, 54-5, 57-8, 60, 150,AR/21,25, 27, 30-2, 50, AS/7-9,12-14»Au/9>11-13»*5>Av/l>11-13»17»Aw/5> 17-18,21,AX/21,44, 46, 48-9, 52, 54, 57,59-62, 64-7, 69, 71,74-5, 77, AZ/3-4,7-8, BA/7,12-13,15-16,19, BB/15,18-19,21-3,43, BC/11,13,18,27,30, BE/2,4-5,

BF/5, 15-16, 18, 20, 22, 26-7, BG/6, 9, BH/l, BK/3, BL/6-7; U5OO Bl/16, B2/18, 20-1, 87, B3/3; U5O5 A/1-2.

MiddleByzantine.100

42. AMPHORA(FIG. 17.IO, 12)

and incisedwavy This amphorahas similarproportions linedecorationto 41, butis distinguished byitscreamy whitefabric.It is mediumhard,mediumcoarse,cream to pale/lightbrown (7.5 YR 6/2). Vesicular,it has occasionalsmallangulargreygritsand grog.It is wetsmoothedout,creatingsurfacepaler thanbiscuit.No featuresherdsare preserved.U490 AA/22,AF/44,47, ap/i15-16,120,128,and AX/63indicatethattheupper whichformedbroad bodyhas extensive wheel-ridging grooves;its base (D. c.0.118)was flat,and the one example-U490AV/25" nas mreehorizontal surviving grooveson thelowerbody.Furtherexamplesare found at Argosand Thebes.101 K253/23; M334/2; S441/5; U490 Q/2, T/5, W/7, AA/22,AB/25,39, AC/48,AF/43,44, 47, 75, AG/101, AK/lO,35, AL/2,52, AP/20,49, II5-16, II9-2O, 128, AU/2,AV/25, AX/63,163,184-5,BF/23;U500B2/79. MiddleByzantine.102

43. AMPHORA(FIG. 17.IO, 13)

A small,fine-walledamphorawithextensivewheelridging(as P284F/34,G/22)on outersurfacesand flat base (D. 0.078). Medium hard, fine-textured fabric, orangered to lightbrown(5 YR 6/6). Micaceouswith occasionalsmalllimeinclusions. K244/18;K247 B/26; K253/17;P284 A/7,29, F/28, 34, G/22; B300/53;J317/11,13; M321/3;M332/7-8; R426 A/29, 31; U49° AC/38, AF/46,55-7, AN/63; U501/1. MiddleByzantine.103 44. GLAZEDAMPHORA(FIG. 17.IO, 14-lfj

- glaze This is a loose groupingof similarlytreated directlyonto clay- closed storagevessels.Glaze on the inner surface indicates that these amphorae were forstoringliquids. Only one rim (D. 0.116) is preserved(B106/2),flat-toppedand out-turnedwith a shallow ridge on the upper neck; however, comparisonof the dimensionsof the shoulderof this piece (0.220) with K247 A/46 (0.114) suggestsother rim formsexisted. Bases are flat (D. 0.078-0. 116); the body wall of ni89/29 is almost vertical,while the oblique angle of U483/28 indicates a rounded body. H20/2-4;J44/15-17;H51/15,17, 19-20, 26, 29, 57; B106/2,3; G156A/2,B/7,15-18,23, 25, C/32-4,56; Q179/4;G182A/6; ni89/25,29; J212/8;K247/10,29, A/14,31*33>46» 51*54> 68, B/20,24, 30-1, c/60, 82, D/20,26, 29, E/32,35; P284A/12,36, 38, 41-2, 45-6, 53> 56> 59. 8l> B/2, 63, C/39, G/26, 28-9, H/26; J317/33;M349/179; N418/12, 26, 37; S466 A/70; U483/14,28, 40, 48; U490AL/46. MiddleByzantineto Late Ottoman.104

PITHOI (45-51)

Medieval pithoitend to be smallerthan classical ones. The wide range of rimformsand on site,whereas fabricsassociatedwithByzantinepithoi(45-8) pointsto theirmanufacture thelimitedrangeof fabricsand formsof post-Byzantine pithoi(49-50) suggestsone or two are Glazed centres rare; when theydo occur their Byzantinepithoi only. production in on neck an exterior with distinctive place of a rim,probablyindicatesa flange shape, and In Ottoman the function. unglazedpithoiseem to appear in period glazed particular Pithoiof both is to the confined and the interior, probablyfunctional. glaze, equal quantity, onto the have clay. glaze applieddirectly periods

100It seemsto be a local versionof42; no closerchronology is possibleat present. 101Argos: Piérartand Thalmann,pl. 8. Β 17,thoughnote base. Thebes: Armstrong different 1993,334,nos. 14-26. 102At Argosit is attestedfromthe 10thto 13thcenturies: Piérartand Thalmann469.

103Piérartand Thalmann,pl. 7, Β 23, givessome idea ofthe completeform. 104No attempthas been made to separate the chronolothistype,as insufficient gicallymixedsherdswhichrepresent numbers of diagnostic pieces survive to permit proper classification.

Byzantineand Ottomanpottery139 Medievalpithoiare notwellpublished;it is difficult to findparallels,and impossibleto find dated Dates here are either securely parallels.105 assigned Byzantineor Ottoman,and are based on associated potteryfromthe sites on which the pithoi were found; no further is possibleat present,and even theseclassesmustbe regardedas chronologicalrefinement provisional. 45. UNGLAZEDPITHOS (FIG. 17.II, 1-5) This type includes several forms and various fabrics. Fabrics may be fine and well levigated (as P284 G/2, U490/1) or extremelycoarse and tempered with small pebbles (as T445 A/4). Rims are varied (D. 0.134-0.217); theymay be out-turned(as P284 G/2) witha plain edge, thickenedand bulbous (as T445 A/4),or flat-toppedwith a small externalprojection(as U490 o/i). Some have an internalledge (as P284 G/2) to supporta cover,but the narrower majoritydo not. The rim may be significantly than the body (as T445 A/4, U490 o/i), while in others the maximum circumference of the body cannot be much largerthan thatof the rim (as P284 G/2). P284 G/2 has an externalstamped decoration below the rim of a horizontalband of arrows. Otherwise decoration is not common. Bases (D. 0.132-0.220) are invariablyflat. P284 a/ii, G/2; T445 A/4; U490 N/3, 0/1, z/11, AL/86, AR/64,bg/ii. Middle to Late Byzantine.106 46. GLAZEDPITHOS These pithoi come in a range of fabrics: from extremelyfine (as K247 c/32) to coarse and gritty(as K247 E/20). Glaze thickand either mottledyellow or olive-green is applied internally only. No rims are preserved;bases (D. 0.159-0. 174) are flat. H51/4; K237/5; K247 C/32, E/20. Byzantine. 47. PITHOS (FIG. 17.11, 6-10) Bulbous, out-turned rim (D. 0.268-0.322), generally flat-toppedwith either rounded edges (as U490 BE/i, BG/4)or angular (as U490 s/2, AV/5).The thickestpart of the rimsof U490 BE/i and U490 x/5 are pierced with a series of holes, either to promote even firing or perhaps to allow a cover to be fastened.U490 x/5 has a furthersingle hole which completely penetrates the rim. U490 S/2 is decorated with a combed (five-toothed comb) wavy band around the rim. U490 s/2, x/5, AV/5,be/i, BG/4. Byzantine.

105One notableexceptionis thearticlebyA. L. Jakobsonon pithos production, 'Srednevekovjie pifosi Severnogo Pricernomorja', Sovietskaya arkheolojiya, 1966,189-20.

48. UNGLAZEDPITHOS (FIG. 17.12,I -4)

Coarse fabric, deliberately tempered with grits. Bulbous, out-turned rim (D. 0.191-0.261) with roundededges; exteriorsurfaceridged,probablyall over.Ridgingvariesfromsharpand pinched(as K247 B/34)to broad and shallow(as K247 E/23).Flat base (D. 0.126-0.167). LS 10950/19;G156A/3;G162/9;k^/^j A/23>35> 41, 136, B/32-5, D/38, E/4, 23, 25; J317/3,10; J367 A/3; S475 A/5; T482 B/38; U483/32, 35, 50, 53; T484/5-6, 8-9; T485/7; U500 A3/2; T510/10;U511 A4/30-1. Byzantine. 49. PITHOS(FIG.17.12,5-7) Glazed versionof 48. Same formand measurements. The onlydifference is the thick,internalgreenglaze whichdoes notextendoverthetopoftherim. K247 A/20, C/2; U483/9. Ottoman.

50. GLAZEDPITHOS (FIGS. 17.12,8-9; 17.13,1-4)

Internal glaze, thick and normally olive-green speckledwithbrown,one example yellowK247 E^2 stopping at rim. Broad (0.0450-0.050), almost horizontal, out-turnedrim (D. 0.181-0.228) with flattenededge; flatbase (D. 0.130-0.140). Maximum circumference of body probablymuch greaterthan rim. External decoration of regularly spaced, horizontalappliedbandsofclay(as K247A/22,24, 37, in addition(as K247 42), somewithfingerimpressions D/33,E/2,39). H20/5;E57/3;J68/10;G182a/8; J232/6-7;K247/6, 9, A/22,24-7, 32, 34, 37-8, 40, 42-3, 57, B/4,53, 68, c/40, D/2, 24, 33-4, E/2, 6, 21, 26-7, 39, 44, 45; K258/1-2, 19; P284 f/ii; J317/26,62; M322 B/15; M332/6,19; Q358/3, 18; T445 B/28, 30; S475 c/19; T482 A/20, 31, B/12, 41; U483/13, 49, 51-2, 54; T484/7;U490 AZ/16;U511A3/3,11,A4/19-20,Bi/26, B2/14.

Ottoman.

106PossiblyMiddle Byzantinebecause of its presence on P284.

140 Chapter1 7 51. PITHOS COVERS(FIG. 17.13,5^9) These have one flat surface and one decorated surface. Decoration may be impressed (as P284 B/117, G/35) or combed (as B106/1, K247 B/25, E/47). Where edges are preserved (K247 B/25, E/47), tnev show the complete form to have been round. B106/1 preserves OTHER

STORAGE

fabricsand thestumpofa handle.Their idiosyncratic decorationssuggesttheyweremade whenneededat a local level.

LS 10902/1; B106/1; K247 B/25, E/47; P2Ö4 B/117, G/35; U483/55-6. Ottoman.107

(52)

52. CONTAINER(FIG. 17.13,IO-lj)

Smaller than pithoi and semi-open, ratherlike a bucket,thesestoragevesselsmay possiblyhave been for dry stores. Bakirtzis suggests that they held A numberof sherdsclassed as specificmeasures.108 shouldbe includedas 52 but sherds amphorabody have not been identified.K247 E/5 has an external ledge below the rim (D. 0.146) which would have

assisted lifting.U490 al/i (D. 0.317) has a folded-over rim and a surprisinglythin body wall (0.006) for such a large vessel. It shares with U490 AX/12 (D. 0.282) an incised wavy line around the flat-topped rim, though that of U490 AX/12 is bounded by two straightlines. K247 Ε/5; Τ445 B/71; U490 al/i; ax/ 12. Middle Byzantine.109

and studyoftheamphoraefromtheSurvey resultfromtheclassification The mostimportant ofthe Spartanproductionof38 and 39, and oftheirrelationship has been theidentification to 36· The connectionof36 with38-9 is based on thesherds6300/4,6300/54,and P284/13, themas the pink-bodiedamphora36 but whose inciseddecoration whose fabricidentifies one portof in or them 36 was importedintoLaconia in theeleventhcentury, 38 39. places incised had the distinctive these and some of amphorae entrybeing Agios Stephanos, decorationon thehandlesand applieddecoratedbands aroundthe shoulder.These features was maypossiblyhavebeen relatedto thecontents;it is notpossibleto tell.A local imitation in and twelfth in the late eleventh centres at least two at centuries, Sparta beingproduced herebythetwofabricswhichrepresent identified 38 and 39. in use the thirteenth went out of century, replacedbywoodenbarrels.It Amphoraemostly the from thatthe onlypost-Byzantine is significant Survey,44, is glazed. It must amphora havehad someuse forwhicha woodencontainerwouldnothavebeen suitable. A Note

on the Medieval

Roof-tiles

Byzantinetilesare made froma reasonablyfineclay temperedwithmanyangulargritsand longerthan the quartzinclusions.The curvatureis slight;one of the shortedges is slightly The edgeshavebeen trimmed other.The concavesurfaceis rough,theconvexwet-smoothed. witha knife.The coverand undertilesare the same, one simplybeing inverted.They are decoratedwithparallelfinger-grooves. frequently tiles.The fabricis coarse,mixedwith coverand supporting Ottomantileshave distinctive smallpebbles,gritsand quartz,and speckledwithgrog.The covertileis curved;theconcave surfaceis rough,the convex smoothand wet-smoothed.The supportingtile is flatand withupturned, rectangular edges. rectangular

107C. Bakirtzis,'Didymoteichon:un centrede céramique post-byzantine',Balkan Studies,21 (1980), 148, fig. 13, a similarpithoscover. illustrates

108Bakirtzis122-5. 109The incised wavy line suggests a Byzantine date, probablyMiddleByzantine.

18 THE CHIPPED AND GROUND STONE TristanCarterand Mark Tdo

THE CHIPPED STONE* DURINGthe COURSEoftheLaconia Surveysome 1,638piecesofchippedstonewerecollected from179locations(mostofwhichwerejudged notto be habitationsites).Fromtheoutsetit is one-third (520pieces)wererecoveredfroma single necessaryto emphasizethatapproximately The at twelve other locations were morethantwenty while site,E48(8o), piecescollected.2 only and context of it is the content of quantityshouldnot,however,be over-emphasized; criterion are consideration. that of primary assemblages or The vastmajorityof the Survey'schippedstoneis of a black,occasionallygrey-banded translucent obsidian.This volcanicglassis presumedto originateon Melos,thenearestsource of this raw material; this is supported by evidence fromanalyses of other mainland wereproducedfroma varietyof siliceousrocks,4the The remainingartefacts assemblages.3 as unknown. of which are, yet, preciseorigins sectionsare intendedto demonstrate how a systematic The following analysisofintra-and in their once attributes, inter-assemblage placed chronological,cultural,and geographical can shed the economic, technological,and social activitiesof the context, lightupon of communities east-central Laconia. prehistoric METHODOLOGY

All piecesofflakedand groundstonerecognizedin thefieldwerecollectedtogetherby area withcallipers(0.05 cm and/orsite.Each itemwas measured(lengthX widthX thickness) in A and studied both natural and artificial small hand lens (10-15-20X light. precision) note finer detail and was to of retouch magnification) employed possible'use-wear', though thelimitations ofthelatteranalysiswillbe discussedbelow.5

1 Thanksare due to a numberofpeopleforadviceon both materialand text:Dr H. W. Catling,Mr R. W. V Catling,Dr A. Garrard,Professor N. P. Kardulias,Miss G. Nakou,Mr C. C. Perlés,and bothdirectors Orton,Dr J. Pelegrin,Professor of the Laconia Survey.Thanksalso to Mr A. B. Carterand Mr T. Parnell for help with illustrationand computing. Dimensionsare in centimetres unlessotherwise stated. 2 Bin (JV= 104),U489 (82), B116(70), R287 (69), E77, P284 (38), U487 (37), P26Q (33), R28q, ls ioq2^ (32), U^oi (28), R428 (20).

3 C. Renfrew, J. R. Cann, andj. E. Dixon,'Obsidianin the Aegean',BSA 60 (1965),225-47;T. W.Jacobsen,'Excavations in theFranchthi cave,1969-71:partΓ, Hesp.42 (1973),45-88.

4 Fromhere onwardsthe Frenchterm'silex' willbe used, to avoid the geological argumentsover the differences betweenflint,chert,and feuerstein, whichwould be out of place in this volume as no pétrographiestudyhas been undertaken. 5 Duringthe 1984to 1989seasons,MY was responsible for the cleaning and processing of all lithics. This was supplemented by a briefstudyby TC inJuly1991.Artefacts werephotographed in blackand whitebyRon Leenheerand a representativesample illustratedby MY. The textand conclusions are the work of TC, based on this original information.

142 Chapter 18 TYPOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE CHAINES OPÉRATOIRES

as Recent lithic studies have shiftedaway fromtraditionalstudies of tools sensustricto, chronologicaland culturalindices,and have embraced a far more holisticapproach to to humanbehaviour.It has been successfully chippedstonetechnologyand its relationship how thisapproachcan elucidatethe economicsof raw materialprocurement demonstrated and enable chippedstoneassemblagesto be comparedoverspace and time.6 and processing, Throughthe combinedqualitativeand quantitativedescriptionof each piece of chipped the specifictechnicalcontextand eventthathas first,to reconstruct stone,it is attempted, from a wider the material. Second, interpretative perspective,one may tryto produced theoverallconceptualschemethatis in operationand thepositionof each piece reconstruct withinit: fromraw materialprocurementvia tool productionto artefactuse- the chaîne in existenceat any one siteor Of coursethereneed not be a singlechaîne opératoire opératoire.1 time;indeed,at E48(8o),discussedbelow,we haveevidenceofsignificant partsof(at least)two in different reduction sequencesrunning parallel. subtly and graphically The presentation oftheLaconia Surveydata,bothdescriptively (ILL.18.1),is Perlés.8 Each lithic artefact as Catherine baseduponsuchan analytical framework, developedby of the various has been assignedto onlyone of ninecategories, componentparts representing indicated blank form with from nodule to raw material reduction of by (1-9), subtypes stages tabularcore).Withinthisscheme,any 'typologicaltool' (10-17) will smallletters(e.g. ibz made on a be definedaccordingto itsoriginalblankform,e.g.E80/9,an endscraper therefore below. in half stone's second of the is discussed the and blade, presentation chipped E77(n= 27)

E48(n= 514)

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III. 18.i. Histogramsshowingthedistribution class,for accordingto technological bypercentageofobsidianartefacts siteswitha samplegreaterthan15. flake;PRP.= preparation pieces; Key.CRS.= cores;PRM.= primaryflakes;SEC.= secondaryflakes;TER.= tertiary = unknown. = UNK. DEB. B.B.s= blade blanks;REJ.= rejuvenation debris; pieces;

6 FortheAegeansee in particular M. Séfériadès, Obsidiennes S. Dupré,R. Jullien, in H. Chevallier, Β. Detournay, taillées', J.-E exécutées à Mallia: and R. Treuil,Fouilles Olivier,M. Séfériadès, au sud-ouest dupalais(ig68) (ÉtudesCretoises, 20; Paris, sondages 1975)523~~32an(l J09-16; Torrence1979a;1979b;1986a,164-217; Perlés1981;1987;1989;1990a;1990b;1994;and H. A. Moundreathechippedstone:reduction Akrotiri, techniqueand Agrafioti, toolsof the LC I phase',in D. A. Hardy,C. Doumas, andj. iii.1 (London,1990), andtheAegean Sakellarakis World, (eds),Thera

seePerlés1992. 390-406.Fora broaderperspective 7 See J. Pelegrin, C. Karlin, and P. Bodu, '"Chaînes inJ. Tixier(ed.), un outilpour le préhistorien', opératoires": techniquesdu (Noteset monographies Technologie préhistonque CRA, 25; Paris, 1988), 55-62; M. Edmonds,'Description, Review and thechaîneopératoire', Archaeological understanding 9. ι (1990),55-70;M.-L. Inizan,Η. Roche,and fromCambridge, Stone ofKnapped (Meudon,1992),11-26. J.Tixier,Techno logy 8 Perlés1989; 1990a.

Chipped stone 143 Bill (n = 98)

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N363(n = 17)

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144 Chapter18 U487(n = 37) 40 -

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Obsidian i. cores (ill. 18.2) coreswerefoundon thesurvey. Sometwenty Apartfroma singleexamplefrom£48(80)(ILL.18.2 be of state.Typologicalclassification a), theywereall in a highlyfragmentary maytherefore oftheoriginalform.Fromthe limitedvalue,as finalblankremovalcan resultin grossdistortion blankscollected,we can deduce thatall coreswereapparentlyreducedin the productionof blades. a. Conical. Blade core of conical form,onlywhole example:E80/1(ILL.18.2a). E48(8o)/52,142,173;E80/1,Bin E/4. b. Tabular. A regular,prismatic,pressure-flaked blade core; tabular rather than conical in form. The better-recognizableexample is R287/69 (ILL. 18.2 b). P284b/i,R287/69. c. Amorphous.Nuclei workedon all sides and from

various directionsto detach flakes and blades of It is dimensions;theresultis ratherirregular. differing or a uncertainwhetherthiswas a consistent strategy resultoffinalnucleusreduction. N363/1 (ILL. 18.2 c).

d. Undiagnostic.Blocks showingevidence forthe removalofblanks,but too small,because ofbreakage or exhaustion, to assignto a specifictype. E48/65a; E48(8o)/36,155; E80/2-3, I2^5 142; Bin e/i, 7; U487/1;A3018/7,LS 10293/1.

Chipped stone 145

III. 18.2Obsidian:cores,(a) ia. E80/1.(b) ib. R287/69.(c) ic. N363/1.

Illustration 18.2 (a) 1 a. E80/1. Small, conical blade core, complete. Unipolar, with prepared, faceted platform.Worked on threequarters of its circumference, 11 blade scars visible. Unprepared side possibly left for a holding/clamping mechanism. 2.73 χ 2.οο χ 1.73. (b) 1 b. R287/69. Tabular, prismatic,blade-core, broken. Distal tip missing,but fragmentof the faceted platform and entire medial circumference remain. Unidirectional removal of blanks on just over half its face, 9 scars remaining.3.04 χ 1.65 χ ι.ίο. (ή ι c. N363/1. Flake core, bipolar though primarilystruckin one direction. Hard-hammer mode employed, with evidence of crushingat both ends. 3.25 χ 3.08 χ 1.44.

Fromitsmaterialassociation,thesmallconicalcorefrom£48(80)is datedto theLate Neolithicperiod.9 The tabularcores fromP284 and R287 are claimed to representa type-fossil of the Early Helladic EH II levelsat Lerna and in a numberofsurfacelocationsoftheArgolid period,appearingin stratified ExplorationProjectrecordedas beingofEH I/II date.10 2-4. FLAKES This categoryis arbitrarily divided into 2, primary(80-100 per cent of cortexon distal face); 3, than 80 cent ofcortexpresent);and 4, tertiary flakes(no cortexremaining). (less secondary per Primaryflakingis associatedwiththe firststage of nodule reduction,and appears to have been limitedlargelyto thequarrysiteson Melos.ll The benefits ofsucha procedurewouldhaveincludedthe bulkreduction.At no locationin the Surveydo we have testingof materialqualityand pre-transport more than two primaryflakes.Despite a lack of experimentalworkon the ratios of flaketypes associatedwiththevariousstagesof core reduction,it is fairlysafeto assumethat,on thewhole,only theregion.12 largelydecorticated, pre-formed pieceswereentering The recoveryof secondaryflakeswas slightlyhigher,but even at E48 the ratio reaches only 2.8 thatat R289,whereno piecesindicativeof theearlystagesof secondaryflakesper core.It is interesting reductionwerefound(e.g. cores;crestedand platform preparationpieces),sevenof theseflakeswere 9 There are fewpublishedcomparanda;a largerconical blade core fromFranchthi(Van Horn 488 fig.3) is dated EN1.The nucleifromthelaterNl levelsofthe Skoteinicave (Euboea) have been reconstructedas of conical or subconicalform:Perlés1994,19,fig.2. 10Runnels1985a, 361; 363 fig.4; Van Horn 489, table 1, sitesF 32,Β 24, and F 6. 11There are exceptions:e.g. Perlés1989, 6. For reduction at sourcesee TorrenceiQ7qa; iq86a, 180-202. strategy 12It is importantto note that we are not advocating a linearmodel withinthe chaînes simplistic opératoires, whereby

the threeclasses of flakes(2-4) are representative of single and successivephases (or a phase) of core preparationand reduction.Not all cortexneed necessarily be removedat the outset;fromEH II Lerna one can see thata 'tabular'core could be whollypreparedand blades removedfromit,while retainingan entirelycorticalback: see Runnels1985a, 363 fig.4 B; Kardulias 430, fig.3, lower 1. If workingof the primary face became untenable, the core could be rejuvenatedby turningthe nucleus around and removing any remainingcorticalmaterialand/or posteriorcreststo allowfurther bladesto be produced.

146 Chapter18 discovered (23percentofthesite'sassemblage).This mayrelateto a rejuvenation stageofcorereduction, forexampletheflaking ofan initially unworked surfacepreviously obscuredbya clampingdevice.13 Tertiaryflakesoccur at all the main sites(averaging24 per cent of theirassemblages),mostlikely all of cores,correctionalactions,and core regeneration, representing debitagefromthe pre-forming associatedspecifically withtheproductionofblades.This is notto saythatflakesmaynothaveoffered attributes whichwere lackingin blades,14thoughthereis no positiveevidenceto suggestthatflakes werebeingdeliberately producedfortheirown sake.As such,theassemblagescollectedby thissurvey conform to whatis alreadyknownaboutprehistoric obsidianindustries oftheGreekmainland.15 2. PRIMARYFLAKES R428 (jV= 2), E48, K247, P267, R287, T481, U487; LS 10280, IO459, IO914, IIII5.

3. SECONDARY FLAKES E48 (jV= 31); R287, R289 (7); Bin, P284, U500 (5); P285, U501 (4); P269 (3); e8i, p288, U489, 10403 (2); D97, B116, P265, N333, N363, R428, U487, U490, U493, U504, A3018; LS 10424, 10438, 10466, 10925, 10929, 10941.

4. TERTIARY FLAKES E48 (JV= 127); Bin (31); U489 (21); U487 (13); B116 (12); P284, R289, U501 (8 each); R287, LS 10925 (6); N363, A3018, LS 10424, 10871 (5); P285, R428, U532 (4); e8i, P267, N333, R429, S448, U500, U502, LS 10869 (3); D97, P269, P288, L401, T480, U511, U521, LS 10403, 10912, 10914, 10922, 10924, 10950, 10963 (2); H51, e79, P286, M321, U490, U492, U493, U504, S508, R526, U3000, R3012, A3019, U3023; LS 10282, 10408, 10427, 10459, 10474, IO5°9> ΙΟ5Π> l05^^ I0532j 10538, 10847, IO865, 10879, IO9OI> IO9°9> IO923, 10944, IO945> ι09Φ> IO948, 10960, 10962, 10964, 10980, 10982, moi, 11106, 11109,uno, 11126,11130.

5. PREPARATION PIECES (ILL. 18.3 a)

These are piecesrecognizedas beingrelatedto thefinalshapingofthecore to allowthedesiredblanks - in thiscase blades- to be removed.16 For example,platform preparationflakesand crestedblades; the latteris an artificial 'arris5createdby an alternateflakingprocedure,used to guide and regulate fracture whenremoved,itresultsin a highlydistinctive initiation; piece,e.g.LS 265/2(ILL.18.3a). correlatehighlywiththoseof cores.However,once again it is quite Not surprisingly, theirfindspots function totheshapingofthenucleus. thatthesepiecescouldhaveserveda different conceivable subsequent E48 (13);B116(5); Bin (3); P284,P285(2); P265, P269,R287,R289,N363,1400, U489,U500; LS 10437, 10472, 10925, 11130.

6. BLADES (ILL. 18.3 b-e)

Blades werethe commonestlithicformwith830 examples,representing 50.7 per centof all obsidian recoveredfromthe Survey.Rarelyhowever,werewholepieces found:forexample,of the 274 blades fromE48(8o)onlyone was complete(E80/5:2.14X 0.50 X 0.20).17It is impossibleto tellwhetheror not thefragmentary stateoftheassemblagesis due to thedeliberatesnappingofblanksor to a combination curvaturethatoften and itsfineform.It is likelythatthe slightlongitudinal of thematerial'sfragility 13As suggestedbyVan Horn 491 and illustrated byR. D. G. i (SIMA 92. 1; Evely,MinoanCrafts:Toolsand Techniques, see J. Göteborg,1993), fig.54, lower r. More specifically, Pelegrin,'Systèmes expérimentauxd'immobilisationdu nucleuspour le débitagepar pression',in PPT ii. 105-16. Potentialevidenceforsucha situationis presentedabove. 14See T. R. Hester,L. Spencer,C. Busby,and J. Bard, a deerwithobsidiantools',in T. R. Hester(ed.), 'Butchering

Studies andFunction: FourCalifornian (Contributionsof the Experiment

ResearchFaculty, ofCalifornia 3; 1976), University Archaeological 45-56;thoughKardulias431has notedthatat AgiosStephanos discarded unused'. flakes wereevidently 'manylargecortical

15Thereis a recognized flake-based fromthelaterNl industry at thesiteof Saliagos(J.D. in theCyclades,bestrepresented at SaliagosnearAntiparos Evans and C. Renfrew,Excavations (BSA

supp.vol.5; London,1968);Torrence1979b),thoughfromlevel existsinparallelto it(Perlés1990a,29). 2 a bladeindustry 16The mostdetailed analysisto date of an Aegean lithic (blade) industry, includingpreparatorystagesand resultant blanks,is providedby Perlés1994;forexamplesof EBA core see Torrence1979a;Van Horn. methodologies preparation 17Runnelswithhis similarly Lerna assemblage fragmentary suggested reduction by one-third to get a more representative figure(Runnels1985a,363).

Chipped stone 147 occursin bladeswas eliminatedbyremoving thehafting of proximaland/ordistalsectionsto facilitate indicativeof thisprocess,has not been noted but may have been compositetools. Truncation,18 becauseofthebrittlenatureofobsidian. unnecessary the ratiosof the survey'sblade segments(proximal: medial : distal)differ Interestingly, significantly fromthose publishedin the preliminaryLerna excavationreport.19At Lerna proximalsegments whereastheLaconian samplehas a majorityof medialpieces.The difference between predominated, to be a resultofrecovery thetwosetsofdata is unlikely bias,as proximalsectionsshouldsurvivewellin the archaeologicalrecordbecause of theirthicknesswithplatformand bulb,whichin turnrenders themeasilyrecognizable(moreso thandistaltips). It is thereforeworthconsideringthe proposition that medial pieces were isolated (as more 'useful')afterinitialblade productionand utilizedon, or beyondthesite.Karduliashas fundamentally notedin relationto the ArgolidExplorationProjectmaterialthatthe blade-to-coreratiowas much Ifa modelinvolving smallerthanexpected.20 fromone location production-modification-redistribution is valid, thenone would expecta higherratio of proximaland distalsectionsat siteswhereblade was attestedthroughthepresenceofdiagnosticdebitage,suchas cores. production Our results(TABLE18.1)show a consistentbias towardmedial segmentrecoveryrightthroughthe sample(exceptforP284,wherethenumbersare reallytoo smallto place anyemphasisupon them).This thatindeedourdata is merelytheresultofpost-depositional factorsat oursites,comparedto the suggests materialrecovered fromtheexcavationofa relatively stablesoilmatrixat Lerna,ratherthanevidencefor blade truncation. Howevermanytimesa blade is broken,therewill onlybe one regular,intentional and one distal it is the number ofmedialsectionsthatwillcontinually increase. proximal tip; a of number of lithic have shown that certain attributesof blade Analyses Aegean assemblages can be of chronological Two technological (and, by extension,morphology) technology significance.21 modescan be recognizedas beingresponsible fortheproduction oftheSurveyblade industries, thoseof and indirectpercussion.The former, whenin the fullrun of core reduction,theplein pressure-flaking 18Inizanetal. (η. 7), ioo. 19Runnels1985a,363. 20Kardulias 429-30, via the experimentalworkof Sheets and Muto, who produced83 blades froma singleobsidian core weighing820 g. The uncriticaluse of thisexperimental data (by more than one author,myself(TC) included; cf. Torrence1986a, 154;T. Carter,'Blood and tears:a Cycladic case studyin microwearanalysis.The use of obsidianblades fromgravesas razors?',in M. A. Bustilloand A. RamosMillán (eds),Siliceous in press),has been in Roch andCulture; our view mostinjudiciousfora numberof reasons.(1) The experimentwas only undertakenonce. (2) The processof blade production was initiated from a most artificial preparatorystage- the nucleus was cut into shape by a diamond saw- wherebyblades of thepleintemps de débitage wereproducedfromtheoutset.(3) Thereis a notablecontrast in scale and massbetweenthereplicatecore and thosefrom Aegeanarchaeologicalcontexts:12 x 6 x 5.8 cm, as against an estimatedoriginallengthof £.5cm forthe EH II coresof Lerna (Runnels1985a,361).(4) Perhapsmostimportantly, the That experiment replicateda Mesoamericanblade industry. industryis comparable to that of the S. Aegean EBA inasmuchas theyare bothpressure-flaked, i.e. theysharethe same technologicalmode;however,there is a significant in theformofthenucleus,relatingto differences discrepancy in the technologicalmechanism employed:cf. M. Newcomer, '"Punch technique"and upper palaeolithicblades',·in E. Swanson (ed.), Lithic Technology: Making and Using Stone Tools

(The Hague and Paris,1975),97-102;J. Pelegrin,'Débitage expérimental par pression"du plus petitau plus grand'",in

Technologie (Noteset monographies préhistonque techniques, 25; Paris,1988),37-53.The coreworkedbySheetsand Mutowas with polyhedraland was workedarounditsentire circumference, ninemajorblade negatives whenexhausted(Sheetsand Muto 634), whereas the cores of many southern mainland assemblagesare tabularin sectionand rarelyhavemorethan two-thirds oftheirmarginsreduced(cf.Van Horn; above,EH cores 1 b). Indeed, Runnels(1985a, 361) notes thatof the many cores recoveredfromEH II Lerna 'all but two are worked on one face only', with only 4-5 blade scars on completeexamples. remaining While this combination of scale and technological mechanismmakes it highlyunlikelythatanythingnear 83 blades to 1 core was everachievedin the lithicindustries of the mainlandEBA, it is stillfairto note thatthereremains an imbalance in the archaeological record suggestiveof blade dissemination beyondthe locus of theirproduction.It is also worth noting briefly that nuclei of greater to thatworkedin the above experiment have comparability been foundin some quite specificand restricted contextsof the CycladicEBA: see T. Carter,'SouthernAegean fashion victims:an overlookedaspect of Early Bronze Age burial in Stone practices',in N. Ashtonand A. David (eds), Stories (LithicsSocietyOccasional Paper 4; London, 1994),127-44, at p. 131;id., 'Necrolithica:obsidian,death and prestigein thelaterEB I southernAegean'(inpreparation). 21Torrence 1979b; 1986a, 115-138; Cherryand Torrence 1982and 1984;Perlés1984.

148 Chapter 18 willproducea predominance ofstandardized, blades(ILL.18.3b,d),recognizable dedébitage, prismatic temps smallbutbulgingbulbs,verystraight, parallelsidedmarginsand dorsalridges,and 'bytheirtinyplatforms, Prismaticblades,whenrecoveredin smallquantities,cannot dominantly trapezoidalcrosssections'.22 howeverbe reliedupon as technological indices,as bladesof equal regularity maybe producedby other a moreprecisedatethan blade be from a Nor can industry given pressure-flaked technologies.23 products whenrecoveredin isolation,as it is thetechnological mainstayof mainlandGreekobsidian 'prehistoric' In orderto providea morespecificdate,one must fromtheEarlyNeolithiconwards.24 bladeproduction or ceramics. as other lithic other criteria such directeurs, cores, fossiles relyupon Sites with LN1 ceramics, prismaticblades, and conical core: £48(80). Sites with EH ceramics, prismaticblades, and tabular core: P284, R287. Sites with EH ceramics and prismaticblades: P267, P269, P285, R287, N333, R428, 1438, S448, U520, R529, R3012. Sites of (possibly)EH date with prismatic blades: p288 (nine examples; note its proximityto P285), P265, L400, LS 10437· Sites of LN1/FN1 date with prismaticblades: Bin, B116,N363, U487, U489. Assemblages too small to date: T480, T481, U521, U532; LS 10432, 10434, 10435, IO45Ö>IO459> 10847, 10847, IQ849> 10863.

Forthemostpart,whereLaconia Surveylithicassemblageswerefoundto be dominatedby a pressureare discussedbelow. itappearedreasonableto postulatean EH date;theexceptions flakedbladeindustry The industriesstudiedby Torrencewhichhad been producedby indirectpercussion(including Kephala and Kitsos) were characterizedas generallyhavingblades withnon-parallelmarginsand It was flatbulb,and removedproximaloverhangs.25 a relatively dorsalridges,triangular cross-sections, betweenthe productsof the respectivetechnologiescould be also discoveredthatthe differences Those blades manufactured by indirect quantifiedthrougha comparisonof theirwidthand thickness. of the tool the relativeimprecision widerwithlargerplatforms, reflecting percussionwere invariably thatthesetechnologicaldifferentiations employedto producethem.It has been noted,furthermore, indirectpercussionbeing a featureof laterNeolithicblade industries have a temporalsignificance, from The material £48(80) best fitsthisdescription,withthe highestmean widthor (TABLE18.2). and range of internalvariability(as represented thickness26 by the standarddeviation),representing blade production(TABLE18.3). To a lesserdegreethe blades fromP269 and U489 non-standardized standout. The claim of an earlydate forthe latteris supportedby the occurrenceof a numberof a sitewithEH ceramics,shouldbe retouchedpieces in its assemblage;the resultsfromthe former, occupation. regardedwithcautionin viewthelimitedsize ofthesampleand thesite'smulti-period

Site total proximal medial distal

cores

E48(8o)

E77

Bin

B116

P269

P284

R287

U489

274 27% 63% 10%

15 23% 77% 8%

47 17% 73% 10%

49 22% 73% 4%

26 33% 65% 2%

16 44% 38% 19%

48 33% 65% 2%

45 22% 71% 7%

X

X

XX

Table 18.1: Percentages of blade segmentsrecovered fromthe eight locations with a sample of fifteenor more. 22Cherryand Torrence1982,27-31. 23J. B. Sollbergerand L. W. Patterson,'Prismaticblade 41. 4 (1976), 517-31; Perlés Antiquity, replication',American 1989,5; Inizanetal. (η. 7), 6i. 24Démoule and Perlés 382; albeit with a slightly diminishing importance,at the expenseof the introduction and use of indirectpercussionat some sitesof the southern

mainlandduringthe LN1 and FN1,e.g. the Franchthiand Kitsoscaves:Perlés1990a,29 and tableau2. 25Torrence1979b,68. 26The attributeof thicknessin Aegean blade assemblages and on its own is of generallydisplaysthe least variability, negligiblesignificance.

Chipped stone 149 Sites Saliagos Kitsos Kephala S. Argolid(Nl) Phylakopi Halieis Lerna III S. Argolid(EBA) Ag.Stephanos

Blades Total

Mean

136 120 128 35 1542 80 318 304 120

1.29 1.17 1.44 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.96 0.86 0.93

Width s.d.

c.v.

Mean

0.30 -

23.3 -

0.37 0.29 0.31 -

25.7 27.9 29.8 -

0.24 0.24 0.29

25.0 27.9 31.2

0.37 0.32 0.39 0.31 0.31 0.26 0.26 0.26

Thickness s.d.

c.v.

0.10 0.16 0.13 0.13 -

41.0 41.9 41.9 -

0.07 0.08 0.09

26.9 28.6 34.6

27.0 -

Table 18.2: Comparativeblade dimensionsfromLN1 and EBA samples.Information fromTorrence1979b,82; 1986a,129;Kardulias440.

Sites E48(8o) E77 Bin B116 P269 P284 R287 U489

Blades Total

Mean 1.01

274 15 47 49 26 i6

0.89 0.96 0.86

48 45

0.84 0.92

0.89 0.82

Width s.d. 0.31 0.23 0.19 0.24 0.28 0.17 0.19 0.28

c.v.

Mean

30.82 26.24 23.60 27.83 29.15 19.71 22.72 30.63

0.29 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.29

Thickness s.d. 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.19

c.v. 37-43 29.73 35-J4 34·6ο 34-38 25.55 31.80 67.20

Table 18.3:Inter-site ofbladedimensions from theLaconiaSurvey. comparison

Whilethe mean widthof the blades from£48(80)is largerand has greaterinternalvariabilty than thoseoftheSurvey'sEH assemblages, thereis a noticeabledifference fromthematerialfromSaliagos, betweentheseassemblageslies,in Kitsos,and Kephala, sitesof broadlysimilardate. The discrepancy ourview,in thefactthatthereis evidencedemonstrating thatbladesat theLaconia sitewerenotpurely - indirectpercussion - but were also manufactured the productof a singletechnology by pressuremostovertly attestedthroughtheconicalcorefromE80/1(ILL.18.2a). flaking, Of course,theabovedescription has rathersimplified thenatureofblade assemblages. As statedabove, bladesare thoseproductsassociatedwiththepleintemps dedébitage. Those blanksderiving from prismatic willhave had the remaining theprimaryrunof blade production tracesof the core'sfinalpreparation be theyremnants ofcortexor cresting scars,and bytheirverynaturewillbe upon theirdorsalsurfaces, moreirregular in form(ILL.18.3e).It is therefore quiteconceivablethatone couldrecoveran assemblage but representing withfewfine producedby pressure-flaking onlythe earlieststagesof core reduction, blades and a of and more variable blanks. prismatic predominance non-standardized, quantifiably larger, At E48(8o),however, we have a wide rangeof knappingeventsrepresented, fromtheprimaryseries to thefullrunofblade productionin bothtechnologies. Thereforeit is thepresenceofa numberofthe finerproductsfrompressure-flaking that is responsibleforloweringthe mean widthof the blade in thediscrepancies detailedabove. assemblage,resulting Proximalblades E48(8o) (JV= 74); R287 (16); B116, P269 (11); U489 (10); Bin (8); P284 (7); R289, R428 (5); p288 (4); E77, L401, U501, A3018 (3); P263, P265, R429, T481, U500, U502, R3012 (2); e8i, d98, P267, P285, N363, P364, L400, S448,

150 Chapter 18 U492, U493, U499, U511, U521, R529, U532, U3005, U3006; ls 10293, IO298j IO4°3> 10426, 10429, 10436, 10455, IO458> 10474, 10508, 10510, 10536, 10541, 10553, 10865, 10871, 10888, 10914, 10939, 10949, imo, 11204 M/4. Medial blades E48(8o) (JV= 173); B116 (36); Bin, U489 (32); R287 (31); P269, LS 10925 (14); U487 (11); E77, R3012 (10) U532 (8); R289, U501 (7); P284, N363, L401, R428 (6); P285, LS 10962 (5); e8i, p288, R529, ls 10424, LS 10437, LS IO939 (4); P267, 1400, R429, U492, ls 10924 (3); P265, P286, N333, T480, U502, 3022; ls 10299, 10413, ΙΟ458? !Ο4595 IO553> 10871, 10879, I09nJ 109^ 10941, 10958, 11106 (2); e7i, P263, Q360, n366, S448, U490, U491, U500, U521, S524, U3000, U3023; ls 10282, 10283, 10293, 10401, 10417, 10432, 10434, IO435> !°454> IO4725 I°474> κ>494> Ι05η> 10517, 10518, 10520, 10523, 10528, 10531, IO533, IO538, 10849, 10863, IQ865, 10869, 10877, 10878, 10890, 10894, 10898, 10912, 10915, 10926, 10940, 10944, 10950, 10959, 10983, 11109, in 10, 11112, 11126, 11130, 11134, 11154, 11202 M/2. Distal blades E48(8o) (JV= 27); Bin (5); e8i, P284, R289, U489, U501 (3); B116, ls 10925 (2); E77, P267, P269, R287, N363, S448, T481, U3006; ls 10459, IO554> ΠΙ26. Illustration 18.3 (a) 5. P265/2. Crested blade, medial section. From the preparation of a pressure-flakedprismaticblade-core. 2.09 X 1.04x0.43. (b) 6. P263/1. Complete, pressure-flakedprismaticblade with parallel dorsal ridges and margins. 3.15 χ 0.95 x 0.25. (ή 6. P263/2. Complete, pressure-flakedblade, possibly an initial piece as its dorsal ridges form a crest. 5.23 x 1.47 XO.59. (d) 6. P263/3. Medial section of a pressure-flakedprismaticblade. 2.20 χ ΐ.οΐ χ 0.38. (e) 6. R287/2. Medial section of a primaryseries blade. 3.92 x 1.63 χ 0.45. 7. REJUVENATION

PIECES

(ILL.

18.4)

forexampleto correctfaultssuchas hinge This formof debitageis associatedwithcore rejuvenation, like5, correlates This category, or to resetthestriking fractures, anglethroughremovalofcore-tablets. = ratiosare to be cent of similar cores: to our sites with assemblage; £48(80)(JV 20, 4 per strongly observedat Bin and U487). E48(8o) (JV= 20); Bin (3); B116;U487, U5Oi,(2);P284, R289, N333,T481, U489; ls 10406, 10425, 10426.

_''-^jj--*·(II' filft p' Ml) e *"" ™Ufe/ («)

(b)

(e)

III. 18.3.Obsidian,(a) 5. Preparationpiece P265/2.(b-e)6. Blades: (b)P263/i,(ή Ρ263/2,(d)P263/3,(e)R287/2. All at 2 : 3.

Chipped stone 151 Illustration 18.4 or plunging (a) 7. E80/42. Distal sectionof an outrepassé blade,27removingthe tip of a regularblade core. 2.33 x

W

^M«)

III. ι8·4·7· Obsidian:rejuvenation pieces,(a) E80/42. {b)E48(8o)/i77.Bothat 2 : 3.

1.49 X0.42. (b) 7. £48(80)/177. Rejuvenation flake taken fromthe face of a bipolar core. 1.50 χ 1.15 χ 0.32. 8. DEBRIS

Shatter, from initial production or secondary modification. Withour materialit would be unwise to assignitto one specificeventwithinthechaînes opératoires. E48(8o)(JV= 29); U489 (12);LS 10925(7); Bin, U487 (4); U492 (3); R287,R428,U502,LS 10865,10924 (2); p288,N363,R420,U499,U500,U501,U511,U521,S524,U3000,A3018;LS 10869,10871,10878,10880, 10883,Imo. 9. UNKNOWN

Material not fittinginto any of the above categories.Includes brokenpieces or those so heavily modified byretouchthattheoriginalblankis unknown. Points:81/1,E80/154,E48/i25a. Tangsofpoints:E48(8o)/i52,E80/27,Bl1^ b/^j υ4-87/39· Scrapers: E48-80/24,26. E48 (8),Bin (2),e8i, B116,L401,U487. TYPOLOGICAL TOOLS

This sectiondeals withthoseblankswhichhave been modifiedby truncation or retouchinto a number of which are of It is to be forms, specificmorphological chronological significance. stressedthata moderntypologicalname should not necessarilybe equated withancient functional activity.28 10. POINTS

(ILL.

18.5)

Twentyartefactsof thistypewere recoveredfromeightlocations,withover halfcomingfromthe E48(8o) region.Most conformto the simpletangedvarietyand, whererecognizable,were modified blade blanks(the exceptionE48(8o)/225).Retouch was usuallybifacial,invasive,and occasionally abruptin style.Due to theirfragilenaturemosttangsor tipswerebroken. Fromsecurelystratified Kitsos,Skoteini,Corinth,and Elateia,theyare datable parallelsat Franchthi, to theLate Neolithic.29 Indeed,fromthepresentsurveyonlythatfromU490 was foundwithanylater (EH) material.30 E48(8o)(JV=10);B116(4); e8i, Bin, 1401,U487,U489,U490.

27Thereare differences in theinterpretation ofsuchpieces. Some regardthemas mistakes, wherethe flakingangle has been misjudgedso thatthe forcefromthe pressure-flaking tool cuts inwards,removingthe distaltip (something which towardsthe end of core reduction, may occur particularly whenreducedplatformsize makesaccuracymoredifficult). Others (cf. Sheets and Muto 633) have an opposingview, a plungingblade in orderto maintain deliberately initiating a workableplatform-to-core-face (flaking) angle. 28A. Pelisiak,'Macro- and micro-wearanalysisof Funnel Beakercultureblade end-scrapers fromGrabia basin:a case studyfromcentralPoland',in Bustilloand Ramos-Millán(n.

2o); F. Healy,'Typology:themaker'sor the analyst's?',in N. Ashtonand A. David (eds), Stories in Stone(LithicsSociety Occasional Paper4, London; 1994),179-81. 29Perlés 1973, 82; Perlés 1981, 175-86, pl. 8. 214; Perlés 1994,51-2, tableau9, pl. 10. 1-11;J. C. Lavezzi, 'Prehistoric at Corinth',Hesp.47 (1978),402-51,at p. 425 investigations and pl. 106; S. S. Weinberg,'Excavations at prehistoric Elateia,1959',Hesp.31 (1962),158-209,at p. 206. 30Pointsdo occur occasionallyin EH contexts, Lerna e.g. (Runnels1985a,368), thoughpossiblysome represent'kickups' or reuse;itwouldbe fairlysafeto assumea LN1date for theSurveymaterial.

152 Chapter 18

(b)

{a)

M

(d)

All at 2 : 3. III. 18.5.10. Obsidian:points,(a) E48/i24a.(b)E48/i25a.(c)e8i/i. (d) £48/1153.

18.5 Illustration (a) 10. E48/i24a. Unbroken tanged point. Made on a blade, modifiedby (incomplete) invasive,bifacial retouch; the largestcollected. 2.65 X 1.09 X 0.30. (b) 10. E48/i25a. Broken, barbed (?) and tanged point. Made on a blade, using incomplete invasive, bifacial retouch,tip missing;smallest collected example. 1.52 X 0.87 X 0.30. (c) 10. e8i/i. Tanged point, original blank unrecognizable. Ventral side unworked, use of shallow invasive retouch along r. and 1. dorsal margins,with a more abrupt stylealong the tang. 2.42 X 1.11X 0.44. (d) 10. E48/ii5a. Tanged point on a blade, most of tang missing.Invasive retouch along 1. ventral surface. 1.63 X 0.78 x 0.24. 11. SCRAPERS

(ILL.

18.6)

Once again the£48(80)area is themajorfindspotof thistype.There are twentyin totaland theyare once more likelyto be of a LN1/FN1date.31This class can be furthersubdividedinto 11 a, endtheformercategorybeingthelarger. scrapers,and nb, side-scrapers, flakewithbacking a wholeexampleon a blade-like a. End-scrapers, 2.30X 1.50X alongther.margin: e.g.E80/13,

0.50 (ILL. 18.6 e).

b. Side-scrapers:e.g. E48/g6a,a whole end- and side-scraperon a flake,withcontinuousretouchfromthe r. lateralto thedistalend: 2.29 x 1.80X 0.72 (ill. 18.6a).

flakesand blades chosenformodification, No singletypeof blankappears to have been specifically It is noticeable that those blades chosen at in retouch distal equal proportions.32 abrupt receiving cm. mean of 1.01 and the overall and thicker than are all wider 0.29 assemblage E48(8o) E48(i6);Bn6(3);e8i. 18.6 Illustration (a) ii. E80/9. End-scraper on a blade, broken with modern lateral damage. 3.02 X 1.39 X 0.55. (b) 11. E80/18. End-scraper on a blade, broken. 1.72 x 1.03 X 0.28. (c) 11. E48(8o)/84« Broken end-scraper on a blade-like flake. 2.71 X 1.91 X 0.47. (d) 11. E48/g6a. Whole end-/side-scraperon the distal end and r. margin of a flake. 2.29 X 1.80 X 0.72. (e) 11. E80/13. Complete end-scraper on a blade-like flake. Part of r. margin backed with abrupt retouch. 2.30 X 1.50 x 0.50. 12. BACKED

PIECES

(ILL.

18.7)

Blankswhichhave an edge bluntedby abruptretouch,eitherto aid haftingor to protectthe user's handwhileapplyingpressureduringtooluse.All recoveredexamplesweresectionsofmodifiedblades. E48(8o)(10);e7i, B116,U487,R529,U532;LS 10877,m°6· 31From both LN1 and FN1 contexts(thoughmainlythe former)at the Skoteinicave (Euboea); FN1 at Kitsos and Kephala: Perlés 1994, 49-50; Perles 1981, 164-5;^ Ε. and Coleman, Keos,i: Kephala:A Late NeolithicSettlement

Cemetery (Princeton,1977),7, pls. 25 and 70. 3211ofthe 12obsidianscrapersfromtheSkoteinicave were Perles1994,50. made on blade fragments:

Chipped stone 153

III. 18.6.11. Obsidian:scrapers,(a) E80/9.(b)E80/18.(c)E48(8o)/84-(d) E48/g6a.(e)E80/13.All at 2 : 3.

III. 18.7.12. Obsidian:backedpieces,(a) E80/6.(b)E80/65.(c)E80/10.All at 2 : 3.

18.7 Illustration (a) 12. E80/6.Bladeletretouchedabruptly alongr.margin,also 1.edge ofthedistaltip.3.21X 1.00X 0.38. (b)12. E80/65.Medial sectionofa blade,backedalong1.margin.2.61X 1.42X 0.37. backedalongther.marginand fortwo-thirds oftheL, leavinga cutting (c) 12. E80/10.Blade-likeflake,completely edgeon the1.distalmargin.2.68 X 1.39X 0.68. 13. PIERCERS (ILL. 18.8 a)

Piecesmodifiedby retouchto providea pointedtip.Althoughtermed'piercers',theycould have been and scoring.Bothexamplesrecovered used fora rangeoffunctions includingpiercing,boring,drilling, on theSurveyweremade on blades.Parallelsexistin Late and Final NeolithiclevelsoftheKitsosand Skoteinicaves.33 E48(8o),U489. 14. NOTCHES AND DENTICULATES (ILL. 18.8 b-c) Notchesare blankswithone or moremarginsalteredby smallnibblingretouchor the removalof a singleflaketo createa concaveprofilewithinan overallstraighter margin.Denticulatedpieces are thosewitha rowof notchescreatinga serratededge. Blades providedthe blanksforboth categories (althoughonlyone denticulated piecewas found). R3012(JV=2); R287,U487,U532. 15. IRREGULARLY RETOUCHED FLAKES AND BLADES (ILL. 18.8 d-g) These blankshavebeen deliberately retouchedbutdo notfitintoa recognizedtypological class.Of our 1 were on on and a on core While 18.8 retouched blades blades,7 flakes, sample35 fragment (ILL. d). 33Perlés1981,167;Perlés1994,52,pl. 2 no. 6.

154 Chapter

18 Site E48(8o) E77 e8i Bin BI16 N363 U487 U489 P269 P284 R287 R289 R428 U501 R3012 LS 10925

Total pieces 514 27 14 98 70 17 37 82 32 33 66 31 20 28 13 31

Pieces retouched 56 I 3 1 II 2 3 7 Ο Ο ι Ο Ο Ο 3 Ι

% oftotal retouched 11 4 21 1 16 12 8 9 Ο Ο 2 Ο Ο Ο 23 3

Date Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl ni Nl EH ΕΗ eh EH ΕΗ ΕΗ ΕΗ ΕΗ

Table 18.4: Percentage of assemblages retouched, as a chronological index.

are to be foundin EarlyHelladic contexts,34 the recoveryof an assemblagewithan 'abundance' of retouchedbladesis claimedto be diagnosticofthelaterNeolithic.35 E48 (19);U489 (5); B116(3); N363(2); E77,e8i, d98, P285,L401,T481,U3006,R3012;LS 10428,10528, 10922,10925,10939. of Dated upon thebasis of diagnosticceramicsand thoselithictypesdiscussedabove,thedistribution in TABLE main in tools the sites is order 18.4. typological among prehistoric survey presented chronological It is immediately apparentthattheLaconian materialprovidesevidenceto supporttheargumentthat thepercentageof retouchedpieces in lithicassemblagesdiminishesfromthe Neolithicto the Bronze Age in thesouthernAegean.36 The totalcountof typologicaltools and retouchedpieces is: £48(80)(56), B116(11),U489 (7), e8i, U487,R3012(3), N363,L401,U532(2), eyi,E77,d98, Bin, P285,R287,T481,U490,R529,U3006,10428, 10528,10877,i0922j IO925>IO939>11106. Illustration 18.8 (a) 13. E48/iO4a. Piercer created on a regular blade, by continuous retouch along both margins of the distal section. 2.07 X 0.94 X 0.20. (b) 14. U487/11. Medial section of a prismaticblade, its 1. edge notched with continuous fine abrupt retouch. 1.54 X 0.80 x 0.24. (c) 14. R287/8. Medial section of a prismaticblade, retouched in a denticulated fashion. 2.14 X 1.00 X 0.25. (d) 15. E80/3. Core fragment,naturally backed on 1. by cortical surface: r. margin heavily invasive, normal and inverseretouch. 2.64 X 1.89 X 1.03. (e) 15. E48/92a. A prismaticblade which has been invasivelyworked on both distal margins,perhaps as a hafting aid. 2.03 X 1.32 X0.26. [/) 13. E80/7. Distal section of a regular blade; 1. margin has continuous invasive retouch. 2.27 X 1.04 X 0.38. (g) 13. E80/73. Medial section of regular blade, with 1. lateral invasive retouch. 1.75 x 0.90 X 0.23.

34e.g. Lerna: Runnels 1985a, fig. 6 c-e; Agios Stephanos: Kardulias,fig.2 d.

35Perlés1981,158. 36e.g.Cherryand Torrence1982,24-34.

Chipped stone 155

(d)

M

(/)

III. 18.8.(a) 13. Obsidian:piercerE48/iO4a.(b-c)14. Notchesand denticulates: (b)U487/11,(c)R287/8.(d-g)15. Obsidian:irregularly retouchedflakesand blades:(d) E80/3,(e)E48/g2a,(J)E80/7,(g) E80/73.All at 2 : 3.

SlLEX The non-obsidian elementoftheSurvey'slithiccollectionis small(3.8 per cent;JV= 63),butit on procurement, providesus witha different perspective productionand possiblyfunction. RAW MATERIALS

Coveredby thegenerictermof 'silex'are a varietyof siliceousrocksof different coloursand hues. Whetherthis is due to different is to without origins impossible say pétrographie analysis.37The colours range froma reddish-brownstone (e.g. a nodule collected at LS finegreyishmaterial(R287/1, 10462/1;pieces R429/1,U500 A3/1),to a semi-translucent with and two pieces of black, chocolate-brown, R428/1), greenish-grey, whitish-pink, from transparent quartz £48(80). Once consideredrarein thesouthernAegeanregion,smallsourcesofsiliceousrockswitha conchoidalfracture habithave now been foundin a numberof areas,presumably accessible to, and exploitedby,prehistoriccommunities:forexample,'blue flint'at Palaikastronear 'red chert'at Corinthand Tzoungiza,'radiolarites'to the westof Taygetos,and Franchthi, various resourcesaround Malthi-Dorion.38Beyond visual, published descriptions,no analyticalbasisfortheprovenanceofthesematerialshas been provided,no doubtbecause of thegreatdifficulty ofsourcingsuchsiliceousmaterials.39 Moreover,theauthorshave nothad

37As discussedbyRunnels1985a,360. 38T. W.Jacobsen and D. M. Van Horn, 'The Franchthi cave flintsurvey:some preliminaryresults',JFA 1 (1974), 305-8; Lavezzi (n. 29), 407; Kardulias 432-4; Renard, Kouphovouno, 48; H. Blitzer,'Middle and Late Helladic chipped stone implementsof the south-westPéloponnèse, Greece,part I: the evidencefromMalthi',Hydra,9 (1991), 3-4; id., 'The chippedstone,groundstoneand workedbone inNichona, i. 712-56,at pp. 713-15. industries', 39The difficulty arisesdue to therelativepurityofflints and chertsas comparedwithobsidian(on average95+ per centto thereare far 65-75per centsilicaoxiderespectively), whereby fewertrace elementswith which to establisha chemical

oftherawmaterial: cf.Β. Luedtke,'Chertsourcesand signature trace-element American analysis', 42 (1978),413-23;D. J. Antiquity, in archaeology: can a silk Ives,'Chertsourcesand identification pursebe made intoa sow'sear?', in S. C. Vehik(ed.),Lithic Resource Procurement onPrehistoric fromthe2ndConference (Proceedings Chert Exploitation) (CentreforArchaeologicalInvestigations, OccasionalPaper; Carbondale,1984),211-24.Some progress has been made employingElectron Spin Resonance: D. Griffiths and P. Woodman,'Cretaceouschertsourcing in north eastIreland:preliminary in G. de G. Sieveking and M. results', H. Newcomer (eds), The Human UsesofFlintand Chert(Proceedings International FlintSymposium, of the4th International Brighton 1983)

(Cambridge, 1987),249-52.

156 Chapter18 the opportunity to inspectthe comparativematerial,so no information is availableas to the of most Laconian silex of the origin objects. all oftheseitemsappear to have been The moststriking aspectofour data is thatvirtually introducedinto the region'ready-made5. two cores have been recovered,surprisingly Only fromtotallyisolatedfindspots. One could wonderwhetheror not theyare contemporaneous the sporadic withthe majorityof our sites,or remnantsof earlieractivities.40 Unfortunately, natureof the silexdata- its limitedquantityand its wide temporaland spatialdistribution - permitsonlya fewpositiveconclusionsto be withintheLaconianchippedstoneassemblages drawnaboutthematerial. Cores: twoexamplesrecovered;LS 11201m/i. 3.83 X 3.52 X 2.50. Lightgreytranslucent silex.25 per centcortical scars.W. (max.)1.1,(min.)0.72; L. (max.)2.00,(min.)1.30. cover.Veryirregular form,one sideflaked,4 remaining LS 10530/1. 2.50X 1.90X 2.16.Dark greywithwhitespots.Irregularflakecore. LS 10530,11201m/i. Primaryflakes:P267. Secondaryflakes:E77(4); £48(80)(2); N191,P267,P284,A3018,LS 10925. Tertiaryflakes:E77 (3); £48(80),Bin, N363,U487 (2); P284,R287,L401,R429,S448, T480, U493,U500; LS 10279, 10281,10427,10537,10869,10924. Preparation pieces:Bin. Proximalblades:P284(2); E77,Bin; LS 10426,10939. Medial blades:E77,R287(2); Bin, P269,P284,S448;LS 10428,10519,11112. Distalblades:£48(80),R289. Rejuvenation pieces:Sites:U502. Debris:LS η 203 M/3. Unknown:E48(8o),E77. TOOLS (ILL. 18.9) 16. TRIANGULAR POINT (ILL. 18.9 a)

TYPOLOGICAL

A singleexamplewas recoveredfromR429.These large,bifacially worked,flat-based points,invariably have a wide but infrequent distribution made of silex,41 among sitesof the laterGreekNeolithicand excavatedcontextsincludeAlepotrypacave Balkan Chalcolithic.Comparanda fromsystematically Late end of Franchthi Neolithic');Kitsos(LN1/FN1);Skoteini,Kephala, (Very (LN1;Chapter23,LL164); Démoule and Perlésplace thistypein theirphase 5 oftheGreekNeolithic and AgiosDimitrios(FN1).42 (FinalNeolithicor Chalcolithic),43 thougha fewpossiblyearlierexamplesexist.44

40Recent fieldwork on the Greek mainlandhas begun to recovera numberof palaeolithic and mesolithicchipped stone assemblagesin regionswhere no such materialwas previouslyknown:van Andel and Runnels 43-61; C. N. Runnels and T. H. van Andel, 'The lower and middle paleolithicofThessaly,Greece',JFA20 (1993),299-317. 41The materialcommonlyemployedhas been recognized as eitherjasper or flint:Démoule and Perlés402; though obsidianexampleshave occasionallybeen found:Corinth: H. S. Robinsonand S. S. Weinberg,'Excavationsat Corinth Kephala: Coleman 1959',Hesp.29 (i960), 225-53,pl· 63 ff> (n. 31),pl. 25. 90, and Torrence1991,184,fig.7. 6 a-b; and twofromtheZas cave: K. Zachos, 'The Neolithicperiodin Culture: Naxosin the Naxos', in L. Marangou (ed.), Cycladic BC(Athens,1990),31,38, pis 10-11. Third Millennium 42G. A. Papathanasopoulos, 'Σπήλαια Δίρου: αι

άνασκαφαιτου 1970-71',ΑΑΑ'. ι (ΐ97θ>!2-26, at pp. 24-5;

Greece S. R. Diamant, The Later VillageFarmingStagein Southern

1974),224, (unpublishedPh.D. diss.,Univ.of Pennsylvania, fig.4. 11-12; Perlés1973,pl. 176;Perlés1981,213,pl. 7. 7-8; Perlés1994,52, pl. 10. 12; Coleman (n. 31),5, pl. 68. 86 and

in the Settlement 172; K. Zachos, AyiosDhimitrios,A Prehistoric The Neolithicand Early Helladic Periods Southwestern Peloponnesos:

Ph.D. diss.,BostonUniversity, 1987),147. (unpublished 43Démoule and Perlés402. 44Cf. the Corinthexample above; anotherfroman MN1 sitefromthe Nemea survey(thoughFN1ceramicsincluding J. L. Davis, A. 'cheese-pots'are to be noted).J. F. Cherry, Demitrack,Ε. Mantzourani, T. Strasser,and L. Talalay, 'Archaeological survey in an artifact-richlandscape: a Middle Neolithicexample fromNemea, Greece', AJA92 (1988),159-76,at pp. 164,168-9.

Chipped stone 157 1/.

LltilN 1 1UULA1

L· (1L.L.

lö.y

0)

í' fairlycommon use of silexon EH sites is the denticulationof either prismaticblades or lunates. A singleexample was found at R287. Comparanda: Lerna (EH II-MH I); Elateia, 2 blades red silex (MN); Corinth (EH I); Zygouries (EH ÍI); Asine (EH); Kouphovouno (unstratified,LN1-EH II).45 From associated material and parallels, an EH I/II date is suggested. 18. BACKED PIECE (ILL. 18.9 c)

^ zz

~ Q- rr ~ "} '

3

=

Ξ - ΞΞ . y ^ r-η zz: .. Ξ £st ^Z ΓΊ ~ j LiHl 1IÍ7 CD ^f . :__

Blank withone marginblunted by the application of abrupt

^H^»

fromR287.The retouch.Onlyone examplewas recovered, piece itselfis not diagnostic but the site's associated materialis EarlyHelladic.

^^^Hk ^^^^^L· ^^^^^^Bl

Illustration 18.9

^^^^^^^L· ^^^^^^^^^^& j^^^^^^^^^^A ^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^^^^^^^^^^K ^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^K

«

flat-based (a) 16. R429/1.Large,fine,triangular point,made on a flakeof red-brownsilex.Colours 7.5 R 3/3 and 5 YR 5/3-5/4. Bifacial invasive, pressure-flakedretouch; rather abraded conditionwitha notchon one sidefromlaterdamage.5.74x 2.86 X0.45. (^) 17· R287/1.Medial sectionof a prismaticblade of finegrey silex.R. marginmodifiedwithalternating retouch,1.withinverse retouch.Sickleelement(?) withcontinuousmacroscopictracesof 'sicklegloss' along both margins,invasivebeyondretouchflake terminations. 3.71X 1.00X 0.42. (c) 18. R287/6. Black stone, medial section of an irregular blade, 1. marginbacked withsemi-abruptretouch.2.40 X 0.67 x 0.46.

(f>)

III. 18.9.Silex,(a) 16. TriangularpointR429/1.(b) 17. DenticulateR287/1.(c) 18. Backedpiece R287/6.All at 2 : 3.

45 Runnels 1985a, figs. 7, 13, 16; Weinberg (n. 29), 205; Robinson and Weinberg (n. 41), 251-2; Biegen 198, fig.57; Frödin and Persson 246; Renard, Kouphovouno, pl. 49. 33.

158 Chapter18 The Chipped-stone Discussion:

Assemblages

of East-central

Laconia

chronology As statedabove,thereare onlya fewlithicelementsthatcan be claimedas diagnostic of Neolithic. within the era. As the with the flaked stone offers no specific periods generalprehistoric pottery, definiteevidenceof activityin the surveyarea priorto the Late Neolithic.The recoveryof certaindiagnostic elements(bladetechnology, cores,and retouchedpiecesincluding pointsand the number of LN1/FN1 sites: scrapers)does,however, E48,E77,e78, e8i, enlarge recognizable B116,1401,R429,U487,U489,and LS 10496.Of theseBin and R429are possiblythelatestin the materialassignableto theFinalNeolithic(e.g.16). sequence,containing Helladic. No sitesare to be added to the grouppreviouslydesignatedthroughthe Early EH Indeed,at a numberoftheselocationsno obsidianwas foundat all.46 presenceof pottery. If theseare trueloci ofEBA activity, thenthereis no obviousreasonwhyflakedstoneshould be absent,and thisis probablyto be explainedbypoor groundvisibility and post-depositional factorsratherthanby anyinteresting inter-site anomalies.There are differences betweenthe EBA assemblagesbutnot,itseems,ofa chronological nature. Middle-Late Helladic.There is a considerabledeclinein the use of chippedstone.Of sites withno Nl/EH component, 8 pieceswererecoveredat U492and a singleblade at M349. M349,n4i2,U492. Post-Bronze Age.Occasionalpieceswerefoundat K247and P286,butwhethertheyrepresent materialin laterantiquity,47 or backgroundnoisefromNl/EH pick-upand reuseofprehistoric sitesin anyquantity, sites,is impossibleto say.Wherelithicswerefoundon multi-period they wereinterpreted as ofprehistoric date. H51,D97,dg8,K247,P286,U493,U499,U521,R526,U3022. THE CHAÎNES

OPÉRATOIRES

Fromthe relativelylimiteddata recoveredby the Laconia Surveyit has been possible to in somedetailthereductionsequencespresenton a numberof sites.Furthermore, reconstruct as regardstechnology and therangeofknapping notabledifferences betweentheseassemblages, both at a diachronicand a synchronie level. activitiesin evidence,have been distinguished thesevariancesand theirsocioWhere the evidencehas permittedsuch finedistinctions, willbe examinedin boththeirregionaland theirwiderAegeancontexts. economicimplications Neolithic

Fromthe Late Neolithicperiodwe have a largechipped-stone assemblagefromthe £48(80) site cluster,and fairlysizeable ones fromBui and B116,which lend themselvesto the The minimalamountof corticaldebitagerecovered reconstruction of the chaînes opératoires. that was introduced into each of thesecommunities obsidian largelyas decorticated suggests and roughlypreparednodules.The firston-siteactivitywas the finalstageof shapingthe nucleusto facilitatethe removalof a primaryseriesof blades: the preparationof 'striking' and coremargins, and thecresting ofa ridge(5). platform At E48(8o) blade productionwas undertakenusing two technologicalmodes, indirect with two disparate but roughlycomparable reduction percussionand pressure-flaking, cortexhad with corticalfacetsindicatesthatanyremaining The absence of blades sequences. been removedfromthecoresby the timetheprimaryrunof bladeswereproduced.Initiated 46 126, C128,

C131, G154, P262, R.280,K414, S431, S460, S478, and U3001.

47See Runnels1982.

Chippedstone 159 thicker and somewhat seriesofblankswereslightly froma singleplatform (ILL.18.2a), thisfirst A numberoftheseblades48 werethenselected thanthoseproducedsubsequently. moreirregular suchas points(10) and end-and sideintoa numberofretouchedimplements formodification of retouch to Because of the intensity applied thesepieces,it is notapparentfrom scrapers(11). from whichofthetechnologies theyderived,though comparableassemblagesone could claim Fromthe main blade-run,the the of indirect were percussion.49 they predominantly products blades were a number of fine de prismatic produced,providingextremely pleintemps débitage, modification. theneedforanyfurther edgeswithout sharpcutting ofthefinalsequences reconstruction A numberofotherpiecesofdebitageallowa tentative A bipolarflake50 from£48(80)(7; ILL.18.4b)indicates ofcorereductionand blankproduction. reduced51 thatin that,in at leastone knappingepisode,a blade core had been so intensively reverse the nucleus and more blades it was to to remove order preparea new necessary any to the one. It is thus tempting interpret 'undiagnostic'cores(1 oppositetheoriginal platform the wasteproductfromthisfinalepisode of a single,intensiveknapping d) as representing ad hoc and ultimately blade coresbutexploitedin suchan intensive thatis,originally strategy: mannerthattheyare no longerrecognizableas such. EarlyBronzeAge

fromthelithicassemblagesofthelaterNeolithicto those Whilethereare aspectsofcontinuity of some importancecan be seen to exist.Regardingraw materials,the of EBA, differences lithicassemblagesof the EBA continueto be almost entirelybased upon non-local raw materials.In fact,if anythingthereis a greaterrelianceupon obsidianin thisperiod,with fewerpieces of silexemployedthanbefore(TABLE18.5),thoughthe lattercan be observedin recovered(e.g.17). formsnotpreviously Sites LS 11201 M/i LS 10530 E48(8o)

Cores Pnmary Secondary Tertiary Preparation Blade BlanL· Flakes Flakes Flakes pieces 1 1

4

P267 P284 R287 N363

1 1

Bill

Unknown

1

221

E77

Rejuvenation Debus pieces

3

2 1 1 I 2

I

3

1

2

3 2

Table 18.5: Occurrenceof silexon LS sites(miscellaneouspieces also at: P269,R289, N333,R429,S448, R462, U493> U5OO> A3018, LS 10280, 10281, 10428, 10568, 10569, 10925, 10939).

48 It is unclear fromwhich stage of the reduction sequence those flakes chosen for modification into retouched implements were taken. Quite possibly there was no clearcut strategy,with appropriate blanks being selected as and when the opportunityarose. 49 A phenomenon paralleled in the lithic assemblage at the Kitsos cave, where generally it was the most 'robust' blades

that were chosen to be retouched: Perlés 1981, 158. 50 A piece with flake scars on its dorsal surface initiated fromopposite ends. 51 Whereby the platformhad either become so small, or the flaking angle between it and the core face had become so obtuse, as to prevent the removal of any furtherblanks.

i6o Chapter18 The two mostimportantchangeswitnessedin the EBA materialconcernthe methods and theloci ofobsidiantoolproduction.First,thereis a technologicalshiftto a singlemode at the expense of being employedforthe productionof blades, that of pressure-flaking, indirectpercussion,52 witha simultaneoustypologicalshiftwherebyblank modificationis notableby itsabsence.53Second,whileobsidiancontinuesto be importedintotheregionin thatis mostnotably the formof roughlypreparednodules,it is the material'sdistribution At some timebeforethe startof the EH II period,the abilityof each community different. to readilygain access to,and have controlor influenceover,theworkingofobsidianceases. At only two sitesdo we have evidence of the range of lithicreductionof the preceding period. INTER- AND INTRA-SITE ANALYSIS

Thanks to the recoveryprocedureand quantityof the chippedstonefrom£48(80)and its satellite sites (E77, e78, e8i), it is possible to both view and discuss intra-assemblage differentiation (TABLE 18.6).Withitsrangeofknappingeventsand thetypesofretouchedtools lithic the £48(80). assemblageof e8i roughlyparallelsthatof the main settlement present, m some further northalongthesameN-S ridgeas E48(8o),theformersiteis viewed 200 Lying area. habitationand activity as contemporary with,butperipheralto,theprimary As thesixthlargestassemblagefromthesurvey How,then,is thesiteE77to be interpreted? Givenitsproximity, some 250 withforty piecesof obsidian,it deservescarefulconsideration. m to the east on the oppositeridgeto £48(80),and the factthatthereare no EH or later withthe lattersite is likely.If, however,one comparesthe ceramics,its contemporaneity limitedrangeof componentnatureofthetwoassemblages,one sees thatat E77an extremely material,and hence knappingevents,is represented(ILL. 18.1). The productsdo, however, reflect thechaînes opératoires recognizedat theprimarysettlementi.e. theyare partofa bladebased industry but withthe core preparationand later stagesof reductiontakingplace at £48(80)itself. elsewhere, presumably One can posita situationin whicheithera restricted rangeof debitageentersthe locale nucleiare broughtin fromthe pre-formed ready-madeforimmediateuse, or,moreprobably, withonly a verylimiteddegree of core reductionbeing performedhere main settlement beforethecoreswereremovedonce again as curatedresources.Could E77,then,be a specific of£48(80)?This zone,verymuchrelatedto and dependentupon themainsettlement activity Site

Points Scrapers

E48(8o) E77 e8i

X

side X

X

X

end X

Backed pieces

ret. Piercers Notches Irreg. pieces

X

X

X X X

Table 18.6: Intra-sitedifferentiation through a presence/absence matrix of retouched pieces fromthe major LN1 site of E48(8o) and its satellites.

52Or rathera reversion to theoriginalpractice,in the lithic ofmainland context ofthehistory technology. 53A declineoriginating in the LN1; e.g. the notable

at theSkoteinicave:Perlés1994,47, LN1-FN1reduction tableau9.

Chip.pedstone i6i

seemsplausible,thoughone runsthe riskof assumingthata limitedrangeof interpretation lithictypological formsequateswitha limitedrangeofactivities. enablesus to one should note at thispointthatthe studyof the chaînes Indeed, opératoires and lithic their structured their the industries, aims, products, processesinvolved compareonly of the at each site.It is not an analyticalframework capable interpreting material'soverall raisond'être. The productionof the variousblanksand modifiedpieces54relatesto a set of and of function,styleor culturalmilieu,55 decisionsbased upon considerations technology, modifiedby siteskill.It is thismixtureof behaviouralactivitiesand naturalconstraints, formation processes,thatshapesthearchaeologicalrecord.56 There is also a contrastbetweenthematerialfrom£48(80)and thetwoassemblagesofBin and B116.Despite all threehavingmaterialdiagnosticof the later Neolithic,specifically betweentheirrespectiveblade industries obsidianpoints(10), thereis a notabledifference Bin contains some of the quantifiably 'finest' the lithicgroupfrom (TABLE3). Specifically, In the at 0.82 cm meanwidth. thisinstance anomalyis piecescollectedfromtheentiresurvey, not to be explainedby thepresenceof a different rangeof reductionsequences,as withthe material discussed above. One could perhaps have considered the possibilitythat the de débitage assemblagesfromBin and B116were composedof materialfromthepleintemps alone; the fact remains,however,that apart fromthe absence of nuclei fromB116 the identical(ILL.18.1). assemblagesare virtually betweenthese groupsof blades is technological,and in The reason forthe differences The blade industriesof E48/80 one instancewe believethisto be reflective of chronology. weregeneratedthroughemployingtwo technologiesrunningin tandem,thoseofpressureflakingand indirect percussion. The regularityof the material fromBui and B116, however,points to the formermode being exclusivelyresponsiblefortheirproduction. the absence of ceramicsat them,and Despite theselattertwo sites'geographicproximity, theirsharedblade technology, thelithicassemblageof B116is in facttypologically closerto thatfrom£48(80):bothcontainprojectiles,scrapers,and backed and irregularly retouched pieces,whileBin has onlythe aforementioned singleobsidianpoint.Lyingas it does, both and between the later Neolithicand EH, one can make a case typologically technologically, forplacing the Bin assemblageat the veryend of our Neolithicsequence, datingto the FN1/EH I period.57 AN AEGEAN PERSPECTIVE

The laterNeolithic

our materialis largelycomparable to contemporary Typologicallyand technologically, assemblagesboth nearbyand furtherafieldin southernGreece and the Cyclades. It has alreadybeen demonstrated,however,that in Laconia therewas a greaterreliance upon withindirectpercussionapparently notmakingthesame impactas it had in pressure-flaking, theArgolidand theAttic-Cycladic regionin thisperiod.

54Themselvesdependentupon thefactorsof socio-political organization,geography,and knowledgein order to gain accessto rawmaterials. 55A. Jelinek,'Form,function and stylein lithicanalysis',in C. E. Cleland (ed.), CulturalChangeand Continuity: Essays in

HonorofJamesBennett Griffin (AcademicPress,1976),19-33.

56See e.g. P. Halstead, I. Hodder, and G. Jones, 'Behaviouralarchaeologyand refusepatterns:a case study', 11.2 (1978),118-31. Review, Norwegian Archaeological 57Phelps 296 typologically sees the last ceramicphase of FN1-EH I. Alepotrypaas transitional

i62 Chapter18 It has beenproposedthatthecolonizationoftheCycladicislandsin theLate Neolithic,and the subsequentgrowthof maritimeactivityin the archipelago,resultedin vastlylarger quantitiesof obsidianbeingput into circulationthan before,and the creationof what has been termedthe 'supplyzone5.58 ofthedata, communities of Accordingto thisinterpretation thesouthernAegeanwereinvolvedin directprocurement ofobsidianfromMelos in thislater Neolithicperiod.59Concomitantwiththisincreasedaccess to raw materialwas theshiftfrom forblade productionto thatofthetwodescribedabove. Perlés theuse ofa singletechnology claimsthe new accessibility to raw materialenabledmorepeople to be involvedin obsidian reduction.Her view of thisperiod is one of procurement, exchange,and mostimportantly with the technological'de-specialization', populace of certain regions movingfroma external to localized dependenceupon specialists production.Throughbeingin new and less skilledhands,productionnow resultedin 'inferiorcraftsmanship' withraw materialbeing worked'in a lesseconomicalmanner'.60 indirectpercussionin suchterms,conversely, To interpret presupposesthatpressure-flaking as an was primarily measure,a viewpointheld by both perceived economizingtechnological ifthisis a viableproposition, Perlésand Torrence.One wonders,however, giventhatpressurewithobsidianblade industries in Greece since flakinghad existedin a symbiotic relationship its adoption in the earliestNeolithic.61It would surelyhave representeda technological rawmaterialexploitation. 'norm',ratheran innovative policyformaximizing A similarcriticism can be made oftheinterpretation advancedbyTorrence to explainthe recognizedchange withinCycladiclithicindustriesat thistime.In the islandsthe earliest blade production,datingto the LN1/FN1period, was by indirectpercussionalone, with completely replacingit at thestartoftheBronzeAge. Once more,thereason pressure-flaking forthe technologicalshiftwas seen in economic terms,a reflectionof new 'costs' being an increaseddemandforraw material.The to satisfy incurredwithinprocurement strategies level of more sedentaryeconomiesin the EBA meantthatspecialadoptionat community purpose trips to Melos were now required, as opposed to the purported 'embedded ofthelaterNeolithic.62 procurement' increasein the Yet thesetechnologicalchangesare concurrentwitha major settlement islands,63 which,givenTorrence'sbeliefthataccess to theMelian quarrieswas notcontrolled in any way,shouldhave resultedin even morematerialcirculating, the surelycontradicting noted of an mechanism. as need for the innovation Also, economizingtechnological suggested above,even ifmorepeople had access to raw material,the sole mentaltemplateexistingat thattimeforthe processingof obsidian was pressure-flaking. Perhapswe should now be and what mechanismsindirect the and how, (social) why, by asking reversing emphasis in Neolithic. was the later percussion adopted None ofthis,in our view,negatestheconceptthata rawmaterialshouldhavebeen valued and reduced in an economic manner,particularlyforthose communitieswho were not 58Perlés1989,13;Torrence1986a, 13-15,afterC. Renfrew, J. E. Dixon,andj. R. Cann, 'Furtheranalysisofneareastern obsidian',PPS 34 (1968),314-39,definedby an area where all sites' lithicassemblagescompriseat least 80 per cent obsidian. 59Torrence 1986a, 121; Perlés 1989, 14. The former consideredit likelythatthesitesfromheranalysislaywithin the'supplyzone', as theywereall within100kmofMelos.

60Perlés1989,12-13. 61Perlés1986,483; Perlés1990b;Démoule and Perlés364. 62Torrence1986a,136. 63See the site gazetteers in Renfrew,EC 507-25; J. F. Cherry,'Appendix A: registerof archaeological sites on Melos', in IslandPolity 291-309;also id., 'Patternand process in the earliestcolonisationof the Mediterraneanislands', PPStf (1980,41-68.

Chippedstone 163 directlyinvolvedin its procurement.We simplydo not necessarilyaccept that 'pure' choicesplayeda partin thisprocess.Maximizationof an exoticresourcecould technological still be investigated archaeologically, through (a) intensity of assemblage usage, (b) maximizationof a tool's functionalcapability- amount of tool edge employed,and none of thesepointscan be approached (c) curationand minimumdiscard.Unfortunately, withouttheapplicationoffunctional analyses,virtually impossiblewithmaterialfromsurface collection.The evidencefromthelaterNeolithicassemblagesoftheLaconia Surveyofregular rejuvenationand near-totalreductionof incomingnodules does, however,suggesta quite intensive use ofrawmaterialat thisperiod. Renfrew and Torrence'sdefinitions,Laconia should fall withinthe 'supply zone'; By the in theregionat thistimehints aforementioned however, predominanceofpressure-flaking at problemswith the overall model. Indeed, it is now argued that not everyarea was affected ofCycladiccolonization.Perlés necessarily by thepostulatedeconomicrepercussions has claimedthatfortheNeolithiccommunities ofnorthern Greece'directaccess' could never have been a viable model, suggestinginsteadthatpre-formedcores were being procured 'throughtrade withspecialistgroups',withblades continuingto be produced entirelyby The reasoningbehindsucha conclusioncan equallybe appliedto thelater pressure-flaking.64 NeolithicsitesoftheLaconia Survey. Their inlandsituation, lackingimmediateaccess to,or workingknowledgeof,theAegean, makesitis extremely thatmarineresourcesplayeda largeor evensupplementary role unlikely in the economiesof thesecentralLaconian communities.65 Also, involvedas theywere in and skillrequiredtojourneyto predominantly pastoralregimes,thetime,labour,knowledge, thecoastand construct a boat in orderto undertakesucha sea voyagewouldsimplynothave been availableto thepopulace.66If theyhad been,thenone mighthave expectedtherecovery of largerquantitiesof obsidian fromthe surveyarea. Appreciatingthe quantitywe have recoveredis admittedly problematic, dependentas it is upon the largelyunknownfactorsof of the respectivesites.To put our regiononce more into populationsize and the longevity perspective,however,one only has to note thatfroma single(coastal) site of the Argolid ExplorationProject(F32)no fewerthan 2,106pieces of obsidianwere recovered,530 more thantheLaconia Surveyrecoveredin total.67 The natureand quantityofthisregion'sobsidiantherefore demonstrate of that,irrespective in the Cycladesat thistime,Laconia remaineddependentupon external the developments contactsforitsaccess to the raw material.To thisextentour materialis comparableto that recoveredfromotherregionsat thistime,includingnorthernGreece and the site of Agios Dimitriosin Messenia.68In particular, thedata fromthissurveyand thelattersettlement can make one doubt the existence of a zone' as conceived.69 only 'supply previously 64Perlés1989,14-15.This need nothave represented a fulltime economic basis for these craftspeople,but possibly somethingakin to that described by T. W. Jacobsen, 'Seasonal pastoralism in southernGreece:a consideration of the ecologyof NeolithicUrfirnispottery',in P. Rice (ed.), Potsand Potters (Los Angeles, 1984), 27-43, explainingthe spreadof NeolithicUrfirnispotteryin the Péloponnèsevia nomadicpastoralism. 65A negligibleamountof sea-fishremainswere recovered fromMH-LH levelsat the Menelaion(H. W. Catling,pers. comm.).

66C. Broodbank,'The longboatand societyin the Cyclades in the Keros-Syrosculture',AJA93 (1989), 319-37; Perlés 1989,1990a. 67It is admittedly'one of the major Early Bronze Age in thesouthernArgolid':Kardulias435. settlements 68Démoule and Perlés393; Zachos (n. 42), 147.At Agios Dimitriosbladeswereproducedonlybypressure-flaking. 69Torrence (1986a, 123) has reservations about the significanceof percentagesof obsidian per assemblagefor the southernAegean,giventhe lack of otherlocal resources and theirpoor archaeologicalrecovery wheretheydo exist.

i64 Chapter18 The recoveryof cores or othercorroborative data demonstrates, however,thatthe vast in in Greece and the were of later Neolithic sites southern widelyinfluential Cyclades majority acted both as centres theiraccessto rawmaterialand itssubsequenton-sitereduction.70 They an important and receiptand as loci ofproduction, ofprocurement pointto recallwhenone considersthenatureoftheEarlyBronzeAge sites. It also shouldnotbe forgotten thatmorethanone exchangemechanismwouldhave been as is operatingconcurrently, suggestedby theimportoflithicsof different origins,types,and ofthefinetriangular or statesofarrival.71 The recovery point spearhead(16) fromR429bears a a to Laconian exchange testimony community receiving productofone ofthelong-distance networks activein the laterNeolithicAegean-south-east Europeanworld.Neithermaterial nor formare suggestive of an Aegean originforthispiece, and witha numberof parallels in the Gumelnitsa,Salcutsa, and Cucuteni culturesof north Bulgaria and appearing Indeed,an exactparallelregarding form,size, Romania,a Balkanderivationis quitelikely.72 in nearTargoviste and rawmaterial(baseduponvisualinspectiononly)comesfromPolyenitsa north-eastern Bulgaria.73 These pointsare one exampleof a fewclassesofwhatwouldappear to be 'prestige'goods circulatingat thistime,includingobjects of marble74and numerousbraceletsand beads fashionedfromshellsofspondylus and dentalium reachingtheBalkansfromtheAegean.75In the and possibly one can noteboththeinfluxofproductsofBalkanmetallurgy oppositedirection, Itemsofgoldand silverparalleledin itsinfluence upontheoriginsofitsAegeancounterpart.76 therichnecrotaphic assemblagesofVarna have been recoveredfroma fewAegeanNeolithic theAlepotrypacave in sites,includingtheZas cave on Naxos arid(closerto our communities) theMani.77 small,theyhavea pointsrecoveredis relatively Thoughthetotalnumberofthesetriangular

70From mainland sites, cores or fragmentsthereofare documented from Kouphovouno, Agios Dimitrios, Franchthi,Kitsos,and in the Cyclades Kephala, Saliagos, Mavrospilia,Anavolousa,and a numberof siteson Melos itself:Renard,Kouphovouno, 45 (LN1-EH II); Zachos (n. 42), 147;Perlés1989,5-6; 1990,10-11;1981,142;Coleman (n. 31); Evans and Renfrew(n. 15);J. S. Belmontand C. Renfrew, 'Two prehistoric siteson Mykonos',AJA68 (1964),395-400; Cherryand Torrence1982. 71Perlés1993. 72Démoule and Perlés 402. Their appearance in NW Bulgariaand the BlackSea littoralcan be datedto the 'Late inBulgaria Eneolithic':H. Todorova,TheEneolithic (BAR S49; 1979),68: see e.g. theexamplesfromReka Devnja, (ead., Die Äxte und Beile in Bulgarien (Prähistorische kupferzeitlichen

ix. 14; 1981),fig.36. 7-11; O. Lafontaineand G. Bronzefunde,

von Varna und Gold: die Gräberfeld Jordanov, Macht, Herrschaft (Bulgarien) und die AnfangeeinerneueneuropäischenZivilisation

(Saarbrücken,1988),pl. 56. For Romanian parallelssee E.

Com§a, Neoliticulpe tentonulRomâniei:considérait(Bucharest, uneltelor sj armelor depiaträcioplitä 1987),90; Α. Päunescu, Evolutjja Romania(Bucharest,1970), 149-202. pe tentonul descoperite

73For showinghim thispiece TC is verygratefulto Dr Agnessa Pronopieva(National Museum of History,Sofia). See also Todorova,TheEneolithic (n. 72),68. 74H. J. Weisshaar,'Varna und die ägäische Bronzezeit',

ArchäologischesKorrespondenzblatt,12 (1982), 321-29,

has

compareda marblebeakerfromthe Bulgarianchalcolithic necropolisof Varna to examplesfromAttic-CycladicFN1 contexts, thoughit shouldbe notedthattheformerexample is muchsmaller. 75e.g. fromtombsat Varna: I. Ivanov,Treasures oftheVarna Chalcolithic Necropolis (Sofia,1978),59 and pl. 38. See also N. Shackleton and C. Renfrew,'Neolithic trade routes realigned by oxygen isotope analysis', Nature,228 (1970), in D. R. 'Trade and craftspecialisation', 1062-5;C. Renfrew, Greece Theochares(ed.), Neolithic (Athens,1973),179-200,at pp. 186-7. 76K. Zachos, 'Excavationsat the cave of Zas, Naxos, 1985 of ClassicalStudies, and 1986',MyceneanSeminar,Institute London,13 Mar. 1991;G. Nakou, 'Metallurgyand societyin thelaterNeolithicand EarlyBronzeAge Aegean',JMA 8. 2 (inpress). 77For the Zas cave see Zachos (n. 41), 30, 34, fig. 4; regardingthemetalfindsfromtheAlepotrypacave seeJ. D. in itshistorical Aegeanmetallurgy Muhly,'Beyondtypology: context', in N. C. Wilkie and W. D. E. Coulson (eds), Studiesin Honorof WilliamA. toAegeanArchaeology: Contributions

McDonald(Minneapolis, 1985), 13-38, at p. 112,afterH. zur ägäischenFrühzeit',AA Hauptmann,'Forschungsbericht 86 (1971), 348-87> at pp. 352-9, fig. 53; for identical comparandafromVarnasee Ivanov(η. 75),pis 6, 14.

Chippedstone 165 acrosslaterNeolithicGreece:fromMacedoniavia Thessalyto thesouth-east widedistribution mainland and Euboea (at Franchthi,Kitsos, Tharrounia,and Karystos),as far south as Kephala and the Zas cave in the Cyclades,to the Péloponnèse(Corinth,Nemea, Asea, the as Hermones,Vatos on Corfu,and Alepotrypacave, and LS R429),and as farnorth-west there is unfortunately on Lefkas.78 For the littlecontextual Aegean examples Choirospilia their information dating.79 published,beyond Perléshas notedtheappearanceof a rangeofnew projectiletypesin theLate Neolithicof themainlandand Cyclades,producedfroma varietyofnon-localmaterialsincludingnotonly obsidianbut also honeyflintand jasper.She has arguedthatthe combinationof theirrarity, and thattheyweretheobjectoflarge-scaleexchanges'suggeststhattheir fineforms,'fragility, be an equallyvalid interpretation role was non-utilitarian.80 It would therefore that primary FN1 was of a and of the thesignificance largertriangular points prestigious symbolicnature, It is surelyno coincidencethatthe sole example giventheirhighqualityand exoticorigin.81 ofVarna on theBulgarian recoveredfromthequiteremarkably wealthychalcolithic cemetery ofthemall.82 BlackSea coastcame fromtomb43, themostrichlyfurnished Though thereis no reason to assume a fixed,singularmeaning to these pieces, it is temptingto see theirintroductioninto an existingsocial structureas articulatingand ideologyand powerthroughthecontextofthehunt.Whatwe wouldclaimto see legitimizing for hereis the importanceof huntingas a social practiceratherthanan economicnecessity, whichthereare countlessexamplesthroughout ancientand modernhistory:'FromEnglish to Chineseemperors. . . huntinghas been and continuesto be an activity surrounded royalty As such,the by a special mystique,an activitythat refusesto admit its anachronism'.83 ofthespearmayhaveservedas an exoticand potentnewsymbol, introduction bothaddingto and an existing made'hunter-warrior's kit'.84 It also meansthatin certaininstancesit strengthening or functional reasonsthatare thebasisfor maybe socialratherthaneconomic,technological, inter-site differentiation discussed above. amongsomeofthoselaterNeolithic assemblages

78Sani (Macedonia):D. B. Grammenos, Νεολιθικές έρευνες Μακεδονία(Βιβλιοθήκητης στην κεντρικήκαιανατολική

ενΑθήναις Εταιρείας, Αρχαιολογικής 117;Athens, ΐ99θ> 137-8, pl.29. i8i. Sesklo,Pyrgos,and Dimini(Thessaly): Ch. Tsountas, Αϊ προϊστορικοί καϊ ακροπόλεις Διμηνίου Σέσκλου(Athens, 1908),pl. 42· Ι4~ΐ8; Η. Α. Moundreaoutillagelithiqueet Agraíloti, La Thessaliedu sud-estau néolithique:

osseux Université de ParisX, 1981),150,pl. 10. (thèsede docteur, 14.Skoteini cave (Tharrounia, Euboia):Perlés1994,52,fig.14. 12. Karystos: D. R. Keller,Archaeological in Southern Survey A Reconstruction Greece: Times Neolithic Euboea, ofHuman Activity from totheByzantine Period Ph.D. diss.,Indiana through (unpublished University, 1985),169.Nemea, site702:Cherryetal.(n.44),164. Asea: Holmberg129,fig.120.Malthi: Valmin,SME, pl. 27. 1-5,8, 12.Alepotrypa cave: Papathanasopoulos (n. 42),p. 25, fig.22. Hermones: K. Lindovois,'Δύο νέεςπροϊστορικές θέσειςστην Κέρκυρα', Horos,1 (1983),26-34, at p. 28, pl. 2 derGrabungin der α-β. Choirospilia: G. Velde,'Fortsetzung Hole Choirospiliaauf Levkas insJahre 1913',Zeitschrift für at 1159fig.2. Forothersseen. 41-2. Ethnologie, 45 (1913),1156-67, 79One oftheKephalaexamples(incorrectly labelleda scraper) camefromgrave35:Coleman(n.31),52,87 andpl. 68. 172.

80Perlés1992,143;1981,175-86;Démoule and Perlés394. 81The sole functional analysis undertaken (to our knowledge)upon one ofthesepiecesshowedthatnoneofthe edgesdisplayeduse-wear:K. Kanchev,'Microwearstudiesof weaponsand toolsfromthechalcolithic necropolisat thecity ofVarna',Studia 1-2 (1978),46-9. praehistona, 82Ibid. 48; LafontaineandJordanov(n. 72),202; Ivanov(n. 75)>62.

83 E. W. Herbert, Iron,Gender and Power:RitualsofTransformation

inAfrican Societies (Indiana and Bloomington,1993),164; she also notes(p. 165):'Ironically, high-status, largeanimalhunting by men has probablynevercontributedanywherenear as much to mankind'sdiet as the low-prestigesmall animal - and certainly huntingand trappingby womenand children notas muchas farming', and statesthatamongmanymetalusing societies of equatorial Africa there are repeated associations betweenhunting, sacredkingship, and smelting. 84Thoughtwo sceptresfromVarnatomb43 may represent overtsymbolsofpower,thedirectassociationwithhuntingis achievedby the depositionof a gold-decorated bow and two spears,one withtheflintpoint,thesecondof copper,a form virtually uniqueto thatregion:Kanchev(n. 81),49.

i66 Chapter 18 TheEarlyBronzeAge

Despite the recognizedshiftfroma relianceupon pastoralismto a more mixed economy ofthe betweenthelaterNeolithicand theEBA, manyoftheconstraints upon theinvolvement in a of this direct access outlined for the populace region procurementstrategy, previous period,stillhold true.Indeed,it is noticeablein the EBA that,whilethereis an increasein in thisregiondecreases.86 On boththenumberofsites,85 theamountofobsidianin circulation a notableshiftin the range and natureof activitiescan be the basis of the chaîneopératoire, perceivedbetweenthesitesofthelaterNeolithicand thoseoftheEarlyHelladicperiod.Ifone associatedareas E77,e78, and e8i) acceptsE48,Bin, B116,U487,and U489 (withtheformer's as the major sites,withthe remainderas limitedactivityareas, thenit is noticeablethatbased solelyon theevidenceofcores- virtually all thecommunities appear to havebeen selfin stonetoolproduction(11,3, o, 1, 1, 1, and ο coresrespectively); sufficient and at onlytwo EH have settlements out ofat leastthirty-five sites do we evidence ofan equally recognizable wide rangeof reductionsequence,thatis, includingon-sitecore preparationand reduction (namelyP284 and R287,withno more than a singlenucleusat each). While of course,the fortherecognition with ofcoresis by no meansthesole prerequisite ofproduction, recovery we believethatone manyotherclassesof debitageequallyindicativeof on-siteknapping,87 a numberof sitesof different socio-economicimportanceupon the basis of can distinguish We wouldarguethatthedistinction lies betweenthosesiteswhereone theirlithicindustries. a focalpointforproductionon a can merelyatteston-siteproduction, and thoserepresenting largerand moreregularscale. therecentanalysisbyPerlésofthe To illustrate thenatureoftheformertypeofsettlement: Late-FinalNeolithiclithicassemblagefromtheSkoteinicave (Euboea) is an excellentcase in demonstratesthat cores enteredthe site as pre-formsand were point. Here she skilfully reducedin the productionof blades,but withouthavingbeen exhaustedwere subsequently The lattersitesare where to be exploitedat anothersite.88 removed,presumably subsequently cores or pre-forms, once procured,are not thereafter diverted,being workedthereby a theproductseitherconsumedbytheresidentpopulace specialistbelongingto thatcommunity, or exchangedwithothergroups.89We may considerthe movementof cores around the a positionnot as curatedresources,90 landscapeas evidencefortheirownershipand retention ofa numberofotherproductsbyitinerant forthemanufacture untenablegiventhearguments at thistime.The recovery ofa completecorefromE80/1maysupporta notionof craftspeople curativebehaviour.91 shouldcoreshave been valued above and beyondobsidianin a purelyraw Why,however, The idea thatall coreswould state?The answeris dictatedin partbypracticalconsiderations.

85Whetherthisrepresentsan increase in population,or merelyits dispersalacross the landscape,is debatable and possiblyonlyanswerableby excavation.There is certainlya shiftin thisregion,no EH materialhavingbeen recovered fromanyoftheNl sites. 86For the EH periodthe largestsingleassemblageis R287 (N= 66). 87A subtle but importantdistinctionfroman argument previously presented:Carter,in press(n. 20); id. 1994(n. 20), 134,% 3·

88Perlés1994,35. 89e.g.thepostulatedrelationship between£48(80)and E77. 90As suggested by M. H. Weincke, 'Change in Early Helladic ΙΓ, AJA93 (1989), 495-509, at p. 506, for the productionofpithoi. 91The nuclei fromP284 and R287 bear littleevidenceof havingbeen exhausted.Whethertheywerepieces discarded due to irrecoverable damage,or curatedas resourceforlater to ascertain. is difficult reduction,

Chipped stone 167

reducedis difficult to support,as to have done so wouldhave resultedin have been instantly the productionof a not inconsiderableamountof fragileblades requiringcarefulstorage. is thenatureofspecializationexistingwithinstonetoolproduction More important, however, as a technological at thistime.Much has been made of the skillinherentin pressure-flaking communities oftheAegean uneven distribution and of its mode, amongprehistoric potentially thatthemostimportant and skilledpartofthe afield.92 It is recognized,however, and further and knappingprocessis not actuallythe end-removalof blanks,albeit thisis a 'difficult, an of as well which extensive requires knowledge rock-flaking properties demandingpractice, butthecarefulshapingand preparationofthenucleus as good neuro-muscular coordination', itself.93 Torrence,havinganalysedassemblagesfroma numberofexcavatedEH settlements, argued thatlithicproductionin the EBA was widespread,withlittleor no evidence quitejustifiably Now thatmanyof these siteshave been placed into a wider forintra-sitedifferentiation. one can claim thatTorrence'sdata set (whereat everysite contextby recentfieldsurveys, productionwas attested)94becomes the exception ratherthan the rule, many of these nowappearingto havebeen largerregionalcentres.95 settlements The ArgolidExplorationProject has resultscomparable with the Laconia Survey.In the former,fromthe twenty-ninelisted Bronze Age sites, at only eleven were cores recovered(JV= 62).96There was a furtherimbalance,with43 of thesebeing foundat the large complexof F32 (and its satellitesF6 and F19 havinga further8 betweenthem),and only 5 of the remainingsites having more than a single nucleus. The Laconia Survey EH findspots,with P284 coveringthe greatestland recovered2 cores fromthirty-five has also surfaceat 2.0 ha.97 Recent surveywork on the source island of Melos itself98 noted differences betweenthe lithicassemblagesdated to the Early Bronze II period of to a very theisland.99The productionoffine,pressure-flaked prismaticblades is restricted fewnorthcoast sites,includingPhylakopl.These are largerthan the settlementsin the interior,contain the preponderance of fine and importedwares, and show continued occupation until at least the EB III/Phylakopi I phase. What these latter examples in our view,is that value is an issue not so much of the demonstratecomprehensively, restriction of access to the obsidian quarries as of productcommoditization purported or the restriction through specialization of skill,contraryto the doubts expressed by Torrencein her importantstudy.100 The vastmajorityof the local populationin the Laconia Surveyarea were evidentlynot involvedin regularcore reductionor ownershipafterthe Neolithicperiod.We do, however,

92Runnels1985a,367; Perlés1989;Carter1994(n. 20), 137-8; J. E. Clark, 'Politics,prismaticblades, and inJ. K.Johnsonand C. A. Mesoamerican civilisation',

Morrow(eds), The Organisation of CoreTechnology (London, 1987),259-84; Pelegrin(n. 20). 93Perlés 1989, 11-13; D. E. Crabtree, 'Mesoamerican 33. polyhedralcoresand prismaticblades',Amencan Antiquity, 4 (1968),446-78,at p. 451;J. Pelegrin(pers.comm.). 94Torrence1986a,127-8. 95Torrence1986a,12fig.26, though,to be fairto Torrence, in procurementand she does suggestpossible differences dissemination strategieswhen dealingwithinsularsites(p. 137)·

96van Andel and Runnels 89-91 and map 17; Kardulias 437,table5. 97Though we would hesitateto bracketthe Laconian sites withsomeoftheregionalcentresmentionedabove. 98T. Carter,'The Neolithicand EarlyBronzeAge', in R. W. V. Catlingand G. D. R. Sanders (eds), TheMelosSurvey ig8g (inpreparation). 99Via ceramicsofKeros-Syros,or PhylakopitypeA2;cf.R. K. Evans and C. Renfrew,'The earlier Bronze Age at Phylakopi',inJ. A. MacGillivrayand R. Barber (eds), The Prehistonc Cyclades 1984),63-9. (Edinburgh, 100Torrence1986a, 139-63;Carterin press(n. 20); id. 1994 (n. 20), 134-6,fig.3.

i68 Chapter18 believein somecontinuity ofsocio-economic practicesintotheEBA, namelythedependence or individuals for non-local procuringobsidianforthisregion,albeitwithan upon groups are now difference: there important signsof a greaterdegree of centralizationand socioeconomicinequality,withonly certainsiteswarrantingdirectcontactfromthe traderor craftspersonresponsible for core reduction at that locality.We also see evidence for changes on a more fundamentallevel, withprocurementand productionhavingshifted out ofthehandsofsmallgroupsof 'independent'itinerantspecialists largely,ifnotentirely, into more controlledand directionedstrategiesorganizedby a small numberof regional centres. These sites,oftencoastalsettlements,101 by dintoftheirpopulationsize and socio-political were either of undertakingthe voyage to Melos themselvesor organization,102 capable establishedwithothertraders.Indeed, resource via the gained patron-clientrelationships of material dissemination (pre-formedcores or raw nodules) fromregional secondary centressuch as Lerna, ArgolidExplorationProjectF32, Agios Kosmas, and Manika has to whichit would be temptingto add the sitesof eitherAgios alreadybeen suggested,103 or as Stephanos Pavlopetri possible emporia supplyingour Laconian communities(see forthe firsttime,fromthe quantityand rangeof debitagerecovered below).Furthermore, fromsome oftheselargerEBA sites,one can suggestthatthe skilledpersonsresponsiblefor obsidian pressure-flaked blade productionhad now become fullyintegratedmembersof individualcommunities. withintheLaconia Surveyarea, theobsidiandebitage Forthemajority ofEH communities have been theproductof a fewindividualsor limited recoveredfromthesesitescould easily groupof people,who had no permanentbase in the region.Whetherthistransposesintoa concept of peripatetic,full-timeknapperscoveringsuch large areas as proposed forthe Neolithicperiod,is debatablegiventhe markedEBA regionalismin lithictechnologynow recognized.104 of the correlationof site size, location,on-siteproduction, No satisfactory interpretation of raw materials,skills,and trade as part of the and the potentialrole of the 'restriction' developmentof social hierarchieshas yet been put forward.The understandingand of the emergenceand is crucialto our comprehension of theserelationships interpretation and social inequalityof the EB II periodwithinthe of the politicalstructures development southernAegean as a whole.What littlediscussiontherehas been seemsto suggestthat,in order for craftspecialization to successfullyemerge, a certain level of socio-political has to havebeen achieved. complexity While Renfrew'ssubtle and complex model forthe 'emergenceof civilisation'in the southernAegean world could neverbe describedas deterministicin its structure,craft specialization is portrayed as dependent upon external factors for favouring its

101A littoral situation is not the sole avenue to sociocan as morepowerfulcommunities economicdevelopment, gain regularaccess to resourcesbeyond theirimmediate withothergroups. established environsthroughrelationships 102Broodbank (n. 67); T. Whitelaw,'The settlementat Fournou Koriphi, Myrtos,and aspects of Early Minoan and L. Nixon(eds), in O. Krzyszkowska social organisation',

Minoan Society(Proceedingsof the CambridgeColloquium igSi)

(Bristol,1983),323-45,at pp. 336-7.

103Distribution fromthesesiteshas alreadybeen positedby Mylonas 1959, 155; Runnels1985a,369, 388; and by T. W. Jacobsen,'Appendix1: obsidianin Euboea', in L. Sackett,V. Hankey,R. J. Howell,T. W.Jacobsen,and M. R. Popham, towarda survey',BSA 61 Euboea: contributions 'Prehistoric (1966),33-112,at p. 107. ιυ*rerles 1909, 14. A number01 dinerentiaitechnological and mechanismsare represented by the rangeof core-types in thearchaeologicalrecord. methodsofcresting

Chippedstone 169 an increase in development,includingthe concentrationof resourcesby redistribution, and and innovation.105 Similarly,in an agriculturalproduction, metallurgical population a article on Mesoamerican lithic Clark noted industries, gap of some two important and itswidespreadadoption.The hundredyearsbetweentheinnovationofpressure-flaking was thatthe industry was by its explanationforsuch a 'lag' in technologicaldissemination and could exist under certain conditions a nature only whereby 'minimal very specialized Its ultimatesuccess could therebybe level of socio-politicalcomplexitywas required'.106 correlatedwiththe riseof the Olmec chiefdoms.However,in a subsequentpaper studying numerousethnographicand historicalexamples of craftspecialization,Clark came to a radically differentconclusion, completely reversingthe relationship between social complexityand craftspecialization and givingthe formerdue recognitionof its great potentialinfluencein thedevelopmentofthelatter.107 Pullenhas arguedthat'Craftspecialistsare notin themselves necessarily important people withina society',108 a view sharedby Perlésas regardsthe statusof those specializedfew fortheproductionand exchangeof stonetoolsduringtheNeolithic.In the right responsible socio-politicalcontext,however,this can change. Renfrew'sperceptionof craftskillsas to be developedand controlledby social hierarchies commodities may be a particularly apt the evidencefromthe EBA southernAegean. We would claim viewpointwhenconsidering to emergeis one oftheappropriation thatthepicturebeginning ofan ancienttechnology and knowledgeas one ofa numberofavenuesto powerbycertaincorporategroupsat thestartof whichmay in turnhelp to explainsome new patternsof lithicuse the EarlyBronzeAge,109 and depositionthatappearat thistime.110 Whilethepotentialramifications ofsuchan interpretation are tantalizing, thescope ofthis workcannotjustify at thispoint. takingtheargument anyfurther TRADE ROUTES

As forthe overland route of the obsidian trade (the Evrotas has never,it seems, been offerslittleinformation. In the MH-LH period we navigable),our materialunfortunately knowthatceramicswerebeingimportedto theMenelaion111 fromwesternCretevia Kythera; and Agios Stephanoshas large-scaleobsidianworkingdated to the EH II period.Fromthe Kynouriaregioneast of Parnonthereis evidenceforproductionand importation,112 though crossingthe mountainrangewould not have been as simpleas a tripup the Evrotasvalley. Dissemination fromthecentresoftheArgolidis also possible,buta moredetailedstudyofthis issueis requiredbeforeanything definite can be said.113 As has been briefly discussedabove,moreoftenthannot notablylargerconcentrations of

105Renfrew, £"0476-504. 106Clark(n. 92),273. 107 J. E. Clark and J. E. Parry,'Craft specialisation and

cultural complexity', Research in EconomicAnthropology, 12

(1990),289-346.

108D. in Early BronzeAge Greece:A J. Pullen, Social Organisation

Multi-dimensional Approach (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, Microfilms 198^:University Interational, 8<w66^), 267-8. 109Cf. Nakou (n. 76). Though social differentiation is most obvious fromthe earlier EB II period, the originsof the

commoditization of lithictechnologymay go back as faras theFN1/EBI. 110Carter1994(n. 20). 111H. W. Catling(pers.comm.). 112e.g.at KoutriAno Meligous,Phaklaris2 pis 44-5 (Chapter 23 below,siteAA18). 113See e.g. M. Attas,J. M. Fossey, and L. Yaffe, 'An archaeometric study of Early Bronze Age potteryand exchangein Argolisand Korinthia(Corinthia),Greece',JFA 14(1987),77-90.

170 Chapter 18

obsidianare to be foundat coastalsitesas comparedto thosefromthe interior.114 Certainly, movement ofgoodsoverlongdistanceswouldhavebeen fareasieroverwaterthanland until in Greekhistory. The recovery of'Cycladica',includingobsidian,acrossthe relatively recently in EB II a the is Aegean period115 likelytestimonyto just such lengthyvoyages being undertaken at thistime.116 The reportedwreckof a boat discoveredoffthe islandof Dokos, nearthesouth-east coastoftheArgolid,mayrepresent The excavationof just suchmovement. EB thisunderwater dated to includes a wide EH of II, ceramics,ground assemblage, range stoneand obsidian.117 FUNCTION

In spite of its potential, little functionalanalysis has been undertakenon stone tool Our materialis unfortunately unsuitableformicrowear assemblagesin theAegean region.118 is which on obsidian to be The analysis, beginning trulyproductive.119 one instancewe haveof is the 'sicklegloss' on the denticulatedblade of silex traits to function recognizable relating is mostlikelyto be associatedwithplant fromR287/1.This macroscopicsurfacealteration120 one cannot between tracesmade by the harvesting of distinguish cuttingactivities;however, It also reflects deliberate a or reeds. choice of silex as medium for cereals,fodder,thatch, denticulatedpieces,mostlikelylinkedto its durability comparedwiththe sharpbut fragile characterofobsidian.121 of functional activityto the flakedstonefromany of our sites Beyondthis,any attribution wouldbe purespeculation.

114For the Péloponnèse w of the Argolid, large assemblageshave been notedat the followinglaterNl-EH II sites: Alepotrypa cave (Mani): Laconia Catalogue (Chapter 23 below), LL164; G. A. Papathanasopoulos, 'ΣπήλαιαΔίρου, 1971',ΑΛΑ4.3 (1971),289-304, at p. 292;

Agios Stephanos and Elaphonisi- Pavlopetri (SE

Laconia): Laconia Catalogue, NN250;Kardulias 426-32; PL ii. 145-8; A. Harding, G. Cadogan, and R. Howell, 'Pavlopetri:an underwaterBronze Age town in Laconia', BSA 64 (1969), 113-42; Agios Dimitrios (Messenia): Zachos (n. 42), 147, 291-2. Korakochorio (Arkadia): Torrence1986a, 128. 115Renfrew, EC fig.20.5.; Carter1994 (n. 20). In particular, the obsidianrecoveredfromPelikataand the R-Gräbenon Leukas is likelyto have been introducedto theserespective 'Excavationsin Ithaca, IF, BSA sitesby sea: W. A. Heurtley, 25 (1934-5), 1-45; W. Dörpfeld,Alt-Ithaka:einBeitragzur Homer-Frage (Osnabrück,1927). 116Broodbank (n. 67); id., 'Ulysses withoutsails: trade, distance,knowledgeand powerin the earlyCyclades',World

diss.,Instituteof Archaeology, London, 1979);P. Vaughan, in 'Use-wearanalysisof Mesolithicchippedstoneartifacts', Perles1990b. 119S. Lewenstein, StoneToolUsesat Cerros (Austin,Tex., 1987); L. Hurcombe, 'The potential of functionalanalysis of obsidiantools:a close view', in E. Malone and S. Stoddart iv (BAR S244; 1985),50-60; (eds),PapersinItalianArchaeology, in AustralianuseR. L. K. Fullager,'Recentdevelopments wear and residue studies', in S. Beyries (ed.), Industries ettechnologie lithiques:traceologie (BAR S411; 1988), ii. 133-45.

120For formation theorem see P. Anderson-Gerfaud,

à l'analysedes microtraces d'utilisation Contribution méthodologique

wear Patternsand ChippedStoneArtefacts from theNeolithicand

sur les outilspréhistoriques (thèse de doctorat, Institutdu Quaternaire,Universitéde Bordeaux,Talène, 1981);C. A. Bettison, 'An experimental approach to sickle sheen deposition and archaeological interpretation', Lithic 14. 1 (1985), 26-32; N. D. Meeks, G. de G. Technology, Sieveking,M. S. Tite, and J. Cook, 'Gloss and use-wear traceson flintsicklesand similarphenomena',JAS9 (1982), 317-40. This wear is usually associated withthe abrasive presentin plants,thougha qualitiesof the opal phytoliths silicious-based material is not essential: I. Levi-Sala, 'Processes of polish formationon flinttool surface', in Beyries(n. 119),ii. 83-98. 121ror a relateddiscussionsee C. Perlesand r. Vaughan, 'Pièces lustrées,travaildes planteset moissonsà Franchthi (Grèce) (Xème à IVème mill. av.J.-C.)', in M. C. Cauvin

Chippedand GroundStoneToolsfromSeskloCA'(unpublished Ph.D.

(Travauxde la Maison de l'Orient,5; Lyonand Paris,1983); Perlés1981,135.

Archaeology, 24. 3 (1993), Z^-'o1·

117G. A. Papathanasopoulos, 'To πρωτοελλαδικόναυάγιο της Δόκου', ΑΑΑ 9· ι (ΐ97^), !7~23J id., Y. Vichos, E. Hadzidaki,and Y. Lolos, 'Dokos: 1990campaign',Ennalia,2 (1992),4-23, at p. 8. 1Iö bee, however,Ο. r. Diamond,A òtuayoj Microscopic UsePh.D. thesis,Univ.of Bronze AgeUvelsqfKnossos (unpublished London, 1974); A. Christopoulou, MicrowearAnalysisof

du Proche-Onent sur les outilsnéolithiques (ed.), Tracesd'utilisation

Groundstone 171

THE GROUND STONE INTRODUCTION

ofthe abouteitherthelocale or thenatureofthemanufacture Littlecan be saidwithcertainty either is that most of these artefacts were formed The reason for this by implements. following in mainly peckingor grindingaway thenaturalsurfaceof the chosenraw material,resulting microscopicdetritusunrecoverablein the majorityof excavationcontexts,let alone field remainupon thetool'ssurface(as opposed wheretracesofmanufacture Furthermore, survey. as to such to use-wearor post-depositional modification), detailsmayonlyconveyinformation later processes.For example,the techniqueof polishingwitnessedon many of the tools discussedbelow has usuallyobliteratedany evidenceof earlierstagesin the implement's production. There is a stronglikelihoodthat the majorityof these itemswere manufacturedfrom ifnot the immediatevicinity. For such simplepieces as materialslocal to the Péloponnèse,122 there would be little or no need for and rubbers, miningand long-distance pounders collected from the banks of a river Waterworn (suchas theEvrotas)would pebbles transport. suitableforsuchtasks. havebeen eminently 1. POLISHED

STONE CELTS (ILL. 18.10; PLATE 5)

A class coveringimplements witha workingedge designedforeithera percussive(director indirect) action,e.g. axes, adzes, chisels,or forslicing,as withards and hoes. Withinthe surveymaterialit has been possibleto definethreegroups:the firstupon thevisualappearanceof itsraw material,the last twobytheirdistinctive forms. a. Black stone celts (ILL. 18.10,a-b; PLATE5 a-b). Formedfroma dense, black, lustrous,fine-grainedstone; These findsare similarto thoughR429SF 1 had smallred spots.123 generallythereare no macroscopicinclusions, In the pieces made of 'hématitebleu ardoise'recoveredfromKouphovounoand otherGreekmainlandsites.124 thatthestoneis notlocal. addition,theirrelativeraritysuggesting The artefactsare verysmoothfrompolishing,withtheirdelicatefacetingoftenonlyvisibleunder oblique thecuttingedge is convexin plan withan acute-angledsection,whilethebuttis short Wherepreserved, lighting. and rounded.Theirsmallsize was probablydictatedbythedimensionsofthenaturalpebbles,as thelargestofsix unused)blackstone,recoveredfromE48,measuredonly2.98 X 1.83X (thoughnotnecessarily piecesofunmodified 1.22cm and weighs13g. Function. The hardnessof the stone,combinedwiththe formof the tools,suggeststhattheywerepercussive bestsuitedto working wood or bone,ratherthanards.125 implements, Date.Their associationis withboth Late or Final Neolithic(E77,R429)and EarlyHelladic (U3006,Γ276)sites. Dated comparandaare few:thosefromKouphovounoare unstratified finds;a possibleparallelfromMalthiis MH. AtAgiosStephanosand Zygouries, wherethemajority ofceltsweremade ofthisstone,all wereEH II.126 E77,P267,N415,R429,T480,U498,U3006.

122 All descriptions offered beloware based uponvisual of only.See Renard, Kouphovouno, 79,fora review inspection thelikely sources fortherawmaterial ofground stonetools found atthisnearby site. 123Compare celtHS266from AgiosStephanos: Taylour 243. 124 Kouphovouno:Renard,Kouphovouno, 88-9,nos.193-5, pis20.8;,19.3-4;PL i. 74andpl. 22.2; Zygouries:Biegen 199;Eutresis:Goldman, fig.274.3. 125ror the applicationof multivanateapproachesin

functional theFunction of analysissee R. Grace,Interpreting

Stone Tools: The Quantification and Computerisation of Microwear et le bronze Analysis(BAR S474; 1989); R. Treuil, L· néolithique ancien égéens:les problèmesstratigraphiques et chronologiques, les

les hommes(Paris, 1983), 175, suggests that techniques, striationson the workingedge may indicate the angle of use. 12bRenard,Kouphovouno, 79; Valmin,SME 348 and 351,pl. 26 F 6, fig.74. 5; Taylour243,pl. 51 c; Biegen199.

172 Chapter 18 b. Flat celts.A groupofsub-triangular celtswhoselengthand widthalwaysexceedtheirbreadth;theclasscan be further subdividedintosquatand elongated,flatcelts. Squat.A singlecompleteexample:A3018SF 1. Comparableformsfromexcavatedsitesare ofEH date.127 Six whole examplesof similarsize: L. 6.48-7.50 (A3019SF 1; £48(80)SF 7), W. 4.09-5.16 (U3006 SF Elongated. 5; and H12 SF 1), breadth 1.30-2.80 (£48(80) SF 7; U500 B4 SF 15), weight60-146 g (A3019SF 1; U500 B4 SF l8).!28

The featurescommon to both subtypesare rounded butts,facetingto definethe sides and cuttingedge (whichis acute and convexin profile),and flat,broad faces.The materialsused are largelya rangeof fine-to coarse-grainedgreenishstones, the coarser usually having macroscopic inclusions. H12 SF 1 is the main exception,beingmade froma brownishstone.The discoveryof unworked,naturallysmoothedpebblesat R287 oftheseartefacts. It maywell also (SF 1: 4.04 X 2.81 X 1.52,24 g) and LS 10985impliessome on-sitemanufacture suggestthatthe stoneswere procuredfromsecondarysources(possiblycollectedas riverpebbles)ratherthan fromquarries. and the absence of heavydamage to the edge Function. Unknown;the cuttingedge would suitwoodworking, arguesagainsttheidea thattheywereards. Date.Apartfromthe LN1/FN1contextof the piece fromE48, the majorityare fromEH sites(U501and U502 beingperipheralto themainEH siteU500)and shouldbe datedto theEarlyBronzeAge. H12, E48, R275, R428, U500, U501, U502, U3006, A3018, LS 10939.129

froma and b byhigheredge anglesand by c. Axes.A smallgroupoflarge,heavy,thickimplements distinguished The materialis usuallya coarse-grained less attention to thefacetingand polishingof surfaces.130 greenishstone, similarto thatof some elongatedflatcelts.The mostcompleteexampleis U519SF 3, whichcould be brokenbut (ILL.18.10,d; PLATE5 b,upperL). A morerecognizabletypeis U502SF 2, halfofa drilledshaftmightbe flat-based holeaxe (PLATE 5 b,upperr.).131 Function. Unknown,but the angle of theirworkingedge, theirweight,and the breadth of theirbodies rule out delicate cuttingwork. No care was taken to polish these artefacts,and they are more heavily abraded than other celts of similarappearance and provenance.It is thereforemost likelythat theywere heavy-dutyimplementsemployed as axes or ards, which would explain their ratherbattered condition. The exception,a shaft-holeaxe fromU502 (PLATE5 d), may have been a weapon and is recognized as a typeof implementintroducedinto the Helladic world fromthe northtowardsthe latterpart of the Early Bronze Age.132 thematerialsare similarto thoseused fortheflatcelts.Parallelsfor Date.EH findspots moreover, predominate; in use intotheME133 OtherfindsfromU502 axe U502SF 2 date to the EH III period,continuing the shaft-hole wouldseemto favouran EH dateforthisparticularexample.134 U500, U502, U519, U3006.

127See Blegen'ssecond group of celts at Zygouries,'small and approximatelyheart-shaped',of EH II date (Biegen 199). The small celts of 'type a' fromEutresis are EH: Goldman202 fig.274. 1-3. 128Plainly,weightvariesaccordingto the densityof the raw material:notall theseare ofthesame stone. 129Renard,Kouphovouno. 8
theEarlyBronzeAge(SIMA Pocket Books, 116; Göteborg, 1992),229, afterE. C. Banks, TheEarlyandMiddleHelladic SmallObjects fromLerna(Ph.D. diss.,Univ.ofCincinnati,1967;

Microfilms 67-15948,Ann Arbor,Mich.),99-107, University 689. 133The earliestexamplesin the Péloponnèseare fromAsea (Holmberg122and fig.115.11-12),dated by Forsèn(n. 132), 229, to EH HI 2, whichshejudges to be 'somewhatolder' than those ones found at Lerna IV C-D (J. L. Gaskey, 'Lerna in theEarlyBronzeAge',AJA72 (1968),313-16,at p. 314. ForexamplesfromEutresis see Goldman207,fig.278. 6-8, fig.279. 1-2; Asine, Frödinand Persson244-6, fig.175. 7. Those pieces fromMalthi (Valmin,SME 344-8, pl. 26 A 3; fig.73. 3, pl. 26 Β 3) dated ΈΗ' III and ΈΗ' respectively, are now considered,alongwithall materialfromtheearliest depositsat thesite,to be MH: Forsèn(n. 132),229-30. 134Which is interestingin itself,given thatJ. B. Rutter, and the ceramicregionalism 'EarlyHelladicIII vasepainting, influenceof basketry',in E. Frenchand K. Wardle (eds), in Greek Problems (Bristol,1988),73-89, at p. 74, has Prehistory as EarlyHelladic notedthatthereis 'no potteryrecognisable IIP in eitherLaconia or Messenia(myemphasis).

Groundstone 173 («)

III. 18.10.Groundstone,i. Polishedstonecelts,(α)ι a. U3006SF4. (A)1 a. R429SF 1. (c) 1 b. A3018SF 1. (d) 1 c. U519SF3. All at 2 : 3.

18.10 Illustration 1 a. brokenand has (a) U3006SF4. Blackstonecelt;thelargestexample,almostcomplete.Cuttingedge is slightly somesurfaceabrasion.Smallbutsharptool.4.84 X 3.54 X 0.29 ( = PLATE 5 a, r.). ofblackstonecelt;one marginand partofcuttingedge remain.Wellpolished,multi(b) 1 a. R429SF 1. Fragment facetedsides.2.84 X1.52X1.11( = PLATE 5 a, lower1.). (c) 1 b. A3018SF 1. Completeexampleof'squat' flatceltwithslightdamageon one marginofthebutt;thesurface is polished,thoughpeckingmarksremain.The stoneis a beige-green. 4.54 X 3.89 X 1.63,43 g ( = PLATE 5 c,upperL). 1 SF c. stone axe with darker (d) U519 3. Grey-green olive-greeninclusions;whetherflat-based(?) or brokenis difficult to say.It has a highangle,and itsworkingedge is vaguelydefinedbyfaceting. Peckingmarksare visibleall somedamage.8.99 X 5.80 X 5.00, 398 g ( = PLATE over;itis notpolishedand has suffered 5 d,upperL).

174 Chapter 18 Platej (α):ι a. Blackstonecelts. I.) E77SF 2. Broken,withroundedbutt;peckingmarksjust visible,withdelicatefacetingon sides.2.49 X 3.31 (Upper X 1.11,19g. Colour 10 Β 6 4/1. (Lower I.) R429SF 1 (describedunderILL. 18.10b). (Right.) U3006SF4 (describedunderILL. 18.10a). Plates ft)'·* a· Blackstonecelt. withacutecuttingedge.Wellpolishedwithslightabrasion/breakage on P267SF 17.Almostcomplete,multi-faceted thebutt.2.83 X 2.18X 1.13. Plate5 (c): 1 b. Flat celts. I.) A3018SF 1 (describedunderILL.18.10c). (Upper The celthas texturewithsomedarkerinclusions. (Upper r.)A3019SF 1. Made on a grey-green pebbleoffine-grained been polished,buton thesidesthefacetsare stillvisible,as are thehammering tracesfromtheinitialpreparation. 6.48 X 4.82 X 1.89,60 g.. (Middlerow,I.) £48(80)SF7. Completeelongatedtriangleform,one sidebadlyabraded.The cuttingedge is thinned butwithno definite facetor peckingmarks.Grey-brown withblackishinclusions.7.50X 4.71X 1.30,67 g. (Middlerow,r.)R275SF 1. Broken,faceted,wellpolished;somevughspossiblydue to theerosionofinclusions.Dark 6.40 X 5.90 X 3.45,151g. brownish-green. (Bottom I.) U500 B4 SF 15. Elongatedtriangleform,buttmissing.Wellpolished;facetingon all sides;retainssharp blade angle.Fine-grained withdarkergreenmacroscopicinclusions. 7.15X 4.20 X 2.80, 146g. greenstone (Bottom r.)U3006SF 5. Partoftheblade is missingbuttheentireprofileremains.Fine and denseolivegreen-stone. Some irregularpitsmay indicatethatit was made upon a wornpebble; the polishhas removedmosttracesof form.6.82 X 4.09 X 1.40,70 g. pecking.Elongated,sub-triangular Plate5 (d): 1 c. Axes. (Upper I.) U519SF3 (describedunderILL. 18.10d). stonewithyellowish inclusions;unpolished.8.04 X axe; coarsegreenish-grey r.)U502SF 2. Drilledshaft-hole (Upper 5.00x5.60, 311g. (Lower I.) U3006SF3. Appearsto havebeen reusedas a hammerstone. 5.77X 5.34 X 5.51,198g. (Lowerr.) U500 Ai SF 4. Piece withhigh edge angle; greenishcoarse-grainedstonewithyellowspots.Abraded conditionbutno evidenceofpolishing.12.02X 8.60 X 5.42,575g. 2. POLISHERS

(PLATE 6 a)

A numberof largenaturalpebblesused to abrade or smooth.The largestand mostcompletepiece is E48(8o)SF8, 19.70X 7.00 X 6.15,ofa reddishbrownor dullreddishcolour(10R 5/3-2.5YR5/3).All the reddishstone(U500B3 SF 12 and LS 11104 were examplesweremade of a hard,dense,quartzite-like, rathermore white/greenin hue). The stones'naturalcoloursare accentuatedby polishing,which, made themconspicuousto the to theirimmediateenvirons, combinedwiththeirapparentforeignness surveyteams. Function. Unknown;theirrelativelylarge size and the high degree of surfacepolish makes them unlikelycandidates for such delicate tasks such as burnishingpottery.Experimentalworkmay yield more information,but animal hide preparation is a distinctpossibility,given that other artefactsrecoveredfromthe same sites would have been more appropriateforplant and cereal processing. Date.The majority are fromEH or LN1/FN1findspots, Age sites. thoughsomeare frompost-Bronze E48(8o) (JV= 7); U500 (5); R428 (4); H18, U498, U502, U511;LS 10939, m°2, 11104.

Plate6 (a): sevenexamplescollectedfromtheU500complex. 3. HAMMERSTONES

OR POUNDERS (ILL. 18.11; PLATE 6 b)

These percussivetoolswere recognizedby pittingand heavyabrasionon one or moreof the stone's wereofa materialsimilarto thatused fortheflat Of theeightpiecescollected,themajority extremities. celtand axe classes,namelyfine-to coarse-grained, heavygreenstones.The twoexceptionsare £48(80)

Groundstone 175 XZb Giventhatitwas polished SF 6, a quartzite-like stone,and U532SF 1,a pounderof lapislacedaemonius. a latter's function as was a on two sides,the pounder quite possibly secondaryuse, its originalform havingbeen broken(PLATE6 b, lowerI.).136Althoughall exampleshad been shaped,theredoes not seemto havebeen a standardform. Function. Unknown;too large and unwieldyfordelicatework,e.g. the reductionof small obsidian nodules;more appropriatefora peckingtechnique,used to shape materialswithouta conchoidal fracture habit.They may,forexample,have servedin theproductionof otherground-stone toolssuch as ards,celts,and querns.Althoughheavilypittedfromuse-wear,theymaystillhavebeen used forthe ofsoftmaterialssuchas hidesor plants,ifemployedupon an anvil-like surface. processing Date.Many are foundon EH-LH sites,butwithoutstratigraphical associationstheyare difficult to date as theirformhardlychanges throughoutthe Bronze Age.137Ours are frompredominantly sites:LN1/FN1(£48),EH (U500,U3006,LS 10933),and MH/LH (U514). prehistoric E48, R425, U500, U514,U532, U3006, LS 10933, LS IO922.

18.11 Illustration hammer,facetedand polished,withtracesoforiginalpeckingremaining (a) R425SF 1. Small,roughlyheart-shaped in places.4.97 X 4.06 X 2.54,94 g. (b)U3006SF 6. Used on bothends;on thesides,fivesmoothedfacets;greenishstonewithlightergreeninclusions. 6 b,lowerr.). 7.42X 5.73X 4.17,308 g (PLATE Plate6 (b) stonewithdarkergreeninclusions.Traces of facetingalong {UpperI.) LS 10993SF 1. Hammerstoneof olive-green sides;has been smoothedon bothfacesbutoriginalpeckingmarksremain.9.17X 6.94 X 4.04,420 g. {Upperr.) U514SF 1. Rounded/ovalhammerstone. Fine-grainedmaterialwithsome tinyinclusions.Hammering marksall alongthesides.6.72x 6.03 x 3.44,204 g. had a hole in itscentre?5.53 X 3.76 X 4.98, 147g. {Lower I.) U532SF 1. Pounderoflapislacedaemonius; originally r.)U3006SF6 (describedunderILL.18.11b). {Lower 4. PESTLES (ILL. 18.12; PLATE 6 c)

werefound.Theirformis ofa truncated Fourrecognizablefragments cone witha rounded,ratherthan and smoothedsurfaces.No pointed,tip oppositethe workingend. They have circularcross-sections raw material was colours from to single employed, ranging orange-brown the greenand olive-green stonesusedfor1-3. Date.PublishedparallelsrangefromE/MN1 to LH.138BothR428 and U3006 have EH finds,but all fourlocationsalso includeclassicalmaterial,thoughnone ofthefinemarblehourglasstypes,or indeed were recoveredfromthese any otherformsin marble(theusual stoneforpestlesin laterantiquity), sites.139 R420,R428,S524,U3006.

135 Lapis lacedaemonius occurs in the Psiphi area of S. Laconia (see Laconia Catalogue, JJ121).It was quarried from at least as early as LM I- II, quite intensively in Roman imperial times, and sporadically through to the 20th cent.: PL i. 105-7; Ρ Warren, 'Lapis lacedaemonius', in Φιλολάκων 285-96, at pp. 287, 295-6. Agios Stephanos, 6 km SE of the main source, appears to have been a centre forworking this material, a number of implements and drill cores having been recovered there: Taylour 243 (and pl. 51 j), 247, 248, 261. 136In the LBA the material's predominant use seems to have been forthe production of sealstones and stone vases, though a pounder comes from Agios Stephanos: Warren (n. 135); Taylour 260, HS 313.

137 e.g. the pieces fromEH-LH Eutresis, Goldman 202-11, figs. 275-6, 281; at Zygouries they were 'the commonest of all stone implements' of EH II date (Biegen 200 and fig.188); Asine, EH II and LH: Frödin and Persson 176 no. 7 and 460 fig.224; Prosymna, LH examples: C. W. Biegen, Prosymna: The Helladic Settlement theArgiveHeraeum(Cambridge, Preceding Mass., 1937), 460 and fig.224. 138Elateia: Weinberg (η. 29), pl. 70. 6. Eutresis: Goldman, fig. 276. 10. Asine: Frödin and Persson 249, fig.176 no. 6. Malthi: Valmin, SME 355-6, pl. 38 E. 139At Corinth during the Greek and Roman periods the vast majority of pestles were marble. Bronze or brass replaced it in the Byzantine period, continuing into the 20th cent.: Davidson 190.

176 Chapter 18

or pounders,(a) R425SF 1. (b)U3006SF6. Bothat 2 : 3. III. i8.ii. Groundstone.3. Hammerstones

III. 18.12.Groundstone.4. Pestles,(a) R420SF 1. (b)U3006SF 2. Bothat 2 : 3.

Illustration 18.12 end badlydamaged,mosttracesoforiginalpeckingand polishinglost.A lightorangestone, (a) R420SF 1. Working 6 c,upper1.). itis thelargestexamplefound:9.20 x 4.77x 3.63,245 g (PLATE on top end,bottom (b) U3006SF 2. Wellpolishedon roundedsides,peckingmarksstillvisible.Hammering-marks verysmoothfromgrinding. Compactmaterial.5.80 X 5.08 X 4.30, 218g.

Ground stone 177 Plate6 (c) [UpperI.) R420 SF 1 (described under ILL. 18.12 a). (Upperr.) R428 SF 2. Only top remains,round polished form.Some peckingmarksare visible.3.40 X 2.73 X 2.73, 38 g. {Jjower I.) U3006 SF 2 (described under ILL. 18.12 b). {Lowerr.) S524 A SF 2. Broken, round in section; pecking marks all over. 6.40 X 4.61 X 4.38, 154.25 g. LS 10959 SF I(Centre) 5. MORTARS

(PLATE

6 d)

One examplewas recovered, U520SF5. Date: classical-hellenistic. Plate6 (d): U520SF5. Completeexample;top and verticalsidesworkedflatwitha chisel2.5 mmwide.31.50X 23.00x 2.85 (depthofbasin).Diameterofcentraldepression10.5-11.5. 6. GRINDING IMPLEMENTS (PLATES 7, 8 a)

A classoftoolsproviding twohardsurfacesbetweenwhichmaterialscouldbe crushedor powdered.In involved a stationary bottomstone,upon whichthe gristwould be placed to be this usually practice an stone of smaller or equal sizemovingin a linearor rotarymotion.The groupcan be groundby upper whichwillbe morecloselydefinedbelow.140 subdivided intoquernsand millstones, (Querns

Primitive handmillswhichin theirsimplestformconsistedof a hand-heldstoneand a firmbase (both abrasive),betweenwhichthegristwouldbe crushed. a. Saddle querns(PLATE 7 a). The bottomstoneis curvedalongitsprincipalaxis,moststeeplyat eitherend,to stop thetop stonefromslippingoff.Fiftylowerhalveswerecollectedfrom26 locations;the largestgroupcame from P269 (JV= 12),whichproducedtwo of the sevencompleteexamples.Few of the hand-heldgrindingstoneswere recognizedin thefield,thoughR428 SF 7, a wholepiece,was recovered.Nearlycircularin form,made fromfinewith grainedlimestoneand measuring7.90 X 7.50 X 2.23 cm (208 g), itsedges had been shaped by hammering, tracesof grindingobservedon its flattersurface.None of the regular,heavy,sphericalpieces recognizedby Goldmanat Eutresis141 wererecoveredfromthe survey;the closestin formwas U514SF 1, whosetracesof wear, weremorediagnosticofhammering. however, and Three maintypesofrawmaterialwereused: sandstone,coarse-grained (oftenwithinclusions), greenstones varietiesof schist.For example,P263 SF 2, a completesaddle quern of gneiss,dark greenwithveins of white (quartz?)runningthroughits body,whichis of elongatedovoid form(41.50 x 18.00 X 3.47-4.11)withtracesof sandstone,was trapezoidal to peckingalong its margins.P269 SF 10, also complete,of lightgreenish-grey in shape (36.70X 15.30X 4.80-6.30),withthesidesand facesonce again shapedby hammering. R428 rectangular SF3 was ofa porouslight-green stonewithdarkgreenveins.Rectangularto ovoidin shape,itwas workedbydirect percussionupon boththeendsand sides(2.70X 15.00X 5.30; PLATE7 a, lower1.).Thus, on theevidenceavailable, mostof thesequernsweresub-rectangular to elongatedovoid in form,shaped along theirmarginsand working facebutnotunderneath. Function. It has been arguedthattheseimplements mayhave serveda numberoftasks,notjust theprocessingof foodbutalso thecrushingoftemperforpottery, or thesharpening ofcelts.142 Date.Largelyon thebasisoftheircontexts, themajority ofthesepiecesare prehistoric. The sitesofP263and P269 are purelyEH, withP284,R428,S478,U500,U520,and U3006 beingmainlyEH. Interestingly, no quernswere recovered fromLN1/FN1sites.Handstoneswerealso recoveredfromclassicalsites:H31,R275,P279,and R526. andésitesaddlequernsfromexcavationsin southernGreece,was able to discriminate between Runnels,studying examplesof LN1 and EH date on the basis of size.143 Comparingour resultswithhis (TABLE18.7),it is apparent thatthe Laconia Surveymaterialis quite similarto the EH materialfromthe Argolidand Attica,albeitslightly 140 Therehaspreviously beena descriptive in inconsistency theliterature: cf.A. J. B. Wace and M. S. Thompson, Prehistoric Thessaly (Cambridge,1912),72; Biegen 200; Runnels 1985b, 33;Torrence 1986b, 96.

141Goldman204fig.275.4, 6 (EH); 208fig.278.1-2(MH); 211fig.282.1,3 (LH). 142 Runnels 33-4. 1985b, 143Runnels 1981;1985b, 33-5.

178 Chapter

18 Sites S. Aegean

(various) S.Aegean (various) S. Aegean (various) P263 SF 2 P269 SF 1 P269 SF 10

R428SF3 P271 SF 1

Penod L/FN1

No. 10

Ungth 20.3

Width 13.8

5.6

Thickness

EH II

17

32.6

18.4

8.8

EH III

14

34.1

20.2

6.2

1 1 1 1 1

41.5 35.5 27.3 27.3 32.0

18.0

5.52 5.06 5.60 5.30 4.08

EH EH EH EH Cl

15.3 15.3 15.0 15.0

Table 18.7: Comparisonof completesaddle quern dimensionsfromthe Laconia Surveyand othersouthern fromRunnels1985b,33, table 3.1. The Laconian data for'thickness'are mean figures Aegean sites.Information due to variancealongthelongitudinal axis. forthe datingof the narrowerand thinner.144 While it is temptingto see thisevidenceas further corroboration Laconia Surveyassemblage,therelatively smallsize ofthesample(ofcompletepieces)mustbe bornein mind. = 9); U500(3); P284(2); H31,P263,R275,P279,R290,U511,U3006,A3018. Siteswithschistsaddlequerns:P269(JV Siteswithsandstonesaddlequerns:P269(3); S478(2); T445,R526,LS 10994. Siteswith'greenstone'saddle querns: U500 (3); U516,U520 (2); P284,R428,U506, U511,U519,U520,U3022; LS 10823,m32· form.It was b. Rectangularsaddlequern(PLATE 7 b). S509 SF 3 is thelowerstoneofa saddlequernofrectangular witha slightly widertool(1.4).The working surface, shapedwitha chisel(W.c.0.7cm) on all sides,and underneath also prepared,was wornat thecentreto a depthof 0.6. It is made froma hardgreenish-grey stonewithreddish and quartzinclusions. brown,blackto grey-blue, Date: classical.145 c. Egyptian-boat quern. P274SF 1, a completeexamplerecovered,withthe bottomstonemade fromimported graniteand theupperofsandstone.It is thethin,elongatedupperstonewitha pronouncedriseat each end,which Good parallelsfromOlynthosdate to the last quarterof the5th givesit the distinctive 'Egyptianboat' shape.146 and first halfofthe4thcenturiesBC(PLATE 7 c). Date: classical. d. Hopperrubbers.Also referred to as 'Olynthianmills',as so manywererecoveredfromtheeponymoussite;they a top and a technological on thehand-millwhileretainingthelatter'sessentialattributes: represent improvement bottomstonewitha non-rotary grindingmotion,the innovationbeingthe additionof a slitin the upperstone: 'thisslit,together witha cavityin thestone,evidently servedas a hopperfromwhichthegraincould feedintothe millautomatically.'147 withtheadditionofa woodenhandle(leavinga hand freeto feedin thegrist), This,together withouttheneed to stop.148 permitted longerperiodsofgrinding of upper stoneswere recoveredon the Survey(PLATE7
and Sculpture:Houses and OtherBuildings(Oxford, Architecture

1930), 69-70 and fig.186, centre;id. and J. W. Graham,

Excavationsat Olynthus,viii: The HellenicHouse: A Studyof the witha DetailedAccountofthoseExcavated HousesFoundat Olynthus,

in igji and igj4 (Oxford,1938), 326-7, pl. 79. 5-7. For a andFlourin generaldiscussionsee L. A. Moritz,Grain-mills Classical Antiquity (Oxford,10^8),34-41. 146Olynthos: Robinson1030(n. 14^),60-71,figs.180,186,246. 147Moritz(n. 145),42. 148See diagramin Robinsonand Graham(n. 145),328. 149Ibid. 328.

Groundstone 179 The rawmaterialused is a dullgrey, The sourceis consideredbysometo be Thera,on thegrounds poroustuff. of itsgeologyand because a numberof thesequernswithdistinctive groovedpatternson the surfaceare shared betweentheselocations.150 Function. Grainmilling. Date.Late classical-hellenistic.151 A118,U498, U511,U519.

Millstones e. A pair of round,flatstones:the upperrevolving, the lowerstationary. They are a developmentof the handto createa themajordifference mill,152 (and thusmoreefficiently) beingthattheusersapplytheirenergyindirectly via a handleattachedto thestone,laterthroughtheharnessing ofanimalpower. rotarymotion,initially Five (or six) segmentsof millstones werefound;unfortunately theyweretoo damagedto discernwhetherthey wereupperor lowerstones,or to estimatetheirdiameters.Only twoexampleshad the roundededge preserved, itwas theirevenbreadth(between2.6 and 7.0: U491SF 1 (i),U490 SF 11),thepreparationon all surfaces, otherwise thesefromothersub-classesofgrinding and theirsurfacetexturethatdistinguished implement. Raw materialsweresimilarto thoseused forsaddle querns:sandstoneand 'greenstone'.Only U491SF 1 (ii) is 8 a, lowercentre).The sixth,S478SF 3, is also of made ofa tuffaceous stone,an importedvolcanicmaterial(PLATE in form,witha hole (possiblyfortuitous, hence used forgrinding. It is semicircular importedtuffand was definitely and the doubt in classifying it) half-wayalong its brokenedge. It has a curvedunderside,is lightbeige-yellow, measures3.30 X 17.00X 5.30. Function. Milling.153 Date. The earliestparallelsare dated late classical-earlyhellenistic,developinginto the distinctive hourglass formbytheRomanperiod.154 U491(JV=2); R422,S478(?),U490,U519. Platey (a): 6 a. A selectionofsandstoneand schistquernsfromP269. Plate7 (b): rectangular saddlequern6 b. S509 SF 3 Completeexample,ofgreenish-grey stonewithreddish-brown, blackto grey-blue, and quartzinclusions. 42.40 X 13.00X 4.5-7.25. Plate7 (c): Egyptian-boatquern 6 c. P274 SF 1. The lower part, a finelyworkedpiece pecked all over in The granitecontainsmanyinclusions:blue/grey-green, and clearquartz:39.20 X 20.50X red/brown, preparation. 9.70. Upperstoneofsandstone:49.10x 13.00x 4.00. Plate7 (d):hopperrubbers. I.) 6 d. A118ASF2. Fragment.12.10X 8.80 X 6.40-6.90. [Upper [Upper r.)6 d. U519SF6. Fragment.17.00x 8.95 x 5.65. {Lower 1.)6 d. U511Ci SF 1. Fragment.12.00x 12.20x 4.20. [Lower r.)6 d. U498SF2. Fragment.16.70X 12.20X 8.20. Plate8 (a): millstones. row,I.) 6 e. U490SF 11.Brownsandstonefragment. [Upper Peckingmarkson everysurface,evenin thedepth;worn surfaceappearsflattened and lustrous.19.80X 7.80 X 6.10-7.00. 6 e. U520SF3. Heavy,olive-green, row,centre.) [Upper porousstone.6.20 X 4.00 X 2.60. 150 othervolcanicregionscouldhave Thoughpotentially inparticular theislandofMelos,whichhad beenexploited, an important tradition oftheproduction andexportation of millstone untiltheearlierpartof the20thcent.:B. A. 'Classicaland Romanproduction and exchange', Sparkes, in IslandPolity 'Post228-35,at P· 234;J. M. Wagstaff, classicalexchange', ibid.236-43,at pp. 236-41;Moritz(n. 145),46 % 5; 48 % 6. 151Parallels: andGraham(n. 145),pl. Olynthos,Robinson 79. 5; Delos,

W. Deonna, Explorationarchéologique de Délos: le

mobilier délien des Écoles Françaisesd'Athèneset (Publications

de Rome; Paris, 1938), 126-7 fig. 154; Vergina: E. B. Tsigarida, 'Ελληνιστικό σπίτι στη Βεργίνα, ΐ992'> Το

αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονίακαι Θράκη, vi

(Thessaloniki, 1992),85-91)pi· 5· 152Though there may have been some overlap with the hoppertype. 153V G. Childe,'Rotaryquernson thecontinentand in the Mediterraneanbasin',Antiquity, 17 (1943),19-26; Morijtz(n. J45)> 53-61,67-73. 154Moritz(n. 145),53-61,morecautiousthanRobinsonand Graham(n. 145),332.

i8o Chapter 18 [Upperrow,r.)6 e. R422DSF 2. Dark-greysandstone,broken.Top surfacepecked;undersidein coarse,unworked state.8.20 X 15.20X 4.60-5.65. sandstonefragment. Traces ofpeckingon all surfaces;top wornand {Lower row,/.)6 e. U519SF 5. Yellowish-grey flattened. 11.00X 13.00X 1.70-5.60. 6 e. U491SF 1 (ii). Smallfragment ofmillstone, made froma piece ofimportedvolcanictuff. row,centre) 8.70 {Jjower x 6.00 χ 4.05. withdarkergreeninclusions.12.00x 10.20X stone(sandstone?), row,r.)6 e. U491SF 1 (i). Olive-grey-green [Jjower 2.60-2.94. 7. 'POT-LIDS'

(PLATE 8 b) Seven circular stone discs were collected from six differentsites. They were manufactured from greenish-greyschist,by working the edges from both sides, using (hard-hammer?) direct percussion. Only S475 SF 1, of light yellow schist, was knapped in just one direction. n4i2 SF 1, the largest at D. 31.50-32.50, had chisel markson one face, and 163 SF 1 (D. c.16.00), is pierced at the centreby a hole 1 cm across. The smallest,U511 SF 7, has D. c.8.5; theiraverage breadth is 2.35 cm. Function. Association with pithoi at Malthi suggeststheir use as lids. The site's excavator also noted, in the 1930s similar discs were used in Messenia as architecturalsupports in houses.155 that however, The pierced example fromS163 could have been used as a weightor spindle whorl. Date. Parallels at Malthi date MH-LH,156 which would fitwith the prehistoricdates fromn4io, n4i2, and U500, though the remainingthreefindspotsare all post-BronzeAge. n4io (JV= 2); S163, n4i2, S475, U500, U511. Plate8 (b) [Upper/.)7. n4i2 SF 1. Slate-like grey-blueschist; edges modified in bi-directionalpercussive manner, hard-hammer mode. A single surfacehas been chiselled flat.D. 31.50-32.50. [Upperr.) 7. n4io SF 2. Same material and production as n4i2 SF 1. D. 29.00-32.00. {LowerI.) 7· S475C SF 1. Light yellow schist,uni-directionallystruck.D. c.11.00. [2ndfromI.) 7. n4io SF 1. As n4i2 SF 1. D. c.10.00. {jrdfromI.) 7. U511 SF 7. As n4i2 SF 1. D. c.8.50. [4thfromI.) 7. U500 A2 SF 2. As n4i2 SF 1. D. 12.00-15.00. [Far r.) 7. S163 SF 1. Light green schist;D. c.16.00. Has central hole, D. c.i.oo (worn ratherthan struck). 8. WHETSTONES (PLATE 8 c) A small group of undatable sharpening tools, all fragmentary. That from LS 10555 (PLATE 8 c, bottom) is of sandstone; those from 111330may be modern. 111330(JV= 2); hi 1, LS 10555. 9. MARBLE

VESSELS (PLATE 8 d) (1)J67BF 15. Rim of square or rectangularbasin, with traces of pecking inside and out. 16.60 X 11.40 X 4.10-7.08. Date: unknown. (2) B103BSF 1. Rim of marble basin, with traces of pecking. 23.90 X 10.00 X 5.62-7.20. Date: Archaic-classical. (3) Bin SF 2. Foot of small grey marble or limestone basin; smoothed after chiselling inside, pecking marks externally.D. 25 cm. Date: Classical-early hellenistic. (4) M175SF 2. Vertical rim of white marble basin. 11.50 X 7.95 x 3.50-4.10. Date: Early hellenistic? (5) M341 SF 1. Stand with a hole in the centre. 19.30 x 8.00 X 3.30-7.60. Date: Roman-Byzantine.

155Valmin,SME 354-5.

156Valmin,SM£,pl. 27J.

Ground stone

i8i

(6) R421 SF 1. Vertical rim, slightlythickenedinside. 26.00 X 19.60 x 4.25-5.47. Date: hellenistic. (7) U3024 SF 1. Complete profileof basin, with handle placed just below the slightlybevelled, vertical rim. 21.40 x

27.60X 2.22-4.50.

Date:classical.

in PLATE Severalsimilarfragments werenoted(butnotrecovered)at D306; one is illustrated 8 (d). 10. ARROWSTRAIGHTENER (PLATE 8 b) hi6 SF 1. Smalloval stone(ofgranite?) withfivegroovesdeliberately wornintouppersurface. Plate8 (c)

10. hi6 SF 1. Arrowstraightener (?), workedon all sides;itsgrooves(max. depth0.244 cm) seem to have {Upper.) assisteditsuse as a rubbingimplement. 6.87 X 4.90 X 3.35. LS 10555SF I{Lower Ï) 8. Whetstone.

Plate8 (d)

marblevesselat D306. 9. Fragmentary

Discussion:

The Ground

Stone

Industries

of East-central

Laconia

chronology it is rarethatanynew or moredetaileddatingcan be As withthechippedstoneassemblages, ceramicdata.A fewpiecesfromsitesoftheclassicaland addedto thatwhichis providedthrough hellenistic quern5(6 c) and the hopperrubbers(6 d), are periods,notablythe 'Egyptian-boat elsewhere in corroborative to offer datingfromexcavatedcontexts sufficiently idiosyncratic good EBA it a from one of the sites which offer is theHellenicworld.Surprisingly, however, may piece theassociatedceramicevidence. distinction thanwaspossiblethrough a finerchronological axe (1 c) fromU502 has parallelsin the Péloponnèsesecurelydated to the The shaft-hole material in EH III period, a phase forwhich there is a notable absence of recognizable Laconia.157While it is truethatthisclass of implementcan also be foundin MH levelsof southernmainlandsites,the lack of such materialfromU502 makes the recognitionof a at leastpartlydatedto EH III all themoretempting. settlement TOOL FUNCTION AND SETTLEMENT ECONOMY

fromsitesof The mostunexpectedresultwas the completeabsence of grindingimplements thoselargercelts/axes(1 b-c), whoseformand wear tracessuggest LN1/FN1date. Similarly, are once morevirtually absentfromsitesofpre-BronzeAge date. thattheyare partsofards,158 between theseanomaliesas being indicativeof functionaldifferentiation Can one interpret sitesof the laterNeolithicand thoseof the EBA? Certainlythereis a recognizedemphasis thoughone shouldbe waryof upon pastoraleconomiesin southernGreece at thistime,159 thattoolsmade from the the evidence Survey.Ethnographic parallelsdemonstrate overstating With the of organicmaterialscan be employedin cultivation querns(6 a) also, practices.160 157See n. 134.158e.g.Goldman202. 159Démoule and Perlés389. 160See Y. Koda, 'Woodenfarming toolsof thesouthcoastof M. Otte,and H. Plisson Peru',in P. C. Anderson,S. Beyries,

retrouvés international deLiège) etfonctions: lesgestes (eds),Traces (colloque for (ÉditionsERAUL, 50; 1993),339-60; B. Orme,Anthropology Archaeologists (London,1981),39-40,figs,io-ii, 57-62.

i82 Chapter18 one mustexercisecautionin linkingformwithfunction.Runnels,dealingwithcomparable uses.161Given thatthe material,has speculatedon a numberof potentialnon-agricultural materialwas collected in surfacesurvey,functionalanalyses would providelittlesecure archaeobotanicaldata would information;162 ideally,morecontextualand, mostimportantly, be required. RAWMATERIAL PROCUREMENT OVER TIME

Whatcan be said aboutthegrinding is thatthereare diachronicdifferences in the implements raw materialsemployedin theirmanufacture. All the EBA quernswere made fromlocally available stones,predominantly sandstoneand schist.We have no examplesof any saddle or querns, 'AgiosKosmas-typemortars',made of andésite,whichappear on a numberof earlierand contemporary sitesin theArgolidand Attica.163 This wouldseem to confirmthe made Runnels and that this volcanic material was beingcommonly used only point by Murray 'at siteslocatedclose to thesources'.164 It is onlyin theclassicalperiodthatthereis evidence of volcanicpieces beingimportedon a regularbasis,mostlikelyready-made, thoughat the time the exact source or sources are unknown. present Lithicresearchin thesouthernAegean,comparedto otherareas ofmaterialculturestudies, is a relatively new field.As yetthe main interesthas focusedupon chipped-and (to a lesser industriesof the earlierprehistoric thispictureis extent)ground-stone periods.Fortunately in to with Runnels, particular, beginning change, havingemphasizedthe need withinlithic studiesforboth a diachronicperspectiveand a broadeningof the materialscope.165It is therefore natureofthedata and conclusions, the hoped thatdespitetheoccasionallytentative workpresentedheremakesjust sucha positivecontribution to thefield.

161Runnels1985b,33-4. 162Fordevelopments in thisfieldseeJ. L. Adams,'Use-wear stones',JFA15 (1988), analysison manosand hide-processing factor fancy?', 307-15;C. E. RolandJones,Archaeochemistry:

in A. E. Close (ed.), ThePrehistory ii: Stratigraphy, ofWadiKubbaniya,

andEnvironment Palaeoeconomy (Dallas,Tex., 1989),260-6; R. M. Yohe II, M. E. Newman,andJ. S. Schneider, 'Immunological

identification of small-mammal proteinson aboriginalmilling equipment',American Antiquity, 56. 4 (1991),659-66. These thefunction ofthelasttask. methods, however, mayonlyindicate 163Runnels1085b;1088. 164G. N. Runnels and P. M. Murray,'Milling in ancient Greece',Archaeology, φ. 6 (10,83), 62-3 and 75,at p. 75. 165Runnels1982;1983;1985c.

19 THE SMALL FINDS MarcoOverbeek The Laconia SURVEY produceda largenumberof smallfinds,mostlyin a fragmentary The chippedand groundstoneartefacts are treatedin Chapter18,thestone condition. in includea variety of architectural and sculptural fragments Chapter20; theremainder kiln as architectural terracotta implements, objectssuch fragments, supports, lamps,weaving andplaques.Coinsandothermetaland stoneobjectswerealso.pickedup,as were figurines, someglassfragments.1 TERRACOTTA (1-110) Architectural

Fragments (1-6) Six architectural four have been found:one fragment of a disc akroterion, fragments of and a Each seems to be of a voussoir. antefix fragments antefixes, probably fragment different but all are remains of back the tile. the of the of cover type, top 1. VOUSSOIR?(PLATE9 a-b) H31 SF 1. L. 0.124. Base 0.071 X 0.061. Very coarse,

medium-hard, orangeclay(5 YR7/6)withgrit.Upper partmissing.Partlymouldmade.Object withstraight front,slightlycurving back, and sides widening towardsbrokentop. Radiatingincisedlines at upper front.Remainsof roughlyapplied clay acrossincised linesand at lowerfront. The objectmayperhapshavebeen a voussoirofan arch,as suggestedby its shape and size. The applied clayat thefrontmaythenhavehelpedto fititintothe wall. Date uncertain. 2. ANTEFIX(FIG. 19.1, /) N415 SF 1. L. 0.03, W. 0.057, Th. 0.031. Core; fine,hard

orangeclay (5 YR 7/6) withsome whitegrit.Surface:

1 I am gratefulto Dr J. P. A. van der Vin forinformation on thecoins,and to MrJ.J. V M. Derksenforhis helpwith the lamp fragments.Thanks are also due to Dr W. G.

(7.5YR7/2).Dark reddish-grey slip lightbrownish-grey (7.5 R 3/1).Fragmentof back of covertile,bothends Frontmissing. convex,with missing. Upperpartslightly tracesofslip.Lowerpartconcave.Back partendingin ridge. projecting triangular Archaic? 3. ANTEFIX(FIG. 19.1,2) N415ASF 1. L. 0.077, W. 0.036, Th. 0.032. Core: fine,

medium-hardorange clay (5 YR 7/6). Surface:dull· orange(7.5YR 6/4). Blackslip(5 YR7/1).Fragmentof back of cover tile, both ends missing.Upper part convex,withtracesofslip.Lowerpartofback slightly endingin largeprojectingtriangularridge,part of it missing.Top divided into two large ridges, with convex. horizontallinesin relief.Frontpartslightly Archaic?

Cavanagh and Prof. J. H. Crouwel for suggesting to thetext. improvements

184 Chapter19 4. DISCAKROTERION (FIG.19.1,3) N415D SF 1. L. 0.094, W. 0.085, Th. 0.021. Fine, dullyellow-orange medium-soft, clay (10 YR 7/4) with somemica and a littlebrowngrit.Two coloursofslip: black (10 YR 2/1), dull brown (7.5 YR 6/3). Mouldmade. Only a small fragmentpreserved.Flat backwithroughsurfaceand sometracesofblackslip. On front,two parallel, slightlycurved edgings in relief,dividedby a ridge.Horizontalsurfaceof edges concave.Loweredgingsomewhathigherthan slightly upper. On horizontal surface of edgings no slip preserved.On verticalsurfaceoflowestedging,traces ofblackslip. in relief. Belowtheedgings,tonguesare represented ofa thirdtongueare Onlytwotonguesand a fragment Each tongueis £.0.017 wide.The lefttongue preserved. has a black slip on its horizontalsurface;edges of tongueand verticalsurfaceare plain. The tonguein the middlehas a dull brownslip all over.The right tongue has traces of black slip. It is likelythat the

blackand dullbrown. tongueswerepaintedalternately Thereare no tracesofslipon thebackground.2 Archaic. 5. ANTEFIX (FIG.19.1,4) N415 SF 2. L. 0.07, W. 0.052, Th. 0.019. Fine pale yellowclay(2.5 Y 8/3) withsomesmallblackparticles. Black slip (10 YR 2/1).Fragmentof back of covertile, bothends missing.Lowerpartconcave.Frontslightly convex. Back part ending in projectingtriangular ridge,withtracesof slip on it. Two smallhorizontal ridgeson top,withtracesofslip. Archaic? 6. ANTEFIX N415 SF 3. L.0.069, W. 0.041, Th. 0.019. Fine, very hard,lightyellow-orange clay (7.5 YR).Black slip (7.5 YR 2/1). Square, flatfragmentof top of cover tile? Plainsurface.Convexridgecoveredwithslip. Archaic?

Tuyère and Kiln Supports (7-10) formtoonefound kilnsupports werefoundon twosites.Threehavea similar Fourhandmade date. a Romanor Byzantine in theAthenian withthelattermaysuggest Agora.Comparison A tuyère wasalsofound(ioa). 7. N315 SF 1. D. 0.023-0.045, L. 0.10. Fine, hard orangeclay (7.5 YR 7/6) withred particlesand some mica. Handmade, roughlyshaped, flaringcylinder; angularsides.Brokenoffat widestpart. Roman-Byzantine period?

10. M321 SF 5. L. 0.053, W. 0.039. Medium-fine orange clay (5 YR 7/6). Top and projectingflange Handmade,identicalto 8. missing. Roman-Byzantine period?

8. N315SF 2. L. 0.04, W. 0.038. Hard, medium-fine orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with some particles. Top Handmade,roughlyshapedpiece ofclaywith missing. at rightanglesfrombase on front.3 flangeprojecting Roman-Byzantine period;early6thcent.AD?

J67SF 2. L. 0.245, Th. 0.028. D. (complete)c.0.148. Medium-fine,hard, lightyellow-orangeclay (10 YR 8/3). Some fine brownish-blackslip (10 YR 8/3). Wheelmade. Top and largestpart of foot missing. Large chipsoffsurface.Slip wornoffridges.Conical, hollow stand, with horizontal,outward-projecting, ridgesc. every0.017.4 slip-covered Archaic?

orange 9. M321SF4. L. 0.042,W. 0.046. Medium-fine clay (5 YR 7/6) with white particles. Top missing. Handmade,identicalto 8· Roman-Byzantine period?

2 Cf. A. Terracottas Ramage, Lydian Houses and Architectural

(Cambridge,Mass., 1978),34 and figs119-21.Â. Âkerstrom,

Die architektonùcken Terrakotten Kleinasiens (Lund, 1966), pl. 20, nos in the 1-2; pl. 21, no. 3; E. D. van Buren, GreekFictileRevetments ArchaicPeriod(London, 1926), 182, no. 15, pl. 17 fig.56, pl. 18, Dachterrakotten, figs 57-8; H. Koch, Studienzu den campanischen

Rom.Mitt.30 (1915),1-115,at p. 49 fig.45; Α. Μ. Woodward, 'Sparta: the acropolis',BSA 28 (1926-7),37-48, fig.2; W. S. terracottas', Georgeand A. M. Woodward,'The architectural

IOa.

TUYÈRE (PLATE 13 c)

in AO 117-44,pl. 22 no. 1,pl. 23. It shouldbe mentioned that, citedabove,thetongues reference in contrast to theakroteria in reliefand notby oftheakroterion N415SF4 are represented and incisedlines.Cf.Ramage,op. cit.34. painting 3 Cf. S. Robinson, The AthenianAgora,v: Pottery oftheRoman

Period(Princeton,NJ; 1959), pl. 50; J. K. Papadopoulos, Άάσανα, tuyèresand kilnfiringsupports',Hesp.61 (1992), 203-21,pis 49 b-c,51 b,figs.5-6. 4 Cf. Papadopoulos(n. 3), pl. 48 c-d' fig.2, Β 1519,B 1598.

Smallfinds 185 Lamps (11-35) foundare all Roman,exceptforone thatis Greek(11). The The terracotta lamp fragments Roman lampsare all datablebetweenthe thirdand sixthcenturiesAD. The Greekfragment can be dated to the classical-hellenistic period.Judgingby fabric,one Roman lamp could be African (32). possibly 11. U490A SF 4. L. 0.039, W. 0.038, Th. 0.008. Fragmentof nozzle and base. Fine, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4). Glaze black (7.5 YR 2/1). Wheelmade. Large part of base, part of nozzle, handle,and disc Oval wick-hole withconcaverimand flattop. missing. Flat, circular,raised base. Glaze all over,except on base. Interiorfullyglazed.5 Second quarterof 5thcent,to earlyin last quarter of4thcent.BC. 12. N415SF 4. L. 0.029, W. 0.023, Th. 0.004. Disc fragment.Fine, softorange clay (2.5 YR 7/6) with somemica.Plainfragment. 3rdcent.AD? 13. N415SF 6. L. 0.021,W. 0.023, Th. 0.01. Pierced ringhandle. Fine, softorange clay (5 YR 7/6) with mica.6 3rdcent.AD. 14. N415SF 7. L. 0.023, W. 0.016, Th. 0.02. Pierced ringhandle.Fine orangeclay(5 YR7/6)withparticles and somemica. 3rdcent.AD. 15. N415SF 33. L. 0.023,W. 0.017,Th. 0.012. Pierced clay(10 YR ringhandle.Fine,hard,dullyellow-orange 7/4)withsomemica. 3rdcent.AD. 16. N415SF 56. L. 0.021,W. 0.015,Th. 0.011.Pierced ringhandle.Hard, orangeclay (5 YR 6/6) withvery finewhiteparticles. 3rdcent.AD. 17. N415SF 126. L. 0.026, W.0.02,Th. 0.013. Pierced ringhandle withpart of body preserved.Fine, soft, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4) with particles. Handmade? 3rdcent.AD?

18. N415SF 160. L. 0.02, W.0.02,Th. 0.013. Pierced clay (10 YR ringhandle.Fine,soft,dull yellow-orange 7/4)withmica. 3rdcent.AD. 19. N415ASF 3 (PLATE9 d). L. 0.028, W. 0.043, Th. 0.02. Fine, soft,dull orange clay (7.5 YR 6/4) with particles.Ring handle withpart of disc preserved. Disc withincisedline;handlepierced. 3rdcent.AD. 20. N415ASF 4. L. 0.04, W.0.033,Th. 0.025. Pierced clay (10 YR 7/4) ringhandle.Fine,dull yellow-orange withparticlesand mica. 3rdcent.AD. 21. N415ASF 5. L. 0.029, W. 0.024, Th. 0.01. Pierced clay (10 YR 7/4) ringhandle.Fine,dull yellow-orange withparticlesand mica. 3rdcent.AD. 22. N415ASF 8. L. 0.039,W. 0.026, Th. 0.021.Pierced ringhandle withpart of disc preserved.Fine, hard, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4) withparticles.Handle grooved.Two incisedlineson disc. 3rdcent.AD. 23. N415ASF 10. L. 0.023, W. 0.013,Th. 0.014. Disc fragment.Fine, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4). Very worn,plainfragment. 3rdcent.AD? 24. N415ASF 11. L. 0.023, W. 0.017,Th. 0.004. Disc Fine,hard,lightyellow-orange fragment. clay (7.5 YR 8/6). Decoratedwithincisedline. 3rdcent.AD? 25. N415ASF 12. L. 0.025, W. 0.019, Th. 0.005. Disc Fine,softorangeclay(5 YR7/6).Decorated fragment. withincisedlineand inciseddots. 3rdcent.AD?

5 Close to O. Broneer,Corinth, iv. 2: Terracotta BritishMuseum, iii: Roman ProvincialLamps (London, 1988), Lamps Mass.,1930),typeIV,p. 42,andI. Margreiter, Q, 3268 fromAthens,firsthalf of 3rd cent. AD; or (Cambridge, aus demApollon-Heiligtum no. 2069. N415SF 6-7, 33, 56, 126,and 160, (Mainz Alt-Agina,ii. 3: Die Kleinfiinde Perlzweig, am Rhein,1988),pl. 47,nos 490-1. N415ASF 3-5 and 8, and N415BSF 9 are all of thesame 6 Cf. handle of D. M. Bailey, A CatalogueoftheLamps in the type.

i86 Chapter19 26. N415BSF 9. L. 0.031, W. 0.015, Th. 0.014. Pierced ring handle. Fine, hard, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4) withparticles. 3rd cent. AD. 27. F136 SF 1. L. 0.076, W. 0.086, Th. 0.01. Fragment of disc (FIG. 19.1,5). Fine, hard orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with limestone particles and mica. Clay mould. Base, nozzle, handle, and some parts of disc missing. Airhole in centre with rays in relief around, defined by rim; row of rectanglesin relief.7 Second half of 4th cent. AD. 28. G252 SF 1. L. 0.058, W. 0.04, Th. 0.005. Fragment of disc (FIG. 19.1, 6). Fine, softyellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 7/8) with white particles. Clay mould. Handle, large parts of base and disc missing.Flat base. Flaring walls curving. Trace of nozzle. Disc with rosette decoration defined by outer ring of three incised lines. Air-hole pierced at edge of disc.8 3rd~4th cent. AD. 29. R281D SF 2. Fragments of lamp. Nozzle L. 0.037, W. 0.031, Th. 0.006. Very soft, orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6). Handmade? Large parts of base and disc and all of handle missing. Base rounded. Black traces of fire on edge of nozzle.9 3rd~4th cent. AD. 30. M321 SF 3. L. 0.07, W. 0.039, Th. 0.003. Fragment of disc. Fine, hard orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6) with some mica; unevenly fired, greyish-brown (partly 7.5 YR 6/2). Clay mould. Base, nozzle, handle, and large part missing. Air-hole partly preserved. Around air-hole, rays in relief,defined by rim decorated with an olive branch.10 5th-6th cent. AD.

Weaving

31. M321 SF 4. L. 0.043, W. 0.031, Th. 0.015. Fragment of handle with part of wall. Fine, soft orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with white particles. Handmade. Convex wall. Roughly shaped, curvinghandle. Same type as 28. 3rd~4th cent. AD. 32. M321 (plate 9 c). L. 0.055, W. 0.058, Th. 0.011. Fragment of disc with handle. Fine, very hard orange clay (5 YR 7/6). Clay mould. Base, nozzle and large part of disc missing.Flat disc with upper part of cross and ring of dots in centre. Defined by rim; raised wreath and circles. Knob handle. Judging by fabric, African?11 5th-6th cent. AD. 33· U490A SF 2. L. 0.031, W. 0.028, Th. 0.01. Fragment of disc. Fine, hard, dull yellow-orange clay (10 YR 6/3). Clay mould. Base, nozzle, handle, and most of disc missing. Back slightly concave. Decoration of circle in relief. Defined by rim; meandering line and dots in relief.Same type as 27. Second half of 4th cent. AD. 34. LS 11105 SF 1. L. 0.044, W. 0.032, Th. 0.008. Fragment of disc. Fine, very hard orange clay (5 YR 6/4). Clay mould. Base, part of nozzle, handle, and large part of disc missing. Decoration on disc not identifiable.Defined by rim; row of rosettesin relief.12 5th-6th cent. AD. LAMPMOULD(PLATE9 e) OF TERRACOTTA 35. FRAGMENT A3013SF 1. L. 0.076, W. 0.047. Medium-fineorange clay (5 YR 7/6) with finewhite particles.Handmade. Lower half and righthalf missing.Surface of outside irregular, inside smooth. Part of disc with channel to wick-hole. Disc and channel surroundedby high ridge.13 6th cent. AD or later.

Implements

(36-54)

spindle whorls (36-40) discswitha suspensionhole in the Three of thefollowing objects(38-40) are flatterracotta to a stoneobjectof the same form,statesthatthisformis centre.Davidson,whilereferring The usual formof spindle It maybe Roman or later.15 rarelyfoundamongspindlewhorls.14 and whorlis discoidor conical,as seemsto be represented by36 37.

7 Close to Perlzweig, no. 1460,pl. 28, or Robinsonno. L 62,

80, pl. 45. 8 Close to Perlzweig, pl. 30, no. 1649. 9 Close to Perlzweig, pl. 30, no. 1631. 10Close to Broneer(n. 5), types31-2.

11Close to Perlzweig, nos 2021,2024. 12Close to Perlzweig, pl. 39, no. 2444. 13Close to Perlzweig, pl. 46, no. 2883. 14Davidson,pl. 78, no. 1222. 15Davidson172.

Small finds 187 36. T468 SF ι. Conical spindlewhorl?H. 0.034, D. 0.065, Th. 0.016. Veryhard,fine,lightyellow-orange clay(10 YR8/4). Wheelmade.Conical shape.Chip off bottom.16 Archaic? 37. Q,i80 SF 1. Conical spindlewhorl.L. 0.062, W. 0.057.D. (complete)c.0.046.Coarse,orangeclay(5 YR 7/6) with much grit. Surface worn. Handmade. Conical shape with lengthwisehole. Half of cone preserved. Roman. 38. K247BSF 1. D. 0.037,Th. 0.012. Complete.Fine, softorangeclay (5 YR 7/6). Flat disc,suspensionhole LOOM-WEIGHTS

in centre.Handmade.Surfacescratched;chipsoffside and surface. Byzantine. 39. n3i8 SF2. D. 0.05,Th. 0.013.Complete.Mediumfine,dull orange clay (5 YR 7/4) withsome gritand mica. Handmade. Flat disc withsuspensionhole in centre. Roman? 40. R428 SF 8. D. c.0.059,Th. 0.012. Half preserved. Soft,orangeclay (5 YR 7/6). Handmade. Half of flat disc and part of suspensionhole preserved.Surface scratched. Roman?

(41-54)

werefound.The fabricsvary,but A largenumberofcompleteand fragmentary loom-weights ofa are made ofthelocal orangeclay.None oftheweightsbearstheimpressions themajority and is theonly seal or anyincisedmarks.M348SF 1 (see undertypeΒ 3, 46), is possiblyAttic,17 to weightthatshowstracesofblackslip.It seemsthattheweightswereoftoo littleimportance be made or decoratedwithgreatcare. They could be used fora longperiod,maybeevenfor notexist.18 A chronological based on theirshapemaytherefore centuries. development are dividedintotwobasic shapes,conicaland pyramidal. In general,Greekloom-weights In Laconia both shapeswere used. The Laconian conical weightshave slopingsides and a thebottomedge always concaveor flat,circularbase. The top is eitherpointedor flattened, more bevelled.The Laconianpyramidalweightsare largerin number,and perhapstherefore in variedin executionand size,thanthe conical ones. The bases are square or rectangular; mostcases the loweredge is bevelled.Nearlyall have slopingsides; the top may be either roundedor flattened. Apartfroma generaldivisionintoconicaland pyramidalshapes,theweightsfoundcan be dividedintoseveralsmallergroupsaccordingto shapeand size. Conical 41. TYPE A I (PLATE 10 a)

42. TYPE A 2 (PLATE 10 a)

Circular base, steeply sloping sides, lower edge somewhatbevelled,pointedtop. Bin SF3: H. 0.048,D. (base) 0.05; fairly fineorange clay (7.5 YR 7/6). U511SF 1 (PLATE10 a): H. 0.059, D· clay(10YR7/4). (base)0.055;fine>dullyellow-orange The appearance of these weightsis rathercrude and squat.19 Classical-hellenistic.

Circular,slightlyconcave base, slopingsides, lower edge bevelled,pointedtop. Η19 SF 1: H. 0.057,D. (base) 0.042; fine,softorange clay (5 YR 7/8). J226 SF 1 (plate io a): H. 0.07, D. (base) 0.04; fine,softorangeclay(5 YR7/8)withsome particles.20 Hellenistic.

16Davidson,pl. 77, nos 1214,1216.In view of the factthat theobjectis hollow,itcouldalso be thebase ofa vessel. 17Cf.Davidsonand Thompson80, fig.32, no. 4. 18In general,thedatingofloom-weights is stilla problem. An attempt has been made by Davidson 146-72 (Corinthian) and by Davidson and Thompson 65-96

are (Attic).The dates givento the Laconian loom-weights based on those of the Corinthianand Atticones, but it is uncertainwhetherthe Laconian weightswere in any way connectedwiththem. 19Cf.Davidson,pl. 74,no. 1073(6th-early5thcent.BC). 20Cf.Davidson,pl. 74,no. 1116 (early5thcent.BC).

i88 Chapter 19 43. typea 3 (plate 10 a) Circular,concave base, slopingsides,loweredge just bevelled,flattened slightly top.

M328 SF 1: H. 0.098, D. (base) 0.06. Fine, softorange clay (5 YR 7/8).21 Classical?

Pyramidal 44. type β ι (plate 10 b) Squarish base, sloping sides, no bevelling at lower edge, top rounded or flattened.H. 0.045 or ^essH36 SF 1 (plate 10 b): H. 0.032, base 0.024; vei7 fine,softorange clay (5 YR 7/8). D96 SF 1 (PLATE10 b)' H. 0.03, top 0.0 1, base 0.025; coarse, pale yellow clay (2.5 Y 8/3). M344 SF 2 (PLATE 10 b): H. 0.042, base 0.027; veiT fme>s°ft orange clay (5 YR 7/8). This group consists of very small, neatly made, pyramidal weights. They may thereforebe compared to the typical small Attic weights,datable to the fifth and fourth centuries BC.22 It is also possible that weightsof this size were used as children'stoys.23 Classical-Roman? 45. TYPE Β 2 (PLATE10 a) Squarish base, sloping sides, rounded edges, lower edge bevelled to a high point, top rounded. R281B SF 1 (PLATE 10 a): H. 0.064, base 0.03; fine orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6). R428 SF 9: H. 0.08, base 0.04; fairlyrough orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with some littleparticles.24 Classical-hellenistic? 46. type β 3 (plate 10 b-d) Square base, slightlysloping sides, edges not rounded, no bevelling, square flat top. H. 0.08 or less. The fabric varies fromfine orange clay (5 YR 7/6) to fine, lightyellow-orangeclay (10 YR 8/4). Nearly all fabrics have large white particles included. H31 SF 2; J67 SF I, 7, 9; D85 SF i; Bill SF 4; AI18B SF 4; M171SF 1; mi73 SF 2 (PLATE10 b); M176 SF ι; Ν186 SF 1 (PLATE10 c); N188 SF 1; A196 SF 1; K204A SF 2; K235 SF 2; N313 SF 1; n3l8 SF I (PLATE10 c)' ΠΙ320 SF 2; 111323SF ι; Π1330 SF ι; Π1331SF 1 (plate 10 d)' 11^345SF ι; Μ348 SF I (PLATE10 b), 2; M350 SF 2; R422D SF ι; Τ467 SF I, 2a; T481 SF 1; U490 SF 9; U516A SF 1-2; U519 SF 1-2; S524BSF3. This group seems to represent the most common type of loom-weights in Laconia. As already stated, one of the weights (M348 SF 1) might be Attic. The type may have existed fora long period, fromclassical to Roman times. Groups Β 4-6 are similar but display slightdifferences.

21Cf.Davidson,pl. 74,no. 1069(late8th-early 7thcent.BG). 22Diverging from 0.04 to 0.011 m, Davidson and Thompson73 n. 80.

47. TYPE Β 4 (PLATE10 d) Rectangular base, two narrowsides verysteeplysloping, two wide sides nearly horizontal, bevelled, edges and top rounded. Suspension hole at top on wide sides. J230 SF 1: H. 0.07, base missing;fine,dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4). U499 SF 3 (PLATE io d)' Η. 0.081, base 0.054 x Ο·Ο37; rough, yellow-orange clay (10 YR 7/4) with red particles.S509 SF 2: H. 0.084, Dase 0.042, both narrow sides missing;fine,dull orange clay (5 YR 7/4). Classical. 48. type Β 5 Squarish base, sloping sides, bevelled, top and edges slightlyrounded. C108 SF 1: H. 0.064, base 0.036; fine orange clay (5 YR 7/8). T467 SF 2: H. 0.064, Dase °-°5; rough, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4), with many particles. T471 SF 1: H. 0.067, Dase 0.045; fine orange clay (5 YR 7/8). U493 SF 2: H. 0.06, base 0.042; fine,dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4). S509 SF 1: H. 0.07, base 0.044; ^ne orange clay (5 YR 7/6). LS n 172 SF 1: H. 0.079, base 0.051; fine orange clay (5 YR 7/8). Classical-hellenistic. 49. type β 6 (plate 10 d) Rectangular base, all sides sloping,bevelled, edges not rounded, top rounded. K204 SF 1: H. 0.09, base 0.03 X 0.053; rough orange clay (7.5 YR 6/8) with some particles. Hellenistic-Roman. 50. TYPE Β 7 (PLATE10 d) Square base, slightlysloping sides, bevelling,rounded edges, flat top. The weight is rather rectangular in outline. J317SF 1: H. 0.057, base 0.035, t0P °-0I3; hard, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4) with some mica. M342 SF 1 (plate 10 d): H. 0.063, Dase °-°34> toP 0.018; dull orange clay (5 YR j/4).25 Hellenistic-Byzantine? 51. TYPE Β 8 (PLATE10 b) Squarish, slightly concave base, bevelled, rounded edges and top.

sloping sides,

23Davidson153. 24Davidson,pl. 77,no. 1202(istcent.BC). 25Davidsonand Thompson80, fig.32, no. 52.

Smallfinds 189 aii8a SF ι (plate io b): H. 0.07, base 0.05; fine,soft, dull orange clay (5 YR 7/6). 11486SF 1: H. 0.069, Dase and top missing;rough orange clay (5 YR 7/8).26 Classical-Roman. 52. TYPE Β g (PLATE 10 c)

Squarish base, sloping, slightlyconvex sides, bevelled, edges not rounded, top missing. J67SF 10 (PLATE10 c)' H. 0.11, base 0.052; fineyelloworange clay (7.5 YR 7/8). M352 SF 2: H. 0.12, base 0.05; fine,dull orange clay (5 YR 7/4). U511ASF 10: Η. 0.114, base missing;rough,dull orange clay (5 YR 7/4). All neatly made. This shape has, to my knowledge, no parallels outside Laconia. Classical-hellenistic.

53. TYPE Β 10 (PLATE 10 c)

Square base, straight sides, no bevelling, edges not rounded, top not preserved. M332 SF 1 (plate 10 c): H. 0.078, base 0.06; fine yellow clay (2.5 YR 7/8). 111330SF 5: H. 0.064, Dase 0.056; lightyellow-orangeclay (10 YR 8/3). Though none of these weights is complete, they are large and heavy, if crudely shaped and carelessly made. They could be Hellenistic or Roman, since Davidson states that during these periods weights in Corinth and Athens seem to increase in size and gravity and less attention is paid to their shape.27 Hellenistic?

Fragmentary 54. Π1330 SF 2; U490 SF 12; U493 SF 1, 3; U494 SF 1; I. U5IIASF2;U52OSF

Figurines (55-94) of terracotta The largenumberof fragments figurines comprisesexamplesfromEarly In mostcasesno sliporpaintispreserved. HelladictoRomantimes. PREHISTORIC

(55-7)

55. BOVINE(PLATEII a) U3001 SF 1. L. 0.045, H. 0.028. Fine, fairlysoft, light yellow-orange clay (10 YR 8/4). Handmade. Right forepaw and lefthind paw missing.Left horn missing. Body and head angular. Short paws, shorttail.28 Early Helladic. 56. FRAGMENT OF FEMALE (PLATE II b) H45 SF 8. L. 0.031, D. (foot) 0.027, (stem) 0.017. Fairly

soft, light yellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 8/3), no inclusions. Surface worn. Traces of black slip on base. Handmade. Upper part of figurine missing. Part of stem and base broken off.Circular, flatbase with thin stem on top of it. Stem somewhat oblique.29 Late Helladic.

26 Though consistingof pyramidal weights,this group could have been influenced by developments of the shape of the conical loom-weights at Corinth. Cf. Davidson, pl. 74, no. VII (no. 1093, early 5th cent.). 27 Davidson 161; Davidson and Thompson 74. 28 Cf. C. Tzavella-Evjen, Lithares(Athens, 1984), pis 81 a-b,

57. FRAGMENT OF FEMALE (PLATE II b) Q360 SF 1. L. 0.028. D. (foot) 0.027. D. (stem) 0.019.

Soft, fine orange clay (5 YR 7/6), no inclusions. Surface worn. No paint or slip. Flat, circular foot. Thin, flaringstem. Late Helladic.

58. FRAGMENT OF FEMALE (PLATE II b) Q360A SF 1. L. 0.032, D. (foot) 0.027,

(stem) 0.019.

Fine, light grey clay (7.5 YR 8/2), no inclusions. Handmade. Surface worn. No paint or slip. Roughly circular footwith somewhat sloping stem.30 Late Helladic.

84 θ and λ; Κ. Müller, Tiryns, iv: Die Urfirniskeramik (München, 1938), pl. 5, nos 6, 8-10; pl. 25, nos 1. 2, 9; PL i. 80, fig.6. 3; pl. 23 a, no. 1. 29 E. irench, The development 01 Mycenaean terracotta figurines',BSA 66 (iQ7i), 101-87, at p. ioq, fig.1. 30 French (n. 29), fig.1.

190 Chapter 19 ARCHAIC FIGURINES FROM SITE N415 (58-68)

A largenumberoffragments and nearlycompletegrotesquefigurines werefoundat a singlesite, In viewofthisitis N415(incorporating n4i6).31Theyare handmadeand ofsimpleworkmanship. The clayis ofthelocalvariety, too;itis in mostcasesfine verylikelythattheyare localproducts. and verysoft,sometimes withinclusions.The colourrangesfromlightyellow-orange (7.5 YR are made ofan exceptionalfabric,either 8/6) to dullorange(5 YR 7/4).A numberoffigurines hardor softgreyor brownish Sometimes tracesofa blackglazecan be seen. clay.32 Many of these figurines,which belong to the archaic period,33bear a remarkable At the resemblance to thearchaicgrotesquefigurines fromthesanctuaryofArtemisOrthia.34 Menelaiontoo,similarfigurines appearto havebeen found.35 Animals 59. QUADRUPEDS(PLATEII c)

Four fragmentsof thistypewere found(N415SF 1; ofbodiesand legs; 191).All are fragments N415/141-2, no headsare preserved. No glaze.L. 0.059-0.021.36 60. OTHER ANIMALS(PLATEII d)

Two indefinableanimalswere found.One (N415SF and preservesa head with two 89) is fragmentary,

holes to reproduceeyes and a long neck; no glaze; L. 0.036. The other (N415SF 140) is completeand looks rather like a seal (PLATE11 d).37It has two paws in front,the rightone withthreelines incised, and a roundedtail. The righteye is indicatedby a circle, the rightnostrilby a hole. The lefteye is missing,the leftnostrilis not indicated. No glaze. L. 0.057.

Human:female GENITALS(PLATE12 a) 61. DISPLAYING

Fifteen are ofthefemalesex(N415SF29,37,38, figurines 47»49»58~9>91»94~5>IQ2,m, 113,38 135,and 164).Legs andarmsaremissing. The mostcomplete examplesrange in lengthfrom0.031to 0.057.Basic position:armsand legsspread,genitalsexposed.Some havetracesofblack on fiveexamples,as wellas glaze.The heads,preserved Breasts arenotindicated. thebodies,varyinexecution.39

62. PREGNANT (PLATE13 a)

There are two examples.N415SF 83: head and legs missing; back flat, belly round, both hands on belly;small curveindicatingbreasts(PLATE13 a); L. 0.034. N415SF 137: head missing;verybadly worn, circular base, columnar body, hands on belly; L. 0.057.

Human:male 63. ITHYPHALLIC MALES, SITTING OR SQUATTING

(plate 12b) Thirty-two examples(N415CSF 1; n4i6 (#502)SF 1; N415SF 2-7, 10,34-5, 43, 45, 48, 50, 82, 85, 103-5,40

106, 114, 116, 123, 130-4, 136, 138, and 152). Often legs, arms, and phalluses are missing.The nearly varyin lengthfrom0.036 to 0.056. completefigurines There seems to be one basic position: sittingor

31This site,knownas Tsákona,was excavatedby Dr H. W. Catlingin 1989. It has been identifiedas a shrineof Zeus Messapeus (see below,Inscription22; Catling 1990a, 284; 1990Ä,22, 32-3). Over 2,600 completeor nearlycomplete figurinesof the type described here were registered(cf. ofthetypes. Catling1990«,286; 1990Ä,30),withdescriptions 32N415SF82: medium-fine, hard,dullbrownclay(7.5YR5/3) SF83: fine,soft,light-grey withmanyparticles. clay(5 Y 8/2).SF SF 84: fine,light-grey clay(7/5YR8/2)withsomeredparticles. to brownclay(10 YR 6/2) with 103:fine,hard,greyish-yellow SF119:hard,greyish-yellow veryfineparticles. clay(2.5Y 7/2).SF 131:hard,lightgreyclay(2.5Y 8/2).SF 140,fine,soft,light-grey clay(7.5YR8/2). clay(io'YR8/2).SF145:fine,hard,light-grey 33Catlingand Shipley187-8.

34Farrell50-5. It shouldbe notedthatFarrellthinkssome whereasin myviewall are bearsor monkeys, ofthefigurines sitting or squatting figurines, however crude their appearance,are human. 35R. W. V. Catling,'Excavationsat the Menelaion, 1985', Lak.spoud.8 (1986),205-16,fig.13and pp. 211-12. 36Cf.Farrell50, fig.1 a, c-d' Higgins,pl. 141,no. 1021. 37This couldbe a bird:cf.Davidson,nl. ^, no. 6«*. 38SF nq is similarto Farrellw'*fie.2 d. 39Farrell51 givesa generaldescription ofthe ofthefeatures heads.Cf.M. S. Thompson,BSA 15(1908-9),pl. 6. 26 and p. 121,fromtheMenelaion. 40For drawingof N415SF 105 see Cavanagh and Crouwel 80, fig.3.

Simplefinds 191 squatting, phallus erect with arms around it.41 Executionofhead and bodyvaries.42 Only N415SF 82 and n4i6 (#502)SF 1 have beards,

indicated by small holes. The latter figurine is exceptional because of its liftedhead.

Human:sexuncertain 64. SITTINGOR SQUATTING This group, containing thirty-sixexamples, consists of fragments and nearly complete figurines without genitals43(ls 10503 SF 1; LS 10504 SF ι; Ν415 SF 8-9, 11-12, 14-15, 35, 39-42, 44, 46, 51-2, 54-5, 87-8, 90, 92, 108-9, II2> Il8> !22, 124-5, !39> 148-5°» !53> and 159).44The nearly complete examples range in length from0.037 to 0.048. 65. ON BASES(PLATE12 c) Eleven examples (N415 SF 13, 36, 62, 65, 93, 107, 115, 120-1, 143, 154). All are columnar.45The one nearly complete example of this group (N415 SF 107) is 0.056 long. N415 SF 62, 65, 93, and 120-1 are bases, their upper part missing.N415 SF 62 (H. 0.015) and 65 (H. 0.016) are both fragments consisting of a roughly circular

foot with a somewhat sloping stem. Their appearance is very similar to H45 SF 8, Q360A SF 1, and Q360 SF ι.46Ν415 SF 36 has a concave base.47 66. WITH RAISED ARM(S) (PLATE 12 d)

This group contains threeexamples, none complete. Of N415SF no (H. 0.044) and N415SF 146 (H. 0.034) the legs, large parts of the body and the rightarm are missing. The leftarm is raised to the leftpart of the head.48 On N415SF 162 (H. 0.04) the leftarm, both legs,and the head are missing.It seems a phallus is missingtoo. The body is squat; the rightarm is raised towardsthe head. No figurine of this type has been preserved completely, so one cannot be certain whether these figurineswere ithyphallic and had both arms raised. The break of the missing arms, however, seems to indicate that both were raised.

Human:fragmentary

Due totheirincompleteness a number offragments cannotbe arranged underanyoneoftheclasses. 67. HEADS N415 SF 17-28, 32, 57, 84, 86, 96-100, 117, 119, 144-5, 147, 163, and 165-6.49 The length of these fragments varies from0.018 to 0.048. 68. PHALLUSES N415 SF 20, 30, 64-6, 69, 101, 128, and 156-8. The

phallusesare all crudelyshapedcylinders, wideningat

theend. Some havea hole at thecentreoftheirwider end. Theirlengthvariesfrom0.017to 0.038. 69. LIMBS

N415 SF 63, 67-8, 70-4, 76-81, and 129. All very betweenarmsand legsis crudelymade; thedifference not clearlydistinguishable. The lengthof the limbs variesfrom0.015to 0.036.

ARCHAIC AND LATER, FROM SITES OTHER THAN N415 (69-94) OF PLASTICVASE? 70. FRAGMENT U499 SF 2. L. 0.051, W. 0.033, Th. 0.007. Fine orange

withslip.Back concave;a hollowat front.Apparently partofupperbodyand neck. Archaic?

41N415SF 4 is verysimilarto Farrell,fig.1 g. The typein generalis similarto Higgins,pl. 141,nos 1014-16,1018. 42Farrell51; cf.Catling19900,fig.11;1990^,pl. 6 d (except toprow,secondfromr.). 43Eitherthegenitalswerenotindicatedor no traceofthem is left. 44N415SF9 and 109are similarto Farrell,fig.if. 45N415SF 115,143,and 154are trefoils or crosses,identical to Farrell,fig.1 h. As Farrellstates(p. 53), thesetrefoils seem ofthehumanform. merelysimplified representations

46Cf. Catling1990a,fig.10,top row,figurine on extremer. 47N415SF 13 is similarto Farrell, fig.1,p. N415SF 107 is similar to ibid. fig. 1 k. In general the type is similarto Higgins,pl. 141,no. 1005. 48Cf. Catling1990a,fig.10,top row,second from1.; figurine Catling1990^», pl. 6 d, top row,secondfromr.Note thatboth theseexamplesraisetheright armto therightpartofthehead. 49Cf. Higgins, pl. 141, nos 1009-10, 1012-13, 1017. See Farrell51 fora descriptionof the featuresof the heads in general.

clay (5 YR 7/6) withsome dull reddish-brown slip (5 YR 5/4). Handmade. Frontveryworn;back covered

192 Chapter 19 71. FRAGMENT

U516ASF 6. L. 0.044,W. 0.035,Th. 0.015.Fairlyhard, fine, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4). Mouldmade. Hollow.Back missing. Irregularly shaped,convexfront withthreeflaring ridges(folds?). Archaic-classical? 72. HEADOF BOVINE S524B SF 2. L. 0.04, W. 0.025, D. (neck) 0.015. Fine

orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6) withsome mica. Body and paws missing.Handmade. Head solid, neck partly hollow. Surface worn. No paint, slip, or details. neck.Small horns, Triangularhead. Long cylindrical eyes,and snoutnotindicated. Archaic-classical? OF BOVINE 73. FRAGMENT M325 SF 1. L. 0.046, W. 0.038, Th. 0.03. Fine, soft

clay (7.5 YR 8/4) withveryfine,bright yellow-orange redparticles.Handmade.Head, forelegs, largepartof body,and lower parts of hind feetmissing.Limbs roughlyformed.Very thin body; heavy hind legs; shorttailhangingdownrighthindleg. Classical. 74. FEMALEFIGURINESEATEDON THRONE U516B SF 1. H. 0.081, W. 0.035, Th. 0.036. Rough

yellow-orangeclay (7.5 YR 8/8) with large white chalkstoneparticles.Mouldmade. Head, hands,and feetmissing.Surfaceveryworn. Arms along body, endingon knees.Solid. Largehole in back.50 Secondhalfof5thcent.BC. 75. HEADOF FEMALEFIGURINE N430 SF 1. L. 0.037, W. 0.022, Th. 0.014. Fine orange

clay (5 YR 7/6) withsome mica. Mouldmade. Body missing.Head and neck complete but veryworn. Surfaceverysmooth.Solid. Polos head-dress.Back concave.51 slightly Late 5thor early4thcent.BC. OF FEMALEFIGURINE 76. FRAGMENT U3010 SF 2. L. 0.027, W. 0.024, Th. 0.01. Hard, pale

orangeclay (5 YR 8/4) withmica. Mouldmade.Flat. on back.Polossimilarto 75? Fingerprints Late 5thor early4thcent.BC?

butrestofbody Small partofleftshoulderpreserved, missing.Surfaceworn,but tracesof eyesand mouth. Solid. Back concave.Same typeas 75, but somewhat larger. Late 5thor early4thcent.BC. 78. ARMOR LEG? H31 SF 3. L. 0.06, W. 0.016,Th. 0.009. Medium-soft, orangeclay (5 YR 6/8) withwhitelimestoneparticles. Flat, flaring,stick-likearm or leg. Brokenat widest end. Late classical-hellenistic? 79. FRAGMENT N430 SF 2. L. 0.043, W. 0.038, Th. 0.019. Fine, dull orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4); unevenly fired, partly orange (2.5 YR 6/8). No paint or slip. Handmade. Shape irregular.Convex surfacewithsmall ridgein middle. Classical-hellenistic? 80. HEAD OF FEMALE FIGURINE

U492 SF 1. L. 0.047,W. 0.032, Th. 0.024. Fine orange clay (5 YR 7/8). Mouldmade. Body missing.Head, neck,and part of both shoulderspreserved.Surface veryworn.Solid. No paintor slip.Hair-doin 'melon hair-style'? Classical-hellenistic. 81. SHOULDEROF FEMALEFIGURINE A118ASF 6. L. 0.043, W. 0.026, Th. 0.011. Medium-

fine,dull orangeclay (5 YR 7/4). Mouldmade.Three on one point. parallelroundedridges,converging Hellenistic. 82. FRAGMENT Ai 19 SF 1. L. 0.028, W. 0.025, Th. 0.006. Fine orange

clay (5 YR 6/6). Unevenlyfired;on convexside,light brownish-grey(5 YR 6/6). Mouldmade? Square, Surfacesmooth. convexfragment. Hellenistic. OF FEMALEFIGURINE 83. FRAGMENT A119 SF 2. L. 0.046, W. 0.032, Th. 0.012. Soft, orange

orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with some fine dark grit. Mouldmade.Head, neck,and partofpolos preserved.

clay (7.5 YR 7/6) wkh some particles.Mouldmade. Hollow.Only frontof rightshoulderwithupperpart of arm and breastpreserved.Concave back. No paint worn.Armalongbody.Chiton or slip.Surfaceslightly fastenedwith pin on shoulder,girdle under chest. Some shallowfolds. Hellenistic.

50 Close to A. A. Peredolskaja, AttischeTonfiguren aus einem südrussischen Grab (Antike Kunst, Beiheft 2; Ölten, 1964), pis

(n. 5), pl. 12,no. 175. 2-3; Margreiter 51Close to Davidson,pl. 7, fig.103.

77. HEAD OF FEMALEFIGURINE U3010 SF 1. L. 0.046, W. 0.033, Th. 0.016. Hard, fine

Small finds 193 84. FRAGMENT Ai19 SF 3. L. 0.04, W. 0.023, Th. 0.008. Soft,orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6) withsome particles.Mouldmade. Slightlyconvex.No paint or slip. Irregularly shaped Possiblybelongingwith83. fragment. Hellenistic? 85. FRAGMENT A119SF 4. L. 0.042, W. 0.024, Th. 0.008. Fine, soft orangeclay(7.5YR7/6).Surfaceworn.No paintor slip. flatfragment withfourparallelincisedlines. Elongated, Hellenistic? 86. FEMALEFIGURINE(PLATE13 b) U492ASF 1. L. 0.073,W. 0.049, Th. 0.027. Fine orangeclay (5 YR 7/6) withsome fineblack grit.Mouldmade? Head solid,body hollow.Lower part of body below breastsand both arms missing.Surface veryworn. On leftshoulder and below neck,tracesof chiton.Traces of both eyes on face. Head slightlyturnedtowardsrightshoulder.Shape ofhair-doindicatesso-called'melon hair-style'.52 Last quarter of 4th cent. BC. OF FEMALEFIGURINE 87. FRAGMENT U3010 SF 2. L. 0.048, W. 0.041, Th. 0.014. Medium-

fineorangeclay(5 YR7/8)withsomeblack,mediumfineinclusions.Mouldmade.Leftshoulder,leftbreast and upperleftpartpreserved.Restofbody,head, and neck missing. Solid. Arm, shoulder, and breast coveredwithlarge,shallow,curvingfolds.Arm along body.Scarfunderbreast.53 MiddleHellenistic. 88. FIGURINE FRAGMENT?

F135 SF 1. L. 0.046, W. 0.025, Th. 0.016. Medium-fine

orangeclay (5 YR 7/6) withsome grit.Surfaceworn. No paint or slip. Mouldmade? Solid. Elongated, raggedfragment. Hellenistic-Roman? 89. FRAGMENT F148 SF 9. L. 0.034, W. 0.033, Th. 0.008. Fine, soft orangeclay (7.5 YR 7/6). Back is of unequallyfired,

light brownish clay (7.5 YR 7/1). Mouldmade. A convex front,with cylinder(arm?) parallel to it. Concaveback. Hellenistic? FRAGMENT? 90. FIGURINE M321SF 4. L. 0.018,W. 0.016,Th. 0.005. Fine orange withthreeridges clay (7.5 YR 7/6). Square fragment foldsofcloth). (possiblyrepresenting Hellenistic-Roman? OF FEMALEMASK? 91. FRAGMENT

H45 SF 2. L. 0.08, W. 0.06, Th. 0.028. Rough orange clay (5 YR 7/6) with many large red terracotta particles. Back surface irregular,large chips off. Mouldmade. Irregularly On front, shaped fragment. small part slightlyconvex and plain, largest part consistsofwavylines(representing hair?).54 istor early2ndcent.AD. 92. FIGURINEFRAGMENT F135 SF 2. L. 0.051, W. 0.034, Th. 0.014. Very soft,fine,

lightyellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 8/6). Unevenlyfired, edges brownish-grey (7.5 YR 6/1). Surfaceworn.No paint or slip. Mouldmade. Long ridge along length (foldofcloak?).Irregularshape. Roman? 93. PARTOF KNEEANDCALFOF MALE? 1163SF 1. L. 0.1 19, W. 0.084, Th. 0.017. Fine orange

clay (2.5 YR 7/8). Surface veryworn. No paint or slip. Very rough surface on back. Handmade. Irregularly shaped half-cylinder.Front convex, back concave. On front,three ridges representing knee (?). Date uncertain. 94. FRAGMENT 1164 SF 1. L. 0.045, W. 0.021, Th. 0.011. Fine orange

clay(2.5 YR 7/8). Flat stickwithbulgeat one end, the otherend missing. Date uncertain.

Plaques (95-101) Severalfragments of thetypicalLaconianplaques werefound(J230SF 1; K235SF 1;J3X7SF 2; SF SF 1; R426A U492 3; LS 10853SF l' see 95"9)· Theirstyleis mostlyarchaic.Those datedchiefly to the6thcentury couldalso havebeenmadelater,sincethetypelastedfora longerperiod.55 Alsoincludedhereare twolaterplaque fragments (100-1). 52Close to P. G. Leyenaar-Plaisier, Us Terres cuites et grecques iii:Planches romaines, (Leiden,1979),pl. 35,no. 208. 53ClosetoMargreiter (η.5),pl. 16,no.209(2nd-istcent.BC);or

H. Goldman etal., Tarsus,i: Excavations at Go'zlüKule:TheHellenistic

andRoman Periods (Princeton, NJ,1950),pl.239,no.363,andp. 355. 54Cf. Goldman(n. 53), pl. 235,nos 295 and 347; Davidson, pl. 40, fig.438. 55Wace and Hasluck,Angelona, 84.

194 Chapter 19 NAKEDFIGURE REPRESENTING 95. FRAGMENT SF 1. H. W. J230 0.07, 0.041. Hard, fine orange clay

(7.5 YR 7/6) with mica and fine black grit. Mouldmade. Solid. Surface worn. Head and shouldersmissing. Left Legs brokenoffat knee-height. arm missing.Right arm along body.Flat back. No paintor slip,no details.56 6thcent.BC. 96. FRAGMENT REPRESENTING (NAKED?) HUMAN FIGURE K235 SF 1. H. 0.057, W. 0.045, Th. 0.023. Fairly hard,

fine, orange clay (7.5 YR 7/4) with some mica. Mouldmade.Solid. Surfaceveryworn.Lowerpartof body missing.No tracesof leftarm; tracesof right arm visiblealong body.Flat back. Same typeas 95. Archaicstyle. 6thcent.BC. 97. FRAGMENT (FIG. 19.I, 7) R426A SF 1. L. 0.103, W. 0.1 14, Th. 0.033. Rough, light

clay (7.5 YR 8/4) withmuchdarkgrit. yellow-orange Mouldmade. Lower rightcorner and upper part missing.Surfacewornand scratched.Severalchipsoff edges,surface,and back.No paintor slip.Solid. Plaque framedbythin,lowband. On upperpart,in relief;twolegs in diagonalposition;parallelto them, butsomewhathigherto leftremains,ofstaffor cloth? To right,remainsof chair-leg?The completeplaque a figureseatedon a chair.57 mayhaverepresented 6thcent.BCor later.

Miscellaneous

98. FRAGMENT U492SF 3. L. 0.046,W. 0.044,Th. 0.011.Medium-fine yellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 7/8). Mouldmade.Surface veryworn.Flat back. Solid. Same typeas 95. Archaic style. 6thcent.BC. 99. CORNERWITHHUMANHEAD IN RELIEF LS 10853 SF 1. L. 0.04, W. 0.038, Th. (plaque) 0.007,

(plaque and head) 0.019. Medium-hard,fairlyfine orange clay (5 YR 7/8) with large white particles. Right corner and lower part missing.Mouldmade. Solid. Surfaceworn.Leftcornerrounded. Oval head enfacein upperleftcorner,veryclose to edge.No detailson head.58 6thcent.BCor later. 100. PLAQUE (?) WITH HOLE

T445ASF 1. L. 0.047,W. 0.03,Th. 0.018. Coarse,hard, orangeclay (2.5 YR 7/6) withmica and red particles. Surfacescratchedand chipped. Edges badly worn. Edge of rectangular,flatobject with trace of hole. Reusedtile? Roman,judgingbyfabric. OF PLAQUE ΙΟΙ. FRAGMENT J317 SF 2. L. 0.048, W. 0.048, Th. 0.021. Coarse,

orange clay (5 YR 7/6) withmica and red particles. Small Mouldmade.Flat, irregularly shapedfragment. slopingridgeat back.Trianglein reliefat front. Roman-Byzantine?

(102-8)

Among the terracottaobjects found are also the spout of a water-pipe or hookah (106), a crucible (102), and a so-called anchor (103). Moreover, some potteryis included (104-5), as well as pithoslids (107-8). 102. CLAY CRUCIBLE (FIG. 19.I, 5)

103. 'anchor' (fig. 19.1,0) U500BSF 1. Th. c.o.025. Medium-hard,thick,coarse, firedclay.Surfaceorange(5 YR7/8),coreditto. unevenly Inclusions: somesmallquartzand somesmallblackgrit cf.LS 11122/69,bodysherdtype48. (nomica).Forfabric, Anchor-shaped objectwithcentralverticalprongand two(incompletely curvedsides.59 preserved) EarlyHelladicII-III.

56Identical to Higgins,pl. 21 g, and Wace and Hasluck, Angelona',84, fig.6, no. 12.Archaicstyle. 57Cf. Wace and Hasluck, Angelona', 86, fig.7; A. J. B. Wace, 'The heroön', in 'Excavations at Sparta', BSA 12 (1905-6),288-94,fig.4. Archaicstyle.

58Close to Wace and Hasluck, Angelona', 86, fig.7, and Wace (n. 57),figs3-4. Archaicstyle. 59Cf. H. J. Weisshaar,AgäischeTonanker',AM 95 (1980), 33-49,at p. 35,fig.1.5.

n4io/79. D. 0.09, Th. 0.018. Outside orange,with many small to mediumwhite inclusions,evidently limeand quartz.Rim and interior burntgrey. Rim and body of thick-walled, coarse, vessel.Small vesiclesburnt,especially hemispherical aroundrimand upperbody. Late MiddleHelladic-earlyLate Helladic.

Smallfinds 195 [104.Numberdiscarded.]

107. DISC (PITHOS LID?)

OF STRAINER(FIG. 19.1, 10) 105. FRAGMENT A118B SF 3. L. 0.02, W. 0.018, Th. 0.007. Fine,

medium-hard orangeclay (2.5 YR 7/6). Straight,flat formirregular. No traceof rim.One hole fragment; tracesoftwootherholes. completely preserved; Late classical-hellenistic, judgingbyfabric. 106. WATER-PIPE (HOOKAH)

K247ESF 1. Fragmentof spout of Turkishclay pipe (hookah).L. 0.041,D. 0.022 (ifcomplete),Th. (edge) 0.007. Hard, veryfine,dull orangeclay (7.5 YR 7/3). Half of spout preserved. Surface scratched. at top;markedlip. Cylindrical, slightly flaring Ottoman?

U511ASF 12. D. (complete)0.078. Fine, hard, light yellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 8/3). No slip.Wheelmade. Two large chips missing.Back flat.Fronthas three ridgesnear edge. Frontside convex in centre,with threeconcentric ridgesnearedge.Possiblya pithoslid. Byzantine-Ottoman? 108. CIRCULAR PITHOS LID?

J67 SF 12. Th. 0.049, D. (complete) c.0.205. Hard, coarse orange clay (2.5 YR 6/6) with grit and limestoneparticles.Unevenlyfired;on edgesgrey(5 Y 6/1). Handmade? One halfpreserved;some chipsoff edges and surface.Incised withrough,intersecting lineson one side. Date uncertain.

METAL (108-20) Miscellaneous

(108-13) Amongthe fivemetalobjectsfoundare two buttons(112-13), whichcannotbe dated with certainty. TypicalforLaconia is thelead wreath(no), ofwhichmanywereexcavatedin the the head of an archaic sanctuaryof ArtemisOrthia and at the Menelaion. Furthermore, were found. bronzepin (109) and a candelabrumfragment (in) 109. HEAD OF BRONZE PIN (PLATE 13 d)

h62 SF 1. L. 0.045. Light greenish-grey patina (5 G 7/1) all over.Lower part of stembrokenoff.Thick disc with globe on top. Two bobbins, each separated by two ridges. One ridge underneath lowestbobbin. Top surfaceof disc plain; itsvertical surface grooved horizontally. Upper bobbin somewhat larger than lower. Vertical surface of bobbinsgrooved.60 Archaic. 110. LEAD WREATH

J221 SF 1. L. 0.018. Thin, flat rosette with pointed leaves and open circle in centre.61 500-425 BC.

60Cf. M. Kilian-Dirlmeier,'Nadeln der frühhelladischen bis archaischenZeit von der Peloponnes',in Prähistorische xiii. 8 (München,1984),pl. 100, typeΒ VI, pl. Bronzefunde, ofthistype:ibid. 221. Cf. 100,no. 4252. Generaldescription also P. Jacobsthal, GreekPins and theirConnexionswithEurope andAsia (Oxford, 1956), no. 83; H. Payne et ai, Perachora:The

111. FRAGMENT OF BRONZE CANDELABRUM (PLATE 14 a)

K247CSF 2. D. 0.054,Th. 0.002. Dome-shapedobject witheverted,flatedge.Hole in centre. The object may have belongedto a candelabrum, of a typefoundin manyGreek Orthodoxchurches. If so, it would have been hangingjust below thepart in which the oil is kept. However, its shape also recalls bronze lids such as have been found at Sardis.62 Byzantine. 112. IRONBUTTON

iron H31SF 4. D. 0.048. Rust-coloured, yellow-orange (7.5YR7/8).Concaveback. Date uncertain.

SanctuanesofHera Akraia and Limenaia (Oxford, 1940), 75, no.

4 and pl. 136,no. 2. 61Cf. A. J. B. Wace, 'The lead figurines', in AO pl. 199,no. 24, lead V 62J. C. Waldbaum,Metalworkfiom Sardis(Cambridge,Mass., 1983),pl. 36, no. 551.

196 Chapter19 113. CONVEXBRONZEBUTTON(FIG. 19.I, //)

K299 SF 1. D. 0.026, Th. 0.002. Frontrounded.Back withsmallbarinmiddleforattachment tocloth. concave, Date uncertain.

114. PIECE OF LEAD U511 SF 8. L. 0.018, W. 0.011, Th. 0.002. Very worn,

smallhole on edge. Date uncertain.

Coins

(115-21) Severalcoinswerefound,datingfromlate classicalto Ottomantimes.A hellenistic coin of AlexandertheGreat(116) could indicatecommercialrelationswithKolophon,an Ionian city. In addition,a rare Turkishcoin of Ahmed III (121) was found;thiswas laterused as an as is indicatedbythefactthata holewas made neartheedge. adornment, OF ELIS (PLATE14 b) 115. TRITARTEMORION Bin SF 12. D. 0.017, Th. 0.004. Obverse: illegible. Reverse(illustrated):inscriptionFA; eagle with closed wings,looking back.63 362-312 BC. 116. SILVER DRACHMA OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (PLATE14 ή

e8i SF 1. Struckin Kolophon.D. 0.017,Th. 0.003. Obverse: head ofAlexander. Reverse: Zeus seated on backless throne;rightleg drawnback,holdingsceptreand eagle; to leftofZeus, crescent;under throne,monogramPA; to rightof ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ.64 Zeus,inscription 336-323BC. 117. ROMAN(?) BRONZECOIN K237 SF 1. D. 0.017, Th. 0.002. Heavily eroded, with

some greenpatina. Neitheron obverseor reverseis or figureidentifiable. anyinscription Judgingbyitssize,possiblya Roman coin ofend of istcent.AD? 118. FOLLISOF NIKEPHOROSIII

U490 SF 13.BronzeByzantinefollisofNikephorosIII. D. 0.025, Th. 0.002.

Obverse:three-quarter-lengthfigure of Christ standingfacing,wearingnimbuscrown,pallium,and colobiumand raisingrighthand in benediction;in left hand, Book of Gospels.In fieldto left,IC overlarge star,to rightXC overlargestar. Reverse: cross with globule at each extremity;at

centre,circle containingstar of eight rays; in the angles,CO. and ΝΔ.65 AD 1078-81.

OF ALEXIOSI 119. TETARTERON

of U490 SF 5. OctangularbronzeByzantinetetarteron AlexiosI. Struckin Thessalonica.D. 0.015,Th. 0.005. Obverse: crossontwosteps;infield ΑΔ. | ΚΦ. patriarchal Reverse: ΑΛΕΣΙ. Bust facing,wearingcrownand loros,holdingjewelledsceptreand gl. cr.66 AD 1092-1118.

ISO. BRONZECOIN OF GUY II (?)

U490 SF 14 10 1051.BronzeFrankishcoin, possiblyof Guy II (1287-1308),struckunderregimeofHuguesde Brienne(1292-1294)?67D. 0.017,Th. 0.005. Obverse: crossin circlewiththefollowing motto: -+ : GVIOT : DVX . Th and dots.Reverse: veryworn.68 AD 1292-4?

121. PARAOF AHMEDIII (PLATE14 d)

e79 SF 1. SilverTurkishcoin (para)of AhmedIII (AD 1703-30, 1115-1143h). Struckin Constantinoplein 1703. D. 0.015, Th. 0.005. Hole near edge; was reusedas an adornment. evidently Obverse: Tugra: 'Ahmedson of Mehmud,Lord, the evervictorious'. Reverse: 'Struckin Constantinople1115'. To leftof date,variousmarks.69 AD 1703.

Museum Oxford,3: Macedonia (London, 1976), pl. 52, Colophon,no. 2749.

66Sear (n. 65),no. 1932. 67The coin is very worn, but definitelyFrankish.The is notcompletely inscription legible,butsuggestsGuv II. 68Close to G. Schlumberger, de VOúentlatin Numismatique (Paris,1878),pl. 13,no. 7. Possiblytype7b.

no. 1888and DOC IX: 830.

(California,1977),pl. 145,AhmedIII, no. 1826,typeic/5a.

63 Close to P. Gardner, Catalogueof GreekCoins: Peloponnesus

torinth) (London1887),67,no. 87, type1 (pl. 13. 11). (excluding

64 C. M. Kraay, SyllogeNummorumGraecorum,v: Ashmolean 65 D. R. Sear, ByzantineCoinsand theirValues(London, 1987),

69 Sultan, Coins theOttoman of Empireand theTurkish Republic J.

Smallfinds 197

STONE (122-6) Five stoneobjectswerepickedup. The beads (122, 124) and the disc fragment (125) cannot be dated.The crystal pendant(123) and thehandleofa knife(126) maybe modern. 122. STONEBEAD

P284C SF 1. D. c.o.028, Th. 0.013. Hard, dark grey, ferriferous steatite(n 3/0). Circularbead, suspension surfaceworn. holein middle.Halfpreserved; Date uncertain.

stone(10 YR 4/1). Circularbead, suspensionhole in middle.Complete,surfaceworn. Date uncertain. 125. STONEDISC U500B SF 11. L. 0.04, W. 0.029, Th. 0.007. Hard grey

OF CRYSTALPENDANT 123. FRAGMENT SF L. 2. 0.018, W. 0.01. Transparent rock P284E

oflargedisc? slate(n 5/0). Surfacepolished.Fragment convex,hole nearedge. Edge slightly Date uncertain.

124. STONEBEAD U490A SF 6. D. 0.022, Th. 0.01. Hard brownish-grey

ofstonehiltofknife?L. U511ASF 1. Severalfragments Green 0.031,W. 0.022, Th. 0.008 (largestfragment). Outside surfacescratched.Outside lapislacedaemonius. rectangular, pointedmouldingon inside. Or modern? Byzantine-Ottoman?

crystal,slightly pink.Top brokenoff,some chipsoff corners.Hexagonal; two sides somewhatwiderthan otherfoursides. Modern?

KNIFEHILT (?) 126. LAPISLACEDAEMONIUS

GLASS (127-39) of vessels.In addition,a Severalglassfragments werefound,mostlybody or ringfragments Roman mosaic tessera(127), the base of a Byzantineglass lamp (135), and the neck of a Venetianor Turkishbottle(136) werefound. 127. MOSAICTESSERA H34 SF 1. H. 0.006, L. 0.014, W. 0.004. Light blue

butslightly formed. irregularly glass.Rectangular Roman.

128. BODY FRAGMENT Aioi SF 1. Th. 0.002, L. 0.034, W. 0.027. Light green,

Convex. slightly bubblyglass.Some weathering. Roman.

129. RIM FRAGMENT H28 SF 1. Th. 0.003, L. 0.027, W. 0.016. Light turquoise

Rim fragment of vesselwith glass.Some weathering. Rimcurved;bodyconvex. partofbodypreserved. Roman-Byzantine?

green,verybubblyglass. Mostlyconvex,but small partconcave.Sherdofsmallbottle? Roman-Byzantine? 132. BODYFRAGMENT P284CSF 3. Th. 0.0015,L. 0.018,W. 0.017.Dull, very bubblyturquoiseglass. Roman-Byzantine? 133. BODYFRAGMENT

U488 SF 1. Th. 0.002, L. 0.022, W. 0.021. Dull turquoise glass. Convex. Same appearance as 129· Roman-Byzantine?

130. RIM FRAGMENT P284A SF 1. Th. 0.004. L. 0.02, W. 0.018. Light

134. NECK FRAGMENT? K247 SF 8. Th. 0.002, L. 0.022, W. 0.018. Light turquoise glass with some weathering.Convex. Byzantine?

131. BODY FRAGMENT P284B SF 1. Th. 0.004, L. 0.025, W. 0.018. Light blue-

135. FRAGMENTOF LAMP D306 SF 1. L. 0.041, D. 0.008-0.016. Olive-green, bubbly glass. Weathering all over. Flaring, slightly irregularly-shaped,solid cylinderending in a bulb.70 nth to mid-i2th cent. AD.

turquoiseglass withsome weathering.Slightlybent; ironrodthrough rim.Same fabricas 129. Roman-Byzantine?

70Close to Davidson,pl. 60, no. 801.

198 Chapter19 136. NECKOF BOTTLE(FIG.19.1,12) N418SF 1. L. 0.042, D. (complete)0.038. Thick dark brown glass. Half of upper part, neck, and body missing.Flat-topped,roundedrim. Cylindricalneck with vertical parallel lines in relief. Coil wound aroundneckbelowrim.71 Venetianor Turkish. 137. FRAGMENT J67SF 8. Th. 0.003, L. 0.026, W. 0.015. Ultramarine glasswithsomeweathering. Rectangularshape. Modern?

138. RIMFRAGMENT Π1173SF 1. Th. 0.004, L. 0.019. Clear,lightgreyglass of vessel.Cylindricalrim (2.5 GY 8/1). Rim fragment withthinmetalrodinside. Date uncertain. 139. RIMFRAGMENT U490 SF 7. Th. 0.001, L. 0.021,W. 0.016. Lightgreygreen, very bubbly, thin glass. Thick rim with ofconvexbody. fragment Date uncertain.

71Close to Davidson,pl. 60, no. 796.

20

THE STONE ARCHITECTURAL AND SCULPTURAL FRAGMENTS1 David Hibler This CHAPTER containsdescriptions of thefindsof stonearchitecture and sculpturemade by theSurveythatwererecoveredfromthefieldforfurther studyin theapotheke.(In thecase of made in the were takenand descriptions the blocksfromAgios Theodoros,measurements in Of items the are one the architectural, field.) sculptural, catalogue,twenty-three twenty-fi'|e and one impossibleto attribute certainlyto eithergroup. WiththeexceptionofthefindsfromH45 (1-2), and perhapsthosefromJ220(22) and P274 (23), it is likelythatall theobjectswerefoundout oftheiroriginalcontext.They wereeither and reusedor had been excavatedpreviously, perhapsfromsomemodernbuildingsitenearby, from the bed of the true of the numerous architectural This is fragments certainly dumped. riverKelephina(J67,3-10; j68, 11, 13-19), and is verylikelyto applyalso to theobjectsfrom J70(20-1). This lack of contextclearlyrendersthe materialof verylimitedvalue to the all the findsweremade in Survey'swiderarchaeologicalaims,thoughthe factthatvirtually the Evrotasplain, or not farfromit, is striking.Given the relativescarcityof published to recordthedetailsofthefindsas a group. architecture fromLaconia,itwas feltworthwhile The findsrange in date fromthe archaic to late Roman periods; at least one may be Byzantine.Only two are likelyto be archaic,and none is certainlyclassical. The largest or Roman.Manycannotbe datedwithanydegreeofprecision. numberare hellenistic Nineteenof the twenty-five objectsare probablyor certainlymade of the local grey-blue of non-localmarble;the remainderare of other Laconian marble;threeare almostcertainly one ofporoswithstucco). stone(twooflimestone, Althougha proportionof the findsare so brokenand weatheredas to make themvery someofthegroupappear to be ofsufficient interest to warrantseparate difficult to interpret, mentionhere. The two objectswhichmay be archaic are both capitals:one (20) an anta ofAeolicor proto-Ionicform;theother(18) partofa largeDoric capital, capital,apparently in similar its Doric capitaloftheAmyklaion. AnotherDoric profileto thesole surviving very in is hellenistic date. The cornice block is evidence ofa Roman (23) large capital(6) probably considerable scale and and the four architrave blocks found of importance, together building (25) mustalso come froma buildingof some size thatstood,perhaps,at or near the church wheretheywerediscovered.

1I shouldliketo thankMissCatrionaTurnerand Mrs Elizabeth Catling, who produced the drawingsof architectural members here.I amalsograteful to published DrJ.Coulton, O. Palagia,Dr A. Spawforth, Dr S. Professor

Walker,and ProfessorG. Waywell,who discussedthe materialwith me and gave me the benefitof their ofarchitecture and Spartanhistory. knowledge Anyerrors aremineentirely. remaining

200 Chapter 20

Given the fragmentary natureof the materialit is hazardousto speculateon associations betweentheobjectsand knownLaconianbuildings.Nevertheless, whereit seemspossiblethat a connectionexists,thishas been pointedoutin thetext. 1. PARTOF REVETMENT (PLATE 15 a)

local marble.Max. près. Η. ο.265,2max. près.W. 0.255,max· depth.0.075. H45.11SF 1. Grey-white Weatheredand broken;twoedgespreserved. One side is workedflat,witha simplecrowningmoulding.The otherside has a flattened marginat itsupperand loweredges,and at theupperpartofone end. The lowermarginhas claw-chisel marks. Betweenthesemarginstherestofthefaceis workedroughlysmoothin threedistinct areas,withmarks ofpointand claw-chisel apparent. It seemslikelythatthepiece was originally a revetment, perhapsfora podiumor base. The workon thereversesuggests reuse,perhapsas a threshold. or Roman. Probablyhellenistic 2. PARTOF MOULDING

local marble.Max. près.W. 0.16,max.près.H. 0.09,près,depth0.055. H45.13SF2. Grey-white Shortpiece ofmouldingwithone finished surface.The mouldingconsistsofa filletprojecting slightly convexelementabove (orbeneath)it.Perhapsfroma sarcophagus. beyondtheplainhalf-round Too littlepreserved to allowdating. 3. PARTOF PODIUM OR STATUE BASE (?) (ILL. 20. i)

marble,withsome darkgreystreaks;probablylocal. Max. près.W. 0.13,max. près. J67SF 3. Blue-grey H. 0.22,max.près,depth0.16. Broken. Partsoftwofinished surfaces and detailsofthecymareversa,cavetto,and taeniaare preserved. Marks ofa pointand twotypesofclaw-chisel arevisible.Probablyfromthetopofa podiumor statuebase. Hellenisticor Roman. :·.'.··.·.·.'.·. ··.····. '.•'••'•'..-^-^i •'.•'..:.:·ν··.;..νι.<.··.' /·.·.··'·.··

5 4

3

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10

15

III. 20.ι. 3. Partofpodiumor statuebase (?).

2 All measurements are givenherein metres.The smallscale in thephotographs is markedin divisionsof0.01 m. The ranging rodis markedin divisionsof0.10 m.

Architectureand sculpture 201

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III. 20.2. 4· Piece ofcarvedstone.Smallsketchshowsposition ofsections. 5

4

ΙΓΓΓΓ 3

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III. 20.3. 6. Doric capital. 4. PIECE OF CARVED STONE (PLATE 15 b' ILL. 20.2)

J67 SF 4. Light grey-bluelocal marble. Max. près. L. 0.23, max. près, breadth 0.09, max. près. Th. 0.075.Brokenon all sides;upperand lowersurfacespreserved. Flattishpiece of stone,one surfaceof whichis workedin relief,in threedifferent planes. In the highestreliefplane thepointof a leafor similartouchesan arc,renderedin lowerrelief.The arc is in higherreliefthanthe restof the surfaceof the stoneand is bevelled.The profileis continuedbeyond thissurfacewitha cavetto.The othersurfaceis roughlysmoothedwitha coarsepoint. base, althoughit is possible that the piece is Perhapspart of a reliefshield or perrirhanterion ratherthansculptural. architectural Perhapsarchaicor classical. 5. TOP OF IONIC COLUMN

J67 SF 6. White-greymarble,probablylocal. Max. près. H. 0.13; H. of mouldingat neck 0.04; D. (reconstructed) £.0.24.Brokenon all sides. Partofthemouldingat theneck,composedofa plain filletwithhalf-round elementabove,survives. is workedroughlysmoothwithobliqueblowsofa point. The uppersurface, partofwhichis preserved, Romanor later. 6. DORIC CAPITAL (ILL. 20. 3)

localmarble.W.(abacus)0.445;H. (block)0.175,(echinus) J67SF11.Blue-grey 0.05,(abacus)0.07;D. (column) W. Broken almost diameter. One corner of 0.33; (flutes) 0.055. along preserved partofabacusbroken. Echinusof uniform,slightlycurvingprofile,withsimpletransitionat junctionwithabacus. The and are separatedbynarrowgrooves. annuletsare crisplycut,ofsquarishprofile, There are claw-chiselmarkson theedgesand undersideof the abacus and on the undersideof the capital,wherethereare also a small centrallyplaced point markand guidelinesscored along the diameterat 90 degrees. Detailsoftheprofilesuggesta hellenistic date.3The capitalmusthavecome froma buildingofsome scale,perhapsa smalltemplebuilding. 3 Forthedetailssee thediscussioninj. J. Coulton,'The stoa at the Amphiaraion,Oropos', BSA 63 (1968), 147-83,esp.

170-1. Cf. also G. Roux, L'Architecture de VArgolide aux quatrième et troisième sièclesavantJ.-C. (Paris, 1961),293 (Portique de Cotys).

202 Chapter 20 7. IONIC COLUMNBASE(ILL. 2O.4) J67SF 16. Blue-greylocal marble. Max. près. W. (plinth)0.255; tota^H. 0.26; Badly broken and abraded, but a complete profilepreserved. The base is of Attic-Ionic typewith a deeply cut groove articulatingthe upper torus and scotia. Hellenistic or Roman.4 8. PARTOF ARCHITRAVEBLOCK (PLATE 16 d' ILL. 2O.5)

J67 SF 17. Whitish-greymarble with micaceous inclusions, probably local. Max. près. W. 0.20, max. près. D. 0.465, près. H. 0.135; H. (taenia) 0.06, (regula) 0.045, (guttae) 0.015; D. (guttae) 0.03. Frontand top preserved.Block apparentlybroken at midpoint of regula. The broken 1. end has at some later time been worked roughlyflatwith oblique blows of a point. Guttae broken and weathered. Block fromupper architrave.A rectangularcutting,perhaps a pryhole (L. 0.07, W. 0.03, depth 0.02), now broken and weathered, is centrallyplaced towards the back of the upper surface,its lengthalmost parallel with the edges of the block, beginning 0.21 fromthe frontof the block and 0.11 fromthe right edge. The upper surfaceis worked flatwith a coarse claw-chisel; marks of a smaller claw-chisel are visible on the taenia. The small, shallow guttae and the bevelled underside of taenia and regula suggest a date in the fourthcenturyor later.5 9. SMALLCAPITALOF DORIC TYPE J67 SF 19. Grey-bluelocal marble. Max. près. W. of abacus 0.175; D. (column) 0.145; total près. H. 0.07; H. (abacus) 0.035, (echinus) 0.015. Abacus badly broken at all points except where one edge is preserved.Echinus broken on one side. Heavy abacus on a relativelyslightechinus. The echinus is straightand shallow,with an astragal at thejunction withthe abacus. Two cuttingsof irregularform(greatestL. 0.03 and 0.025, depth
5 Cf. Roux (η. 3), 140 ff.,esp. 142, on the tholos at Epidauros. A fragmentof an architraveblock fromthe theatreof Sparta (BSA 30 (1928-30),163,no. 1) has a very in the dimensionsof the heightof its close correspondence taenia,régula,and guttae. 6 A votivecapitalfromtheMenelaion(Woodward1908-9, in 86-7, no. 90) is comparablein overallheight,but differs itsotherdimensions.

Architecture and sculpture203

5 4 3 2 1 9

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III. 20.4. 7. Ionic columnbase. ι

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III. 20.5. 8. Partofarchitrave block.

204 Chapter 20 I

ι

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III. 20.6. 10. PartofDoric architrave and friezeblock.

or Romandate.7 The styleoftheworkoftheuppermarginsuggestsa hellenistic It is tempting to associatethispiece withthe friezefromthe hellenistic proskenionof the theatre, The width of the reconstructed as reconstructed Woodward (BSA 30 (1928-30),153 ff.). triglyph, by The of theproskenion. too small.Woodward(p. 154)suggests0.18 forthetriglyphs 0.125,is, however, dimensionshave a closer correspondencewith a corner block, brieflydescribed by Woodward blocks:number8 of thatgrouphad a (pp. 163-4) amonga groupof miscellaneousDoric architrave and of scale. wide details c.0.15 comparable triglyph Perhapsfromthepodiumofa mausoleumor buildingofsimilarscale. II. IONIC COLUMN BASE (ILL. 20.7)

marblewithmicaceousinclusions, probablylocal. H. 0.125;D. (uppersurface)0.275. j68 SF 1. Grey-white breaksto lowerelement. Brokenroughly alongdiameterofuppersurface.Some largeand well-worn 7 The flattopsto thegroovessuggesta date no earlierthan at the thelate 4thcent.BC,and theabsenceof undercutting

top makesit likelythatthe blockis not earlierthanthe 3rd cent.Cf. Coulton(n. 3). 171-2.

Architectureand sculpture 205

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III. 20.7. 11. Ionic columnbase.

Ionic base withscotiaof relatively largeproportion.Small circularhole at centreof upperface is £.0.01at widestand lessthan0.005 deep. indicate Claw-chiselmarks,clearlyvisibleon thescotia,maybe a formofrustication or,morelikely, thatthepiece is unfinished. The profilesuggestsa latedate- certainly Roman,ifnotlater. Woodwardgivessomedetailsofa numberofIonic bases fromthetheatre(BSA30 (1928-30),170).Of nineteenwitha heightofbetween0.12 and 0.18,one had a shaftwithlowerdiameterofapproximately whether 0.20,anotherwithdiameterof£.0.26.Withoutmoredetailitis impossibleto saywithcertainty anyconnectionexists. 12. IONIC CAPITAL (PLATE 16 b)

In garden of house in village of Aphisiou. Blue-greylocal marble. L. 0.36, max. près. H. 0.16; D. (volute)0.14.Apparently complete,and verywellpreserved. The echinusis decoratedwithegg and dart,and the pulvinussculptedin the formof long leaves gatheredat the middleby threereels,the centralone broaderthanthe outerones and decoratedon bothsideswithtonguesradiatingfromthecentre. The flamboyant stylesuggestsa datein theSeveranperiod.8 13. PARTOF SHAFT OF DORIC COLUMN

j68 SF 2. Brownporoswithmanylargeinclusions.Creamywhitestuccois preservedon somepartsof thesurface.Max près,circumference 0.58, max. près.H. 0.16,approx.D. 0.30; W. (flutes) 0.05. Broken obliquelyat topand bottom,and on one side. Partof the shaftor drumof a Doric column.Twelvearrisesare preserved, mostbadlybroken,and tracesofstuccoremainon someareas oftheflutes. A fragment ofa Doric columnofcoarsestonewithstuccoand ofsimilardimensions to thisfragment was excavatedfromthe 'sanctuaryon the Megalopolis road' (BSA 13 (1906-7), 171),whereactivity is notnecessarily appearsto havebeen greatestin thesixthcenturyBC.That theSurveyfragment early, is shown the stuccoed Doric column of Roman date from the theatre however, by (BSA 30 (1928-30), to be laterthanthefirstcentury AD. nevertheless, 162).It is unlikely,

8 Cf. O.

in hellenistischer und Bingöl, Das ionische Normalkapitell

römischer Beih. 20; Zeitin Kleinasien (IstanbulerMitteilungen, Tübingen,1980),214, inv.203, Taf. 26, pl. 202 (wherethe

reelsdo not offera close parallel)in Manisa Museum,and datedbyB. to the2nd~3rdcenturiesAD.

2θ6 Chapter 20

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III. 20.8. 15. Upperelementofsmallmonument or statue base.

14. PIECE OF WORKED STONE

local marble.Largestdimensions 0.18 X 0.16. j68 SF3. Blue-grey of worked broken and battered. One faceis clearlyworkedand bearsa cutting stone, Shapelesspiece in theformofa cross,each axisbeing£.0.07longand cut£.0.005deep. The workedfacecarriesthemarksofa fineclaw-chisel. The stateof preservation of thispiece makesit impossibleto suggesta functionor date. It is not certainly antique. 15. UPPER ELEMENT OF SMALL MONUMENT OR STATUE BASE (ILL. 20.8)

j68 SF 6. Whitemarble,probablynot local. Max. près.W. 0.15,max. près,depth0.195,max. près.H. flat. 0.16.Brokenobliquelyat backand on bothsides.Uppersurfacefinished and workedroughly of architectural of decoration,composed apophyge,ovolo, taenia, cyma reversa,and Fragment No toolmarksapparent. taenia.The detailsofthemouldingsare sharplycutand wellpreserved. Froma smallmonument or statuebase. Almostcertainly Roman. 16. FRAGMENT OF DORIC CAPITAL

0.05. j68 SF7. Greymarble,probablylocal.Près.H. 0.175;près,circumference (echinus)0.135;W. (flutes) A smallfragment, badlybroken.The undersideis preserved.The upperpartoftheechinusand the and tracesofmortaron theflutesindicatesomelaterreuse. abacus havebeen reworked, In itspoor stateofpreservation theprofileoftheechinusis impossibletojudge. The firstand lastof thefourannuletsare slightly largerthanthecentralones;groovesbetweentheannuletsare shallow. or Romandate.9 The treatment oftheapophygeand formoftheannuletssuggesta hellenistic 17. PARTOF DORIC COLUMN, PROBABLYENGAGED (PLATE 15 d)

marble,probablylocal. Max. près. H. 0.41, max. près,circumference 0.90; j68 SF 11. White-grey W. (flutes)0.045; radiusof preservedsurface0.155 (fromarristo centreof cutting).Cutting:L. 0.04, breadth0.02,depth0.02. 9 Cf. Coulton(n. 3), 171.

Architectureand sculpture 207

5 4 .-

.-

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III. 20.9.18. PartofDoriccapital.

One surface(withcutting)partlypreserved,the otherlost.The side whichseemsoriginally to have been engagedis largelybroken,buta littleis preservedat thejunctionwiththeflutedside.The arrises are chippedand abraded. Partof a Doric column,whichappearsoriginally to have been engaged,althoughit is possible(but lesslikely)thatit is simplyunfinished. Ten flutesare preserved.At thejunctionofthelastfluteon one side withthereverse,thecolumnhas been workedflat.There is a rectangular cuttingon one surface; thissurfacealso bearsthemarksofa coarseclaw-chisel. The dimensionsof this column are very close to those of an engaged column shaftused by of a hellenisticproskenionforthe theatre(BSA 30 (1928-30), 152 Woodwardin the reconstruction on whichWoodward'sreconstruction is based (and whichhe believedcame from if.).The fragment the top of the shaft)has eleven flutes,each 0.045 across (withthe exceptionof the outer ones, whichare 0.040), and a diameterof 0.315 at the lowerend and 0.285 at the upper.Whetheror not the Surveyfragmentdoes belong to that structure,it is unlikelyto be earlierthan hellenisticin date. 18. PARTOF DORIC CAPITAL (PLATE 16 C' ILL. 2O.9)

j68 SF 12. Grey-bluelocal marble.Près,circumference (echinus)0.42; max. H. 0.10; D. of echinus (reconstructed) 0.96. oftheabacus are preserved. There is Onlya smallpartoftheechinus,withannulets,and a fragment a deep gougeand scratchesto the surfaceof the echinus.The annuletsare brokenand weathered.In of the innerpart of the capital (forwhichsee below),tracesof mortaron additionto the reworking echinus,abacus,and innerfacesuggestlaterreuse. Partof a Doric capitalwhichhas been refashioned and hollowedout,apparently foruse as a basin. In profiletheechinuscurvesverygentlyuntiltheshoulder.The transition to theabacus is made witha return.The threeannuletspreservedare roundedin profile.The innerconcave surfaceis carefully finished. A hole was at some timebored into the echinus,and now remainsas a grooveof semi-circular section(L. 0.06, W. 0.015,depth0.005)visiblein itsbrokensection.

2θ8 Chapter 20 I

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20

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The profileof thisfragment (bothin the flatnessof its echinusand in the degreeof returnat the BC.10 of abacus and echinus)suggestsa datein themiddleofthesixthcentury junction The size ofthecapitalmakesitlikelythatitwas originally partofa templebuildingofsomescale. 19. MOULDING

withgreenveinsofmicaceousschist.Près.W. 0.125,près,depth0.11,près.H. j68 SF 14.Whitelimestone thisis itself abradedandbadlyweathered. 0.12.Badlybrokenso thatonlya smallpartoftheprofile remains; One workedface preserved.The profileconsistsof a simple roundel (H. 0.04) above a fillet (H. 0.015). Too littleis preservedto allowanyconclusionaboutdateor function. 20. ANTACAPITAL (PLATE l6 d' ILL. 2O.IO)

marble,probablylocal. Max. près.W. 0.28, max. près,depth0.175,max. près.H. J70SF 1. Grey-white L. 0.07, breadth0.05, depth0.02. Brokenobliquelyon r. side and at on undersurface: 0.225. Gutting traces ofmortaron underside. 1. Reuse by suggested upper in plan,witha plainfillet(0.02 high)runningalongthefront, A blockofstone,rectangular alongthe 10Cf. e.g. the profileof the capitalsof the Monopterosat 'Chapiteaux Delphi,forwhichsee P. de la Coste-Messelière, doriquesde Delphes', BCH 56-7 (1942-3),22-62, esp. 24-8 and figs.2, 12. Closer to home,the singlepreservedDoric

capital fromthe Amyklaion(see E. Buschor and W. von AM 52 (1927),1-85,at p. 66, Taf. Massow,'VomAmyklaion', 16-17),has a profileofverysimilarform.

Architecture and sculpture209 fulllengthof theleftside and aroundtherightside. The back is workedflatand undecorated.At the recessis dividedforpartofitslengthbya narrowridge.Partof centreofthefronta duck's-beak-shaped whatappearsto have been a volutewitha holloweyeremainson theleftside. There is a rectangular on theunderside. cutting This piece,ofverycuriousdesign,was probablya pilasteror anta capital.What is preservedof the carvingsuggeststhatvolutessprangfromchannelsrunningfromthe duck'sbeak in the centre.The raisedelementpreservedin themiddleofthemouldingdividedthetwochannels.If this thin,tapering, is thecase,thecapitalwouldbe ofAeolictype. That thiscapitalwas votiveseemsunlikelygiventhelack ofworkingat theback,and thepossibility of some connectionwiththe strangehybridformsof theAmyklaionshouldbe borne in mind.11The however, questionsof itsdate and the buildingto whichit belongedremainunresolved.It is unlikely, thatitis laterthanthefifth BC,and mostprobablybelongsto thesixth. century 21. WINDOW DIVIDE (?)

J70SF 2. Whitemarble,probablynotLaconian.Max. près.H. 0.24,W. 0.08, depth0.15.Brokenat one end. Coarse mortaron one sideand one end. A piece of workedstone,rectangularin sectionand roundedat the corners.At 0.045 fr°mthe preservedend a simpleroundelmoulding(H. 0.015)is definedby a shallowgrooveabove and below. The mouldingrunsonlyhalfwayaroundthelongersides. Claw-chiselmarkson thebackface. a date or function for it is difficult to suggestwithanycertainty Givenitspoor stateofpreservation thatit is a windowdivideseemsthemostprobable,butit mighthave served thispiece. The possibility otherfunctions. 22. SCULPTED RELIEF OF STANDING WOMAN (PLATE 17 a)

J220SF 1. Blue-greylimestone,probablylocal. Total près. H. 0.345; H. (base) 0.065, W. (base) 0.42, depth(base) 0.115-0.13;max. reliefH . 0.06. Brokenabove knee of figureand along r. side. Holes, ofreuse. No suggestion and abrasions(somerecent)on front. pitting, Partof a sculptedrelief.Preservedis thelowerhalfof a standingdrapedfemalefigure.She wearsa chitonand mantle,whichends in an oblique line at the calf,and hangs(presumably gatheredin the renderedin folds crookof the arm) at the properleftside. The mantlehas broad,flattish, diagonal moredeeplycut,tubularfolds,whichhang shallowrelief.The chitonis suggestedby muchnarrower, vertically exceptat theleft,wheretheyare carrieddiagonallyawayfromthebodyby theproperright formswhichprotrudepartlyfrombeneaththehemofthechiton;no detail foot.The feetare block-like sandalled.The weightis carriedon their remains,although shapeand size suggeststheywereoriginally theleftleg. more The base is a crudelyrendered,roughlyrectangular block,intendedto be set intosomething substantial. The frontand back facesofthereliefmeetin a pronouncedridgeon theleftedge.No suchfinishis thatsomethingmay have been lostfromthatside (althoughthe base evidentat the right,suggesting morethanone figure. is of It thattherewas originally no indication this). possible gives are visible. smoothwitha point.No othertool-marks The backofthereliefis workedroughly in nature,thewomanshownsimplystandingenfaceor The reliefis mostlikelyto havebeen funerary scene,or (lesslikely)as partofa Totenmahl.12 perhapsin a dexiosis BC. third century Probably

11Cf.Buschorand von Massow(n. 10). 12For examplescomparablein pose, drapery,and stylesee

Grabreliefs' S. Schmidt,'Hellenistische (Köln, 1991),figs.25, 38, and 55.

210 Chapter 20

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123. IONIC/CORINTHIAN CORNICE BLOCK FROM AN ARCUATED ENTABLATURE(ILL. 20. 11)

LS 10274 (°8i6i499). White marble, not local. Max. depth 0.845; max. W. (top) 0.40; max. W. (underside)0.26; max. H. 0.235.^ne en<^an<^Partofundersidedamagedand broken.Front,back,one and largepartofundersidepreserved. end,uppersurface, Tracesofcutting fordovetailclampat one end ofuppersurface(max.dimensions 0.08 x 0.085). Voussoirwithprofileof Ionic/Corinthiancornicewithdentils.The upper surfaceis cut in three different planes and is not a perfectconvexcurve.It has a draftedmarginat frontand back,worked witha fineclaw-chisel;the remainderof the surfaceis workedwitha coarserclaw-chisel,as is the The mouldingsare carefully and crisply underside.The preservedend bearstracesofa fineclaw-chisel. cut. It is likelythatthe block belongedto the arch of a colonnade or formedpart of a triumphalor ofc.1.40). commemorative arch(althoughthisis lessprobablegivenitsradiusofcurvature as faras I am aware.The profilesuggestsa datein the Thereare no closeparallelsfromSpartaitself, AD. secondcentury 24. IONICCAPITAL (PLATE 17b) of a mandra c.2 km S of Aphisiou.Grey-blue Recoveredfromimminentreuse in the construction marble,probablylocal. Total H. 0.115;H. (echinus)0.075; D. (volutes)0.10; depthof pulvinus0.37. all over.Upper surfaceand threesides Entire,withno bad breaksbut some abrasionand weathering white. No painted recutting. A cuttingon theundersideis roughlyelliptical(c.o.u X 0.07 at widest)and 0.03 deep. An Ionic capital.The egg-and-dart betweenthe volutesis shallowlycut and crudelyexecuted,the eggsappearingpointed,and thewholeeffectstylized.The pulvinusis decoratedat itsmidpointwith fourgrooves,leavingthreebandsbetweenthem.

Architectureand sculpture 211 flatwithobliqueblowsofa point. The undersideis workedroughly narrowchanneland broadmouldingofthevolutesuggesta late date,probablyin the The relatively ADor later.13 thirdcentury 25. ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS (PLATE 17 c)

At churchofAgiosTheodorosnearAphisiou(J369).Grey-bluemarble,probablylocal. Weatheredand broken.Partlyburiedin theground.Traces of paintand mortaron block 1, and of painton block2, suggestreuse. Block1. Max. près.W. 1.07;depth0.59; près. H. 0.34. Partlybrokenat one end, wherethereis a dowel-hole(L. 0.11,W. 0.05, depth0.075). Otherwisethe visiblepartsare wellpreserved. rectangular Continuousmouldingon the front,consistingof threeplain fasciaebelow a crowningmoulding.An block.The local stoneand numberoffasciaesuggesta pre-Hadrianicdate.14 architrave Block2. Max. près.W. 1.01;depth0.59; près.H. 0.37. Brokenat one end. The mouldingat thefrontis as block1. fromthesame architrave thesameas thaton block1. Almostcertainly Block3. Max. près. W. 0.64; depth0.46; H. 0.20. Partlyburied,so preciseformindeterminable. visible. ofa simplefillet)is partially Severalbreaks.One mouldedface(themouldingconsisting Block4. Max. près.W. 1.08;depth0.68; H. 0.24. Brokenand partlyburied.The visibleremainsofthe block)mayhave belongedto the mouldingsat thefrontsuggestthispiece (also probablyan architrave as blocks1 and 2. samestructure

13Cf. Bingöl(η. 8), 234, no. 292, Taf. 20, fromSide, dated AD. byB. to 3rd~4thcenturies 14Woodwardpublishesa numberof architrave blocksfrom

the theatre(BSA 30 (1928-30), 183-9), but none is closely comparableto thisexample.

21 THE EPIGRAPHIC MATERIAL GrahamShipley CATALOGUEDHERE are inscriptions(of whatever date) found or rediscoveredby the Survey, and all known inscriptionsfound by earlier travellersor scholars (includingexcavators)within the koinótites covered by the survey.1 The materialis divided into seven sections. (1) Ancientinscriptionson stone (i- 14) (2) Earlier and independentfinds(15-16) (3) Stamped tilesand bricks(17-21) (4) New inscriptionson pottery(22-6) (5) InscriptionsconcerningAgioi Saranda (27-43) (6) Other churchesand chapels (44-53) (7) Other buildingsand structures(54-77) Two of the categories deserve explanation, (a) The documents concerning Agioi Saranda (27-43) are presented as auxiliary material to the study of the monastery (cf. Volume I, Chapter 8); we also wished to take this opportunity to make the texts published by Sakellaropoulos2 accessible to a wider readership, revising them where necessary, (b) The collection of inscriptionson churches,chapels, and other modern structures(44-77) does not pretend to be complete: it contains only those inscriptions noticed by the teams during fieldwalking.These documentsare presentedwitha minimumof commentary. All the categoriesof texts,however,contributeto a general pictureof a veryuneven spatial of literacyin permanentforms,both in ancient and in modern times:thereis a very distribution in the concentrationof epigraphicmaterialwithincreasingdistancefromSparta. markedfall-off

Inscriptions

on Stone

(1-14)

on stone,fromthearchaicto Byzantineperiods, Includedhereare all nçwor rediscovered inscriptions the last two otherthan textsrelatingto the monasteryof Agioi Saranda and moderninscriptions; in are recorded sections 5-7. groups 1The textwas initiallydraftedin 1986and last fully in 1993.I am revised to takeaccountofrecentdiscoveries on a toTonySpawforth forinformative comments grateful and in particular foradviceabout draftofthischapter, in the Roman period; and to Dr Anna letter-forms and forpermission to forlocalinformation Poelstra-Traga thealtardiscovered byher(15 y). Theyarenot,of publish

forinterpretations anddatessuggested. course,responsible Eight-figure map coordinates(to the nearest10 m) are Dimensionsare givenin the includedin parentheses. thickness. Measurements are order:width, following height, inmetres stated. unlessotherwise 2 M. Sakellaropoulos,Ή ιερά μονή τών 'Αγιων κοντά(Athens, Τεσσάρα 1929)·

214 Chapter 21 1. VOTIVE STELE FROM PHAGIÂ(PLATE 18 a)

Stele of blue-greylocal limestonefound on top of Phagiá hill (03002, 14411122),£.3km SW of Chrysapha.Presumably approx.insitu. the stone is transcribed below,it is brokenat r.,top,and L; thebottomr.corner Assuming correctly seemsto be surviving. 0.42 x 0.34 xo.n. Inscribedsurfaceheavilyweathered.There are possibletraces 0.08-0.10below,0.17above. alongthebroken1.edge. Vacat H. ofletters:nu,epsilon0.07; cartwheeltheta0.09. Wide,shallowformssuggesting late 6thcent.BG.

orά]νέθε[σαν ά]νέθε[κε Votivestele,provingthe existenceof a shrineor sanctuaryon thishilltop.For the form,comparethe hilltopdedicationat Mari in Mt Parnon(Laconia Catalogue,FF66),wheretherewas a sanctuaryofAll theGods; and a similarly shapedvotivesteleofAnethlos(?) foundat Phoneménoi,theprobablehilltop siteof ancientHermai in Mt Parnon(Laconia Catalogue,AA24).It is possiblethatthe the stonewas orientedso thatthispartofthetextranup or downone side.Cf. also 15 a). An alternative the stone,wouldbe Μεθά[νιοι,forwhicha partialparallelwould reading,inverting be the dedicationby the people of Methana in the sanctuaryof Apollo Korythosnear Kolonidesin Messenia.3But thetop of themu wouldbe distinctly lowerthanthatof theepsilon,whichwouldalso seem to slope backwardsand would have an improbableascender.The readingproposedhereseems moreplausible:thetop ofnu is on a levelwithwiththeotherletters, and theepsilonhas a typicalearly descender. 2. GRAVE-STELE OF HYBRION FROM PALAIOGOULÁS (PLATE 18 b)

Slab of hard greyschistfoundat footof Palaiogoulás (08052505). A120 SF ι. Α119,a small early cultsite,is about50 m ENE.Approx.insitu,therefore. hellenistic R. edge missing.0.46-0.50 X 0.92 X 0.04-0.06. Neatlyinscribed,but the lettersdo not sit on a horizontalline. Inscribed face weatheredorange-brownin places (withpatches of limestone(?) convexinscribedface;theback moreroughlycut.Frontfacechippedat edge to encrustation). Slightly 1.and top,butsidescutstraight back (at leaston 1.and below,and therefore, I infer, to r.and originally Vacat below. 0.06-0.07above,0.151.,0.70-0.74 toptoo). H. ofletters:omega 0.06, iota 0.09. Deep, flat-bottomed (e.g.nu) or V-shapedgrooves(e.g.upsilon), 0.004-0.009 wide, formingthe letters.Only straightlines are used; thiswas not dictatedby the These formswouldperhaps material,fora similarstonefromnear Chrysaphahas someroundletters.4 be easierfora semi-literate cutterwithoutthebesttools.Fromformsand use ofomega,no earlierthan late5thcent. Ύβρίων Perioikicgrave-stele of the 'herm'typediscussedby Romaios.5The stonewas foundleaningagainsta terracewall; presumably it was broughtup by deep ploughing.It is evidencefora classicalcemetery, confirmed fromA119and A120. bypottery The name seems unique. Similarbut not identicalnames occur: Hybristas,6 Hybrias,7Hybris,8 etc.Theirdistribution showsno particulargeographicalpattern. Hybristos,9 Hybragoras, Hybreas,10

3 LSAG2206, no. 3 (c.500-475 bc); ed. pr. Ph. Versakis,A. Delt.2 (1916),114-15;cf.also Paus. ii. 34. 1. 4 Romaios1904-5. s Ibid. 6 Livy,xxxvii.13. 12(Lakonianpirate).

7 LGPN i, s.v.:7th/6thcent. BC (Cretanpoet); Lesbos, ist cent.BC. 8 LGPNι (Rhodes,3rd/2ndcent.BCj. 9 LGPN'i(Chios,2ndcent.BC). 10Pape-Benseler,s.w.

Inscriptions215 3. MASONS' MARKS IN SPOLIA

(a) Block of lightgreymarble in survivingpier of main arch of Kopana bridge (H89). Not in situ;perhaps fromSparta. Preservedall round. 0.36 X 0.23. Fairlywell finished. H. of alpha 0.050, W. 0.055. Straightstrokes,neatlyand quite deeply cut. A 4th cent. BC? (b) Block of light grey marble at Ν corner of survivingpier of main arch at H89. Not in situ;perhaps fromSparta. Preserved all round. 0.30 X 0.25 X 0.72. Roughly circular hollowed-out area (anathyrosis?),0.15 X 0.14, in centreof inscribedface; in margin of same face, clamp- or peg-hole (0.045 x 0.030 X £.0.030). H. of letters0.04; overall W. of inscription0.07. Rather flatteneddelta. More roughlycarved than (a). ΔΙ Classical? 4. LETTERFROMHELLENISTICOR ROMANRULER(?) (PLATE18 c) 14481706) in NE (refectory, Fragmentof pale greymarble with lighterflecks,built into Ν wall of estiatonon part of courtyardat monasteryof Agioi Saranda (L534). Not in situ;probably fromSparta. Ed. pr. Tillyard;11 Sakellaropoulos 26. Tillyard suggests that Leake (cf. 7) did not see the stone because it was plastered over when he visited. (Tillyard himself may have missed 12 for the same

reason.) Broken at top, r., and bottom. 0.24 X 0.17 X more than 0.04 (W. of inscribed face 0.215). Inscribed face smooth; 1. face well worked (perhaps claw-chiselled). Letters irregular; H. generally £.0.019 (phi 0.032); average l.h. 0.034. Forms probably of late hellenisticperiod, c. late 2nd-ist cent. BC. (alpha withbroken bar, mu both square and splayed).

4

. ε γραμματω [ν? τωι επ'έμοΰ[ γραφον[ . . ] επ[ ] Αακεδαιμο [ τ]αι πο[λει?

inscribed, 3· γράφοι ρ Tillyard;γραφέ(ντι. . .) ε Sakellaropoulos.Afterthe rho a smallraisedgammais faintly bore anotherinscription, or thatthe mason firstoutlinedthe letters perhapsindicatingthatthe stoneoriginally position.(T. musthave been workingfromhis noteswhenhe wronglysuggestedthiswas a lightlyin a different is the resultof subsequent The gap in the middleof the line,wherethe surfaceis smoother, 'laterclamp-mark'.) abrasion.

Λακεδαίμο (νας. . . | κα( Ταιγες Sakellaropoulos. έφόροιςκαι]| τάιπό [λειTillyard; 4-5.Λακεδαιμ[ονίων Tillyardsuggeststhisis a letterof 'someprince'to thecityofSparta.It appearsto haveformedpartof sincewordsderivedfromγράφω appear twice;in line 2 thewritermay an extendedcorrespondence,

11Tillyard1906-7,191,no. 47.

2i6 Chapter21 be referring to recenteventsor to thelatestphase of thiscorrespondence (cf.επ' εμού) as opposedto earliertimes.In view of the apparentdate, a Roman dynastsuch as Augustusor anotheremperor seemsa likelyauthor;or elsehiscorrespondent, possiblyone oftheEuryclidfamily(cf.6). 5. FRAGMENTARYINSCRIBED RELIEF

Two matchingwhitewashedblocks of poros withreliefdecorationand inscription.Built into the wall oftheS rangeofbuildingsat AgioiSaranda (L534,11451702), inward-facing just belowtheparapet. The range was built in 1900 (see 41), but given the high position and extremelypoor state of thatlatervisitorsdid notsee thestones. itis notsurprising preservation All edges preserved.Both blocks£.0.39X £.0.48.The workedsurfaceof each is verybadlyworn; nothingremainsof originalsurfaceon 1. block,but r. block retainstracesof figuredrelief(reclining withlettering humanfigure?) aboveon relievedband. H. ofletters Lunate havebeen £.0.03. sigma(?),smallraisedomicron.On ther.blocktherewilloriginally sixon each sideofthecentraldecoration oftherelieved abouttwelveletters, band(whoseformis unclear). νΡΟΣΗ[ . ] [ . ] ΙΠΟ νdecoration Fromthetracesofreliefand fromwhatone can see ofthelettering, thismaybe a hellenistic or imperial reliefor herorelief. funerary 6. IMPERIAL SUBSCRIPT TO THE SPARTANS(PLATE 18 d)

Blockofpale greymarble,builtintothe SWwall of the churchofAgiosNikolaos(J4007,07621560)at belowthebell-tower and near 13. Not insitu;probablyfromSparta. Kokkinorachi, Partof a dossierofimperialcorrespondence, perhapsbetweenClaudiusand the Spartans,referring to recentpoliticalevents. See ed. pr.byShipleyand Spawforth12 fortext,photographs, and interpretation. 7. SUBSCRIPT OF IMPERIAL OFFICIAL (?) (PLATE 19 a)

Blockofpale to mediumgreymarblebuiltintomainchurchat AgioiSaranda (L534).In outsidewall of centralapse,on itsΝ side(11471703).Not insitu;probablyfromSparta. IGv. ι. 16.13 Brokenat 1.,r.,and below;probablyalso at top (see below).0.30 X 0.21X >o.O2. Inscribedfaceslightly in thevacantareas. Vacat0.009-0.017above,suggesting weathered; top possibletracesof claw-chiselling line 1 line. but of possibly preserved, language impliesnot:probablyratheran empty(orpartlyempty) H. of letters0.011-0.017;averagel.h. 0.025. Lettersand lines are slightly irregular:the lettersare largerin 11.6-8, smallat startof2. Formsof istcent.BCor istcent.AD,perhapsup to and includingthe reignofHadrian. του δέ λοιπούμηδένανο [ ] νυν ]οιο ό?σου αίτεΐσθαιvac[

4

8

[ ] ι [ . ] υ διατούτουτου κεφαλαίου ] τούτουςγαρο μένΣεβασ[τος ] ν?δέ δήμοςπολλαΐς ήμ[έραις ον ν?[ ] μενέξέβαλεν ν[ ] μοςγέγραπται ? ε]τώννκη νγέγρ[απται

12G. Shipleyand A. Spawforth, to 'New imperialsubscripts theSpartans',BSA90 (1995),429-34. 13Previously Graecae Leake, TM iii,pl. 72; Ross,Inscnptiones

ineditae(1834), i. 16; mentioned, Tillyard 1906-7, 191; Sakellaropoulos29-30.

Inscriptions 217 Not all variant readings of Sakellaropoulos are noted. New readings have recentlybeen offeredby N. M. Kennell,14who dates the textto the period around AD 61. ι. νό(μιζεSakellaropoulos; μηδένάνομ[ον?Kennell. 2. Eithera space ofone letterafterthesecondomicron,or possibletracesofa lightly-cut sigma;butthemarksare σον Sakellaropoulos.Kennelldetectsther. end of a precedingcolumnin 11. moreprobablythoseof a claw-chisel, in 1-2. 1-3,and suggests[[Ν]]ε| [[ρώνοςΚλαυδίουΚαίσαρος]]{inrasura) Kennell. έπιστολαΐς πειθόμενος ήμ[ετέραις 5. ήμ(έραις)Sakellaropoulos; 6-7· ώς εντώι περίτούτου του πράγ| μα]τοςγέγραπταιν[όμωιKennell. 7. νό]μος? (ώς Sakellaropoulos) 8. ε) των ΚΗ γ(εγονώς;)Sakellaropoulos.Horizontalbars above kappa and eta, indicatingnumerals.Last word: έγγρ [αφεντώνKennell. Kennell's additional readings appear to reveal part of Nero's name, later erased. The numeral in the line 8 is probably not a date- we should in that case expect έτους- but rathera referenceback to an earlier decree or law, [προ έ]τών κη'. Kennell, like the present editor,removes any referencehere to the twenty-eight gerontes. OF PUBLICINSCRIPTION(PLATE19 b) 8. FRAGMENT Fragment of light bluish-grey marble with dark veins, recovered from dumps (c.0700 1495) in the R. Kelephina (anc. Oinous). J67SF 13. Not in situ;doubtless fromSparta. Broken at 1., r., and back, c.0.28 X 0.16 x 0.25; H. of inscribed face 0.20. Below 1. part of line 2, surfacehas been destroyedwith a blunt,single-pointedtool; no traces of letterssurvivethere. Inscribed face cut back in bevel c.0.035 from bottom. This and the inscribed face are claw-chiselled; top is smooth. Vacat0.09 below line 2. H. of letters£.0.045; average l.h. £.0.06. Fairly deep lettersof ist cent. BC or AD, perhaps not later than AD 150; slightlyhesitantforms(alpha withbroken bar, the two parts crossingover).

]wA[ ]TANI[

M

? ά [πόλις 1.Perhaps 2. ] γαν. [ or]ταν. [ erectedat thecity'sexpense. ofa statue-base Probablya fragment 9. FRAGMENTOF CAREER INSCRIPTION (?) (PLATE 19 c)

Small fragmentof greymarble built into Ν wall of chapel of Ágios Geórgios (J369),r.i km Ν of Aphisiou.Not insitu;probablyfromSparta. Brokenall round;c.0.20X 0.12. Vacat 0.04 below. H. of letters Lettersapicated,fairly 0.03. regular.

4

[Λαχάρ]ηςΉρακλεί[δα] [έπι]μελητεύ[σας] * [επίτου δείνα σύναρχοι'] [ listofnames]

14'IG V ι, 16 and thegerousiaofRoman Sparta',Hesp.61 (1992),193-202.I thankDr Kennellfortheopportunity to read his textin advanceofpublication.

2i8 Chapter21 Restoredon thebasis of IG v. i. 133-5.Herakleidasis not a commonname at Sparta (cf.IG ν. ι. 270; 130).ForLacharesHerakleidacf.SEG xxviii.410. Probabledate:secondhalfof istcent.BC.15 OF PUBLICINSCRIPTION(PLATE19 d) 10. FRAGMENT

Small fragment of greymarble,builtinto ruinedfountain-house at L477.Not in situ;probablyfrom Sparta. surfaceon front. Re-cutall aroundinscribed face.0.15X 0.16X >o.28. Roughlycuton 1.,claw-chiselled but interlinear letters, Verydeep square irregularly proportioned(H. 0.057; space c.0.026); the monumental oftheAntonineor Severanperiod. styleis characteristic ]ENEK[ ]IOY[ 1.Possibly as inhonorific texts(cf.IG ν.ι. 455^·)>orPart°fa personal name,mostlikely ενεκ[α], [Μ]ενεκ[λής], ofwhomthereareseveral inthelateristcent.AD(including a patronomos ofAD97).16 ofa publicinscription, fromSparta.Partofan honorific dedication(AJSS). Fragment presumably 11. VOTIVESTELETO ANTONINUS PIUS(PLATE 20 a) Small steleof blue-grey marblerecoveredfromdumpsin the Kelephina(c.06781455).j68 SF 8. Not in situ;doubtlessfromSparta. R. and bottomedgesslightly damaged;top1.and bottom1.cornersbrokenoffat front.0.20 X 0.36 X .0.08. R. side of inscribedface worn.Workingof 1. side suggestsa reusedolder block. Vacat£.0.025 above;c.0.06belowwreath. H. of letters£.0.03;averagel.h. £.0.04-0.05.Lines slightly lettersof imperial irregular. Lightly-cut curvedlines,occasionallightserifs. Lunatesigmaand epsilon,squareomega,etc. period;someslightly

[Za] viΕλευθέριοι Άντωνείν0 [ «] 4 σωτήρι wreath andpalm branches and presumably themissingiota,are made smalland superscript in orderto fitthemin. 3. The lastvisibleletter,

Dedicationto Antoninus Pius (emperorAD 138-61;perhapssignificantly, proconsulofAsia 133-6).Many Woodwardpublishesa drawingof copiesofthesametexthavebeen foundin different partsofthecity;17 a similardedicationof a different form.18 Their identicalformulaeshowthattheywereerectedon one and layoutdemonstrate thattheywere cut by many occasion;but the variedorthography, lettering, different in layout.19 some not literate. Tod's no. 1. seems closest 670 (IGv. 419) people, very Cf. 15 y,foundnearAphisiou. 15I owe thesedata, and the proposedrestoration, to Richard Catling. 16I owethisinformation toRichard Catling. 17See Tod, SMC 45-6, nos.226-36(alsop. 24); IG v. 1. SEG xxxvi.359).Fora recent 407-45;etc. (mostrecently additionsee E. Kourinou-Pikoula, 'Επιγραφέςαπό τη ΣπάρτηΙΓ, Horos, 8-9 (ΐ99θ~05 93~8,atpp.94~5>no·2·

18Woodward 1923-55 239?no·3°· 19Forthewreathcf.Woodward1923-5,239,no. 30. For an examplewithsimilarline-divisions see Woodward 1907-8, 105,no. 2 (IG ν. 1. 410); id., 'Excavationsat BSA 29 (1927-8), Sparta,1924-28.§2: theinscriptions', stone, 2-56,at pp. 50-1,no. 74 (thelatteron an 'elliptical' however).

Inscriptions 219 12. METRICAL GRAVE-EPIGRAMOF LYKOS (PLATE 20 b)

Small steleoflightgreymarblewithdarkgreyflecks,at Agioi Saranda (L534);builtintoinward-facing wallofWrange,nearitsΝ end (11441705). There is no reasonto thinkthestoneis evenapproximately in a from somewhere closer than but have come situ; may Sparta. gravestone Tillyard,and earliervisitorsmayhavemissedthisifit was elsewhere.The evidence Sakellaropoulos, thatthestonemayhavebeen placed hereas recently as 1972. of43, however, suggests All edges apparentlypreservedthoughchipped;1.,r.,and bottomedgespartiallyvisiblewithinthe thatthisis theend of thetext.£.0.22X 0.21 X more wall plaster.Crowdingoflettersin line4 confirms than0.03 (H. of inscribedpanel 0.09). A pedimentor gable (H. 0.07) is carvedabove the inscribed weatheredbutsmooth. panel,witha circularshield(D. 0.05) in thecentre.Inscribedfaceslightly but overallsurprisingly H. of letters0.011-0.017;averagel.h. 0.025. Lines slightly irregular, elegant. of 2nd or 3rd cent.AD: lunateepsilonand sigma;asymmetrical Letter-forms splayedalpha (like13). The carverhas made a goodjob of expandingthelastletterof line 2 to filltheremainderof theline: but he chose ratherto dividethetextpleasinglybetween therewouldhave been space fortwoletters, fourlinesand fillthemall up. ένθαΛύκος κει -

ταιμετάΠρατούσηςσυνομεύ 4 .ου*τρειςδεκάδας 3· Firstletter gammaortau. letter A trace of thetopr.cornerofthefirst however, gamma,pi,sigma,ortau.Perhaps, maysurvive; possibly 4. be a nominative The lasttwelve letters readσυνομεύγου? ('a manof30 years')or accusative mayconceivably sigmain line4 is smalland raised,eitherto savespaceor morelikely lived]threedecades');thefirst ('[having Forτρειςδεκάδαςcf.IGν.ι.732(Lakonia). inserted later. The text,downto thecolon in line4, is a hexameter;thelasttwowords,perhapsindicatingthedead man'sage,are eithera choriambor notpartofthemetricalscheme. ofLykosand hiswife(?) Pratousa.2nd~3rdcent.AD. metricalgravestone, Pre-Christian apparently 13. GRAVESTONE OF DAMATRIOS (PLATE 20 d)

In the SW Fragmentof marblebuiltintochurchofAgiosNikolaos(J4007,07621560)at Kokkinorachi. ofSparta. wall,to 1.of6. Not insitu;probablyfromthevicinity Brokenat r. (top,1.,and loweredgessurvivein parts).0.25 X 0.28 X morethan0.03. Assumingtext whitemarblebut weatheredpale was centredon the inscribedface,thiswas £.0.49wide.Apparently zeroat 1. Vacat smooth. Inscribed surface to below, above, 0.05 0.15 golden pink. H. of letters0.32. l.h. 0.038. Formsof 2nd or 3rd cent. AD, beautifullycut betweenguidelines centrallineat x-height). (including Δαμάτριε[χαίρε,ετη] βιώσα[ςnumeral] Restoredon theanalogyof manyexemplarsin IG v. 1. 740-822; χαίρεis almostalwayspresentwhen ετη is. ofDamatrios.2nd~3rdcent.AD. Pre-Christian gravestone 14. SEMI-LITERATE BOUNDARY MARKER (?), NEAR APHISIOÚ (PLATE 20 d)

Small stone with vernacular inscription,found c.1.5 km S of Aphisioú (08971293). M348 SF 3. Presumably approx.insitu;foundby thelargeterrace(or enclosure?)wall runningΝ 170W on theside ofthehilltop.

220 Chapter 21 round Preserved all round.0.19 X 0.19 x 0.10. Roughlysphericalbutcutflaton one sideand trimmed theedges.Inscribedsurfacehas weathering smooth.Vacat 0.04-0.06 all round. depositsbutis stillfairly H. ofletters0.024-0.033;C 0.015wide,£0.018, 0 0.029. Lettersmisshapenbutfirmly cut.The first lettereitherlunatesigmaor c; thesecondepsilon(or e) withfourbars;thethirdan omicron(or 0) on its side. More likelyGreek than Roman letters,given the rural contextand the absence of Latin in thesurveyarea. inscriptions CE Ο sincea boundary Perhapsa horos,thoughrathersmall;thiswouldaccountforthecrypticinscription, stoneonlyrequiresto be recognizedby twopersonsand a witness.Since thepotteryfromthesite,on and Byzantine, we can concludeno morethanthatthe preliminary dating,is late classical,hellenistic, lettersare morelikelyto be post-classical. Possiblya weight?Forster publishesa possiblecomparandum.20

Earlier

and Independent Finds (15-16) Underthisheadingare listedinscriptions inscriptions reported byearlierscholarsin the orstudied area,butnotrediscovered survey bytheSurvey. 15. INSCRIPTIONS ON STONE

Not includedhereare thepossibleinscriptions fromTherapneclaimedby Fourmont;see Introduction to VolumeI. a. Grave-stele, Pikromygdaliá

IGv. 1. 371;SEG ii. 165.Archaicgrave-stele ofHermas (or dedicationto Hermes?),foundnear Chrysapha with16 a. (See siteU3001.) together b. Marble base with artist'ssignatureof Eumythis,near Palaiogoulas(?)

IG ν. ι. 920, found 'prope Sellasiam': i.e. near Palaiogoulas?Kolbe followsGurtiusand Bursianin cui nomen placingSellasia'in summocolleproperivum, viae quae Spartaet Tegeamet Argos Oenus,a sinistra fert'.7th-6th cent.BC.Cf.SEGxi. 889. (See siteA118.) c. Dioskouroirelief, nearSellasia

IGv. 1. 919; LSAG2200, no. 24; ibid.446, cf.CEG 373; SEG xi. 888, withmetricalinscription, found'iuxta vicumVurliam'(nowSellasia).Earlyclassical? d. Gravestone in war3,nearSellasia of(Telestor

IG ν. ι. 921, found 'prope Κράββατα' in the Kelephinavalley.Classical?(See siteA5003.)For this type of gravestonecf. SEG xxxvii. 327 (withrefs.); xxxiii.313. For a similargravestonefromthe bed of

the Kelephina near Vresthena.See now SEG xxxii. 397 (A. D. Papanikolaou,Άθήνη, j6 (1976-7),202-4); and cf.Chapter23,siteEE52. e. Porosbasededicated toHelen,fromMenelaion H. W. Catling, Lak. spoud.3 (1977), 415 {AR 24 (1977-8), 31; SEG xxviii. 407). 6th cent. BC. f. Inscnbedstoneball dedicated fromMenelaion byAnkaidas, ndge R. W. V Catling, Lak. spoud.8 (1986), 212 (SEG xxxv. 319). c.6oo BC. nearMenelaion g. DedicationtoArtemis,

IGv. 1. 224,foundΕ ofMenelaion.Ed. pr.Woodward 1908-9, 87, no. 91; dated to 7th-6th cent, in IG; LSAG1199,no. 13; later 'c.600-550?'by L. H. Jeffery, in thatperiod,or evenafter550, byA. W.Johnstonat LSAG?448). h. DedicationtoHelen,fromMenelaion

IGv. 1. 234;Woodward1908-9,86, no. 88; SEGxxxvi. 356.

20Forster1903-4,182,no. 5.

Inscriptions

221

nexttoMenelaion ofElephas,from j. Gravestone

r. Dedication toArtemis Eulakia W. Peek, 'ArtemisEulakia', in Mélangeshellénistiques à Georges Daux (Paris, 1974), 295-302, on a offerts dedicationfoundbetweenMenelaionand Aphisiou.

BC.

nearAgioiSaranda s. Catalogueofephebes,

i. DedicationtoHelen,fromMenelaion

IGv. i. 235;Woodward1908-9,86, no. 90. IGv. 1. 699; Woodward1908-9,86, no. 89: 6th-cent. dedicationbyDamonon,fromAgioi Saranda and k. Victory Sparta

IG ν. ι. 213. Part was found at Agioi Saranda by was foundin thefoundations Leake; anotherfragment of a late Roman buildingon the Spartan acropolis (Tillyard1906-7,176).Late 5thcent.BC.Cf. SEGxxvi. 463 and refs.

IG v. 1. 493, found by Ross in ruined church 'D. Sotirae' near Agioi Saranda: i.e. Ágios Sotíras,site P284.Romanperiod. t. Honorific forJuliusCharixenos, Aphisiou inscription

IG ν. ι. 508 (Tillyard 1905-6, 466, no. 18; cf. Woodward 1908-9, 103), foundat Aphisiou 'penes Matalam'. Romandate.

haltêr(jumping-weight) 1. Inscribed fromTsakona

u. Thronededicated HI, nearAphisiou byKingKleomenes

m. Inscribed pillarfromTsakona

stated. 225-222 BC.22

Excavatedby H. W. Catling:BSA 85 (1990),32. See also nextitem;16 g; and cf.22. Archaic. Excavated.Ibid.

IG ν. ι. 458, found 'iuxta Eurotam flumenprope on Matalam',whichis nearAphisiou(cf.commentary IG ν. ι. 508); but on which side of the riveris not

nearSparta v. Fragmentary sculptor's signature,

IGv. 1. 704; Woodward1908-9, 139,no. 69, foundin villageofKephalas(cf.U5007).

IG ν. ι. 697, found'Spartae prope Menelaeum'; on whichside of the riveris not stated.225-222BC. 5th cent.BC.

Menelaion toMenelaos,from ο. Stelededicated

w. Bilingualgravestone ofDeciusLivius£euxis,Aphisiou

n. Gravestone of 'Mkahiklesin war3

H. W Catling,AR 23 (1976-7),36-7 {SEG xxvi.459). c.500 BC.

p. Altar(?) toHadrian,Aphisiou

Tillyard1905-6,457,no. 6; IGv. 1. 400, 'nuncin muro scholaein vico,quernvocantΑφεσού' (i.e.Aphisiou). q. RepairstoEvrotasbridge(mid-jrdcent.AD)

ofJuliusPaulinus.21 IGv. 1. 538 (CIG 1330).Inscription Forthesitesee SiteCatalogue,J5008.

IG ν. ι. 741; Tillyard1905-6,474, no. 32, seen in the school at Aphisiou. In Greek and Latin. Imperial date.

AD 102J x. Construction ofnewEvrotasbridge,

CIG 8704. Found by Boeckh 'near the bridge of ancient Sparta' and published by him from Fourmont'snotes. Records the constructionof a bridge across the Iri (Evrotas) by 'Nikodemos the monk'in AM6535(AD1027).See siteJ5009.

Pius,nearAphisiou(PLATE20 e) y. AltartoAntoninus

Foundwithinthe surveyarea in 1992 by Dr Anna Poelstra-Traga,and publishedhere throughher generosity.23 The stonewas in an irrigationditchin an orange-groveon the left(e) bank of the Evrotas,at Kámbos (cf.sitesM194and M174-7,ofwhichonlyM176is earlyRoman). columnor made in thatform,with Drum (D. £.0.23;H. c.0.30)ofgreymarble,cut froman unfluted on 1. side of text,otherwise irregularupperand (especially)lowersurfaces.Slightencrustation slightly ifslightly uneven. thesurfaceis well-preserved Lettersfirmly incisedin an unskilledbut fairlyregularhand. Averagel.h. c.0.047; ^mes3~4 sl°Pe

21See AJ.S. Spawforth, 'Notes on the thirdcenturyAD in BSA 79 (1984),263-88, at pp. 274-7 no· Spartanepigraphy', 131,216no. 5. 7; Cartledgeand Spawforth 22Dr A. Poelstra-Tragainformsme that Matalas is the

name of a familythatonce ownedmuchof theland around an exactspot. Aphisiou;itcannotbe used to identify 23Mon vtdi;studied from photographs supplied by Dr Poelstra-Traga.

222 Chapter 21 downto r.Letters:H. typically 0.03-0.04; epsilon£.0.039and £.0.030;curvedomega (D. £.0.031);lunate one crossbar, sigma,epsilon;thêtaa circlewithcrossbaralmostall theway across;alpha withstraight a F with r. into descender. the stroke extended short withstraight sidesand one slightly splayed;upsilon strokes uneven.The textextendsabouthalfwayroundthedrum,theotherfacebeing generally Straight blank.

4

ΖανιΈλευ θεριοιΆν τωνείνοι σωτήρι olivesprays

are incisedbelowthe1.halfofline4. Threeschematicolive-branches Cf. 11 forthisclass of inscription.The discoveryof thistext,unusually,on the east bank of the EvrótasmayindicatetheextentofthecityofSpartain the2ndcent.AD. toHelen (?),fromMenelaion d. Sherdinscribed

16. INSCRIPTIONSON OTHER MATERIALS . a. Terracotta plaque,Pikromygdaliâ

IG ν. 1. 372; SEG ii. 166,withdedicationto Zeus Te-, foundtogether with15 a, q.v. b. Bronzearyballosdedicated toHelen,fromMenelaion

H. W. Catlingand H. Cavanagh, Kadmos,15 (1976), 147-52(SEG xxvi.457;LSAG2446, no. 3 a). Inscription c.675-650 BC.

Ibid. (SEG xxxv.320).5thcent.BC.

toMenelaos, e. Bronzephialededicated fromMenelaion

Ibid. (SEG xxxv.321).6thcent.BC.

f. StampedtileofAthena fromMenelaion

H. W. Catling, Lak. spoud.2 (1975), 267. Stamped δαμοσιοςΑθανας(cf.17). Tsâkona(N415) g. Tile-stampof£eusMessapeus,from

H. W. Catling,BSA 85 (1990), 32; SEG xxxix. 373; xxxvi.460. Cf. 22.

c. Bronzemeathookfrom Menelaion

Ibid. 153-7{SEG xxvi.458). 6thcent.BC.

Stamped Tiles

and Bricks

(17-21)

These stamps(conveniently byWace and Tillyardin articlescitedbelowand again in broughttogether IG ν. ι. 850-917)weremainlyor whollyfoundin thevicinityof the city.Wace showsthatthe stamps weremade ofwood.24It is interesting thattheheightoftheframessurrounding thelettersseemsto be ofwoodenbattensirrancientSparta. standardized at £.0.033mJperhapsthiswas theregularthickness 17. PUBLIC TILE OF NIK- (PLATE 21 a)

Fragmentof curvedtile of pale orange medium-coarsefabricwithinclusionsup to 0.004; stamp with19 on shallowspurnearAphisiou(09791380). partially preservedon innersurface.Foundtogether on thesiteis all hellenistic. M342SF2. Possiblyinsitu;thepottery Brokenall round,thoughbothoriginalsurfacespreserved.0.079 x 0.065 Χ 0.020. Top and bottomof H. ofstamp0.032.Worn.Anyglaze lost. stampedpanelpartlypreserved; cent.BC. H. ofletters0.012-0.015;averagel.h. £.0.016.Formsofc.<$rd

[δα]μόσιος [ΆΘ]αναςΝ[ι] 24A. J .Β. Wace, 'Laconia, II: excavationsat Sparta, 1906. §8: thestampedtiles',BSA 12 (1905-6),344-50,at p. 344; id.,

'Laconia, I: excavationsat Sparta, 1907. §3: the stamped tiles',BSA 13(1906-7),17-43,at PP· I7~i8.

Inscriptions 223 Impressionsof the same stamp or a similar one have been found all over Sparta25and at the name mayhave been Nikionor Nikasion(Wace),but was abbreviated. Menelaion.26The contractor's date forthisstamp,thoughhe showsthoseofAthenato be amongtheearliest. Wace givesno definite Since thesetiles,made at one factory belongingto Athena,wereused in manylocations(presumably lateror is insitu. we cannottellwhetherthisone was transported forpublicbuildings), Hellenistic? 18. NEW TILE-STAMP OF THE 'SYNOD IN THE ALITEION' (PLATE 21 b)

Fragmentof curvedtileof darkishorange,mediumto coarse fabricwitha veryfewsmallinclusions; preservedon innersurface.Foundon S oftheChrysapharoad nearAphisiou stampalmostcompletely (09251569).ηβίδ SF3. Not a genuinesitebuta dump,so thetileis probablyfromSparta. Brokenall round,thoughbothoriginalsurfacespreserved.0.175X 0.176 (measuredroundcurve)X 0.019-0.022.Onlytheextremebottomr.ofthestampedpanel is missing;stampis 0.091 X 0.033,depth brownish-red £.0.002at bottom(ithas hardlytakenat topr.).Semi-lustrous glaze on inside. H. of lettersnormally0.010-0.012;averagel.h. £.0.019.The omicrons,however,are verysmall(D. and fabricof£.3rdcent.BC. 0.004)and raised.Letter-forms

συνόδου ενΆλιτείοι ι. Bothomicronsonlyjustvisible. In line2 thelettersare quiteclear.

Forσύνοδος see Wace 1906-7(n. 22 above),41, no. 50 withfig.7 d: δαμόσιοςσυνόδω; also ibid. 51, - ]. He knewofno synodos in Sparta. fig.7 e: δαμόσιοισυ[νό]δου Δαμα[ The thirdword is a dative; cf. the tile stamp in Wace (op. cit.), 42-3, no. 63, where he reads παστάδος| έν Άλπείωιon thebasisof Paus. iii. 18. 2: ίόντιδε ώς επίτο Άλπίονκαλούμενονναός εστίνΑθηνάς Όφθαλμίτιδος. But in his fig.7 h the cross-barof the pi in line 2 does not extend and unlikethatin line 2; in factthesupposedpi is an iota and tau runtogether, beyondthe1.upright, hisstampreadsπαστάδοςεν Άλιτείωι. known. This stampwas notpreviously The place-namein Paus,shouldbe emendedto Άλίτεΐον or,allowingforthechangein orthography byhistime,Άλιτίον. 19· TILE-STAMP OF THE LODGING-HOUSE OF THE ROMANS

mediumto coarsefabricwithlargeinclusions;stamppartly Fragmentof curvedtileofpinkish-brown, with17 on shallowspurnearAphisiou(09791380).M342SF preservedon innersurface.Foundtogether the site is from in the hellenistic, includingearlyor middlehellenistic. 3. Possibly situ; pottery Broken all round, thoughboth original surfacespreserved.0.154 Χ 0.114 X 0.018. Preserved dimensionsof stampedpanel 0.102 X 0.025; iflettersin line 1 weresame heightas in line 2, original heightofstampwas £.0.035).Badlydamaged.Anyglaze lost. butslopingbar). H. ofalpha £.0.010;H. ofline2 £.0.016.Alphaofhellenistic period(straight [κ]ατ[άλυματων Τω-] μαιώνκαι[δικαστών] Wace foundthisstampon theacropolisand in thelate Roman walls,and datedit to the2nd cent.BC, because he thoughttheRomanscould notbe sendingdikaststo Spartaon a regularbasis presumably 25Wace 1905-6(n. 24),347,no. 13;morefullyid. 1906-7(n. 24),29, no. 13(/Gv.1. 857)withfig.4 b on p. 28.

26Id., BSA 15(1908-9),113.

224 Chapter 21 The site,however, is 3rd-and/or2nd-cent,and contactsbetweenRome and Greeceare anyearlier.27 attestedfromthemid~3rdcent.28 For the kataluma cf. IG ν. ι. 86g (withaddenda on p. 301, referring to IG ν. ι. η (CIG 1331?from which the του mentions Fourmont), έπιμελ[η]ται Τωμαίων καταλύμ[ατος].29 2Ο. NEW TILE-STAMP OF KAL- (PLATE 21 c)

medium-coarsefabricwithmanyinclusions(up to 0.008); Fragmentof curvedtileof pinkish-orange of on inner surface. FoundΝ oftheChrysapharoad (08051465)^222/48.The beginning stamppreserved from the is site classical to Roman, pottery thoughthetilecouldstillhavecomefromSpartaoriginally. Brokenall round,thoughboth originalsurfacespreserved.0.117X 0.104 X £.0.016.H. of stamped sincethepanel is alreadyveryshallowat panel 0.035,depthat bottomr. c.0.003; notmuchis missing, the1.break.Worn.Anyglaze lost. Vacatc.0.004above,0.005 below,0.014at 1. oflate Letter-forms Retrograde.H. ofletters0.022 (largerthanin theotherstampedtilefragments). hellenistic period;alpha withbrokenbar.

Καλλ[--] This stampwas notpreviously known. Tillyardpublishesbricksof Kallikratesfromthe ist cent.BC;30Wace publishestileswiththe same name.31There is no exact parallel for ours, but the letteringin Wace's fig.5 c (IG ν. ι. 873) is and has alpha withstraight bar.The stamppossiblybelongsto a set comparablethoughitis orthograde ofthree,comparableto thoseofKallikratidas:32 thisappearsto be theonlycase in whicha contractor's nameoccursat thebeginning ofa stamp.Therewereprobablyno otherwordson our stamp,and ifthe namewas longitwas probablyabbreviated.Kallikratidas is ist-cent.BC. 21. STAMPED BRICK ORIGINALLY FROM THE THEATRE, SPARTA(PLATE 21 d~e)

Brokencornerofflatbrickinhard,darkreddish on bothoriginal fabric; partofstamppreserved edges.33 K253 SF1.The othermaterial fromthesiteisByzantine, so thismayhavebeenreusedina wallofthatperiod. Originalcornermissing;upper and lowerflatsurfacespreservedin places. Max. dimensionc.0.22 (diagonal);H. 0.46. PreservedH. ofstampedpanels0.02; stampedpanel offaceA brokenbelow,thatof faceΒ preserved to fullheight.Stampsdeeplyimpressed(£.0.004). Retrograde;lettersoccupyfullheightof panels. The two stampswere probablycut by different hands:faceA usesfour-stroke sigmaand thelettersare neatand haveregularly spacesbetweenthem;Β is lessregularand useslunatesigma.Horizontalgrainingofthewoodenstampis visibleon A. Α

[δαμ]οσίαν.

Β

σκανο[θήκας]

Similar stamps were published by Tillyard34and others,35thoughjudging by the published nonemaybe an exactmatch;notein particularthelunatesigmaon A as opposedto the transcriptions four-bar sigmaon B. The twomissingfacesmayalso havebeen stamped,as in otherexamples. Late hellenistic or earlyRoman.

27Wace 1906-7(n. 24), 39-40, no. 46 (IGv. 1. 869; wrongly to at IG ν. ι. yas no. 894) withfig.7 b. cross-referred 28P. S. Derow and W. G. Forrest,'An inscriptionfrom Chios',BSA 77 (1982),77-92. 29See nowCartledgeand Spawforth toKennell). 94 (referring 30Tillyard1906-7,191-5;cf.IG ν. ι. 856, 877-81.

31Wace 1906-7(η. 24),33>esP·η°· 41 e Wlt^% 5 c (c^·IG v· 1. 873-4). 32Wace 1906-7(n. 24),37-8. 33Measuredfromphotographs. 34Tillyard1906-7,19 1-6. 35Seerefs.in/Gv. 1. 877-81.

Inscriptions225 New Inscriptions

on Pottery

(22-6)

22· FRAGMENTSOF VASE DEDICATED TO ZEUS MESSAPEUS, FROM TSAKONA (PLATE 22 Ó)

Found near the sanctuary (cf. site N413) later excavated by H. W. Catling. Now published: see Catling and Shipley,withfurtherobservationsin Si^Gxxxix. 376.36 6th cent. BC. Cf. 16 g. 23. FRAGMENTOF VOTIVE VASE, FROM J215 (PLATE 22 b)

Small sherd with incised inscription.Fine, pale brown fabric. Found near Kephalas (07951525)^215/33. The site is probably cultic,the material thereforeprobably in situ. Broken all round, though both original surfacespreserved.0.016 x 0.010 X 0.005. Body sherd of open vessel. Black glaze well preserved inside and out. Letters incised on outside after firing,hardly penetratingbeneath the glaze. Vacat0.004 above epsilon. H. of second letterwill have been c.0.010. Archaic epsilon.

pel Firstlettereitherrhoor 'wavy'Laconiansigma.Thirdletteriota or kappa (noteta in viewofthedate;see below). Fragmentof archaic votiveoffering;fromthe fabricand lettering,perhaps late 6th cent. BC. 24. BOWLINSCRIBEDWITHA LETTER(flg.14.6, 10) Small echinus bowl with single incised letter.Fine orange fabric. Found near Aphisiou on spoil-heap fromdrainage ditch,newlydug on shallow slope above Evrotas (08781349). 111326/1. The bowl lacks only a small part of base. Max. D. 0.068, H. 0.034. Worn and corroded in the soil. Black glaze inside and out, mostlylost. Inscription (incised before glazing and firing)upside-down just outside the ring-base. H. of letter 0.009. In f°rm5an 'archaic' epsilon with tail, but given the date of the site (below) thiswill be purelythe resultof incisingin thiscramped position. Ε The bowl is 4th-cent.BC; uncertainwhetherfunctionalor votive,though fromthe location on an arable slope, the site is domestic ratherthan a shrine. 25. INSCRIBEDLEKYTHOSFROMKOKKINORACHI(flg.15.3, 6") Lekythos with incised inscription (pre-firing). Fine orange fabric (grey on outside). Found near Kokkinorachi,in stone tumble fromcollapsed ancient building (07851555)^210/18 (J210is a hellenistic site). The vase lacks only the handle and part of the base. Max. D. c.0.065, H. 0.108. Badly worn. All paint lost; inscriptionpreserved only to r. of handle-join, on side panel. Traces of horizontal incised line markinglower limitof panel. H. of epsilon 0.009. Very neat lettersof late classical or early hellenisticperiod to judge from the traces,which can only be seen in oblique lighting. δ ολε

36SEG refersalso to L. Dubois, Bulletinépigraphique 1991, thatthe 'diagonalstrokebetweenthe 297. I doubt,however,

two sides of the V-shapedupsilon'referred to by Stroudin SEG is partofan alpha.

226 Chapter 21 ι. Onlythebottom1.cornerofthedeltapreserved. 2. The first lettercertainly round;ofthesecond,onlythebaresttracesofthefirststrokeare preserved.The epsilon is certain.

Frompotterystudy, in function thisdatesto theearly3rdcent.BC. If thisis a lekythos as wellas form the inscription may commemoratethe dead person,thoughit would be slightlyodd in a domestic context. 26. PITHOS SHERD WITH INSCRIBED CROSS

Sherd fromM352.

Inscriptions

Concerning

Agioi Saranda

(site l534) (27-43) The fullname ofthemonastery, and ofthemain church,is AgioiTessarakonda MegaloiMartyres these are several (whichmay be renderedas 'The FortyGreat MartyredSaints5).37 Among textsrecordedbySakellaropoulos whichcannotnowbe found;theyhaveprobablyvanishedas a resultof the lootingand partialburningof the monasteryon 29 November1943 and in however,theyare reproducedhere,sometimes January1944.38For the sake of completeness, withcorrections based on Sakellaropoulos's drawings. 27. (RECONSTRUCTION

OF CHURCH OF FORTY MARTYRS,AD 1305

on frontofchurchat old monastery in gorgeto N,knownas Paliomonastiro Inscription (siteL4001).Non vidi.

Textand line-divisions reconstructed fromdrawingat Sakellaropoulos18 (butsome of his drawings ofsurviving textshaveincorrect line-divisions).

+ άνηγέρθυ έκ βάθρ(ων) κ(αί)άνιστωρήθυ ό θειος ναόςτ(ών)ΆγιωνΈνδόξ(ων)Μ(ε)γάλων Μαρτύρ(ων)Τεσ(σ)αράκοντ(α) διασυ(ν)εργί(ας) κ(αί)πόθουΓερμανού ίερο(μονά)χ(ου) κ(αί)Γρηγορίου(μονά)χ(ου) 4 κ(αί)Θεοδοσ(ίου)(μονά)χ(ου),έπίτ(ής) βασιλείας τ(ών)εύσεβεστάτ(ων) βα'Ανδρόνικου σιλέω(ν) κ(αί)Είρήν(ης)κ(αι)μη(τρος)Μαρί(ας)τωνΠαετι,ςωιγ'. λεολόγ(ων), ι. Sakellaropoulos has άνοικοδομήθηforάνιστωρήθυ. 5· ΜαρίαςμητρόςSakellaropoulos. 6. The dateis AM6813= Sept. 1304-Aug.1305AD. Records the constructionof the church of the FortyMartyrsby Germanos, monk in holy orders, and Gregorios and Theodosios, monks,in 1305. (The original foundationwas earlier,perhaps ioth-cent.)39 28. VOTIVEINSCRIPTIONBY PAINTERMANASIS(CAD 1305) Inscription'to the leftof the church' (Sakellaropoulos) at Paliomonastiro (L4001). Non vidi.

37In thissection,abbreviations consisting simplyofsymbols are expandedin parentheses. Small or superscript lettersare transcribednormally,withoutparentheses,as are familiar such as Ö (forου). Misspellings(e.g.ετι signsfordiphthongs for έ'τει) are not corrected; where Sakellaropoulos transcribes sucha wordas ifcorrectly thefactis not written,

All commas are noted unless it affectsthe interpretation. mine. 38G. [Ioannis]Ch. Roumeliotis, Η εθνικήαντίστασηστη Λακωνίαig4i-i945 (Sparti,1984)»125-β; igi-2. 39I owe thisinformation to PamelaArmstrong.

Inscriptions 227 and Sakellaropoulos15-16.Texthererevisedwiththeaid ofhis drawing;he rendersthebeginnings thattheyweremissing. endsofseverallinesin smallletters, probablyimplying

σουταςψυχα(ς) Κ(ύρι)εεντη βασιλ(εία) μνήσθυτι του ύστωρι[ο-] σου Κωνσταντίνου Μανασή [τουδού]λου [γράφ]ουκ(αί)τηςσυνβίουαύτοϋΉρήν(η)ςκ(αί)τ(ών)τέ[κνων] κ(αί)συ(γ)χό[ρησον] κ(αι)Μιχαήλ 4 [αυτών]Γριγορίου [αύτο]ύς(?)ενήμερακρίσεος+ inSakellaropoulos's isa hyperdoricism. thespelling ι.τηνψυχήνSakellaropoulos; drawing i.e.fresco-painter (lit.'story-writer')? 2-3.ύστωριογράφου: The inscriptionis a prayerforhimselfand his familyby the painterKonstantinosManasis. It is undated,but presumablymade not long afterthe last buildingof the churchin 1305,thoughthe ofManasis Foranotherinscription belongsto a secondphase ofpaintings(Sakellaropoulos). inscription 68. see Sakellaropoulos 29. CONSTRUCTION OF MONASTERY CHURCH OF VIRGIN AND FORTY MARTYRS, AD 1615

above centraldoor to nave Smallblockofmarblein narthexofmainchurchat thepresentmonastery, /λλ/κ. (11451703). 38. Sakellaropoulos or its removaland reinsertion Preservedall round;edges chipped(implying duringreconstruction worn. and surface X Carved not ascertainable. thickness slightly polished repairwork).0.014 0.013; and accentsoriginal.H. of letters Letterscarvedin relief(standingc.0.003proud).Some breathings 0.015-0.018; averagel.h. £.0.023.Ratherangular,cursiveforms,oftenruntogetherintocombinations. Manyomissionsand abbreviations.

ώ π(ε)ρ(ί)φ(η)μ(ος) άνιγ(έρ)θ(η) Μ(α)ρ(ίας) ν(α)ο(ς)τ(ής)ύπ(ε)ρ(α)γ(ίας) κ(αι)τ(ών)Άγ(ίων)Μαρ(τύρων)μ' εκ β(ά)θρ(ων) 4 γ(ης?)ά έπ' ετου(ς)1615 θ(εο)δ(ο)σ(ιου). ι(ερομονάχου?) ή(γουμενεύοντος) π(ανοσιωτάτου?) Άπρ(ι)λ(ίου), τεσσαράκοντα μαρτύρων Sakellaropoulos. 3·άγιων

He did notreadtheά (withbreathing marked)thatfollows;itsmeaningitsunclear. 4. γης έπίSakellaropoulos. 5. άπριλίουΐ8 Θεοδόσιος Sakellaropoulos;but the second word is in facta crosswithlettersat the apices, presumably abbreviations. Possibly (έ)πι rather than π(ανοσιωτάτου)? The abbreviation I take for fromthetop,as in 27. Ι(ερομονάχου)is a smalltrianglewitha verticallineextending Records the constructionof a church of the Virgin and the FortyMartyrsin AD 1615,when Theodosios was abbot. Since 30 appears to date the building of the main church to 1620, we may conclude that this stone was removed froma structureof 1615 which was destroyedor replaced afteronly a fewyears. AD 162O OF CHURCHOF FORTYMARTYRS, 30. (RE-)CONSTRUCTION Inscriptionoutside and above door of narthexat main church.Non vidi. Text from drawing at Sakellaropoulos 36-8; where he completes an abbreviated word in small superscriptletters,I have inferredan abbreviationin the original.

4

ό θείος εκ βάθρ(ων)κ(αι)άνιστορήθη άνηγέρθη ναόςοΰτοςτων"Αγίων Μεγάκ(αί)πάνσεπτος λωνΜαρτύρων τώ(ν)ένΣεβάστεια Τεσ(σαρ)άκων(τα), διασύνοροτη πόλειμαρτυρησάντω(ν),

228 Chapter 21

μήςκόπουτε κ(αί)εξόδουπο(λλοΰ)τ(ών)παν(ο)σιωτ(άτων) ειςψυχιπ(ατέ)ρω(ν)ίερομονάχ(ων) κ(αί,)μονάχω(ν) του ίερομοκ(ήν)αύτ(ών)σ(ωτη)ρίαν, ήγουμενεύω(ν)τος έ8 νάχουΚυπρι(ανοΰ) Παρθε(νί)ουΘε(ο)δ(ο)σίου,διαχειρός Μόσχου ζοογράφουΓεωργίου μοΰτου έλαχ(ί)στου εκ πόλεωςΝαυπλίας, ενετειάπόστάσ(ε)ωςκόσμου.ζρκη',άπόδέ τηςένσάρκουοίτου Κυρίου,αχκ',Νοεμβρίωτης ΐ2 κονομίας τρεχούσης (ίνδικτιώνος?). ΙΙ-Ι3- The dates are AM7128 and AD 1620 (Indiction3); assumingthe writerknewtheAD date,the formerdate shouldhavebeen 7129,sincethemonthwas November.

The inscription recordsthe construction of a churchof the FortyMartyrsin 1620,when Kyprianos PartheniosTheodosios was abbot, and its decoration by Georgios Moschos of Nafplia. For the reconciliation ofthiswiththeotherfoundation see 29. inscription, 31. CONSTRUCTIONOF NORTHRANGE,AD 1697

SmallblockofporosoverarchwayleadingintoΝ rangeofbuildings, on groundfloor(11461705). In situ. Sakellaropoulos 24-5. Preservedall round; 0.29 X 0.20. Inscribed panel 0.13 X 0.085, below large cross. Heavily whitewashed. H. ofletters (lines4-7) 0.010-0.016;averagel.h.c.0.019.Probablycutbythesamemasonas 45 (AD1698).

4

I X cross Ο C + έγ(έ)γ(ε)τ(ο)τ(ο) π(α)ρ(ον)κ(τί)ρ(ι)ο(ν)ετιΐ697ήγ(ου)μ(ε)νε(ύον)[τ](ος) τ(οΰ) π(αν)οσ(ι)οτ(άτου) πν(ευμα)τ(ικ)οΰ Ίωιοσφ.νκβ'.

ι-3· Letterswronglyrecordedby Sakellaropoulosas C NI Κ XC. Each letterhas a bar over;understandΊησοϋς Χριστόςό Σωτήρ. as 5~7· Sakellaropoulossaw ΗΓΜΕΤΤ ΠΑΟΩΤ ΠΝΟ ΙΩΟΑΦ and renderedthe name, perhaps correctly, Ίωάσαφ. He thoughtthe last two letters(presumablya date, the twenty-second year of Ioasaph's rule) were and claimed(wrongly, I believe)thattherewas an illegibleeighthline. illegible, Records the constructionof thisrange of rooms in 1697 when Ioasaph (?) was abbot. 32. CONSTRUCTIONOF CHURCHOF AGIOIPANTES,AD 1702 Block of poros above w door of chapel of Agioi Pantes at the cemetery of Agioi Saranda, on hilltop c.ioo m Ε of the monastery(L400). Immediatelybelow 33. In situ. Sakellaropoulos 40 (no drawing). Preservedall round; worn at lower r. corner.0.52 x 0.18; recessed between tiles (visiblein III. 24.38). A fewaccents original. H. of lettersc.0.03.

4

+ έγ(έ)ν(ετο)ό π(α)ρονναόςτωνΑγίων Πάντωνδιαεξόδουτου πανοσιωΝίκουΠαπακαλλινίκου του άσκητοΰ, τάτο(υ)π(νευματικοϋ) διαδέ συνδρομής Ιγνατίουιερομόναχου,,αψ β' [ινδι]κτιών(ος) πέν(π?)της.

Inscriptions 229 or π(ατρος)? SakellaropoulosomitsΝίκου. 3. πνευματικούSakellaropoulos; omits last two words. The date (ad 1702)was the5thIndiction,as stated. 4· Sakellaropoulos Records the foundationof the church in AD 1702 by Nikos Papakallinikos,a hermit,assisted by Ignatios, monk in holy orders,who also founded the Chrysopigiin 1708 (35). 33. VOTIVEINSCRIPTIONFROMCHURCHOF AGIOIPANTES Block of pale greymarble at L400, immediatelyabove 32 (cf.III. 24.38). Preservedall round. 0.30 X 0.35. The lettersare cut between the fourarms of a 'maltese' cross carved in low relief,which extendsfromedge to edge of the stone and fromtop to bottom. Above each pair of letters,a horizontalbar. H. of letters:c.0.04. X IC cross

NI

KA

i.e. Ιησούς Χριστόςνικά. withthechapelor reusedfroman earlierbuilding.40 Could equallywellbe contemporary 34. CONSTRUCTION OF CHRYSOPIGI CHURCH, AD 1707 (PLATE 22 c)

Blockof marble(?) above W door of the 'Chrysopigi'churchof theVirgin,Ν of main churchat Agioi Saranda(11451705).In situ. 39 (without drawing). Sakellaropoulos Preservedall round,c.0.43X £.0.30. H. of letters£.0.03. Deeply and clearly cut; more curved formsthan in some of the earlier inscriptions. + 177 Φευρουαρίωάνηγέρθη ό θειοςοΰτος ναόςεκ βάθρωντης ύπ(ε)ραγί(ου) Θ(εο)τ(ό)κου 4

διαεξόδου.Θ(εο)ς γαρείδεό ερευνών καρδι(ας). lineofsymbols

ofleaves design 1. 177: i.e. 1707. 2. της: thestoneappearsto readτην. 3. The absenceof the dedicator'sname unusualfora textof thiskind,but thisis remediedby 35, q.v. So is the inclusionofa religiousmaxim,in thiscase an iambichexameter(in a stress-based metre,ignoringhiatus). 4. Symbolsnotdeciphered. Commemorates the buildingof the Chrysopigiin AD 1707. Cf. 35. 35. INSCRIPTION BY CARVER OF ICONOSTASIS IN CHRYSOPIGI CHAPEL, AD 1708

Ν ofmainchurchat Agioi alongtop ofwoodeniconostasisin Chrysopigichapel(11451705), Inscription Saranda;cf.34. In situ. 39 (no drawing). Sakellaropoulos wherethewood is attackedbydryrot.3.61X £.0.04. Wellpreserved exceptat beginning, A singlelineoftext,heredividedintosectionsforconvenience.

40I owe thissuggestion to PamelaArmstrong.

230 Chapter 21

δια σινδρομιςκ(αι) εξόδου του πανοσιοτάτου κιρίουκιρίουκυρ(ίου) (a)I . .Ο. . . Ιον εγινεν εκ πόλεοςΖιγγνου.(4) ό δέ ναόςοΰτος της βασιλίσας* καιπαρθένου Ιγνατίουιερομόναχου + ό δέ το έπίκλην Θεοτόκου* αυτό* ιερύς* "Αγίας (ή σφιροκοπόν της Χρισοπιγής* 'Ιωάννης* εκ εν ετι* εν ,α* Σφιρίγκας* πόλεοςΧρισάφις* (α) ψ*η'* μηνίΑύγ(ούστω)[κ']. (a) Sakellaropoulos's readingofτοπαρον at thestartdoes notseemto caterforall thetraces.Sakellaropoulosalso a printsεγενετο,πανοσιωτατουκυρίουιγνατιουand ζιγγνου(Τζιγγίνουϊσως;). Zingnosor Zingnon(evidently town)has notbeen identified; possiblyTzitzina? (b) αειπαρθενουSakellaropoulos.There is a knotin the wood afterthe pi, whichthe carverhas avoided;this to supplya fewletters. perhapsled Sakellaropoulos IEPYC: i.e. ιερεύς. (c) σφιροκοπησαςSakellaropoulos. been lost. (d) The date is 20 August1708.Sakellaropoulosreadsκ at theend; theletterhas presumably Commemorates the foundingof the church in AD 1708 by Ignatios, who had helped found Agioi Pantes

(32) in 1702,and its decorating(literally'hammering';sc. carvingof the iconostasis?)by Ioannis Sphiringas, priest,fromChrysapha.

36. CONSTRUCTIONOF NEWBUILDINGS,AD 1728

Inscriptionbelongingto 'anotherof the buildingsaround the courtyard... on a marbleslab'; so Sakellaropoulos, just afterdescribing31. In a footnotehe says it had been a storeroomin the 19th but had been demolishedand replacedbya hen-house;thestone,however, had been rebuiltinto cent., thewallabovetheΕ door(sc.ofthemonastery) nextto thecelloftheabbot.Monvidi. Textfromdrawingat Sakellaropoulos25. IC

4

8

Nl crossΚ XC

έγ(έ)ν(ετο)τ(ο) π(α)ρ(ον)κ(τί)ρ(ι)ο(ν) δ(ι)ασ(υν)δ(ρο)μ(ή)ςκ(ό)π(ου) τ(ε) κ(αί)έξ(ό)δ(ου) τ(ών)π(α)ν(ο)σ(ι)οτ(άτων) π(ατέ)ρ(ω)νιερ(ο)μ(ο)ν(ά)χ(ω)νκ(αι)μ(ο)ν(ά)χ(ων) Ά(ν)θ(ί)μ(ου)1728(επί?)Ν(ε)κτ(α)ρ(ίου).

8. Drawing showsonlyΑΘΜ) 1728(NKTP.Do wehaveherethenameoftheabbot,Anthimos orthe Nektarios, namesoftwomonks whoputupthebuilding? OF EASTRANGE, AD 1794 37. CONSTRUCTION Inscribedmarbleblock,builtintoinward-facing wallabove archwayleadingto Ε gate(11481705). In situ. Sakellaropoulos 27. Preservedall round.0.35 X 0.30. Inscribedsurfacesmooth.Whitewashed.Vacat0.11below,0.02-0.04 elsewhere. H. of lettersc.o.018-0.025; average l.h. 0.035. Tall, tendingtowardshandwrittenforms.Some and accentsoriginal. breathings

4

+ άνέρθησαν τα παρώντα κτήριαέπί του ΣουλτανΣελείμ·· δια τ(ής) βασιλείας· κόπου*τε*κ(αί)*έξ(ό)δ(ου) π(ολ)λ(ής?). . τ(ών?)οσίων συνδρομής* του (πανοσιωτατου?) π(ατέ)ρων, Μαρτινιανοί ήγ(ου)μ(ενεύον)τ(ος) 1(ε)ρ(ο)μ(ονά)χ(ου) έ' κ(ώ)μ(ης)*Χρυσαφής: : : ειςτους,αψφδ'·*Ίουλ(ίου)*κ' *: ·

ι. άνηγέρθησαν Sakellaropoulos.

Inscriptions

231

3. BetweenΕΞΔ and ΟΣΙΩΝ I see a small raised stroke(iota?)withan acute accent,followedby a smallmu above a smalltau. Sakellaropoulosreads simplyπολλώνπατέρων. 4· πανοσιωτάτουSakellaropoulos;the stonehas a pi witha crosson its top 1. cornerand a circumflexabove (no traceof thisin Sakellaropoulos'sdrawing). could however, read,is AD 1794(so Sakellaropoulos); qoppa in theform^.The lastletter, 5. The date,ifcorrectly it is also unparalleledin be an alpha,forthoughtheprecedingalpha is quitedifferent, havinga brokencross-bar, and easilyconfused. thistext,in whichalphasand deltasare generally asymmetrical Records the constructionof the east range in 1794,when Martinianos of Chrysapha was abbot. AD 1869 OF PARAPET, 38. RENOVATION Block of light grey marble, S of 40, immediately below parapet. Probably in situ. Mentioned, Sakellaropoulos 29. Preservedall round. 0.36 X 0.31. + 18 69 4

ΚΓΔ

Ήγ(ουμενεύοντος). Π Χ

1-2.These linesin a circle,withknotbelow.Sakellaropoulosgivesdate as 1879. 3: themason'sinitials? ofthisbalconywhenone 'P. Ch.' was abbot. Recordsthepaving(accordingto Sakellaropoulos) AD 1875 OF DOORWAY, 39. RENOVATION Ν of door of marble lintel narthex,at main church (11451703).In situ.Cf. 40. Grey Preservedall round. 1.55 X 0.17 X 0.145. Finished with claw-chisel. Rosettes compass-drawn.H. of letters0.02-0.3; figures0.05.

rosette

18 75 +

rosette

Παισιουίερ(ο)μ(ονάχου) Ήγ(ουμενεύοντος).

Records the repair of door in 1900, when one 'Paisios' was abbot. 40. mason's initials from renovation of north wall of church, ad 1875 Irregularblock of schist,below and Ε of 39, on same wall. In situ. Preservedall round. 0.54 X 0.20. Only the inscribedface worked,apparently;the mason simplychose a convenientlylarge stone in the wall. H. of letters0.05-0.06. Roughly and shallowlycut with small pick or chisel. Α. Ν. Μ. 1875 The initialsof the mason who effectedthe repair recorded in 39. OF DOOR IN CHURCH,AD 1889 41. RENOVATION Wooden inscriptionon bottom of door leading to altar in main church (11461703). In situ. Well preserved.0.09 X 0.155 X c.0.09. Highly polished. Lettersin relief,slightlyworn. H. of letters0.009.

232 Chapter 21

4

8

επί έπιτρωπή Κωνσταντίνος Αθανασόπουλος,κέ* Ιωάννης Σοφιανόπουλος.τή·g Νοεμβρίου 1889.

5· ΚΕ' i.e. και,nota numeral. Records constructionof door in 1889. 42. (RECONSTRUCTIONOF SOUTH RANGE,AD 19OO Stone slab in inward-facingwall of S range, near itsW end (11451702),below and Ε of 5. In situ. Preserved all round. £.0.70X £.0.35 [Η.] Χ 0.10. Triangular block with apex at top. Inscribed surface smooth. Vacatall round. H. of letters0.03, figures0.05. Capitals have serifs.

άνηγέρθη vacat Πετράκη ήγ(ουμενεύοντος). Γερ(ασίμουΡ). I9OO

Records the constructionor repair of thisrange in 1900 when Ger(asimos?) Petrakiswas abbot. 43. plasterer's graffito Graffitoin plasterworkimmediatelyΝ of 12, q.v. H. of letters£.0.08. Κ.Θ. 1972. Plasterer'sinitials.Around this and the niche in which 12 is mounted is an arch-shaped crack in the plaster,suggestingperhaps a recentin-fillingof a doorway.This may explain why 12 was not noticed by earliervisitors.

Other

Churches

and Chapels

(44-53)

44. decoration of palaiopanagia church by the painter manasis, cad 1305 This is the church at U490. See Drandakis, Arch. Eph. 1967; Cf. above. (Other inscriptions in Drandakis's article include church dates from Chrysapha; these buildings were not included in the survey.) 45. FOUNDATION OF AGIOS GEORGIOS, AD 1698 (PLATE 22 d)

Small block of poros, built into outer apse wall of chapel of Agios Georgios, Ν of Agios Ioannis Theologou (08942109). Preservedall round. 0.23 X 0.24. Inscribed surfaceheavilywhitewashed. Text writtenaround a large 'maltese' cross; letterson cross transcribedseparatelybelow.

Inscriptions233 H. oflettersmainly£.0.01;figures larger.Possiblybysamemasonas 31 ofAD 1697. 1698εγπγ 'Ί'

4

8

.ασυ.δρο αγ,.γε ' [μη?]0·!··]Παπααν γσ'σΔΓ η σ ι

ε

Υ

On apices of cross: IC

Ν +

Χ

ι. Probablyέγένετοτο παρόν or similar. to Ignatios;cf.32 and 35, ofsimilardate. 2. Secondlettergammaor rho?Possiblya reference 3. i.e. διασυνδρομής.Firstletterround,possiblyomicronor upsilon. 4. ΔΓ in largerletters. 5-8. Theremaynotbe manyillegibleletters;thismayall be in abbreviatedcode. May record firstbuildingof church in 1698. 46. CEMETERYCHURCHOF AG.DIMITRIOS S-facingslope (09051905) with mortuarychurch and cemetery:various inscriptionsreferringto building in 1890 and 1906. 47. CHURCHOF STAVROS Inscriptionon church at 07212309 dates it to 1893. OF CHURCH 48. FOUNDATION Inscription near entrance of church at 08452095 states that it was rebuilt in 1901 by Giannis D. Makropoulos withhis own hands and money. OF CHAPEL 49. FOUNDATION

On chapelat08421502: | Απριλίου 1920. Δαπάνη| άδελφότητος | ΑγίουΓεωργίου

50. AG. PARASKEVI

Date of 1926 on churchat T482. 51. AG.IOANNISPRODROMOS Tablet in churchat 07292023 dates its construction1939. Cf. Tzannetos 76-8. 52. AG.SOZON Foundation inscriptionof church at 07450755 gives date of 1972. OF CHAPEL 53. FOUNDATION on front door of chapel (07542126) records that it is the giftof Ilias Trildeis (?), 1973. Inscription

234 Chapter 21

Other

Buildings

and Structures

(a) Modernhouses

54. HOUSES, SOULI

Various igth-cent.dates on abandoned houses at Souli,belowVoutianoi. 55. HOUSE, KLADAS

(19thcent.?)on house (07181598);only11.1 Inscription and 3 legible,οικία| [- ] | Κοντογιάννη.

56. HOUSE, KLADAS

On house(07221602): 19011οι + κία| Τ. Κουτσούμπη.

57· HOUSE, APHISIOU

(54-77)

66. THRESHING-FLOOR, AD 1944 Aloni(16091404)of 1944. AD 1947 67. THRESHING-FLOOR, Aloni(15691331) of 1947. 68. THRESHING-FLOOR, AD 1948 Abandonedaloni (12981422)withtwostonesinscribed NN48. 69. THRESHING-FLOOR, AD 1949

Aloni(15621337) of 1949.

1904. Dating-inscription:

[70.Numberdiscarded.]

58. HOUSE, APHISIOU

71. THRESHING-FLOOR

HIA 1909. Dating-inscription:

59. HOUSE, KLADAS

on cornerofhouse(07151594):1920ΒΣΖ. Inscription 60. RUINED FARM BUILDING, NEAR KLADAS

Inscribed rectangular plaqueamongtumblefromruined farmbuilding w ofKladas. 1933| ΔΑΜ. (07112126)

Undated aloni (15421314)with inscriptionN.J. (?) ΡΑΛΛΗΣ. (c) Miscellaneous

72. KOPANOS BRIDGE, AD 1730

Foundationinscription of bridgeat H89, reportedby Loringin 1895. 73. MODERN BRIDGE NEAR APHISIOU, AD 195 1

61. HOUSE, NEAR APHISIOU

House in hills above Aphisiou (10451475). On Ε wall: ΚΓΓ. On another stone: έργον 1941.

On bridgeacross rema above Aphisiou (09891503). Across S face of horizontalslab supportingupper schistcourses:ΕΑΡ - 1951.

(b) Threshing-floors (alónia)

74· SPRING-HOUSE, CHRYSAPHA (U513)

62. AG. GEORGIOS (I402B)

Near modernchurchofAg. Georgios(10751705).Slab in paved area (formeraloni?)on terraceW of ruined building.I . . A | ΑΑΗΣ | 1915.Modernletters. 63. THRESHING-FLOOR

Aloni(16591394)withslabsdated 1924and 1951. 64. THRESHING-FLOOR, AD 1925-4 1 Aloni (15431322) with dates 1925, 1933, 1941. 65. THRESHING-FLOOR AT MAKARIA, AD 1933-55

Dates of 1933,1943, 1955on fourslabs of one aloni nearU516. (16161351)

Inscription: see ILL. 24.57. Date may be read as 1704. 75. FOUNTAIN-HOUSE

Moderninscription on ruinedfountain-house at L477. Cf. 10.

76. WINDMILL NEAR CHRYSAPHA, AD 1896

Date on windmillnearChrysapha(U487). AD 1958 77. CISTERN, Date (1958)on cistern(08912129).

22

THE PHOSPHATE AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS1 Richard Sarris WilliamCavanagh, Jones,andApóstolos OF THERESEARCH PROGRAMME This PART was aimedat investigating further a numberof sites discovered the standard of sherd collection. It was decided to of by technique comparetheresults thesherdcountswithphosphate concentrations andwithresistivity these three survey, independent datasetsreflecting themeasurement ofdifferent humanactivities: sherds expressed simply, pottery in domesticquartersand refuseareas,highsoil phosphatewould wouldtendto concentrate and indicateboththesetypesofarea as wellas manureheapsand perhapsanimalpens(mándres), results and tile should indicate the of perhaps presence building-remains. geophysical and proceduresinvolvedin the surveysare set out as separatesections The methodology below,while the respectiveresultsare amalgamated as much as possible. It should be werecarriedoutat different times. understood thatthetwosurveys The Phosphate

Survey

introduction of soil phosphatefoundat archaeologicalsiteshas been The relatively highconcentration the reasons forthis are stillonly partially for over recognized fifty years.Unfortunately, understood. Much basicresearchis neededon aspectsofsoilchemistry beforeitwillbe possible to claimthattheprocessesofdeposition, and diagenesis, post-depositional changeare properly In state of two broad havebeen the research, therefore, strategies grasped. presentunsatisfactory to the aims and means of the The first has according investigation. pursuedan ever practised, in the soil,2in orderto of the phosphatefractions morerigorousand accuratemeasurement extractas muchinformation as possiblefromeach sample.The secondhas appliedrelatively and crude,thoughsimple rapidmethodsofchemicalanalysis,butmethodsthatcan be carried In thisprojectwe have outin thefieldwithout recourseto highlyqualifiedspecialists.3 necessary 1 REJ wishesto thankProfessorS. Papamarinopoulosfor the loan of GR-GeoTech fieldequipmentand softwarefor and Ms L. McEwan forpreparingthe line the 1990 survey, drawings.The phosphatesurveylocationsare identified by the LS site numberprefixedby 'SP' to indicate that the samplescome not onlyfromthe siteitselfbut also fromthe backgroundarea surroundingthe site. The geophysical resultsare coded withLS number,typeof measurement- two spaces or G(radiometer) Ä(esistivity), Af(agnetometer), forthesquarenumber, and twospacesfortheyear. 2 B. Proudfoot,'The analysisand interpretation of soil in archaeological in D. A. Davidsonand contexts', phosphorus M. L. Shackley(eds),Geoarchaeobgy (London,1976),93-113;W. I. Woods,'The quantitative American analysisofsoilphosphate',

as Antiquity, 42 (1977),248-52; R. C. Eidt,'PartII: anthrosols in Advances of abandonedsettlements', in diagnosticindicators

Abandoned Settlement Analysis,23-44 (Wisconsin,1984).

3 e.g. E. F. Dietz, 'Phosphorusaccumulationin soil of an Indianhabitationsite',Amencan 22 (1957),405-9; G. Antiquity, de G. Sieveking, I. H. Longworth, M. J. Hughes,A. J. Clark, and A. Millett,Ά new surveyof Grime'sGraves,Norfolk', PPS 39 (1973), 182-218; N. D. Balaam, K. Smith,and J. Wainwright,'The Shaugh Moor project: fourthreport. Environment,context and conclusion', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society,48 (1982), 215-19; P. T. Craddock, D. Gurney,F. Pryor,and M. J. Hughes, 'The application of phosphate analysis to the location and interpretationof archaeologicalsites',Archaeological Journal, 142(1985),361-76.

236 Chapter22 Table 22.1:Sitestestedforphosphate,in chronological order. penod

site

soil

Ott Ott

J170 N418 N189 G165 J222 H31 R469 M349 *N4io R287 R289

N3C S2b Nia S2d N4D/C S3D N2b

Byz R LHl/ER LCl/EHl ci LH MH eh eh

LN1

E48

S2b Nia Nia

L2a

logΡ cone onsite1 3.92 ± 0.50 5.22 ± 0.31 3.36 ± 0.48

4.47 3.98 3.76 3.86 -

±0.25 ± O.35 ± Ο.49 ± 0.43

4.07 ± 0.73 3.89 ± 0.46 3.34 ± 0.61

5.31 ± Ο.31

logΡ cone offsite1 2.64! 0.73 4.07 ± 0.34 2.07 ± 0.90 3.94 ±0.32 3.23 ± O.81 2.08 ± I.05 1.95 ± 1.10 3.9710.67 2.99 ± 0.86 2.46 ± 0.88 1.79 £1.11

4.31 ± Ο.39

signal-tonoueratio2 1.957 3457 1.933 1.793 1.257 2.179 2·559 1.255 1.955 1.764

2.663

1 The morecloselyto a normal logarithmof thephosphatevalue is used in statistical analysisas approximating distribution. 2 The 'noise signalratio' givesan indicationof the robustnessof the change-pointanalysis(see the discussion below).

ofsamplingand thecontextofsurfacesurvey optedforthelattercourse;giventheconstraints we still believe that this was the most sensibleapproach.4 (seebelow), SAMPLING

In thefirstinstancetensiteswerechosenforinvestigation. These werenota randomsample, butwereselectedto coverthemainchronological and thedifferent sortsofterrainwithin span thesurveyarea. The sitesare presentedin TABLE22.1,in orderofperiodof occupation.The tableshowsthatthemainperiodscoveredbythesurveyare represented byone or moresites, millenniumby millennium,from£.3500BC to AD 1700. The sitesalso cover the range of soilsderivedfromthetwobroad zones of schist geologywithinthesurveyarea: in particular, in the northand marl-conglomerate in the south.A limestoneoutcropis represented in the case of E48. Likewise,the land-formvariesfromdissectedplateaux to steep slopes to the ofglacisslopes. gentlest A numberof specialcircumstances shouldalso be noted.In the case of N189,the pottery scatterwas vestigialand we werefarfromcertainthatthiswas an independent siteratherthan materialassociatedwiththelargeadjacentByzantinesiteN195.To thewestofJ170,irrigation had inundatedadjacentfieldsand prevented thesamplingofthewesternmost partofthegrid; some leachingof soil phosphatecannotbe excluded.When we returnedin 1987 to R469, whichhad been discoveredin 1985,we foundthatthewholearea had been bulldozedin order it was decidedto to make new agricultural terracesforoliveplantations.As an experiment the bulldozer. It should also be notedthatthere the soil that had been overturned by sample are featuresof modernas well as ancienthuman activitythatmightshow up as enhanced

4 See morefullyC. E. Buck,W. G. Cavanagh,and C. D. Litton,'The spatialanalysisof sitephosphatedata', in S. P. and(Quantitative Methods inArchaeology Q. Rahtz (ed.), Computer

ig88 (BAR S446; 1988),ii. 151-60;W. G. Cavanagh,S. Hirst, and G. D. Litton, 'Soil phosphate, site boundaries and analysis',JFA15. 1 (1988),67-83. change-point

Phosphate and geophysical surveys 237

are scatteredall overthe surveyarea and fell sheep-pensor manares phosphate:in particular, or otherbuildings withinthe samplinggridsof E48,J170,and R287,whilesmallstore-rooms were presentin the vicinityof H31 and G165. Finally,it should be stressedthatthereare - about whichwe have no - not least the use of phosphate-rich fertilizers unknownfactors in no way be regardedas the sites chosen can information. Althoughselected,therefore, in survey. encountered idealizedor as avoidingthesortsofproblemroutinely used intervalsof 2 m and transects60 m long acrossa sampleof Our pilotinvestigation sites.5This studyshowedclearlythat,in fact,the 'phosphatesite'wouldneed to encompassa sample of con-site'and 'off-site'phosphatereadingswas to be largerarea if a sufficient In the collected. theory samplinggrid could have been based on radial transects,forthe In the end, however, treatment statistical analysis)would operateon transects. (change-point m withina grid an orthogonalgridwas chosen.Thus soil samplesweretakenat 10 intervals x throughthe sherdcounts,at the measuring150 150m, normallywiththe site,as identified in simplybymap-reading from centre.To savetime,thegridsforthesamplingweresurveyed the 1 : 5,000 series, and the 10 m intervalswere paced. In some cases, for reasons of thegridwas rectangular (N418)or the'sherd'sitewas notat thecentreofthegrid topography, (M349).Soil sampleswerecollectedfromthe topmostlayerof the surfacesoil (thetop 5 cm), sinceour permitfromthe GreekArchaeologicalServiceruledout any formof testingbelow thesurfaceon archaeologicalsites.Previousworkat Grime'sGraves(England),6as wellas the resultsof our pilotstudyin Greece,encouragedus in thebeliefthatsuch superficial samples wouldgivea reasonableindicationof the subsurfaceand archaeologicalpicture.In an ideal - on the basis of his situationit may be that deeper samplingwould be more effective - but,as we shallsee, 0.20 m belowthesurface7 experiencein Ireland,Hamond recommends resultsare possiblefromsuperficial samples. satisfactory CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

The methodofchemicalanalysischosenwas thatrecommended by Craddock.8A wide range of techniqueshave been applied in phosphateanalysis,varyingfromcrudefilter-paper spot thatgo to checks9to verycomplexand sophisticated procedureswherebythevariousfractions makeup thetotalofphosphorusare extractedand analysedwithhighprecisionand accuracy. In thecontextoftheLaconia Survey, giventheconditionsof samplingand theaims outlined and one thatcould be carriedout rapidlyin thefieldwith a above, relatively simplemethod, seemed best. equipment, simplelaboratory The soil sampleswere air-dried,sievedthrougha 1 mm mesh,and any obviousorganic materialwas removed.To the weighedsamplesof 1 ± 0.05 g of soil was added 5 ml of 2N 10minutesin a waterbath,and acid. The sampleswereboiledforapproximately hydrochloric a 0.2 ml aliquotwas removedfromeach and placed in a testtube.To each samplewas added blue reagent,and timewas allowedforthe developmentof the blue 10 ml of molybdenum blue reagentis a mixedreagentcontaining65 ml sulphuricacid The molybdenum complex. tartrate ml ammonium (2.743g/l)> molybdate(40 g/1),12.5ml potassiumantimonyl (6N), 37.5 and 1.32g solidascorbicacid. The reagentis dilutedto 1.5litreswithdeionizedwater.Aftera

5 Cavanagh,Hirst,and Litton,'Soil phosphate. . .' (n. 4). 6 Sievekingetal. (n. 3). 7 F. W. Hamond, 'Phosphate analysis of archaeological sediments',in T. Reeves-Smythand F. W. Hamond (eds),

in Ireland(BAR 116; Oxford, 1983), 47-80. LandscapeArchaeology

8 Craddocketal. (n. 3). 9 e.g. G. T. Schwartz, Ά simplifiedchemical test for 10 (1967),57-63. archaeologicalfieldwork',Archaeometry,

238 Chapter22 tenminutestheintensity of theblue complexwas measuredusinga periodof approximately Irwin-Desmen colorimeter batteryoperated (EA332B).Greatercontrastwas obtainedby the use ofa redfilter thatabsorbsstrongly below660 nm. The colorimeterwas calibrated using a series of solutions of accurately known concentrations ofpotassiumdihydrogen phosphate.By usingat leasteightaccuratelyknown concentrations itis possibleto producea calibrationline.The phosphorusconcentration ofan unknownsolutioncan thenbe calculatedby measuringitsopticaldensityand readingfrom the calibration graph. In practice it was found to be more accurate to measure the transmittance and convertthisto opticaldensity(opticaldensity= -logIQT,where Tis the transmittance as a function of1). The chemicalmethod,based on themolybdenum bluereagent,has been describedin detail elsewhere.10 THE STATISTICAL

MODEL

In approachingthe statistical analysisof thephosphatedata, we wereespeciallyconsciousof its imprecisenature.The methodof chemicalanalysisis simpleand suitableforuse in the crude.We have also foundthatthe backgroundphosphatelevel is field,but it is inevitably to witha highlevel of noise fromnon-archaeological interference. subject greatvariability, as Moreover, alreadymentioned,theprocessesleadingto theaccumulationof archaeological researchedand are phosphate,and theprocessesoflaterdiagenesis,havenotbeen thoroughly not properlyunderstood.In the lightof theseconsiderations we havejudged it advisableto modela fairly simpleimageofthephosphatedistribution. The model chosentherefore assumesthattherewillbe a moreor less contiguousarea of to the archaeologicalphosphateand perturbed highphosphateconcentration, corresponding setwithina backgroundoflowerphosphate,also subjectto noise.There bysomenoisefactor, is no doubt thatmore complexmodelscould be constructed: a stratification of higherand lowerlevelswithinthe sitearea representing, let us say,the difference betweenhouse areas, animalpens,middens,and manureheaps.In thebackgroundtheremightbe a gradientwithin the non-archaeologicalsoil, due to geological or some otherfactors.There mightbe an intermediate levelbetweenthe archaeologicaland non-archaeological phosphate,because of the smear effectsof soil movementdue to ploughing,soil creep, or some other postwhichcould address depositionalprocess.There are othermethodsof image segmentation these more complex pictures;11but in order to justifytheirapplication,more extensive be requiredas wellas, ideally,a moredetailedunderstanding samplingwouldalmostcertainly of the archaeologythanis possiblefromsurvey, and probablya betterunderstanding of the chemicalprocessesthanis thecase at present.Withintheconstraints of surfacesurveyand a samplingintervalof10m,thesimplemodelis realistic. methodto be applied.In anyrowor analysiswas chosenas themathematical Change-point any columnof the griddeddata it is statedthattherecan be (1) no changeof level,(2) one change of level (up or down)- this essentiallyto cope with the fact that sometimesthe archaeologicalsiteis notcentralto thegrid- or (3) twochangesoflevel(up or downand back

10Gavanagh,Hirst,and Litton,'Soil phosphate. . .' (n. 4). 11See C. E. Buck and C. D. Litton,'Image segmentation techniques for archaeological geochemical data', in S.

Rahtz and J. Richards (eds), Computer Applicationsand Methodsin Archaeology Quantitative ig8g (BAR S548; Oxford,

1989),121-31.

Phosphateand geophysicalsurveys239 are assignedto initiatetheprocedure,and thechange-point analysis again).Priorprobabilities thenproceedsby a seriesof iterationsuntil,in a successfulrun,convergenceis achieved. thevaguepriorsof0.5 probability ofno change,and 0.25 probability each ofone or Routinely thosecellsfoundbothin the twochanges,wereascribedto our case studies.On convergence, to be Όηrowand in the columnanalysisto be highin phosphateare deemed,potentially, in to be Off-site'. and both to the are deemed those site', assigned low-phosphate population a 'halo' ofreadingsconsidered'high'on one axis and low on the There is,notuncommonly, other.Where these forma belt around the Όη-site' readings,theycan be interpretedas It may be that theyresult,in part at least, fromthe smearingprocesses intermediary. ofsmearingis soon mentionedabove,in whichcase theysuggestthaton a 10m gridtheeffect varianceboth Όηthe It was also decided to that the into background. prescribe dissipated In the commenced. site' and 'off-site' shouldbe the same,beforethe change-point analysis cases SP048,SP165,SP170,and SP418thispriorassumptionwas justifiedby the result.In the thatthestandard cases ofSP031,SP222,SP287,SP289,and SP469it was found,at convergence, as Further work is deviationcouldbe as muchas twice'off-site' Όη-site'. requiredhere.It has in not been foundpracticalto allow the algorithmcompletefreedom the choice forthe variances,sincethevaluesthendivergewildly.12 INTERPRETATION

In the interpretation of the phosphateresults(ILLS. 22.1-7) we are faced withtwo main questions:in the firstplace, is therea meaningfuldistinctionbetween the two levels of phosphateconcentration,and, second, is thatdistinctionan effectdue to archaeological or factor,be it geology,modernagriculture, depositsor is it due to some non-archaeological As faras the firstpointis concerned,the model assumesthat some otherunknowneffect? therecould be some such change:thatis, it assumesthatwe are lookingin an area where archaeologicalphosphatemightbe expected. If the change-pointanalysisconvergesto indicateno change of level,we can concludethatthe data collecteddoes not confirmthe we are at libertyto concludethat thereis a failureto converge, model;or if,in theiterations, an exercise to indicatea changeoflevel.To pursuethispointfurther, thedata is notsufficient in simulation was carriedoutwherebythedata setswere'pickedup and throwndownagain': of to each of a randompermutation thatis, the individualphosphatevalueswereattributed in thatusuallyno changeof the gridpoints.The resultsof thisexercisewere encouraging, levelwas detected,or occasionallyone or twoisolatedsmallblocksofone or twopointswere of pickedout as ofΌη-site'level.These lastcases warnus to be cautiousin theinterpretation clustersofjust two or threecells of highphosphate.Such cautionis, in any case, sensible because the methodof chemicalanalysisused is not highlyaccurate.The second question and difficult raisedaboveis a morefundamental one,becauseitsanswerreallyliesoutsidethe there At statistical chemically analysis. present,unfortunately, is no clearwayofdistinguishing is to turn betweenarchaeologicaland non-archaeological phosphate.Our onlytest,therefore, where the the sherd data to someindependent and, criterion, namely appropriate, geophysical ofhighsherdcountand highphosphate data alreadymentioned. Thus,wherethedistribution thatthehighphosphateis substantially agree,we suggestthatthereis a reasonablesupposition ratio of archaeologicalorigin.Furthersimulationstudieshave indicatedthatsignal-to-noise

12A fullaccountofthechange-point procedureshereoutlinedcan be foundin Bucketal. (n. 4).

240 Chapter22 ofthechange-point can also provea usefulindexto thereliability analysisresults.If themeans and standarddeviationsare such thatthe ratiofallsbelow 1.5,simulationsuggeststhatthe delimitation of 'off-site' and Όη-site5areas using16 X 16 gridswill not be accurate;ideally, moresamplingpointsare required. In theresultssectionbelow,each siteis discussedwithreference to thecoincidencebetween sherddata and the highphosphatevalues as indicatedby the resultsof the change-point ratio. Finally,we move on to analysis,togetherwiththe indicationsof the signal-to-noise considersomeofthemoregeneralissuestheeffects oftimeand erosion,thegenerallevelsof and on-siteconcentrations, and thebroaderissuesofinterpretation. background W.G.C. The Geophysical

Survey

introduction During the last decade the better-knowntechniques of geophysical prospection,the and the earthresistance magnetometer (fluxgategradiometerand protonmagnetometer) have in found an in Greece.At thesame context meter, increasingapplication archaeological timethe purposeof the geophysicalsurvey, the rangeof sitesexplored,and the techniques used have diversified.13 The mostcommonand effective applicationof geophysicalsurvey continuesto be at mediumto largesettlement sitesto locatelikelybuilding-remains, usuallyin advanceofexcavation. The presentreportdescribestheresultsofa different novelin the approach,stillrelatively Mediterraneanregion,14 thatofintegrating data into thebroaderefforts offield geophysical survey.The intentionof the geophysicalprospectionwas to make an intensive,small-area explorationofa numberoflocationsidentified bytheLaconia Surveyon thebasis ofsurface ceramic findsas being of likelyarchaeological interest.These locations were selected accordingto date,topographicsetting,and otherfactors,as explainedabove. It was hoped thatelectricand/ormagneticanomaliesconsistent withbuilding-remains, and perhapspits and trenchesas well,buriedto a shallowdepth,would be detected;the locationsof these remains could then be compared with (1) the correspondingsurface sherd and tile distributionand (2), where the data was available, with the spatial distributionof soil There was good overlapbetweenthe sitesat whichboth survey phosphateconcentration. sites,geophysicalsurvey typeswerecarriedout. At R275and R526,bothclassical-hellenistic alone was made. An additionalaim at one site,J222,was to measurethe soil's magnetic susceptibility.15

13S. Papamarinopoulos, R. E. Jones, and A. Gagalis, 'Geophysicalsurveyand archaeologicalsitesin Greece: a new initiative', in E. Pernicka and G. Wagner (eds),

'go: Proceedings of the2jth International Archaeometry Symposium,

Heidelberg iggo(Basel,1990),777-86. 14But used extensivelyon the Cambridge-Bradford Boeotia Survey(C. Ε Gaffneyand V. L. Gaffney,'From Boeotia to Berkshire:an integratedapproachto geophysics and rural field survey',Prospezioni 10 (1986), archeologiche, 65-70), and the Nemea Valley survey(J.F. Cherry,pers.

comm.); see also S. Keay,J. Creighton,and D. Jordan, 'Samplingancienttowns',OJA10 (1991),371-83,fortherole ofgeophysical townsitein Spain. surveyat a multi-period 15I he geophysicalsurveywas carried out in two main seasons of one week each: in June 1988 by REJ and N. with Pavlopoulos,and in Sept. 1990byREJand AS together J. C. Mitchell and L. Sarris. There was a short supplementary studyin 1991led'byAS, whichfocusedon a singlesite,J222;thefullresultsofthisare publishedin Sarris 1992.

Phosphateand geophysicalsurveys241

It is worthrecording at thispointthatthefirstgeophysical withinthearea exploration coveredby the Laconia Surveywas made (by REJ) in the mid-1970switha proton duringthecourseof Dr H. W. Catling'sexcavationsof theMycenaean magnetometer, anomalies on theMenelaionhilland thearchaicshrinenearby. settlement Manymagnetic from the collective results was thatwith buttheoverriding wereidentified, impression gained of geologicalratherthan a few exceptionsthese anomalieswere, disappointingly, archaeological significance. METHODS Instrumentation meters (a) GeoscanRM4 and BradphysMk IV resistivity total Elsec 820 (b) intensity magnetometer gradiometer (c) GeoscanFM36 fluxgate Fieldprocedures Ifthe The firststepwas to locatethe'epicentre'ofthesitewithrespectto surfacesherdand tilescatter. were a 21 by 21 m gridwas usuallylaid out overthis'epicentre',and measurements terrainpermitted, then taken at 1 m intervals,givingup to 441 readingsforthe square grid. Surveycontinued,as in neighbouring necessary, squaresofsimilaror smallerarea. of thatof the soil phosphatesurvey,because the The geophysicalgridwas set up independently times. Thus the coordinatesofthegeophysicalgridcan be located were conducted at different surveys the on surveygrid.The area withinwhichthesurvey onlyapproximately phosphatesampling-surface was carriedout,expressedwithrespectto thephosphatesampling-surface grid,is givenforsome sites in theresultssectionbelow. Some missingvaluesin each squarewerealmostinevitablebecause ofthefrequent presenceofolive trees.At a fewsitesthe natureof the terrainor thepresenceof thickvegetationprecludedsystematic weremade alongtapesextendedto whatever surveywiththesquaregrids.Instead,individualtraverses distancewas possible. All theselectedsitesweresurveyed byresistivity usingthe'twinprobe' array,whichis nowwelltried in Greece,16witha probe separationof 0.5 m. The instrument was set to 1 ohm,and the sensitivity in a in were taken fashion. At the of sites readings zigzag majority explored 1988 the hardnessof the soil requiredthatthe mobileprobes be insertedmanually,while in 1990 it was usuallypossibleto theportableframe. proceedmorerapidlybyemploying in twomodes:one was The magneticsurveywas conductedin 1990usingtwoprotonmagnetometers base the other mobile station), (the (thegridmagnetometer), stationary recordingthe diurnaldriftof theearth'smagneticfieldand thelocal intensity, Both instruments had a sensitivity of0.1 nT respectively. withsufficient time,and date) of all the gridscovered.The data memoryto storedata (measurement, was automatic(everyminute)forthebase station,and manualforthe othermagnetometer. recording At each sitea 'zero reference point'(i.e.whereno localizedchangeswereobservable)had to be located, and thiswas used to positionthebase stationmagnetometer. the Special care was takento synchronize internalclocksoftheinstruments. withhighsignal-to-noise ratiowererecorded.At Onlymeasurements one site,J222,thesoilwas sampledat a depthof30 cm froma numberoflocationswithinthesurveyed in thelaboratory area formagneticsusceptibility measurements witha Bartington MS2 x/T system. The fluxgategradiotneter, whichmeasurestheverticalgradientofthelocal magneticfield,had until thetimeofthissurveybeen littleused in Greece.Here itwas appliedexperimentally at twositeswhere

16Papamarinopoulos etal.(n. 13).

242 Chapter 22 the terrainappearedsuitable.The sensitivity was ι nT/0.5 m. Sensoralignmentand balance control weremade in an area oflow magneticvariability, similarto the 'zero reference in point'.Fluctuations due to thewarmweatherconditionsmeantthatthealignment alignment procedurehad to be checked in a south-north direction. frequently. Readingsweretakenconsistently Data processing

The resistivity and fluxgategradiometer measurements wererecordedmanuallyin thefieldand then transferred to cassetteon an Epson HX-20 PC (1988 data) or to diskon Compaq and IBM PCs (1990 data obtainedin 1988was initially data).The resistivity processedbya dot-density programrunon the withall subsequentresistivity, Epson,as describedby Kelly,Dale, and Haigh.17This data set,together verticalgradient(fluxgate and totalintensity data sets,was then gradiometer), (protonmagnetometer) treatedbya numberofprogramswithintheGeoSoftpackage(Toronto,Canada). The magneticdata were correctedfordiurnalfluctuations. Data fromall threemethodsrequired in some cases smoothingand filtering beforeplotting.The resultsare presentedhere as grey-scale plotsbecause of theirstrongvisual impact,the majorityof the data beingprocessedsuch thathigh and low values appear as darkerand lightershades respectively in the grey-scalemaps. But in a few of the magnetic(M and G) data sets,forinstanceat J222,the reverseeffectwas also produced,and the more informativemap was then selected. A visual interpretationof the geophysical data frequently accompaniesthe grey-scalemaps. Line contourand colour maps were also producedby, respectively, interpolatingbetween grid point values and connectinglines of equal values, and assigninga specificcolourto a rangeof gridvalues and plottingthe gridfiles.By mergingthe grid and contourfiles,a moredetailedmap was createdcontainingthecontourlinessuperimposedontoa colourmap. A fullergeophysical treatment ofthedata is givenbySarris.18 INTERPRETATION

Althoughthe resultsare presentedgraphicallyin thisreportin the formof grey-scale maps, theinterpretation has been based on examinationofboththeseand the colourmaps. It was commonlythecase thatthefinerdetailevidenton one map was less clear on the other,and viceversa.

The usual procedurewas to beginby identifying the high-resistance and thento features, in their features the It was location with compare anycorresponding magneticmaps. possible, in turn,at foursites,J170, J222,R275,and R526,to superimpose magneticanomaliesontothe of the verticalgradient resistancemap. Particularcautionwas applied to the interpretation in its for to to a linear buried feature a disruptedratherthan data; tendency, instance, respond a continuous fashionshouldbe noted. of data where several One problemencounteredduringthe course of interpretation were was that of these 'edge effects'; may be the resultof squares surveyed(e.g. J222) in in small differences the systematic 'background'readings neighbouringsquares,which for from mayarise, instance, movingthebase station.They maybe exacerbatedby theway the subsequentdata processingwas done, thatis square by square ratherthan as a single largedata set. R.E.J.,A.S.

17M. A. Kelly, P. Dale, and J. G. R. Haigh, Ά microcomputersystemfordata loggingin geophysicalsurveying',

26. 2 (1984),183-91. Archaeometry, 18Sarris1992.

Phosphateand geophysicalsurveys243 Results SP031 data (ILL. 22.1) Phosphate

There is good agreementin this case betweenthepositionofsiteH31and thearea indicated ofhighphosphate bychange-point in thelightof analysis.It seemsreasonable, the simulationstudies,to ignorethe small outlyingpatchesof highphosphate.The area extendsbeyondthe high-phosphate towards limitsofthesherdsitewestwards the RiverEvrotas;it coverssome 0.67 ha. As intheSW ofvisibility therewereno problems this could either cornerofthesurveyed area, or reflect be an effect ofsoilmovement some archaeologicalaspect,suchas animalpens or manure heaps, that does not show sherdconcentrations. the through Although varianceoftheoff-site is readings high,the difference betweenthemeanon-siteand offsite log phosphate concentrationsis to givethenoise-to-signal sufficient ratioof to a reasonable 2.18,highenough suggest definition ofthesite. data Geophysical

Threesmallareasofhighresistance, some40 ohmsabovethebackground, to theΕ ofthe maintilescatter, belowa highknollwithin the butit is notpossibleto site,wereidentified, assesstheirsignificance without further survey.

III. 22.1.Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphate withsherdcounts(tileand pottery). readingsat SP031,together

SPO48 (ILL. 22.2)

ThiscoversE48,theearliest siteofoursample.It consists ofa steeplimestone eroded. ridge,severely twomodern weresituated here,oneat theSEcornerandtheother Unfortunately, sheep-pens (mándres) on theΕ slopeoftheridge.The change-point hasclearly identified thesemodernphosphateanalysis richareasrather thanthearchaeological remains. It is noteworthy thatthephosphate from readings thanthosefromanyothertract,and onlySP418comesclose.It is difficult to know SP048are higher whether thisisan effect ofthegeology, orreflects the SP048beingtheonlytractona limestone outcrop, circumstances. wouldbe pointless on so severely erodeda site. archaeological Geophysical survey SP165(ill. 22.3) Thisareahasbeenthesubjectofearlierdiscussion.19 It is seton a steepslopein theschistcountry, in an areawhichis terraced and stillcarefully cultivated. The mainblockofhighphosphate in includes, in theNWcornerappearsto haveno location,theRomansiteG165.The blockofhighphosphate andis probably dueto modernactivity. On thisbasiswewouldarguefora archaeological justification thespreadofarchaeological The sitehadbeendisturbed spreadof0.55ha as representing phosphate. 19Buck etal. (n. 4).

244 Chapter 22

III. 22.2.Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphate withartefact counts(tile, readingsat SP048,together and obsidian). pottery,

III. 22.3. Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphate withsherdcounts(tileand readingsat SP165,together pottery).

of a track,whichwas bulldozedrounda steepbluff,and mustalso have suffered by the construction this.Partof the phosphate fromerosion,thoughit is not clear how farterracingmay have restricted concentration is upslopeof thetileand sherdand mayreflectarchaeologicalactivitiesthatwouldnot It mustalso be bornein mind,however,thatthearea was densely be revealedthroughsuchartefacts. sherdfindsdifficult. and thatthismade recording overgrown butno sensibleresultswereobtained. surveywas attempted, Resistivity SP170 data (ILL. 22.4) Phosphate

in theSE cornerofthesurveyedarea, thissiteshowedup well. In spiteofthepresenceof a sheep-fold the mandra this can be facingS, and so thephosphatearisingfromthesheepwas explainedby Perhaps concentratedaway fromthe sampled area. The high-phosphatearea covers0.78 ha and extends This probablyindicatesthattheoriginalvillagespread upslopebeyondthearea ofsherdconcentration. materialon theothersideof ofcontemporary further to theE, a conclusionsupportedbythediscovery theroad runningalongtheΕ sideofthesampledtract. data Geophysical

The flatarea surveyed(7765-7785Ε, 14000-14020n) in the SE quarterwas markedby tilescatterand surfaceundulations.The groundwas unploughedand especiallyhard in 1990. The R surveyin 1988 was followedin 1990byG and M surveys (ILL.22.5a).

Phosphate and geophysical surveys 245

III. 22.4. Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphate withsherdcounts(tileand pottery). readingsat SP170,together

There is a wealthof detailin theverticalgradientdata (ILL.22.5 b). Most ifnotall of theassociated and so anomalieswiththe gridorientation to the surfaceundulations, (almostN-s) can be attributed One such featurestandsout well, probablymaska numberof featuresof archaeologicalsignificance. featurein squares4 and 5 withassociatedhighintensity on eitherside namelythebroad,low-intensity N-S. It is tempting ofitrunningroughly to regardthisas a road or track(ILL.22.5 d). In squaresGi and whoseorientation is gratifyingly similarto,or G3 thereare apparentcornersectionsofsmallbuildings, at rightanglesto,thatoftheroad or track(ILL.22.5 d). The same appliesto thepossiblesectionsofwall observedin theelectricaldata in Ri (ILL.22.5 c) whichare strangely absentin G2,butit does notapply to theprominent cornerin thelowerpartofRi whichis alignedorthogonally withthegrid.The detail in R2 lookspromising, but at thisstage is too limitedto interpret. The totalintensity data was not informative. SP189 (ILL.22.6) As remarkedabove, the sherdin thistractwas vestigial.The phosphateanalysisgives us a clear indicationthatno separatesmallsiteis to be recognizedhere.N189,whichwas identified at thecentre ofthesurveyed and recordedlow area, is visibleon theSP sherdcountsas onlytwoisolatedsingletons, countswhenfirstdiscoveredin 1985.Giventhelow phosphateas wellas thelow sherdcounts,the'site' can be dismissed.The smallarea of highphosphatein the Ν partof the tractmustbe attributable to some non-archaeologicalsource. The high phosphatein the S part is to be linkedwiththe large

246 Chapter22

Phosphate and geophysical surveys 247

III. 22.5.Resultsfromji7o.(a) Orientationmap; each G/Msquare= 20 x 20 m. Shaded area indicatesresistivity areas: Ri (17x results:verticalgradientmap. (c)Resistivity resultsofRi. (d)Interpretation 20 m) to theN,R2 to theS. (b)Gradiometer map anomalies(shadedarea),and gradiometer anomalies(indottedline). showing(in stipple)road or track,resistivity

ByzantinesiteΝ195,butthephosphatearea cannotbe takenas a good guideto itsextentsincethesite has onlybeen clipped by the samplinggrid. It would be prematureto interpretthe phosphateas a wide'halo' effect. indicating It was notjudgedworthwhile to testthisnon-sitebygeophysical means. SP222 Phosphatedata (ILL. 22.7)

There are two indicationsthatthesereadingsshouldbe approachedwithsome caution,despitethe encouragingsherdand geophysicalresults(see below). In the firstplace, althoughthe block of high phosphateincludestheboundariesofthesherdfromJ222,thereis a secondblockofhighphosphatein theNWarea, beyonda torrent further bed, whichmaybe connectedwithJ224slightly W;furthermore, ratiois low at 1.30.A closersamplingintervalmight J221lies to the NE. Secondly,the signal-to-noise have produced more reliable resultsin this area, which was clearlyveryintensivelyoccupied in antiquity. Geophysicaldata (ill. 22.8)

The threetechniquesweresystematically appliedwithinthe area 7965-8000 Ε, 14605-14625N, which slopesnot less than io° upwardsfromS to N. In the resistivity map(ILL. 22.8 a) one large rectangular structure was detected,measuring13X 7 m in (A) ofhighresistance(some60 ohmsabove background)

248 Chapter22

III. 22.6. Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadingsat withsherdcounts SP189,together (tileand pottery).

III. 22.7.Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphate withsherdcounts(tileand readingsat SP222,together pottery).

whichare shownin the and open area at itsS and Ν endsrespectively, area,withan apparentcourtyard withthe amountof surface plan (ill. 22.8 b). The positionof A correlatesreassuringly interpretation tile.Whateverthe functionof buildingA, it musthave have been of some size: it retainsitsintegrity wall,butwall and tilewillhavecollapsedinwards. alongitsexterior area D, and broaderfeatures, The otherfocusis in theΝ half,wherethereis a complexsetofwall-like of these intothe neighbouring some of themin a collapsedstateand extending squares.Interpretation betweenR2 and bothRi and is notstraightforward features (and is hinderedby somepoor 'edge' effects to of them that most it makes ILL. but 22.8 includingthesmall belong probablebuildings, (b) plain R4), are otherfeatures, hand there other A. On the as same orientation on the that are enclosure B, square On theΕ side,in R5 and R6,thelargeareasofhigh notablyon theW side area C whichlie obliquely. The large structures. ofwall-like are amorphousbutagainitis possibleto discernshortstretches resistance in ILL.22.8 (a) bylow in R3-R5(represented Ε ofthemajorstructure area to theimmediate low-resistance in ILL. a localizedincreasein soildepth.Thereappearsto be no indication dotdensity) probablyrepresents anomaliesin ILL.22.8 (a) probablylie at a depthof wall.The majorhigh-resistance 22.8(a) ofan enclosure oftheFFT magneticdata to estimate A. Sarrishas usedthepowerspectrum 0.5 m belowgroundsurface. features trend(3.24m) and ofthearchaeological thedepthofa regional(geological) (0.59m).20 20Sarris1992,459 f.

Phosphate and geophysical surveys 249

III. 22.8 (a)

p^

err

? j'n> OcQS )^>

III. 22.8 (A)

r O(^ _

250 Chapter 22

III. 22.8 (c)

The vertical map,expressedin ILL. 22.8 (c) in an inversemanner(high-intensity lightscale),is gradient and in some places amplifying the corresponding also veryinformative, resistivity map corroborating A and B, are well resolved,showingup clearlyas low-intensity, coherent (ILL.22.8 a). Bothstructures, anomalies(ILL.22.8 d). ILL.22.8 (c)indicatesthatarea D is also apparent,whileC is resolveddifferently in thismap as comparedwithILL. 22.8 (a). Then thereis the curvedhigh-intensity anomaly(and associatedlow-intensity anomalydownslope)on theΝ edge,whichis probablybestexplainedin terms and thebedrockmaybe no thegroundis sloping,thesoil coveris decreasing, ofthelocal topography: map (ILL.22.8 e) but, deeperthan 1 m. As expected,thisfeatureis to be foundin the totalintensity notat all in theresistivity map (ILL.22.8 a). An ironobjectwouldaccountforthe perhapssurprisingly, dipoleanomalyat thetopofG4. A and Β of likelyarchaeologicalsignificance, structures anomalies magnetometer Turningto theproton fromILL. 22.8 (d) are apparentin ILL. 22.8 (e) (expressed,like the gradiometerdata, in an inverse in the case of structureA). manner).Both these anomalies are of low intensity(15 nT difference one to theΕ Β are possiblysimilarstructures: thereis an outlineofa fragmentary Adjacentto structure in thearea wherethefourM squaresmeet, ofB, whichisjust detectabledespitethepoor 'edge effects' and thereis intriguing detailat thesouthernend ofarea C. But theremainderofthisarea is muchless oftheadjacentscarpintothetorrent bed. Area clearthanin ILL.22.8 (c),perhapsbecause oftheeffect D is confusedin ILL.22.8 (e).

III. 22.8. (a) Dot densityplotofresistivity data atJ222.Each ofthesixsquaresis 20 x 20 m. (b)Interpretation plan ofresistivity A to D, are discussedin thetext.The fulland dottedlinesrepresent data atJ222.The fourstructures, resistivity respectively data atJ222,presentedin anomaliesat least20 ohmsand around10ohmsabovebackground, (c)Dot densityplotofgradiometer data atJ222.Relativesize ofthemagneticanomaliesis indicatedbyfulland inverseform,(d)Interpretation plan ofgradiometer data atJ222,presentedin inverseform. dottedlines,largeand smallvaluesrespectively, (e)Dot densityplotoftotalintensity

252 Chapter 22

III. 22.9. Dot densityplotoftheresistivity data at R275.Area ofR (and G,M) 1 is 20 x 20 m. Arrowspointto theweakhighresistanceanomalies,interpreted as walls,in Ri and R3.

Overall,theresultsare illuminating: theypointto a largesetofinterconnected coveringan buildings, area of at least20 X 30 m. It is likelythesitecontinuedW overand beyondthepresenttorrent bed, as ifso, indicatedbythephosphatedata,as wellas E. The siteas a wholemayconsistofa largefarmstead; Β and theadjacentsquare-likeanomaliescould be smallmandres. There are no anomaliesin structure withrubbishpits. theGot M mapsthatare consistent will be integrated withthe other The resultsof A. Sarris'smagneticsusceptibility surveyat J22221 data setsand publishedseparately. R275 (ILL.22.9) No phosphatesamplesweretakenin thearea ofthissite.The geophysical surveywas in theolivegrove (sometenyearsold), close to the road and to the chapel of AgiosNektarios(builtabout elevenyears earlier).There was a slightslope downfromΕ to W (i.e. fromR2 to Ri). Conglomeratewas prominent theroad and thetrackup to thechapel.Whilemostofthis ofthegrovebordering aroundtheperimeter bedrockcloseto theroad,someofit nearerthechapelhad probablybeen dug outfor was outcropping and dumpedthere.The soilwas red,ploughed,and quitesoft. itsfoundations thisnaturalconglomerate are In Ri thebedrockis seen clearlyin theNEcorner(ILL.22.9).Abutting whichare likelyto be walls;thisarea correlates linearfeatures someweak(£.5ohmsabove background) featureat the Ν of surfaceceramic.The high-resistance wellwithone of the localizedconcentrations end ofR3 and R2 is surelya geologicalfeaturehavingno archaeologicalsignificance, exceptat theΕ end with ofwall and, again,good correlation wherethereis an indicationoftwoshortorthogonalstretches area in Ri correlateswithcorrespondingly surfaceceramic.The largelow-resistance highvaluesin the verticalgradientmap, Gi, but scarcelyat all withthe total intensity map, Mi. A large,horseshoein eithertheRor G maps. shaped,low-valuefeaturein Mi has no counterpart In sum,theindications are ofa sitewhoseremainsare nowveryvestigial.

21Sarris1992.

Phosphate and geophysical surveys 253

III. 22.10.Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphate counts(tile,pottery, withartefact readingsat SP287together and obsidian).

III. 22.11.Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphate withartefact counts(tile,pottery, readingsat SP289together and obsidian).

SP287 (ILL. 22.IO) Phosphatedata

The EBA siteR287lies on a slighteminencecoveringmuchofthecentraland NWarea ofthesampled whichis apparentin the sherdcounts tract.Some latersherdmaterialwas foundon the Ν perimeter, area. The and helps explainthe inclusionof the northernmost sampleswithinthe high-phosphate resultsare otherwisehighlyencouraging,and indicate that archaeologicalphosphatecan persist through longperiodsoftime,in thiscase perhaps4,500years. Geophysicaldata

was attempted butwithout The hardnessof thesoil made resistivity surveyimpossible.Magnetometry success. SP289 (ill. 22.11) and zone, thecoincidencebetweensherddistribution Althoughthesitelies withinthehigh-phosphate that Όη-site'phosphateseemstoo vagueforanyrelianceto be placed on thereadings.It is noteworthy theabsolutevaluesofbothΌη-site'and Off-site' ratio,while phosphateare low,and thesignal-to-noise acceptable,is also on thelow side. Cautionseemsreasonablein thiscase. The siteseemsveryeroded, in theSWcornerdoes notseemto and thematerialrecoveredwas slight.The presenceofa sheep-fold

254 Chapter 22

III. 22.12.Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphatereadings withsherdcounts(tileand pottery). at SP349together

III. 22.13.Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphate withsherdcounts(tileand pottery). readingsat SP410together

have undulyaffectedthe analysis,perhapsformuchthe same reasonsas givenforSP170above. The resultsprobablypointto somegeologicalphenomenon. change-point The conditions werenotconduciveto resistivity survey. SP349 (ill. 22.12) The land slopes a wintertorrent SiteM349layin theSWcornerofthesampledtract,overlooking (réma). layjust below the ridgegentlyto theW in thisheavilycultivatedarea; the main sherdconcentration top. The soils in this area seem to have been subject to a continuous process of erosion and reliableresult:in orderto avoid The change-point analysisdid notproducea statistically redeposition. thealgorithm has been framedto abortwhenthereare fewerthanfivecellsat any excessiveiterations thatthebackground It is noteworthy particularlevel.The resultcan be takento meanno change-point. in that the area of SP222,and is similar to in area. The soil classification level was this high phosphate thata closersamplingintervalmighthavebeen productive. theresultsare similar, suggesting SP410 data (ill. 22.13) Phosphate

Because of the lie of the land, site n4io lay at the S edge of the surveyedarea. Neverthelessthe althoughin thegenerallocalityofthesite,do notcoincidecloselywiththesherd phosphatehigh-spots, data. The resultsof the change-point analysis,whenplotted,are verysimilarto thoseobtainedfrom exerciseswithsimulateddata,and no firmconclusioncan be based on them.

Phosphate and geophysical surveys 255 data Geophysical because ofthehardnessofthesoil.The resistance The R surveyof 1988proceededwithsomedifficulty readingsin a 60 sq m area were low, in the range 10-20 ohms. The absence of any discernible survivewithin0.5 m of the surface.Erosion anomaliesin thisarea indicatedthatno building-remains thesite. has severely affected SP418 (ILLS 22.14-15)

thishas produced Of all the sitesinvestigated betweenthesiteas thehighestcorrespondence and the results identified by sherddistribution of the change-pointanalysis(ILL. 22.14).It is thatthe Όη-site'phosphatevalues noteworthy are high,and also thatthebackgroundis high compared with other sites in the locality (SP410, SP222).

The R survey (ILL.22.15),inthearea9105-9130 butrather E, 15780-90N,produceda promising of messypicture.There seemto be indications byrubble. probablyconfused building-remains, SP469 (ill. 22.16) The circumstancessurroundingR469 have been explainedabove. Since muchofthetract thatno had been bulldozed,itis notsurprising reasonablecorrespondenceis foundbetween the surfacefindsand the phosphate results. The change-point analysismustindicatesome geologicalchange.The patternof distribution is notunlikethatof,say,SP189.

III. 22.14.Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphate withsherdcounts(tileand pottery). readingsat SP418together

III. 22.15.The resistivity one 20 x 10m). map at N418,based on twoadjoiningareas (thewesterly

256 Chapter 22

III. 22.16.Resultsofchange-point analysisforphosphate withsherdcounts(tileand readingsat SP469together pottery).

SP526

Geophysicaldata (ILL. 22.17)

No phosphatereadingsweretakenat thissite.The R and M surveycovereda 30 x 30 m area centred on the flat terrace top. The land is planted with olives in a reddish, fairlysoftsoil. Natural conglomeratecroppedout around the terracetop. Below thisridgewas anotherflatterracewhich subsequently slopedverysteeplyto Ν and S. severalhighThe initialimpressiongained fromthe R (ILL.22.17a) and M maps is disappointing: resistanceareas whoseshapesand locationmarkthemout as outcropsofbedrock.Closerexamination thatat R275,namelythe appearanceof a revealsa pictureresembling of theresistancemap,however, smallnumberof weak (lessthan5 ohmsabove background), short,linearanomalies(ILL.22.9 a). It is of most of themlyingon the Ε side. If this that these are the remains to walls, tempting suggest withthedensityofsurfacematerial(ILL.22.17c),is (ill. 22.17b),whichis notinconsistent interpretation correct,thesize of theoriginalbuildingor buildingsmusthave been ratherlarge.There are twowalllikeanomaliesin theΝ halfoftheM map (markedwithan unbrokenlinein ILL.22.17b) whichdo not appearin theR map. sitein antiquity, butverylittleofitremainstoday. R526mayhavebeen a substantial W.G.C, R.E J, A.S.

Phosphate and geophysical surveys 257

III. 22.17.(a) Dot densityplotoftheresistivity data at R526(30 x 30 m square),(b)Interpretation (and plan oftheresistivity data at R526.The dottedlinesare all weakR anomalies,and thetwoanomalieswithfulllinesare M anomalies. magnetometer) distribution. Sherd/tile countswhichweremade in 2 x 2 m squaresweretreatedbythesameprocedures (c)Sherd/tile frequency as thegeophysical data.

258 Chapter22 Discussion The soilphosphateand geophysical have,we believe,formeda valuableadjunctto the surveys Laconia Survey.To our knowledge, it is thefirsttimethatthetechniqueshavebeen employed in tandem as part of an archaeological surveyin Greece; as such, the resultsare of methodologicalinterestand the experiencegained shouldprovidean importantbasis for future workofthiskind. The soilphosphate study bringshomeveryclearlywhatwe had occasionto observeafterthe that the background level of phosphate concentrationcan vary pilot study,namely from one area to anotherand it is important to havelocal backgroundreadings. considerably more cases the reliable of the Taking archaeological (SP031,165,170,287,and 418),themean Ρ concentration from to 2.08 4.06. The mean con-site'levelnaturally backgroundlog ranges varies as much; theremay be a slighttrendforthe Ρ concentrationto diminishas time R287 confirmsthe experiencein temperateEurope22and progresses(ILL. 18). Nevertheless, elsewherethatresidualphosphatefromthequitedistantpastcan be detected.Of thesitesthat werenotsuccessfully distinguished byhighphosphate,N189and R469can reasonablybe seen as nullcases.In theremaining instances, E48,n4io, and R289are certainly amongtheearliest sitesof those sampled,but the crucial factormay well be erosionof the sitesratherthan

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22Bakkevig,S., 'Phosphateanalysisin archaeology:problemsand recentprogress',Norwegian Review, 3. 2 (1980), Archaeological 73-100;Proudfoot (n. 2); Sievekingetal. (n. 3).

Phosphate and geophysical surveys 259

in thisconnectionto notetheindicationatJ222 dilutionofthephosphatelevel.It is interesting in thespreadofsherdand phosphate,withthephosphateapparently smeared ofa differential in and the sherd This observation is notto all directions movingdownslope. widely apparently sinceour information about the originaldistribution is farfromcertain.In be overstressed, fora intensively occupiedareas suchas SP222we wouldrecommendclosersamplingintervals It wouldappear thatnoisefrommodernphosphate,in our case typically finerdiscrimination. need notbe an insuperableproblem,thoughitis clearlybetteravoided. fromsheep-pens, This project startedwith fairlycrude objectives in view, namely to make a rough comparisonbetweenthe surfaceindicationsof archaeologicaltraces and the level of soil phosphateanalysiscan phosphate.We would concludethatwiththe rightsamplingstrategy withcare.As a techniquewithwhichto butthatit needsto be interpreted offerusefulresults, evidencesuchas prospectforsites,at leastin landscapessimilarto thatofLaconia, supporting a is desirable. more and tile counts or sherd survey sophisticated analysis geophysical Perhaps of the geology and soils could be carried out that mightrule out a non-archaeological in the distribution of soil phosphate;butwe know explanationsuchas naturaldiscontinuities It is certainthatmoreresearchinto wherethishas been attempted. ofno case in theliterature and thishas longbeen ofsoilphosphatepromisesa morerefinedinterpretation, thechemistry an urgentneed. In seeking an explanation for the high-phosphateareas around the main sherd and in the currentstateof knowledge, we mustspeculate,althoughresearch concentrations, of site erosionon the Methana on trace elementsin soils in Boiotia23and investigations peninsula24will, it is hoped, help place our research in a clearer context. The areas demarcatedby the change-pointanalysisaround sitessuch as H31 and G165 tend to cover between0.5 and 1 ha, makingsome allowanceforthefactthattheareas withinthegridsare not always completelyenclosed. Such a size is commensuratewith the sorts of small enclosures. settlements indicated,forexample,by ironage and Romano-British agricultural The archaeologicalphosphatewill have accumulatedduringthe occupationof the site.Of course,thenatureofoccupationmaychangeovertime:perennialor seasonaloccupationmay forhousinganimalsaftertheywereabandonedfor havegivenwayto theuse ofthestructures in termsof small, human use. Our findingsdo not seem compatiblewithinterpretations installations. uninhabited thereis one essentialpointofdifference fromthephosphate survey, Turningto thegeophysical be the outset: it was that needs to from more while intensive, survey emphasized considerably a much smaller area. at none of case the studies is it to assert that Indeed, covering possible let alone original,buildingswas demarcated.Nevertheless the whole extentof surviving, its resultsare in manyways comparable to those of the phosphate analysis: that is, under favourableconditionseven the rathersmall,modestarchaeologicalsitesrecoveredthrough data. The resultsfromthreesites,J170,J222,and intensivesurveycan produceinterprétable fall into this since evidence forbuilding-remains N418, category strong (and a trackat thefirst) was foundwithin0.5-1.0 m of the surface,theirlocationscoincidingcloselywiththe surface sherdand tile concentration.The maps obtained at J222(ill. 22.8 0, c, e) are especially 23 J. L. Bintliff, C. Gaffhey, A. Waters,B. Davies, and A. Snodgrass, 'Trace metal accumulations in soils on and in Greece', in S. Bottema,G. around ancient settlements Entjes-Nieborg,and W. van Zeist (eds), Man's Role in the

ShapingoftheEasternMediterranean Landscape(Rotterdam, !99o), !59-72. 24P. A.James,pers.comm.

26o Chapter22 encouragingin this respect; ironically,the phosphate data here were among the least forreasons alreadyexplained.At thishellenistic-Romansite thereare clear satisfactory, indications of some substantial structures and of severalstretches ofwall close to the surface. the site has been as much natural as by humanagencies, Although probably damaged, by thereis roomformoregeophysicalexplorationto providefinerdetailin squares 1-4 and to examinationand explorethe sitewestwardsacross the torrentbed. The resultsof further treatment of the magneticdata, includingincorporation of the magneticsusceptibility data, will be reportedelsewhere.For the moment,it is clear that the threedata sets forJ222 constitute a valuablecase studymethodologically. This sitewouldalso repayexcavation. A secondcategorywouldincludesitesR275and R526,situatedin theupland,morerugged terrainwhere,despitethe geological'noise' (due to bedrock),it was possibleto isolatean stretches of wall. At the archaeologicalcomponentof the signalindicatingveryfragmentary sites the results were because the amount of data was too remaining usually uninterpretable, limitedand theelectricalor magneticanomaliesamorphous. Withtheexperiencegainedfromthistripartite classification ofthegeophysicaldata (good, medium,and poor or bad), it is now possibleto predictfromsurfaceinspectionthosesites whosebuilding-remains are likelyto have survived.The generalpictureis unsurprising. The siteswhichwillprobablyyieldpositiveresultsare usuallyofclassicalor laterdate,and seemto consistofone or morepermanentbuildings.They are frequently situatedin terrainrelatively shelteredfromthe effectsof erosion.By contrast,because of theirage, size, and especially location,the prehistoricsitesexploredgave poor results.It is more probable thatthe few at suchsiteshave not survivedthanthattheylie buriedin over 1 m of soil. building-remains No information is forthcoming on the existenceof pitsand trenchesat suchprehistoric sites because the appropriatetechnique,magnetometry, was not generallyapplied. This point shouldbe morespecifically addressedin futuresurveys ofthiskind. The measureofcorrelation betweenconcentrations ofsurfacesherdand tilevariesfromsite to site:it is highat siteslikeJ222,lowerat R526(ILL.22.17c). It is interesting at thispointto drawin theresultsfroma comparable(resistivity) Roman site surveyat a late hellenistic-early near Thespiai foundin the course of the archaeologicalsurveyin centralBoiotia by the Universities of Cambridgeand Bradford,25 the studyofwhichhas recently been extendedto includetraceelement(Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ni) and magneticsusceptibility measurements.26 Therea likelyhabitation, withdimensions notunlikethoseofthemainfeatureatJ222,and an enclosurewall were identified.The tile and potterydistributionsdiffered:the former correlatedwell withthe positionof the building,the latterlay away fromthe buildingand closerto two high-resistance features, tentatively explainedas potterydumps.Such features in theLaconia studies. havenotbeen encountered Regardingthegeophysical techniquesemployed,thereis no doubtthatoveralltheresistivity method was the most efficacious,and that the choice of 0.5 m probe separation was appropriate.This judgementmustbe tempered,however,by the factthatthe methodwas slow owingto the occasionaldifficulty of makingelectricalcontact;nor does this relatively form of the insist that another method, usingan arrayotherthanthetwinprobe, judgement would not give as good or betterresults(an issue exploredelsewhereby A. Sarris).27The

25Gaffney and Gaffhey (n. 14). ^° mntiuietαι.[η. 23;.

27Sarris1992,472 f.

Phosphateand geophysicalsurveys261 shouldhave been reducedto 0.5 m at themoreinformative sites. however, samplinginterval, at Of the magnetictechniques,the gradiometer results the two sites gave veryencouraging A and where conditions were road or track at the (J170 J222),significantly, survey optimal. wereidentified formersite,and theremainsofsubstantial butcomplexbuildingsat thelatter, withrelativeease; at neithersitewas the gradiometerat any particulardisadvantagewhen was notemployed soils.Indeed,it is regretted thatthegradiometer operatingon schist-based in conjunctionwithresistivity. The protonmagnetometer also provedits more extensively worthatJ222,butlessevidently elsewhere. To concludewe believethatwhilesherdingand, whereappropriate,aerial photography remainthe staplemethodsof sitelocation,geochemicaland geophysicalmethodscan offer before favouredsites.They are desirableas a preliminary morerefinedstatements concerning In and terms of conservation. excavation,and could,forexample,aid decisionson planning the aims of the Laconia Survey,thesemethodshave indicatedthatbuildingsare certainly and that,ifanything, sherdscatterprovidesa conservative associatedwiththesherdscatters, of manyof estimateof theextentof a site.They have shownthefragilestateofpreservation thesesites,and thesevereimpactoferosion.Giventhatour knowledgeofthesetypesofsmall ruralsiteis verypoor,thenextstepof research,and a mosturgentone, willbe to investigate these problemsby excavation;and an importantadjunct to such excavationwill be the and analysisofsoilphosphate. testing geophysical W.G.C, R.EJ.

23

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN LACONIA AND THE THYREATIS Graham Shipley AIMSTO PROVIDE a listofcomparative This CATALOGUE evidencefromotherareas ofmainland Laconia (includingthe Thyreatisand other'fringe'areas whichat timeswere part of the of the Laconia Surveysettlement Lakedaimonianstate)whichmayassistin the interpretation to resolvetheoftenvexedquestions thelocations ofnamed It doesnotattempt regarding pattern.1 to be regarded identifications as decisive. Individual sites ancientsites,norare suggested necessarily are not exhaustively detailed;the evidenceof findsis merelysummarizedand bibliographic Forfurther discussion ofindividual sitesandidentifications thereader references kepttoa minimum.2 ofW.K. Pritchett andtheexcellent seriesofpublications isreferred totheworks byIannisPikoulas. It shouldbe notedthatcoverageofborderareas is notas systematic as thatof 'core5areas; fullbecausethemeticulous is particularly workofPhaklarisis availableto thatoftheThyreatis be summarized.In addition,reportsoflate Byzantine,Venetian,and Ottomansitesare very likelybiased towardsfortsand churchesbecause of the natureof modernreports.Despite as wellas providing itis hopedthatthedata willbe ofuse to futureresearch,3 theselimitations in Laconia. an overviewofthewidersettlement patterns in ILLS.23.1-10. is summarized The information Formatofthecatalogue

Withineach area, sitesare arrangedfromnorthto south.Each entrybeginswitha headlinecontaining thefollowing information whereavailable: zone prefix+ siteno. toponym datecode (lower-case= summary dateuncertain) 6-figure(100m) coordinate (easting+ northing; superscript figures indicate100kmsquares)(seebelow for ofcoordinates) explanation

altitudeabovesea level

1 The cataloguewas chieflypreparedin parallelwithbut fromtheSurveyand formed partofmyownworkon separately to Bill Cavanagh and Joost perioikicLaconia; I am grateful topublishitas partoftheSurvey, Crouwelforan invitation and ofmaterialand bibliographic fortheiradviceand contributions data. Othermembersof theSurvey, Jan Sanders, particularly discussedearlyversions. Littlenewmaterialhas been helpfully addedsince1992.Some sitedata results frompersonalvisitsin 1989fundedby a British AcademySmallGrant:see esp. sites

Example AA296

Moní AgíouSotíra clhl (»311»556;Br.34323935)

750 m FF106,GG107-8.Suggestionsor data derivingfrommyown workare indicatedby 'DGJS'. FIGS.23.1-10were independent drawnbyDeborahMiles. 2 The existenceof additionalreferences is indicatedby a '+' aftera reference,indicatingthat the referencegiven containsdetailsoffurther works. 3 It also formspart of my continuingstudyof perioikic Laconia and theEleutherolakonians.

264 Chapter 23 In thiscatalogue,unlikethe LS site catalogue(Chapter24), bold type is not used in headlinesto fromgeneralareas but is used, eitherin a headlineor in the bodyof an distinguish specificfindspots for names of ancient as identical entry, places thathavebeen suggestedbyone or moremodernwriters withthe sitein question.Small CAPITALS are used for names of classical deities (withcapitalinitials) whoseculthas been locatedor proposedat a site. In the headlinesonlybroad dates are given,as in Chapter 24; a thirteenth-century church,for example,appears as 'LByz'. The presence of obsidian, if not specificallydated by the source in assumedto be evidenceof bronzeage activity, but thisis not to excludethe question,is arbitrarily a of Neolithic date. Where other material is mentioned besidesobsidian,thesite possibility prehistoric is giventhedate ofthatmaterialevenifit does notcoverthewholeBronzeAge; whereobsidianis the material,thedate cba5is given. only(presumably) prehistoric Siteswithnewdata contnbuted theSurvey bymembers

Duringtheirfreetimethemembersof the Surveyoftentravelledin Laconia forrecreationand briefly visitedknownsites- withoutformally recordingor in any way samplingthem.Siteswherenew data was notedand whichmay rewardfutureresearchare: Pyrgos,Kallithéa(FF62);Lefkóchoma(GG102); Goritsá(GG94);Pyrgos,Cape Kouléndi (NN243);and Palaiókastro, Neápolis (NN253).In two cases we evidence of new sites: and Vrondamás(GG105). Mavrovoúni, happenedupon entirely Agriánoi(ff6o) Gridcoordinates

Sitesare locatedon a gridthatextendsthatcreatedforthe Survey,whichin turnwas based on the GreekArmyGeographicalService1 : 5,000maps.4The originofthesurveygrid(point0000 E, 0000 n) is not farΝ of ProphítisIlías, the highestpeak (2,404 m) of Mt Taygetos.5In orderto extendthe Laconia Surveygridto thewholeofLaconia, therefore, 100kmwas added to coordinates withintheLS area so thatadditional100 km squarescould be created(on the same principleas BritishOrdnance to thew and S. In thepresentcatalogue6-figure references are given:thatis to say, Surveycoordinates) to the nearest100 m (in Chapter24, the LS sitecatalogue,theyare 8-figurecoordinates,i.e. to the nearest10 m). The eastingand northing of the 100 kmsquareare indicatedby superiornumerals:e.g. 12881559= 128.8kmeast and 155.9k™northofthegridorigin,whichnow lies in thesea SWof Cape Tainaron. Usersof the GreekArmy1 : 50,000 or 1 : 5,000 mapswho wishto cross-refer to theLS gridshould notethatcertainsimplecorrections need buildingin. (a) Whilethe orientation of the Greek1 : 5,000 are different, (b)The grid gridis parallelto thatofthe 1 : 50,000sheetsofLakonia,the 1 kmgrid-lines on the 1 : 50,000maps is not numberedfroma singleorigin,but separatelywithineach blockof four adjacentmaps (each map coveringo° 15' of latitudeand longitude,makinga blocko° 30' x o° 30', or £.56km S-N by 50 km Ε-W on the grid),withan originwithineach block(thoughnot at the centre) fromwhichintervalsare measuredin Cartesianfashion(positivefornorthand east,negativeforwest and south). Consequently,nearby places in differentblocks of maps can have quite unrelated and in an area thesize ofLaconia manyduplicatecoordinatesexist,(c) Since each blockof coordinates, in eitherdirection,the intervalsbetween fourmaps does not measurean exact numberof kilometres linesat the marginsof a blockand the firstlinesin the nextblockare sometimesgreaterthan 1 km. Thus (i) on the westernmostcolumn of sheetscoveringLaconia (Kollínai, Spárti, Xirokámbion, Areópolis, Yerolimín)and that to its east (Astros,Goritsá, Yíthion, Mavrovoúnion),no minor

4 The Greek grid-linesrun almostexactlyN-S and w-E. Some earlierworks(suchas Hope Simpson'scatalogues)use thewartimeBritish1 : 100,000series,on whichthegrid-line curvatureis so markedthatthe orientation is oftenveryfar fromthe cardinal directions,and places with the same latitudeor longitudehave significantly different eastingsor

no simplearithmetic conversionto anothergridis northings; possible. Furthermore,the contoursof the Britishmaps are notpreciseand someplace(madefromair photographs) namesinaccurateor hardto decipher. 5 To be as preciseas possible,the originis c.130m W and c.1,080m N ofthesummit.

Archaeological sites in Laconia 265 to the Greekgrid-lines, but to eastingsare necessaryiftheLS gridis beingcross-referred adjustments in thelasttwocolumns(Leonídi,Moláoi, Pappadhiánika,Potamós;Reichéa,Neápolis,ÁyiosNikólaos (Voión))the eastingsgivenby a simplecountof kilometrelinesacrossmap boundariesrequireto be increasedbyan amountvaryingfrom+0.4 kmin thenorthto +0.5 kmin thesouth;6similarly, (ii)in the row (Kollinai,Astros)and the nextbelow it (Spárti,Goritsá,Leonídi) theprima northernmost facie northings, countingfromtheLS origin,need to be increasedby0.4 km.7

Key to ILLS. 2J.1-10

Pairsof capitalletters(e.g.AA) indicateapproximate The gridmarksare at 50 kmintervals. zone divisions. Sitesare normallyindicatedby a numberand smallfilledcircle.Other thanin ILL. 23.1, hollowsymbolsindicateduncertainsitesor siteswhose statusin the period in questionis uncertain. nameswhichappear in everymap,also indicatedbylarge modernsettlement The fourteen black squares, are forlocation purposes only except when theyhave a site numberand fora particular period. separatesymbol(s) Symbols • 123 ancient site O 234 uncertainsite ■ Krokees modern town or village inILLS.23.1-3 Specialsymbols ILL. 23.I Δ Palaeolithic site □ neolithicsite ILL. 23.2 A • ■ •

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6 Thisvariation is due to thefactthateachsheetcovers so thatthemap exactlyo° 15' in latitudeand longitude, curved withrespect tothegrid-lines. edgesareslightly 7 The lowestrowof maps(Yerolimín, Potamós,Ayios Nikólaos(Voión)),thoughtheywouldnormally begina

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276 Chapter 23 A. Thyreatis (sites1-24,295-332,356-60) See also thesurveyofbyY. C. Goester(The plain ofAstros:a survey',Pharos,1 (1993),39-112),which in detail. appearedtoo lateto be incorporated figs.1-3,194-5. Maps: PLi, pl. 24; ii. 169-72,figs.24-6; Phaklaris1 Cl Hl AA295.Xylópyrgos Br. m. (Or Palaiópyrgos,or (12881559; 34θ8394θ)671 Pyrgos;'Pyrgfon British1 : 100,000map.) Circular tower of pseudo-polygonal masonry (450-400 BC?). Rock-cutbasin. Foundations,HI UP guard-post pottery50 m E. Sparta's most northerly againstArgos. Phaklaris ^56-7, 2203-5+ (incl. Ross 157 ('Paliopyrgos'); Curtius 371; Y. Goester, BCH 103 (1979)»561)· cl hl AA296.Moní Agiou Sotíra 750 m. (Ag.Sotírason Greekι : (13ii1556;Br.34323935) 5O,ooomap.)On Mt Závitsa,infieldsw and S ofchurch. BG, UP pottery. Phaklaris^45, 2i26. Cl Hl Liléika AA302.Pyrgos(orAnemómylos), Br. 10 m. L. is the area (1352155β; 3472393i) Xeropígado. N of anc. Dinê (Paus. viii.7. 1-2),on W Immediately sideofC. Pourno,50 m belowancientcoastalroad. Two squaretowers:thesmallerperhapslate5th-cent. BCand Spartan,thelargerHI and perhapsArgive. Phaklaris^54-5, 22Oi~3. Ar Hias, Mt Závitsa AA356.Prophitis Br.34353929) 974 m. (^ΐβ1^; Corinthianpottery. (Poss.cultsite?) Phaklaris^45, 2i26. (Mt) Parparos? (Phaklaris 2185 n. 582 collectsancientrefsto P., incl.Hesychius, s.v.;cf.Phaklaris1987.) LR AA300.TrypatouKarzí (12661545;Br. 33893929)500 m. 2 km Ν of Prosilia, aboveAA304. Cave sitewithpottery. Phaklaris^07, 2171. Cl Hl R LR AAi. Tsiórovos Br.34i23932)400 m. (Tsorovíaon Greekι : (129O1544; 5O,ooomap.) Fortifiedtown site overlookingthe Thyreatis, from5th-cent.BC to LR. Circuitwall of 1 important km; masonry £-425-375 BC (perhaps from Peloponnesianwar); site declinesin R. Tombs; 5thcent.inscribedstele.Buildingswithincircuit. Phaklaris '99-103, 290-104+ (Christien 79, 80; Christienand Spyropoulos 457). PhaklarisproposesT.

as firstsiteof Neris, cf.AA3;but Pritchett (SAGTiii. 112-14,118-20;iv.75-9) proposesAnthênê. cl hl AA297.Závitsa(Mt) (13i61544;Br.34353925) 945 m. Second ancientwatchtower withviewoverArgolid (theotherwillbe AA295Xylópyrgos.) Christien 79; Christien and Spyropoulos 456. Pritchett(&4GTiii. 111-12)suggestsZávitsa is (Mt) on Parparos. SAGTvi. 79-83+: cenotaphinscription ofMt Z. Cf.AA356. battlefield LH LR AA299.NearPlatána (!252*542;Br. 33683928)500 m. Above the spur2 km NEofPlatána. LH kylixsherd,obsidian,LR pottery. Phaklaris^44, 2126. ba Cl Prosilia AA301.Anemómylos, (1259154i; Br. 33823922)662 m. Hill above P. (cf. on sameridge. AA304)and WofXylópyrgos Circular tower of c.450-400 BC (robbed for block,pottery. windmill).Obsidian;threshold Spartan road frominteriorofThyreatis guard-postcontrolling to Argolid. Phaklaris ^58, 22O5. (BCH 103 (1979), 561, refersto same.) apparently ba LR AA304.Levéti Br.33δ9392θ)500 m. ι kmΝ ofProsilia. (12661535; LR pottery; further up,obsidian. Phaklaris^45, 2i26~7 (noted by Y. Goester,BCH 107 (1983), 266, withouttoponym);Christienand 457 and η. 11. Spyropoulos Tseréni) AA4.Káto Vérvena(f. Timénio,earlier EH MH LH (135ll53°jBr. 346i39Oi)50 m. On S side of Závitsa,2 kmfromsea and 4 kmfromAa6 Nisi,at Kolariés(area at footofslope),fromPalióchanoto Lykotrypl. Stone tools,obsidian,pottery(the LH mainlyLH III). Cist-graves. Phaklaris^3 1-3,2109-10. cl hl r AA357.Makryplági (1i661528;Br.328939i8)600 m. To NEofÁgioiDéka. Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris^71 (22i4),no. 3.

Archaeological cl hl r AA2g8.Toichías{orArmakás) Br.33O33gig) 550 m. ι kmS ofElaiochóri. ('^^β; BetweenVagióremaand Armakás('stone-pack'?), wall of unworkedstone (H. 1.10 m, Th. 1.80 m, L. c.500 m). No finds.Frontiermarkerof Argos,Tegea, and Sparta? Phaklaris!261-2,22O7~8. cl hl r AA303.ÁgioiDéka (1i651527;Br.32883gi7)600 m. To nw ofAgia Sophia on Phaklaris's map. Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris^71 (22i4),no. 2. eh mhlh cl hl r Káto Vérvena AA306.Pyrgáki, Br.346i39Oi)50 m. ForK. V. cf.AA4. (134i1525; Mound prob,containingBA tomb;laterfindsincl. BG. Phaklaris^ßi- 3, 2no. eh mhlh cl hl r AA307.Kamíni,Káto Vérvena Br.34623goi)50 m. ForK. V. cf.AA4. (13421525; ofancientbuilding.Pottery. Foundations Phaklarisl'y.-% 2no. cl Hl R LR AA3.Kourméki,Káto Dolianá Br.34o83go3)180m. Atw edge ofK. D. (129O1522; LH1-LR sitewithremainsof building Unfortified with2nd-cent.BC findsand R findsincl.5th~7thcent AD.

Wheel-rutsat several points not far above K. towardsTsiórovo. Phaklaris 1i04~7+, 2g4~6 (second site of anc. Neris, cf. Paus. ii. 38. 6+, whosefirstsite Phaklaris and placesat AAiTsiórovo).(&4GTiii. 122-3;Christien Spyropoulos 457; Christien 7g, 86.) Wheel-ruts: PhaklarisΧ2η'P214),no. 1.

cl hl r AA305.Tis Papadiási Vrysi (1i4515io;Br. 32Ö23go6)700 m. Above the chaniaat Kouvli('Krivlia'or similaron British1: 100,000map). Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris^71 (22i4),no. 8. Aa6. Nisi{orKástro),ParálioAstros EH MH LH PG G ar Cl Hl R Med (137θ15θ8;Br. 34883884)73 m. (P. A. called Astros fromMed periodto c 18thcent.:Phaklaris!8o n. 2, 278n. 220). fromLH to G. mostimportant Fortified settlement, Circuitwall, poss. 5th-cent. Also MH, PG cemetery. BC.Rockcuttings. fragments; ImperialR architectural early igth-cent.fort.LH tholos tomb suspectedby Phaklaris. Phaklaris^ο-βΐ*, 256-78.{PL ii. 131(ref.Möbius and Wredeig27,365); GAMS137;GACA 16; Christien

sites in Laconia

277

and Spyropouolos457.) Visited by membersof the Survey,ig8g. Astron? Thuc. iv.57+. cl hi R LR Med AA5.Éva, Moni Loukous Br.34i53888)130m. (12g815O7; R complex with villa of Herodes Atticus sculptures).Temple (prob. H1-R) with (inscriptions, evidence of ASKLEPIOScult. 4th-cent. BC statues (brought byHerodes?). a. At spring 1.5 km NW,R finds,architectural fragments;others in area in between; Med (?) aqueductnearby. Phaklaris 1io8-2i + , 236-8+; 2g6-i04+, ig2~3+: is Eua (Paus. ii. 38. 6); cultis ASKLEPIOSsettlement POLEMOKRATES (Paus. I.e. refers simply to Pritchett Polemokrates). {SAGTvi. 87-g, summarized by Shipleyigg3),however,moreplausiblyplaces Eua at AAioAnemómylos Ellinikoú,q.v. AR 32 (ig85~6), 28; Christienand Spyropoulos457 to and n. 12; Christien78; Tod ^23-5, 107,referring Romaios igo6 forfrag,of grave-cursesof Herodes, etc. BCH no (ig86), 6gi+. Aqueduct: New inscriptions: BCH 103(1979),561. Herodes'estate:SAGTvi.84-90. R EByz AA308.AgiosStephanos,Astros (I331I507;Br.34483888)80 m. 2 kmΝ ofA. Pottery;2nd-cent.AD gravestone;coin of Trajan; 6th~7th-cent. lamp frag. Phaklaris!128,2i07-8. R LR AA309.Bostanochórapha 60 m. On Ν bankofR. Tanos. Br.34353875) (13i415O2; buildingfoundations. Pottery, Phaklaris1i2g,2io8-g. R LR AA310.AlonákitisGriás (133915°°?^r- H553875)20 m· To s of Ag. Stephanos and ι kmNEofAstros. Smallsite:pottery, tomb,stoneolive-press. Phaklaris1i2g,2io8. AA358.Rachoúla s ofAA310. ^r-34553^7°)2Om· °-5 k*11 (133914955 2nd-cent.ADtile-grave. Phaklaris1i2g,2io8.

R

LR AA7.Palaióstolos 400 m. To nne ofStólos. (»251^3; Br.33683876) Ruined EChr settlementwith gravestones,UP pottery. Phaklaris^44, 2126. cl hl r mbyzLByz Ott AA9.Astros (133i14gi;Br. 3447386g)50 m. MesógeioAstrosin late

278 Chapter 23 19th cent.; Astrosin early 19th cent.; earlier, !8on. 2 KalyviaorÁg.Ioánnis.Phaklaris Agiannitika (278n. 220). Corinthiancapitalsand pilastersin the church,R columnsand mosaicfloorelsewhere(Ross 169). a. At Sawanas, nth-i2th-cent.AD building(BCH 104(1980),605; A. DelL 29 (1974),Chr.423).

cl hl r Vérvenas AAS.Panteleímonas 1,320m. To NEofMavríki. (*106*480;Br.32223875) Ancientsanctuaryof ARTEMISKnakeatis (Paus, viii.53. 11)? Phaklaris'252, 22oo (Romaios 1952);Christien84; theidentification). SAGTv.80-2 (rejecting Pritchett, ba Hl R LR Ott AAii. Kastráki,Káto Meligoú Br. 34553854)110m. (Κ. Μ. = Cheimeriní (134O148o; M. on Greek ι : 50,000 map.) 0.5 km SE of Káto Meligoú. Hill with early i7th-cent. church; sherds, architecturalremains of LH1, R, EChr; obsidian. Hilltoplevelledin R period? Phaklaris *122-3, 2l04~5· (Christien and 457 and η. 14+.) Spyropoulos AA12.Agia Anastasía,Káto Meligoú Hl R LR Med (1345148o;Br. 34693845)10 m. (K. M. = Cheimeriní M. on Greek ι : 50,000 map.) 1.5 km SE of AAii Kastráki,2 kmfromsea (Phaklaris). In area of modern chapel, pottery,building foundations,architecturalfrag.,tombs,ist-cent.BC decree. Phaklaris^24-5+ (BCH 103(1979),561),2i05~6. cl hl r AA312.Palióchano(orBakalovasíli) (1i561478;Br.32β93873)ΐ,οοοm. AboveDragoúni. Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris^71-2 (22i4),no. 1. ba HI R LR byζ AA316.Sykiá,Astros ΒΓ·34223853) (ί3°714755 250 m. 3 kmssw ofΑ. stonetool,obsidian;coinsreported. Pottery, Phaklaris*i27,2i07. EH MH LH G Ar hl AA14.Cherronisi Br. m. 34823844) 5 (13541474; mostimportant Small settlement, duringEH-MH. Tracesofwalls. Phaklaris*43-7+,24O-6;PL ii. 131(ref.Möbius and Wrede1927,365);BCH 103(1979),561. (GAMS138.) Cl Hl R Ellinikó AA10.Anemómylos, Br.34i23852)550 m. 400 m N ofEllinikó. (12991472; Remains of sanctuary(poss. Argivefoundation), flourishing esp. Hl-R. Miniaturevotives.Cl, LHl, and R pottery. ASKLEPIOS statuette (cf.his cultat Eua). HI

stamped tile of the Euatai (see AA5 Éva for interpretation). ofApollo); Phaklaris*229-35+, 2î%~92 (sanctuary Pritchettmore plausiblyplaces Eua near here (see above,underAA5). cl hl r AA315.Platanes,Ellinikó (*297*470;Br.34ΐΐ385θ) 500 m. To NWofEllinikó. Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris'273,22ΐ5· cl hl r AA314.Goúpata Br.34ΐ3385θ) (1299147o; 500 m. To Ν ofEllinikó. Ν ο/Ellinikó. Wheel-ruts Phaklaris22i5cl hl r AA359.Kokkiniá,Áno Dolianá (*132*469;Br. 32573865)920 m. (A. D. = Dolianá on Britishι : 100,000map.) Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris^71 P214),no. 12. cl hl r AA311.Vaterí,Áno Dolianá (*133*469;Br. 32583865)920 m. (A. D. = Dolianá on Britishι : 100,000map.) Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris^71 (22i4),no. 12. MH LH G Ar Cl Hl R AA13.Ellinikó(f.Teichío) (12991468;Br.V53845) 480 m. Eua (Paus.ii. 38. 6). Fortifiedhill site withgood land, importantfrom Late Helladic to 3rd cent. AD; declines afterHI. Circuitwall of 990 m, partlypseudo-polygonal; gate, towers.Buildings,cisternsinside.Wheel-rutsnear S gate. a. Nearby,findsof inscribedgravestelae(c.400BC, 3rd cent. BC, 2nd cent. AD); HI cemeteriesreported. Cf.AA314-15. Phaklaris *82~98+ (Thyrea; cf. Thuc. iv. 57+), 278~9O.(PL ii. 131n. 123;AR 31 (1984-5),24; Christien and Spyropoulos457 and n. 13; 459 and n. 26; C. 'Fouillesà Helléniko(Eua Abadie and T. Spyropoulos, de Thyréatide)',BCH 109 (1985),385-454; Christien 78, 80.) SAGTvi. 87-9 (cf.iv.64-74). Stampedtileof the Εύαται (Euatai) foundnearby (see above, AAio)is, forPhaklaris,not evidencethat Ellinikó= Eua, but thatthe Anemómylossanctuary came underEua (Moní Loukoús)in R times.Contra, Pritchett: see underAAio. pi ba R LR AA15.ÁgiosGeórgios,Káto Meligoú (13i51465;Br. 34283834)160 m. (Κ. Μ. = Cheimeriní M. on Greekι : 50,000map.) Post-Byzchapel; otherbuildings.Pottery;6th-cent. ADpebblefloor;obsidian,stonetool. Phaklaris'126,2106-7+·

Archaeological sites in Laconia 279 R AA317·Sopotó,Karakovoúni (^β^βΐ; Br.34523838)140m. Smallcave on S edge ofhillofSopotó.R pottery. PhaklarisJ2o8,2i72(with41 fig.3). LR AA319.Sarandórachi,Mt Achláda 880 m. c.3kmw ofAg.Ioánnis. (^^^βο; Br.333i3845) LR finds. Phaklaris*143,2i22(with113fig.55). Karakovoúni AA318.Skylochóri, (^éõ^õ8; Br·346o3033)5° m· SmallcavewithBG pottery. Phaklaris*2o8,2i72.

cl hl

cl hl r AA313.NearPalio Ágio-Liá,Kastrí 1,200m. (On Greekι : 50,000 (1i491449;Br.32533854) map 'Palioïlias'is a mountainpeakwithruinedchapel.) Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris^72, no. 2 and n. i+; 22i4Cl Hl LR Byz AA19.Nisi,ÁgiosAndréas Br.34993823)25 m. Thyrea? Cf. Hdt. i. 82 (137O1448; (Thyreai);Thuc. iv.57 (Thyrea). on coast, importantfrom Fortifiedhill settlement Small harbour.Two circuit BC cent. to 5th earlyByz. walls(partCl, partByz);towers,largebuildingswithin (partlyexcavated);cisterns. wheel-ruts. a. Nearby:quarrying, Phaklaris^8-59+, 247~55 (Anthana/ Anthene, with Leake and Thuc. ν. 41+). (Christien and 458 and n. 16;462; Christien76 and n. 4; Spyropoulos 80.) On Anthenesee SAGT iv. 75-9; vi. 94-101; vii. Phaklaris^72, no. 214-22;Shipley1993.Wheel-ruts: 6. Pritchettargues forthe second site of Thyrea, afteritsdestruction refounded bytheAthenians. Leake, TM ii. 502, appears to describe this: 50 mins.S of Prastiótika Kalyvia (now Ág. Andreas),he saw 'a piece of Hellenicwall . . . theremainsperhaps of a small fortress';cf. ii. 494, where he notes his of the fortwithAnthene. Ross 163-6 identification describes house walls, grid-plan streets,traces of etc. Hellenicruins,stoneblocks,architraves, pottery, AA16.Marmarálona,Xerokámbi ni EH MH LH G Ar Cl ('242^42; Br. 33553825)868 m. 1.5 km fromAg. Ioánnis (directionnot stated). (Not to be confused withAA23Marmarálono.) Pottery(incl. LH III), obsidian, 6th-cent. BC terracotta figurine. a. A littlew of M., remainsof sanctuarywith6thcent. statuette dedicated to Parparos; site of Parparoniafestival(cf. Damonon inscription,c.400 BC:see Inscription 15 k). Phaklaris^34-7+; 226-8+; 2in- 17(with113fig.55).

ni EH Ar Cl AA18.Koutri(f. Kokorétsa) m NE of Ano m. 600 Br. 33933827)550 (128o1442; Meligoú (Oreiní M.; Meligoú on Britishι : ΐοο,οοο map),besideroad to Ellinikó. Two-periodsite;possiblyAr-Cl sanctuary?Stonepacks.Findspotofhead ofAr Laconian statue(nowin obsidian(incl.cores);early Copenhagen).BA pottery, BG pottery. 5th-cent., Phaklaris•141-2,2i2i+. ar AA17.Oreiní(Áno)Meligoú (!264^39; Br. 33δ43822)650 m. (O. M. on Greek ι : 5O,ooomap; Meligoúon British1 : 100,000map.) Ar site. Cartledge 145, 189; 329+ ('Meligou'; incl. AM 83 (1968),32 ff.).Possiblythesame as AA18Koutri? AA327.Moní AgiasTriádas,Áno Meligoú (132i1436;Br.343338i4)500 m. incl.LR; cist-graves. Pottery Phaklaris!145,2i26.

LR

cl hl r AA320.Mariórema,Elatos (1i8o1435;Br. 3292382o)650 m. É. is 2 km Ν of Ág. Petros. Above the rema,wheel-rutsat two points; one is t.50m long. stretch Phaklaris'271(22i4),no. 7. R LR AA321.Lakkákia (i239!435; Br. 335i38i6) 800 m. To Ε of R. Lépida, oppositeKáto Lépida. R and LR pottery. Phaklaris^39 (2n8),no. 1. ni ba R AA322.Atzinéika (122i1434; Br. 33263825) 880 m. In plain of Xerokámbi. stone Green(prehistoric) RemainsofR installation. toolfound. Phaklaris!139-40,2i18-20 (and n. 371),no. 2. R AA323.Garizá (I2i2I43i;Br.332638i6)880 m. Near AA322Atzinéika. R pottery. Phaklaris' 139-40,2i2O,no. 3. Cl AA20.Armakádes Br. 335538i4) 800 m. Near the 'head' (^ο,^0; (κεφαλάρι)ofR. Lépida in plainofXerokámbi. Substantial settlement in Xerokámbi plain (800-900 m above sea level),desertedaftermid-4th BC potteryincl. local rf;5thcent. BC. 5th-4th-cent. cent. inscribedbf skyphos;stone perirrhanterion, Perhapssanctuary(DGJS)? stone-packs. Phaklaris»138-9,2i18.

28o Chapter 23 cl hl r ΑΑ325·Plakoúla(orKakoskáli) s Mt Br. m. On of (12451426; slope 335738n) 850 beforeroadentersvalleyofR. Lépida. Sarandópsycho, Wheel-ruts. on samepage;22i5Phaklaris ^72, no.4 anddescription

cl hl r AA328.Lakkómata SE of m. Mountain Βγ· Ág. 1,072 33O73788) O^G^s; Pétros. Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris'271(22i4),no. 9.

ba Cl AA326.Tarmiri (12i4142i; Br. 332838o6) 880 m. On SW edge of Xerokámbiplain,notfarNWof thespringof Tarmiri and aboveTerzéika. Obsidian,Cl pottery. Phaklarisxi37+;2ii7-i8.

AA360.Stou Batsióti(Botsióti), ÁgiosPétros (1i87I394;Br.32863794) 950 m. se ofA. P. Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris^71 ^214),no. 9.

LN1EH LH Cl HI R LR AA22.Ásoula (J29^421; Br.34O238o3) 700 m. 1 kmN ofCharadros(f. Trestená),on S slopeofPyrgáki. Cave sitewithpottery ofLN1,EH, LH (incl.LH III AD. B),Cl, Hl, R, EChr; latestis 7th-cent. Phaklaris»204-6,2169-71+. LR Med Terzéika AA324.Ágio-Nikóla, Br.333338o6) 880 m.A littleΕ ofand aboveT. (12i9142o; LR and Med pottery. Phaklaris1139-40(2i2o),no. 4. ni ba Med cl hl r AA21.KástrotisOriás (124314i6; Br. 335338oi) 1,008 m. Small conical mountainon SE edge ofXerokámbiplain. Stone tool, obsidian. Med (not, as Leake, TM ii. 'Hellenic')castle. 493,thought, a. Argivewatchtowerhalfwaybetweenhere and Marmarálona. Phaklaris^39 (2i2o),no. 5; Jochmus43; Ross 172. Tower:Jochmus43 (cf.Christienand Spyropoulos 464 n. 68, also referringto Boblaye and Curtius, on betweenAstrosand Ág. Pétros). pyramidalmonument cl ehl AA330.Ellinikó,Cháradros ^321^15; Br.343337δ5)150m. 3 kmE of Cháradros[f. Trestená). Well-preserved rectangular tower; polygonal 3rdcent. masonrywithdraftedcorners(late4th/early BC).Argive?Pottery (notdated). Phaklaris'259, 2205-6. LH LR AA331.ÁgiosAsómatos,Cháradros (13O414o8; Br. 34i53788) 500 m. (Cháradros / Trestená. A. A. called Ág. Asómatoi on Greek ι : 5O,ooomap.) LH, LR pottery. Phaklaris^44, 2i26. AA329.Moní Malevís,ÁgiosPétros Br.33i83793)910m. (12O714O5; Abovethemonastery, wheel-ruts. Phaklaris^71 (22i4),no. 4.

cl hl r

cl hl r

cl Hl AA23.Marmarálono,ÁgiosPétros (1i921389;Br. 33oo3777)1,000m. 2 kms ofA. P. (Not to be confusedwithAA16Marmarálona.) Substantial hilltop site (fort?)with remains of buildings,incl. one 15 m long with second floor; excavatedbyRomaios.FindsmainlyBG, incl.ofearly 3rdand 3rdcent.BC. Potter'skiln(in use to c.275BC)· Residentialratherthan cultic;controlsrouteW from Thyreatis. Phaklaris1146-8,2i47~9+.(Romaios19080;Christien and Spyropoulos 458 and n. 17;464 n. 71;465.) Ar cl AA24.Phoneménoi ^163 ^83; Br. 32δ53775)1,265m. Phonemémoi('The MurderedMen', doubtlessbecause of the cairns)is a largeNW-SEridge. Frontiersanctuaryof Sparta and Tegea (lateralso Argos),markedby threelargecairns(nowrobbedfor Ar terracottagorgoneion;two inscribed6thkalyvia). cent. stelae. On the basis of one (IG ν. ι. 926), Romaios proposessanctuaryof Hermes (cf.Paus. ii. cf.iii. 10). 38, Hermai a chônon; a. SanctuaryofARTEMIS 0.3 kmW. b. Tracesofancientroad lowerdown. Phaklaris !239-42+ (Romaios 1904-5; 1950, abandoningidea of tombsundermounds;Christien and Spyropoulos 458; Christien 80), 2i93~5+. Artemis:Phaklaris^52, 22ooand n. (Romaios1908^). SAGTvi. 105-6. Paus. iii. 10. 6, on the way to Sparta, reached of Skotitaswithits oaks. Hermai beforethe {chônon) routein 200 (Polyb.xvi.37: S. was nearPhilopoimen's BC. Cf. Levi ii. 35 n. 67; Rackham,Chapter3 above.) On 1.(10 st.)Paus,placessanctuaryofZeus Skotitas; furtheron (on 1.), statue of Herakles and trophy. Jochmus(44) locates Z. S. where limestoneblocks found,on 1.ofbridgeofÁg. Pétros,werebeingbroken up in 1834. cl hl r AA332.Kataraméni Theódoroi. Ε m. of Br. Ágioi (1i8o1357; 32923746)1,340 Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris ^71 (22i4),.no. 5; somewhere near, perhaps, are his wheel-ruts(no. 6) at Perdikia on Sawanórachi.

B. Southern

Archaeologicalsites in Laconia 281 Kynouria

(sites25-38,255,334-5) isolated siteinfarS ofParnon's eastern (Incl.Kyparissi, seaboard.) ehl R LR BB333. Tsérpho (14291338;Br. 35353724)350 m. (Or Tsérvo.) Near Tyrós.MarkedbyPhaklaris2 kmS ofwhereTservosis marked on British1 : 100,000 map. 500 m above Astros-Leonidi road. Rectangular tower (masonry of £.325-300 BC); a tomb. Argive?To itsNE,R and LR pottery; Phaklaris]26o, 192;2i57,206 (with204 fig.113). EH mhLH BB26. Souvála (13281324;Br. 34382704)700 m. ('Sovála', Phaklaris.) £.5kmENEofPrastós,on w ofhillofKoutroupha. LH surfacefinds;mound poss. containingtombs. Nearby,obsidian,stonetool; EH, EH II, MH (?), LH pottery. Phaklarisx168-9,2i4O-i. cl hl r BB334. Koúros sw 900 m. Locationuncertain, (i257^22; Br.335537O5) ofKastánitsa. Wheel-ruts. Phaklaris^71 P214),no. 14. Med BB25. Orióndas (13β213ΐ4; Br. 34673699) 1,030 m. (Or Palaió Karakovoúni,or Réonda.) RuinedMed (?) town.;longcircuitwalls. now ruined,site of Leake, TM ii. 509-10 (former, Kastánitsa). Cl Med BB27. Palióchora,Tyrós (^βΐ^ΐο; Br. 34683693)770 m. In fertileuplandplain aroundP. Ancient settlement, Cl pottery, and Med fortification reported. Phaklaris]166-7, 2l39 (Romaios 1955,98; Leake, Pel.339)· BB28. Kastrí(f. Lygâriás),Tyrós EH LCI Hl R LR Br.35673679) 144m. (146313O9; Hill withfortified mostimportant settlement, during Hl-R. Wall(incl.polygonal) withtowers;masonryEH1 Otherfindsincl. (?). Inside,stonetools;Hl, R pottery. EH pottery, and workedflint; BCpottery; 4th-cent. Imp R inscriptions, coins.Latininscription reported. Phaklaris'172-4+, 2142-5+ (Tyros, Steph. Byz. s.v.; a kämeof Lakedaimonians in SIG3 407 from Delphi, not internallydated). (PL ii. 131; GAC C 59 (GAMS 139).) Christienand Spyropoulos465 and n. 75+. Coins: Boblaye102.

Ilias,Mélana LG EAr LAr EC1 LCI BB29. Prophitis Br.35653665) (14Ô413oo; 564 m. ofAPOLLOTyritas,excavated Sanctuary byRomaios, near chapel of ProphitisIlias. Laconian cultsite,esp. from7Ü1to5thcent.BC.6th-cent. important temple;4thcent.altarand statuebases.Pottery incl.8th-or 7th-cent. BC, LAr. LG-EAr terracottafigurines;Ar inscribed votives. Votives show Argive influencec.700-550; Laconiandominate c.550-400(someAttic£-550-525). Phaklaris Ί72-4, 209-17+; 2i42~5, 173-8+ (Romaios1911+). BB255. Sochá, Palióchora Br.348o3649)780 m. (13751279; R, LR finds. Phaklaris'166-7,2l39·

R LR

eh mhLH BB30. Kotróni,Vaskína (137i126i;Br.34723635) 910 m. Tholos tomb;findsincl.LH III A-C2. a. Othertombs,incl.one at Pano Vaskína(se. Áno Vaskína,^δο^). b. LH pottery at Kornítsa,10 minsSW. c. OtherBA findsin area. Phaklaris1i64~6+, 2138-9.(PL ii. 131-2;MG Ε 50; GAC c 61; GAMS 141; tomb Br. í.3466365O = c.i3651276.) R BB335. Límnes (^75^42; Br. 357436io) 360 m. Above and SW of Pragmateftí. R pottery, tombs. Phaklaris^92+, 2157. BB31. Lymbiáda(f. Kástro/Palaiochora) EH LH Cl R Med (l3i5l2<$8; Br. 3394362o) 725 m. (Or Ta Lymbia.) Betweenvillagesof Palaiochóriand Ag. Vasíleios.(In and beforeearly19thcent.,collectivename Lymbiáda or LymbochóriaincludedAg.Vasíleios,Platánaki,and Paliochóri.) Fortifiedhill settlement,importantLC1-R, Med. Circuitwall of unworkedstone(partlyreusedin Med tower);inside,Med buildingremains(incl.houses,two churches); outside, Hl, R pottery (mostly UP). Reportedancientaqueduct. a. Nearby,betweenfortand desertedmonastery of withsomeEH, LH III. Paliopanagia:BG pottery b. 300 m ne, rock-cuttomb; immediatelyS of it, wheel-ruts.

282 Chapter 23 Phaklaris1i85-gi+, 2ΐ53~7 (Glyppia, Paus. iii. 22. 8; Glympeis, Polyb.iv.36+, willbe theethnikon). (PL ii. 135; MG Ε 5i; GAC C 63; GAMS 143; Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 165 and n. 1.) Many locationshave been proposedforG., however.See now &4GTvii. 150-8. Phaklaris considers evidence for cult a borderfort(Argiveafter338 BC). inadequate;rather, Wheel-ruts: Phaklaris^71 (22i4),no. 13. EH MH LH Ar BB32. Paliochóri 910 m· (13i91225;Br.34253595) One or more BA cemeteries;related settlements weremostimportant duringLH; esp.: a. LH tombsat MikriTourla,1 kmΕ ofP. b. Otherson SE edge ofvillage. c. Otherfindsincl.tholostomb;pottery, incl.LH II A,B,III A,Ai,B. d. On Kotrónihillto NNE,stonetools;EH II, MH (?), LH I- III, Minoan pottery;6th-cent.BC bronze buckle. Phaklaris!ΐ75-84-1-, 2i45~53+ (PL ii. 132-5; MG E = 13i4I2255o; GACc 62; GAMS142),ref.Br.342O3595 with Wace's site tombs at 'Palaiochora',1 hr (Probably fromKosmás:Wace and Hasluck1908-9,165.) BB34. Sídza, Leonídi LN1EH MH LH SM PG G Ar Cl Hl R LR Med Br. 35i53575)700 m. 150m W of monastery (14i612O5; of Ag. Ioánnis Sídzas (Σίντζας),on steep slope of Aetórachi. Cave site with pottery incl. LH II- III C2; Submycenaean; PG and Ar Laconian; EChr. Skeletons.The Ar-Cl materialposs.cultic(DGJS)? Phaklaris]195-203,2159-69 (cultic(?) materialat pls. 127γ, 128α). BB33· Pláka (f. Nisí),Leonídi LH Ar Cl Hl R ByzMed Br.35753575) (148o12O2; 25 m. At harbourand and on hillofÁg.Athanásiosto W. Town site,incl. fortification (part Byz/Med, part ancient) on hill between two harbours. Towers; insidecircuit.At Evrias,in lower ancientfoundations Elsewhere,LH partofsite,stonetool,LH III pottery. III C tholostomb;6th-cent. BCbronzemirror;pottery incl.late 7th-cent. BC,LAr,EC1, LCI, EH1, LH1; Med cistern.At one harbour,ancientsteps and δέστρες (axles?)reported.Rock-cutinscription (2nd cent.AD); ofClaudianfreedman. gravestone Phaklaris1i49~63+, 2129-37+.(Wace and Hasluck 1908-9,174-6;Romaios 1911, 278-9; PL ii. 131;MG Ε 49; GACc 60; GAMS140;IG ν.ι. 1516.)&4GTvii.142-3. as Prasiai or Brasiai, sacked Generallyidentified by Athenians 430 BC (Thuc. ii. 56); later, 'of the Argives', Strab. viii. 6. 2. 368; northernmost Eleutherolakonian town(Paus.iii. 24. 3-5).+

ba Cl HI Med BB35. Poulithra (14901i65;Br.35833534)159m. On coastand on hillof Vigla. Fortification wall; Cl pottery;obsidian;HI tombs; Med tower. Phaklaris^o- 1+, 2ΐ4ΐ-2(Polichna, Polyb.iv.36); SAGTvii.140-2. EH BB36. Pigádi,Kosmás ('403 ^53; Br. 34953528)697 m. (Pigádia, British1 : 100,000map. Phaklarissaysthe 'place' called P. is 12 kmENEof Kosmás,butmaps it here(fig.113),6 kmΕ of K., whereGreek1 : 50,000 map marksΠηγάδιον thereis no therefore, (not a settlement). Presumably, confusionwiththe village of Pigádi(on) 15 km Ε of Kosmás.) EH pottery, obsidian,stonetools.Cisterns(recent?). Phaklaris^93-4+; 2i58+. ba Ar Cl hl Ilías,Kosmás BB37. Prophítis (lte5ïl45l Br· 34373525)l^3° m· On hil1(I22O m) at WNWcornerofK. Sanctuaryof Maleatas reexcavatedby Christou, who regardeditas a fort;Phaklarisreinterprets as cult site.Small objects,statuettes, etc.; esp. weapon-points, some miniature.PotteryLaconian,incl. 6th~5th-cent. aryballoi,oinochoae. Earlier findsat Kosmás incl. (i) bronze warrior statuette of C.520SBC (IGv. 1. 927; LSAG2200, no. 37), dedicated to Maleatas; (ii) bronze mirrorof c.500 (ibid. 199, no. 14) dedicated to Pythaieus, i.e. Apollo; (iii)BA (?) findson hill. a. At Paliorropáti ^391^36), Ε ofΚ., R pottery. b. ImmediatelySE of Paliorropáti,at Vrettéika, obsidianand BA pottery. c. At severalpointsS and sw ofK., wheel-ruts. Phaklaris12i8-25+, 2178-83+ (2183:new findsof weapons, etc., in 1988); &4GTvii. 155. (PL ii. 135; Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 165);AR [6] (1959-60),9 (sanctuarysuggested);GAMS 144 (HI date onlyhere). Wheel-ruts: Phaklaris^71, no. 15+; 272(2214),no. 7. ott BB364. Sorbánou Br. 34363443'Soultanou')750 m. Enclosed (135O1o84; upland valley. (Greek 1 : 50,000 map also marks 'Sourbánou'1 kmfurther Ε in samevalley.) Ruinedvillagereported. Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 165 ('Sorbani'); cf. Boblaye 97 (reportof ruined village at foot of Mt Mazaráki). cl Hl r Byz BB38. Kyparíssi Br.36553365) (15731oo6; 90 m. On s ofbay ofΚ. Two forts,one Byz (Palaiókastro), one ancientwith polygonalstylelikethatofNN231Zarax. R tombs? Paus.'s shrineofASKLEPIOS maybe 30 minsinland,

Archaeologicalsites in Laconia 283 in small valleyto S, at springwithrock-cutbasins. Near K., on roadto Kremasti,ruinedvillage. Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 173-4 (Kyphanta, Polyb.iv.36: capturedbyLykourgos, 219 BC; Paus. iii. 24. 2: ruins; cave of Asklepios). R tombs: AR [3]

C. North-western

(1956), 12 (if this site is meant). (Beware poss. confusionwithMM230Plytra(anc. Kyparissia);LL201 Kypárissos;also Kyparissiat Chelmos,cf.CC336.This Kyparissiis presumablythe one name in a chrysobul ofAndronikos PalaiologosII in AD 1292:Doukas 565.)

Borderlands

(sites40-2,256-9,336) The catalogue forthisareaisnotexhaustive; fora fuller accountseePikoulas1987;1988^. cl hl r CC40. NearPetrina {°&>t$ò% Br·297537Ö5) 450 m. To s ofP. Extensive ruins of ancient town (w of CC41 Chelmós,acrossgorge). Curtius256-7,321n. 53: Aigys. MH LH G ar Cl hl Med CC41. Chelmós Br.3o28375i)769 m. (°92O1352; hillsitewithtwocircuits;poss. settlement Fortified too. InnercircuitCl, outerMed; no pre-Clwalls.Cl, LH sherds, obsidian; on lower slopes, MH, G burials. PL ii. 125+ (Belmina, cf. Paus. iii. 21. 3, Belemina); BCH 102 (1978),675+ {AR 25 (1978-9), 20). (Loring36-41, 71-4; MG Ε 47; GACc 57; GAMS 134);Curtius320 n. 52; Kahrstedt209-10; SAGT iv. 26. Site of 3rd-cent.BC fortof Athenaion (Polyb.ii. 46). Cl CC256. ÁgiosNikólaos,Chelmós (°9221352;Br.3o3O375i) 700 m. 200 m Ε ofCC75. Late 5th-cent.(?) capitaland columnfragments at ruinedchapel. PL ii. 125.

CC257. NearChelmós Br.3o28374i)400 m. 1 kms ofCC75. (°92O1342;

cl hl

House remains;BG pottery. PL ii. 125η. 82. MH G Chelmós CC336· Giannólakka,Kyparissi, (°9i3134i; Br. 3O243754)400 m. (Or Iannakas.) On lowerSWslopesofMt Chelmós. MH and G burials. cl hl r 00258. Tsámaina,Kamára 600 m. (°858132i;Br.29553725) Largescatterofpottery (ι ha). Pikoulas1983,264 (Tsámaina= Aigys, conquered bySpartain mid-8thcent.BC:Cartledge103). Cl Hl R CC259. Keramidáki,Kamára 600 m. (°859132i;Br.29553725) Late 4th-cent. BCto 2nd-cent.ADsettlement. Pikoulas1983,264. LR Ott CC42. Kamára (J.Giannaíoi) (086o1 321;Br.29553725) 750 m. At Pano Kamára, largeOtt and earliersettlement; standingwalls incl. churchwalls; Ott and earlier(?) cemetery. a. At Skourórachi,on r. bank of R. Xerila, poss. EChr basilica. Pikoulas1983,264.

D. Karyés and SurroundingArea (sites43-50, 260) See further Pikoulas1987,esp. 140-1 on a newlydiscoveredhilltopfortat Chartzenikos Br. (1O481329;

3i42373i).

Cl DD43. Ái-Iánni,Kerasiá (l039^46; Br. 3i553845)950 m. (Kerasiáf. ArvanítoKerasiá.) Cl site excavated by Romaios in 1907 (but not and unofficially in 1970s. published), Pikoulas 1987, 135-6+ (Oion in Skiritis,Xen.

Hell. vi. 5. 24); Christienand Spyropoulos463 n. 62: Eutaia (Paus. viii. 27); Loring 50-1, 62 (Oion). Cf. Christienand Spyropoulos,I.e. and Christien81; following Delivorrias (AK 12 (1969), 22-4, on findspotof a statuette),C. and S. place Oion at Klisourapass.

284 Chapter23

III. 23.11.Probableancientcircuitwall at Análipsis,lookingc. NW(DD45).

cl hl DD44. NearKryaVrysi{nearPigadákia) (1o73I427;Br.3i9538i5)820 m. and Reportedtemple(and/ormarblespring-house) ruined town at two places near here. Rock-cut inscription,AP (sc. ARTEMIS(Karyatis)? DGJS). Wheel-ruts. Christien86+ (ArtemisKnakeatis; marbleashlar spring-housemasonry (referringto Guide-Joanne). Curtius76 (Gell): templenear K. V, ruinedtown1.2 kmN. Inscription: Bölte 1308+ {IG omits).Wheel-ruts: Phaklaris^72, no. 2; 22i4,secondno. 3. DD45. Análipsis,Voúrvoura(ILL.23.11) Nl MH LH G Ar Cl Hl Br.3i9738o8)922 m. (^^οδ; Large site on low hill, excavated by Romaios. Circuitwall of unworkedstone; Cl houses, apsidal incl. late 5th-cent.local publicbuilding;finepottery, fabricin Laconianor Tegeanstyle;lead wreaths;midWheel-ruts. potter'sworkshop. 5th-mid-2nd-cent. withLH a. On low spur to w, Nl-BA settlement incl.LH I- III. tombsincl.a tholos;pottery b. Ar bronze 'bucket', dedicated to 'Alphios', reportedly found in late 19th cent, in R. Sarandapótamos. A. as Karyai(Thuc. v. identified Romaiosoriginally Paus. viii. 13),but later(Romaios 55: K. on frontier; 1957)withIasos (or Iasaia), burntby Achaeans 147 BC (Paus.vii. 13).Cf. PL ii. 130+ {MG Ε 48; GACc 58; GAMS 135); Cartledge 188, 325+ ('Analipsis'). Christienand Spyropoulos463 n. 62 and Christien 81-2, 86, make A. Iasos; but Pikoulas(1987,137-9) identifies by Spartans Análipsisas Karyai (destroyed

365 BC,Xen. Hell.vii. 1) and arguesthatIasos, an έν οροις πόλισμαaccordingto Paus., shouldbe sought nearer Sparta since Spartan territoryhad now contracted. DD260. Panagia,Karyés Br.32353755) (! 131*370; 940 m. ι kmw ofK. Reportofantiquities. Boblaye72.

cl hl r

cl hl r DD46. Karyés(f.Aráchova) (I137I364;Br.32453755) 900 m. Apparently no substantial settlementremains, only scattersof BG potteryat two places nearby (one is DD260 Panagia). Assuming Karyai was primarily a cult site (Paus. iii. 10: chôrionwith sanctuary of ARTEMIS Karyatis), not a major thereseems no reason whyit cannot be settlement, placed here. 'Arachova'is Slavic and accordingto Doukas (444, suggesting 452) means Walnut Place {toposkaryon), withtheancienttoponym. possiblecontinuity The FrenchExpedition(Boblaye)placed Karyai here because of spring.Romaios initiallyput it at DD45 Analipsis,later here. (Loring 1895; Romaios 1902; Curtius261; Cartledge188, 326+ ('Arachova'); IG ν. ι, p. 172.)Bölte 1307arguesthatany site near herewas onlya smallsettlement, probablycultic:only Analipsis suits a large settlement.Pikoulas 1987, 137-9+, does not identifyKaryés withany ancient settlementin view of the scant finds.Christien81: Skotitas. Liv.xxxiv.26 and Xen. Hell.vii. 1 also referto K.

Archaeological

sites in Laconia

285

cl hl r DD48. ÁgiosTheódoros,Varvítsa (] I591342J^r- 32663733) 1,080 m. (V. also called Barbítsaor Varbítsa;the name is Slavic, 'small firtree':Doukas 452.) at thischapel. Tracesofancientsettlement Curtius262 (poss.templeofZeus Skotitas).

cl hl r DD49. NearVrésthena (]131^91; Br.32353685) 700 m. No settlementreported; only quarries of white marblein valley. Bölte 1321+ , 1347: poss. etymologicallink with

Apidiá LH Cl Hl ebyz DD47. Kourniákos-Rous(a)' (1238134i;Br.3i353745)1,820m. (RoússaPétraon 50k map?) tracesover3 ha; obsidian;potteryincl. Settlement handmade,LH, LCI and Hl BG, EByz (?). Pikoulas1987,139 (Christienand Spyropoulos463 n. 62).

cl hl r DD50. Marmara,Vamvakoú Br.32δ53675)1,310m. 0 195*277; Remainsof ancientstonebuilding;nearby,cave or quarry. Leake, 7Mii. 514-15,524: M., at forkwhereroad to Véria leaves thatforPolydroso(f. Tzitzina),is Zeus Skotitas.

Barbosthenes (or Barnosthenes),Liv.xxxv.27; doubtsthislink. 30. Curtius(321n. 56), however,

E. Kelephina Valley (sites51-7, 261) ott EE51. Palaiopyrgi (cl080^70; Br.c.3i8i3666)c.6oom. Ott (?) forton hill0.5 kmΝ ofEE52Chrevatás. SAGTi. 63 n. 13. [LS siteA5004] cl hl Ott EE52. Chrevatás Οοβο^βδ; Br. <'3i8i366i) 570 m. Or Krevatás. (Locationestimated byréf.to SurveysiteA3017.) in Kelephinavalley. Northernmost ofthreechorda of Spartansoldier a. IG ν. ι. 921,Cl/Hl gravestone έν πολέμωιfoundnearby. SAGT i. 61-2 (withearlierrefs);iii. 155 and n. 26; Walbank,HCP i. 276,fig.5. Pritchett saysthesitehas [LS siteA5003] disappearedtotally. HI ott EE261. NearToúrles (1o8i1263;Br.3i853655)570 m. (T. also calledTroules.) In valleyΕ ofMt Toúrles(seeEE53),twochánia (besides ofrubbledefencewallslinked EE52)andvariousstretches tobattleofSellasia, 222BC(Polyb.ii. 65,χαράκωμα). Walbank,HCPi. 276-8 and fig.5; Vischer401. Cl hl r EE53. Kourméki,nearToúrles (!079^51; Br.3i8o3645)575m· Valleyat SE footofT. Cl BG tiles,sherds,housesin fieldsw Wheel-ruts; oftrack.

SAGTi. 61-4+ (incl.Walbank,HCPI 276,fig.5). Cf. EE261.Forsiteson Toúrles,see Chapter24,A3018-19. cl hl r EE55. Vérroia Br.32753645) (*179*251; 950 m. (Or Véroia,Véria.) No reportsofancientremains. Bölte 1321 (Jochmus52-3). Leake (TM ii. 515) thinksthe name ancient);at 525 he suggestsPherai or Pharai (Liv.xxxv.27; 30) was here. Ar Cl Hl [EE54. Palaiogoulás (1o8o1249;Br·3i793648)638 m. withassociatedcemetery, Ancienthilltopsettlement cult,etc. See Chapter24,A118.] Sellasia [EE57. ÁgiosKonstantinos, (1o8i1229;Br.3i753625)818 m. Fortified mountain-top. See Chapter24,Bin.]

ni eh Ar Cl Hl

byzven EE56. Sellasia(f. Vourliá) at S. °952!454;Br.3i543623)550 m. (Church1O581223; Byz castle,and/orVenetiantowerWofvillage. Ross 190-1; Jochmus,map opp. p. 47. (Name 'Vourlia'fromByzlandowner:Doukas 565.)

F. Western Parnon (sites58-66, 98, 106,262-3,365) FF365. ÁgiosIoánnisSitziáphi byz/ott 700 m. (1i761i79;Br.£.32753565) Ruinedmonastery 3.5 kmΝ ofChrysapha.

[FF58.Chtóriza LByz Ott (1o981i77;Br.3i943574)354 m. Byz-Ottvillagewithstandingremains. See Chapter24, K247.]

286 Chapter23

III. 23.12.Probableancienttombsat Agriánoi(ff6o).

hi FF6o. Agriánoi(ILL.23.12) Br.33O53575) (Χ2'4>ιηη' 98° mAncient cemeteryrevealed during regradingof hillsideformodern cemeteryon W side of road to without Chrysapha,just S of A. Bones in cist-graves, ceramicfinds,remainedwhenmembersoftheSurvey visitedin 1986,butlocal reportssuggestedHI pottery found.

ba ar Cl ott FF62. Pyrgos,Kallithéa(ill. 23.13) (^59^ 18;Br.335535O5) 748 m. (Kallithéa/Zaraphóna or Zaratóna.) withtower;obsidianseen by Partlyruinedhillfort membersof Survey;also stone tool downslopeto E, and Ar (?) BG sherdssuggesting cultsite. Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 165; Hondius and Hondius-vanHaeften145.

[FF59. Ágioi Saránda (Moní Agíon Tessarákonta Martyron) LByz Ott 418 m. ^ii^iôg; Br.32og3566) etc. withancientinscriptions, LByz-Ottmonastery See Chapter24, L534;fornearbyearliermonastery (Paliomónastiro)see L4001; and for old church of AgiosNikólaosin Sophronigorgesee L4003.]

FF65. Pikromygdaliá (hôe1^; Br.325535O5) 500 m. FindspotofAr hero-relief. See Chapter24,U3001.

EH ar Cl hi Byz FF61. Polyxévi Br.324235i8)466 m. (*152*126; ofDiOSKOUROl. Conjecturalsiteofsanctuary See Chapter24,U500Aï-Liaor Polyzéíka. venott FF63. Kalloní (f. Pérpeni) (Ruin on ι: 50,000 map, which may be the site, is 1195]124;Br.32δ535ΐ4) 510 m. On browofhilljust past K. on wayΕ to Kallithéa{f. Zaraphóna,cf.FF62). Watchtower. Hondiusand Hondius-vanHaeften145. FF64. Palaiókastro, Chrysapha (1i651i2o;Br.324935i9)483 m. See Chapter24,U3001.

EH Cl Hl

Ar

ar cl hi FF263. Zougana ('432^83; Br. 35i53455)505 m. (Poss. = Distrataon Greek 1 : 50,000 map?) At top of hill of Z., opposite villageofMari (Marios; see FF66). Inscribed bronze horse; LAr/ECl retrograde (nowbuiltintovillagechurch).Possiblesite inscription forthesanctuariesofArtemisand ofAll the Gods: see ff66Kastélli,Mari. Wace and Hasluck1908-9,166. cl hl FF98. ÁgiosAthanásios,Nerotrívi (l287^69; Br.33753455) 380 m. Around ruined chapel of Α. Α., many ancient channel. ashlarwalls;BG pottery; rock-cut Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 164-5; Hondius and Hondius-vanHaeften145 (photo;cf. 144).Curtius(ii. 304) places Selinous or Selinos here(Paus. iii. 22. 8: a home 20 st.fromGeronthrai.)

Archaeologicalsites in Laconia 287

III. 23.13.Pyrgos, Kallithéa thefort. (FF62):

Ν(DGJS). III. 23.14.Závraina(FF106): viewofhill,looking general III. 23.15.Závraina(FF106): rubble onedgeofhilltop (RIGHT) walling (DGJS).

ar cl hl r Byz FF262. Mitsoúlas(Rema) (14281o67;Br. 35i53455)500 m. In valley between acropolisofMari (see FF66)and village. and tile;wasmaintownofMarios MuchBG pottery here?Tile fragments nearchurchsuggest heroön. a. Ruinedchurches, Byzremainsin valley. PL ii. 136.Late remains:Wace and Hasluck1908-9, 166. lh Ar Cl hl r FF66. Kastélli,Mari Br. 35i83448)630 m. Fortified hill s of Μ. (14341O57; (Kastélliaon 50,000map.) Cl sherds(esp.5th~4th-cent. walls BG; fortification LAr/ECl.AlsoAr and poss.LH sherds.

PL ii. 136+. (Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 166-7; GAMS 145.) Agreed to be Marios (Paus. iii. 22. 8: Eleutherolakonianpolismawith temple of ALL THE ofARTEMIS). Cf. FF262-3. GODS,sanctuary FF106. Závraina(ILLS.23.14-15) cl hl r Br.343534O5) 408 m. (13531O28; On hillin plain Ε of Geráki,apparentHellenicfort of large,roughstones;glazed 'Greek' tile fragments. (VisitedbyDGJS.) Wace and Hasluck 1908-9,164;T. A. Gritsopoulos, Ιστορία του Γερακίον (Athens,1982), 69 (location commandsnaturalroute).

288 Chapter23 G. Evrotas

Valley

(sites67-71,75-97,99,101-5,107-9,Il8>264,266,337-9,361 eh LH Cl hl r Byz Pellána GG69. Palaiókastro, Br. m. (Pellánaf. Kalyvia (°9791277; 3O763686)350 Georgítsiou.) Frankishor Byz (ißth-^th-cent.?)forton thishill; ancientfoundationsincorporated;Cl BG, obsidian, EH (?) and LH III pottery. 4th-cent.BC gravestoneof Spartansoldier).See also GG264. PL ii. 125-7+. Loring44-6: Karystos, as in Leake, TM iii. 13-19.Bölte 1319-20+; MG Ε 46; GACc 56; GAMS133.Gravestone:IGv. 1. 1591 (on p. xxiv).See also SAGTiv. 18+. AuthorsofPL linkitwithPellana (Paus.iii. 21.2, 'in oldentimesa polis'). LH HI R Byz GG264. Spiliés,Pellána (°9771276;Br. 3o7o368i) 340 m. (Pellána/ Kalyvia Pellana? Hillock5 minsΝ ofP. Georgítsiou.) LH and othertholosand chambertombs,incl.LH II; III Α-B; also Hl-R finds;some Byz reuse. LH buildingremains.See also GG69. PL ii. 125-7 (GAC G 56); AR 28 (1981-2), 24; 29 (1982-3),29; BCH 107(1983),761-2; 114(1990),733 (A. Delt.37 (1982),Chr.112-13). cl hl r GG338. Georgitsi 800 m. (0934!252;Br.3O343659) Spring with large squared blocks,perhaps from sanctuaryof NYMPHS.Below,ancientwalls revealing smallsite. Vischer402. cl hl r Vivári GG67.ÁgiosDimítrios, Br.3ii93639)270m. (1O2O1236; Rubble circuit wall at hilltop chapel of Ag. Dimítrios;remainsof lighterwallingwithin.Loring's springwithremainsofR aqueductis probablynotfar S; membersof Surveyvisitedthe area in 1983 but could not locate L.'s 180 m stretchof masonry (Pritchett,&4GTiv. 21-2, also appears not to have foundit). SAGTiv.18-25+ (Pellana). (Vischer401-2.) Loring 44-5 (springis theLankeia ofPaus. iii. 21. 2). cl hl r Ott GG70.Vigies (Possiblyc.^41 !195; Br. c.3i3536oo)380 m. f.15 mins above (i.e. upstreamfrom?)Kopána bridge(LS site E89; cf.GG71below),on small,steephillnearEvrotas. At or watchtower(Wachtpost). Ancientfortification footof hill,theroad fromtheKopána bridgestillran wall is of large in Vischer's day. The fortification stones,almostblocks.(This would appear not to be LS siteD302,whichdoes nothaveashlarmasonry.) Vischer401.

GG71.Gephyritou Kopána Br.3i5O358i)220 m. (1O561i79; i8th-cent. bridgeacrossEvrotas. See Chapter24, E89.

Ott

Cl hl r GG75.Mar Sparta (c.'071'143; Br. c.3i653545)190 m. In olive grovesand fieldsWofTripolisroad,to Ν and NWofmainEvrotas bridge. Much Cl and otherpottery. PL i. 82, Thornax: Paus. iii. 11. 1 impliesT. is not farΝ of Sparta,thoughhe doesn'tsaywhetheror not T. is a settlement.(Cf. Paus. iii. 10. 8, statue of Apollo Pythaios; authorsof PL do not saywhether materialincludescultfinds.) Since thearea immediately beyondtheroad bridge withscantfinds,it seemsPus report is orange-groves should be takento refergenerallyto the area from Kladás to LS siteH45 Geladári; see Chapter24, H45 to zone H (i). and introduction MH Ar Cl R LR EByz GG76.Mar Aphisioú ! m. Br. 240 (Variouslyspelled ^089 141; 3i853545) Aphisíon Aphis(s)ou,Aphyssouin earlierpublications; in katharévousa and olderofficial documents; eccentrically, 'Afissós'on British1 : 100,000map. The originof the name is uncertain,probablypost-Romanand nonHellenic.Gridref.is forchurchat topofvillage.) For earlierfindsincl. excavationsat Amboula,see to zone M and sitesthere, Chapter24, introduction esp.M322,M357. GG68. Phournos,nearSparta c.220m. (107i1i33;Br.£.3i653535) At P., Ν of Sparta on Megalopolisroad, miniature votives. BSA 11(1904-5),90 (AM2 (1877),300; Loring43). R GG79. Díkaios,Aphisioú (1o851i32;Br. 3i753535)200 m. (Landowner'sname. Located 1 kmΕ ofArtemisOrthiabyChristou.) 3rd-cent.AD building(villa?)withmosaic.See now to zone M. Chapter24,introduction GG82. Ktirákia,Aphisioú ^ogo^i; Br.3i7535Iõ)2O9m· Cl-R heroönor mausoleum. See Chapter24,M334-5.

Cl Hl R LR ebyz

Ar Cl Hl R LR GG77.Magoúla,Sparta Br.3i453535)220 m. (1O551i28; and sculptures VariousAr, Cl, Cl/Hl inscriptions

Archaeological sites in Laconia 289 foundin and around M. in 19thcent.,some in situ. Trial excavationproducedpottery, stampedtiles,6thcent.BC steleand statues,8 Imp R finds.Foundations of Cl temple(?) or shrinec.150 m NWof churchof Análipsis;Cl sherdsand marble,limestonechips,HI ADhouses,ER funerary mosaicfloor,3rd-to 4th-cent. structure. Poss. remainsof ancientbridgeat edge of village;poss.templeon 1.bankofR. Magoula. a. On S slopesof hillsto Ν and NE,as faras top of (346 m),Cl pottery. Strongylóvouno Earlierfinds:Dressel297-8, no. 1 (Ar);314-15,no. 15(LSAG2200, no. 29; 448: LAr);318,no. 19 (Ar);391, no. 213 (Cl/Hl?). See also LSAG9201, nos 48, 57+ IG v. (early5thcent.);446 (late5thcent.).Inscriptions: ι,passim(many not in situ).

PL i. 82+ (BSA 16 (1909-10), 3); Oikonomou, A. Delt. 4 (1918), 171-6+; AR 10 (1963-4), 8-9; 24 (1977-8), 31 (Steinhauer,A. Delt. 27 (1972), Chr. 248-51).ER building:BCH 114(1990),734 [A.Delt.38 (1983),Chr. 94). Bridge:Boblaye83. Blouet'stemple: cf.Curtius'smap,pl. 10. GG80. Plaísia,Aphisioú Hl (1o881i28;Br.3i853525)220 m. c.Soom Ε ofKtirakia. HI wallingand pottery. See nowChapter24,M344. GG81.Mystrás LByz Ott (Palace of Despots 1oi61i23;Br. 3io83525)400 m. Full refsnotattempted. The LByz-Ott city (commonlycalled 'Mistra'), successorto ancientSparta. Bölte 1332:themanyancientinscriptions are not in can be placed situ,and no named ancientsettlement here(norare thereancientremainsin thearea of M. and Paróri). LH PG G Ar Cl Hl R LR Byz GG78. Spárti ^071^23; Br. 3i553535)210 m. Ane. Sparta (Sparte, Sparta). Fullrefsnotattempted. Main settlements (ôbaî) of Ar-R Sparta: Limnai (Strab. viii. 5. 1. 363), with sanctuaryof ARTEMIS Orthia (excavation: AO; PG-C1 refs:Cartledge331+); Pitana (Ar,Hl; ibid.);Mesoa (Strab.viii. 5. 3. 364; Ar graves,A. Delt. 19 (1964), Mel. 123 ff.),and (?) Kynosoura (perhaps at mod. Kalogoniá, immediatelybelow Menelaion across Evrotas (Ar sanctuary:PAE 1962, 115ff.;BCH 87 (1963),759-60; AR [9] (1962-3),17). Several G-R cult sites; Cl-R houses. Hl-Byz fortification wallson acropolis;Hl-R theatre;R stoa; R baths. Town villas. For the Hl-R city,see now Cartledgeand Spawforth, passimand refs. LH pottery on acropolisand to SE (PL i. 70; MG Ε 2; GACc 2; GAMS94; Stibbe 1994,96-7), Br. 3i57353i (= °967135O.) Cartledge331listsPG date foracropolis

(sc. fromearlyexcavations:BSA 13 (1906-7),137ff.;14 (1907-8), 142 ff.;26 (1923-5),240 ff.;28 (1926-7),37 ff.). a. Bridgeacross Eurotas mentionedby Xen. and Polyb.,possiblyalso Paus.: see Chapter24,Q5010. b. LR bridge:see Chapter24^5009. c. Julius Paulinus's bridge over Evrótas, known frominscription: see Chapter24^5008. d. Nikodemos'sbridge,knownfrominscription: see Chapter24,J5009. e. Bölte 1342 (Leake, Gell): R (?) bridge over R. Magoula on road to Amyklai,betweenPsychikóand Kalogoniá. f. Ibid. 1343 (Nestorides):anotherbridgeover R. Magoúla, beside chapel of Ág. Nikólaos,whereroad to Ág. Ioánnis leaves S., said to have ancient foundations. See Paus. iii. 11-21,passim;at 11. 1-18. 5 he lists sights. For monuments along Eurotas to Ν of Sparta (ibid. 20. 8-21. 2) see Loring 36-46; SAGT iv. 1-28. On bridgessee Armstrong, Cavanagh,and Shipley; Stibbe 1989, 97-8; id. 1994. Recent inscriptions:E. Kourinou-Pikoula, "Επιγραφές άπο τη Σπάρτη ΙΓ, Hows,8-9 (1990-1),93-8. MH LH Ar GG361. 'NorthHill', Meneláia Br. m. 116; O0931 3i8235i2)290 Findsincl.MH, LH, and 6th-cent. BCpottery. See Chapter24, Q360. MH LH G Ar Cl Hl R GG84. Tá Meneláia O0931112;Br.3i8535O5) 25° m· Ridge carryingMycenaean mansionand classical sanctuaryof Menelaos and Helen (Menelaion), etc. See Chapter24, Q360. Nl EH LH GG83. Kouphóvouno (1o6o1O94; Br. 3i5O3495)200 m. Main Nl site in Lakonia (houses,graves);Nl, EH pottery, tools;a little LH III pottery butno MH-LH II. PL i. 72-4 (MG Ε 3; GACc 6; GAMS96). Renard, Kouphóvouno. Cl hl r GG85. Tserámio,AgiosIoánnis Br.3i453495)200 m. 1 kms ofA. I., a little (1O581O92; to SE ofhamletofT. ExtensiveCl sitein olivegroves.Sarcophagus. PL i. 82, no. 2 (Alesiai, Paus. iii. 20. 2-3); Dressel 401-3, no. 228 (assuming the same Ág. Ioánnis is meant). Paus.: Alesiai a chorion;shrine of hero Lakedaimon. Cl GG337.ÁgiosGeórgios,Spárti (1O421o87;Br. 3ΐ2δ3488)300 m. A Cl site in Sparta plain is citedby Cartledge326 (Ay.Georgios':AM 29

290 Chapter23 (1904), 6-7). (It is uncertainwhich Ag. Geórgios is meant,but the onlyone near Sparta on the w of the Evrótasis apparentlythisone. There are fouron the E, but all in the hills;theyincludeLS sitesJ369(cf. 9), N417,and L402.) Inscription (One Ag. GeórgiosWoftheriveris a ruinedchapel withImp inscription(IG ν. ι. 571; Tillyard 1906-7, 188-9, η°· 41»Le Roy i960, 234-5), but thisis on a steepslopeoppositesiteH45Geladári.) cl hl r GG86. Zágano (1io41o86;Br.3i953485)200 m. Semicircular relief(withwingedErotes)foundhere. (NamefromByzlandowner:Doukas 565.) Dressel420-1,no. 261. GG90. Melathriá,Skoúra (1i331o85;Br.32i7347i)190m. LH III cemetery; also Cl finds. See Chapter24,Q3008-9.

LH Cl

GG88. Agia Kyriakí,Amykles EH MH LH PG G Ar Cl Hl Br. 3i773479) 205 m. (Amykles / (^eg^ei; At churchof Α. Κ., theAmyklaion or Sklavóchori.) sanctuary of APOLLO Amyklaios. Full refs not attempted. Paus. iii. 18. 7-19. 6: Dorian invadersdestroyedit P. describesthemonumentofApollo). afterresistance; Many Ar-Cl inscriptions.EH, MH, LH pottery cultsite. nearby;LH III cemetery, PL i. 74-6+ (MG Ε 5; GACc 3; GAMS97); Cartledge Bölte 1328-9; P. Calligas,'Fromthe 325+ ('Amyklai'); in Φιλολάκων 31-48. LH III finds:A. Amyklaion', Delt. 36 (1981), Chron. 127-9. LH sanctuary: cf.AR 29 (1982-3),29. Demakopoulou,Amyklaion; R GG87. Synabéi (1o651o78;Br. 3i523477)210 m. (Συναμπέηon Greek 1 : 50,000map; also 'Sinanbéy'.) R marblereliefsand otherR marbles,someinsitu. Dressel426, no. 276+; 411-12,no. 241+. Leake, TM i. 187-8(Bryseai, cf.GG101Ág.Vasíleios). Hl GG91.Kephalás 0 15^077; Br.32453475) 350 m. Findspot of post-early4th-cent. gravestone of έν πολέμωι. Nikahikles IG ν. ι. 704, cf.A. M. Woodward,BSA 14 (1907-8), 139-40,no. 69. Cl R GG89. Platána (1ii21076;Br. 3i953475)180 m. ('Platina'in the report = P.,sinceotherfindsreported ofthissitepresumably are all fromCentral/NELaconia.) bronzetools. 4th-cent.

a. R ruinsreportedearlier,on 1. bank of Evrotas just S ofP. AR [6] (1959-60),9; Boblaye84. cl hl r LByz GG94. Goritsá (! 199^74; Br.327434β5) 355 m. Traces of ancientroad E of village(mentionedby Bölte);probablytheone nowvisible(seenbymembers of LS) leading NE out of the village,on nw side of small valley parallel to track leading to Kalloni (Pérpeni).Possibleminingaditsare visiblenear it. In churchof Ag. Ioánnis Pródromos,I3th-i4th-cent. frescoes. Frescoes:BCH 114 (1990), 736 (A. Belt. 38 (1983), Chr. 103-4). Road: Bölte 1342 (Philippson182). For nearbyremainsat Laina see GG97. cl hl r GG339. ÁgiosIoánnisRiganás,Katsaros N this Br. m. Around church, (1O591O73; 3i55347o)230 ofK. incl.sculptures. Extensive ancientremainsexcavated, Cartledge326+ (Ay.Ioannis': Bryseai?); Romaios 1909,295-6. (Cf.GG101Ag.Vasíleios.) GG92. Amykles(/ S(k)lavochóri) LH G Ar Cl Hl R 200 m. (1o8i1o67;Br.3i7534Ö5) Extendedarea of Cl-R potteryΕ of A. Hoard of votives, perhaps from sanctuary of ALEXANDRA KASSANDRA (Paus. iii. 19. 6). VariousCl-Hl marbles foundin 19thcent.Fullrefsnotattempted. a. At Spilákia,LH cemetery (incl.LH III A,b). b. On SW of hill with the Cl cult site, LH habitation. PL i. 82, no. 3+ (fifth obe ofAmyklai, Polyb.v. 19; Strab. viii. 5. 1. 363; 5. 4. 364; Paus. iii. 20. 3); Cartledge 325+ ('Amyklai').(Bölte 1328-9.) Earlier finds: Dressel 381-2, nos 197-8 (IG ν. ι. 1466-7); 392~3? no. 216; 411-12, no. 241; 425-6, no. 275. Spilákia,etc.: BCH 113(1989),608 (A. Belt.36 (1981), Chr. 126-9). Vischer (383) commentson numerous itsimportanceas churchesat Sklavochóri, underlining TMi. a (pre-igth-cent.) Leake, 134-47;Pel. (Cf. village. 162-3.) Levi ii. 63 n. 115 (on Paus. iii. 18. 6): inscription omitted by IG. At Mahmoud Bey, inscription found in situ during excavation for construction Ag.Paraskevichurch(Vischer383; cf.id., undarchäologische Beiträge,19, no. 32; cf. IG Epigraphische

ν. 1. 26, decreeofAmyklaians).

EH MH LH GG93. Palaiopyrgi, Vápheio ('ΐοδ'οοΐ; Br.3ΐ933404)214rn. ΒΑ settlement withLH II A (and III A 1?) tholos tracesof MH III, LH I- II, on tomb.EH settlement, hillS of tholos;LH III overwholehill(20 ha). Traces of ancientroad fromarea of V to Helos plain. Area also calledMarmalia.

Archaeological sites in Laconia 291 PL i. 76-80+ (Pharis, Horn.//.ii. 582; Strab.viii. 5. 1. 363; 5. 4. 364; Paus. iii. 2. 6; 20. 3, desertedpolis); MG Ε 4; GACc 4; GAMS98. Bölte1331-2.Road: Bölte 1342+ (incl. Leake, TM iii. 4; Pel. 165, 354-6). MH etc.:BCH 114(1990),736 {A.Delt.37 (1982),Chr. 112). Marmalia:Vischer312;384-5. Nl EH MH LH GG97. Laina (^iô^ôo; Br.33oo345o)289 m. in Ag.Taxíarchoi. frescoes Mid-i3th-cent. a. At Tsaltasravine,caveswithNl remains.Nearby, EH-LH III settlementon hillock.Chamber-tombs reportednearby. PL i. 83 (MG Ε ίο; GACC 11;GAMS103).Frescoes: BCH no (1986),692 (A.Delt.33 (1978),Chr.105). Cl HI R Med GG95.KalyviaSochás Br.3i453455)300 m. (1o621O55; Excavated Eleusinion (sanctuaryof DEMETER ANDKORÊ);identification confirmed byinscriptions. c.10minsabovesanctuary. a. Med watchtower b. LargeMed fortress 1.5hrsup gorge.Cf. HH265. PL i. 82, no. 4+. Excavations:BSA 16 (1909-10),12 ff.;44 (1950), 261 ff.(cf. 47 (1952), 118 ff); C. M. Stibbe, 'Der Eleusinion am Fusse der Taygetos in Lakonien',BA Besch.68 (1993),71-105. Inscriptions: Woodward 1909-10,58, no. 6; J. M. Cook, BSA 45 (1950),277-8; M. N. Tod, BSA 47 (1952),121;IG ν. ι. 1511 + 363; all discussedby Le Roy i960, 231,no. 1. Cf. Paus. iii. 20. 5. Med structures: Ormerod64-5 (cf. Bölte1331);Leake, TMii. 188. GG96. Skoúra (]124^54; Br.32i53455)160m. Ancientwall,Doric capital. AR [6] (1959-60),9.

cl hl r

GG99. KókkiniEkklisiá Byz (12871O46; Br. 337o343o) 290 m. On w side of Kallithéa road, c.0.1 krn Ν of junction with Skoúra-Gerákiroad. Byz church,lackingonly exterior Well-preserved tilesof roof.(Name frommaps incl. Greek1 : 50,000 map.)Seen bySurveymembers. Cl hl r GG266.MearAgiosVasíleios (1ii41O38;Br.3i973432)200 m. c.2kmΝ ofA. V Cl and laterpottery on hillock. PLI 81. ar cl hl r GG118.Anógeia Br.3i583429)300 m. (1o751O3o; Early finds included ancient and Byz coins, Bölteinferred bronzes,terracottas; perioikictown. PL i. 82, no. 5+. (Ormerod 65-6, cf. 70-1.) Cartledge173,326+ (Dereion, Paus. iii. 20. 7); cf.

Bölte 1331+ (inferring perioikictownat Α.). Paus,says Dereionis neartheplace calledLapithaion, and has open-airimage of ARTEMISDereatis (he doesn'tsay whatkindofplace D. is). ni EH MH lh ar Cl Hl R Byz GG103. Geráki (13371o3o; Br. 34oo342o) 562 m. Full refs not attempted. RuinedByz townon loftyacropolis(Kástro);many Byz churches(incl. a numberwith I3th-i4th-cent. frescoes);Frankishcastle.Lower acropolisabove the modern village was excavated and has a poss. LH circuitwall (recentDutch surveysuggeststhatdate is MH tombs;Cl temple(prob.Apollo). Also doubtful); fromG., 5th-cent. dedicationofvictor;gravestelaeof c.500 BC and 5th cent.; HI inscriptionsand pottery excavated. Many later inscriptions(incl. copy of Diocletian'sPricesEdict). (Traces of ancientroad in vicinity.) withGeronthrai (Paus.iii. 22. Generallyidentified 6-7: Dorians expelledAchaeans, sent settlers;Paus, doesn'tcall G. a polis,but it has agora; on acropolis, templeofApollo,ivorystatue). PL i. 85-6+ (earliest finds); Cartledge 328+. (Boblaye96; Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 163-4, 163 fig.2; R. Traquair,BSA 12 (1905-6),263 if.;MG Ε ΐΐ; GACc 12; GAMS105);BSA 66 (1971),139.Excavations: Wace 1904-5, 91 ff.Inscriptions:IG ν. ι. 1110-41. IG ν. ι. ii2O (LSAG2447>η°· 6th-5th-cent. inscriptions: 51b), 1124-5 {LSAG1202, no. 60; 201,no. 58; SEG xi. 915-16), 1133-4 {LSAG2 201, nos 46, 45; SEG xi. 918-19).Dedicationsto Apollo: IG ν. ι. iiio-ii, 1113. Hera sanctuary: IG ν. ι. 1114. Road: Bölte1342(Philippson182). Byz churches:cf.e.g.AR 25 (1978-9),20 (A. Yaiouri, ΑΛΑ ίο (1977)583-92): studyof Ág. Sozon church (i3th-cent.frescoes).Also AR 29 (1982-3),29. Recent work:BCH 103 (1979),561 (AAAloc. cit.); BCH 108 (1984),763 (A. Delt. 30 (1975),Chr. 125-6); BCH 109 (1985), 780 {A. Delt. 31 (1976), Chr. 118); BCH 113 (1989),609 (A.Delt.36 (1981),Chr.139). LH LByz GG102. Lefkóchoma(ill. 23.16) (1i471O22;Br. 322434O9)c.160 m. (Coordinates for village.) Churchof Ag. Nikólaos,beside trackleadingΕ or NE fromL.; dated 1350-1450. Members of Survey observeddenseMycand otherpottery aroundchurch. Church:BCH in (1987),531 {A.Delt.34 (1979),Mel. 150-60). GGioi. ÁgiosVasíleios EH MH LH Cl Hl 2Ι° m· (ϊΐ^οΐδ; Br.3ΐ973412) On low hill, and lower ones to SW,LH pottery. Aroundchapel of A. V, BA, Cl and HI pottery. Poss. rubblewalls on NW;twolargeblocks,poss. insitu,on

292 Chapter 23

III. 23.16.AgiosNikólaos,Lefkóchoma(GG102), withMycenaeansitearoundit.

belowthemodern III. 23.17.Vrondamásbridge,GG105:thepiersin theriver-bed road bridge.

ofLS in 1986;EH, MH, and S. Visitedbymembers muchLH III pottery.Frag,of late 5th-cent.BC donations (builtintochapel)recording inscription to the Spartan war fund is from Sparta or (anotherfrag,at Moní Zerbítsas,also Amyklaion not in situ).

a. 1 kmS, poss.chamber-tombs. PL i. 80-1: Bryseai. Horn.//.ii. 583; Paus. iii. 20. 3-4, B. 'once inhabited as a polis'; sanctuary of Dionysos survived.(MG ε y; GAC c 7; GAMS 99).

Inscription:A. P. Matthaiou and G. A. Pikoulas, ποττον πόλεμον',Horos,7 'Έδον Λακεδαιμονίους (1989),77-124. hl r Vrondamás(ILL.23.17) GG105.Mavrovoúni, 90 m. Hill E ofEvrótas. (^οβ^ΐΐ; Br.32δ53405) Immediatelydownstreamfrommodern bridge, apparentremainsofR (?) bridge. Noted by membersof Survey.(Name Vrondamás fromByzlandowner:Doukas 566.)

Archaeological sites in Laconia 293 Ar Cl hl r GG104.ÁgiosNikólaos,Arkasádes Br.3i8534O5) 220 m. 500 m N ofA. (1O941ooo; Ruinedchapelwithancientsherdsaround(incl.Cl HI or R columndrums,limestone BG); fragmentary statues; late 6th-/early5th-cent.Doric limestone capital. (Komnenos thoughtchurchwas built over tholos tomb; rumours of other tombs in area.) 'Arkasás' named in chrysobul of Andronikos PalaiologosII in AD 1292(Doukas565). PLi. 81. hl R GG107.Xirokámbi(ILL.23.18) (Όδβ^ΐ; Br.3i753395) 300 m. Well-preservedashlar bridge with single arch, on W edge of village, across mouth of side-valley; prob. R. PL i. 82, no. 6+ (poss. Harpleia, Paus. iii. 20. 7; Ormerod67); thebridgemaybe Hl. (Paus,impliesH. is an area: 'about 20 stadespast Dereion is Harpleia, extendingdown to the plain.') Bridge visited by membersof LS, and in 1989 by DGJS. See now Armstrong, Cavanagh, and Shipley 297, 305; H.-J. Höper, 'Die Brückevon Xerokambion(Lakonien)', Boreas, 4 (1981),97-105. GG108.Análipsis,Anthochóri LH PG G Ar Cl Hl (^οο^δβ; Br.3i793383,revisedbyDGJS fromthosein GAÇ,3i773377)210 m. (Anthochóri/ Katsouléika.) SanctuaryofZeus Messapeus. On flatgroundnearchapelofAnálipsis,on road to Goránoi, ΒΑ-DA habitation and Ar-Hl (perhaps G-Hl) cult. Stamped tile (albeit surfacefind)shows existenceof sanctuaryof Zeus Messapeus.Excavated earlierbyChristou. MG Ε 8 (GAC c 8; GAMS 100); not in PL; Ch. Christou,'Άνθοχώριον', Ergon,1962, 134-5; id->ABelt. 17 (1961-2) [1963], Chr. 84-5; 18 (1963) [1965], Chr. 86. PAE 1962, 113 ff.;cf. AR [9] (1962-3), 17. VisitedbyDGJS in 1989. Tile: I. G. Taiphakos, 'Λακωνικαί έπιγραφαί ανέκδοτοι',Πελοποννησιακά,ΐ2 (1976-7)52!4-23>

III. 23.18.Xirokámbi(GG107):Ε faceofarch(s

half).(DGJS).

at pp. 219-22,no. 3+. Paus. iii. 20. 3: sanctuaryof Z. M. definitely south of Sparta;cf.Chapter24, N415,for anothersanctuaryof Ζ. Μ. See Catlingand Shipley; 22 and refs. Inscription LH Cl Hl r GG109.ÁgiosGeórgios,Vrondamás (12550985;Br. 333533^7)9o m· O*1 small hill of soft poroslimestoneWofV Much pottery, esp. 5th-and 4th-cent.BC; also HI, LH incl.LH III. PL i. 83-5 and fig.8 {MG Ε i2; GACc 13; GAMS 104).

H. East Taygetos (sites ioo, 110-17, 265, 267, 340, 342-4, 363) HH110. Trypi ar cl hi Byz (1oo21i44;Br.3O953555) 450 m. In cleft in rock, ancient skeletons,etc.; prob.

Kaiadas (Keadas, Kaietas), intowhichtraitors, and Messenianprisoners werethrown. criminals, a. At hermitage of Ág. Nikon, frescoes of C.1250-1300.

AR 31 (1984-5), 24; 32 (1985-6), 29 (P. Themelis, 'Καιάδας', ΑΑΑ 15 (1982), 183-203; 'Καιάδας',

'Αρχαιολογία, 15 (May 1985), 55-60 with Engl. summaryon p. 60). G. A. Pikoulas,'Καιάδας',Hows, 6 (1988),85, notesthatthisis no new discovery:19thcent. authorslocated K. here.Thuc. i. 134; Paus. iv. 18.4 (Keadas); etc.Frescoes:BCH 113(1989),609+. HHi 11. Séla ba lg Ar Cl Hl r (°9981og2;Br.3o853495)1,110m. Obsidian on saddle of hill;area (0.3 ha) of BG tile

294 Chapter23 and sherds.Small votivevases (LG? Ar,Cl, HI); later pottery. Pikoulas1986,444. cl hl r HH344. VrysitouRiga (1oi61o76;Br.3i053479)870 m. w ofAnavryti. Poss.tile-grave. Pikoulas1986,443-4. r HH342. Kastaniés,Anavryti 800 m. (l019^75; Br.3i053475) Small area (0.03 ha) of UP sherdsand tile,prob, smallR settlement. Pikoulas1986,443-4. HH112 . Mar Anavryti cl hl r Br-£.3io63475) 800 m. (1O2O1O75; Cave of Panagía Pantánassa may be ancientcult site(Ross,ap. Ormerod);butgivenlack offinds,Bölte 1332 considers it unlikely.Traces of ancient road nearby.Cf.HH342-4. Ormerod64+. Cf.Pikoulas1986,443-4. hi HH343. Perivólia,Kalamaraiika Br.3io73469)800 m. S ofAnavryti. (1O2O1o67; Smallarea (0.005na) ofLH1 (?) tileand sherds. Pikoulas1986,443-4. cl hl r HH340. Sochá Br.3i17^49) 850 m. ^οΐί^οββ; Br.3io93475)(°9261277; Jar with Greek silver coins found nearby.SMC includes objects of 'bluish marble', perhaps from quarriesnearS. Bölte 1332. Quarries: BSA 44 (1949), 261 n. 3 (cf. Strab.viii.5. 7. 367,newR quarriesin Taygetos). cl hl r HH265. Platyvouni Br.3i353445)855 m. S ofKalyviaSochás (cf. (1O551O42; GG95)· Whitemarblequarry. Bölte1331(Romaios1909;Doukas 18). cl hl r HH100. NearSotiras (105i1037; Br. 3i353425) 700 m. 20 mins from S. towardsHH344Sochá. Ruined marble building reported; prob, small ancientshrine.Coins,bronzestatue.(Cultsite?) Ormerod66+; Bölte1332+. Ar cl Hl r HH267. Molyvi(Sto Molyvi) (1o631o22;Br. 3i453425)692 m. Mountainpeak above Anógeia. Ar Aiginetan stater and other finds,incl. lead wreaths, lead figurines,a seal; traces of ashlar building.Peak sanctuary(DGJS)?Lapithaion (Paus, iii. 20. 7)?

a. In gorgeto S, HI graves. PL i. 82 no. 5; Ormerod66. HH363. Moní Zerbítsis Byz Br.3i643375)500 m. (1o85o977; Monasteryfoundedin 17thcent. Findspotof 5thcentBC inscription, not insitu(see GG101).The placenameis Slavic. Doukas 444,569. cl Hl r HH113. Moní Golas (1O54°g63; Br. 3no,3365) 880 m. Not far w of monastery. Monasteryfoundedin i7th-cent.on site of older church. Gola is a Slavic place-name ('bald place', Doukas 444,452). a. Ancienttombsnearby. b. Med tombs, HI coins,andHI tombreported inarea. Doukas 569. PL ii. 128 n. 105; Ormerod 67+. (Curtius266: 0.5 hrs w of M. G., tile,coins, other ancientobjects;poss.nearΑ.? Uncertainwhichofthe sitesin thisarea he refersto.) Cl Hl R Byz Ott HH115. Goránoi (•οοδ*^; Br.3i453345)650 m. i5th-cent.wall-paintingsin church; chapels of Tourkokrateia. The place-name is Slavic ('mountainous place', Doukas 444,452). a. HI tombsreportedoppositeG. b. Large quarry0.5 hr W (whitemarble);columns, half-completed capitals (ancient,esp. R); also Cl, R and coins. statuettes Tombs: PL ii. 128 n. 105. Quarry: Bölte 1333, 1347;Doukas 18, 57; cf. O. Palagia, 'Seven pilasters of Herakles from Sparta', in S. Walker and A. Cameron (eds), The GreekRenaissance in the Roman

Empire(BICS supp. 55; London, 1989), 122-9, at p. 123 and pl. 47. 8. Bölte 1347collectsancientsources for quarries in Taygetos (none specific). Church: Doukas 568. HH116. Gazéika,Arkines LH G (1O59°939;Br. c.3i353342)900 m. Hill S of gorge of Réma Goránon. LH settlement and tombs;tholostomb;findsincl. Geometric. a. Poss. similarremainsat Gerakas(or Ierakas)on oppositesideofgorge. PL ii. 128-30+. (Έφ. αρχ. 1889,134;Ormerod66.) Tholos: BCH 114(1990),734 (A Delt.37 (1982),Chr. 111-12).(See also HH114formap problems.) LH Cl hl r HH114. Arkines Br.3i2g3342)850 m. (1O53°936; Cl relieffound; LH III, Cl, and other ancient finds.

Archaeological sites in Laconia 295 PL ii. 128+. Ormerod 67; Bölte 1333+; GAC C 9 (GAMS101,d.MG Eg). 'Spartiás'is givenas toponymwithinA. by PL, but S. is seeminglymarkedseveralkm too farΝ on the map in PL. HH117.Árna g Cl hl R Br.3i3333o6)800 m. (1O58°9O7; Ancienttombs.Statuettes and coinsof Cl, R times.

The place-nameis Slavic ('limestone-coloured earth', Doukas 444,452). a. Med fortressof Vardouni near A. (poss. 'Paliókastron' at IO48°9O5?) PL ii. 128 η. 105+. Ormerod 67+ reports 'Hellenic' tombs and coins at Α.: this seems misreportedas 'Hellenistic' at PL I.e. Bölte 1333; Doukas 57 (ancientfinds,period unspecified).Fort: Leake, TM i. 264-5.

J. Vardoúnia (sites119-31,268-9,345) JJ119.Krokées(f. Levétsova) (1i78°9i2;Br.325433O4) 300 m. Prob,notKrokeai. In modernfountainin plateia,R reliefof Dioskouroi, withLatin inscription.Statue (poss. of Dioskouroi) and animalrelieffound.BA siteon w side of hillS of K. ChurchwithMByzpottery builtin. BA site: AR [2] (1955), 15. Inscription: Forster i9°3~45 187-8, no. 19 (IG ν. 1. 1569, on p. xxi); Le Roy i960, 208-15; G. A. Pikoulas, 'CIL III 493 (Κροκέες Λακωνίας)',Hows,6 (1988),75-6. Statue, animal relief:AR [3] (1956), 12. Cf.J. M. Sanders, 'The early Lakonian Dioskouroi reliefs', in Φίλολάκων205-10. LH Cl Hl JJ269.Karnéas (1i82°9io; Br. 32553294)240 m. Hill 0.3 km SE of Krokées. LH remains. PLI 103-5(MGe 13;GACc 14;GAMS121). LH ar cl hl r JJ120.Krikiles (J1900901;Br. 3267329o)240 m. (Or Krikela; both names perhapsderivedfromΚροκέαι?) 0.2 km S of Pharos(f. Alai-Bey),a village20 minsSE ofKrokées. Earlierreportsof ancientblocks,etc.,mayall refer to K., whereLe Roy foundancientblocksat ruined chapel. a. 10minsS, LH tomb. Ormerod68-9 (Krokeai, Paus. iii. 21. 4), referring to Ross,Curtius267,and Boblaye85. Krikiles:Le Roy i960, 206. (LH tomb: ibid. 206-7 (BCH 80 (1956), 277)·) St. Byz., s.v.: Krokeai one of the Ί00' Laconian poleis.(Bölte1334:K. perioikic.) ba ar cl hl R JJ121.Psiphí,Pháros (12ii°887;Br. 32853275)279 m. Psiphiá on Greek 1 : 50,000map. (Pharosf. Alai-Bey.) Hill with ancient quarries of verdeantico(lapis Mod buildingwithold blocks; Doric lacedaemonius). capital;Ross saw Dioskouroirelief;R statue.BA date

claimed forquarry; reused in R. (Name fromByz landowner:Doukas 565.) Ormerod 68-9; PL i. 105-7; Le Roy i960, 207-8 (refsto quarries collected at p. 206 nn. 1-2+; incl. Bölte 1333-4. 1347); ρ· Warren, 'Lapis lacedaemonius',in Φίλολάκων285-96, esp. 285-7. Cf. Paus. iii. 21. 4 (withLevi ii. 77 n. 103)forquarry (the stonesdug out are water-worn;the village has imageofZeus KrokeataS; at quarryare Dioskouroi in bronze). cl hl r JJ345.Vigla,Krokées (1i66°87o;Br.324532Ô5) 386 m. (Krokées/ Levétsova.) 1.5hrsfromK. Churchwithancientblocks,poss.siteoftemple;the ruined church (wall-paintings) on 1. of Sparta-Gytheion road by the Khans of Vigla is, however,said to have nothingancient, and Paus, mentions no sanct. there. Curtius's ruins at above Evrótas,said to be ofa church(Ag. Lykovouno, Geórgios)and modernhouses (C. reportedruinson 'Lykovouni'; Doric and Ionic temple remains at Vigla). Ormerod69+. JJ122.Léfko,Selegoúdi LByz (S. is »οββοβββ;Br.3i353268)440 m. church. i5th-cent. AR 22 (1975-6), 15 (Ν. Drandakis, Lak. spoud.2 (!975)>95-IO9)· Ar cl hl R JJ123.Petrína(f. Strónza) (1i29°868; Br. 32O532Ô5) 240 m. (Strónza also called Strótza.) PartofAr statuefoundin ground. a. RuinedR bridge£.100m upstream. b. Aqueduct (partlyor whollyof Greek masonry) frombelow P. to Gytheion,16 kmaway;rock-carving of Herakles on it; further tracesby riverbetweenS. and Archóntiko. Forster1906-7,226-7; Ormerod67-8.

296 Chapter23 cl hl r JJ126.Trínisa (123O°8i8;Br.329g32O5) 50 m. (Or Trinísi.) Cl finds(?). a. Ruinedcastlejust E. b. Smallquarryc.1 kmW. c. Largequarriesreported. Forster1906-7, 230-1: threeislets,site of ancient Spartanfort(he reportsno extantremains,onlylater fortof Kaki Skala furtherw, cf.JJ128).Trinasos: Paus. iii. 22. 3, Spartanfort,not a city(Frazerad loc. 380; Kahrstedt206). Castle,smallquarry:Leake, TM i. 232.Largequarries:Boblaye94. JJ125.Paizoúlia,Valtáki EH MH LH Cl Hl R ebyz ofV 10 m. Hill in district (^ΐο^ΐβ; Br.328o32O3) EH-MH, LH II-III site. At Ε foot of hill, large ruined R/EByz building.In fieldsS and Ε of hill, R (?) water-pipe. muchCl, HI, R pottery. PL i. 105 {MG Ε 39; GAC c 16; GAMS 123). (Giannakopoulos^6, 223,merelynotesEH pottery.) lh Ar Cl hl R JJ124.Palaióchora,Aigíai Br. m. (1i48°8ii; 32i332O5)50 (Aigiai/ Koutoumoú, thenameused in reportscited.) Miscellaneousfindssuggestingposs. ancient site; earliestfindsAr (terracottas, bronzes).Ar-Cl cultsite excavated. 'Hellenic', R masonry(incl. bath-house seenbyCurtius)on slopesbelowK.; sarcophagus. road at Koutoumoú, a. On r. of Gytheion-Sparta the three 'kings' tombs'; prob. Hl/R rather than (no findsmentioned). prehistoric PL ii. 114+ (Aigiai, Paus. iii. 21. 5-6; Forster 1906-7, 231-2). Ar-Cl cult site;AR 29 (1982-3), 29

(BCH 113 (1989), 610; cf. 107 (1983), 762+; AAA 18 (1985), 246-53). 'Kings' tombs' (mounds):PL ii. 114 (Forster1906-7,232; GAMS126; not in GAC).Cf. PL ii. 175 (inscribedAr bronze bowl); Paus. iii. 21. 5-6; Curtius267-8. R JJ268.Glypháda,Valtáki (12ΐο°8θ9;Br.328i3i97)5 m. 200 m SE ofJJ215. Water-pipe leading to R houses on shore at GlyphádaoppositeP. Forster1906-7,230. cl hl r JJ127.Plátanos{f. Limberdon) (1i29°792;Br.3194s185) 8o m. Ancientblocks,two Ionic capitalsin churchof Ag. Dimitrios. Ormerod68. Ar Cl Hl R LR JJ128.Gytheio(f. Marathonísi) Marathonísi, (1i93°776;Br. 32573i66)10 m. (Formerly seeJJ129.) Full on thepromontory, fromthesettlement refsnotattempted. Largest ancient and mod. town in southern Laconia; Gytheion (identity proved by many inscriptions). Particularly in Hl-LR periods, a townwithharbourand fineHl-LR public substantial buildings(incl. LH1/R theatre,D. 80 m; ILL. 23.19). Tracesofancientroad to Sparta. a. To E, on coast,Med fortofKaki Skala. Fullestdescription:Forster1906-7, 220-9 (nearby sites,road: ibid. 229-30). See also GE 44-5; PL ii. 114; Cartledge 328+. Harbour: IJNA 1975, 103 ff. Recent excavations:AR 25 (1978-9), 20 (A. Delt. 28

atGytheio III. 23.19.Thetheatre ÜJ128) (DGJS).

Archaeologicalsites in Laconia 297 (i973)> Chr· I72)' AR 26 (WíH*0)» 32; ^# n4 (1990), 737 {A. Belt. 38 (1983), Chr. 94-7, 98); BCH 113 (1989), 610 (A. Delt. 35 (1980), Chr. 145-7; 36 (1981),Chr. 125-6); BCH 104 (1980), 607 (A. Delt. 29 (1974), Chr. 292-4). Cf. Leake, TM i. 244-6, 289; Boblaye86. Paus. iii. 21. 7: Eleutherolakonian polis. Strab.viii. 5. 2. 363: έπίνειον (port)ofSparta. JJ129.Kranái (f. Marathonísi) EH LH ar cl hl r Ott on s edge of (!2000769;Br.32663i58)6 m. Promontory Gytheio. EH, LH III pottery;obsidian.Late i8th-cent.fort. at church;poss.ancienttemple. Foundations PL ii. 114(MG Ε 4i; GACC 44; GAMS124):Kranaë (Horn.//.iii. 443-6). Forster1906-7,223. Giannakopoulos !25, 185.AR [3] (1956),12. Leake, TM i. 247.) Fort: GE 46. Temple (Aphrodite Migonitis?): Boblaye86.

EH LH PG Cl Hl R JJ130.Stená,Mavrovoúni (1i69°754;Br. 32343i35)20 m. Inland frommain road c.3kmSWofGytheio. LatePG tombs.Cl (andearlier?) findson adjacenthill. a. On hillΝ of Gytheion-Areopolis road, c.1 km Ε of R. Vardounia,LH cemetery(also EH finds);poss. LH tholostombS ofroad; Hl/R (?) rock-cut tombson LCI, Hl, R upperterraces(one withR (?) columbana); and tileson terracesbelow.) pottery Stena: PL ii. 115-17.Nearbyhill:PL ii. 115n. 9 (cf. AR [3] (1956),12).LH cemetery, etc.:ibid. 117-18.(MG ε 42; GACc 45; GAMS125.) Cl Hl R JJ131.NearMavrovoúni 1 Br. m. 20 (c.1920751; c.32623i39) Amongsandyhillsup to 2-3 kmWofGytheio. LCl-Byz remains,esp. nearshore. PL ii. 114-15+ (Forster1906-7, 228-9). (MG E 42; O4CC45; GAMSi2$.)

K. Helos Plain (sites 132-46, 270-3, 341, 346-7, 362; ILL. 23.20) Ambelochóri(f. Grámmousa) and KK341. Between Peristéri cl hl r (f. Tsási) 100m. (c.1285°9i8;Br.c.335933oo) Traces of carriage road, with branch W of T. towardsSkala. PL i. 85 n. 73 (Leake, TM i. 194 ff.;Wace and Hasluck1908-9,162).

EH LH Cl KK132.NearPeristéri (f. Tsási) 20 m. Near P. (^i^gô; Br.33733277) in EH, LH sitewithLH III tomb.A littleCl pottery area. (Name 'Tsási' fromByz landowner: Doukas 565.) PL i. 92-4 (MG Ε ig; GACc 22; GAMS115).

III. 23.20.TheHelosplaintoSE,from (DGJS). Psiphí(IJ121)

298 Chapter23 Cl Hl KK270. Romaíika,Peristéri ('2890893;Br. 33623278)20 m. (Peristéri/Tsási.) Hill 200 m WofP. Significant name? Cl and HI tileand pottery. PL i. 94. EH LH Cl KK133. Kokkináda,Vlachióti Br.33δ33274) 2Om. On knollw ofredhillofK. (13Oi°893; LH III site. a. On hill200 m Ν ofK., EH, Cl pottery. PL i. 92; MG Ε 20 (GACc 23; GAMS114):EH, LH III, Cl, HI. Vlachióti cl hl r Med KK272. Príniko, 20 m. (132i°89i;Br.33953205) (Cf. KK271.)At 'Bríniko',Med and ancientruins closeto and underKalyviaofBizani.(Name fromByz landowner:Doukas 565.) Boblaye94-5 (Med); Curtius283 (ancientand Med Helos?). 'Elos' is Byz navalstationin AD881 (Doukas 565-6). LR Vlachióti KK271.NearPríniko, 20 m. (V is 132i°89o;Br.33953265) A quarter of an hour 'beyond' (Leake) Priniko, Constantinian milestone. IGv. 1. 1109; Leake, TM i. 199; W. Gell, Itinerary of theMorea(London,1817);cf.Boite1342. LH Cl Hl r KK135.Vlachióti 20 m. (13i9°887;Br.33923267) 'Late' architecturalremains reported. Column drumsin village.(Name fromByz landowner:Doukas 565.) a. SEofV, 1.ofroadtoAstéri, a fewLH III, Cl sherds. b. On hill 100 m Ν of V. (slightlyW of village centre),muchCl, HI pottery. PL i. 92; MG Ε 20 (GACC 23; GAMS114).Columns: Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften 150. 'Late' remains:Wace and Hasluck1908-9,162. cl hl r (?) (f. Saidali?),Skala KK347. Panigyristra to as Saidali; 20 m. (Referred (1292°882;Br.336632Ô4) maybe modernP.) Ruinson r.bankofEvrótas,incl.small'sacellum'. Boblaye95. MH LH KK138. ÁgiosNikólaos,Skala 10m. ('2740876;Br.33443259) MH, LH site. PLi. 94-5 (MG Ε ΐ8; GACc 21; GAMS116). KK134. Skala (128i°876;Br.3356326i)5 m. Med fortress. Boblaye95.

Med

MH LH Skala KK346· Vasilopótamos, Br.c.3^232^2)5 m. Ν ofSpartaroad,notfar (c.l26o0S6S; WofbridgeoverVasilopótamos, nearsmall(presumably temporary:DGJS) shrineof Ág. Ioánnis. (The river markedVasilopótamo on theBritish mapis now'Omega Rema' (!),se. Mega Rema,on theGreek1 : 50,000map; theVasuopótamo ismarkedas a stream further W.) SmallMH, LH III (mainlyIII B) site. PL i. 94-5; 104fig.19. EH MH LH KK137.Xeronisi,Skala (*2630866;Br.3333325O) 5 m. EH, MH, LH III site. PL i. 95; 104 fig.19, no. 3 (MG Ε ij; GAC C 20; GAMS117). Cl hl KK144. Stou Manoláki,AgiosEfstrátios 80 m. (1352°863;Br.34233242) 2.5 kmΝ of Α. Ε., ancientmarbles,wide scatterof Cl amphora,tile,BG pottery. PL i. 89 (MG Ε 24; GACC 27; GAMSno). Wace and Hasluck1908-9,161. KK142. Karaoúsi,Astéri

NI EH MH LH PG G Cl hl (1336°862;Br.34θ83238)40 m· Hill 200 m fromΑ., on road to Vlachióti. Nl-LH site.To E, at footoflow hill,poss. collapsed chambertombs,LH II - III pottery, and possiblePG or G; also Cl. PL i. 89-92 (MG Ε 2Ι+; GACc 24; GAMS112);BSA 67 (1972),262-3 (tests).Cf.KK143.

KK140. ÁgiosIoánnis,nearKáto Glykóvrysi MH lh Ar Cl Hl R Káto 60 m. (Káto Glykóvrisi/ (^βοοββΐ; Br.345O3242) in PL, Vezáni,a Vezáni and earlier,fromdescription name froma Byz landowneraccording to Doukas 565.) On top ofhillat village. muchCl, HI. MH, LH (?) pottery; a. To ESEofA. I., Hl/R housewalls. b. Road repairsbetweenA. I. and K. G. revealed miniature skyphoi, perhapsfromAr-Hl tombs. PL i. 87; GAC C 28 (GAMS 109). Tombs: see also Wace and Hasluck1908-9,161-2(Helos). EH MH LH Cl KK136. Panagiótis,Lékas Br.33i63256)20 m. (12390858; Large BA site;twocircuitsofrubbleenceinte;a few Cl BG sherdsoutsideto E, NE. PL i. 95-7, 96 fig.13,104fig.19 (MG Ε i6; GACc 19; G4Af£n8)andpl. 21 a. ni EH MH LH Cl Hl KK139. Lékas,Stephaniá (1234°853;Br.33i83247)20 m. EH-LH III site,possiblyalso NI.

Archaeological sites in Laconia 299 PL i. 97, 104 fig.19, no. 4: EH-LH site (MG E 15; GACc 18; GAMS119)('Stephania:Lekas,South'):BA, Cl, HI. KK143. Dragatsoúla,Astéri

EH MH LH cl hi venott (1343°85o;Br.34i33233)10m. 0.5 kmESEofA. EH-LH site. a. At Keramidióna, 0.6 km SE of Α., reported pithosburial(se. C1/H1?). b. On smallhillc.2 km due Ν ofΑ., LH site;Med or laterbuildingson Ε slope. EH-LH site:PL i. 89 {MG Ε 23; GACc 26; GAMS in). Keramidióna:ibid. LH and later site: PL i. 92 {MG Ε 22; GAC c 25; GAMS 113), Br. 34O93254= Cf. KK142. χ<$<$&%η'.

PL i. 101-3: A. poss. Helos (but see KK141Ág. Stephanos). LR {f. (Káto) Vezáni) KK362. Káto Glykóvrysi 60 m. (1379°849;Br.345O3242) Áthillof'Beziané',Leake saw a tower. a. Near A. I., past cliffs at footof hillof 'Beziané', Leake saw a round(apsidal?)chapelwithancient(incl. LR) fragments. Tower:Leake, TM i. 229. Chapel: ibid. 200, cf.231 (Akriai). EH MH LH cl hi KK141.ÁgiosStephanos (1249°846;Br.332O3234) 43 m. Fullrefsnotattempted. Rocky limestonehill with major BA settlement. One, poss.tworubblecircuitwalls.Cl (or HI?) votive; Byzchurch. a. C.200m S, LH site:Myctombs. PL i. 97-100 {MG Ε 14; GACc 17; GAMS120);Bölte 1335.Excavationsand material(selectrefs):BSA 67

(1972), 205-70; AR 20 (1973-4), 15-16; 21 (i974-5)> 15-16;24 (1977-8),31-3 (Byz church);BCH 99 (1975), 624-6; 102 (1978),673. See also J. B. Rutterand S.

MH II to toMycenaean:A Stratified Rutter,The Transition LH II A PotterySequencefromAyiosStephanosin Laconia

4; Los Angeles,1976). (Monumentaarchaeok)gica, PL i. 101-3:Helos (Horn.//.ii. 584; Strab.viii.5. 2. 363, a kômê; 5. 4. 364 forits history;Paus. iii. 22. 3), thoughAsteriis also possible. On Helos see Bölte 1335+. Paus. iii. 20. 6-7: H. 'was a polisma';preserves cultlinkswithEleusinion;iii. 22. 4: 'theruinsofH.'

KK273. NearÁgiosStephanos

Cl hl r

(1242°84i; Br. 33i33229) 10 m. 1 km SW of KK141.

Wheel tracksin rock; nearby,ancienthouse inrock,Cl tiles, BG pottery. foundations PL i. 100.

LH cl Vezáni KK146. ÁgiosEfstrátios, (1352°839; Br. 342332i7) 18 m. On two hillocks at chapel;ci kmSWofKK362Vezáni. Prehistoric finds.On hillofA. E., BG (LCI?) sherds. Wace and Haslucksaw 'remainsof smallhousesbuilt with mortar',which PL i. 89 locates Ν of chapel (coarsesherds). a. At Elitsato N,LH tomb. A. E., Elitsa, LCI (?) pottery:PL i. 87-9 ('Ayios Strategos'),88 fig.9 {MG Ε 24; GACC 27; GAMSno); the ref.in MG to 'Cl' presumablyrefersto KK144. Structures:Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 161-2; prob, same as in Hondiusand Hondius-vanHaeften150. EH LH KK145.NearLágio (ί.^ΐο^β; Br.328i3225)175m. EH, LH III site. PL i. 105 {MG Ε 4o; GAC c 15; GAMS 122); GiannakopoulosJ26.

L. Máni The locationsof the following have not been ascertained.1. Kakomáchi(churchof Ág. Nikólaoswith frescoes;BCH 103 (1979),563; N. Drandakis,Ergon,1978,49-51). 2. Kato Dola (i8th-cent. ißth-cent. woodeniconostasis;BCH 106 (1982),551; Drandakis,Ergon,1981,54-5). 3. Moni Roussaki(i8th-cent. woodeniconostasis; BCH 106:551;Drandakis,o.e. 54-5). 4. Palaiochora(possiblythatnear Koutiphari; churchofÁg.Petroswithearlierbuildingunderneath; BCH 100(1976),614;Drandakis,Ergon, 1975,125-7). (a) NorthandNorth-west (sites 147-56, 158-63, 276-7, 348-50, 352) LL150. Svína,PalaióchoraThalamón ni LH g ar cl hl r Byz (°98i°9O2; Br. 3O5832O4)427 m. (Thalamai / Koutiphari.)Near P. and aboveΚ. to E.

Ancientremainsincl. smallLH III settlement; DA (?) figurines;columns,walls; Byz church.Stone celt (se. NI?) found in area. Inscription to Pasiphaë identifies siteas Thalamai (Paus. iii. 26. 1-2: oracle

300 Chapter 23

a. On road from K. to Saïdona, chapel of Phaneroméni has i8th-cent. frescoes. BCH 105(1981),797(N. Drandakis,Ergon, 1980).

lh Ar Cl Hl R Med LLI53· Passava,Chosiári (1i38°748;Br. 32O23i3i)150 m. (Name allegedlyfrom Frankish founder's mottoPas(se)avant.) Hill withFrankishcastle;obsidian;Cl, HI pottery. Generallyidentifiedas Las. Walls contain reused or 'Cyclopean'masonry. Remainsofbuildings polygonal Ar(?),LH1/R(?)inscriptions. incl.gymnasium. PL ii. 118+(GAMS127;cannotbe provedto be Laas, Horn.//.ii. 585).BSA 12(1905-6),264 f.;Forster 1906-7, 232-4+. (Bölte1317;Kahrstedt 209-10;Giannakopoulos '52 ff.;GE 48-9.) Inscribedvase: Leake, TM i. 256. Forster 1903-4,187,no. 18 (cf.Le Roy i960, Inscription: 232,no. 3; IG ν. ι. 1215,R periodepitaphfromChosiari, notinsitu;1217,Ar(?)votive vasefromsummit ofPassava). Paus. iii. 24. 6-8: ruined town with spring, monuments, temples.Strab.viii.5. 3-4. 364: earlynaval station.Liv.xxxviii.30: SpartansattackL. (189BC).

cl hl r LL348. Kástro,(Cape) Trachíla 74 m. (°958°889;Br.3O233i94) ancientremains. Ruinedfortifications incorporating Boblaye93; cf.Curtiusii. 283.

1x349. Skamnáki (lo95°739>Br·3l553l38)3°° m· Ancientcoins,sculptures reported. Leake, ΤΜΊ. 257.

Ven LL148. Pigi (°974°832;Br.c.3o373238) 250 m. At PanagíaIátrissa(Giátrissa), churchofAD 1693. BCH 105(1981),797(N. Drandakis,Ergon, 1980,36).

cl hl r LL350. Vardounia(Réma),nearPassava (»ΐβο^β; Br. 32263i32) 10 m. Near 1. bank of R. Vardounia,2-3 milesfromP. smallunfluted column. Ancientfoundations, Leake, ΤΜΊ. 260.

of Ino-PasiphaË,cf.Cic. De divinatione, i. 43. 96; Plut.

Agis,9; Cleom.7).

Forster1903-4,161-2;174-5,nos H"20· Svina:MG Ε 45; GACc 49; GAMS173)(BSA 11(1904-5),124-36; 52 (1957),232; AJA65 (1961),221-60, no. 84; MME 290 no. 150).Figurines:cf.AR [4] (1957),10. Church: AR 22 (i975~6)>!5 (Ν· Drandakis,Ergon,1975,125-32). Celt:BSA 11(1904-5),126η. ι. LLI47· Kastaniá LByz Ott c.yoom. (<'0944°889;Br.3O373297) ^th-cent. church of Ág. Nikólaos; i3th-cent. frescoesat Ag. Geórgios;churchof Ag. Prokópiosis C.1300.

1x149. Plátsa Byz (P. is °972°828; Br. 3O393228)200 m. On coast near Cape Trachila. Tombs; churchwithByz marble iconostasis.The nameis Slavic(Doukas445). Tombs: Boblaye 92 (cf.perhaps Curtius284: two ancientgravesat mouthof R. Milia). Church:BCH 106(1982),551(N. Drandakis,Ergon, 1981,54-5). Forster1903-4,162: C. AgiosDimitriosbelow P. is Pephnos (Paus. iii. 26. 2); Leake,mainmap in TM i, marks'Pephnus'here but does not referin his text. Forster:R. Milia is Pamisos. Levi (ii. 97 n. 273) places Pephnos at Christeikaat the mouth of the Milia, presumablyLeake's 'pyrgoand village, the residenceofCaptainKhristéa'(ΤΜΊ. 320). LL151. Langáda LByzVen (L. is °992°798; Br. 3o5732oo)450 m. L. is between Liméniand Kastania. with14tha. At Ag. Marina near L., rock-church cent.fresco. b. At monastery of Kavellari (location not dateof 1688. ascertained), BCH 105(1981),797(N. Drandakis,Ergon, 1980,36). Ven LL152. Moni Philiatrou (1oi5°792;Br.3o8i3i9i)700 m. Date of 1688reported. BCH 105(1981),797(N. Drandakis,Ergon, 1980,36).

cl hl r

Ven LL155. Kelephá (1o48°7i6;Br.3io93ii6)200 m. Late i7th-cent. Venforton hill. PL ii. 121n. 53; BSA 12 (1905-6), 261. (GE 56-7; Leake, TM i. 257.) LL156. Karioupolis

(1i2i°7io; Br. 3i8i3io3) 120 m.

LR mbyzLByzvenOtt

Late i8th-cent.fort;6th~7th-cent.AD buildings; and post-Byzchurches. 9th-cent. (?),late i3th-cent., GE 54-5; BCH 113(1989),610 (R. Etzeoglou,Lak. spoud.9 (1988),36-60). ba ar Cl HI R LR LL154. Oitylo(J.Vitylo) (1o4i°7o8;Br.30933i27)c.25m. Traces of ancientsetdementnear mouthof stream below O. At Ag. Marina,templeor defencewall. BA (?) pottery(no phase specified);Hl-R inscriptions, EChr basilica,etc. 2nd-cent.BC gravestonein church of Koímisis tis Theotókou. In Ág. Sotíras church, ancientstones,columns;Byz frescoes.Ruinedchurch ofNiarmitsahas ancientporosblocksinsitu. a. C.200 m S of new bridge between O. and Kelepha, squaredporos blocks,apparentlyCl, Hl, R cultsite;someprehistoric (?). b. Ancientcartroad leads Ν fromO. c. Ancientquarryhigherup; othersin area.

Archaeological sites in Laconia 301 PL ii. 121+; Forster1903-4, 160-1+; GAMS 132, 095115.Oitylos (Paus. iii. 25. 10).Wall:AR [4] (1957), 10. Basilica: AR 31 (1984-5), 25 (Lak. spoud.7 (1983), 3-22). Frescoes:BCH 105 (1981), 797 (N. Drandakis, IGv. 1. 1595. 1980,36). 2nd-cent.BCgravestone: Ergon, New bridge:PL ii. 121.Otherquarries:Bölte1343+.

Graves:BCH 104 (1980),608 (N. Drandakis,Ergon, 1979,21-2; AR 27 (1980-1), 20). Cave site: BCH in (1987), 532 (cf. AR 32 (1985-6), 30; Th. Pitsios, Ανθρωπολογικά, 8 (1985), 23-32); cf. BCH 109 15 May 1985,26-33); BCH (1985),783 (Αρχαιολογία, !03 (i979)>563 (Άνθρωπος, 6 (1979),98-105).

R LL158. Kamáres,Ageranós m. Br. (]1510697; 32io3o85)5 At Κ., remainsofR apsidalbuilding(diam.£.18m) inland. withfivewindows.R villa (?) 0.2 km further Ancientspoliain church. with PL ii. 118(headlandof A. is Arainos, chônon tombofLas, Paus.iii.24. 10);Forster 1906-7,234.Leake, TM'. 267:Hypsoi (Paus.iii.24. 8-9). Spolia:Boblaye88 (templeof Zeus?). (The villageofAgeranósmayhave W beenVathyin Leake'stime,for'Vathy'appearsfurther on Greek1 : 50,000 map; note,however,thatGE 53 locateR remains'a littledistanceinlandnear the old a secondsiteΝofA.) villageofVathi',suggesting

PI hl LL159. Liméni ('0260685;Br.3o833o86)10m. PI findsin cave(s). a. Wreckof large ist-cent.BC tradingvesselon S sideofbay. Wreck:BCH 102 (1978), 678+. Cave(s): see LL178 Mezapos.

Ar cl hl R LL160. Díchova,Agéranos 0 1380691;Br.32o63o85)10m. Ar site.Ancienttombs. a. R aqueductc.2kmSWofAgéranos. Forster1906-7,233-4; A. Belt.23 (1968),Chr. 153. Aqueduct:Leake, TM i. 267; 277 (Paus.'s templeand altarofZeus, iii. 25. 1; R. Díchova = Skyras). PI LR LLi6 1. NearAreópolis 250 m. (A. is ' 0260690;Br.O083O070) nearΑ., EChr graves. a. AtÁg.Polykarpos b. AtApídima,w ofΑ., PI cave site.

Cl hl R LByz Ott LL162. Skoutári Br.3i923o66)30 m. (' 1350672; Various R buildings and walls; ancient blocks, columnsin village.AlsoCl finds;Med remains;Frankish ofAD 1750in Ág.IoánnisChrysóstomos. castle;frescoes Doukas565.) (NamefromByzlandowner: PL ii. 118;Forster1906-7,235 (Asine, Polyb.v. 19, 219 BC); E. S. Forster,Ά geographical note on Thucydidesiv. 54', CR 23 (1909), 221-2; Kahrstedt 209; GE 54. Med remains, castle: Curtius 276. Frescoes:BCH 108 (1984), 763 (Giaouri, A. Belt. 30 (1975),Chr.126).Cf. also Strab.viii.5. 2. 363. cl hl R if.Kávalos) (ILL.23.21) LL163. Pyrrichos m. Br. 400 (1o78°66i; 3i323O56) R inscriptions (twofromPyrgos,cf.LL164),HI (?)-R (?),R/EChr finds(incl.poss.temple). Forster1903-4,160,167,nos 1-3 (Pyrrichos, Paus.

cultivation intheinlandplainandthe III. 23.21.VillageofPyrrichos toN,showing toa mountain transition (DGJS). landscape

302 Chapter23 iii. 25. 1: a polis; nearbysanctuaries).Further,incl. LL276Kastráki:Le Roy 1965,378-82. Summary:GE 160.Cf. IG ν. ι. ΐ594>gravestone (n.d.) in churchnear Pyrgos(cf.LL164).

Traces of ancient road, on the only easy route acrossN. Mani. Bölte 1343+.(Leake,ΤΜΊ. 284 fr.)

cl hl r LL277. Poúrko (1O9i°656;Br. 3i453O55)370 m. Plain Ε of Pyrrichos, nameposs.derivedfromtheancientname? Ancientwell,blocks. Le Roy 1965,378-82.

cl hl R med 1x276. Kastráki,Pyrrichos (c.logo°64.6; Br. £.3i553O46)570 m. (Pyrrichos/ Kávalos.)Hill S ofvillage. Med (?) fort with R pottery; walling may be LC1/H1. Le Roy 1965, 378-82 (walling like Sellasia, Chelmos).

cl hl r LL352. NearAreópolis (Όβο^ο; Br.3ii53O52)300 m. 40 minsΕ ofA.

(b) Central(W. side) (sites 164-201, 278-80, 351; ILL. 23.22) cl hl r 1x279. Vythakas, Alepótrypa (1o29°64o;Br.3o853o25)30 m. ironand bronzefinds. Cave sitewithancientpottery, AR 32 (1985-6),30+. See also LL164. Cl Hl R IX278. Kataphygi,Alepótrypa Br.3o853O25) 30 m. (1O29°64o; Cave near LL164,withCl, Hl, R finds;fossilized pantherskeleton. See refsunderLL164. LL165. ÁgiosPétros,Kalos Br.3O963O34) 210m. (1O42°633;

MByz

marblecarvings. Churchwithnth-i2th-cent. BCH 104 (1980), 608 (N. Drandakis,Ergon,1979, 21-2).

LL168. ÁgiosPétros,Triandaphylliá (1o43°63o;Br.3o943oo9)280 m. nth-cent,church. GE66.

MByz

NI EH PyrgosDiroú IX164. Alepótrypa, Br.3o843o25)200 m. (1O28°624; LN1-EBAcave site. BCH 105 (1981),797+; 108 (1984),765+; 113(1989),

[LL.23.22.View to Ν acrossWsideofInnerMani, showingtheplateaudottedwith villages(DGJS).

Archaeological sites in Laconia 303 6io+; 114 (1990), 737+. (Cf. AR [8] (1961-2), 10; 17 (1970-1), 14+; 18 (1971-2), 10+; 24 (1977-8), 33+; 27 (1980-1), 19.) For inscriptions (presumably not in situ) see LL163. LL166. Ósios Michális, Glézos MByz Br. 3o943oi9) 200 m. (Glézi on Greek 1 : (^g^o; 50,000 map, Glézou on British1 : 100,000.) nth-cent,church. GE66. LL351. ProphitisHias (orAgios Hias), Tzimova cl hl r (1O46°6i9; Br. 3i152075)400 m. Mountain 8 km from T. Wheel tracksat footof cliff,on w side of mountain. Leake, ΤΜΊ. 282. MByz LL167. Charouda (1o2i°6i2; Br. 3o733oo4) 180 m. Ancient inscriptions;no ancient settlement.Church of St Michael is nth-cent. Forster 1903-4, 159+. Bölte 1318+ (incl. IG ν. ι. 1278-9). GE 66-7. LL169. Moní Phaneroménis, Phrangouliá

MByz

(lo45°594;Br·3°972994)l8° m· withnth-cent, and paintings. Monastery inscription AR 28 (1981-2),24 (Ν. Drandakis,Arch.Eph. 1979, 218-25).

LByz LL170. Ag. Theodoros, Tsópakas (1O42°58i; Br. 3O95298o)180 m. Church with frescoesof AD 1250-1 300. BCH no (1986), 692 (N. Drandakis, Πελοποννησιακά, i6 (1985-6), 241-55). LL171. Trissakia, Tsópakas (!0380574; Br. 3o892975) 140 m. Church with ^th-cent. and later frescoes. GE 67-70.

LByz

1x172. Kaphióna LByz (1o^3°572; Br. 3O95297o)130 m. Ag. Theodoros is i2th-cent; Ag. Vasileios is 14thcent. GE 70. BCH 106 (1982), 551 (N. Drandakis, Ergon, 1981,54-5)· LL174. Vámvaka MByz (lo5505^7; Br. 3i052965) 220 m. Ancient inscription,perhaps from LL173 Kaloumi. Ag. Theodoros is AD 1075; inscription of sculptor Nikitas (cf.LL175Briki). Inscription: Woodward 1906-7, 242-3; 265, no. 9. Church: GE 73-4.

cl hl r LByz LL173. Kaloúmi (]045^65; Br. 3O932964)130 m. (Kouloumion Greek

1 : 50,000 map.) Ancient remains incl. grave-inscription. In Ag. Taxiarchis(or St Michael), marble fragments, prob,from ancient shrine;UP hydria;rock-cutreliefof HERAKLES. Church of St Michael is i2th-cent.;R (?) reliefnearby. Woodward 1906-7, 241-2; 259, no. 1. GE 70-1. Cf. LL174. MByz LByz LL175. Briki (1O53°558;Br. 3io42956) 200 m. Byz monastery. Ruined ioth-cent. church of St Leon (inscription of Nikitas, sculptor; cf. LL174), Ag. Nikólaos has i4th-cent.frescoes. GE73. LL176. Agia Varvára, Érimos (1O45°544;Br-(176) 3°932942) 140 m· Byz church. GE 71, 72.

Byz

lh cl hl LR MByz lbyz ven LL177. Tigáni (1oi3°537; Br. 3o6i2939) 48 m. On promontory of T, Frankish or Venetian fort; walls have ancient (and LH?) blocks. LH III (?) pottery. MByz basilican church with 5th-6th-cent., 6th-7th-cent., MByz tombs; prob. LH wall at its SW corner.Also MByz (?) fortifications. PL ii. 122+ (perhaps Messe, Horn. //.ii. 582; cf. Paus. iii. 25. 10: polis and harbour). But cf. Strab. viii. 5. 3. 364: Homer's Messe nowhere to be seen. (Woodward 1906-7, 243; GAMS 131; not in GAC.) Basilica: BCH 102 (1978), 678; 103 (1979), 563 (N. Drandakis, Ergon,1978, 49-51); BCH 104 (1980), 607 (Drandakis, Ergon,1979, 21-2); BCH 105 (1981), 794-7 (Drandakis, Ergon, 1980, 36); BCH 106 (1982), 551 (Drandakis, Ergon, 1981, 54-5); BCH 108 (1984), 763 (Drandakis, Ergon, 1983, 71-2); BCH 109 (1985), 783 (Drandakis, Ergon,1984, 66-7). Cf. AR 11 (1964-5), 12; 24 (1977-8), 33 ißrgon,1977, 112-18); AR 26 (1979-80), 32; 27 (1980-1), 20; 28 (1981-2), 24; 29 (1982-3), 29; 31 (1984-5), 25; 32 (1985-6), 30· Summary: GE 84-92. LL179. Mina LByz Med (1O59°537;Br. 3io82937) 220 m. Fine towers. Churches with 'Med' sculptures. Ág. Anárgyroihas i3th-cent.frescoes. Towers: GE 72. Churches: Boblaye 92. Ag. Anárgyroi: BCH 102: 657-9 (N. Drandakis, Ergon, 1977, 112-18). PI MByz LL178. Mézapos (lo37°534; Br· 3o852933) 10 m. PI finds in cave(s) at M. Quayside church has columns (fromMByz church at LL177Tigani).

304 Chapter 23 Cave(s):BCH 106 (1982),551fΆνθρωπος, η (1980), 285-95:surveyofPI in W. Mani). Church:GE 87. IX180. Polemitas LByz 300 m. (1o68°532;Br.3i172931) Church of Archangel Michael has i3th-cent. frescoes. churchofÁg.Nikólaos. Nearbyi4th-cent. BCH 102 (1978),657-9 (Ν. Drandakis,Ergon,1977, 112-18). Cl hl r 1x280. Tigáni(Cape) 40 m. 1 kmSE ofLL177Tigáni. (1oi9°527;Br.3o67293o) Limestone quarries, rock-cut water channels, ancientroad,Cl pottery. PL'''. 123. IX184. Gardenitsa MByz no m. (1o46°523;Br.3O922924) Ág. Sotírasis earlynth-cent. a. Byz churchof Ág. Ioánnis near G. has marble carvings. A. S.: GE 103-4. Ág. Ioánnis: BCH 99 (1975),624 (N. Drandakis,Ergon, 1974,73-8). 1x183. Episkopi LByz MByz Br.t.3o752927) 120m. (1O29°522; churchwithoriginalfrescoes. i2th-cent. a. Ág. Prokopios, nearby,is single-celled, AD 800-50; rareexampleoficonoclasticchurch-painting. b. NearbyVlachérnahas i2th-cent. church. Episkopi: GE 97-102. Ág. Prokopios: GE 102-3. Vlachérna:GE 103. IX181. Moni Odigitrias (1oi2°52o;Br.3o6o292o)50 m. church. Monasterywithi3th-cent. GE 92-3.

LByz

Hias, Agia Kyriakí IX182. Prophitis LByz (1oi9°52o;Br.3o67292o)140m. frescoes. Churchwithi3th-cent. BCH 102 (1978),657-9 (N. Drandakis,Ergon,1977, 112-18). IX186. Tourlotí,ÁgiosSergios LByz 3O9529i5)150m. (1O46°5i2;.Br. i2th-cent. church of SS Sergios and Bacchos, of Georgethe Marasiate knownas T, has inscription (fromMarash,Syria). GE75-6. LByz IX185. Stavri (1o2o°5ii;Br.3o6629i2)100m. frescoesin one church.Ág. Nikólaoshas i2th-cent. columnsfromMByz churchon LL177Tigani. Frescoes:AR 11(1964-5),12+. Ág.Nikólaos:GE 87.

ba LL187. Koíta . Br.3og629Oi'Kitta') 150m. (1O49°5O2; in area. Nothingancient;'megalithic'monuments GE 76-7. Megalithicsites:BCH 107(1983),762 (N. Moutsopoulos and G. Dimitrokallis,Lak. spoud.5 (1980),385-90). LL190. Ág.Asómatoi {c.lo^S°4gS;Br.3no2898)c.400m. church. Earlyioth-cent. GE 76-7.

MByz

LH G Ar Cl Hl Med LL188. Mar Kipoula (1oi9°497;Br.3O54288i)190m. On ridge above cliffs,LH settlement;Lakonian G-Hl sherds;incl.Cl. a. Med forton KástrotisOriás. PL ii. 123+ (Hippola, Paus. iii. 25. 9: ruinedpolis). Paus.'s Athena Hippolaitis was prob, on lower Ν part of ridge, where the potteryis. (Woodward 1906-7, 244-5; MG E 44; OAC c 48; GAMS 130.) Cartledge328+. LByz LL189. AgiosNikitas,Karavás (1o2i°494;Br.3o6928g2)160m. Churchenlargedin 14thcent. AR 31 (1984-5),25 (Lak.spoud.7 (1983),154-202). LByz 1X194. KoímisistisTheotókou,Pépo (1o76°488;Br.3i192885)400 m. frescoes. Churchwith12th-and i3th-cent. BCH 100 (1976), 614 (N. Drandakis, Ergon,1975, 128-32). Hl R MByz LByz 1x193. Koúnos m. Br. 3O722886) 230 (loig°^3; Coins of ist cent.BC,2nd cent.AD,etc.; nth- and i3th-cent.churches.(To W, rock-cutcaves: prob. R tombsor quarries.) Woodward 1906-7, 244-5 (c^· ^ "· I21 n· 49)· Churches:BCH 102(1978),678 (A.Belt.28 (1973),Chr. 242-3).Caves: see LL195. Poss.Hippola (cf.LL188Kipoula) movedherein R times. MByz 1x192. AgiosPhilippos,Ano Poúla Br.c.3O522883) c.140m. ^o^^g; frescoes. nth-or i2th-cent. BCH 99 (1975),624 (N. Drandakis,Ergon, 1974,73-8). MByz IX197. Epáno Boulárioi 180m. (»οοο^δ; Br.3O982879) Ág. (earlynth cent.)has finefrescoes. Ág. Efstrátios Panteleímon(iothcent.)has frescoes. GE 111-20, 120-3. i2th-cent. frescoes at one church:AR η (1964-5),12(Ν. Drandakis1964).

Archaeological cl hl R LByz LL196. Kéria Br.3o73287g) 175m. (!Ο3Ο°477; In ißth-cent.churchof Ág. Ioánnis,Imp R relief, ancient and Byz spolia. In Ág. Asomatoi, LH1 inscribedrelieftombstone. R relief:AR 15 (1968-9), 17+ (IG ν. ι. 1334a). Ág. Ioánnis: GE 104. Tombstone: Delivorrias, AAA 1 (1968),119fr. LByz 1x195. ÁgiosSotíras,Drys (1o2i°473;Br.3o662872)200 m. frescoes. i3th-cent. R tombsorquarries. caves:probably a. To W,rock-cut 'Haghia Sotira':BCH 100(1976),614 (N. Drandakis, Ergon,1975, 128-32; cf.AR 22 (1975-6), 15). Caves: Boblaye91: locatedw ofD. and LL193Koúnos. LL198. ÁgiosNikólaos,Óchia 8ο m. (!θ34°467;Br.3ο772869) i2th-cent. church. GE 105.

MByz

LLi99. Marátho(orMaráthos) LByz (1o87°466;Br.3i272866)280 m. Churchof Ág. Nikólaosand Ág. Ioánnis has 13thfrescoes. cent.and late i8th-cent. BCH 104(1980),608 (N. Drandakis, Ergon, 1979,21-2). LL200. Álika (1o72°453;Br. 3i122854) 100 m.

cl hl LR MByz

sites in Laconia

305

Ancientquarryin village.EChr church.Churchof Taxiarchhas 10th-and nth-cent,frescoes. Quarry: Leake, TM i. 289. EChr church:AR [5] í^8)* 7+· Taxiarch: BCH 104 (1980), 608 (N. Drandakis,Ergon, 1979,21-2). cl hl R LR LL201. Kypárissos (1o83°44i;Br. 3i222842)29 m. Site is W of village,on beach and headland. DecreesofTainarians,Eleutherolakonians; two5thcent. BC manumissionstelai, orig. fromTainaron; otherinscriptions. Remains of two or more temples at ruinedchapel; remainsof (one withinscriptions) otherbuildingsin fields,incl.largeLR basilicaofÁg. Pétros(late 5th/early6th cent.AD),withfinemarble carvings.Ancientroad. Inscriptionsidentifysite as Kainepolis ('New City'); Paus. (iii. 25. 9) says its earlier name was however. Tainaron; Cl Tainaronlayelsewhere, Fullestdescriptions:GE 128-34 (incl. summaryof history,ancient toponymy,basilica); Woodward 1906-7, 245-6+ (CIG 1322, 1389, 1394, 1321). W. argues thatKainepolis is not pre-R, and flourished until3rdcent.AD. Ág. Petros:AR [5] (1958), 7+. Inscriptionsat Ág. Sotíras: Leake, TM i. 291-4. Manumission stelai: LSAG2201,nos 53-4 (IG ν. ι. 1228,1230;SEG xi. 939, 941+)· Polyb. ν. 92: the Kyparisseis block Lykourgos's invasionofMessenia,217BC.

(c) Central(Ε. side)

(sites202-6, 281-4,353) LL284. NearMoní KoimíseostisTheotókou cl hl r (1i03°637;Br. 3i5O2935)300 m. (Or Moní Panagías Koúrnou/Kroúnou.) 0.4 kmfrommonastery. Ancientmarble spring-housewith cistern;R (?) in ruinedhouse. relief.Triglyph E. S. Forster, in Woodward1906-7,253-5. cl hl r LL353. Kástro,Loukádika (1io7°63i;Br.3i6i3029)326 m. Fort(date uncertain);approx. N-S orientationof chapelsuggests pagan predecessor. GE 160. ar r lr LL202. Phlomochóri (Ίθ9ο623;Br.3i623oi8)120m. Poss.Ar site.Some fldnsnot insitu:inscribedherm (AD 150-200); pyramidal pillar with ram's head (c.650-600 BC). Church of Àg. Nikon, however,has

reusedblocksprob,fromEChr basilica;prob.R tomb nearchurch. Le Roy 1965,366-78. LL203. Skopás,Kótronas NI EH MH Cl Hl R Med (1i24°6o7; Br. 3i773oo8) 24 m. (Name 'Kótronas' thatofTeuthronê, Paus. iii. 21.7; 25. 4.) preserves On promontory of S.: NI, EH I, EH, MH, Hl-R, Med remains;potterychieflyLCI BG, R (Samian or Pergamene). Hl/R pithos. Bath complex; mosaic; aqueduct reported. Doric frieze (Hl/R); funerary relief; inscriptions,incl. LH1, R. Med remains incorporatingancient blocks. Med water-basinor reservoir!, perhaps successorto Paus.'s spring.Also fromarea, 2nd-to ist-cent.BCinscribedaltar,prob,to ArtemisIssoria (cf.Paus. iii. 25. 4). Le Roy i960, 215-31+ ; 1965, 358 ff.PL ii. 119; Woodward 1906-7, 256-7; GAC C 46 (GAMS 128);

3o6 Chapter23 BCH85 (1961), 215 ff.;89 (1965), 358 ff.Summary: GE 159-60. (Cf. Leake, TM i. 272; 312.) Altar: AR 20 (1973-4), 16; IG ν. ι. 1219; D. Peppa-Delmousou, AAA 6 (1973),482-90. For Teuthrone see also LL204. Cl hl r 1x204. Palaikastro (orKástro), Kolokythia (1i43°6o7; Br. 3i952999) 321 m. (Kástro on Greek 1 : 50,000 map.) On top of this promontory,early 4th-cent. BC (?) fort;poss. akropolis of Teuthrone (see LL203). BCH 107 (1983), 762 (T. Moschos and L. Moschou, Arch. Eph. 1981, Chr. 10-22; cf. AR 30 (1983-4), 28). Hl r LL205. Kiónia orVasilikés Pétres,Koúrnos = Br. m. (Kiónia (1ioo°53o; 3i45293o) 494 Chalópyrgos on Greek ι : 50,000 map; Koúrnos also called Kroúnos.) c.0.8 km S of monasteryof Kournos. Two Doric temples of c.100-50 BC (though one may be late 2nd-cent.BC with additions). J. Winter and F. E. Winter,'The date of the temples near Kourno in Lákonia', AJA 87 (1983), 3-10 (name of nearby ancient site cannot be known). (P. Le Bas en Grèceet enAsie (with Ε. Landron), Voyage archéologique Mineure(1847-53), iv (1888), 138-9; Boblaye 89.) E. S. Forster,in Woodward 1906-7, 253-5, with Woodward at p. 256: perhaps Aigila (Paus. iv. 17. 1). Summary: GE 155-8.

eh mh LH Cl IX191. Spíra, Kyprianós (1i22°497; Br. 3i68289o) 150 m. On w slope of this hill, BA, Cl BG; prob, settlement,linked to nearby anticorossoquarries (see LL206). PL ii. 119 (MG Ε 43; GAC c 47; GAMS 129); BSA 63 (1968), 333 ff IX206. ProphítisIlías, Dimarístika (Éxo Dimarístika) ClhlR (! 1030492; Br. 3i462889) 500 m. (D. = Pêra D. on British1 : 100,000 map.) Ancient anticorossoquarries. a. On track to Geroliména, W of quarries, R pottery. PL ii. 119-21+ (Strab. viii. 5. 7. 367, 'old and new' marble quarries in Tainaron; Plin. NH xxxvi. 18. (29) 135). (BSA 13 (1906-7), 52-3; Bölte 1347+.) GE 155. IX28 1. Mar ProphítisIlías, Dimarístika (1io7°492; Br. 3i5O2887)420 m. On hillock 400 m E of chapel of P. I., near one ancient mine, 5th-4th-cent.BC BG kylikes. For refssee LL206. 1x282. Mar Dimarístika (c.hoi^Qo; Br. c.3i452885)520 m. Ancient anticorossoquarries. For refssee LL206.

cl hl R

(d) South (sites 207-10) cl hl r LByz IX207. Váthia (1io6°434; Br. 3i462832) 200 m. Ág. Ioánnis Pródromos is late i4th-early i5th-cent. (V. is findspotof inscriptionfrom temple of Poseidon at Tainaron; R (?) relief.) On ridge below V, stretchof 'Hellenic' wall. Woodward 1906-7, 246-7; GE 134-5. Wall: Leake, TM i. 296. Ág. Ioánnis Pródromos: BCH no (1986), 692 (Ν. Drandakis, Lak. spoud. 7 (1983), 139-53)Hl r Ott IX209. Near Porto Kágio 90 m. ^ΐΐβ^ΐο; Br. 3i5528o2/) HI tombs on isthmus between P. K. and Marmari. Turkish castle. Monastery of Virgin (n.d.). PL ii. 124 n. 77 (no prehistoricon isthmus or at P. (or Ama th o us), which K.) Poss. Psamathous Strabo (viii. 5. 2. 363) calls a polis. Castle, monastery: GE 139-40; Leake, ΤΜΊ. 305-7.

cl hl r IX208. Marmári Marinari Br. m. (Called by (1ii2°4O3; 3i472798) 5 Woodward, cf. Bölte 1347; presumably a misprint.) Woodward 1906-7, 247-8. Poss. ancient harbour of Achilleion (or Achilleus). PL ii. 124: no prehistoric finds.See also LL209. LL210. Kiónia (orAgioi Asómatoi), Sternes (ILL. 23.23) ar Cl Hl R 10 m. is name of Br. area; little (1i22°377; (S. 3i562772) harbour is Porto ton Asomáton or Kátergo.) At ruined chapel ofÁg. Asómatoi on low promontory, blocks in situ from HI (?) temple. On shore, in and around cave, rock-cuttingsfor statues or inscriptions; foundationsextend underwater.Inscriptionof 450-400 BC or earlier. Rock-cut foundations, esp to SW. HI mosaic floornearby.Hl, R pottery;rock-cutchannel. Evidently remains of two temples. Without doubt the sanctuary of Poseidon Tainarios (Strab. viii. 5. 1. 363; Paus. iii. 25. 4-8).

Archaeologicalsites in Laconia 307

withancient III. 23.23.CapeTainaron: blocks(LL120) chapelofAgioiAsomatoi (DGJS).

Fullest recent descriptions:W. Cummer, 'The sanctuaryof Poseidon at Tainaron', AM 93 (1978), 35-43; L. Moschou,AAA8 (1975),160-77+ (c^·AR 24 (1977-8), 33; BCH 101 (1977),562). GE 144; AR 26 13 (1979),72-114).N. (1979-80),32 {Πελοποννησιακά, 'ΠοσειδώνΤαινάριος', Arch. D. Papachatzis, Eph.19765

102-25(and pls. 29-38 α); id., Πανσανίον'Ελλάδος ii (Athens,1976)?44Ι-5· ^ ϋ. Ι23~4 an^ η· τιερυήγησίζ, Woodward1906-7,249~53>AM 40 78+ (no prehistoric); (ι9 15), 100 ff.;Pauly-Wissowas.v.'Tainaron';P. Leigh Fermor, Mani,135;Leake,TM''. 297. Summary:GE 147-52.

M. Apideá and Moláoi

Plains

(sites211-30, 285-9; ILL. 23.24) R MM2II. Agia Paraskeví, Alepochóri Br.3449336o)310m. (13o*90984; R cistern. Hondius and Hondius-vanHaeften146 (just poss. Palaia; cf.MM216).

Vóndas Cl Hl MM214. ÁgiosKonstantínos, (1365°933;Br. 345533O5) 290 m. On plateau c.0.5 km fromsummitofMt Vondas. SmallCl, HI site. PL''. 87 η. ιοί.

Hl r Ir MM2I2. Tsoukalá (I336°953;Br.34i33333)190m. (Namedonlyon British ι : 100,000map.) Ruined EChr (?) church;HI pottery;R (?) marble vase found. Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften 146 (poss. Palaia; cf.MM216).

ΜΜ2Ι5· Niáta LByz Br.35i733oo)420 m. (^i^o; Ag. Nikólaos has i3th-cent. frescoes. Greek inscription reported(maybe theknownvotivereliefto ArtemisPatriotis at Pleiai; presumably not insitu). No otherancientfinds.Cf.MM216. Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 162-3; Hondius and Hondius-vanHaeften146;BCH 108(1984),765+.

Hl MM213.Goúves 2Ο° m· (!356°939;Br.344233ΐ7) Tombwithplain(HI?) aryballoi. Wace and Hasluck1908-9,163;cf.BSA 13 (1906-7), 129,fig.7 a.

MM216. Apideá NI EH MH LH PG Ar Cl HI r ByzLByz (!393°9°9îBr·34Ö93286) c.369m (summit). On hillw of village,muchN1-C1potteryincl. one

3o8 Chapter 23

III. 23.24.The Apideá plain,lookingc. SE.

PG; Cl BG. Many Byz churchesin A. (Palaiologan tombin Mitrópolischurch). a. Frankish watchtower on peak 1 kmSW(1390^02 ; Br.^63 ^78; c.350m). PL i. 86+ {MG Ε 25; GACc 29; GAMS106)(Palaia, Paus. iii. 22. 5; Liv. xxv. 27). (Wace and Hasluck 1908-9,162-3,notingtherewereno Greekfindsin A. IG ν. ι. 602 (3rdcent.AD;prob,originally from itself.) Sparta) attestsa priestessof Artemis Patriotis in Pleiai. (Cf.MM215.) EH MH LH MM217.NearGangania (}φο%φ' Br.35i83228)252m. EH-LH site. PL ii. 139{MGε 26; GACc 30; GAMS107). MM286. NearKokkiniá Br.c.343932Oi) (c.137o°827; 5 m. 1.5kmnnwofK. Tumulus. PL ii. 139(no findsmentioned).

ba

r Irlbyz MM22O.Chalásmata,Moláoi Br.35353i98)96 m. (»4650827; withbasilica;tombsnearby Large EChr settlement withR (?) gravestone. Wace 1907-8,163;AR 22 (1975-6),15 (P. Etzeoglou, Arch. Eph.1974,244-57:perhapshereis plainofLeukai or Leukê, Strab.viii.5. 2. 363);AR 24 (1977-8),31 (A. Delt.27 (1972),Chr.303-4; BCH 101(1977),557);AR 25 (1978-9),20 {A.Delt.28 (1973),Chr.236-8). MM221.Metamorphosis (J.Katávothra) (1493°826;Br.35723i92)210m.

LH hi

LH pottery,HI (?) statue fragmentin village cemetery. PL ii. 138 (Oikonomakos, 'Αρχαία'Επίδαυρος Αιμηρά(1957),35-6). MM222. Moláoi Byz (1447°825;Br.35i73i9õ)I0° m· fromnear M. Byz remainsto E; ancientgravestone (perhapslinkedto MM220).No ancientremainsat M.? AR 24 (1977-8), 31; Bölte 1316; IG ν. ι. 1107and Kolbe ad loc.

Koúrkoula ba cl hl r Med MM218. Palaiókastro, (1240°8i8; Br. 34933i93) 778 m. s peak of Mt Koúrkoula. (Believed locally to be ancient Koryphasion;no sourcecited,however.) Med fort;obsidian core; BG potteryin walls. Traces of ancient road across saddle betweentwin peaks. PL ii. 138{BSA12 (1905-6),270);Wace 1907-8,163. (Road: Bölte1342+;Leake, TM i. 200.) MH LG Ar Cl Hl R LR Med MM219. Kokkiniá Br.34553i85)10m. (I389O813; Substantial ancient site, or complex of sites, covering£.25ha. Finds fromLG to LR; also MH. Buildings,architecture,inscriptionsand sculptural fragmentsof various periods, chiefly R; Med watchtower. under Justto N,poss. templefoundations church. At Kastráki (se. within site), remains of LG- LR sanctuary. important a. TowardsMt Koúrkoula(i.e to ne), 3rd-cent.BC miniature vases(i.e.votives?DGJS).

Archaeological PL ii. 138-9; Wace 1907-8, 162 (Akriai, Paus. iii. 22. 4: polis on coast; Polyb. v. 19: ravaged by Philip V, 219/8 BC; Strabo's Akraia, viii. 5. 2. 363). Recent work: BCH 113 (1989), 609; 114 (1990), 736-7 (identifying sanctuarywith Paus.'s MOTHER OF THE Gods). (Bölte 1316+; IG v. 1, p. 195; Preuner,AM 49: 122-3.) Temple: cf.Boblaye 95. Inscriptionof 2nd cent. BC: IG ν. ι. 1189. cl hl r ΜΜ285. Near Kokkiniá (1393°8o3; Br. 34β23ΐ76)25 m. On hill near shore 1 km SofK. BG pottery. PL ii. 138. EH LH MM223. Anemómylo, Sykéa Br. 35δ23ΐ58)96 m. ('δ^δο,; EH, LH III site. PL ii. 138 (MG ε 29; GAC c 33; GAMS 149). LH MM224. Sykéa (1527°78o;Br. 35953i45) I0° m· LH III A-C chamber tomb. AR 26 (1979-80), 32 (A. Dell 29 (ι974)» Chr. 294-5; BCH 104 (1980), 605). Cl Hl R ΜΜ288. Near Elaía (14O2°779;Br. 34663i53) 30 m. c.1.5 km Ν of Ε., on the way to Kokkiniá. Cl, Hl, R sherds. PL ii. 139. EH LH cl hl R Med MM225. Elaía (!4θ20764; Br. 34663ΐ3δ) 47 m. R tombs. Columns in town, ancient foundationson hill with modern cemetery. a. On steep hill S of Ε., EH, LH finds,Med tower. PL ii. 139 {MG Ε 27; GAC c 31; GAMS 150). Wace 1907-8, 162 (conjecturing the location of Biandina to be Elaía; see however MM287). or Biandinoupolis Tombs: AR [3] (1956), 12. Columns, etc.: Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften 149. Cl hl R MM287. Amerita, Elaía (14O9°755; Br. 34663i28) 30 ni. (Amerita is area on Greek ι : 50,000 map, though also name of larger area Ν of E.; it does not occur in reports.)c.' km S of Elaía, on trackto Asopos (f. Kondeviánika). Site 0.3 km across, incl. R tombs. PL ii. 139 (Biandina, Ptol. iii. 16. 9; or (sic)). CIG Biadinoupolis 1336 mentions Biadinoupolis. Cf. Curtius 291. MM226. Vothona (orChasanagá), Phoiníki pggArClHlr Br· 35553l05) 25° m· (Or Lákka tou (^θ2*^; Chasanagá.)

sites in Laconia

309

Ancient sanctuary;many inscriptions,incl. LAr-ECl bronze votives. Remains of buildings, bronze statues. Temple with evidence of cult £.550BC-AD 395. a. At Ráchi, prob. R hypocaust. Wace 1907-8, 165-6+ (Hyperteleaton, sanctuary of APOLLO Hyperteleatas). Hondius and Hondiusvan Haeften 147-8 (with inscription at BSA 24-5 (1919-21), 132, no. 123). Ráchi: Hondius and Hondiusvan Haeften I.e. Cartledge 327+ (Chasanagá). IG ν. ι. 975~π°6 witn Ρ· 3°6· Temple: AR 17 (i97°~i)j Η (ΑΑΑ ι (1968), 138-9); AR 18 (1971-2), 24 (Ρ Kalligas, Lok. spoud. 5 (ΐ98ο)> Ι0-30)· LAr-ECl votives: LSAG2 199-201, nos 17, 35, 43+. Paus. iii. 22. 10: H. is place (chônon)with sanctuary of ASKLEPIOS (he does not mention Apollo). r LR lh MM227. Bóza (142i°7i6; Br. 348o3o87) 25 m. Myc sherds probably from here. Late ruins incl. church with Chr inscription and underground chamber (granary?).Underwater remains. a. Several miles away, tower at Molaitiko Pyrgo ( = Moláoi?). b. Another-tower c.ymiles fromB. Either or both of a- b may be elsewhere in this catalogue. Wace 1907-8, 164; Leake, TM i. 228. Myc (LH I- II a) finds: K. Demakopoulou, 'Some early Mycenaean vases from Asopos, Laconia', in Φιλολάκων 95-107 (finds reportedly from 'Bouza' near modern Ásopos, cf. MM230). Towers: Leake, I.e. MM229. Palaiókastro (orKataphygi), Chavalás ar Cl Hl r LByz Ott (1457°7O4;Br. 35273O75)310 m. w spur of Mt Chavalas, with Cl site: BG pottery, lamp; bronzes reported. Abandoned monastery; on hilltop,Frankishfort,square Turkishtower(?). In caves, ancient (?) walls of large, roughlypolygonal blocks. a. On w (i.e. N?) slope of ridge linking P. to higher hills on Ν (i.e. E?), Cl, HI pottery. b. At Splithára to SW,ancient road and UP sherds. PL ii. 139-41; Wace 1907-8, 164 (sanctuary of Asklepios Philolaos, Paus. iii. 22. 9). Road, etc.: Pikoulas 1984, 182-3. ar cl hl r MM289. Chavalás (1473°7O2; Br. 35353o82) 521 m. On summit (se. of Chavalas). Wall similar to those described under MM229,q.v. PL ii. 139-41. NI EH MH LH Cl hl MM228. Kastélli (orGoulás) (^iq^oo; Br. 348o3o76) m m. 228 (Goulás in PL.) Acrop. with Nl-LH; Cl potteryabundant on Ν and Ε slopes, extendingfor300 m.

310 Chapter 23 PL ii. 139-41(MG Ε 28; GACc 32; GAMS 151):site of Paus.'s ruined city (iii. 22. 9) of the Parakyparissian Achaians at footofacropolis(sc. Kastelli) of Asopos, on which was sanctuary of Athena Kyparissia. By 2nd cent,ad the settlement had presumably movedto MM230Plytra(PL). the acrop.is the Kyparissia of Strab. Presumably viii. 5. 2. 363 (town on peninsula with harbour); perhapsKyparissiawas the name of the acropolisof in Strabo's Asoposwithitscultsite,and was transferred day to the cityas a whole. As Leake (TM i. 226-7) 'The fact,therefore, seemsto havebeen,that remarks, Asopus,Cyparissia,and the cityof the Paracyparissii wereall the same place, of whichStrabo,not having examinedthecoast,was ignorant.' personally

Gravestone R tombs. (n.d.);latesarcophagus. a. Med watchtower on C. Xyli. - now Asopos); b. At Kalyvia (sc. Kondeviánika? finds from HI Myc Bo(u)za; (?) gravestone and sarcophagusfromPlytra. c. At Spiliá and Somaliés,ancientroads. d. At Korogónas(3 kmESE),ancientroad. Leake, TMi. 225-6 (cf.223-4).Wace 1907-8,163-5 (Asopos, Paus. iii. 22. 9: coastalpolis;Strab.viii.5. 2. 364, πόλις εν xrj Λακωνική; temple of Roman EMPERORS); by 2nd cent.AD,townof Kyparissiahad movedherefromMM228.Hl/R building, presumably etc.: BCH 104 (1980),607; 107 (1983),762. (Cartledge IG ν. ι. 968-74 (all R); 962, line 2 330+.) Inscriptions: (2ndcent.BC);1143,line4 (2ndcent.BC);E. Kourinou

lh hl R Byz Med MM230. Plytra(f. Asópolis) (1436°695;Br.34953o69)10m. (Asópolisis Med name.) Remainsof publicbuilding(withcoursedmasonry) and housesextending muchpottery, Doric underwater; Hl/R buildingwithmosaics, columns;R inscriptions. R hypocaust;large Byz (?) buildings. wall-paintings;

(Πλύτρα) Λακωνίας',Hows,7 (1989)5^b~l (R votive to emperorsand the polis, confirming thatPlytrais anc. Asopos). R tombs: AR [3] (1956), 12. Roads: Pikoulas1984,179-82,183-5. ForMycfindssee MM227.

and G. A. Pikoulas,"Επιγραφήάπο τον Άσωπο

N. Maléa Peninsula (sites231-54,290-4,354-5) Hl R NN231.Iérakas,LimániGéraka (1659°8o6;Br.37243i63)50 m. Fortifiedhill withdouble circuitwall incl. ashlar, roughpolygonal.Ruinedchurches. Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 167-73(Zarax, Paus, iii. 24. 1,etc.).(Bölte1304.)IG ν. ι. 931 (2nd cent.BC): disputewithEpidaurosLimera.Doukas 565-6: stilla Byz naval station(Ierax)in AD 881. Leake, TM i. 219: defendedby the Italianswitha chain,hence named PortoCadena. (Curtius291-2.) 219BC.Paus. i. Polyb.iv.36: attackedbyLykourgos, 38. 4; iii. 21. 7; 24. 1: ruinedEleutherolakonian polis; sacked by Kleonymos,272 BC; harbour; temple of Apollo. NN233.Taxiarchos,nearAriana LByz 140m. (!6390770;'Taxiárchai';Br.37O43i29) Churchwith^th-cent.frescoes. BCH 108 (1984), 765 (N. Drandakis, Ergon,1983, 71-3)· EH LH NN234.ÁgiosIoánnis Br.36453i2o)50 m. (158o°757; EH, LH site; tombs; prehistoricfindson small acropolis. PL ii. 137; GAC 36; GAMS, no. 147.

NN232. Kollyri,Angelóna Br.36343i2i)366 m. (I571O756;

EH lh Gl HI

Cl, HI excavatedsitewithevidenceofheroön. a. C.150m Ν,EH and LH (?) hillsite. b. At Bastiza,LH cemetery. PL ii. 138+ (Wace and Hasluck,Angelona'; GACC 34 {GAMS 148), 36363i28). LH cemetery:BCH 113 (1989),609 (A.Delt.36 (1981),Chr.129-31). cl hl r NN291.NearEpídavrosLimirá Οδθ1^0; Br·36543lI5)5° m· m -5kmw ofE· L· Wheel-ruts. PLU. 136n. 152(Leake,TMi. 216). LH Gl Hl med NN235.EpídavrosLimirá (16o2°746;Br.36673io7)90 m. Cl fortifiedacropolis (ashlar or polygonalwalls) withprehistoricfinds;ruined churchbelow,beside sea. Ancient tombs; Med (?) buildings.LH tombs nearbyto SW,and ci km SSWin Agia Triáda ravine; also at places called Vamvákia and Paliókastro.Cf. also NN234. PL ii. 136-7+ (Epidauros Limera); Hasluck 1907-8, 179-82. (MG Ε 3o; GAC c 35; GAMS 146; refsincl. PAE 1956,207.) 'Sepulchres':Leake, TM i. 210-17, esp. 216 (Coronelli found town still called Epidauros). Tombs to SW, etc.: PL I.e. (MG Ε 31; GAC c 36; GAMS 147), 36523n8: cf. AR [3] (1956), 13; Κ. Demakopoulou, A. Delt. 23 (1968), Mel. 145-94. Ancientroad to Boiai: Pikoulas 1984. (Bölte 1304.)

Archaeologicalsites in Laconia 311 Thuc. iv.56 (Athenianattack,424 bc); Polyb.v. 19 (PhilipV's attack,219/8BC);Paus. iii. 23. 6-10 (polis; Olympian territory adjoinsBoiai; altarsto ASKLEPIOS; Gf.Strab.viii.6. 1. 368. sanctuaries). cl hl r NN290.NearEpídavrosLimirá Br.36593ιο6)40 m. ci kmSWofΕ. L. (1595°743; Wheel-ruts. PL ii. 136n. 152(Leake,TMi. 216). Cl hi

NN236. PappageniesDaphni Br.35773O93) 150m. (15O9°722; Much coarse ancientpotteryin fields,overat least 15ha; someCl BG. PLii. 141n. 181. lh hl MByz LByz Ven Ott NN237.Monemvasia (1622°694; Br. 36853O57) 394 m. Full refs not attempted. Byz-Venetiancityon peninsula. (Alreadya Byz naval stationin AD 881: Doukas 565-6.) Poss. LH potterynear old village.Venetiantower;Ott tombs; HI honorificdecree,prob,not in situ.Churchesincl. 9th-cent.,mid-^th-cent.In lower town, nth-cent, building. a. 7th-cent. BC,Cl statuesfoundin sea. b. 1 hourS, obsidian. PL ii. 137(cf.BSA 51 (1956),170)(Minoa, Paus. iii. Strab.viii.6. 1. 368, fort).Hasluck 23 11,promontory; 1907-8,176-9;R. Traquair,BSA 12 (1905-6),270-4+. HI and laterinscriptions: Haslucko.e. 178+. Statues: AR 17(1970-1),13. 9th-cent.church:AR 26 (1979-80), 32 (A. Delt. 29 (1974), Chr. 240-1). Mid-^th-cent. church:BCH 113(1989),610 (N. Gkioles,Lak.spoud.9 (1988),433-62). nth-cent,building:BCH 104 (1980), 605 (A.Delt.29 (1974),Chr.420-1). LR NN238. Tálanta 16ο m. (!52θ0674;Br.35833Ο43) EChr basilica. AR 30 (1983-4), 28 (Ν. Drandakis, Ergon,1982, 42-3). cl hl r NN292. Pyrgos,Nómia Br.c.36553oi5) 70 m. InlandfromN. (c.1586°653; Ancient fort commanding road to Daimoniá (Kotyrta). Hondiusand Hondius-vanHaeften147. eh MH LH G Cl Hl r NN239. Kastélli,Daimoniá (·4790652; Br.354O3oi8) 70 m. Rockyhill withEH (?); ΜΗ; LH I, III B; ancient late 5th-cent.BC terracotta tile,pottery, foundations; reliefs, architectural fragments,other cult and cemeterymaterial(incl. Hl/R (?) gravestele).Stone cult. votivelimbsimplyASKLEPIOS

a. To NE,HI pottery. PL ii. 141;Wace 1907-8, 166 (Kotyrta, Thuc. iv. 56, 424 BC; cf. inscriptionsfromHyperteleaton). Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften 148-9 (cf. Boblaye 98); J. J. E. Hondius, BSA 24-5 (1919-21), 140, no. 126 {MG ε 32; GAC c 37; GAMS 152). Terracotta reliefs,one of ARTEMIS:AR [2] (1955), 15· NN240. Agia Thékla(orLímnes),Nómia Ar cl hl r Byz (■βί^^β; Br.366o3oi2)15m. In fieldsaround church,ancientblocks,columns; further columnstowardssea, in area withByz graves and architecturalfragments.Above and to SW, Venetianvilla;churchofÁg. Stephanos(6500). Hasluck 1907-8, 16 (sanctuary of ARTEMIS Paus. iii. 23. 10; note continuityof name LlMNATlS, (Límnes = area Ν of church). Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften 147; furtherfinds(cf. Boite 1316). PL ii. 137: no LH. Bronze votive to A. L.: LSAG2199, no. 18 {IG ν. ι. 1497),cf.LSAG2448: late 6thcent.BC. cl hl r NN241.NearVoútama (16o7°627;Br.366729δ7)ι m. ci mileΝ ofV, ruinsundersea; numerouscolumns. PL ii. 137 (no LH); Hasluck 1907-8, 175-6 sacredto Apollo); (Epidelion, Paus. iii. 23. 2: chônon Hondiusand Hondius-vanHaeften146. Strab.viii.6. 1. 368: Delion, sanctuary ofApollo. ar cl hl r NN293. Óros NW Br. m· ^ace °f mountain 36θ2293θ 25° (1544°507; above Cape Kouléndi. Poss.ancientmineworkings. PL ii. 144,fig.14(no mentionin text). EH LH Stená NN242. ÁgioiAnárgyroi, (^βο^ββ; Br.36i2293i)230 m. EH, LH pottery, obsidian,on conicalhill. a. 0.5 kmSE,chamber-tombs. b. To NE,cavesused as chamber-tombs. PL ii. 141-2{MG Ε 38; GACc 38; GAMS153). cl hl r NN243. Pyrgos,Kouléndi(Cape) Br·35762922) (1524Ο5555 50 m. Ancientiron ore workings.(No ancient material seenbymembersofLS.) Bölte 1347 (Philippson 177-8, after French Expedition). NN244. Raisi Br.£.359729Oi) c.6o m. (I548O537; BA site,poss.EH. PL ii. 146(notin GAMSor GAQ.

eh

312 Chapter 23 Cl hl NN245.Megáli Spiliá ^Γ· m. SE of this hamlet. 40 (157I°533> 362Ο2895) BG in fields. PL ii. 145. LH Ar Cl NN247.ÁgiosGeórgios,Neápolis ('582°532;Br.363328g6)20 m. LH chamber-tombs, LH (?) pottery. PL ii. 145(MG Ε 37; GACc 42; GAMS155).(BCH 82 (1958),714; A. Dell 27 (1972),Chr. 122). Cf. AR [4] (1957), 10.

LH NN246. Agia Tríada 25 m. (c*Sl*Pò*$'Br·£·36232893) LH pottery foundduringdiggingofwell. PL ii. 145 {GAMS p. 54, under no. 156; not in GAQ. BA NN249.ÁgiosAndréas,Megáli Spiliá Br.362O2886) (c.157i°522; 25 m. Near thischapel,coarseBA pottery, obsidian. PL ii. 145:BA {GAMS156;notin GAC). cl hl r NN248. Vigláphia(f. Latomí) (1557°5i9;Br.36o6288i)10m. Near ancient (?) quarries at L., BG pottery.BA in area. (no phase specified) pottery to NE,ancient'pyramid'. a. On cliffs b. 0.5 kmfromshore,'Hellenic'foundations. Leake saw rock-cut chamber-tomb. PL ii. 146+. (Aliki:Curtius295.) Leake, TM i. 508. RooflesstempleofAthena (Paus. iii. 22. 10)was poss. here.

LH Cl HI NN294.Mar Neápolis (1624°5i3;Br. 36752864)10 m. a km NWof centreof N., on r.ofMolaoi road. LH site;Cl, HI tombs;rock-cuttings and scoriae (iron slag;Leake). a. In valleysbehindthissite,muchCl pottery. PL ii. 142-4, esp. 143 n. 192 (cf. Leake, TM i. 510-11).{MG Ε 36; GACc 43; GAMS154.)On ironore in thisarea cf.Boite1347-8+. EH ΜΗ LH Cl Hl R Byz NN25O.Pavlopétri (i568°5O3;Br·36i92867)4 m. Islet with R, Byz pottery.Large submergedBA settlement (incl.tombs)betweenitand mainland. MG Ε 33; GAC c 39; AR 15 (1968-9), 17; BSA 64 (1969),113-42;Cartledge330+. NN251.NeápolisVoión(/ Vátika)(ill. 23.25) ar Cl Hl R LR Ven (1632°5Oi;Br. 36832856)10 m. Various sites in and aroundthislargemoderntown. Finds at N. incl. R antiquities,inscriptions; early othersculptures;4th~5th-cent.AD (Ar?) hero-relief, bathbuilding;churches. a. On spurbelowPharaklo,Venetianfort. R antiquities, Venetian fort: Hasluck 1907-8, 168-72.Boiai synoecizedfromthreepoleis:Etis, see NN253;Aphrodisias, Thuc. iv.56; and Side, which Ps.-Skylaxputs on coast beyond Malea. Cartledge 330+. Hero-relief:AR [4] (1957), 10: Dioskouroi AR [6] (1959-60),9. Baths:AR 20 (1973-4), sculpture: 16 {A. Belt.26 (1971),Chr. 120-2);AR 25 (1978-9),20 {A.Belt 28 (1973),Chr.173-5).

from Palaiókastro. III. 23.25.ThebayofNeápolis,

Archaeological sites in Laconia 313 Thuc. iv.56: Atheniansraid area ofAphrodisia(sic; 424 bc). Paus. iii. 22. 11-13: Boiai a polis; temples, agora. Strab.viii.5. 2. 364 (Boia): polis.Cf. Polyb.ν. EH LH NN252.Elaphonísi[f. Cervi,Tsirigo) 10 Br. 36n2864; m.) Incl. (North point i56i°499; mainlandopposite. Various BA sites; apparentlyno later sites. BA remainsin strait(see NN250). underwater Details of BA sitesin PL ii. 146-8 (GAC C 39-41; GAMS 157-8). Ancient island of Onougnathos, Strab.viii.5. 2. 364; Paus. iii. 22. 10.MG Ε 34-5; GAC c 40-1; GAMS 157-8. Hasluck 1907-8, 167-8. Cartledge327+. Strait:AR 14(1967-8),10. lh cl hl R Med NN253.Palaiókastro, Neápolis 45 minsSE (i637°478;Br.36822834)30 m. Promontory ofN. Med village;cavewithspring;abovechurch,ancient poros quarry.(Ancientsherds,incl. R (?), seen by membersof LS.) Seals of Hittitetype(se. late bronze Evanshere. foundbySirArthur age?)allegedly

PL ii. 144; Hasluck 1907-8, 172 (Nymphaion, Paus. iii. 23. 2: harbour;statueofPOSEIDON;cavewith Curtius297 (Etis). spring;populousdistrict). cl hl r NN354.Velanídia (Acropolis!7i4°476;Br.376i2827)50 m. Hasluck 1907-8,174:prob.Side, but no finds.(Cf. Bölte 1317:Boblaye99 put S. at 1728°473(Br.377238i2) Ág. Georgios.) R NN355.NearValtáki,ÁgiosNikólaosVoión (1676°426; Br. 37ΐ5278°) l m· (Valtáki is inland at £.16851440.)

mosaicpavement. Largeunderwater BCH in (1987),531+.

cl hl r NN254. Kávo Maliás (ÁkraMaléas) 30 m. (!757°42o;Br.37972768) Med churches; one has ancient Ionic capital, marble basin-stem. Ruined Venetian coastguard station. Hasluck 1907-8, 172-4 (Malea, Paus. iii. 23. 1-2; Maleai, Strab.viii.5. 2. 364; 6. 1. 368).

24

SITE CATALOGUE OF THE SURVEY Graham Shipley1 HEREAREALLFINDSPOTS in thesurveyarea thatwereinitially INCLUDED identified as certain or probableloci ofpastactivity downto theOttomanperiodand confirmed as suchby study MAP,in end-of-volume (see SURVEY pocket,reproducedhere in a smallerformas SITEMAPS withdetailsof'out-of-area' sitessampled(as definedin VolumeI, 1-3 on pp. 318-20),together Chapter1; fortheirlocationssee ILL.24.1).The catalogueis arrangedby zones and subzones (as defined in Volume I, Chapter 1). Within each subzone the sites are arranged thatis,whenpossible,sitesare listedimmediately beforeor aftertheirnearest topographically: in numericalorder. neighbours. Theyare not,therefore, Alsoincludedare a smallnumberofsitesgivennumbersin the4000+ and 5000+ series(see below). Details of findspotsinitiallyawarded site statusbut later rejectedare not listed but are cross-referenced to a nearbysiteintowhichtheyare oftenincorporated. separately, Such 'non-sites'have theirzone prefixin lower-casetype(e.g. aiog); in the listsof site numbersunderzone titlestheyare asterisked. In headlinesof entries,a toponymis printedin bold type when it is the specificand exclusivename ofthelandscapefeatureor monumentin question.When it denotesa general area or nearbyfeatureit is in ordinaryromantype,and ifmorethanone sitehas thisname thenbothare putin parentheses. Sitenumbers

As definedin VolumeI, Chapter1,sites3000-26 are Out-of-area' sites:thatis,findspots withinthearea coveredby the surveypermitbut lyingoutsidethe area intensively field-walked and therefore only cursorily sampled. Sitenumberswerealso createdforcertainknownor possiblesiteswhichwe did notvisitor couldnot locate.Sites4000-4 and 4007-8 lie withinorjust outsidethepermitarea, and werenot sampled;their areknown.In somecasestheevidencefora site'sexistence camefromearlierexplorers; in locations, however, othersitwasfirst noticedduringtheSurvey. Someofthesearealsolistedin theLaconiaCatalogue(Chapter or are knownfrominscriptions or literary 23).Sites5000-4and 5008-10werereported byearlierexplorers buttheirlocations areunknown and insomecases(seeA5001-2)eventheirexistence isdoubtful. sources, Structure ofentries

The headlineto each itemincludesa toponymto locatethesite.This maybe a nearbylocationor area to morethanone site.A toponymis name,in whichcase the same toponymmaybe foundreferring in bold where it is the name of the printed type specific landscapefeatureor monumentin question, butnotwhenitsimplydenotesa generalarea or nearbyfeature. 1 My greatestdebt is to Ron Leenheer, who in 1989 assistedin collectingand calculatingmuchof the numerical sitedata and createdthe computerizeddatabase. I am also gratefulto colleagueswho checkedearlierversions,added

statistical or draft data, and providedlandscapedescriptions site entries for areas of which I did not have personal knowledge,particularlyRichard Catling, Bill Cavanagh, JoostCrouwel,and PamelaArmstrong.

3i6 Chapter 24 The headlineincludesa summaryofsitedate; thisdoes notincludefinesubdivisions ofperiods,and not everypossibledate is indicated.Finerdatingcan be ascertainedby cross-referring to the pottery types(Chapters10-17).Headline dates are the mostprecisedates possibleon the basis of the finds. Giventhe relatively smallsampleof diagnosticpotteryfoundon mostsites,individualheadlinedates A date in lower-case are inevitablysubjectto some errorand shouldbe used withcircumspection. lettersindicatesthat,forwhateverreason,thesamplefromthatperiodis small(typically fewerthanfive Dates based on evenlesscertainevidenceare enclosedin parentheses. closelydiagnosticartefacts). The first information: paragraphofeach entrycontainsthefollowing + northing) (10m)coordinate 8-figure (easting altitude abovesealevel ofslope landform, slope,anddirection areaofsite computed sherddensity computed soiltypecode

Example

(08042509) 575m (hs9% e) 0.11ha Density: 9.05± 6 (max.26,cont.0.0) S2C

The gridreferencelocates the site to the nearest10 metreson the gridcreatedforthe survey(see further below);the firstfourdigitsare the easting,the last fourthe northing(withineach set of four digits,thefirsttwoindicatethekilometre squarewithinwhichthesiteis to be found,e.g.08042509is in kilometre square0825,or 08 E, 25 N). Altitudesare estimatedfromthe 4 m contourson the GreekArmyGeographicalService1 : 5,000 abbreviation, by a two-letter e.g. ht maps made availableforthe Survey.Landformsare represented Slope and directionof slope are (hilltop),'ss' (spurslope),'pi' (plain),etc. (see List of Abbreviations).2 againestimatedfromthe1 : 5,000map. expressedas percentages, The computedarea ofa siteis derivedfromthetotalsherdand tilecountstakenin circlesof 1 sq m of definedsitecentre.Fora description area,every2 m alongthefourcardinalaxes froma subjectively the readeris referred to the of 'density'and 'continuity', thissamplingstrategy, and fordefinitions ofsitesin VolumeI, Chapter1. sectionon theauthentication derivefromthesoil scientists' The soil typeabbreviations study(VolumeI, Chapter2), accordingto thereaderis referred to thesoilmap in VolumeI. information thekeygivenbelow;forfurther The succeedingparagraphssummarizethe findsdata fromthe site. The directionof flowof a watercourse is indicatedby the compassbearingin parentheses(e.g. 'rema (SW)').Potteryand tileare indicatedby the symbolPT followedby a numeralin parenthesesindicatingthe numberof sherdsof usingthe same symbolsas elsewherebut pot or tilefound.This is followedby a periodabbreviation, in numbers the archaic-classical 'ArCP to indicate potterystudy(Chapter 14). This is type adding not followedbya listoftypenumbers(thetypesare describedin therelevantpotterychapters).Pottery in formssuchas '9 bgsh,26 upsh,1 upt' (see ListofAbbreviations). assignedto typesis quantified Smallfindsare indicatedbySF followedbytheircataloguenumbers(see Chapter19).Chippedstone followedby typenumbersand (CS) and groundstone(GS) are quantifiedby a figurein parentheses, toolsin theseries(Chapter Withinchippedstonelists,CS'JΊ refersto thetypological briefdescriptions. 18),namelytypes10-16. Grid coordinates

The N-S and Ε-w axes used wereparallelto thoseof the Greek1 : 5,000 and 1 : 50,000maps,though theactualkilometre eastinglines)do notalwayscorrespond.The notionalorigin gridlines(particularly Ilías (2,404m),thesummitofMt Taygetos.3 liesroughly1 kmΝ ofProphítis 2 A 'spur' is defined as a place where the contours convergeon the map, typicallyat an angle less than 90 degrees;a 'ridge'is a place wherethecontoursrunmoreor less parallel with a drop to eitherside. To some extent,

betweenspur,ridge,and in some however,the differences cases hillslopeare subjective. 3 Actually c.130 m west and c.1,080 m north of the triangulation point.See further pp. 264-5.

Survey site catalogue 317

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Survey site catalogue Zone

A: Palaiogoulâs

and

the

Surrounding

321

Area

(sites 100-1, *no, 118-20; 3013-19) The low, convex, hill of Palaiogoulâs overlooks this part of the Kelephina valley, which is fairly wide to the Ν and immediately SE, but becomes impassable further S. The immediate vicinity consists of schist and schist-derived soils, with recent alluvium in the valley bottom. To the NE, limestone predominates. across the river and outside the survey area, macchia-covered W NW twin the and the is dominated to itself by peaks of Tourles (cf. A3018-19), Palaiogoulâs and to the S by Olymbos and Ag. Konstantinos (cf. Bui). The main route between Tripolis and Sparta used to descend the Kelephina, skirt Palaiogoulâs, and passed through Vourliótikoi Kámboi to Cháni Sellasías (Β106; Leake, Pel. 343? though he places ancient Sellasia at L534 Agioi Saranda). The modern road to Vasarás bridges the river here. A (i). Palaiogoulâs and two nearby sites. Palaiogoulâs itselfis somewhat overgrown, though some patches are grazed and there are some olive plantations. The terraces down to the river,dissected by side remas, are planted with olives. Mt Olymbos opposite, and the twin hills of Toúrles to the E, have been bulldozed and planted with conifers,but were previously covered in macchia. The bulldozed areas, when field-walked,were archaeologically so sterilethat it soon became clear theywere not worth fulltreatment(all soil down to the C-horizon having been turned over). The agriculturalpotential of the catchmentarea of the Cl sites here was not especially high, though thereis cultivationat VourliótikoiKámboi to the S. LAr EC1 LCI EH1 (mhl) anc. Sellasia? (ILLS. 24.2-3) A118 Palaiogoulâs; (a) 13.25± 7 (max. 23, cont.0.07); (b) 3.44 ± 3 (max. 14,cont.0.13); (07802480);638 m (ht10% Ε); 3.00 ha. Density: (c) 12.35- l5 (max.67,cont.0.08). Sib. Cf.Chapter23, EE54. PT(a) (28): ArCl 30c, 47b,52b,563,57dn,58c; HI 22, 25e,37abc; + 2 bgsh,5 upsh,4 bgt.(b) (75):ArCl 6c, 15e, 22d,27CS,28a, 3of,36cdfhl,37abd,45a, 47ab,56adg,57acelq;HI 4, 10b,na, igcd,22, 34, 37g];+ 3 bgsh,25 upsh,5 bgt,3 upt.(C) (36): ArCl 12b,270,35g,36J,37d,38h,42k,47ab,56d,57enq;HI 5, igd, 23, 34, 35e,37DJ;+ 2 bgsh,9 upsh,21 bgt,3 upt.(d) (20):ArCl 29g,36ai, 37ac,56b; HI igc-d, 34, 37J;+ 3 bgsh,5 upsh,4 bgt,1 upt.(e) (8): ArCl 57ÇHI 6a, na, iga; + 1 bgsh,1 upsh. SF φ (loom-weight femalefigurine); b8); 81 (terracotta 105(frag,ofclaystrainer). B3),51 (loom-weight GS 6d ('Olynthianmill'). Five areas: (a) Summit. Macchia with clearings. Area of findsc.50 X 50 m. Scatters of stone. Spring on highest, bulldozed terrace. F UP and BG pottery,cooking and storage wares; tile; loom-weight; worked tuff block. Terrace wall round summit(noticed by Pritchettetal.) is probably recent.Afterthe firesof 1988 it was possible to observe clearlythat a long, straightishstone-pack (possiblythe remains of a wall) divides the flat summit into two areas (ILL. 24.3); but there was still no clear evidence of any circuit of fortification. (b) Broad, gentlysloping terrace on SE. Extent of finds(two main terraces): £.140X 80 m. Cistern in NE part of area. Various walls, probably all to do with terraces. Stone rubble scattered around. Concentration of potteryand tile in Ε part of area. F BG/UP Cl-Hl pottery,cooking wares, Cl/Hl pithos; BG/UP tile; strainer;terracottaloom-weight;obsidian blade. (c) Olive grove SW of summit,with some macchia. Bounded by rema on W. Visibilitygood here. Much stone (rathersmall for building-stone,however). F-M BG/UP table-wares; Cl/Hl pan-handles; storagevessels; mortars;BG/UP tile. Seems to be peripheryof settlement. (d) Small area on SW. Material exposed by collapse of terracesalong path. F BG/UP pottery;storage and cooking wares; BG tile.

322 Chapter 24

II. Ι.. 2'.2.

Palaio^oiilas

Λΐΐίΐ : general ' icw nfarca.

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III. 24.3·Palaiogoulás(ai 18):summitafterfire,showingpossibledividingwall,to N'v (G. Shipley).

pithos. (E) Smallpatchon NE.F LC1/H1BG pottery; in upperpartofhill,approx.above 620 m contour.Total area £.3ha. seemsconcentrated Settlement have Hardlyan importanttown,however:less extensivethan Bin (q.v.). Springnear summitmay settlement. attracted Ancientrefs.to Sellasia: Xen. Hell.ii. 2. 13;vi. 5. 27 (fromKaryaitheThebans marcheddownvia S. to theplain);vii. 4. 12. Polyb.ii. 65-9; xvi. 16 (S. NE of Sparta:forthe trans,see Walbank,HCP ii. based at Tegea, sendstroopsto S. as a base forraidingLaconia). Diod. xv. 521);xvi.36 (Philopoimen, is occupiedbyBoiotiansand allies,369 BC).Plut.Ages.8; Kleom. 23; Liv.xxxiv.28;. 64. 1 (a polis;revolts, Paus. ii. 9. 2; iii. 10. 7 (S. in ruins;capturedbyAchaeans222 BC).Incidentalrefs.to thebattleinclude Plut.Phil.6: Aral 46.

Survey site catalogue

323

Curtiusii. 260 (templeof Artemis);SAGT i. 64 No. 2 (Sellasia; rubblecircuitwall,potteryincl. smallBG bowls).(Bolte1320and refs.;Cartledge188.) Survey:AR 30 (1983-4),28. Boblaye74: a little 'sacellum'in thisarea. IGv. 1. 920 (Arinscribedbase) was probablyfoundnearby;see Inscription 15 b. A120 (Palaiogoulás) (Ici)EH1 (mhl) (08002507)584 m (hs 14% NE);o.01 ha; S2C. PT (26): Hl 4-5, 6a, 19a, 20, 37d; + 5 bgsh, 12 upsh. On lowerterracesofhill. echinusbowl; Scatterof F BG skyphoi^kantharoi, pithos; BG/UP tile. Inscribed schistgrave-steleof 2). Hybrion(Inscription for Pithosand/ortilegraves.Gravesiteor cemetery A118?

Ici EH1 mhl An 9 (Palaiogoulás) 9.05 ± 6 (08042509)575m (hs9% ne); ο. ιι ha. Density: (max.26, cont.0.0); S2C. PT (53): ArCl 30b; Hl ia, 10b,12b,13, 14a, igd, 20, 33~4?37nj?+ 9 bgsh,26 upsh,1 upt. SF82-5 (fourvotiveterracottas). BelowA120, on Wsideofroad. Scatter of F BG/UP plate, cups/bowls,craters, jugs,cookingvessels,pithoi;tile;votives. CultsiteconnectedwithA118.

A (ii). Two siteson terracesparallelto theKelephina,whichare cultivated up to 0.2 kmfromtheriver and planted and 500 m above sea level.The higherterracesare plantedwitholives,thelowerirrigated withvegetables, squashes,legumes,and occasionalfruittrees.At theS end an area ofrecentalluviumis enclosedby a loop in theriver;thisproducedCl/Hl (a no, LS 10112)and Myc material(also LS 10112) whichdoes notseemto be insitu(unlessithas been ploughedup fromlevelsburiedbelowthealluvium). Hl ER MR LR Aioo Éva (08392493)562 m (hs 14% ne); 0.08 ha. Density: 9.39 ± 7 (max.31,cont.0.06); S4D. PT (4.0):HI 6b, igd, 25be,34; R 2, 8, 12, 16, 22-3, 25>27>3°> 41*44a>48, 49a>63i; + 9 uPsh>l bgt,5 upt. Lower slope of convex spur projectingNE; small rema (NE) 30 m SE, runninginto plain. Bulldozer terracesin vicinity ofsite;macchia,grazing. Traces of ploughed-outwalls? Roof-tile,flattile, and some tile with cement; pithos; potteryrather worn, F table-wares,echinus bowl, dishes/bowls, pitchers, amphoras.

A101(Palaiogoulás) er R 4.86 ± 4 (08222510)556 m (hs 8% ε); 0.13 ha. Density: (max.27,cont.0.07); 84b. PT (14):R ia, 63g],66-7, 69; + 4 upsh,3 upt. SF 128(frag,ofglassvessel). NE slope of Palaiogoulás;torrentbed 50 m SE still had waterin it,Aug. 1983(maybe fedby cistern250 m upslopeto SSW).As wellas olivesand cereals,some macchia.Mandranearby. Workedblock;pilesofrubble.Ceramicmaterial worn, mainlytile;F plate,butmainlyC wares:someamphora andpithos;fragment ofglass;mineralsample. sherds, ano (08952455).Hill-wash(cl,hi).

A (iii). Elevencout-of-area' sites(fordefinition see VolumeI, Chapter1).Those in theKelephinavalley similarto subzone(ii). Tourles('domes') is a hillwithtwo rounded (A3013-15, A5003)are in territory now largelybulldozedand plantedwithconifers;thereare cultivatedterracessome distance summits, awav. j

A3013 (hl)LR (08012540)558 m (hf13% N);o.oi ha. PT($j): 3 bgsh,28 upsh,1 bgt,5 upt. ADor later). £^35 (lamp6th-cent. Moderately steep footslope of Ν spur of Palaiogoulás. Ploughed olive terraceswith steppe; smallrema(ne) c.30m NW. Very small concentration (with wider scatter downslope)of F-G UP domesticpottery:bowls,jugs, and pitcher, amphoras,pithos;witha littleBG pottery BG tile.Partofterracotta lampmould.

LAr/ECl (hi) A3014 (07972556)558 m (hf6% e); 0.18 ha. pT "(32): ArCl 6a, 28ag, 29g, 36a, 571·,58a; + 23 upsh,1 upt. Across rema, 0.1 km NNWof A3013,on gentleSE footslopeof Mt Toúrlesat wredge of Kelephinariverplain.Conglomeratewithred soil. Olive terraceswith cereals,garriga,pears.Old terracewalls. Fairlywidescatterofmaterialon threeterraces.BG table wares,mortar,pithos;brick;BG/RG tile,some UP tile.

324 Chapter 24 (ott)

A3015 (07982572) 562 m (hf 11% NE).

PTfa): upsh,2 upt.

Beside motor track on w side of Kelephina riverplain, on footslopes of Mt Toúrles. Bulldozed and ploughed fieldwith young olives. Amid patch of macchia, bulldozed ruin with small scatterof tile and pottery. Ruined farmhouse? Or one of the three chanis on the w side of this valley,mentioned by Walbank and others?Cf. A3017. (hl r) A3016 (07952609) 560 m (hf 13% ε); ο. οι ha. PT (14)'.6 upsh; + 7 upt. FurtherΝ on same track as A3015, on edge of valley floor. Ploughed and bulldozed fields with olives. (Centre probably in macchia to W.) Spread of tile in section,withscatterdownslope to E. cl/hl? ott? A3017 (07842638); 562 m (hf7% NE). />T(5):ArCl 57^ + 4 upt. Gentle natural terraces just above floor of Kelephina valley. Schistic soil. Ploughed fields; patches of macchia. Spring below built high terrace wall c.40 m E. Large mound of rubble (apparently bulldozed only recently)covered in macchia, with two short,parallel stretchesof masonry (some plastered). Scatter of tile and pottery,largelyworn. Ruined building with earlier finds around. Possibly one of the three chanis (see A3015,A5003). A5003 Krevatás EE52.

(or Ghrevatás).

A5004 Palaiopyrgi.

See Chapter 23,

See Chapter 23, EE51.

Zone B: Ágios Konstantínos

(eh) LAr/Cl A3018 Toúrles I (06992535) 784 m (ht 3% SE); o. 01 ha. PT (106): ArCl 5b, nb, i6f, 17a, 26bd, 270c, 28a, 29bg, 30h, 33a, 35c, 36ad, 38J, 41c, 48a, 52a, 53d, 56bdk, 59e. CS (y): 1 (core), 3 (1 ( + 1 flint)sec. fl.),6 (3 prox. bl.), 8 (debris; 1 frag.). GS ib (flatcelt), 6a (saddle quern). Wide, flat top of rounded SW summit of Toúrles. Thin soil; broken breccia on surface. Bulldozed and stone-ripped (in 1980) and planted with pines, except on very top of hill (garriga); no sign of grazing. Small corrugated iron hut S of site centre (forestrylookout?). Large stone-pack (with apparent straight side) in Ν part of site is probably result of modern (?) stone clearance. Very small concentration (c.io X 10 m) of worn sanctuary material: BG table ware (crater, mug, skyphos, hydria, flask), cooking wares, votive. Obsidian, quern, green celt. Cf. A3019. (eh hl) A3019 Toúrles II (07112549) 779 m (ht 20% SE); 0.02 ha. PT (22): 13 upsh, 8 upt, 1 bgt. GS(i):4(tert. fl.). Small, flat top of smaller, rounded NE summit of Toúrles. Similar vegetation and land use to A3018. On very top, lower courses of small rectangular stone building, possibly ancient. On SE brow, small, dense concentration of UP pottery and tile (also a littleBG tile). Probably post-classical. For sites found earlier in this area, see Chapter 23, EE53, EE261; forIGv. 1. 921, cf. Inscription 15 d. A5001 Vrésthena. See Chapter 23, DD49. A5002 Vérroia. See Chapter 23, EE55.

and Surrounding

Area

(sites103-4,*iO5,106-7,in, 115-16,121,123-4,132;300) limestonemassifcapping The zone is dominatedby Ágios Konstantínos (Bui), a flat-topped The theschistand risingsome 100m above thesurrounding country. limestoneitselfis rather Ν to the the basin of with eroded, Kámboi) has been filledby a (Vourliótikoi patches soil; and schisticsoils. A spring-linemarksthe limestone-schist mixtureof limestone-derived and thestringofsitesWofthehillare on theschist. interface, S passesthroughthevillage standsat thehead ofa ridge,whichfurther Konstantínos Agios of Ágios Ioánnis Theológos towardsKokkinórachiand formsa watershedbetween the Kelephina and Evrótasvalleys.A major rema systemcuts offthe massifto the SSE; the thehillon theWand bridgestheremain a greatloopjust road skirts modernTripolis-Sparta aboveVoutiánoi.

Survey site catalogue

325

Β (i). Three sites: the fortresson the summitof Ag. Konstantinos and two others nearby.The fortitself extends over c.6 hectares. The approaches fromΝ and Ε are precipitous,while to W and SW there are flatteraprons of land (see C114, Bi 15-16) leading to a small systemof terraces above the Sparta road. There is thin soil on the terraces; otherwise, the surface is severely eroded and covered in dense macchia. LN1/EH LAr EC1 LCI EH1 MH1 Bin Ágios Konstantinos (ILLS. 24.4-7) cont. 6 ha. m 6% 6.00 0.04) (a) 7.54 ± 8 (45) (b) 3.28 ± 3 (max. (max. 19, Density: (λ) 13. 33 s); (ht (07752255)830 10,cont.0.06) (C) 3.44 ± 3 (max. 15,cont.0.09); Lia. PT ArCl 28a, 29g,30J,38hj,57I. (λ) (142):ArCl 5b, 6c, na, 13h,i5ag, 17b,igbc,20a, 26de,27am,28a, 29g,35gi, 36afil,37ab,38J,46, 51,53d,56bcgi,57q; HI 1if,igbd,27,33, 37DJ;+ 63 bgsh,17upsh,8 bgt,2 upt.(b) 64: ArCl 6c, nb, i6f,27k,28a, 29g; HI; + 16 bgsh,30 upsh,3 upt.(c) (52):ArCl ua, i2d, 13h,15g,17b,29g,36hk,43ah,57dq, 13 bgsh,22 upsh,1 bgt.(d) (84): ArCl ua, 12c,13m,i7bc, 19a,20a, 26a, 27c,28c, 2gfg,30ά,36ab, 37α,56k,57qr;HI 3e, 5, 7, 18b;+ 30 bgsh,15upsh,3 bgt.(e) (12):ArCl 15g,16g,2gdg,36k; + 3 bgsh,6 upsh,2 bgt.(f) (54):ArCl 6c, 13e,15g,27gp,28a, 29g,3oej,35g,36f,37h,42e,55c,56b; Hl 9, 18a; + 21 bgsh,5 upsh,1 bgt.(g) (12):ArCl 27c,53e; + 5 bgsh,4 upsh,1 upt. B3),115(bronzecoin). Ai),46 (loom-weight SF41 (loom-weight CS (104):1 (3 cores);3 (5 sec. il.),4 (31( + 2 flint)tert.il.),5 (3 ( + 1 flint)prep,pc), 6 (8 ( + 1 flint)prox.bl.,32 ( + incl.CSTT 10 (point). 1 flint) med.,5 dist.),7 (3 rejuv.pc), 8 (debris,4 frags.), 9 (frags.), GS 9 (marblevessel). Seven areas (see ILL. 24.4; A-B = upper citadel, C-E = lower citadel): (a) Uppermost area. Extent: 64 X 98 m (transects). Macchia; visibilityreasonable. Chapel of Ag. Konstantinos.Ar-Hl BG table wares: crater,bowls, cups, skyphoi,closed shapes; cooking wares; pithos; quern fragment;obsidian; loom-weights. (b) Separated fromarea A by mound of bulldozed earth containingtile and pottery.Extent:44 X 116 m (transects).Visibilityreasonable.Mandra. BG table wares: bowls and open shapes; tile;UP tile; 19 obsidian. (c) Arbitraryarea up to £.50m inside W wall of lower citadel and parallel with wall. Extent: 89 X 89 m (transects).Visibilitylow. Cl and HI BG table-ware: cups/skyphoi, closed shapes; cooking wares; pithoi; obsidian. (D) Between the cross-wall(dividinglower and upper citadels) and area C. Extent £.2.5ha. BG table wares: bowls, skyphoi,kantharos,Megarian bowl, hydria,closed shapes; C basins and pithos; obsidian. (e) Between areas D and F. BG table wares, open and closed shapes; obsidian. (f) Material well preserved: BG/UP tile; Cl and HI BG table ware: bowls and cups, closed shapes; mortar;storagejars; obsidian. (G) Macchia; visibilitylow. House walls. BG table ware; UP storage; obsidian; 4th-cent. BC bronze coin withlegend. Generally the obsidian (Nl) seems concentratedin the W part, though it is found in all areas. Cf. Ai18. lie at the NE end of the hill, protected (esp. on the Ν and E) by steep cliffsbelow. The fortifications Access today is by track from the junction of the Klisoura and Kelephina routes to the NW,though footpathsdo lead up fromthe SE and SW,and the best-attestedgates are the S end of the fort. The line of the walls (ILLS. 24.4-5) *spear-shaped in plan (circuit1,185m), with the apex to the SE. An internalwall (ILL. 24.6) draws a chord just above the widest section, dividing the upper citadel (2.5 ha) fromthe lower (3.5 ha). The main wall is built of limestone rubble, evidentlyquarried from the hill itself;at best, the outer faces and corner-stonesare roughlydressed. The original thicknessof the walls is hidden under the rubble of their collapse, though at one point the cross-wall measures 1.9 m (Jochmus(35) records 3.5 m, but other measurementsof his are wrong). After careful survey,the remains of twenty-twotowers were recognized (cf. ILL. 24.7), of which nineteen are around the outer circuitand three on the cross-wall.Most of them are rectangular,with a 5 m frontageand projectingforwards3 m. Towers 1 and 10-12, however,are circular,the firstbeing the largest(9 m in diameter); it protectsthe southernmostsalient of the fort.The spacing of the towers is not at all regular (from15 to 75 m). A gate was identifiedbetween towers 18 and 19, and Jochmus (35,

326 Chapter 24

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Survey site catalogue

327

III.. _>(.(>. A^'ios konstant inos V,ι 11 : the cross-wall, to si..

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withsketchmap opposite)indicatesa secondentrancedue E, in thesectionwhereall traceofthewalls ofthewholefortification has nowdisappeared.Construction appearsto belongto a singlephase. The upper citadel yielded very few standing remains. Immediately W of the chapel lies a rectangularfoundation(4X5 m); near the centreof the uppercitadellie two sidesof another(5X5 m); and a wall some 15m longwas foundnear tower11.A well(2.5 m deep) was foundnearthewalls, halfwaybetweentowers11 and 12 (Jochmus(35) heard subterraneanwatershere).Mounds of spoil are heaped up in earthenbanksat variouspoints;some may resultfromthe bulldozingof the track,

328 Chapter 24 but alreadyin the 1850sVischer(369) observedseven large stone-pilesfromsome earlier,possibly ancient,clearance. It appearsthataccessto theuppercitadelwas via thelower;Vischer369 reportsa sectionofdouble walling,enclosinga space tenpaces across,in thecross-wall. The lowercitadelis also moreor less bare of remains,exceptin the extremeSWcorner.A roughly triangularcuttingclose to tower 16 probablyrepresentsa cistern.The foundationsof some ten buildingswere seen in the area Ε of the gate (cf.Pritchett(1965),p. 63), and thesemay well be of 'Restevon Gebaeude sindkeineerhalten',butit is hard considerableage. (Vischer369 statesexplicitly to believethathousesbuiltat sometimeafterhisvisitwouldnothavebeen notedin anylateraccounts.) It is impossibleto date themwithoutexcavation;surfacesherdsweresparse,notleastbecause ofpoor werefound. butBG tileand pottery visibility, Ross 182-90;Curtiusii. 250; Vischer369-70;Jochmus;Welcker204-5; Loring;Sotiriadis1910; 1911. SAGTi. 63 No. 1 and n. 19+: not Sellasia or itsacrop.,but a fort,and clearlynotR but Greek.A. W. Aimsin Fortification Lawrence,Greek (1979), 178: walls not 'true' Spartan but characteristicof their AR [6] (1959-60),9: subjects(!). Bölte 1320+ (Sellasia) sees Voutiánoias Ν limitof 'Spartiatenland'. AR wall with tiles. (Laconia Survey: 30 (1983-4),27-8.) 5th-cent. Forotherrefs.to Sellasiasee A118. B115 (07442231) 746 m (hs 5% NE); 0.03 ha; Lib.

(cl)

FT (11):ArCl37bf, 38J;+ 5 bgsh,4 upsh.

On flattishknoll. Grazing (macchia, steppe). Piles of stones and dry-stone enclosure walls, perhaps using stone fromold structures.Scatter of tile and pottery around small Mod hut; lots of BG tile, some BG domestic wares. Certainly in situ,since the scatterof stone and potterycentreson the knoll itself. B116

LN1

(07532225) 741 m (hs 4% s); 0.01 ha; L2b.

PTo. CS (70): 3 (sec. fl.),4 (12 tert.ft1.), 5 (5 prep, pc), 6 (11 prox. bl., 36 med., 2 dist.), 7 (2 rejuv. pc), 9 (tang), incl. CSTT 10 (4 points), 11 (3 scrapers), 12 (backed pc). Shallow S-facingspur. Macchia; grazing. Concentration of obsidian; also tile (strays from B115?)but no pottery. Obsidian site with marked varietyof obsidian types. Perhaps a settlement whose pottery has entirely weathered away.

Β (ii). Three sites in VourliótikoiKámboi, a fertile,well-wateredbasin stretchingΝ towards Palaiogoulás(Ai18)fromthejunction(at Stavrós)oftheVasarásroad withtheTripolis-Spartahighway. Trackslead roundthe footof Ag. Konstantinosto Kalyvia Theológou and up to the summitof Ag. The land is cultivatedup to c.620-640 m above sea level.The soils are derivedfrom Konstantinos. Some terracesare beinginvadedbyoak. limestoneand schist,and plantedwitholives(inter-ploughed). LAr/ECl (lr) B121 (Agios Konstantinos) (07482316) 674 m (hs 5% NW);0.03 ha; L2b. FT (41): ArCl i6f, 26b, 28ac, 29g, 30c, 37h, 43Ç R 44a; + 8 bgsh, 23 upsh, 2 painted. Concave lower NW slope of Ag. Konstantinos. Terraces with cereals; macchia. Site buried by hillwash fromA. K., and revealed by a trench evidently dug to collect the water that flows out at the springline here. Scatter of BG table wares and storage vessels; BG tile. Traces of R occupation. LAr EC1 LCI B103 (VourliótikoiKámboi) (07282355) 635 m (hf3% NW);0.07 ha. Density.9.71 ± 8 (max. 32, cont. 0.09); 83a.

FT (a) (58): ArCl nb, 13^ 14a, i5eg, i6f, 25e, 26a, 271, 2gbg, 3oae, 37ac, 38J,59h; + 15 bgsh, 8 upsh, 1 bgt, 1 upt. (b) (23): ArCl ißf, i6f, 29g; + 9 bgsh, 3 upsh, 1 bgt, 1 upt. GS 9 (marble vessel). On Ε side of track, lower than B121. Ploughed terraceswith olives, cereals, figs,pears. Much loose stone, perhaps from old walls. Scatter of BG table wares (bowls, cups, mug, closed vessels); miniaturevotive. Stone vase. Hl Β104 (VourliótikoiKámboi) (Ο7552395) 62° m (hf5o/oSE); °-°5 ha· Density:5.53 ± 5 (max. 16, cont. 0.13) S4C. PT(28): HI igcd, 20, 25c; + 15 bgsh, 3 upsh, 3 upt.

Survey site catalogue 329 On Ε side of track, 0.5 km NE of B103. Abandoned or ploughed terraces with neglected figs and pears; macchia. Disused well SE of site; deserted hut 150 m

SW; chapel of Análipsis 0.2 km upslope to SE. Possible stubs of walls. Scatter of pottery,incl. BG table wares and household pottery;some BG tile.

Β (iii). Five sites SW of Ag. Konstantinos. Although the hard limestone of A. K. has pockets of soil, proper cultivationseems to startwhere the schistis revealed, below £.640 m. The land is terraced and planted with cereals, olives, and fruittrees. The stripexamined extends from Stavrós (see Β ii) to the rema above Voutiánoi. B106 Gháni Sellasías

Ott Mod

(06952265) 614 m (hf6% w); 0.04 ha; S2d. PTByz 9e, 26, 44, 51; + 3 upsh. Next to Tripolis-Sparta road, overlooking deep rema (SSW) beyond (ο. ι km sw). Village of Sellasia 1 km W. Terraced agriculturalland. Complex of standing buildings. A littleTG pottery and other Ott wares (bowls, cooking wares, pithos). Former chani; several building-phases can be distinguished:(i) small building on S of site; (i) main Lshaped complex; (iii) NW rooms added in 20th cent. Threshing-floor. Gell 227; Boblaye 74.

bi<>5 (c.07052235). Wash fromBin.

eh cl

LAr EC1 B107 (07172195) 647 m (hs 19% sw); 0.04 ha. Density:7.48 ± 4 (max. 14, cont. 0.0); L.2a. /yT(43): ArCl 12a, 13h, 27b, 28ac, 29g, 30J,36c, 37g, 42m, 52a, 56a; + 14 bgsh, 3 upsh, 2 bgt, 2 upt. 250 m Ν of B123. Soil derived from limestone. Terraces with cereals, fruit-trees (figs,vines), almonds; some macchia. BG table wares (bowls, hydria, closed vessels), mortar,cooking vessels; BG and flattile. (lh) E/MH1 (lhl) lr B123 Petrálona (07172175)592 m (hs 25% s); 0.13 ha. Density:3.81 ± 3 (max. 11,cont. 0.06); S2C. PT(A) MH 8; HI 14b, 34, 37^ + 10 bgsh, 30 upsh, 1 bgt, 3 upt, 1 glazed tile, (b) HI igd, 25e; R ic; + 2 bgsh, 7 upsh, 3 upt. Below B107, on steep slope overlooking head of

large rema (s) across Sparta-Tripolis road. Terraces with olives, figs, almonds. Cave-shelter in upper (n) part of site; modern houses 0.2 km SE along contours; spring-head 0.1 km W. Many sherds revealed in pits dug forolive-planting. Mixed scatter. Sherd of oatmeal minoanizing pottery.BG table ware, household and storage pottery, pithos; BG tile and flattile; brick; fragmentof painted (?) plaster. Only one certain LR sherd, but flat tile presumably confirmingLR occupation.

Β124 Ágios Panteleímon

(Ott)

(07692170) 564 m (hs 17% S); 0.01 ha; S2C. Above Tripolis road; large rema (s) to w. Terraces with macchia and cypresses. Modern spring-head at site; mandra 250 m SSWdownslope. Corner of old wall, next to circular excavation connected with water-supply.No finds. Probably last remnant of reported ruined church of Ag. Panteleímon. (Deserted houses also reported.)

B300 M-LByz (07462146) 520 m (st 11% SW); 0.06 ha. Density:3.31 ± 3 (max. 12, cont. 0.41); S2C. FT (76): Byz 23, 29, 38, 39a, 40-1, 43; + 13 upsh, 12 upt. Just below and w of crest of shallow spur in schist landscape, between two deep remas. Olives on broad, sloping terraces (inter-ploughing); some recent bulldozing. Mandra 80 m N upslope. Fairlydense scatterof diagnostic material: unglazed jugs, household pottery,amphoras; tile (incl. flat tile), brick. Single-period (i2th-cent.ad) site.

Β (iv). One site above the village of Voutiánoi (1 km to s), on massive schistspur overlookingRéma tou Brastou to SW,with a view down to Voutiánoi. The land is severelygrazed in the area of the site,with thickermacchia above. Several mandras stand nearby,and thereare a few olives. Cl E/MH1 (r lr) B132 Diplogéphyra (08212166) 620 m (st 4% SW);
+ 6 upsh, 3 upt. Convex lower slope of hillside. Small scatterof tileand pottery, BG table,and cooking wares; UP tile;pithos.Indicationsof R habitation.

330 Chapter 24

Zone C: Slopes above R. Kelephina (to North of Kalyvia Theológou) (sites108,*ii2, 114,125-6,128,131,167-9) An area of verydissectedland Ν of Kalyvia Theológou, comprisingMt Olymbos(732 m, a cartographer'sname, not recognizedlocally),the lowerslopes below Ag. Konstantinos, and a systemof remas (coveringc.2 sq km) drainingfromjust above Kalyvia Theológou into the Kelephina. Much of the area has been bulldozed and plantedwithconifers,but was previouslycoveredin macchia. A veryfewpatches are cultivated;thereare isolated vineyardsand olive-groves.Deserted mandras and other buildings hint at scattered pointsof earlierexploitation,but the area would seem neverto have been tendedin the same way as (e.g.) zone G. the area is nearlysterile.The main cultivatedareas lie in a band around Archaeologically 700 m above sea level,Ε of Ag. Konstantinos,and in the more open countryΕ and W of Kalyvia Theológou. A track throughthe firstof these leads over the col between Ag. Kámboi (see Β ii). Pathsand (morerecent)tracks Konstantinos and Olymbosto Vourliótikoi lead down intodifferent partsof the 'badlands'.Accessalong the Kelephinafromzone A is blockedby dense vegetationand steepbluffs.Springsfeeda numberof cisterns. eventually Remashaveinciseddeeplyintotheratherunstableschistsoils. wherethelandopensoutintoa broadshoulder. C (i). Threesitesbelowand Ε ofAg.Konstantinos, and The areais terraced intotheKelephinaandEvrotas. Therearedeepremasto Ε andW,draining withoccasional vinesandfruit-trees. witholivesandcereals, planted ci 12 (08432276).Modern;strayBG. C108 (AgiosKonstantinos) (lar/ecl)R (lr) 5.30 ± 4 (08352245)711m (hf6% s); 0.11 ha. Density. (max. 13,cont.0.08); S2a. PT (20):ArCl i6f,27c,29g;R 44a, 49b; + 13upsh,2 upt. SF ^8 (loom-weight B5). Woftrack.Head oflargerema(s) is 50 Immediately m w; anotherbroad, flatvalley-headruns SE from area of site. Terraces (ploughed) with cereals, almonds,figs;somemacchia. Scatter of F and MF potteryincludingpitcher; UP/BG tile.Loom-weight. C114and C125are closeon Ε and NErespectively. LAr EC1 lcl/ehlHI C114 11.59± (08482256)702 m (hf14% NE);0.09 ha. Density: 8 (max.31,cont.0.0); S2d. PT (139):ArCl 5b, na, i2d, 14b,19a, 26a, 27c,29g,

30h, 44a, 56k; HI 4, 10a, 14c, igbe, 28-9; + 51 bgsh, 59 upsh,3 bgt,2 upt. On otherside oftrack;head ofrema(ne) liesbelow shallowsaddle 40 m SSW.Olives, cereals,fruittrees vines). (figs,mulberries, Strongscatterof F, mainlyBG vessels,one with stampedpalmette;crater,skyphos,open and closed vessels;kitchenwares;amphora;pithos. C125is 0.1 kmSE. Ci 25 (cl/hl) 4.94 ± 3 (08522248)709 m (rt5% Ε); 0.08 ha. Density: (max. 13,cont.0.11);S2a. PT(2j): 9 bgsh,17upsh. Flattishsaddle on shallowridge(SE),below track; gentlyslopingsmallvalleysrunNE,Ε, and S fromhere. Olives,cereals,macchia. Piles of stones.BG and UP potteryfragmentary and not highlydiagnostic; pithos (one piece with inscribed'V on neck),and one almostwhole pithos foundin a pit. (infragments)

C (ii). One siteon Douphekiá(Ντουφέκια; so named onlyon maps),a roundedhillabove Kalyvia Theológou,coveredwithmacchia,especiallyon thesteeperslopes;thereis grazingand arablenearthe leads S to thesummit. top.A ridge-path

Survey site catalogue EH Ci26Límnes(?) m 18% o.oi S2D. ha; NE); (08922206)734 (ht PT (31): EH 8a, 10a, 11a, i2ach, 14-15, 21, 22b, 29; + 16upsh. 25<de, Smallconvexhillon N sideofDouphekia.Ploughed land withgarriga,macchia. Site heavilyeroded and

331

partlyploughedaway. domesticwares, Red-slippedand Urfirnispottery, storagevessels. EH (I-) II site,probablylargerthanthescatternow indicates.

C (iii). One site in an isolatedpatch of terracedand cultivatedland (ci ha), set in macchia and a steepgorge. overlooking EH C128 (09272300);615m (ht30% SW);o.oi ha; S2b. ΡΤ(2θ): EH 2, i2ae, 14,25c; + 10upsh. Steep sw slope of hill. Macchia, garriga,olives.

Recenthouse(nowdeserted). Small scatterof urfirnis,household and storage pottery.

C (iv). Four sitesabove Kalyvia Theológou. A foldin the hillsjust below the villageis intensively buttheridgeabove is coveredin macchia(C131).This mosaicofpatchyarableand macchia cultivated, is dissectedbyremas,and continuesdownto theKelephina. EH C131 (09752219)723m (ht3% NW);0.01 ha; Sia. PT (48): EH na, 14, 25a; + 11 upsh, 1 painted sherd. Convex hilltop.Macchia; lower slopes terraced. Unworkedstoneslie about. Small scatterof householdand storagewares; no ofbronze.EH II pottery. tileor obsidian.Fragment LAr EC1 LCI C169 (10212239)662 m (hs 19% E); 0.05 ha; Sia. PT(57): ArCl 5b, 16b,17a,20b, 25e, 27c, 29g,30c, 36a, 37dh,56jk,57nr;+ 6 bgsh,21 upsh,6 upt. SlopingENEspur;largeremas100m N and 150m S. Olives and cereals (barley),withpears, mulberries, garriga,macchia. ofBG tablewares(crater, Two concentrations mug, bowl,closedshapes);pithoi;UP tile. skyphos,

Zone D: Skoura,

Vigles,

R C167 m o.oi 22% ha; S4d. ne); (10682228)533 (hs FT (50):R 49b,54,56,58; + 1bgsh,38 upsh,2 bgt,5 upt. Situatedbesidesteepremain lowermid-slopes.Site cut and partlyexposedby moderntrack;some areas thicklyovergrown.Olive terraces(some bulldozing), withmulberries, steppe,and macchia. Dense concentrations, mainlyof M UP domestic cookingware,pithos,and mortar;someUP tile. pottery; hl-erMR LR C168 3.19 ± (10822225)476 m (hs 13% NE);0.03 ha. Density: 2 (max.9, cont.0.14);S2d. PT(45): HI 14b,21a; R 16-17,34b, 62, 63ÍJ,66-7, 69; + 19 upsh. On convexslope 150m ESEofC167;50 m S ofsmall, steep rema. Bowls, basins, domestic and storage incl.pithos;UP tile. pottery,

and North-west

End of Evrótas

Gorge

(sites50, 83-5, 87,*92,*95,96-7, *g8; 301-3,306, 368; 3026) Sites in zone D are generallyto the S and w of Skoura,a roundedcap of hard crystalline theEvrotas(0.8 km ofthisarea and overlooking thebasic schistformation limestoneoverlying S SW and from schist a of Skoura;or in the S, 200 m below);on Vigies, complex spursrunning Watercourses are in of the Evrotas bend flatalluvialfields the tight (D306). generallysteep, drainingS intotheEvrotas,whichmeandersroundbelowViglesintoa steep-sidedgorgecut anotherlimestonecap (see Ε iv-vii). through windsacrossthebroadsummitofSkouraroughlyN-S A kalderimi (double-walled mule-path) commands a wide view; sitesincludean Ottomantowerhouse (see D97). Vigles('lookouts')

332 Chapter 24 (D302). Access to the fieldsbelow Skoura is across the river,or via a steep trackleading out of the gorge and windingup to Vigies. D (i). Three siteson theSWshoulderof Skoura.The limestonebedrockhas lostmostofitssoil,and is coveredwithmacchiain places; grazingis practised,and it is said thatcerealsused to be planted(but soils,the perhapsonlyin wartime?)The lowerslopes have patchesof limestone-and schist-derived latterplantedwitholivesand used as arable.Occasionalpiecesofobsidianand flintwerefoundon the thanthefindsimply. moreextensive barerpartsofSkoura,perhapsindicating activity prehistoric D97 Skoúra

(lnl/ehmbyzott)

(05011922) 375 m (hs 5% S); 0.02 ha; S2b. PTfó): Byz 23; + 2 upsh. CS (3): 3 (scc.fi.), 4 (2 ten. fl.). Convex middle slope of SW spur of Skoura. Neglected olives, garriga, macchia. Mandra 0.2 km upslope; walled mule-track (kaldenmi)runs down SSW fromsummit,passing c.5 m E of site (cf. E77). In small clearing, pieces of building-stone (20-40 cm) lie around. A few chipped-stone tools (obsidian, flint); some post-ΒΑ pottery (incl. UP handles and body-sherds)and Mod tile. CI98, 0.2 km ESE along contours, also produced obsidian: CS (1): 6 (prox. bl.) = CSTT 15 (ret.pc). CI98. See D97.

D368 Avláki tou Toúrkou

(04841940) 298 m (rf22% w); 0.01 ha; S2a.

(byzott)

Left bank of long, steep-sided rema (sw) below SW spurs of Skoura, 1 km downstream from E307. Faces steep-sided ridge of Kopsomesiasméni Ráchi to NW. Macchia. Stretch of aqueduct (two parallel walls of good limestonemasonry).Reported spring0.1 km upstream, but in macchia too dense to penetrate.Upslope, c.40 m fromrema,what appears to be a small limestonequarry. D3026 is across rema opposite Ν end of aqueduct.

D3026 Panagia

(byz)

(04801942) 300 m (ht 0% SE); o. 01 ha. Above W side of rema opposite D368, on small limestone outcrop. Small church, 8 X 6 m, orientated NW-SE. Walls of irregularlycoursed limestone and tile; central dome stillstanding,but the roof otherwise destroyed.Traces of painted plaster (red and blue bands on white background) survivedwhen discovered in 1984.

D (ii) . Four sites on Vigies and in flatalluvial fieldsin the bend of the Evrotas. The schist-derivedsoils of Vigies are terraced and planted with olives, stillinter-ploughed;therehas been cereal cultivation,but are now disused. Grazing is practised. Several sizeable farmsteads most or all of the threshing-floors suggestthat the area can supporta successfulagriculturaleconomy. In the low-lying,well-watered fieldsin the bend of the river(see ILL. 24.8), and furtherΕ at Tsekourá, maize and oranges are grown on the alluvium (no finds,but visibilityoftenzero). Access fromacross the riveris by basket bridges (βάρκες; cf. SAGT iw.10; pl. 5). LAr/ECl D301 (04341876) 255 m (hf 18% SW); 0.08 ha. Density:2.97 ± 4 (max. 15, cont. 0.35); S2d. PT(23): ArCl 13h, 19e, 28a, 35bd, 54, 56k, 57er; + 7 bgsh, 3 upsh, 2 bgt, 1 upt. Convex slope on crest of shallow spur on SW of Vigies. Olives, inter-ploughed. Small but fairlydense scatterof pottery:BG bowls, closed shapes, pithoi; tile (incl. BG roof-tile). D302 is 250 m upslope. (r byz) D306 (04271861) 236 m (fh 15% s); 0.01 ha. Density.3.14 ± 3 (max. 10, cont. 0.36) S3D. PT (22): R 40a; Byz 38; + 7 upsh, 3 bgt, 6 upt, 2 slipped tile.

SF 135 (frag,of Byz glass lamp). Concave slope at SE corner of low hill above nearly level glacis landscape, in bend of river.Olives, grasses, old cereals. Rubble wall, stone-packs, large limestone block in terrace wall. Moderately dense but restrictedscatter: F and C domestic pottery(incl. BG, UP) and roof-tile (incl. BG). Base of glass vessel; pieces of two large marble basins or mortars. (lnl/eh) Ott D302 Vigies (ILL. 24.9) (04551882) 292 m (rt6% S); S2d. PT '(6): ι upsh, 5 upt. Crest of narrow spur, part of Vigies complex. Olives. Two modern houses 70 m N on ridge-crest. Two-storeytower house (now roofless)with walls of

Survey site catalogue

333

III. 24.8. View southfromsiteD302 acrossEvrotas, in valleyfloor cultivation showingirrigated (Mt Taygetosbehind). mortared schistand limestone,plastered inside; niches and cupboards on interior of first-floorwalls, with beam-holes. At least nine firing-holeson firstfloor, approx. twentyon ground floor.Some tile in walls and scatteredaround. Fortified Turkish tower-house commanding wide view over Evrotas valley. A çifllikwas mentioned by local informants.

(ott) D303 (Vigies) (04561869) 280 m (st 15% SE); o. 01 ha. Density.2.33 ± 3 (max. 11,cont. 0.50); S2d. PT iß): 3 upsh, 3 upt. Convex slope at end of same spur. Olives, grasses. Two modern buildings 150 m SSW; remains of recent walled structure,with Mod tile,at Ν end of site against a terrace slope. Small scatterof UP domesticpotteryand tile;pithos.

D (iii). Two sitesin dissectedmid-slopesbelow the SWspurof Skoura.Generallyschisticsoils,with similarland use to (ii)above. dg2 (04951894). Thin scatter of mixed material, probably not a site.

hydria, oinochoë); cooking wares; pithos; tile (incl. BG, RG); terracottaloom-weight.

LAr EC1 D96 (05021883) 324 m (st 22% w); 0.06 ha; S2d. FT (52): ArCl 10a, na, i2d, 13h,15a, 19c,25d, 29g,30h, 32a, 38J,52a, 53d, 56Ç 57η; + g bgsh,3 upsh, 12bgt,3 upt. SF44 (loom-weightBi). Below and NWof steep-sided spur; rema (sw) below on NW.Bulldozer terraceswith olives, grasses, garriga. Small scatter, disturbed by bulldozing but apparently nearly in situ;BG table wares (bowls/cups;

(LAr?) Cl E/MH1 D85 (ill. 24.10) ha. m 1 22% 0.17 Density:5.33 ± 8 SE); (rs 340 (05 19 893) (37); S2b. PT (122): ArCl 5b, 6a, 13h, 19b, 20b, 23a, 27cku, 29g, 36adhi, 37d, 38J,43I, 47ab, 53d, 56abk, 57aj; HI 3c, 4, 6a, iiacf, i4ab, i9cd, 20, 22-3, 25be, 30, 34, 37cdj; + 35 bgsh, 12 upsh, 18 bgt, 3 rgt,4 upt. SF46 (loom-weightB3). Mandra 40 m NE.

334 Chapter 24 Β

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III. 24.9· Elevationand plan oftowerD302 (G. Sanders).

III. 24.10.SiteD85/95,showingupperand lowerareasofsite(to NW).

Survey site catalogue 335 A secondconcentration some75 m downslopefrom treatedas D95 butis almostcertainly D85 was originally thesamesiteas D85: CI95(05261890)324 m (rs,18% S.); 0.14ha. Density: 2.93 ± 3 (max. 15,cont.:0.29). FT (u): ArCl36a,41a,57b,571;Hl 3h,37J;+ 1bgsh,2 upsh,2 bgt. Mid-slopeof schistspur.Ploughed,terracedfield amidmacchia.Mandra50 m ENE;twothreshing-floors

sometimes verydense alongslope 150m SW.Irregular, scatterof interesting material,inch BG/UP F table wares(crater, lekane,plate,bowls),jugs,closed skyphos, vessels;cookingwares;mortar;pithoi;and some rooftile(BG,RG, and UP). Terracotta loom-weight. d95· See D85.

D (iv). Foursitesbeside the Evrotasas it entersthe gorge,below limestonebluffsat the footof the withsteppeplantsand deciduouswaterside steepS spursof Skoura.The bank is heavilyovergrown trees(see Volume I, Chapter3), includingalders.Above the moderntrackthe limestonebluffsare patchilycoveredin macchiaand offersparsegrazing. The area seemsto servemainlyas a passage forflocks(severalcrude stone-walledmandraswere bothhere however, noted)and theoccasionalfarmvehicle.The quarriesand otherbuiltinstallations, in earliertimes. downstream attestto specializedactivities and further (see Ε vi; H46)confirm (cl hi r) D84 (05131849)238 m (rf10% sw); 0.02 ha; L2a. By river-bank,in dense macchia with clearings; steppe,abandonedterraces. Quarried rock face withmoderndry-stonewalls enclosure. mandra-like forming Limestonequarry.Probablyancient. (r byzott) D87 (05111845)22° m (rf25% sw); L2a. FT {2): 1 bgsh,1 upt. On riverbank, amidmacchiaand riverside plants. Rectangular pier of mortaredstone (H. c.' m) aboveriver;sometilein masonry. Partofbridge,orperhapsloading-stage forone ofthe nearbyquarries(e.g.D84,onlyc.40m upslope;or D50).

(LAr/ECl) D83 (05181844)228 m (rf28% S); 0.01 ha; S4d. FT (4): ArCl 2b,29g,1 bgt,1 upt. above D87,beside 60 m SE ofD84, and immediately rema main valley just to E. joining steep-sided Abandoned terraces; deciduous trees, riverside macchia,garriga. L-shapedcuttingwithone roughlybuiltstretchof and BG tile. wall. SmallscatterofBG pottery Smalllimestonequarry?Findsmaybe strays. D50 (ILLS. 24. 11-12) (05281842) 250 m (hs 60% SW); L2a.

(cl hi r)

FT {η):ι upsh,6 upt. On steepslope.Vegetationmainlymacchia. Quarry,possiblyeven larger than E49. The cut

ILL. 24.11.QuarryD50: shapedand partlyundercutblock.

336 Chapter 24

III. 24.12.QuarryD50: shapedblockand cuttingbehind.

rockfaceperhaps30 m high.Cut blockinsitu(1.80 X 0.56 X 0.27 m), attachedto rock ledge underneath; holes forwedges cut underneathat the front(ILL 24.11). Preparatorycuttingsfor other blocks (ILL.

Zone E: Hills

between

24.12);pick marks;brokenlimestoneblockson track below. Limestonequarry,probablyAr-R; the fewsherds foundare probablystrays(Ott?).

Mt Skoura

and the Langáda

(sites3, *7,48, 49?52-3,*54,55-6, »71,75-7,*78-82,89-91,*93,94; 304-5. 307-8. ^o-u) The rema markingthe SE flankof Ag. Konstantinoseventuallydebouchesintothe Evrotas close to site E90. Its upper valley(part of whichis Réma tou Brastou)consistsof schistderivedsoils;itslowercourse,forsome 3 km,is Bakáli Skala. Its lowestpartpasses through high limestone.To eitherside is a landscape of deeplycut valleysand ratherflat-topped, is the of ends the from and to access ridges the run Paths though ridge-tops, along ridges. notalwayseasy. One or moreofthevalleysand ridgesmayhave been a stageon an old routefromSparta One of th,emost up the Evrotas to Voutiánoi,Cháni Sellasías, and eventuallyTripolis. the is sites Kopána bridge. E89, interesting The toponym'Gouves' (Γούβες) in kilometre square 1558on the British1 : 100,000map 'hollows'in thiszone. other to or this of the to refer should zone, valleys ridge(an outlierofAg. Ε (i). Foursites,threeofthemon theN,schistic partofthelongdissected

Survey site catalogue

337

Konstantinos) runningSSWbetweenthedeep valleyof Bakali Skala and a smaller,parallelvalleyto its W.The fourth w, on a sidebranchoftheridge. (E307)liesfurther soils are terracedand planted witholives (some veryold), thoughthereare The schist-derived was generally patchesofthickmacchia.There are mandras,butevidenceofgrazingis sparse.Visibility of thick cover to the drygrasses. poor,owing (m-lr) E310 ι.31 ± 2 (06472036)444 m (st13% SE);0.04 ha. Density: (max.7, cont.0.47)Sia. ΡΤ(ιο): R 31; + 6 upsh,3 upt. Small, slopingspur below top of ridge.Terraces witholives,grasses.Mandrain Ν partofsite. Small scatterof potteryMF-F UP storagevessels and tile(UP). (cl/hl) E308 0.01 ha. Density: 2.00 ± 4 (06382031)436 m (rs8% SVV); (max.15,cont.0.79);Sia. PT(i$): 1 bgsh,5 upsh,1 bgt,8 upt. MiddleslopeofridgenearE310.Olives. Small scatter of material (dimensions underby transectdata: spreadis mainlyto SE). represented PotteryUP/BG MC-MF domesticwares;curvedtile (RG,UP).

(hir) E307 2.08 ± (05702006)380 m (rf31% N'v);0.09 ha. Density: 3 (max. 12,cont.0.41);S2d. ΡΤ('η): 13bgt,4 upt. Convexlowerslope at xw footofridge;long,steepsided rema (sw) 25 m to W, 20 m below site.Olives, grasses;no grazing. Thin concentrationof tile (well-preserved;some Mod, the restUP roof-tile), pithos,and MF-C UP domesticpottery. (hlr) E311 (BakáliSkala) 3.80 ± (06612019)384 m (rf50% SE); o.oi ha. Density: 8 (max.28, cont.0.50); S2d. PT(io): 4 bgt,6 upt. Footslope of ridge,just above steep-sidedbed of BakaliSkala. Terraceswitholives,grasses. Small scatter of UP tile and pottery (MF-F domesticvessels).Stonerubble.

Ε (ii). Four siteson the Ν part of the large schistridgeΕ of Bakali Skala (see i). The steep schist slopeshave been terraced(oftenby bulldozer),but oliveshave been cultivatedforcenturies,tojudge by the manyold trees.Mandras are dotted about; most are stillused forfodderstorageand by butthereare no cereals;wheat summerpastoralists (e.g.fromArkadia).The olivesare interploughed, is said to have been grown,but not in recentyears,and now thereis onlya dense grasscover.Wild in and aroundsidewalnut,and figswereseen. Patchesofmacchiaoccur,particularly pear,mulberry, remas. A motortrackrunsall theway along the ridge,leavingtheTripolishighway1 kmbelowVoutiánoi and reachingtheEvrotasat Geladari(cf.H45),notfarfromtheearlierR (?) bridge(H46)and some0.4 kmdownstream fromtheKopána bridge(E89). e93 (Lykóvouno) (cl/hl/r/byz) (07081977)488 m (rt22% E); S2a. Undatedstone-lined cist.No finds. (m-lr) E94 (BakáliSkala) 3.71 ± 6 (06561938)354 m (rs5% w); 0.01 ha. Density. (max.19,cont.0.42); S2C. PT(icj): R 52a, 631;+ 8 upsh,8 upt. Small,level,naturalspurprojectingfrom'V side of ridge. Olives (some inter-ploughing),neglected cereals,grasses. Two stone-packs; clusterof largeboulders.To Ε of these,small scatterof well-preservedmaterial:tile and M-F UP domesticpottery(incl. (incl.floor-tile) cookingware,amphora).

(ar/cl/hlmbyz) E75 (06431879)333 m (rs 16% w); 0.28 ha. Density: 2.65 ± 2 (max.8, cont.0.15);S2D. PT(i8): ArCl 47a; Byz38; + 4 upsh,3 bgt,6 upt. Mid-slope of xw side of ridge. Olives, fruittrees walnut,fig),and garriga.Small mandraon (mulberry, Ν ofsite. Wide, thin scatter,incl. pithos, domestic wares UP roof-tile. (classicalpan, Byz amphora),floor-tile, (Ici)EH1 (mhlr) E76 (06511876)362 m (rt20% N'v);0.02 ha; Sib. PT(86): ArCl 27cm; HI 11b,14a, 18, igbde, 25c, 27-8,31a,34; + 6 bgsh,19 upsh,2 bgt,5 upt. Justbelow crestof ridge,0.1 km upslopefrom1:75.

338 Chapter 24 Olive terraces, not inter-ploughed;garriga. Two modernfarmbuildingsclose together, 150m SE across ridge-crest. Findsin bulldozedsectionsabove and below track. Narrowspreadof plentiful material,incl. F BG table wares, bowls,jugs; household and cooking wares; pithosand tile(incl.BG).

R E56 m 0% o. 10 Sia. ha; 343 (st S); (06541836) PT (22):R 48, 49b,631;+ 15upsh,2 upt. At S end ofspurin schistlandscape.Steep dropson Ε and SWto remas.Oliveson terraces.Springin rema 150 m NW.Severalsmallpiles of stone.Dense scatter of limited extent, domestic wares (incl. pitcher, amphora);roof-tile.

Ε (iii). Three siteson paralleldissectedschistridgeslyingΕ of (ii),and in the smallvalleysbetween them,in thearea betweenBakali Skala and theLangada (see zone F). The sitesare generallynearthe similarto (ii). topoftheridges,on bulldozerterraceswithyoungerand olderolives.Land use otherwise (cl mbyz) E55 2.87 ± 5 (07071893)420 m (st 13% S); 0.08 ha. Density. (max.21,cont.0.30); S2a. PT (5): ArCl 27g,29g;Byzgd, 23; + ι upsh. Roundedspurat end of crestof shortridge,below rockyoutcrop;valley floor80 m ESE, 25 m below. directions. Severalsmallvalleysrundownin different Terraceswitholives,grasses.Small ruinedhut30 m E ofsitecentre. BG open ofwornpottery Small,denseconcentration sherds. shapes;medievalbowlandjug. Fewdiagnostic e54. See E3. (r) E3 Kourkoulia 5.27 ± 4 (07361846)380 m (rs 18% s); 0.09 ha. Density. (max. 15,cont.0.06); Sib. PT (20): R 49a; + 9 upsh,4 upt. Smallbay in mid-slopebelowE54.Rema valley(s'v) 0.1 km SE. Bulldozer terraces; olives, abandoned cereals.Two smallmodernbuildings0.1-0.2 kmN.

Mainlytile;somedomesticpottery. on surface;possible 80 m W, muchbuilding-sfone stone-builtfoundation.Thin scatterof tile (incl. flat and materialin section;possiblewall tile),UP pottery, also. PT(i$): 9 upsh,4 upt.OriginallydesignatedE54, thisseemsbesttakenas partofE3. cj (07251805).Straysherds. E52 Klimatorema 1.97± 3 (06911763)272m (rf18% SE);0.06 ha. Density. cont. S2a. (max.9, 0.30); PT{2): 1 upsh,1 upt. Convex lowerslope of anotherridge,and further s, nextto steep-sidedrema (sw) immediatelybelow site on SE. Olives (terraced) and macchia. Three modern mandras to NWand SE on same slope, all within 0.2 km of site; several more on nearby slopes. Scatterof largestones.Small,dense concentration oftileand a fewwornsherds.

Ε (iv). Two siteson the S, limestonepart of the ridgedescribedunderΕ (i). There are occasional terraceson the lowerslopes,and generallythe ridgeis plantedwitholive-trees (some,on the upper cereal cultivation of has small and (occasionalstubble).Grazingis patches neglected) slopes,seemingly lime-kiln. one disused and at least mandras are several there practised; (lrbyz) E304 1.36 ± 2 (06071931)404 m (rt11% S); 0.03 ha. Density. (max.8, cont.0.50); L2a. PT{2)' R 17;+ bgsh,upsh,bgt,upt. At S end of flattishknoll on ridge-crest.Olives, macchia,old cerealfields.Modernhut50 m SE. Stone-pack;tracesofstonewalls;limestoneoutcrop withpossiblylevelledtop.Dense butrestricted scatter, some pottery(incl.large mainlyof tile(UP roof-tile), and smallUP domesticwares;also M-C crater).

(cl/hl) E305 2.05 ± 3 (06071920)388 m (rt18% S); 0.02 ha. Density. (max. 10,cont.0.50); L2a. PT '(16):4 bgsh,5 upsh,6 bgt,1 upt. Saddle on ridge, 0.1 km S of E304. Olives, cereals. Small scatteroftile(incl.BG) and pottery(incl.MF BG vessels; one MC crater with plastic rim decoration);pithoswithplasticdecoration.

Ε (ν). Three siteson theS, limestonepartoftheridgedescribedunder(ii),whichis narrowand steepsided here.One site(E53) is on ProphítisIlías, a roundedlimestonehill connectedto the end of the Geladári(H45,70 m below)and theEvrotas(0.5 kmSSW). ridgebya saddleand overlooking

Survey site catalogue

339

The upper slopes of the ridge and the hill have littlesoil. The landscape is a mixtureof macchia and stony clearings where garriga predominates; in some of these, crude enclosures and abandoned low terraces are seen. At least three disused lime-kilnswere noted. Owing to the macchia, field-walking coverage was not complete. Isolated findsof obsidian suggestextensiveprehistoricactivity. εητ (06361797).Strayobsidian.CS (1): 6 (med. bl.) = CSTT 12(backedpc). Nl Ott E77 (06081812) 295 m (st13% sw); 0.12ha; L2a. PT(i6): 12upsh,4 upt. CS (38): 3 (flintsec. fl.),4 (13( + 3 flint)tert.fl.),6 (3 + ( 1 flint)prox.bl., 10 ( + 2 flint)med.,1 dist.);CSTT 15(1 ret.). GS 1a (blackstonecelt). Slope belowSWend of narrowlimestonespur,with steep drops on both sides. Old cobbled road runs along spur and down throughsite; remainsof walls eitherside,indicating kalderimi (cf.D97). Thin scatter of material: a little C handmade potterywith a fair amount of obsidian and flint. Thinner downslope. Part of stone axe 150 m downslope. have been near the top Could thecentreoriginally of the slope,on the end of the spur?It seemsso, to mainscatter. judge fromthekidney-shaped Includes e79 (CS (1): 4, tert. fl.; SF 121, silver Turkishcoin),a groupofstrayfindsdownslope0.2 km sherd.Did E77originally extend SW,witha prehistoric ontoridgeabove,perhapsas faras e78 on knoll?Note theproximity ofE48. Alsoe78, straypiece ofblackflint(?) foundwithout

any potteryfurtherSWon a knoll.The presenceof wash downslopeto the NNEmay suggesttherewas once a moresubstantial siteon thesaddle. e78. See E77. (ott) E57 (06061791)260 m (rs8% S); 0.10 ha; L2a. PT($): Byz50; + 1 upsh,1 upt. Moderateslope at S end of ridge,downslopefrom E77,facinghill of ProphitisIlias across rema to SE; shallowrema(w) notfarbelow(50 m s), runninginto Ν partofH45(0.4 kmaway).Neglectedolives. Moderately dense scatter,mainly roof-tilewith someTG pottery, C pithos,otherC wares. e79. See E77. E53 Prophitis Ilias (r Byz) (06021742)288 m (ht0% SW);Lib. R 49b,upsh,1 upt. Pottery: Summitoflimestonehill.Macchia,grazing. Remainsof smallbuilding(Byz chapel),apparently builtof dry-stone masonry.Some tileand UP pottery amid stonetumble;also modernfinds.To NEa cistern of enlargednaturalcavity)withopeningat (consisting level. ground

Ε (vi). Four sites on and below the steep limestone hill of Plakia, overlookingthe Evrótas as it emerges fromitsgorge £.5km NNWof Sparta. The slopes are of limestone,mostlydenuded of soil, with extensive patches of macchia makingfield-walkingdifficultbut offeringgrazing (one large mandra was noted). Despite its agricultural poverty,this was an important area for human activity in the past. The limestonecliffsof the NE side of the gorge have been quarried (E49, E90). An ancient route fromSparta to NW Laconia and Megalopolis, which proceeded out of the city along the right(west) bank of the Evrótas (followedby Pausanias, iii. 20. 8-21. 3), seems to have divided here. One branch turned away from the river on its rightbank to avoid the gorge (cf. the large R water-conduitvisible beside the modern Megalopolis highway); the other turned Ν or NNE up one or other of the valleys (e.g. Bakali Skala) that run up to Sellasia and Voutiánoi. The existence of a fine Ottoman bridge (E89) confirms this, though which valley (or ridge?) was the route Ν from the bridge remains uncertain. A modern trackruns along the ridge Ε of Bakali Skala (cf. (ii) above). (For the modern track throughthe gorge on ^* * * ^-^

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LN1 E48(8o) Plakiá (ill. 24.13) (05741817) 250 m (rt25% SE);c.0.6ha; L2a. PT(i2S): Ν ib, 2a, 3; + 98 upsh. CS (520): 1 (11cores),2 (1 prim,fl.),3 (31 ( + 2 flint) sec. fl.),4 (127( + 2 flint)tert.fl.),5 (13prep,pc), 6 (74 prox. bl., 173med., 27 ( + 1 flint)dist.),7 (20 rejuv.

pc), 8 (debris,29 frags.),9 (2 frags,of scrapers,5 of points);withinthese are distinguishedCSTT 10 (10 points), 11 (16 scrapers), 12 (10 backed pieces), 13 (piercer),14(19 ret.). GS ib (flatcelt),2 (7 polishers), 3 (pounder). E48 occupiessteephillat S end of limestoneridge;

340 Chapter 24

III. 24.13.LowerpartofE48/80,showingmandrain Ε partofsite,to NE.

steepslopesto SE, S, and w, above valleys;sitecentre valleyfloors.Bare limestone 50 m above surrounding landscape, with pockets of thin soil and macchia (sometimesdense);grazing.Mandra in SE of site,on lowerslopes(see ill. 24.13). Incorporates e8o, a relativelydense scatter of obsidian with a thin scatterof pottery.Both have spreaddown fromthe hilltop,sinceboth occur there (incl.some of the best obsidianblades).Also a level, rock-cut (c.io X 5 m) withsteps,on SE slope, platform facingSSWtowardsriver. For results of phosphate sampling (hard to see Chapter22,SP048. interpret) LN1 site with evidence of food preparationand manufactureof stone tools forhunting,agriculture; tablewares,householdand storagepottery. e8i. Group of strayfinds(a littleobsidian and pottery)150m NNEofthemandra.CS (14): prehistoric 3 (2 sec. fl.),4 (3 tert.il.),6 (1 prox.bl.,4 med.,3 dist.), 9 (frag,ofpoint),incl.CSTT 10 (point),11(scraper),15 (1 ret.).SF 116(HI silverdrachma). e82. Two strayfinds(obsidianflake;undiagnostic alongsame slope. sherd)250 m further The presenceof E77 on the ridgeacrossvalleyto the Ε may indicateoriginallarge site (village?),now heavilyeroded. e8o. See E48. e8i. SeeE48. e82. see E48.

Ott E89. Gephyri tou Kopána (ILLS.24.14-15) (05541813)220 m (hf8% sw); 0.01 ha; S4d. At foot of very steep limestone slopes, amid trees,and shrubs. macchia,riverside Ε end of large stone bridge,originallywith five pointedarches,thelargest[c.'o m) spanningtheriver. For detailssee drawings.On the top,well-preserved cobbledroadway.SeveralreusedCl/Hl marbleblocks in the masonry, two with masons' marks; see 3 a- b). Inscriptions Dated 1730 by Loring on basis of inscriptionon centralarch,nowlost(perhapsin river). Gell 226; Blouet ii. 83; Ross 190; Mure 230-1; Curtiusii. 253-4; Vischer370; Welcker205; Loring 42; SAGT w. 3-4, 9-11 (notinga stretchof wallingon outcrop).Loringsaysa levelcutting(c.y neighbouring X 10 m) on theoppositebank is a possiblesiteforthe statue of Aidos (Paus. iii. 20. 11). Furtherrefs.in SAGT. Pritchett {SAGT) wronglydescribesthe river-bank here as 'a precipitouscliff':it is reallya steep earth name as confirms bluffc.5 m high.Local information Kopána (ratherthanKopanos). (cl hi r) E49 (ILLS.24.16-17) (05531819)230 m (hf45% sw); 0.06 ha; L2d. PT{g): 1 upsh,2 bgt,6 upt. Foot of steeplimestonehilladjoiningriver.Mainly macchia. parallelto theriverforc.40 Largequarry,extending m in severalsectionsup to c.io m high. One large rectangular block, almost completely cut away,

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III. 24.16.Plan ofquarryF49 (G. Sanders).

^^^^

Survey site catalogue

343

ILL. 24.17. Quarry L49, to X'V.

attachedto rockshelf.Two workedblocksSWof track N. a fewmetresfurther Presenceof a littleBG tile,togetherwithstyleof block,suggestCl-Hl date. Also, however,later and handmade(prehistoric?) pottery. in slope consisting of About70 m NW,rockcuttings twosteps(L. 1.72,H. 0.30). E89, the Kopana bridge, adjoins site on SE. Anotherquarry,E90, is 0.1 km SE; another,D50, 0.3 kmNW. Leake, TM iii. 14, mentionsthe gorge.Mure 231 SAGT iv. 3-4 comparesthe chisellingwithPentelikos.

Zone F: From the Langáda

(mentiononly). Loring42 brieflymentionspossible 'artificialcutting'in the rockson the Ε side of the gorge. (cl hi r) E90 (05601808)232 m (rf26% S'v);0.05 ha; S4d. Lowestslope of steep limestonespur betweentwo remas,a littlewayfromriver.Macchia. Smallrock-cut feature;no datablefinds. Smalllimestonequarry? See D50,D83,E89,E48,etc.

Eastwards

to Theológos

(sites2, *4 5, *9, io, »13,14,72; 133-40,142-5°. l52) The Langada valleyrunsΕ of Ag. IoánnisTheológosand flowsS to join the Kelephinajust above Kladás. The slopesare dissectedby side-streams flowingbetweennarrowspurs.In the and Voutiánoi between Ν of the end Agios Ioánnis Theológos thereis an Langada upper, a low sherd area with barren backgroundand fewsites.Much of thisis very archaeologically terracedand cultivated(or was cultivateduntilrecently).The bedrockis schist,producing easilyeroded soils; but ancientsitesoccur elsewherewithinthe catchmentarea on similar soils.Possiblytheexplanationofthelackofsitesis to be soughtin thealmostcontinuousinterofolives,figs,and cerealsduringrecentcenturies(impliedbythegreatage ofmany cultivation ofthetrees),combinedwiththerelatively steepslopes. The Langada itself,in termsof major routes,is somethingof dead end, and is accessed throughpathsalong the valleybottomor fromthe villages.The traditionalaccess to Agios IoánnisTheológosis fromVoutiánoi,notdirectfromSparta.

344 Chapter 24 F (i). Seven siteson W side of Langada valley,or on ridge-tops to W,in schistlandscape. immediately The slopeshereare fairlysteep,and todayare terracedand plantedwitholivesand occasionalfruittrees(peaches,walnuts,theoccasionalorchardoffigs).Threshing-floors revealearliercerealcultivation; thereare somemandras. F72 (Lykóvouno) (hl-er r) (07271983) 452 m (rs 15% e); 0.09 ha. Density:3.26 ± 8 (max. 47, cont. 0.41); S2a. PT(ig): R 34b, 48; + 9 upsh, 4 upt. Middle slope of long N-S Lykovouno ridge. Terraces with olives; some inter-ploughing. Two modern buildings nearby (one 120 m NW upslope and along; the other 0.1 km NNE along slope, beyond small rema); two threshing-floorsat top of ridge, 0.2 km away to NWand w respectively. Mainly thin scatter of material with dense concentration at centre; some roof-tile,UP domestic wares (bowl, pitcher). F2 (r) (07361917) 420 m (rt 7% NW);0.12 ha. Density:1.73 ± 2 (max. 9, cont. 0.35); Sib. PT '(17): R 48, 49a; + 9 upsh, 6 upt. Saddle of ridge, furtherS; head of small rema (s) immediately below site on S. Site probably now destroyed by new course of Sparta-Tripolis motor road. Olives, grasses. Thin scatterof domestic pottery(pitchers). (hl r ott) F134 (Direma) (07701870) 360 m (st 19% SE); 0.03 ha. Density:1.63 ± 2 (max. 8, cont. 0.52); S2c. PT (φ): Byz 50; -I-1 bgsh, 34 upsh, 1 bgt, 11 upt. Saddle and knoll of small spur projecting from W side of Langada, opposite confluence with large rema running down from Ag. Ioánnis Theológos. Terraces with olives; garriga, steppe (grass,thistles,etc.). Moderately dense scatter; M-C domestic wares; pithos; BG/UP tile. Site probably in situ in view of contours (though material worn). f4 (07501827). Sherds not in situ(hi, r). *5 (°745I82o). Sherds not in situ(cl/hl/r). fg (07531817). Sherds not in situ(hi?). Fio (r) (07481793) 354 m (rt 0% S); 0.02 ha. Density:7.33 ± 12 (max. 44, cont. 0.26); S2a.

PT (12): R 49b; + 4 upsh, 7 upt. SF34 (lamp, 5th-6th cent. AD). Saddle of narrow ridge W of Langada; another deep rema (s) 150 m W. Young olives (on terraces),macchia. Mandra along slope 0.1 km NW. Small but dense concentration of material, mainly tile (incl. floor-tile); some domestic pottery; pithos. fi3 is c.So m W. fi3 (07401793). See Fio. (hi) ehl F14 (07381770) 350 m (rt21% w); 0.16 ha; Sib. PT(i$): HI nb; + 7 upsh, 7 upt. Convex upper slope of same ridge. Terraces, bulldozing; olives. Small concrete building in SE of site. Remains of wall in bulldozed section. Extended scatter of tile, domestic pottery, table and household wares (lekane, pithos); one main concentration. R F135 (Langáda) (07551750) 298 m (rs 4% SE); 0.06 ha. Density:2.59 ± 3 (max. 13, cont. 0.32); S2a. ΡΤ(φ): R 56, 69; + 21 upsh, 1 bgt, 9 upt. ÄF88, 92 (two clay figurinefrags.). Concave slope of long schist spur overlooking Bulldozer terraces with olives; also Langada. mulberries,pears, cereals, macchia; grazing. Small, moderately dense scatter, incl. F-C UP domestic pottery;pithos; mortar; UP tile. Schist slabs. Two terracottafigurinefragments. (er) F138 (07561678) 268 m (hs 15% SE); 0.04 ha. Density:2.33 ± 3 (max. 13, cont. 0.38); S2d. PT (14): R 4b; + 1 bgsh, 7 upsh, 5 upt. Convex SE slope of hill above bend of Langada. Terraces (some bulldozing) with olives, pears, mulberries; also some ploughed land; macchia, garriga. Modern house and farm buildings further uphill, 0.2 km NWand N. Thin scatter of UP table (dish) and household wares; UP tile,brick.

theΕ side ofthe F (ii) . Five siteson Agrapidiá,a dissectedschisthill2 kmS ofVoutiánoi,overlooking villageof Souli (the Langada. Remas heregenerallyflowS intothe Langada. The desertedigth-cent. ofVoutiánoi)liesnearthehead oftheLangada,somewhatbelowthemodernvillage;itwas predecessor

Survey site catalogue 345 before1900,sinceno laterhouse dateswereseen).A groupof destroyed by an earthquake(apparently siteswas foundon the lowerslopesoppositeSouli, on terracesplantedwitholives,some mulberries, and otherfruit-trees. Patchesofmacchiaoccur,esp. on thesteeperslopes. F133

(Ici)E/MH1

(08082001) 506 m (hs 22% NW); 0.04 ha. Density.2.90 ± 4 (max. 12, cont. 0.19); S2K

PT(25): ArCl 5b, 27q, 36J;HI nb, 18a, 37eg; + 5 bgsh,8 upsh,2 bgt,3 upt. Upper NWslope ofAgrapidia;largerema 150m N. Bulldozer terraceswitholives,mulberries,garriga, macchia. Dense scatter;BG/UP tile;BG tablewares(crater, lekane)and closed vessels;pithos.Sample of plaster (?). Cl EH1 (mhl) F147 Perambélia 4.44 ± (08042018)448 m (hs 25% NE);0.03 ha. Density. 5 (max. 15,cont.0.25);S2d. PT (23): ArCl 27q, 29g, 30h; HI 6a; + 3 bgsh, 5 upsh,6 bgt,3 upt. SteepNWslopeofhill;smallKanália rema(w) on N. Bulldozer terraces with olives, steppe, garriga; grazing;in vicinity,cereals,vines,mulberries,figs, pears, almonds,and cypresses.Deserted hamlet of Souli 150m Ν acrosssmallrema. Dense scatter:BG table wares (open and closed shapes;echinusbowl,hydria);BG and RG tile;pithos. HI F148 (Langáda) 2.56 ± (07701998)439 m (hs 9% NW);0.04 ha. Density. 3 (max. 12,cont.0.37);S2C. PT(i$): HI igd,23d; + 8 upsh,3 upt.

Convexslopeofhill;smallside-rema (nw)50 m NEof site.Modern hut50 m upslope.Ploughedland (some figs,pears; some bulldozing)witholives,mulberries, macchia,garriga,steppe,and deciduoustreesin area. Thinnish scatter: BG closed shapes; household wares;UP tile;mudbrick. (mr) F149 Agrapidia 2.10 ± 2 (07701960)422 m (hs 5% w); 0.03 ha. Density. (max.7, cont.0.40); S2C. PT(25): R 38, 41,48; + 17upsh,5 upt. ConvexSWslope of hill;at NWcornerof site,head of smallrema(w); another,largerrema(SW)passes50 m ESE.Land use as forF148. Moderatelydense scatterof UP householdpottery withUP tileand pithos. (jar,pitchers); F145is 0.3 kmS on same slope. E/MH1 F145 (07801930)360 m (st29% SE);0.03 ha. Density0.77 ± ι (max.5, cont.0.54); S2C. PT (17):HI iob, igd, 25b; + 2 bgsh,7 upsh,1 bgt,2 upt. On steep slope, beside small rema on SW side of hill; remas either side of site run SW. Ploughed terraceswitholives,figs,domesticatedpear; steppe, garriga,macchia. Thin scatterof BG tableware (cup, closed shapes, amphora)withBG tile.

fromAgrapidia.This is an area of narrowridges F (iii). Six siteson Ε side of Langada, downstream with olives and somefruit-trees. terraced and and steep-sided Only thesteepslopesare valleys, planted Some mandrasare dottedabout. uncultivated. . (r)MByz F146 (Direma) (08041875)340 m (rs15% w); 0.10 ha; S2C. PT(54): R 69; Byz ib, 6a, 23, 36b,38, 39a, 40; + 18 upsh,10upt. Beside short,steep rema,joining large tributary remaofLangada 70 m NWofsiteand below.Ploughed terraceswitholivesand grasses. Moderately dense scatter: slipped and incised bowls,jug, amphora,pithos;UP tile. (ar/cl)Hl R F137 (Langáda) (07821798)319 m (rs 13% S); 0.03 ha. Density3.04 ± 4 (max.19,cont.0.17);S2C. PT (21):ArCl 6a; HI nb, 14a; R 30, 48, 62, 67; + 2 bgsh,7 upsh,1 bgt,3 upt. Flattishspuron Ε side of Langada. Terraces(some

bulldozing)witholives,pears, mulberries;also some ploughedland; macchia,garriga.Ruined house and twomandraswithin150m to Ν and NE. Verydense scatter:BG table ware (bowls,jug); R householdand storagepottery; pithos;BG and RG tile. (hl-mr)mr F136 (Langáda)(ILL.24.18) 3.97 ± 7 (07691770)278 m (rf9% NW);0.04 ha. Density. (max.32,cont.0.25); S4C. PT(45): R 16,48, 54, 631;+ 28 upsh,11upt. ÄF27 (lamp,2ndhalf4thcent.AD). Gentlyslopinglowerterraceson Ε side ofLangada, nearvalleybottom.Land use as F137. Dense scatterincl. F table wares (bowl, pitcher); cooking wares; amphora; and UP tile; terracotta lamp.

346 Chapter 24

III. 24.18.SiteΙΊ36,showing oftheLangadavalley bottom landscape (ton).

Hl ER R F140 (Langáda) (07801730)289 m (hs 22% w); 0.01 ha. Density. 2.05 ± 2 (max.9, cont.0.36); S2C. PT (8y):HI 14a, 18b,19e,25a, 33; R 11,19,39, 42, 44b,631,66-7; + 11bgsh,37 upsh,10upt. On vvof narrowtrackzigzaggingdownconvexNW slopeto Langada valleybottom;side-rema(w) 50 m N. witholives,pears,macchia. Ploughedbulldozerterraces Finds mainly in bulldozed section. Moderately densebutveryrestricted scatter:F pottery(bowls,jug, amphora);muchUP pottery(incl.domestic,cooking, and storagewares);and UP tile. HI F142 Keramidia (08041758)329 m (rs 14% SW);0.03 ha. Density: 1.77± 2 (max.8, cont.0.36); S2C.

PT(43): HI 3c, 22; + 1 bgsh,30 upsh,4 bgt,6 upt. Upper slope of ridgeoverlooking Langada; shallow side-rema0.1 km NW.Bulldozerterraceswitholives, mulberries, pears,garriga.Hut at sitecentre. UP tile; pithos;M/F UP table ware (dish,basin); householdwares. F139 M-LByz (07971700)332 m (st6% sw); 0.09 ha. Density: 1.05± 1 (max.3, cont.0.38); S2C. PT(43): Byz ib, 23, 29, 38; + 35 upsh,bgt,3 upt. Concave slope on spur, on Ε side of Langada. Olives (inter-ploughed), withwild and domesticated pear. Thin scatterincl. MF UP householdwares (jug, amphora);slippedbowl;UP tile.

F (iv). Foursitesin dissectedschistlandscapein and aroundthevalleysSSWofAg. IoánnisTheológos (village),whichrun s/ssw to Langada. A ridge-toproad descendsfromTheológos down the main schistridgethatdividesthe Langada fromthe Kelephina.In the upperpartsof the ridgethereare areas of macchia,but muchof theland is stillterracedand cultivated, mainlywitholives.Land use is thisarea. verysimilarthroughout Hl R F144 1.26 ± 2 (08631874)450 m (rs7% w); 0.05 ha. Density: (max. 14,cont.0.50); S2C. PT(47): HI 6b, 14a,28; R 3, 49a, 67, 69; + 21 upsh, 13upt. Spur on convexslope of ridge.Terraces(ploughed) withgrasses. Thinnishscatterof BG table (echinusbowl,jug)

and cookingwares; R domestic(dish)and amphora, withUP tileand brick. F143 (ar/clhl r mr) (08511879)436 m (rs20% NW);0.07 ha. Density: 1.58± 2 (max.6, cont.0.35); S2C. PT(ig): ArCl 29g; HI ub, 12b;R 7, 48; + 2 bgsh,12 upsh,1 upt.

Survey site catalogue 347 Convex lower slope of ridge, below; deep rema (sw) 150 m N. Terraces with olives (inter-ploughed), mulberries,pears, figs; macchia, garriga, steppe, and. deciduous trees. Small scatterof M and MF BG/UP pottery(lekane, crater),with a little F BG; R bowl and pitcher; some household ware and UP tile. Possibly hill-wash from F144?

(hl-er mr) F150 (08241823) 416 m (st 17% SW); 0.12 ha. Density.2.63 ± 4 (max. 24, cont. 0.53); S2C. PT(ig): R 16, 49a, 63e; + 7 upsh, bgt, 7 upt. Crest of steeply-sloping spur on Ε side of deep rema (s), 120 m w and 30 m below; shallow siderema 80 m Ε. Olives, with figs, mulberries, and

Zone G: Slopes

pears; macchia, garriga. Mandra on S side of site. Dense scatter,mainly M-C UP pottery;table (bowl) and storage wares (amphora); UP tile. HI F152 (08521771) 381 m (rs 13% SW); 0.02 ha. Density:1.00 ± 2 (max. 7, cont. 0.56); S2d. PT (12): HI 19c, 25e; -I-2 bgsh, 2 upsh, 1 bgt, 5 upt. Convex slope beside head of small rema, cio m below crest of N-S ridge, overlooking same valley as F150. Olive terraces with almonds, mulberries, and wild and domesticated pear in vicinity;also macchia, garriga, steppe. Thin scatter, UP and BG household pottery; also pithos sherds (one base from furtherdownslope also), UP tile.

above R. Kelephina

(Central

Part)

(sites154-9,*i6o, 161-6,182;238,252,254,256; 522; 4004) schisticslopeoftheKelephinavalley,froma pointΕ Zone G consistsofthemassive,Ε-facing, of KalyviaTheológou(belowDouphekiáhill)to theconfluencewithSophróniRema, where the KelephinaturnsSW.In the Ν the rivercuts throughsteepcliffsand is impassable.The majorridge(ofwhichzone G is theΕ side)extendingfromKalyviaTheológouto Ag. Ioánnis has twosummits(766 m, 662 m). The slope is widestin the Ν (ι kmwide,400 m high)and smallestin theS (0.7 kmwide,220 m high).It is somewhatless steepat thetop,butdescends rapidlyto the river(500-400 m in altitude).Most of the sitesare in the bottom120 m. The slopeoppositeis steeperand moreovergrown. poor,unstable,schisticsoils,it is intensively Althoughthe land is steepand has relatively with olives and scattered almostexclusively cultivated n). figsand pears(unlikezone C further channels(fedbythe wellwatered,withspringson theschistand withirrigation It is relatively river)in the valley bottom.Many of the numerousside-remasare choked withtangled vegetation. Tracksrun along the ridgeand penetrateto otherpartsof the area, whichis also crisscrossedbypaths.The old trackfromAg. IoánnisTheológosto VasaráscrossedtheKelephina at Ag.Nikolaos(G182). theupperpartoftheridge, G (i). SixsitesintheΝpartofthelongslope.(Perhaps given surprisingly, no of ancient The middleand lower overto pastureand somecultivation, habitation.) yielded signs witholivesup to£.600mabovesea level;abovethatheight almonds are andplanted slopesareterraced werenoted.Nearthesprings, smallvegetable morecommon.Somevinesand occasionalfruit-trees plotswerefound. E/MH1 G164 (ill. 24.19) (09672167) 680 m (rs 22% E); 0.07 ha. Density:5.79 ± 5 (max. 19, cont. 0.06); S20I. PT (58): HI 18a, 19e, 20, 250c; + 4 bgsh, 32 upsh, 1 bgt, 12 upt. At top of slope; steep rema 70 m NE. Terraces with

vines and cereals; also almonds, steppe. Modern hut 120 m downslope; another 120 m N. Dense scatter: pottery mainly M (UP/BG) domestic ware (jugs and jars); some F ware; BG/UP tile.

348 Chapter24

vinecultivation. III. 24.19.SiteG164,showing (cl) MR R G163 3.77 ± 4 (09562155)688 m (rs 14% E); 0.04 ha. Density. S2a. cont. 0.21); (max. 14, FT (19):ArCl 27η,35d,47a; R 7, 49a, 66-7, 69; + 3 upsh,1 bgt,2 upt. GS 7 ('pot-lid'). Near Ν end offlattish spur(or naturalterrace?),150 m SWof G164; head of steep rema (se) is just below site. Olive terraces(ploughed)withalmonds,vines, cereals,and some macchia.Two hutsnearby:one 0.1 km SSE and the other150 m E downslope;threshingfloor0.1 kmSWat theotherend ofthespur. Scatterof mainlyM UP tableand domesticwares; BG bodysherds;C tile(someBG). Hl-MR R G165 2.89 ± 2 (09752130)598 m (rs11%SE);0.02 ha. Density: (max. 10,cont.0.14);S2d. FT (53):R 48-9, 52b,54, 63ÍJ;+ 23 upsh,5 upt. Convex smallspurbelow G163;steeprema (se) 80 m SW.Olive terraces(quitehighforolive cultivation) with cereals; also almonds, mulberries, figs, vegetables.Hut and cistern150 m NNEalong slope; cistern150m ENEalongand downslope. Scatter of UP pottery(mainly M fabric); some domesticpottery(pitcher,cooking pot), amphora, pithos;also UP tile. seeChapter22,SP165. ofphosphate Forresults sampling G166 (r) (10452130)391m (hs21% e); 0.07 ha; S2d. FT (28): R 66; + 20 upsh,5 bgt,1 upt. Concave footslope near R. Kelephina; small rema 30 m NE. Olives and vines,with steppe,figs,

oranges(in valleybottom). Several dense concentrationsof C-F UP pottery (inchdomesticshapes);pithos;BG and UP tile. G182 Agios Nikólaos (ILLS.24.20-1) MByz-Ott 394 m (st11%SE);0.35 ha; S2d. (10182101) PT (34): Byz ge, 26, 38, 39a, 40, 44, 50; 4-8 upsh,1 bgt,10upt. Narrow,steep,schistspurbetweensmallremasin lowerpart of slope, near river.Olive terraces;citrus and irrigated vegetablesin valleybottom. ofa cross-in-square The siteis a monastery, consisting churchof Ag. Nikolaos(stillmaintainedand in use), withtracesof variousruinedbuildings(somestanding 2-3 m high)withina massiveenclosurewall (partly and probablestorerooms preserved).A spring-house below the church. the latterevidently wereidentified, Thereare signsthatotherbuildings, probablyincluding monks'cells,abuttedthe enclosurewall. A towermay havestoodon theΕ sideofthesite.Stonerubbleoverlay thewholesite,whichcouldnotbe adequatelysherded. complex.The churchappearsto be Byz monastery i7th-cent. G162 (hi)M-LByz (10232083)367 m (st20% Ε); O.O2ha; S2d. PT (16): Hl ia, 14a; Byz 23, 29, 38, 40-1, 48; + 3 upsh,4 upt. Convex footslopeof small spur below G182 and S fromit. Olive and cereal terraces;some macchia. and mandraacrossrema0.1 kmN. Threshing-floor Hard to sample owingto dense vegetation.Small scatter of UP, mainly MF pottery (jug, basin, amphoras);also pithos,BG plateandjug, and C tile.

Survey site catalogue 349

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350 Chapter 24

III. 24.21.AgiosNikolaos(G182):thechurch,to e.

G (ii). Seven sitesin thecentralstretchof thelong hillside.Althoughcut at regularintervals by sideremas,mostof the greatslope is cultivatedand terraced.The hilltop(withG154)is largelyneglected erosion.The steepestslopes are sometimesof bare rock,whereas and overgrown, and has suffered densevegetation clogsup theremas. EH G154 1.00 ± 1 (09052005)666 m (ht6% w); 0.04 ha. Density. (max.6, cont.0.48); Sib. PT (23): EH 25e; + 4 red slip,4 bgsh,9 upsh,1 bgt, 3 upt;(LS 10170)EH ic, 5a, na, 12cm,27a, 28ab; + 6 upsh,11upt. At top of slope,just below flattish top of largehill withwide viewsoverlooking Ag. Ioánnis Theológos. Cereal terraces (ploughed), with prickly pear, macchia, garriga,and steppe. Most of the hill was overgrown,and it was difficultto make a realistic assessment ofsitesize. Thin scatter,(a) On-site:some BG sherds,UP tile, and C ware,(b)Downslopeto N: and also EH Urfirnis largescatter,mainlyof EH F wares(incl.bowlswith inturnedrims,pedestalbases, basins,plain-rimmed bowls,and pithoi),butwitha littlelatertileand brick. No obsidian. EH II site.

Cl Hl G159 Goumatorémata 1.70± (09602025)512 m (rs 15% NE);0.06 ha. Density: 2 (max.7, cont.0.34); S2C. PT (6g): ArCl 5b, 27k,46, 56k, 57r; Hl ia, 9, ub, 19a, 25e,34; -I-2 bgsh,40 upsh,1 bgt,13upt. Site 0.6 km ENEand downslopefromG154;steepsidedrema(ε) ο. ι kmΝ ofsite.Ploughedoliveterraces (someabandoned),withsteppe,cereals,almonds,figs, vines,and mulberries;some macchia and garrigain area. Lime-kiln0.1 kmw; ruinedhouse and mandra 0.1 km SE.

withplentyof BG/UP F wares Fairlydensescatter, (incl.plate,bowl,crater,cookingand C wares,pithos) and UP tile. R G161 7.38 ± 7 (10102030)366 m (rs15% SE);0.03 ha. Density: (max.32, cont.0.0); S2C. PT (18):R 40b,48, 49ab, 631;+ 11upsh,1 upt.

Survey site catalogue Convex slope of small spur at foot of slope; steep drops to E, S; deep rema on S. Mixture of ploughed, abandoned, and bulldozed land with olives; also pears, almonds. Two mandras nearby to Ν and W. Dense concentration of M-C UP domestic pottery (incl. jars, pitchers,amphora); brick (disc-shaped); UP tile. Tile and brickplentiful. gi6o (10112002). Small scatter.

(cl ehl r)

(r) G158 (09801996) 425 m (rs 19% E); 0.03 ha. Density:1.22 ± 1 (max. 4, cont. 0.35); S2C. PT(<33): R 49b, 631; + 26 upsh, 4 upt. Mid-levels of slope. Modern building below (see G157); ruined hut 0.1 km upslope. Thinnish scatter of M and F UP pottery, with amphora, mortar, and UP and RG tile. (Stray Myc sherd 130 m λ'',ES 10179.) LAr/ECl E/MH1 (r) G157 (09771987) 428 m (rs 28% E); 0.04 ha. Density:1.58 ± 2 (max. 8, cont. 0.50); S2C. PT(75): ArCl 2c, 6b, 13h, 29g, 38J,561; Hl 9a, 14a, 18a, i9d, 34, 37ab; R 69; + 8 bgsh, 38 upsh, 5 bgt, 2 upt. Mid-levels of slope. Ploughed olive terraces with mulberries,macchia, and deciduous trees; also some cereals, garriga,and steppe. Spring and well 0.1 km SSE along contours;ruined building0.2 km downslope. Aloderately dense scatter of F and M UP/BG

351

pottery (incl. craters, lekanai, bowls, jugs, cooking wares, pithos) and UP/BG tile. R G155 (09641947) 480 m (rs 22% E); 0.05 ha. Density.2.55 ± 3 (max. 11,cont. 0.23); S2C. PT (20): R 49b, 58, 62, 66-7, 69; + 2 bgsh, 4 upsh. Mid-levels of slope; head of small, steep side-rema (κ) to Ν of site. Olive and cereal terraceswith almonds, figs,mulberries,and deciduous trees. Moderately dense scatter, mainly M UP pottery with some M BG; R pitcher,pithos, grooved pottery, UP tile. Pithos and tile are most abundant types.

G156 Ágios Ioánnis Pródromos

LByz Ott

(09941967) 350 m (rs 8% E); 0.27 ha; S2d. PT{') (4): Byz 44, 48; + 1 upt. (B) (32): Byz ib, 2, 9a, 44; + 22 upsh, 4 upt, 3 glazed tile,(c) 18: Byz 9e, 44; + 3 glazed sherds,4 upsh, 4 upt. Slope measured on flattishterrace of area Β. 0.4 km NE an downslope from G155, in lower part of slope; small rema flowssteeplyE throughsite. Olive Terraces (some bulldozing) with macchia, garriga. Recent chapel on S side of rema, together with bulldozed remains of its apparent predecessor (area A); N of rema, bulldozed ruin of a building (area B), with more walls above it. Scatters of ceramic material incl. slip- and glaze-painted, monochrome bowls, glazed amphora and pithos; and UP tile. Sample of vitrified(?) clay. Byz and Ott hamlet with ruined chapel. Cf. G238.

G (iü). Four sites in the S part of the great hillside (which continues furtherW, bending round above the lower Kelephina below Ag. Georgios hill). Land use similar to G (ii), though in parts at least the olives are not inter-planted. (r) G256 (09691893) 428 m (rs 18% SE); 0.09 ha; S2d. PT '(22): 11 upsh, 11 upt. Mid-slope of ridge; large rema 70 m s. Terraces with old cereals and steppe. Close to a fork in the track leading down the hillside, and below an overgrownorchard in a triangularenclosure. Alaterial revealed only in terrace sections (probably erosion deposits). Exact location of original site hidden in undergrowth. G4004 Mavrila (c.1020 1890). Ruined churchon Ε side of Kelephina valley, at footofslope oppositeG256. Noted by the Survey. hl-mr R G252 (10151846) 302 m (rf22% E);
SF 2$ (lamp, 3rd^4th cent.). On footslope. Olive terraces above site, walnuts below. Water-millat slope-foot,0.1 km S (G522); waterchannel 20 m E. Site revealed in bulldozed track section; wall in profile; deposit of 3.10 m over the old ground surface; no surface scatter; destruction level visible. Bowl, red-glaze ware, cooking wares, amphora. Terracotta lamp. MByz G254 (10261797) 292 m (rf22% e);
352 Chapter24 MByz Ott Mod G522 (ILL.24.22) (10271786)276m (hf28% SE);S2<± PT{$): Byz39a, 40. Steepfootslope0.1 kms ofG254;riveris 30 m SE of site.Water-channel adjoinssiteon SE. Citrus,steppe; also in vicinity are maize, olives, walnuts, beehives. pomegranates, Byz-Ottwatermill.The mill-houseconsistsof two sectionsseton a terracecut intotheslope.The upper section,enteredthrougha dooron theSE side,had an outerroom£.11.5X 8.2 m, withstepsleadingup from the x'v corner to an inner chamber c.7.5 X 5.5 m witha fireplaceand wall nichesand litby a furnished

Zone H: Evrótas

Plain

lies at a lowerlevel,so thatits window.The mill-room roofformsa terraceadjacentto theinnerchamberand thefloorof thechamberitself.It, too,is enteredfrom the SE, througha door whosewoodenlintelis stillin measuresc.22X 6.5 m; itsback position.The mill-room wall is taken up by a long stone bench and the is forthetwomills;one setofmillstones emplacements two was directedthrough stillin position.The mill-race belowthefloor conduitsconstructed low,barrel-vaulted of themill-room. Here paddleswouldhave turnedthe above. spindlewhichwas connectedto themill-stones The site is probablyLeake's 'Kalogerikos Milos' (TM 11.520-1).

(Geladári

to Kladás)

(sites11-12,*i6, 17-22,24-36,*37,38-40, *42,45-7,51,60, *6i-2, *64-6) Downstreamfromitsgorgethe EvrotasrunsgenerallySSE,keepingclose to the Ε side of the and a plain. Betweenthe riverand the hillsto the Ε lies a regionof low Neogene foothills On side of the river these the our near-level area lower, glacis 'glacis'. (typicalslope 3-5%) formations begin at Geladari (see H45),wideningto £.1.5km aroundthe villageof Kladás. Zone Η represents theNWpartoftheglacis. meregullies1-2 m wide,withwaterin The area is drainedbysmallwatercourses, typically SW flow and themonlyafterrain;theygenerally peterout beforemeetingthe Evrotas.The in Ν riveris perennial; the it is oftenseveralmetresdeep and up to £.5m wide,whilefurther and oftendividedintoseparaterivulets.Its courseis itsbed is shallow,gravelly, downstream markedbya lineoftalltrees(poplars,willows,alder,etc.). The traditional routefromSpartato W. Arkadiaran up theright(west)bankoftheriverto the Ottomanbridgeat Gephyritou Kopána (E89). However,remainsof an older,probably ofthezone. This was perhapsthecrossingRomanbridge(H46)werefoundat theΝ extremity to Sellasia. pointoftheriverfortravellers The nameKladás is thatofa Byzantinelandowner, accordingto Doukas 565. a largebendofthe Η (i). Foursiteson gently slopingfieldsat theNWendoftheglacis,occupying hillto theNE.Theycomprise the and on thelowerslopesofProphitis Ilias,thelimestone Evrotas, to These appearto be referred vicinity. majorsiteof Geladari(H45)and othersin itsimmediate ancient who Cl and other ii. no. and Waterhouse 1), report Hope Simpson(PL 82, collectively by locate and tentatively overa wideareaWofTripolis road,Ν and NWofmainEvrotasbridge, pottery Thornaxhere(seeH45below). oftenon broad, someveryoldtrees), The lowlands arealmostwholly givenoverto olives(including rather thanfor to areinter-ploughed, The olive-trees lowterraces. healthy growth apparently promote is river. The area in near the are being increasingly systems place,particularly Irrigation inter-cropping. whereflocks arekept. mandras someofwhichsurround enclosures, givenovertofenced and the ofmanuring is consistently The sherdbackground high,deriving perhapsfromcenturies were detected. marked concentrations out of old sites. Nevertheless, many ploughing theupperpartofGeladaritothegorge(seezoneE). A motor trackleadsNNW through

Survey site catalogue 353

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Survey site catalogue

355

H45 Geladári; anc. Thornax? (ILLS.24.23-6) (eh)LH LAr/ClE/MH1 Hl ER MR LR Ott? (05891716) 220 m (pi 5% S'v); c.6 ha; 84b. Density:6.50 ± 1 (max. 8, cont. 0.0); (5) 4.10 ± 4 (max. 15, cont. 0.20); (7) 6.22 ± 5 (max. 20, cont. 0.15); (8) 3.05 ± 2 (max. 10, cont. 0.15). Incorporatesh6i. PT. The site when treated was divided into areas Α-I and features1-15; these have now been bundled into groups as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii)

(xiii) (xiv) (xv)

H45.1 (21): Myc; 4- 6 upsh, 15 upt. H45.4 (9): 1 upsh, 2 bgt, 6 upt. H45.5 (49): ArCl 36a, 38J;HI 14b, igde, 22, 25ae, 34, 37J; R 69; + 20 upsh, 6 bgt, 8 upt. H45.8 3: 2 upsh, 1 upt. H45 D (36): HI 23, 25b, 37e; R 33, 49a, 63f; + 20 upsh, 1 bgt, 2 upt. H45.10 (38): HI 34, 35b, 36b; R 41, 49a; + 25 upsh, 4 bgt, 2 upt. H45.7 (55): MH igd, 21; ArCl 28a; HI 6a, igd, 21; R 7-8, 46, 631,69; + 30 upsh, 3 bgt, 11 upt. H45.13 (11): R 2, 45, 55, 67; + 2 upsh, 1 bgt, 4 upt. H45.9 (29): HI 14b, igd; R 38; + 1 bgsh, 19 upsh, 3 bgt, 3 upt. H45 I (25): ArCl 29g; + 1 bgsh, 21 upsh, 2 bgt. H45 C (22): Myc; HI 6b, 14a, igd, 25ce, 30, 34, 35b; R 15; -I-10 upsh, 2 bgt, 3 upt. III. 24.24.Site H45Gcladari:rock-cuttings (to n). H45 A, H45.11,H45.12 (75): ArCl ioc, 28a, 29g; HI ib, nd, + R 5 21b, 45 upsh, 20, 48, 63; 25ae; igd, 14b, bgt, 3 upt. H45 H (3): 3 upsh. H45.15; + h6i (21): Hl 3c, 14a, ige, 37a; + 1 bgsh, 11 upsh, 2 bgt, 3 upt. H45.14: HI ic, 3c, g, 10b, 13, 14b, igd, 20, 2g, 34, 37a.

SF56 (Myc clay female figurinefrag.),gi (frag,of clay female mask?).

Extensive, gentlyslopingfieldsbesideEvrotas.Olives,grasses,grazing;someploughing. ofvisibility, muchofthelow groundwithina largeloop oftheriver.Difficulties Site' occupying 'Large to record.Many areas of sherd due to the lush vegetationin some areas, made it especiallydifficult

III. 24.25.Site H45Geladari:standingbuilding.

356 Chapter 24

III. 24.26.Site H45Geladari:columns.(Ruler= c. 33 cm.)

at the timeswhenthe sitewas visitedas of the true are as mucha recordof cultivation concentration stonepiles,stone offindsincluding concentration is a cover. There of sherd extent foundations, particular ofcolumndrumsin an area ofabout2 ha around05851725,and closeto thetrack blocksand fragments H45.6. But the sherd runningSE-NWacrossthe site.Also in thisarea is the ruinedByz/Ottstructure scatterextends200-300m Wofthis,as wellas Ε ofthetrack,witha scatteroffindsup ontothehillslope thatboundsthesiteon theE. At theΝ end ofthesiteare theremainsofa largesquarestructure, possibly a chani(H45.1),whilerock-cuttings (H45.3;ILL.24.24),possiblyancient,werefoundsome50 m Ε ofit. SEPARATEFEATURES AND FINDS (i) At Ν end of site,Ott (?) chani (H45.1;see plan) and well (H45.2).Byz-Ott(?) roof-and floor-tile, No pottery. (H47,cobbledroadway,is 0.1 kmNE.)Not farWof perhapsreusedfromearlierstructure(s). and of scatter HI, Hl/R, chani,strong Byz potteryand tile (LS 12112). Possiblyrelatedto theseare features (ii)-(iv). its (ii)Not farS ofchani,anotherceramicscatter:mainlytile(muchBG), also R (?) tile(incl.floor-tile); a rectangular datesare Cl-R (?) and Ott.H45.3,in lowerlimestone feature, slopeΕ ofchani,is a rock-cut chamber(?)withtwostepsup intoit(ILL.24.24);someR, Byz,Ott(?)pottery; pithossherds. HI BG table sherds of A concentration further basin, cooking-wares, wares, jugs, including (iii) pithos,R sherds,and BG and UP tile. (iv)A stonescattersome80 m due S produceda fewsherds. ofpotterywithBG wares, S, and close to theW edge of thesite,was a concentration (v) Stillfurther HI table-wares, mortarand pithos,R bowland amphora. structure ofa rectangular (H45.10)and (vi)FurtherΕ and closerto thecoreofthesite,thefoundations andjars. a rock-pile wereaccompaniedbyHI and R jugs,pitchers, (vii)Some of the sparseand scatteredMH-LH potterywas foundclose to the centreof the main concentration, togetherwithCl and HI BG table wares(echinusbowl,lekane)and R bowls,pitcher, blockswerefoundnearby;adjacentto the ofwalling(H45.7).Architectural and pithosclose to a stretch of stone-and-tile built ILL. tracka rectangularstructure(H45.6; masonryset in cement,is 24.25), a or Ott construction. evidently Byz and architectural mouldingswere (viii)Foundations(H45.13),blocksand flutedcolumnfragments,

Survey site catalogue

357

somewhatto theS. The columnswere associatedwithmainlyR pottery(bowl,pitcher, cooking-wares), was notednearby. plastered(ILL.24.26);one was painted.Lapislacedaemonius (ix) To the S of (viii)werethe remainsof a ruinedbuilding(H45.9)withmortaredwalls.There was muchtileand potteryin the vicinity, thoughonlya littlewas collected.Referencesto combedwares and broadstraphandlesindicateByzoccupation;Hl-R jugs andjars,withUP and BG tile. was (χ) Ε of thetrackwhichbisectsthe site,the densityof sherdsseemsto decline,thoughvisibility poor (H45I). SherdsincludedCl BG, BG tile. (xi) This SWpart of the site showedsignsof siltingand riverpebbles,and the sherdscatterwas and A reasonableselectionof (especially)HI potteryincludedbowls,jugs,jars, cooking-wares, thinner. an amphora. (xii)Anotherpile of stones(H45.11),fromwhichwas recovereda workedmarbleblock(Architecture thispartofthe ofterrace(?) wallingtraversed and Sculpture,1), layΕ of(xi)and S of(ix).A longstretch sitefromNWto SE. The potteryincludedCl and HI tablewares(plate,lekane,jugs,jars) and R pitcher and amphorasherds. (xiii)A thinnerscatterofsherdscontinuedto theS ofa trackrunningΕ-W,and reachedas faras the bushesand treeswhichforma densegrowthon theEvrotasbank. (xiv)On thewesternconfinesofthesite,Wof(ii) and (iii),was anotherarea ofdensesherd,originally indicatesettlementdebris; treatedas a separatesite (h6i). Pithossherds,tile,and building-stones HI and dishes wares BG table were the sherds jugs. including among scattercontinuedfurtherΝ towards(i), and again mainlyHI potterywas (xv) This westernmost bowls or cups,ring-footed or collected(plates dishes, vases,jugs orjars) and cooking-wares. findsare in theupper There appearsto be a large,late complexin the SE of the site.The prehistoric findsare possiblyrepresented central(e) part,whiletheearlierhistorical mostlyacrossthemiddleofthe site.Geladariis possiblyThornax (see Hdt. i. 69; Xen. Hell.vi. 5. 27; Steph.Byz. s.v.;and esp. Paus, iii. 10. 8- 11.1,a place witha sanctuaryofApollo Pythaeus (Πυθαεύς) betweenSellasia and Sparta. The ref.in Strab.viii.5. 3. 364 is a conjecture:some MSS read κατά τον [ . . 4 . . ] κα, restoredby 0 (Loeb Classical Meinekeas κατά τον <Θόρνα>κα: see e.g. Η. L.Jones (trans.),TheGeography ofStrab Texts;Cambridge,Mass., 1927),iv.128n. 2; aliialia. Cf. also H51 below. See also AR 30 (1983-4),28. to zone H i). PL i. 82, no. 1,locateThornaxin thisgeneralarea (see introduction See H45. h6i (05721752). Ott Ilías) H47 (Geladári/Prophitis 230 m (fh8% NW);L2a. (05771755) PT(2):Hli9f;R49a. at end oflimestoneridgebehindH45; On footslopes small rema immediatelybelow site on E. Macchia, grazing. Shortstretchof limestonecobbles,runningc. SSW. visible.Some Only Ε edge preserved.No wheel-ruts laterfinds. Ancientroad? Althoughthe road fromE89 (the w, itmaybe that Kopána bridge)to Sellasialayfurther access to Sellasiafromthe earlierbridge(H46)was by N. thenarrowrivergorgefurther thisroadway, avoiding Cl HI H60 (05811762)242 m (rs13% S); 0.07 ha; L2a. FT (13):ArCl 3, 29g; HI 25e,27,30; + 3 upsh,1 bgt, 7upt. Mid-slopeof same ridge,0.1 km SSWof H47; rema

running into H45 is 30 m SE. Neglected olives; macchia,garriga. Small, dense scatterof ratherworn material in incl. BG, RG, but also UP; pottery clearing;roof-tile and cooking-vessel. incl.BG craterand UP kantharos, Largelimestoneblock,partlyburied. E58 is near. R? H46 (ILL.24.27) (05571767)212m (pi 32% NW),0.01 ha; L2a. On 1. bank of R. Evrotas,1 kmbelow itsexitfrom the gorge, where it is about 8-10 m wide and surroundedby tall riversidevegetationincl.brambles and plane-trees. Ruined bridge, originally of three 'horseshoe' arches; remains are on leftbank of Evrotas. Two on the isolatedpiersofmasonryhad been constructed bank: the smallerrestson the bedrock; the larger, on the foundation closerto the river,was constructed The bridgewas about 4.5 of a largerstoneplatform. sectionsthe river m wide.Judgingfromthe surviving

358 Chapter 24 SE

NW

Central Arch W°

River

sS

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5 I Metres

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Pier

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Romanbridge D. Taylor). III. 24.27.SiteH46:probable (G.Shipley, was spannedby horseshoearches.The smallerarch, betweenthetwopiers,measuredsome3 m across;the riveris 6-8 m widehere,and we assumeitsstreamwas bridgedby a singlespan.The masonryis of stoneand and is coatedwitha strongthickplasterwhich concrete, or woodenshuttering. showstracesof eithertrowelling Largechunksofmasonrylie at thebottomoftheriver, one is c.3 m long.On one of them c.5 m downstream; c.1.5 m apart.No ceramic wheel-ruts couldbe discerned

tileintherubblefill. finds;someundiagnostic This was evidentlya predecessorof the Kopana bridge(E89),and has been takenforRoman. Opposite H46 is said to be the possible rock-cut thatcarriedtheimageofAlDOS(Paus.iii. 20. platform 11).Loringwas uncertainas betweena R and a Med date. SAGT iv. 9, citingLoring42; Armstrong, Pritchett, Cavanagh,and Shipley1992.

H (ii). FifteensitesSE of the complexat Geladari(see i), in the nextpartof thegentlyslopingglacis oftheschisticridgesbehindtheplain,and in themouthsofthedeep landscape;also on thefootslopes remavalleysbetweenthem. area of recentalluviumnextto the Evrotas,whichis used for There are no siteson a lower-lying oranges. Here visibilitywas limited and field-walkinghampered by the dense undergrowth; was verylow. itwas clearthatthesherdbackground nevertheless, Otherwiseland use and sherdbackgroundare as describedundersubzone (i). Motor tracksgive windsNWto subzone(i) and thenceto theEvrotasgorge. accessto thefields;one,closeto theriver,

Survey site catalogue lnl/eh(cl)MByz(ott) H51 (Klimatórema) (06701710) 250 m (hf 20% sw); 0.61 ha; S2a. I142. Incorporates PT (48): ArCl 12e,36f,50b; Byzge, 17,32, 44, 46; + 6 bgsh,3 glazedsherds,14upsh,2 bgt,ι upt. CS (ι): 4 (tert.fl.). Partlyconcave,partlyconvexslopeat Wend oflong ridge;steepdrop on w to valley(sw). Altitudeabove glacisslopeis c.25m. Terraceswitholives,grasses. Bulldozedconvexhilltop;originalsite centremay on rema have been there.Modern pumping-station bankat NWcornerofsite. Wide, sometimesdense scatterof tile and pottery, extending a long way downslope; some pithos. WorkedstoneblocksS ofnotionalsitecentre.Piece of LN1/EH (?) obsidian;smallpiece of sheetbronze.A fewclassicalsherds(handle,base,C bowl);and mainly Turko-Venetian material, though the combed amphoraindicatesByzoccupation. Byz/Otthamlet? A candidateforthe siteidentified byJochmus(45) with the temple of Apollo at Thornax. He saw be ruinedhouses at Kourti,whichmighttentatively identifiedwithH40 (below); but he apparentlysaw ancientspolia,ofwhichthereis no signthere,so it is likelierthatH51(above)is hissite. See furtherArmstrong,Cavanagh, and Shipley 1992;H45(above);H40 (below). I142 (06581715).See H51(above). Straysmallfind. I165(06551715). h66 (06551715).Straysmallfind. I164 (06451705).Straysmallfind(SF94). LAr/ECl R MByz H29 (Klimatórema) 3.18 ± (06381692)224 m (fh9% nw); 0.08 ha. Density: 3 (max.11,cont.0.18);S4D. FT (29): ArCl i6f,24, 271,29g,36Ç 47a, 57q; R 36a, 48, 62,63g,69; Byz38, 39a,41; + 1bgsh,5 upsh,1 upt. Below natural terracein glacis landscape; small rema(w) adjoinssiteon N. Olives,cereals. Partofsiteis in bulldozedfield.Thinnishscatterof wornmaterial:tile (incl. floor-tile), pottery(Ar/Cl F wares:mug,lekanis,bases; and domesticwares:loophandledpan, pithos;R bowl, pitcher,and amphora sherds;and Byzincisedamphora)and flatbrick(R?). LAr Cl MByz-Ott H40 (Geladari/Kourti) (06321708) 234 m (fh 6% SE); 1.41 ha; 84b. (Size estimatedfromnotebookand maps; w and NWlimits in 1983owingto fencedenclosure.) notdetermined .PT(56): ArCl ua, 13h,22c,27c,29cg,31a,35b; Byz 9e, 23,38, 39a, 40; + 5 bgsh,12upsh,11bgt,2 upt.

359

Top and sides of wide, low spur in upper glacis pears. landscape;rema(w) 0.1 kmS. Prickly Foundationsand lowercoursesoflong,five-roomed building(c.41.0X 5.6 m) standon browof hill,facing SE. Irregularfour-sidedenclosurenear NE end, with tracesof otherwalls amid macchia.Potteryfoundin walls, and general character of masonry,suggest recentdate. all over Also dense scatterof potteryand roof-tile hilltop,incl. LAr/Cl BG pottery(table wares,dish, closedshapes,neck-handled amphora;Byz-Ottwares (incl.monochromebowl,jugs, incisedamphora);and C tile.The Cl materialis esp. dense in SWof site(at least 0.25 ha), thoughsome also comes fromthe Ν part (BG tile); the later materialis fromthe Ε part (c.0.75ha). in use until19thcent.The Perhapsa Turkishçiftlik situationseems a primeagriculturalone, withgood arableland around. ForJochmus'sruined houses at Kourti, see H51 above. EC1 LCI H31 Vrachnoún (06141675)214m (fh5% SW);0.44 ha; 84b. PT (67): ArCl 3-4, 5b, 16c, 17a, 26a, 27ck,2gbg, 36bdf,38h],40, 43k,48b, 52bc, 56h, 57c; + 1 greenglazedsherd,3 bgsh,4 upsh,2 bgt,upt. SF 1 (terracottavoussoir),46 (loom-weight B3),78 frag.),112(ironbutton). (votiveterracotta GS 6a (saddlequern). Natural terrace in lower glacis landscape near Evrotas;small rema valley(sw) 75 m NWof area A. Track runsNWbetweensite and river.Olives,young citrus;ploughed. Modern farmbuildingwithsmall outhouseadjoins site on NE (dense scatterof recent materialaroundthese). For resultsof phosphatesamplingand geophysical surveysee Chapter22, SP031. of freshly concentration dug Verydense,restricted and F wares(incl.a near-complete roof-tile early4thcent. BC column-crater;mug,skyphos,jugs or jars, lekythosor juglet; kitchenwares are basin, dish, chytra, pithos).Wide butpatchyscatteroffindsto SW, SE. and S, Xen. Hell. vi. 5. 27: in 370/69 BC the Thebans, invadingfromthe directionof Sellasia,loot and burn housesfullof valuable goods on the leftbank of the Eurotas(butpossiblyfurther S, oppositeSparta). I137 (06051664). Probably a natural feature(some sherdstakenfromsection). R H22 S2b. m 2% ha; (06691700)249 (fh s); 0.05 Fr(3):R4gb. Shallow spur below schisticridge.Olives, grasses.

360 Chapter24 Modern farmbuilding(withwell) 0.1 km E; another on S edge ofsite. acrosssmallrema120m SE;lime-kiln Small groupof groovedpottery, includingpitcher, and tile. H2I Lithrypha M-LByz (06601696)241m (fh4% SW);0.05 ha; S4C. PT(g): Byz9d, 40-1; + 2 upsh,3 upt. Above saddle of flattishridge in upper glacis landscape,0.1 kmENEofH22.Olives,grasses. Foundationsof walls amid rubblepack, indicating and pottery(incl. apsidalbuilding.Scatteroffloor-tile bowl,amphora,pithos). Late Byz chapelwithassociateddomesticfunctions (possiblehabitation). H28 (Angathólakko) (r) 7.33 ± (06641682)228 m (fh5% SE); 0.04 ha. Density: 10 (max.47,cont.0.15);83a. />T(4):R 69; + 3 upt. ofglassvessel). SF 129(frag, On w side of small rema (SSW)in upper glacis landscape.Olives,macchia,garriga(grazed). Dense scatterof material,mainlytile (incl. rooftile).Rim ofglassvessel. H2O Tsakóni/Psorosykiá MByz-Ott (06731680)231m (fh5% SW);0.19 ha; S4C. FT (9): Byz40, 44, 50; + 4 upt. Concave slope on narrow,flatridgein upperglacis landscape(at boundarywithschisticsoils);two small remas(sw,w) meetbelowsite.Olives. Domestic pottery,mainly TG (incl. pithos and amphora). (r) H27 (Angathólakko) (06551666)220 m (fh0% SE);S4b. PT(i). In and beside smallrema (sw) in glacislandscape. Olives,macchia,steppe,garriga(grazed). ofcoursed,unworkedstone Short,narrowstructure (max.H. 0.80) withtilein masonry. or dam. Smallfootbridge (cl hi) H30 2.06 ± 2 (06451670)228 m (fh7% S); 0.18 ha. Density: (max.7, cont.0.29); 84b. PT (5): 2 bgt,3 upt. Middle slope of glacis;smallrema(sw) 0.1 kmESE. Olives,cereals,grazing. Fairlythinscatterofverywornmaterial,mainlytile (incl.BG). H26 (Choúni) (ar/cl) 2.04 ± 2 (06401650)218 m (pi 3% S); 0.10 ha. Density: (max. 10,cont.0.33); 84b.

PT (4): ArCl 36f,42a. Lowerpartof glacislandscape,below H30; shallow rema(SSW)0.1 kmE. Olives,cereals. Stone scatter, suggesting ploughed-out walls. Fairlydense centralconcentration(withhalo) of tile (incl. BG) and pottery(incl. domesticvessels,and mortar). (cl/hl) H35 3.67 ± 3 (06261653)216 m (pi 4% sw); 0.12 ha. Density: (max. 14,cont.0.21);83b. PT(3): 1 bgsh,2 bgt. Lowerslopeofglacislandscape.Olives,cereals. Small but sometimesdense scatterof moderate quality;someBG tileand domesticwares. (r) H36 (Choúni) 4.18 ± 4 (06151653) 210m (pi 3% sw); 0.48 ha. Density: (max.20, cont.0.17);83b. PT(io): R 63J;+ 1 bgsh,6 upsh,2 upt. 67^44(loom-weight Bi). Lower slope in glacislandscape,0.1 kmdownslope fromH35.Olives,cereals. Concentrationof stones (30-60 cm) with dense scatterof tile and F pottery(incl. BG) of different dates.Terracottaloom-weight. (cl hl r) H38 (Angathólakko) 3.11±4 (06251631)208 m (pi 2% SW);0.03 ha. Density: (max. 13,cont.0.26); 83b. FT (3): 3 bgt. Lowestpart of glacis landscape,near R. Evrotas. withcereals, foddercrops; Olives (inter-ploughed), deciduoustrees.Two smallrecentbuildingsadjoinsite on N. Small concentrationof tile (incl. RG, BG) and backgroundincludesR (?) floorSurrounding pottery. and muchtile. tile,brokenmarble,pithosfragments, Partof a nearlylife-sizeterracottastatuette(?) found ci 00 m NNW.

E/MH1 (r) H39 (Angathólakko) 3.41 ± 2 (06281627)208 m (pi 1% SW);0.08 ha. Density: (max.9, cont.0.15);83b. FT(5): Hl 14b,25be;R 69. Lowestpart of glacis landscape, near R. Evrotas. Ploughed land with olives, cereals. Modem pumping-station c.30 m ENE of site centre, connectedby metalpipe to anotherhut c.io m W of sitecentre. Thinnishscatter, mainlyUP tile(incl.R (?) flattile); some pithos and RG/BG pottery(HI jars or jugs). Largesquaredlimestoneblocknearby. Possiblya dump,in viewofdateofsoil? I162 (063416 14). Straysmallfind.

Survey site catalogue 361 H (iii). Ten sitesin the S of thispart of the glacis,W and NWof Kladás. The alluviumnearestthe thearea Evrotasis plantedwithoranges,whilethatslightly higherup has a greatvarietyoffruit-trees; almoststerile.Otherwisethe land use is muchas describedin (i) and (ii),withthe is archaeologically and grazinganimals.Motortrackslead additionof some fencedenclosuresnear Kladás forfruit-trees intothefieldsfromKladás; thereis no motoraccessfromacrosstheEvrotas. hi6 (07231692). Roadside dump of high-quality fromSparta(incl.Cl-R). material,presumably GS 10('arrow-straightener'). LC1/EH1Hl R H24 (07081683)257m (fh4% SW);0.02 ha; S2a. /T(8): HI 5, igd; R 6, 49b; + 1 upsh,1 bgt,1 upt. Saddle of shallow spur above glacis landscape; shallowrema(s) 150m Ε. Olives,grasses. incised Small scatterof F H1-R pottery(kantharos, plate). (cl/hlr) H25 3.65 ± 3 (06981669)247m (fh5% SW);0.27 ha. Density: (max. 15,cont.0.23); 83a. PT(24): 8 bgt,16upt. Upper glacis landscape,above shallowrema head to sw ofsite.Olives. walls.Dense Stonescatter, ploughed-out suggesting scatterof ceramicmaterial,mainlytile(incl.flattile, some pottery(incl. C pithos,domestic BG roof-tile); and bakedbrick. pottery) H18 (cl/hl) (06701657)236 m (fh7% SW);0.12ha; 84b. PT (12):7 bgt,5 upt. GS 2 (polisher). In and aroundditchsectionson top of low,nearly flatridge.Terraces; olives,grasses.Mandra 0.1 km ENEalongslope. Thinnishscatterof BG roof-tile up to 0.5 m below surface. no evidenceofoccupation. withgoodroof-tile; Building Should perhaps be regarded as part of H19; is continuousbetweenthem. background E/MH1 r (lr) H19 (Choúni) 0.73 + 1 (06551643)220 m (fh3% SW);0.06 ha. Density. (max.4, cont.0.51);84b. PT (58): HI 23; R 22, 49a, 63J;+ 3 bgsh,10 upsh,1 bgt,7 upt. A2). &F42 (loom-weight Glacis landscape,betweentwo small remas (s, w) belowsite.Olives,grasses. converging Large stonesin ditchsections;otherpossiblesigns walls.Thin scatterof wornmaterial: of ploughed-out a fewsherds(bowls, pithos,brick,BG tile,floor-tile, jugs orjars,amphora).Terracottaloom-weight. Hi 8. Shouldperhapsincorporate

Hi 2 (Byz) 3.77 ± 8 (06701620)237 m (fh5% w); 0.10 ha. Density: (max.50, cont.0.31);S4D. PT{j): 3 upsh,4 upt. GS ib (flatcelt). Flat, low ridge-top.Small groupof tile(incl.floortile)and pottery (possiblyincl.storagevessels). (Ici)EH1 H32 5.18 ± 5 (06481611)212 m (pi 3% w); 0.18 ha. Density: (max. 18,cont.0.23); 83b. PT (12):HI 5, nb, 20, 25e,27; + 3 upsh,1 bgt,1 upt. On both sides of trackfromKladás (hererunning Olives(notinter-ploughed), grazing. WNW). Possible trace of wall. Dense scatterof generally ratherwornmaterial;mainlytile(incl.BG), butalso F domesticshapes(incl.BG kantharos, lekane,ringfeet) and pithos. HI H17 m 8% ha; S4D. SE); 0.44 (06951634)340 (fh PT(i$): HI 19c,25e; + 1 bgsh,6 upsh,3 upt. Top ofnearlyflatridgeon Wedge ofKladás village. Olives(inter-ploughed). Patchyscatterof tile (incl. flattile) and domestic pottery,with one main concentration. Possibly remainsofseveralhouses. Hi 1 (r)MByz-Ott 3.50 ± 2 (06851606)220 m (fh5% SE); 0.07 ha. Density: (max.8, cont.0.09); S4D. PT(i6): Byzgd, 23, 26, 40, 49b; + 3 upsh,1 upt. GS 8 (whetstone). Near Kladás; shallow rema (sw) on SE. Olives (inter-ploughed). Thinnishscatter:tile (incl.floor-tile), pottery(incl. bowl, jug, cooking-wareamphora, pithos). Small whetstone (modern?). (ar/clr byz) H33 3.42 ± 3 (06651590)216 m (pi 3% sw); 0.10 ha. Density: (max. 15,cont.0.21);S3D. PT(6): ArCl 27c; Byz 36ab; + 2 upsh,1 glazedtile. At shoulderof low,nearlyflatridge; small rema (sw) 0.1 kmSE. of concentration Small, thinnish,but well-defined mostlyveryworn tile (incl. floor-tileand BG) and domesticvessels. a structure. Nearby,workedstoneblockssuggesting

362 Chapter 24 Cl (hl)Byz H34 6.94 ± 5 (06711558)212m (pi 1% sw); 0.21 ha. Density: (max.23,cont.0.06); 83b. PT (21):ArCl 271,29g,47b; Hl 21a; Byz 17,23, 41, 50; + 3 bgsh,5 upsh,1 bgt,2 upt. SF 127(mosaictessera). Nearly level slope near Kladás. Olives (interploughed)with(possiblyabandoned)cereals.Much of the surrounding land unsurveyable (fenced

Zone J: Evrótas

Plain

enclosures), so true size of site not represented. Rooflessmodernbuilding0.1 kmWNW. Dense scatterof fairlyworntile (mainlyUP, some and pottery(mainlyveryF BG; also R/Byz floor-tile) wares, some BG table wares; also Byz jugs and amphora,and 'oatmeal' pithos).UP tile is mainlyin NWpart of site, BG potteryand tile in SE. Mosaic tessera. Worked limestone block (threshold?). ofmarbleslab. Fragment

(Kokkinórachi

Section)

(sites43-4, *67"7o;170;*2o8,210,212-32;316-17,367,369; 4007-8; 5008) ZoneJ is thecentralpartoftheglacisarea (Spartaplain)describedunderzone H, including thepartsoftheerodedNeogenefoothills immediately adjoiningtheplain,whichproducedthe majorityof the sites.Below the glacisis an area of recentalluviumwithveryfewfinds(see widearoundtheconfluenceoftheEvrotasand Kelephina. J43-4);itis particularly are not deep or sharplydefined;mostare Owing to the nearlylevel slopes,watercourses is practisedon the small,narrowremaswindingtowardstheKelephinaor Evrotas.Irrigation see H ii). alluvium,whereextensivecitrusgroveswereencountered(forremarkson visibility bed (see (i) below). The Kelephinaherehas a wide,gravelly road runsΝ throughthezone,crossingtheEvrotas£.0.5kmbelowits The Sparta-Tripolis worldwar.Just withtheKelephina- untilrecently confluence bya bridgebuiltbeforethefirst w ofthisbridgeearlierexplorersfoundremainsofa R (?) bridge(cf.J5008-9).Fromthisroad, £.0.2kmm Ν ofthebridge,theGerákiroad divergesSE; fromthisin turntheChrysapharoad soonbranchesoffENE.At theΝ cornerofthezone theTripolisroadbridgestheKelephina. On theglacisat theSE end ofthezone,dividingitfromzone M aroundAphisiou,is an area ofveryfewsites,thoughthesherdbackgroundis steady.This is perhapssomehowconnected in thefoothills above thisarea (s of ofconglomerate withtheseemingly greaterpredominance theChrysapharoad),fromwhichtheglacisherederives,as comparedto themoremarlyhills behindKokkinórachi (e.g.Aphanórachiin zone K, Tsákonain zone N). andontheglacisinthearea oftheschistose ridgeofAphanorachi, J (i). Foursiteson theSWfootslopes itmeetstheplain,tothe underthemodern roadbridge) where(passing from theKelephina, extending villageofKokkinórachi. withtheoccasional andyoungtrees), on terraces Olivesarecultivated fig, (thereis a mixofmature pear,or walnutand some youngcitrusplantations.Some vegetableplotswereseen close to Kokkinórachi. wasnotarchaeologically inthevillageofKokkinórachi Alsofindspots surveyed). (which LAr/Cl(hler) R (lr) J22O(Aphanórachi) 1.67± 2 (07591590)224 m (hf9% NW);0.01 ha. Density: (max.6, cont.0.39); S2C. PT{2Ü): ArCl 29g,35c,37c,57; R 13,49b,55, 631;+ 7 bgsh,6 upsh,1 bgt,3 upt. Footslopejust above the river-bed.Olive terraces; maize. Small scatterof M BG/UP pottery(Cl tablewares

and amphora and pithos;R bowl,pitcher, mortarium, sherds). J218 (Kokkinórachi) (hlr) 5.00 ± (07581580)237 m (hf11%NW);0.09 ha. Density: 4 (max. 14,cont.0.17);S2C. PT (21): Hl 24; R 63J;+ 1 bgsh,3 upsh, 10 bgt,6 upt.

Survey site catalogue Convex lower slope near Kelephina, o.i km s of J22O,overlookingSparta-Tripolis road (50 m w). Olives on ploughed terraces. Modern house and c.4.0m SW. threshing-floor Mainlyglazed tile;some M/F UP pottery(incl.HI strainer and R amphora). (lar/eclhi) J219(Kokkinorachi/Aphanorachi) 1.96± 3 (07681569)250 m (hs20% 'v); 0.01 ha. Density: (max. 11,cont.0.39); 83a. PT (12)'.ArCl i2d, 27b,36d, 42e; + 2 upsh,5 bgt,1 upt. Steep terracedslope at s'v end of Aphanorachi above broad open terracesto W. Olive terraceswith steppe. Small scatterof glazed tile,withF BG potteryand M UP pottery (Cl tablewaresand mortar). Ancientolivepressc.40m ''v ofsitecentre. J210(Kokkinórachi) (Ici)E/MHl m ha. 0.02 Density: 1.79± 3 (07821556)236 (fh14% se); (max.13,cont.0.50); S2C.

363

PT(2Q): HI 3b,6a, 14a,15,igd, 20, 25e; + 1 bgsh,11 upsh,13upt. Footslopejust Ν of rema (sw) betweenlow hills. Olives,steppe,abandonedterracesto N. Site exposedin bulldozedsection;wall foundedon hardsoil above bedrock;collapsedwallsand tiledroof are visible.Small scatterofM/F UP domesticpottery (HI dish,bowl,jug, decanter);pithos;someglazedtile. withinscribedletters(Inscription 25). Lekythos Sitewellpreserved, thanksto recentexposure. J208 (07951545).Modern site withdump of ancient material.

J4007Ágios Nikolaos, Kokkinórachi. Inscriptions6 and 13 are builtintothischurch.

J4008 Kokkinórachi. For the recentdiscoveryof two small LR or EChr bath-houses,see BCH 114 (1990),734; AR 36 (1989-90), 24. The formername, Tsouni, derivesfroma Byz landowneraccordingto Doukas 565.

a group,on thefootslopesof theNeogene hillsSE of Kokkinórachi. Schistose J (ii). Six sites,forming soils.Matureand youngolivesin broad terraces,oftenundercropped. Some fig,citrusand vegetable withincreasing distancefromK. scatter, plotscloseto K. Heavybackground thinning J214 (ar/cl) (07971535)234 m (fh9% s); 0.10 ha. Density: 1.47± 1 (max.5, cont.0.35); 83a. PT(io): ArCl 36c; + 5 upsh,2 bgt,2 upt. Broad, gentlysloping bay, facings above glacis slope; small rema 130 m SSE. Olive terraces with cerealsand steppe. Thinnishscatterof M BG and UP pottery;some tileincl.glazedtile. LAr/ECl HI (byz) J213 1.85 ± 2 (07921527)227 m (fh7% SE); 0.16 ha. Density: (max.6, cont.0.25);S4C. PT {22): ArCl 5b, 27r,29g, 36a; HI ncf, igd, 35b; Byz48; + 2 bgsh,5 upsh,1 bgt,4 upt. Glacis slope; smallrema bed ('v) 0.1 km SE. Olive terraceswithsteppe.SitecrossedbyΕ-w track. Mixed scatterof M BG/UP pottery(Cl craterand storage vessels; HI lekanai and amphora; Byz amphora)UP and glazedtile. (ar/clhl)r (mr) J217 (08011523)221 m (fh6% s); 0.03 ha. Density: 1.92 ± 2 (max.6, cont.0.28); S4C. PT(2$): ArCl 13h,26d, 29g; HI 20; R 1, 29, 36b, 49b; + 5 bgsh,5 upsh,9 bgt,2 upt. Glacis slope; remabed ('v) 10 m SE. Olive terraces withcerealsand steppe.

SmallscatterofM/F BG/RG domesticpottery (incl. tableware),and R bowland pitcher sherds;RG/UP tile. Cl HI (r)MByz J212 (07861523)225 m (fh5% s); 0.09 ha. Density: 3.00 ± 2 (max.7, cont.0.18);S3D. FT (42):ArCl i2d, 25c,27c,29hg;HI 25e,32, 37g;R 48; Byz 6a, 9e, 44; + 3 bgsh,15upsh,7 bgt,2 upt. Glacis slope; track(wsw) bisectssite Ν of centre; smallrema('v) 0.1 kmSE. Olive terraceswithsteppe. Mixed scatter, dense:Cl, HI tableand storage fairly wares;stray(?) R material;Byz (incisedbowl)and Ott sherds; pithos; BG/UP tile. Heavy backgroundof modernpottery and tile. arClhl-mrRlr J215 (07921520)221 m (fh4% s); 0.02 ha. Density: 3.04 + 5 cont. (max.20, 0.40); S4C. PT (66): ArCl i6f,18, 29g,59f;R 18, 25, 37a, 44a, 54, 63J,66-7, 69; + 25 bgsh,2 red slippedsherds,9 upsh,9 bgt,2 upt. Glacis slope; rema bed 50 m SE. Olive grovewith track(Ε-W)closeto N. Dense, restrictedscatterof M/F BG/UP pottery (incl. Cl mug,bolsai, and miniaturevotive;R bowls and jars, trefoilpitcher,cooking-wares and amphora) also RG/UP tile.Ar inscribedsherd(Inscription 23). Probablecultsite.

364 Chapter 24 J216 (ar/ecl hi r) ha. 2.81 ± 3 m 0.06 218 Density: (fh 4% S); (07911514) (max. 10, cont. 0.19); S4C. PT (21): ArCl 30h, 35d; HI 3c, nf, 25e; R 45, 67; + 6 upsh, 4 bgt, 4 upt.

Glacis slope; rema bed (w) ίο m SE. Olive grove with steppe. Moderate scatter, mainly of M UP pottery; some RG/BG pottery(Cl and HI table ware, dish, lekane); R pitcher; tile incl. glazed and UP; pithos.

J (iii). Two siteson thelowerglacis,betweenSparta-Tripolisroad and Kelephina.Much of thisarea thosethatwerewalkablegenerally consistsof citrusorchards,oftenfencedand therefore unsurveyed; had dense groundcoverand fewarchaeologicalfinds.Offthe lowestalluvialarea the land is planted witholiveson low terraces.Christou'sÁmboula sitemayhavelain hereratherthanabove theroad (see zone M, introduction). forrubblefrom The bed of the Kelephina (describedabove) is favouredas a dumping-ground The bulldozed areas of sensitive in excavations Sparta. archaeologically (seeminglyillicit)building of inscriptions, a architectural river-bed the of embankments variety fragments, many produced gravel and othersmallfinds(J679) ofa qualityrarelymatchedbygenuinesitesin thesurveyarea. J69 (07371580). Small findfrombed of Kelephina. j68 (06951505, etc.). Small finds from bed of Kelephina, r. bank. See Inscription 11; Architecture and Sculpture 11, 13-19. J67 (07451605, etc.). Small finds from bed of Kelephina, 1. bank. SF 10a, 46, 52, 108, 137; GS 9 (marble vessel); Inscription 8; Architecture and Sculpture 3-10. (ar/cl) J43 (07181476) 204 m (pi 2% w); 0.27 ha. Density:9.79 ± 6 (max. 28, cont. 0.02); S3D. PT{2): ArCl 27c; + 1 upsh.

On low (3-4 m) natural bluffdividing glacis from alluvium; river0.2 km w. Olives. Wide, sometimes dense scatter incl. BG tile and a littlepottery(incl. UP domesticware). (ar/cl) M-LByz J44 (07251466) 202 m (pi 3% w); 0.21 ha. Density.13.53t 14 (max. 58, cont. 0.02); 83b. PT (24): ArCl i5d, 56f; Byz 23, 29, 40, 44; + 4 upsh, 2 upt. Lower glacis landscape. Olives, grasses; ploughed. Very dense concentration of rather worn material; much tile, some pottery(incl. Cl cup and C ware; Ott jug, basin, glazed amphora).

(includedherebecauseon same contour J (iv). One siteamongNeogenehillocksbehindKokkinorachi as thosein othersubzones,thoughsetbackfromplain).Area ofolivecultivation. E/MH1 r (byz) J229 (08461523) 254 m (fh 8% S); 0.34 ha. Density:3.08 ± 2 (max. 10, cont. 0.16); 83a. PT (50): HI ia, 8, nad, 12a, 190e, 25e, 35d, 37J;R 49ab; Byz 39a, 40; + 1 bgsh, 17 upsh, bgt, 5 upt. Broad, Ν sloping terrace overlooking Chrysapha road to Ε at junction with Vasaras road. Schist and marl soil. Olives; steppe. Conspicuous dome-shaped

knoll at SW edge of site. Extensive, dense scatterof M/F UP (and some BG) pottery, incl. HI table ware, plate, kyathos, lekane, crater, as well as amphora and pithos; R and Byz sherds; UP tile. The tile mainly from upper site, potterylower down. Possiblyremains of several houses.

ofwhichruns J (v). A groupofelevensiteson dissectedNeogeneridges(sw),alongthemoresoutherly and SE S and of Ν is called the theChrysapharoad; Kokkinorachi, occupiesan area Palaiópyrgos, ridge with butalso severalin thelowerglacis,together of c.' sq km.Sitesmainlyon theNeogenefootslopes, marl and loose conglomeratesoils withsome severalnon-siteson recentcolluvium.Predominantly and itsSE spurQ226,J228,J224,J222-1, schistsoils.Some ofthesitesare on Palaiópyrgos J231, J225,and - on lowerslope- J227andJ232). citrusand vegetable. someirrigated Terracedmatureand youngoliveswithsomeundercropping;

Survey site catalogue (hl) J226 (Palaiópyrgos) 5.32 ± (07951479)245 m (ht 2% SW);o.01 ha. Density. 12(max.48, cont.0.58); 83a. PT (16):Hl 20; + 2 upsh,2 bgt,11upt. A2). SF42 (loom-weight Top of low, steep-sided ridge above colluvial steppe. Marlysoil. Olives (inter-ploughed); footslopes. Dense, smallconcentration, mainlyof UP tile; some glazedtile;HI ringbase. Terracottaloom-weight. J22470 m S downslope. ER MLR J228 (Palaiópyrgos) 1.57± 2 (08131494)232 m (fh6% NE);0.03 ha. Density: (max.9, cont.0.45); S4C. PT (29): R 31, 33, 34ab, 49a, 54, 63g; + 12 upsh,8 upt. Shallowvalleyon NE of Palaiópyrgos;sitebisected shallowrema(wnw). bytrack(SE-NW)and overlooking Oliveson ploughedterraces;steppe. Irregular,thinnishscatterof M UP pottery(inch bowls,cooking-pot, amphora);UP tile. LAr EC1 (e-mhl) J224 (Palaiópyrgos) 0.90 ± 1 (07961473)225 m (fh11% s); 0.13 ha. Density: cont. 0.42); 84b. (max.4, PT (38): ArCl 9a, nab, i2d, i3dh, 29g, 36ah, 37e, 45a, 57ap, 58a, 59b; HI nb, 23; + 6 bgsh,4 upsh,8 bgt,upt. Moderateslope at footof S side of ridge.Shallow rema (s'v) on S; site below J226.J222across rema. Schist and conglomeratesoil. Newly cleared slope withyoungolives. scatterincl.glazedtileand BG Fairlylarge,thinnish

365

pottery(Cl and HI lekane, stand, open shapes), votive. mortar, storagevessels,pithos,tub,miniature Possiblyremainsof more than one house. Scatter probablyspreadbyhill-washprocesses. J222 (Palaiópyrgos) (ILL.24.28) (ar/cl)EH1 Hl ER MR 3.22 ± 3 (08021468)221m (fh9% SW);0.15 ha. Density: (max. 11,cont.0.19);84b. PT(8i): ArCl 361;HI i4ac, 18,igcdeg,22, 34, 373;R 7, 33, 34b,4gab, 63bc; + 3 bgsh,4 red-slippedsherds 31 upsh,2 bgt,11upt. SW slope of wide spurs of Palaiópyrgos,across soil. Olives shallowrema fromJ224.Schistic/marly citrus,cereals. (inter-ploughed) Fairlylarge scatterof glazed tile; BG pottery(HI jugs, amphora, basin, storage amphora, pithos; R bowl, pitcher, and amphoras. Stamped tile (Inscription20). Concentration of surface stone, structure. suggesting For resultsof phosphatesamplingand geophysical existenceof surveysee Chapter22, SP222, confirming builtstructures. substantial LAr EC1 LCI J221 (Palaiópyrgos) 0.78 ± (08071467)228 m (fh15% s'v); 0.04 ha. Density. 1 (max.3, cont.0.42); 84b. PT [η2)' ArCl 8a, nb, 13e,15^ i6df,29g,30e, 32b, 35ceg,36af,37b,38J,421,47a, 5od, 52a, 57η,59b; + 10 bgsh,13upsh,15bgt,2 upt. ^Fno (votivelead wreath). SE and upslope; Same slope as J222,60 m further smallvalleysto SE,NW;Chrysapharoad immediately

III. 24.28. SiteJ222(to n).

366 Chapter24 SE. Schistic and marly soil. Olive terraces with steppe. Moderate scatter of BG tile; Cl table ware (cups and mugs, hydria, oinochoai, mortar) and kitchen wares (loop-handled pan, basin, chytra, pithos; miniaturevotive). Small cult (and possibly habitation) site. (Some material, found further SE below Chrysapha road, may be dumped, though dumps are usually multiperiod). LAr/Cl j3i6 (08251482) 230 m (fh 8% SE); 0.07 ha. Density.1.79 ± 3 (max. 10, cont. 0.44); Sic. FT (57): ArCl 13h, i6bf, 29g, 36h, 37c, 38J,42h, 47a, 55c, 56c, 57r; + 11 upsh, 13 bgt, 6 upt. Midslope of Ε spur of Palaiopyrgos, below marly bluffs;shallow remas (se) to NE and SW; Chrysapha road immediatelyabove site to N. Olives on ploughed terraces. Single-period site, apparently with two aspects: (a) narrow scatterof BG tile and F sherds of small vessels incl. Cl table ware (mugs, containers) and kitchen wares (mortar, pan, pithos); (b) an overlying, wider scatterof domestic and cooking-wares. (ar/cl r) LByz EOtt J317 Zolina (08191459); 226 m (fh7% SE); 1.31 ha. Density:8.68 ± 7 (max. 39, cont. 0.08); N3K PT (158): ArCl 13h, 32a, 47a; R 69; Byz ib, 2, 4c, gde, 17, 23, 39a, 40, 43-4, 48, 50; + 2 glazed sherds, 6 bgsh, 26 upsh, 9 bgt, 5 upt, 2 floor-tiles. SF50 (loom-weightB7), 101 (frag,of clay plaque).

Shallow, convex spur (se) below eroded marl bluffs; ground slopes down on three sides; Chrysapha road 0.1 km NW.Olives on low, ploughed terraces. Several old, well-built terrace walls of limestone with tile in, up to 100 m long; one of them makes a prominent corner (turning SE to NNE). Large stonepack (containing tile, pithos) near site centre. Very wide, dense scatter of material incl. pithos; BG and RG tile; small BG vessels (Cl flask,pan); and Byz/Ott pottery (slip-painted, painted incised, and glazepainted bowls, monochrome bowls, jugs, incised amphoras, glazed amphora, pithos); UP tile (incl. Byz (?) flattile). Multi-period, sometimes large, settlementat site of former village. The name Zolina is possibly Slavic: cf. Doukas (452) on toponym 'Zelina' ('green place'). The Venetian census of AD 1700 lists Zolina with 'Mur' (i.e. Morou, J170) as belonging to the 'território di Crisaffa'; together they number 8 families totalling 23 persons (Panagiotopoulos, tables on pp. 282, 307). Cl J231 (Palaiopyrgos) (ILL. 24.29) (07831466) 215 m (fh 10% S); 0.08 ha. Density:0.94 ± 1 (max. 4, cont. 0.45); S4K PT {26): ArCl 13h, 19c, 38g, 43b, 56h; + 4 bgsh, 4 upsh, 13 bgt. s gentle slope below eroded ridge of Palaiopyrgos. Marly soil with pebbles. Olives on broad ploughed terraces; steppe, cypresses.Shallow rema to E. Irregular, thin scatter of M/F pottery: Cl table wares and containers; Cl domestic pottery (basin); BG/RG tile. Tile mainly fromupper part of site.

III. 24.29.SiteJ231(ton).

Survey site catalogue * (lar/clhi) J225(Palaiópyrgos) 1.22 ± 2 m (07791481)227 (fh7% ν); Ο.Ο5na· Density: (max.6, cont.0.47);S4D. PT{i6): ArCl 28a, 36a; HI 20; + 1 bgsh,2 upsh,5 bgt,2 upt. NWtopslopeof Palaiópyrgos,below steep bluffof eroded ridge. Shallow rema (WNW)to N. Marl and schistsoil.Terracedolives;steppe. Thinnish scatter,mainly M BG pottery;some RG/BG/UP tile. RG/UP pottery, (cl hl) J227 (Palaiópyrgos) 2.85 ± 2 (07651479)228 m (fh5% W);0.11ha. Density: (max.7, cont.0.18);S4D. PT(iq): ArCl5b,421;Hl 23; + 3 bgsh,6 upsh,5 upt. Lower W slope of Palaiópyrgos;shallow rema (s) w. Marlysoil.Olive terraces;steppe. immediately

367

Moderate scatter of M BG pottery(Cl crater, mortar);brick;UP tile; a strayOtt (?) sherd.Fairly heavybackgroundscatterfromKokkinorachi. (lcl/ehle/mhllbyz/ott) J232 (Palaiópyrgos) 3.37 ± 4 (07651468)206 m (fh5% w); 0.32 ha. Density. (max. 16,cont.0.26); 84b. PT (24): HI 4, 10b,25c; Byz 13,41, 50; + 1 bgsh,7 upsh,5 bgt,3 upt. Nearly level colluvial W footslope below Palaiópyrgos.Olives on ploughed terraces;steppe. trackto Shallowremato NW;Aphisiou-Kokkinorachi N.

Fairly wide, moderate scatter of M/F UP and slippedpottery(HI bowl,dish,jug/jar; Byz Majolica bowl,amphora,glazedpithos);wornUP/BG tile. Possiblyremainsofmorethanone house.

J (vi). Five sites in the SE part of the zone, midway between Kokkinorachi and Aphisioú, on the recent colluvium of the lower glacis. The area is generally planted with olives (inter-ploughed),and grazing flocksare kept. Near Morou (J170)the Chrysapha road branches offthe Geraki road and cuts through the area from SW to NE. Building-rubble from Sparta, containing much ancient material, is often dumped along roadside. For the area of fewsitesbetween here and Aphisiou, see introductionto thiszone.

LAr (cl lbyz/ott) J367 3.63 ± 4 (07881436)201m (fh2% S'v);0.22 ha. Density: (max.26, cont.0.15);N4D. PT (82): ArCl 5b, 12a, 13h, i5de, i6f, 27abc, 29g, 3oahj, 35b,36cd, 37c, 38J,39g,41a, 56b, 59Ç Byz 38, 48; + 3 bgsh,16upsh,2 bgt. GlacisslopebelowJ223.Olives(inter-ploughed). Wide, dense scatterof BG F ware (Cl bell crater, cups, mugs, and other open shapes, containers, hydrias,aryballos;kitchenwares; miniaturevotives) withBG and RG tile. Cultsite?

Glacisslope,nearJ367. Medium-sized site centred around the chapel (whichappearsto date fromthe 1950s).The sitelies Ε of the Gerakiroad, in gentlyslopinggroundplanted thatthiswas, in the witholives.There is a possibility butthe Byzperiod,partofthevillageofMorou (J170), withhigh combinationof poor and patchyvisibility background density rules out certainty. Some architectural mouldingswere founddumpedclose to thechapel,butwereprobablybroughtfromelsewhere and Sculpture,25; ΡΕΑΤΕij c). (see Architecture Treated in three areas because of size; but the divisionsare arbitrary,the land being regular,(λ) Largelytileand brick,probablyByz-Ott.(b) Whileit producedsome BG table ware,thiswas mainlyByz withjugs, pinkamphoras,and incisedamphoras.(c) of Cl This area (c.0.1ha) had the main concentration and pithos),whilethe sherds(tablewares,containers, Byz-Ott material also continued (painted incised and incisedamphoras). bowl,jug, pink-bodied Byz Ott village and small Cl site, with modern ofan inscribed chapel(builtintoitsX wallis a fragment 9). publicdocumentfromSparta:Inscription

Ar/Cl(ehl)M-LByz J369Ágios Geórgios m 2% 200 ha; N4b. sw); 0.44 (fh (07911429) FT (80):(A)Byz39a; (B)ArClna, i2d;Byz23,36ab,38, 39a,40-1;+ 1 bgsh,8 upsh,1 upt;(c) ArCl 10a,12a,13h, 29g,57r;Byz4c,23,36b,39a,40-1;+ 1bgsh,13upsh.

LAr/ECl J230 (Palaiópyrgos) 1.67 ± 2 (07791435)199 m (fh2% s); 0.08 ha. Density: (max.8, cont.0.35);N4D. PT(i8): ArCl i2d, 15g,57m;-I-1 bgsh,6 upsh,3 bgt, 4 upt.

LAr/ECl J223 (07901447)207m (fh7% sw);
368 Chapter24

III. 24.30.SiteJ170Morou.

SF 47 (loom-weight B4), 95 (votiveclayplaque). Glacis slope SW of Palaiopyrgos.Marly soil with broken schist and conglomerate. Olives; steppe. Modernhousesto NW,NE.Site bisectedbytrack(N-s) fromAphisiouto Kokkinorachi. Heaps of large,water-wornstones,perhaps from old buildings;top of ancientwall visiblein tracknear site centre.Moderate scatterof M BG/UP pottery (tableware,cup,pithos);BG tile. (hir) LByz J170Morou (ILL.24.30) 2.56 (07771405)192m (pi 5% sw) 0.14 ha; N3C.Density: ± 3 (max. 13,cont.0.26). PT (20): HI 190I,25e; R 63J,67; Byz ib, 23-4; + bgsh,9 upsh,3 bgt,2 upt. Lower glacis slope below Geraki road. Irrigated orange groves, with grazing, figs, mulberries, vegetables, steppe.Mandrain Ε ofsite. Scatter of mainly M and F UP pottery incl. domesticware (slip-paintedbowl) and cookingware (jugs, chafing-dish);brick; also HI table wares, R amphora;UP/BG tile. Siteoftheold hamletofMorou, listedas 'Mur' with Zolinain theVenetiancensusofAD1700;seeJ317above.

For resultsof phosphatesamplingand geophysical survey see Chapter 22, SP170, suggesting the existenceofbuiltstructures. J70 (07151395). Straysmallfinds. J5008.JuliusPaulinus'bridge,attestedin IG ν. ι. 538. For refs.about the inscriptionsee Inscription15 q. The bridgemayhavebeen at thesame place as J5009 or Q5010. Cf. Armstrong,Cavanagh, and Shipley 1992,esp. 307,at 'J' J5009. (Chapter23, GG78.) BridgeofNikodemos(AD 1027),attestedin CIG 8704 (foundbyFourmont'prope pontem')and drawnby the FrenchExpedition.See Inscription15 x; D. Feisseland A. Philippidis-Braat, 'Inventaires en vue d'un recueil des inscriptions historiques de Byzance, III: inscriptions du etmémoires, 9 (1985),267-395,at Péloponnèse',Travaux pp. 301-2. Forthesitesee Leake, TM i. 151;Blouetii. 65-6, pis 46 z' 49 vi-vii. The remainsof the bridge werestilltherein theearly20thcent.(G. Dickins,BSA 12 (1905-6), 437). Cf. Armstrong,Cavanagh, and Shipley1992,esp. 298-300; 304-5,at 'C.

(incl. part of Tsákona Ridge) (sites141,151,153;2OO-I,203-7,211,233-7,239-44>*245>246-7,249-50,253,255,257-8, 297-9; 403-4,4O7?*4θ8>4Η> 4^5 5!5) Zone K: Lower Kelephína

Valley

at thepoint(in Zone Κ includesbothsidesofthedeep Kelephínavalley(ill. 24.31),beginning Wtojust above thepointwhere zone G) whereitceasesto runS and turnsSW,and continuing theriveris bridgedbythemodernSparta-Tripolis highway(see zoneJ). The steepΝ slopeof

Survey site catalogue

369

III. 24.31.The lowerKelephinavalley(to s'v; Spartaplainin background).

the valleyis composed of schist-derived soils; it is 250 m high at first(Ag. Georgioshill), droppingto 140 m in the W (PsiliRachi). There are occasional sitesalong the crestof the ridgeson eithersideoftheriver. In the bottomof thevalleythe riverrunsin a narrowstripof levelgroundup to £.150m wide.There is a line of sitesat the footof slope on bothsidesof the river,includingat least tworuinedwater-mills. The valleyis flanked on theS bydissectedNeogeneridgesrising200 m abovetheriver. To the w liesTsákona;whileAphanórachiis a further E, thezone includestheWend ofChatzarorachi; westernoutlierof Tsakonano morethan70 m high.(SitesbelowtheW end ofAphanórachi, whichreallybelongto the Evrotasplain,are includedin zoneJ.) WhileChatzarorachihas a scatter ofsitesat all levels,siteson Tsakonaare eitheron theridge-top or at thefootofslope. in were noted the zone. Springs This partoftheKelephinavalleyappearsnotto havebeen a majorland routein pre-2Othcent.periods.RoutesintoLakonia fromthe Ν seem to have divergedW fromthe Kelephina further N. Κ (i). Fivesitesin steeptributary valleysrunninggenerallyS fromschistichillofAg.IoánnisTheológos to Kelephinain itslowercourse;easternmost branchofvalleysystemrunsWfromhillofAg. Georgios. This greatschisticslope rises£.200m above the river.Macchia on steepslopesand dense vegetation (including largetrees)in remabeds.Scruboak on upperslopes. Stonyagriculturalterraceswitholives,manywithabandoned cereal cultivation.Some fruittrees (pear,mulberry, fig).Generallylow sherdand tilebackground.A numberof mandrasand abandoned housesor farmsteads, withoutbuildings, werenoted. 19-2Oth-cent. K2OO LAr EC1 (08771844) 456 m (hs 18% S); 0.20 ha. Density:0.98 ± 1 (max. 7, cont. 0.46); S2b. PT(43): ArCl 5b, na, 13h, 26a, 30c, 36a, 38J,44a, 45b, 56b; + 5 upsh, 3 bgt, 22 upt.

Upper slope of large hill; close to head of large rema valley (s) 60 m w. Olives on ploughed terraces, with figs,pears, mulberries.Threshing-floor40 m SSE of site centre; ruined farm building at N'v corner of site.

370 Chapter 24 Wide scatterof M BG/UP pottery(Cl bell-crater, domesticwares,sieve); tableware,hydria,containers, some BG tile.Much modernpottery;Cl foundonly closeto building.

exaggeratedthrougherosion spreadingfinds.The was notverydiagnosticbutcouldbe Hl-R. pottery

HI (r) K151 Lefto 0.50 ± (08601808)428 m (rs22% SE); 0.05 ha. Density: 1 (max.2, cont.0.53); Sia. PT(37): HI igad; R 63J;+ 20 upsh,4 upt. SE topslopeof N-S ridge;largeremavalley(se) 250 also m NEofsite.Olive terraces,withfigs,mulberries; steppe,garriga.Mandra 80 m W on slightlyhigher contour;house70 m Ν on slightly highercontour;and anothermandra0.2 kmSW. Thinscatter, ofM UP pottery (inchHI domestic mainly and storagewares,amphora);also C UP tile.Alsoa little ofsite. andBG tilefrom RG pottery periphery Wat samelevel. Ε150 further

(ar/cl)hl-mrR M-LByz K244 2.29 ± (09061809)384 m (hs 17% SW);0.79 ha. Density: 2 (max. 11,cont.0.32); S2C.Incorporates 1*245. PT (68): ArCl 10a; R 54, 63fj;Byz 6b, 23, 39a, 43; + bgsh,27 upsh,bgt,5 upt. Size estimatedfromcentreof k245 (see above). S midslopeof hill; two large remasconverge0.1 km S one runspast SE edge ofsite.Olive belowschistcliffs; terraces.Mandra 0.1 kmN. Wide scatterof pottery:mainlyM UP domestic ware (R cookingand storagevessels,amphoras);Byz champlevébowl,jug, amphoras;pithosya littleBG and TG pottery.

(hl/r) K255 0.68 ± 1 (08751795)312m (hs 18% W);0.31 ha. Density: (max.4, cont.0.52);S2C. PT '(22): 12upsh,10 upt. Below K151. Olive terraces with old cereals. Mandra0.1 kmENEdownslope. Fairly extensive scatter,though size probably

(r) K236 0.32 ± 1 (08911760)293 m (hs 19% SE);o.01 ha. Density: (max.2, cont.0.74);S4d. PT (12):R 69; + 6 upsh,5 upt. Dissectedmidslopebetweentwosmall,steepremas; largerema(s) 50 m ESE.Olives;steppe. UP tile,flattile. Small,thinscatterofF UP pottery,

k245 (ogi5l8l5)·See K244·

Κ (ii). Six siteson schisticS-facingslope rising£.240m above R. Kelephina,belowAg. Georgioshill. ofChtoriza(K247). Sitesincluderuinedsettlement The slope is steepin parts,and dissectedby shortside-remas;it is terraced(some terraceshaving werenoted, wildpears,and mulberries witholives;occasionalfig-trees, highwalls)and mainly/planted a thick floor has The and of with the usual vegetationcover valley garriga. covering steppe together and and bamboo,cypress, steppe garrigaplants. comprising MByz-EOtt K253 1.54± 2 (09721776)324 m (hs 16% SE);0.04 ha. Density: (max.6, cont.0.39); S2d. PT(35): Byz 6a, 9e, 32, 38, 39a, 40-3; + 19 upsh,7 upt. Midslope, withsteep-sidedremas (SSE) on either side. Schistslabs (fromflooror roof?).Smallishscatter; tile in upper part of site,potterylower down (Byz incisedbowl,monochrome bowl,combedand incised amphoras). a 21) is R and therefore Stampedbrick(Inscription probablestray. Perhapsto be associatedwiththe main Chtoriza site(K247). (mhhl/r) K249 1.65 ± 2 (09401782)380 m (st 17% s); 0.13 ha. Density: (max.6, cont.0.31);S2c. PT (22): 4 sherdsof C MH/LH fabric,2 bgsh,14 upsh,1 bgt,5 upt.

Upper slope of hill; shallowremas on eitherside belowsite,both20 m away.Olives,steppe. converging Mandra30 m Ν upslope. OM UP pottery; pithos;UP tile. Byz K247 Chtoriza (ILL.24.32) (09371765)354 m (st 15% SW);c.o.75 ha; S2C. Density: (a) 9.92 ± 7 (max.22,cont.0.04); (b)4.12 ± 4 (max. 16, cont.0.05); (c) 5.11 ±4 (max. 15,cont.0.05); (d) 5.94 ± 6 (max. 19, cont. 0.06); (e) 9. ιι ± 10 (max. 43, cont. 0.09); S2b. PT (a) (80): Byz iab, 2-3, 4c, 6b, gcde, 12, 17-18, 23-4, 27, 39a, 40-1, 44, 48, 50; + 2 glazed sherds21 upsh,4 upt. (b) (78): Byz 2, 4bc, gabde, 17,23-4, 26, 38, 40, 43-4, 48, 50-1; + 1 glazedsherd,13red-slipped sherds,26 upsh,3 upt,1 glazed tile,(c) (138):Byz 2-3, 4bc, 5, 6abcd, 9abd, 17,21-3,25-7, 29, 35, 36b,37-8, 39a, 40-1, 44, 46, 49-50; + 15slippedsherds,38 upsh, 2 upt. (D) (74): Byz ib, 3, 4a, 6a, gde, 12,17,23, 27-8, 33>35>36a> 38>39a>44, 48>5°5 + I2 slippedsherds,17 upsh,7 upt.(e) (91):Byz ia, 3, 4c, 6a, 9abc, 9e, 17-18,

Survey site catalogue

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III. 24.32. Site K247 Chtoriza (G. Sanders).

23, 28, 3I, 36b, 38, 39a, 4O-I, 44, 46, 48, 5Ο-2; + IQ slippedsherds,29 upsh,2 upt. &F 38 (disc spindle whorl), 106 (clay pipe), 111 (bronzecandelabrumfrag.),134(frag,ofglassvessel). CS(i):2(prim. fl.). Spur (runningSW)above river.Mature olives on terraces. Steppe. Old walled mule-tracknearby, leading uphill fromvalley bottom towards Agios Ioánnis.

Ruined church and house. Traces of habitation continueacross gullyto W. Divided into six areas. FindsincludeC-F UP and TG pottery(inchByz slipand glaze-painted bowls, sgraffito,incised bowls, Syrian Turquoise bowl, monochrome,glazed and unpaintedjugs, chafingdish,variouscookingvessels, amphoras, unglazed and glazed pithos,and other bronze candelabrum storagevessels).Spindle-whorl; fragment;obsidian chip; marble moulding,small

372 Chapter 24 marble column and block; fragmentof water-pipe; twopithosfragments. LByz-Ottvillage.The name is Albanianaccording to Doukas 498. Leake, TM ii. 521: 'Khitórissa' ruined; marked 'Dorissa' byJochmus, map opp. p. 47). Laconia Survey findsnotedinAR 30 (1983-4),28. (hl-mr) K241 (Chtóriza) 2.33 ± 3 (09591740)270 m (hf15% s); 0.06 ha. Density. (max. 11,cont.0.24); S2d. FT(3o):HI 20,25e,30;R ia, 34,54,63J;+ 15upsh,7 upt. Concavefootslope nearriver;shortrema(s) 40 m W. at slope-foot, Olive terraces withsteppe.Water-channel Ν m S. Road to Chtoriza runs across 30 edgeofsite. incl.BG tablewares,R plate, MainlyM UP pottery, basin,cookingware,andstorageamphora;someUP tile. Hl er mr K242 1.78± 2 (09251733)268 m (hf14% s); 0.09 ha. Density. (max.7, cont.0.30); S2d.

PT(8$): HI 14a, igcd, 20, 21a, 25e, 29, 35a, 37J;R 4a, 16,34b,49ab; + 12bgsh,44 upsh,3 bgt,7 upt. Same slope as K241;deep rema (s) 120 m W. Olive terraces with steppe. Modern building 50 m SW; at base ofslope.Road to Chtorizaruns water-channel acrossΝ edge ofsite. M-F BG pottery:HI jugs, jars and containers (lekane, casserole, amphora, pithos); R dishes and BG/UP tile. bowls,basin,and pitchers;water-pipe; (hilr) K243 1.50± 2 (09161738)262 m (hf8% SE); 0.07 ha. Density. (max.6, cont.0.39); S4d. PT (11):R 32, 69; + 3 upsh,1 bgt,5 upt. NNW Base ofsame slopeas K242,but0.2 kmfurther and furtherfromriver,in wide rema mouth;rema E. Schisticsoil.Olive terraces meetsplainimmediately at slopewithsteppe,macchia. Two water-channels foot,30 and 50 m S. Thin scatter: a littleM/F UP pottery;UP tile; or brick. pithos;floor-tile

Κ (iii). Twelvesiteson Ν side ofKelephinavalley,in itslowercoursebeforeit meetstheEvrotasplain. Dissectedschisticslope rising£.150m above river,and formsΕ side of long ridgeof Psilí Ráchi (s extensionofAg.IoánnisTheológoshill). and the The slope is terracedand plantedwitholives,butin partsat leastthereis no inter-cropping were noted at and weed coverwas normallynot dense. Fruit-trees includingalmond,mulberry, pear variousaltitudes;walnutsalongedge ofvalleybottom. (ar/cl)E/^IHl K153 (PsilíRáchi) (08521771)374 m (rt0% s); 0.11 ha. Density2.84 ± 5 (max. 17,cont.0.31);S2C. PT '(22):ArCl 57no;HI nc, igd, 37J;+ 7 upsh,2 bgt, 9 upt. Top of knollat crestof ridge.Olive terraceswith and wildand domesticated almonds,mulberries, pear in vicinity; also macchia,garriga,steppe. Dense scatter,mainlyM-MF UP domesticpottery (Hl/Cl lekane, container,pithos); also pithos and BG/UP tile. (ar/cllcl/ehl)Hl er MR LR K141 (PsilíRáchi) 2.47 ± 3 (08331702)344 m (rs8% NW);0.05 ha. Density. cont. S2C. 16, 0.35); (max. PT(go): ArCl 13h,37e,38dl, 56k;Hl 5, 14b,25b,27; R ia, 7, 17,49a, 631,66-7, 69; + 2 slippedsherds,9 bgsh,46 upsh,6 bgt,6 upt. Head of small rema below saddle of Psili Rachi. Oliveson bulldozerterraces;macchia,garriga,steppe. Concretehutnearsitecentre;another80 m WSW. Site partlybulldozed away. Dense but restricted scatter.Cl BG table wares,containers,and domestic wares; HI kantharos,jugs; R plate, bowls,pitchers, amphora;UP tile;brick;somemodernfinds.

Hl ER R K233 4.92 ± (08921723)258 m (hf14% SE); 0.05 ha. Density. 3 (max. 13,cont.0.04); S4d. FT (58): HI 9, 19c,21a,36b,37f;R 46-7, 58, 63J,69; + 2 bgsh,11upsh,2 bgt,7 upt. above narrow Footslopeof PsiliRachi, immediately plain of R. Kelephina;betweensmallside-rema10 m Ε and largerside-rema50 m w. Schisticsoil.Ploughed terraceswith steppe. Track descendingfrommain road to valleybottompassesabove thesite. Tracesofone,possiblytwoploughed-upfloors(one Dense, irregularscatter. tiled?)and building-rubble. HI table wares (bowl,container,lekane)and storage ware(smalland largepithos);R pitcher, amphora. LAr/ECl K203 (Vardoúka) 0.75 ± 1 (08841713)262 m (rf18% E); 0.04 ha. Density. (max.4, cont.0.60); S2d. PT(47): ArCl 5b, 13h,22b,27c, 28a, 29g,32b,33c, 45b; + 11bgsh,9 upsh,1 bgt,5 upt. Footslopeof Psili Rachi, just above narrowriver plain;shallowremato S. Oliveterraces;steppe,garriga. Thinnishscatterof worn material(Cl bell crater, cup, skyphos,and dish sherds; oinochoê, flask); BG/UP tile.Piece offurnacelining(?).

Survey site catalogue (ar/cl)M-LByz K257 (Vardoúka) (08741657)251m (rf9% SE);0.07 ha; S2<± PT (25):ArCl28a; Byz 16,38, 39a; 4-6 upsh,13upt. into Top ofsmallspur(e) at footofridgeprojecting runsbelow;modernhousein water-channel river-bed; withcerealsand macchia. Ε partofsite.Oliveterraces and incised amphorasherds. jug Byzpainted E/MH1 K234 (Vardoúka) 0.91 ± 2 (08651651)239 m (hf7% E); 0.03 ha. Density: (max.6, cont.0.64); S2d. PT (16):HI 14b,21a,37f;+ 5 upsh,6 upt. On convexslopeofflattish spur,closeto footofridge. Deep rema(SE)to NE.ο.ι kmSWof K257.Schisticsoil. at slope-foot. withsteppe.Water-channel Oliveterraces Some building-stone.Small, thinnishscatter;HI tablewaresand pithos. (e/mhl) K205 (08491619)249 m (hf18% E);
373

ImmediatelyS of track (ε-w) fromKlada. Olive terraceswithsteppe,figs,pears. Scatter of R pitchers,cooking pot, and mortar UP flattile. sherds;also HI tablewares;BG roof-tile; Hl er R K239 (PsilíRáchi) 4.26 ± 6 (08071615)239 m (hs 18% s); 0.32 ha. Density: (max.30, cont.0.10);S2d. PT(47): HI igcd, 25a; R 30-1, 54-5; + 1 glazed sherd,17upsh,8 bgt,12upt. Footslope,withsteeprema 50 m w. Olive terraces withsteppeand pears. Water-channelat slope-foot, 50 m S. SteepdropalongΕ edge. Wide scatterof ceramic Scatterof building-stone. material,mainlytile (UP, a littleBG); also HI table and cookingwares;pithos. wares;R bowls/basins (cl) MByz-EOtt K258 (PsilíRáchi) 1.76± 2 (07891633)273m (hs 13% w); 0.18 ha. Density: (max.8, cont.0.40); S2D. PT (28): ArCl 29g; Byz 17,38, 40-1, 50; + 4 glazed sherds,5 upsh,13upt. Upper slope of narrow spurs (s) of Psili Rachi; shallowvalley(s) 60 m W. Terraceswithsteppe,and scatteredolives. Fairly extensive scatter: Byz monochromejug, amphoras,and glazedpithos. (r)MByz-EOtt K237 Kokkinomalli (ILL.24.33) 1.60 ± 2 (07701633)248 m (hf13% s); 0.22 ha. Density: Name is on S2D. cont. map, 8, igth-cent. 0.31); (max. confirmed bylocal informant. PT(2g): Byz 3, 9bcde,17,41,46; + 7 upsh,10 upt; 1 floor-tile. SFiiy (bronzecoin).

III. 24.33.Site K237(to s).

374 Chapter 24 Curvinglowerslope,below rockyknollto N, with rema 50 m w. Olive terraceswithsteppe,garriga. of Kladas to Mandra 70 m SSWdownslope.Outskirts SW.Track(ε-w) fromKlada runsalongS sideofsite. Remainsofhousewalls.Byzpaintedandmonochrome bowls,monochrome jug, amphoraand glazed pithos UP rooftileandflattile.Bronzecoin(R?). sherds; village. Possiblylong-lived K235 Ágios Charálambos

LAr Cl

(07581638) (259 m (st 7% S); 0.07 ha. Density.2.07 ± 2 (max. 7, cont. 0.35); S2b.

PT (24): ArCl 27k,36af,38J,42c, 43J;+ 4 bgsh,4 upsh,6 bgt. ST746 (loom-weight B3), 96 (votiveclayplaque). (Name is thatof chapel 40 m w of site.)Upper s slope of shallowspurat SWend of Psili Rachi. Olive terraceswithsteppe. Close to firsthairpinbend of road to AgiosIoánnis. Moderate scatter:Cl BG table wares,containers, kitchenwares, mortar,basin; BG tile. Fragmentof terracotta terracotta plaque. loom-weight;

Κ (iv). Eight sites on w end of Chatzarorachi ridge (cf. zone L forremainderof this ridge),on S side of Kelephina valley.Olive cultivationdominant, some pears and almonds, much of it in newly reclaimed areas of bulldozer terracing. The steeper parts have dense garriga and macchia - unwalkable, particularlyclose to the Sophróni gorge. The area is defined by steep river terraces to the N, a deep rema to the S, and a more arbitraryline to the Ε where the ridge begins to ascend. Several tracksrun up fromthe Vasarás road along the side of the ridge in the directionof Agioi Saranda. EH (lhlar) K414 (Chatzarorachi) (10251715) 436 m (ht9% ε); Ο.Ο3naJNia. PT (149): EH 2, 6ab, na, i2ce, 25abc; LH 1; ArCl sherd,116upsh,1 bgt,6 16a,29g,59g; + 1 red-slipped 1 floor tile. upt, top of w outlierof OvergrownhollowE of flattish Chatzarorachiridge;deep rema to S. Schistoutcrops. Old cereals(oats),macchia.Materialprobablyeroded fromhilltop;scatterextendsto edge ofhilltop. EH F wares:sauceboat/deep Thin scatterofpottery; bowl, ring bases, and C wares: basins, bowls,jar handles; other material: Myc kylix,Cl BG mug, miniature votive;a littleBG tile.Terracotta (?). figurine k4o8. See K407. R K404 (Chatzarorachi) (10061728)354 m (rs 26% NW);
Some pottery Schistblocks,perhapsbuilding-stone. revealedin terracesection.Irregularscatterof tileand HI tablewares(dish,amphora,containers, somepottery: wares:mortar, pithos. cookingvessels, basin);kitchen A secondconcentration (k4<>8,0.02 ha) some70 m NNE,separatedby gap in scatter,is probablypart of thesame site.Counts: 1.15± 2 (max. 6, cont.0.52). PT (29): Hl ßbh, 18, igd, 21; + 2 bgsh,3 upsh,5 bgt,13 upt). It is on convexupper slope at edge of hilltop. Schisticsoil;oliveterraceswithsteppe;smallscatterof broken,ploughed-upschist.HI dishes,amphora,and othertableware. (ar/cl)hl R mr K419 (Chatzarorachi) 1.22± 2 (10121677) 385 m (hs 15% sw); 0.12ha. Density. (max.8, cont.0.38); N2K FT (36): ArCl 3od; HI 3c, 22; R 7, 45, 48, 49a, 62, 66-7, 69; + 9 upsh,9 upt. Lowerconvexslope above deep rema (w) 0.1 kmS; withpears. anotherrema(s) 0.2 kmW.Olive terraces, (Present-dayrubbishdump of Sparta not far SWin zone Ν i.) Wornmaterial;Cl hydria,HI dish,basin; R bowl, pithos. pitchers, R K298 (Chatzarorachi) 1.07± 1 (09811679)316 m (hs 30% s); 0.07 ha. Density. (max.4, cont.0.41);S2C. PT(2j): R 631,63J,66-7, 69; + 12upsh,6 upt. Footslopeof w spur of Chatzarorachi,just below confluenceof two deep remas. Schistic soil. Steep oliveterraceswithsteppe. R amphoras,unpaintedwares. Possiblyhill-wash.

Survey site catalogue

375

III. 24.34.SitcK4°7(tow)·

R er MByz K403 (Chatzarórachi) 0.55 ± 1 (09761714)311m (rs 12% x); 0.02 ha. Density. (max.2, cont.0.55);83a. PT (26): R 38, 46, 49b; Byz 23, 29, 39a; + 1 bgsh,5 upsh,1 bgt,5 upt. Midslopeof W spurof Chatzarórachiclose to track to Ag. Saranda,at back of nearlylevelspurprojecting olives X,withsteepslopeup to S. Schisticsoil.Irrigated and oranges,in thesamebulldozerterracesas K250. Small, thinscatter:R jar and pitchersherds;Byz jug, basin,and amphorasherds. (lar)hl (r mbyz) K250 (Chatzarórachi) ha. m 20% 5.79 ± Density: X'v);0.03 (09551712)298 (rs 8 (max.33,cont.0.21);83a. PT(47): ArCl 13h,16a, 29g; Hl igde,27; R 66, 69; Byz25; + 4 bgsh,27 upsh,9 upt. W.Youngolivesin Same slope as K403,butfurther

newlybulldozedfield.Adjacentto Vasarás road and steepriverterraceabove Kelephina.Smallishscatter: incl.mug;R C wares;mainlytile. Cl/Hl table-wares Hl R K299 (Chatzarórachi) 1.80 ± 3 (09181694)278 m (hs 11%W);0.01 ha. Density. (max. 11,cont.0.47);S2C. FT (37): HI 18b,37Γ1;R 69; + 2 bgsh, 12 upsh, 12 upt. SF 113(bronzebutton). Lower slope at tip of VVspur of Chatzarórachi; broad side-rema (w) 0.1 km S. Schistic soil and Justabove the S trackto Ag. outcrops.Olive terraces. Saranda whereitbranchesfromtheVasarásroad. Schist slabs, perhaps fromterrace walls. Small ofceramicmaterialnearschistoutcrop; concentration HI BG amphora and pithos sherds; R unpainted wares.Bronze'button'.

Κ (ν). Eightsiteson S sideofKelephinavalley,in itslowestcoursebeforemeetingtheEvrotasplain;all and marlbeds of sitesare on lowerslopes,in a line along the river.Schist,overlainby conglomerate and some Tsakonato s. Mostlyterracedolives,youngand mature; fig;irrigatedcitrusin valley pear bottom.A numberofdesertedhousesand farmbuildingsbyriverbed. R K297 ± ha. 2.68 0.01 m 10% 3 Density. x); (09211672)290 (hs (max.8, cont.0.40); S2C. PT (10):R 69; + 5 upt. Lower slope of northernoutlierof Tsakona ridge, above Vasarásroad; deep rema(w) 0.1 kmx. Schistic soil.Olive terraces.

Smallscatter, mainlytile;somein terracesection. (mhlh) ER R K515 1.77± 2 (09301683)247 m (hf6% x'v); 0.21 ha. Density: N2D. cont. 0.37); (max. 10, PT(85): MH 6c; LH 2; R 8-9, 15,33, 36a, 37, 48, 49b,61,63hl;+ 25 upsh,2 bgt,5 upt.

376 Chapter 24

ü T3 C

a

in

(Ν

1

I

ιό CO

4" (Ν

Survey site catalogue Lowestslope ofTsakona,on edge ofvalleybottom. At footof Ν outlierof Tsakona. Bulldozedland with oranges. Water-millalong slope 150 m S'v. Sherds spreadbybulldozer;sitedestroyed. Site on and below lowest terrace; findsalso in bulldozedspoil.Wide scatter:MH C bowl;LH cup; R bowls, basins, jars, pitchers,cooking vessels, and amphoras;BG/RG tile. hi (r) K2OI 1.08 ± 3 (08811655)245 m (hf12% 'v); 0.03 ha. Density: (max. 15,cont.0.61);A2b. PT(i$): HI ic, 19e;R 69; + 2 bgsh,5 upsh,4 upt. Footslopenear Kelephina; site on rockplatform, withsteepand sheerslopesto 'v, N'v. Olive terraces withmacchiaand steppe. Stretchofmortaredwall in terracesectionin S part near K515 of site,probablyassociatedwithwater-mill ofwornM- C UP to XNE.Small,denseconcentration and tile. (HI tableware,plates,containers) pottery K204 (ILL.24.35) (cl) HI R er mrMByz-Ott (08731608)245 m (rf14% W);0.89 ha; (a) Density. 2.30 ± 2 (max.9, cont.0.15);(b) 1.09± 1 (4); S2b. FT (65): ArCl 30c, 35c; HI id, i8d, 28, 34, 37cj; R 16,34a>45>48>49b>63'ί>67>% BYZ9ce>4°> + l bgsh> 19upsh,13bgt,11upt. SF φ (loom-weight B6). B3),49 (loom-weight w footslope ofTsakona.Oliveson ploughedterraces. Ruined water-mill with extensive scatters of materialfromdifferent dates,incl.BG/UP pottery (Cl BG hydria;HI plate, BG amphora, cookingwares, and pithoi;R bowls,basin, pitchers,amphoras;Byz monochrome bowls,amphora);BG/RG/UP tile. A conduit brought water from upstream and channelled ittowards themillbuilding. Attheendofthe aqueduct the streamwas divided into two courses, (as at G522).The perhapsto drivetwosetsofmillstones aqueductis some2 m abovegroundlevelat thispoint. The racewouldbe directed fromthereto themill-room;

Zone L: Eastern

377

thislastmeasured7.5 X 1.9m and was originally roofed witha barrel-vault. It was enteredfromtheS. A second structure abutstheaqueduct;itmeasures4.8 X 1.5. Ott and modernwater-mill withlargeearliersite. K206 (Aphanórachi) (rbyz) (08481594)267 m (hs 24% n); 0.06 ha. Density. 3.25 ± 3 (max. 11,cont.0.19);Nia. sherd,2 upsh,11upt. ΡΤ(ι^): ι green-glazed dissectedNeogenehillnear R. Midslopeof flattish, Kelephina.Olivesterraces. Irregularscatter, mainlyof UP tile;also pithos,TG and a littleF UP pottery. pottery, K207 (Aphanórachi) (cl/hl)R mr (08281600)239 m (hf15% n); 0.02 ha. Density: 3.65 ± 5 cont. S2C. (max. 15, 0.43); FT [η):R 7, 69; + bgsh,upsh,bgt,3 upt. Footslope of same hill as K206, but furtherW at edge of alluvial riverdeposits.Sandwichedbetween twoshallowremasand close to water-channel at edge ofvalleybottom.Olive terraces;steppe,garriga. Small,moderatescatter, mainlyofUP tile;someM UP pottery incl.bowl. hl (r) K2II Voreáki (08111587)268 m (hs 11%ν); 0.04 ha. Density. 2.23 ± 2 (max.7, cont.0.31);S2c. PT (g): Hl 14a,i9d; + 3 upsh,4 upt. Midslope of Aphanórachi.Olives set betweentwo shallowremas;steppe. ModeratescatterofF UP pottery incl.HI jugs/jars. R er K246 (07861596)244 m (hf28% ν); ο.οι ha. Density. 1.42± 2 (max. 10,cont.0.42); S2C. PT(io): R 33, 63J,69; + 1 upsh,4 upt. LowerΝ slopeofAphanórachi.Water-channel close belowat footofslope.Oliveson ploughedterraces. UP tile;M UP pottery incl.basinand amphora.

Part of Chatzarórachi

and Adjacent (sites259;400-2, 406, *438,476-7;534; 4001-3)

Valleys

Zone L comprisesthe Ε partof the ridgeof Chatzarórachi(see L i; the W partof the hillis includedin zone K, sinceitbelongswiththeKelephinavalley),overlooking thedeep Sophroni gorgeto theN. The slopeto theS ofthewidevalleyS ofChatzarórachiformstheNEcornerof the'Neogeneplateau'(zoneN). There is a varietyof siteson theupperslopesof Chatzarórachi.To the E, wheretheridge runsout intoa wide saddle overlooking the Sophronigorge,standsthe Byzantine-modern of Saranda with several attendantChristiansites(L400,L4001,L4003). (L534), monastery Agioi The water-supply ofthearea is mainlyprovidedbycisternsand a smallspring-house.

378 Chapter 24 fromΕ to w) L (i). Five siteson elongated,dissectedschisthill of Chatzarorachi,overlooking(successively, Sophroni gorge to NE (monasteryof Agioi Saranda, and older Paliomonastiro,are in this area; see L ii), the confluence of gorge with the Kelephina, and the Kelephina itself(to NW). To S, across wide rema valley,the hill faces Tsakona ridge and the Neogene plateau. This part of the ridge seems to have formed part of the monasticestate. Cultivationand agricultureare at presentlow,and thereis a heavy growthof weed and scrub in many areas. Some of the oldest olive treesin the surveyarea are here,probablygoing back to Turko-Venetian times. Ridge-top occupied by modern chapels of Agios Geórgios and Agia Varvára. Pear and almond also occur. Ridge top to W has long-neglected terraces (cereals or vines?) enclosed by a mortaredwall and withthe ruinsof a dovecote,probablyassociated withthe monastery. The area has been cultivated and partly terraced; bulldozers had been active, but agricultural activitywas at a low in the 1980s. Mature but unattended olive-treeswere oftenseen. Part of the area (around 10501660) is heavilybulldozed and contains the municipal waste disposal site forSparta; it was not surveyed. E-MH1 r L406 (Chatzarorachi) (10581710)460 m (rt 12% ne); 0.13 ha. Density:2.39 ± 3 (max. 11,cont. 0.35); Nia. PTfoi): HI if, uf, 13, 14a, 23, 37a; R 56, 69; + 14 upsh, 5 bgt, 2 upt. Just below and Ε of hilltop, in hollow above steep drop to N. Schistic soil. Abandoned terraces overgrownwith steppe, garriga, macchia. Thinnish scatter(one dense concentration),HI table ware (incl. plate, lekane, jug) and kitchen wares (mortar,pithos); R mortar;some tile.

L402 Ágios Geórgios

(mbyz)

(10761710)446 m (rt6% Ν); 0.04 ha; Nia. PT (20): Byz ib, 40; + 2 upsh, 16 upt. Just Ε of saddle, 0.2 km Ε of L406, on Chatzarorachi; steep drop on N. Threshing-floor20 m W; chapel of Ag. Geórgios 30 m SE; ruined buildings (perhaps I7th-i8th-cent.) within site. Threshing-floor has Inscription62 (date 1915). Two buildings,(i) The southernone 20 X 5.30 on N-S axis, built of schist blocks. Internal bench along E, W, and Ν walls. Slit windows in W wall. Associated with (ii) That on the Ν is 28 X 6 on roughly threshing-floor, Ε-W axis, vaulted with niches in inside walls and tiled masonry;it is divided into two roughlyequal rooms. ScatterofM UP potteryand tile(in one area onlytile). Byz storage building,possibly connected' with Agioi Saranda (L534). (Ibyz) L476 (Ágios Geórgios) (10821693) 437 m (st 8% SE); 0.03 ha. Density.1.36 ± 2 (max. 6, cont. 0.38); N2D. PT (12): Byz 4a, 1 glazed sherd, 2 upsh, 8 upt. Ε side of small, nearly level spur of outcropping schist on S side of hill; deep valley (w) to S; rema (s)

50 m W. Garriga, steppe. Uncultivated schist soil with olives and wild pear nearby. Located close to possible small, dried-up spring. Small scatterof UP tile; Byz painted incised bowl. (Ott) L477 (Chatzarorachi) (ill. 24.36) (10781674) 396 m (rf15% SE);
just upslope (cf. L438). Schistslabs (fromflooror roof?).Mainly tile(incl.BG). I438, probably connected, was found 60 m SW on S side of Ε spur of hill,above deep rema. Thin, schisticsoil. 0.81 ± 1 (max. 4, cont. Olive terraceswithgarriga.Density: 0.46). FT (48): HI ib, 3c; + 1 bgsh,33 upsh,3 bgt,8 upt. Possibly church, in view of nearby existing one. HI dishes. I438. See L259.

L (ii). Three sites on ridge S of upper course of Sophroni river,flowingW through gorge between Neogene hills to meet Kelephina in its lower course. Includes monasteryof Agioi Saranda (L534). Also three 'out-of-area'sitesin Sophroni gorge.

Survey site catalogue

III. 24.36.Standingremainsat 1477.

379

ofAgioiSaranda, III. 24.37.Churchat monastery 1534·

bedrock.Dense coverof withconglomerate The area is partlywoodedand generallyratherinfertile, There are areas of unwalkable. of the sides the of macchia and garriga made most parts gorge the with connected in old olives and monastery). however, very places(perhaps terracing, B>z Ott L534 Ágioi Saránda (ILL.24.37) (11471704)418 m (rs 4% ν); o.2Ö ha; Sia. Full name Moní tonAgíonTessarákonta Martyron. On flatnaturalterraceon upper W slope of E-W to s, and steepslopesto Ν ridge;steepslopesand cliffs to bottomof gorge,both coveredwithimpenetrable scrub.Olive terraces(some veryold olives,possibly 500-600 years),grazing,macchia. Quadrangle of two-storeybuildings with main the main church(Byz); entranceon VV.In courtyard, adjacent to its Ν side, the later Chrysopigichapel. builtintowalls; othersreferring Ancientinscriptions to the historyof the monasterybuildings,foundby the Surveyor earlier(see Inscriptions 4-5, 7, 12, 15 k, s, 27-43); also a possibleancientsculptedrelief Dense scatter of ceramic material around the buildings. complex,stillin use. Byzmonastery Cf. L400; L4001 (earlier monasteryin Sophroni gorge). Leake, TMii. 520-1; Sakellaropoulos.

EH EAr (cl) L400 Ágioi Pántes (ILL.24.38) Sia. m 10% ha; 0.03 NW); (ht 424 (11621705) PT (go): EH ia, 5a, lib, i2gh, 14-15,22a; ArCl ia, 29& 38J,56e; + 5 bgsh>58 uPsh>3 bgt,2 upt. CS (5): 5 (prep.pc), 6 (1 prox.bl, 3 med.). On knollat Ε end of same terracesas L534 (150 m ε). Brownsoil over marl and conglomerate.Steppe, garriga. Cemetery chapel of Agioi Pantes, belonging to Agioi Saranda (L534). Around it, smallish concentrationof finds:EH F wares (inturned-rim bowl,pedestalbase), C wares(basins,bowls,straightsidedvessel,stand,jar/jug);Cl craterand C wares. Cemeterychapel foundedAD 1702;see Inscriptions 32-3·

LN1 L401 m 8% 1 68 ha; S4d. NW); 0.13 (11 696) 441 (hs collected. No pottery CS (13): 4 (2 ( + 1 flint)tert.fl.),6 (3 prox. bl., 6 med.),9 (frag),incl.CSTT 10 (point),15(1 ret.).

380 Chapter 24

III. 24.38. Site 1400AgioiPántcs(tosi·:).

Midway up same slope, in clearing on natural and above steepovergrown terracebelowcliffs slopes I400. Olive terraceswithsteppe. overlooking Medium-sizedscatterof obsidianand chippedred stone;scrapsofpottery. Saránda Agioi L4001 Paliomonástiro, (r.11951735).Large monasticbuildingat cave on sheer rockface' ofSophronigorge,0.4 kmXEofL534.The formersite of the monastery. Sakellaropoulos14-20 L. 9 m, W. 2.5 m describesit. Main church(rock-cut): wide; H. up to 5 m depending on cave roof. See

Zone M: Evrótas

27-8 (AD1305).Sakellaropoulos19:oldest Inscriptions paintingin churchof c. AD 1250.Ibid. 20: Above the monastery,c.200 m higher up, two hermitages (άσκητήρια)withchapels of Ág. Ioánnis Pródromos and Análipsis.Ibid. 20-1: tracesof artificial roadway to theold monastery. L4002 Sophróni Rema. EH potteryand obsidian nearbottomofgorge,observedbySurveymembers. L4003 Ágios Nikólaos. Ruinedchurchin bottomof Sophronigorge.

Plain

(Aphisioú Area)

(sites171-2,*i73,174-7,194;*32O,321-2,*323,324-5.*326,327-9.*33O~I>332,334-6, *337-8,339-44,*345,346-53,*355,356-7,361-2,365) theplainon theleft(east)bankof Zone M comprisesa 2 kmlongsectionoftheglacisforming the foothills low the with theEvrotas,together adjoining plainhere.The villageofAphisiouis some 30 m above theplain. The zone the on NE of the situatedin the zone, slopingfoothills road modern the from bridge(itselfin zoneJ), and continuesto the beginsjust downstream hillsbecomesverynarrow,close underthe the and river the between pointwherethe gap is shownin ILL.24.40. zone the of Part ILL. Menelaionridge(zone Q; 24.39). defined in fact is zone the of The NWboundary by an archaeological'vacuum' NWof sitecentres,thoughthereis a identified no km with a of area an is there sq Aphisioú,where in moderate 1: no. PL i. scatter constantbackground 82, quantitiesofancientpottery (cf. fairly and between lowground Menelaion). Aphisiou

Surveysite catalogue 381

II. I.. 2 .}.'-)<). The

MiMH'laion

lid^c

from Apliisiou.

to ssi.

(i.

Shipley).

III. 24.40.Landscapeofzone M, lookingdownto ssw fromtheheightsabove Aphisiou.

The subzoneincludesthesitesofseveralexcavations byCh. Christou.(i)AtPlaisia, 0.8 kmΕ ofKtirákia(seebelow),he foundHI wallingand an undatedgrave;thisshouldbe in thearea of our M362(q.v). (ii)At Ktirákia he excavateda heroönor mausoleum(ourM334,q.v.).(iii)At ofAphisioutwomarblefragments ofarchaicDoric architrave Amboula in thevicinity came to a wall Cl a a as well as marble and column with an floor, (over remains), LR/EByz light, of father of Constantine the Great 88 (BCH (1964),731; Christou,A. inscription Constantius, Belt.17(1961-2),Chr.73-85;above,Chapter23,GG76).C. givesno morepreciselocationand we wereunableto identify thissite;itmayinsteadlie inJ (iii),belowtheSparta-Tripolismainroad. In the Dikaios see M365. (iv) plothe founda MR building;fora possibleidentification

382 Chapter24 Variousscholarshaveplaced Therapne (Paus.iii. 19.9; 20. 1-2)nearAphisioú,thoughthe south. factthatPaus,places theMenelaion(Q360)theremaymean it is to be locatedfurther On hiswaytherefromSparta(and so itneed notbe a settlement. He callsTherapnea chôrion, stillon the westbank of the river)he passed a sanctuaryof AthenaAlea, anotherof Zeus above thewestbank,and then(havingcrossedtheriver)anotherofAres on Plousiosslightly the leftof the road (19. 7-8). At Therapne he was shownthe springof Messeis (20. 1; cf. Horn.//.vi. 457),thoughsome said thiswas the earliername of the springof Polydeukeia on therightoftheroad to Therapne.Near Therapnewas (witha sanctuaryof POLYDEUKES) also a Phoibaion witha templeof the DlOSKOUROl(Paus. 20. 2); a sanctuaryof POSEIDON also lay closeby.(See also Bölte 1329;Armstrong, Cavanaghand Shipley1992.)None ofthese the identified was Survey. by conclusively places Otherrefsto Therapne: Alkman,PMG 4 fr.8; fr.7. 12; fr.14 b; Hdt. vi. 61; Isocr.x. 63; Polyb.v. 18;22; Liv.xxxiv.28; Paus. iii. 19.9-20. 1; Steph.Byz.s.v. Boblaye82: ruinsand spring(Messeis?)werereportedbyVietty. to thearea. The zone includesseveraldumpsofarchaeologicalmaterialextrinsic and upperglacis,in and nearAphisioú M (i). Foursiteson dissected village.The area is footslopes there on medium or of with olives terraces; bulldozed) (sometimes age, ploughed young mainly planted Occasionalwildpearwasnoted.In and nearthevillagethere ofrecentinter-cropping. wasevidence a largeoneat thetopofAphisioú availablein springs Wateris readily arekitchen (including gardens. water with a reservoir pumpedfromtheEvrotas);thetiny supplied village,nowsupersededby behindthis The erodedcliffs SWacrosstheglacisaredryin summer. thatrungenerally watercourses areaareshowninILL.24.41. (ar/cl)EH1 MH1 ER MR LR MByz M321 Myloi (a) 4.15 (09431461)288 m (fh9% SW);0.42 ha. Density: ± 4 (max. 19,cont.0.19); (B) 3.58 ± 4 (max. 14,cont. 0.21);83a. PT(a) (113):ArCl 28a; HI 7, igcde,20, 21a, 25e,27, 35c; R 14, 33, 48, 62, 69; Byz 23, 43; + 5 bgsh, 36

upsh,4 bgt,7 upt. (B) (98): ArCl 43J,38c, 57br,58ac; HI 3d, 9b, nb, 12a, 13,16, 18a, 190e,20, 21a, 25b,28, 31b,35a, 36a; R 7, 15, 20, 22, 26, 48, 63e], 67; H-11 bgsh,23 upsh,6 bgt,3 upt. SF 9, 10 (kiln-supports), 30-2 (lamps,3rd~4thand ofclayfigurine). 90 (frag, 5th-6th-cent.),

aboveAphisiou III. 24.41.Themarlcliffs (toc.nk).

Survey site catalogue CS (ι): 4 (tert.il.). Topslopesof shallowridgebelowerodedmarlcliffs to Ν (ill. 24.41).Olives and grasseson ploughed(and sometimes bulldozed) terraces; some wild pear. Modernconcretecisternon S sideofsite. densescatterdividedbetweentwo Wide,moderately areas;findsincl.(a) HI megarianbowl,BG containers, lekane, jugs/jars, and amphora; R bowls, basin, pitcher, pithos;BG and RG tile;brick;flattile;(b) Cl wares(basin,pithoi,basins);HI BG containers, kitchen dish,bowl,lekane,crater,trefoiloinochoë,amphora, lekane,jugs/jars, and kitchenwares (cooking-jar, amphora,smallpithos);R bowls,pitchers, amphoras; one TG sherd;pithos;and otherlaterfinds(incl.3 parts of a terracotta lamp).Two potterysupportsforuse in kiln;one terracotta fragment. M332 (hi)MByz (ott) (09271449)268 m (fh7% sw); 0.24 ha. Density: 2.70 ± 2 (max.9, cont.0.09); 83a. FT (20): HI 14b;Byz 18,39a, 43, 50; + 8 upsh,1 bgt, 3 upt,1 floortile. Bio). SF53 (loom-weight Shallowtopofmarlridge;smallrema(w)belowsiteto w. Olives,grasses, abandonedcereals.Moderately dense ofByzglazedjug,incisedamphora,glazedpithos. scatter m323 (°9261445)·Straysmallfind. MH (lh)LAr EOtt M322 (09331421)234 m (fh22% N'v);0.05 ha. Density: 1.79± 2 (max.7, cont.0.26); N4C. PT(a) (236):MH ia, ib, 2a, 3, 4a, 5, 6e, 10, na, 13, i5ac, 16-17,18b,igd, 20a, 21, 21a, 22-3; LH 15;ArCl na, 30h; + 1 bgsh,100 upsh,12 bgt,10 upt. (b) (64): ArCl na, 13e,14a,22c,43^ 52a, Byz9e, 50; -I-11bgsh, 14upsh,20 bgt,7 upt.

383

Narrow,curved terrace adjoining small rema in Olives,cypresses, footslopes. grasses,macchia,grazing. Hill withcemeterychurchof Aphisioúoverlookssite fromsteep-sidedhillimmediately acrossrema (hilltop c.30m abovesiteat topofprecipitous slope). Two dense,distinct,but contiguousconcentrations ofwell-preserved material: incl. (λ)20 m NW-SEX 35 m NE-SW:scatterofpottery MH kantharos or cup sherds,goblets,bowls,C bowls, decorated jars,lustrous jars,Adriaticware',storage jars, and pithos;LH largebowl;Cl BG tablewares. (B) 20 X 20 m, located50 m SWofA: Cl tableware incl.skyphos, dish,C basin,chytra. Materialhas probablycome downslopein colluvial processes. Some HI sherds (but no prehistoric material)visiblec.io m upslopein section. Mentioned,AR 32 (1985-6),30. m355 (οθβο^Η)· Sherdsin ditchsection. EH (cl e/mhlr) M357 Aphisioú (08931416) 231m (fh7% w); 0.03 ha; N4C. FT (31): EH ia, 2, 6b, 8a, i2bch; ArCl 36I, 46; HI 10a; R 69; + 5 upsh. Shallow valley between flattishspurs of glacis footslopes.(Named Άφησού afterByz landowner accordingto Doukas 565.) During constructionof koinotic office in new plateia (and also during excavation of a bothros), potteryand tile foundin spoil fromseveral metres belowsurface.EH F inturned-rim bowl,ringbase,flat base,and C bowls;Cl BG and C sherds;HI cup. site,or possiblyhill-wash. Multi-period For inscriptions foundearlierin the village(incl.a dedication to Artemis Eulakia found between Aphisioúand theMenelaion),see Inscriptions 15 p, r, t, u, w, z, and themoderninscriptions 6i, 73.

M (ii). Three siteson lowerglacisbelowAphisioú,at edge of alluvialplain. Generallyopen, flattish fieldswitholiveplantations;inter-cropping no longerpractised,but the olivesare inter-ploughed and in is much evidence. Occasional such as mulberry, grazing orangegroves,witholder fruit-trees fig, in thevicinity ofAphisioúvillage. peach,and wildpear,particularly 111320(08001400).Straysmallfind. LAr/Cl M171 (08051383)194m (pi 3% SW);0.09 ha. Density: 1.69 ± 3 (max.16,cont.0.57);N3C. PT (18):ArCl i2d, 13b,38J,571·;+ 10upsh,4 bgt. SF/[6(loom-weight B3). Immediatelybelow Geraki road. Oranges, steppe Modern house 50 plants;also olives,figs,mulberries. m WNW.

ScatterofCl BG tablewaresand containers; pithos; BG tile.Terracottaloom-weight.

M172 (lh)Cl LC1 HI (08101373)191m (pi 1% s); 0.10 ha; Density: 4.44 ± 3 (max. 11,cont.0.11);N3C. PT (72): ArCl 17b,301,32a, 37c, 38h; HI 5, i4ac, igcd,31b;+ 8 bgsh,24 upsh,2 bgt,1 upt. 0.1 km fromroad, and 0.1 km SSE of M171.Olives and oranges,withpeaches, mulberries,vegetables, Modernhouse80 m NNE. steppe,grazing-land. Much BG tile and BG pottery: Cl skyphos, oinochoë, BG containers;HI kantharos,jugs, and cookingwares. Workedblocks recentlydumped on site.

384 Chapter 24 111331(08221322). Stray small find. 111330 (08361369). Roadside dump of high-quality, multi-periodmaterial; presumablyfromSparta. GS 2 whetstones. Mi 94 (Kámbos) (ear) LAr (08321349) 192 m (pi 7% sw); 0.01 ha; N4b. PT(62): ArCl nb, 13h, 14b, i6d, 25b, 32b, 35d, 36c, 37c, 38efj, 4id, 42c, 48b; + 8 bgsh, 3 upsh, 21 bgt, 1 upt.

On and around steep bluff,at boundary between colluvial glacis and older alluvial fan; Geraki road no m NE. Olives, steppe, grazing; some bulldozing. Dense concentration of pottery exposed by bulldozer; incl. Cl BG table wares, skyphos,mug, lid, oinochoë, containers, mortar,C dish, potteryand BG, RG, and UP tile. Good-quality habitation site of limitedextent. LS 10703 (possible HI pottery, tile) is c.30-50 m upslope. 111173(07851342). Dumped material beside track.

S ofAphisiou,on bothsidesofsmall,windingremavalley.Land M (iii). Foursiteson spursoffoothills use similarto M (ii),withsomebulldozerterraces. HI M342 + ha. m 13.77 Density: (fh 19% s); 0.03 (09831385) 290 24 (max. 88, cont. 0.26); N2D. PT(i^): 1 bgsh, 4 upsh, 5 bgt, 4 upt. SF50 (loom-weightB7). Below crest of spur. New bulldozer terraces, with olives (inter-ploughed)and garriga. Very restricted but dense concentration of material, incl. BG and RG tile; pithos; UP/BG domestic pottery; terracotta loom-weight; and two pieces of ancient stamped tiles (see Inscriptions 17,

•9)· In view of recent bulldozing (in preparation for tree-planting?) and variety of material (incl. the stamped tile originally from a building in Sparta), this may be a dump. On the other hand, material of quite homogeneous date (HI). (The dense pack of tile fragments was very fresh, which suits either scenario.) (lh) r M343 (09731382) 288 m (fh 15% W); 0.07 ha. Density:2.80 ± 4 (max. 17,cont. 0.34); N2D. PT: R 69. Crest of flattishspur. Bulldozer terrace with olives (inter-ploughed);garriga patches. Stone-pack w of site centre,with some 80 cm schistboulders.

Fairly dense scatter of tile, incl. flat tile, roof-tile (possiblyearlier and reused); brick; a littlepottery. ■ (hi) M340 ha. m 0.02 8% Density:1.04 ± 1 (fh SE); (09311385) 232 (max. 4, cont. 0.44); N4C. PT(io): 1 bgsh, 3 upsh, 5 bgt, 2 upt. Crest of low, flattishspur with small rema (winding pears (gone wild). SSW)50 m E. Olives (inter-ploughed), Small concentration, mainly of tile (incl. BG), with some UP pottery. R byz ott M341 ha. m 18% Density:2.03 ± sw); 0.04 (fh (09261362) 224 2 (max. 12, cont. 0.36); N3C. PT (11): R 69; Byz 50; 4- 2 glazed sherds, 2 upsh, bgt, upt. GS 9 (marble vessel). Lower slope of low, flattishspur across rema and downstream from M340; small remas to Ν and w. Olives (inter-ploughed). Small scatter, incl. UP/BG tile, storage wares, a littlepoor BG pottery,and some TG ware. Part of R (?) stone vase. 111338 (09141364)

E/MH1).

Thin scatter of sherds (incl.

all one widefieldbetween M (iv). Fivesiteson one wide,low spurin upperglacislandscape,essentially smallremas.All exceptM365were revealedin ditchesdug forirrigation pipes; surfacescatterswere M as for Land use 'noise'. from (iii). barelydistinguishable background M35^ (08951367) UP sherds and tile (byz). LAr/Cl (hl-er) M-LByz M328 (08851352) 207 m (fh 3% s); 0.28 ha. Density:4.22 ± 4 (max. 17,cont. 0.17); N3C.

FT (37): ArCl 12b, 36f, 42m, 47a, 56a, 57η R 34b; Byz gd, 23, 39a, 40; + 3 bgsh, 17 upsh, 4 upt. &F43 (loom-weightA3). 0.2 km WSWof M356. Olives. Collapsed terrace wall (c.12 m long) runs Ν 45o Ε £.15m ENE of site.

Survey site catalogue Small and (around ditch and spoil-heaps)dense scattersof material;some Cl BG tableware (kitchen, mortar, loop-handledpan, pithos);R basin;tile. Complex, perhaps prosperous, multi-period habitationsite. M325(downslope)seemsseparate. (Ici)EH1 HI M327 m ha. 2.28 ± 2 2% SW); (fh 0.45 Density: (08801351)207 111326;transect (max.11,cont.0.20);N3C.Incorporates Bothsitesalso had scatter. countssuggesta continuous extended, fairly steadyscatters downslopeto Ε and SE. PT (φ): ArCl iob, 16b,29g; HI nf, 13, 14a, 16, 18, 19b,20, 25g,37d;Byz 23 (?); + 13upsh,3 bgt,9 upt. 50 m WfromM328.Olives,grasses. dense Two wide and (aroundditchand spoil-heaps) scatters ofmaterial (one,theformer M326,is c.30m SWof dugUP M327).Materialin bothincludes(a) muchfreshly curvedtileand a littleBG tileand BG pottery (Cl BG tableware,mug,fluted oinochoë, vessel;HI lekane,trefoil and amphora, jug/jar,and pithos);(b)a littleTG pottery flattilewithmortar somelargepiecesoffinger-grooved adhering;Byzjug. In mostcases the materialfurther upslope(i.e. in M327)is of betterquality.Hand-sized unworked schist stonesinditchsection(inM326). FindsfromM326includebowlwithinscribedletter, 24. Inscription 111326(08781349).See M327. (lar/ecl) M329 (08721338)202 m (fh3% S); 0.10 ha; N3C.Density: 1.19 ± 1 (max.7, cont.0.38). FT (12):ArCl 13e,33b; + 4 upsh,2 bgt,4 upt.

385

Furtherdown the slope. Olives (inter-ploughed), and wild). pear (domesticated Tile and a littlepottery(Cl BG table ware and flask);sometilein section,aboveschiststones. LAr EC1 LCI M325 (ill. 24.42) 0.95 ± 2 (08711335)200 m (fh3% s); 0.01 ha. Density: (max.9, cont.0.55);N3C. PT(47): ArCl nc, 13h,13d,i6f,17b,23a, 26b, 27c, 29g>3ob> 32a> 35d> 36c> 43I 47a> 51*56g>56k; + 4 bgsh,13upsh,7 bgt,3 upt. ÄF73 (ox figurine). 19 m SWand downslopefromM329.Olives (interand wild). ploughed),pear (domesticated Small scatter;Cl table wares,cup, mug,skyphos, pyxis,hydria,oinochoë, and C wares, basin, loophandledpan; BG and RG tile.Terracottafigurine. PartofM329? mr M365 (08811338)200 m (fh7% SE);0.5 ha; N3C. ΡΤ(35): R 41; -I-1 bgsh,26 upsh,3 upt. On S side of field,on naturalterraceabove small Ε-w rema.Olives(inter-ploughed). Material mainlyrevealedby recentditch-digging and deep ploughing;mainlyratherworntile(incl.flat tile)and UP domesticpottery(R smallpitcher;also a littleBG tile,BG pottery, decoratedpithos). Perhapsa villasiteassociatedwithM334;conceivably Ch. Christou's siteat theplotofDikaios, namedafter ADbuilding(villa?) itsowner,wherehe founda 3rd-cent. witha mosaic (A. Delt.20 (1965),176-7;Chapter23, as being1 kmΕ of GG79).He locatesitsonlyimprecisely, Artemis ofc.085132. Orthia,whichimpliescoordinates

III. 24.42.SiteM325(to c. ').

386 Chapter24 S than(iv).Land use similarto M (iv). Μ (ν). Six sitesin upperglacislandscape,further m337 (°924I34^)· UP sherdsin ditchsection. R M339 2.21 + 2 (09141349)219 m (fh4% 'v); 0.06 ha. Density. (max.9, cont.0.30); N4C. Belowcrestofflattish ridge;smallrema50 m NE. PT {16):R 62, 69; + ι upsh,5 upt. Moderatelydensescatterofmaterial,incl.pithos;a and littledomesticpottery(R pithos);brick,roof-tile, muchthick,flattile.No F wares. R (lr) M336 (09141338)222 m (fh5% s'v);
This is the Cl- R heroönor mausoleumexcavated by Christou. He found Hl-R sculptural and architecturalfragments.It was possiblydestroyed by the Heruli, AD 267, and converted to EChr churchwithapse. Potteryfoundby Laconia Survey outside the building includes Byz jugs, incised amphora. Ch. Christou,PAE 1963,130-6.AR [10] (1963-4),8; BCH 88 (1964),730-1and fig.1 (plan);AR 32 (1985-6),

3°·

(hl)R M335 (Ktirákia) 0.97 ± 1 (09021331)210 m (pi 5% w); 0.12 ha. Density: (max.5, cont.0.49); N4D. PT(37): Hl 13; R 13, 35, 36b, 49b; + 2 slipped sherds,8 bgsh,8 upsh,4 bgt,9 upt,floor-tile. On Ν side ofsame low spur,25 m Ν ofM334.Olives grasses,somewildpear. (inter-ploughed), In new ditchforirrigation pipe, thinnishscatterof material,incl. much that is clearlydistinctin kind fromM334: HI BG pottery;R bowl, basin, pitcher; BG/UP tile;pithos. (r) M324 2.58 ± 3 (08971345)210 m (pi 5% s); 0.03 ha. Density: (max. 10,cont.0.35);N4D. FT (3): R9, 51; + 1 upt. Olives On low,shallowspurin colluvialfootslopes. and wild). (inter-ploughed), pear (domesticated Small but fairlydense scatterof UP pottery(R shallowbowl,lid)and tile;terracotta loom-weight.

III. 24.43.ExcavatedmausoleumM334(C. Mee).

Survey site catalogue 387 LAr EC1 M347 2.02 ± ha. m 200 Density. (fh3% nvv);0.25 (08841313) 2 (max.6, cont.0.20); N4D. PT(2g)' ArCl 16e,29g,3id, 32b,36a, 421,57q; + 3 bgsh,8 upsh,8 bgt,2 upt.

levelfieldinupperglacis,withsmallrema In nearly m Ν. Olives 60 grazing. (inter-ploughed), ('v) Thinnish,homogeneousscatter,incl. Cl mug, neck-handled amphora,mortar,pithos;tile (UP, BG).

belowNeogeneplateau M (vi). Ten sitesfurther S, on upperand lowerglacisfields,and on footslopes of lower on the two sites are here Included slopes Aphorisméni(M361-2),in the (see M362,M361). neartheplain.Land use similarto Μ (ν). foothills E-MH1 ER MR M348 (08971293)214m (fh6% S'v); 0.16 ha. Density3.12 ± 2 (max.11,cont.0.20); N3D. PT (118):HI ic, 10b,nbc, 13, i8bc, i9cd, 20, 25a, 27, 31b; R iab, 7, 14,52b,62, 63ÍJ,64, 69; + 33 bgsh, 22 upsh,2 bgt,15upt. SF 46 (2 loom-weights, typeB3). Crest of shallow spur. Olives (inter-ploughed), grazing. Straight(terrace?)wall (L. 42 m; H. 0.80 m), runs throughw partof site.Scatterincl. BG tile;grooved flat tile; HI plate, cup/bowl, lekanai, amphora, jug/jar, cookingwares; R plate, bowls, lid, pithos, amphoras, funnel. Two terracottaloom-weights; (Inscription14). Worked possibleR boundary-stone blockc.75m SE on samecontour. conglomerate Traces of later (Byz/Ott?) settlement,possibly connectedwiththelongwall. (ar/cl)R MByz M344 Plaisia(?) 5.20 ± 5 (08771291)193m (pi 4% 'v); 0.34 ha. Density. (max. 16,cont.0.12);N3C. PT (43):ArCl 35Í; R 49b,56, 67, 69; Byz 6a, 17,23, 38, 39a, 41; + 4 bgsh,2 upsh,6 bgt,6 upt. Bi). SF44 (loom-weight On same spur,0.2 kmWNWof M348.Olives (interploughed). Large,dense scatterof material:tile(incl.BG and flatUP tile);one BG sherd;R base, mortar,and UP sherds;Byz incisedbowl, monochromejug, UP jug, incisedamphora;terracotta (R?). loom-weight Later materialmay be scatter('halo') fromM346, whosesitecentreis c.6o m SWbutonly2 m lower. FurtherΕ should lie Christou'sHI buildingand undatablegrave,located0.8 kmΕ ofKtirákia(M334at 09021327),implying100 m coordinatesof c.098132; to zone M. see above,introduction m345 (08881289).Straysmallfind. (hl)R M-LByz M346 4.92 ± 4 (08731287)191m (pi 5% w); 0.22 ha. Density. (max.15,cont.0.19);N3C. />Τ(28):HI i2d; R 67, 69; Byz 23, 27, 36a, 39a, 41; + 2 upsh,2 bgt,3 upt.

C.55m SSWfromM344.Olives(inter-ploughed). Large, fairlydense scatter incl. tile (Oat; BG curved),pottery(HI crater;R UP wares;Byz UP jug, and incisedamphora). pink-bodied HI M362 (Aphorisméni/Plaísia?) 0.97 ± 1 (09991329)299 m (rs 6% s); 0.03 ha. Density. (max.6, cont.0.51);N4. PT (19): HI ub, 14a, igd, 22; + 4 bgsh,6 upsh,3 bgt,2 upt. Footslopebelow W side of long conglomerateand marl ridge of Aphanórachi, at w side of Neogene plateau;shallowvalleyabove head ofsmallrema(sw). Oliveson terraces. Moderatelydense scatter,HI table ware (lekane, jug, basin),pithos. Nearby should lie Christou's site at Plaisia (locatedbyhim0.8 kmΕ of Ktirákia,our M334;i.e. at c.09821327), where he found a HI building with, nearby,a tile grave similar to Ar tombs found at Sparta but withoutofferingsand not datable. (C. Christou,PAE 1963, 130-1; BCH 88 (1964), 730; cf. Chapter23,GG80.) (hl)R M361 (Aphorisméni/Plaísia?) 1.87± 3 (09981323)293 m (rs8% w); 0.05 ha. Density. (max. 10,cont.0.44); N4. PT (16):R 69; + 2 bgsh,8 upsh,4 upt. 80 m s of M362,beside head of small rema (sw). Oliveson terraces. Small, thin scatter of well-preservedtile and pottery. hl-mrR M350 ha. m 3.16 ± 4 s); 0.03 Density (09331284)230 (fh15% (max. 16,cont.0.31);N4C. PT(i6): R 54, 62, 69; + 6 upsh,2 upt. SF φ (loom-weight B3). Naturalterraceon S sideoflow spurin upperglacis landscape; sizeable rema (w) 80 m S. Olives (interploughed)on terraces.Mandra0.1 kmΕ upslope. scatter:mainlyUP tile, Thinnishbut well-defined and some F ware and C-MF domestic wares (R cookingware,pithos);also a littleBG tileand pottery. Workedblock.

388 Chapter24

III. 24.44.SiteM349(toN)·

MH LH H1MBYZ M349 (ILL.24.44) (09201290)230 m (fh11% s'v); 0.07 ha. Density. 1.63 ± 2 (max.7, cont.0.40); N3b. PT (322): MH iab, 2ab, 4, 6ace, 7-8, 10, nabc, 13, 17,i8abc, i9abde,20b,21,21c;LH 1,3-4, 5b, 6b, 7-8, i3ab; HI 3e, i8d, 20; Byz 23, 39a, 44; + 16 painted sherds(LH), 4 bgsh,137upsh,1 upt. 40 m NNWon same terraceas M350.Olives (interploughed). Thinnish scatter of worn material, MH table (kantharos/cup, goblet,cup, lustrousdecorated)and kitchen wares(C bowlsand dish,pan,wide-mouthed jar, neckedjar, pithoidjar, pithos);LH III pottery(kylikes, deep bowlfragments, goblet,crater);some BG F ware (HI dish,amphora)and BG tile;Byz UP (jug,incised amphora,glazed amphora).Obsidianblade; scatterof human(?)boneinsmallareac.15m NWofsitecentre. Severallargeschistslabs,lyingagainstback wall of main terrace of site, furtherE, had clearly been ploughed up and removedto edge of terrace;they probably come from prehistoric burials. Large conglomeratebouldersoccur in severalterracewalls w of site; and there is a definiteline of crude now forminga mandra-like conglomerateorthostats, W. enclosure,in frontofone terracewallfurther For the unpromising resultsof phosphatesampling see Chapter22,SP349. Conditionof materialsuggestsit has moveddown fromtop of spur.Byz material,however,is probably straysfromM350. (ar/clhl) ER MR M352 3.27 ± (09001265)204 m (fh13% NW);0.10 ha. Density: 4 (max.20, cont.0.31);N4C.

FT (31):ArCl 36a, 56a; HI 27; R ib, 7, 9, 38, 42; + 6 upsh,2 upt. Si752 (loom-weight B9). NWside oflow,flattish spurin glacislandscape.Old and youngolive-trees (inter-ploughed). Dense concentrationof material;Cl and HI BG flattile; UP wares; R plate, bowls,pitcher/flagon; curved tile; pithos; terracottaloom-weight.One pithosfragmenthas an inscribedcross (Inscription 26). Possiblesource of materialat M353 and/or M351 (bothdownslopeto wsw). HI M353 1.74± 2 (08911264) 205 m (fh4% SW);0.05 ha. Density: (max.8, cont.0.45);N4C. PT (26): HI ioab, 12b, 19e, 20, 22, 25e, 37h; + 4 bgsh,11upsh. Gently sloping field in glacis landscape. Large bouldersor blocks. conglomerate Thinnishscatterofceramicmaterial,incl.wornBG F wares(HI cups/bowls, basin,jug/jar,pithos). crater, thanM351(downslopeto More clearlysingle-period WSW)and M352 (upslope to ENE).Possibly,however, washfromM352. (cl/hl) M351 1.90± 3 (08861260)190m (fh4% SW);0.03 ha. Density: (max.9, cont.0.42);N3C. PT(y): 5 upsh,1 bgt,1 upt. On lowerglacis,nextto river-plain. Olives,cereals, grasses. Thinnishscatterofwornmaterial,incl.BG/UP tile and C-MF domesticvessels.

Survey site catalogue

389

olives(inter-ploughed), M (vii). Foursiteson lowestpartoftheNeogeneglacis,whichheresupports andthere Oleandersandbrambles andotherfenced somecitrus orchards, growintheremas, gardens. noted. were channels areareasofneglected cultivation, occasionally grazed.Irrigation ofInscription as Kámbos('Plain')isthefindspot The areaknown 15y. (ar/cl)EH1 HI MI74 (Kámbos) 4.22 ± 3 (08661296)190m (pi 2% SW);0.03 ha. Density: cont. 0.14);N3C. (max. 15, FT (33): ArCl 16b, 38c; HI 13, i4abc, 20, 28; + 2 bgsh,20 upsh,1 bgt. Gentlyslopingfieldsin lowerglacis landscape,at boundarywithalluvialfan. Geraki road adjoins site on E. Oranges and olives (inter-ploughed),with steppe,grazing,vegetables. Moderatelydense scatter,Cl and HI table ware (incl.mug,jugs) and cookingplate;BG/UP tile;brick.

EH1 HI M177 (Kámbos) 2.86 ± 3 (08781255)184m (pi 3% SW);0.07 ha. Density: (max. 11,cont.0.22);N3C. FT (37):HI 10a, 13,igde,20, 23; + 2 bgsh,20 upsh, 2 bgt,5 upt. Concave,gentleslope; Gerakiroad 50 m NE;small rema immediatelyw. Olives (inter-ploughed)and vegetables,withsteppe,oranges(irrigated),garriga, macchia. Moderatelydense scatter,with UP/BG tile and someBG F ware(HI cups/bowls, pedestal,mortar).

hl-erR M176 (Kámbos) 3.52 ± 2 (08641263)188m (pi 2% s'v); 0.05 ha. Density: (max.7, cont.0.07);N3C. 66-7, 69, 10 upsh, PT(28): R 34b,48, 49a, 56, 630IJ, 1 bgt,1 upt. SF 46 (loom-weight B3). Almostflatfieldsnear Evrotas;water-channel (here SW;smallremato SE. Olives, runningSE) immediately withorangesand maize. Mainly M-MF UP pottery (R basin, pitcher, mortar,and amphorasherds)withsome stray(?) BG tile; much UP tile; some brick. Terracotta loomweight.

HI M175 (Kámbos) 9.54 ± 5 (08751251)183 m (pi 2% S); 0.11 ha. Density: (max.23,cont.0.0); N3C. PT (g8): ArCl 29g; HI 10b, 14b, 19e, 21, 25b, 30, 36b; + 5 bgsh,67 upsh,1 bgt,7 upt. GS 9 (marblevessel). 50 m SWof M177,acrosssmallrema. Olives (interploughed),withoranges,steppe,garriga. Much UP and BG pottery(HI cup/bowl,jugs/jars, lekane; and kitchenwares- stewpot,small pithos), brick,and UP tile;some of BG potteryis in ENEpart of site in an area c.io X 20 m. Workedstone;quern fragment.

Zone N: The Neogene

Plateau

(incl.

Tsákona)

(sites183-93,195;2O9;3Î2-I5. *3l8~-I9>333>354,363>*366;4°9> *4IO~I2,Al%4Χ5?V6, 417-18,43o; 503) The zone consistsof the Ν partof a largeplateau,thewhole of whichoccupiessome 20 sq series.It is cut offfromtheEvrotas km,formedbyrocksofthelocal marl-and-conglomerate basin by the major tectonicfaultline markingthe Ε boundaryof the Evrotasfurrow. Only the Ν half of the plateau was explored;furthers, it broadens out and fallsaway to the broadening villagesofSkouraand Kephalás. On itsΕ side,too,theplateaubecomesflattish, out intozone Ρ and the Ν partof zone R. The centraland w partsof zone N, however,are severelydissectedby deep rema valleysrunninggenerallySWto the Evrotasplain, and it thus consistsof roughlyparallel ridgeswhose sides (particularlythe N-facingslopes) are The termination of one of theseridgesformsthe Menelaion steepand heavilyovergrown. hillcomplex(zone Q). withinthe area is along eitherridge-topsor valleybottoms;access from Communication one to theotheris oftenvirtually impossiblebecause of the dense macchiaon the slopes.In the SE of the surveyedarea, one valleyhas been used as a drover'sroutefromChrysaphato Sparta(see Ν ν).

390 Chapter 24 oftheridgessplayingoutWand SWfromthe Ν (i). Sevensites,sixon theTsákonaridge,northernmost Chrysaphabasin to formthe Neogene plateau; the seventhsite is on the next hill to E. Tsákona fromitsconfluencewithSophroniRema (see zone K) and looks overlooksthe Kelephinadownstream NE to Chatzarórachi(zone L). Sparta'smunicipalrubbishdump is locatedhere.The new Chrysapha S. road runsin valleyto S; old roadwas in Kastoróremavalleyfurther at citruscultivation The area is thinlyplantedwitholivesand occasionallyterraced;recentattempts are as land do notseemto have been successful, on bulldozer-cleared dependent they upon thesupply uncultivable ofpumpedwaterforirrigation. thoughlocallyplantedwitholivesand cultivated Largely on ridgetopsand naturalterraces. of Zeus Messapeus N415 Tsákona: sanctuary

EAr LAr EC1 (lclhl)MR (ILL.24.45) 5.72 ± 9 (09501615)424 m (ht0% sw); 0.12 ha. Density: (max. 41, cont.0.23); Nib. Incorporates0416 (now s partofN415). PT (a) (155):ArCl 6a, i3ah, 15h,i6f,19a, 25a, 26d, 27CS,28a, 29dg,35a, 36acfhj,38J,39abcdeg,42d, 44b, 46, 47a, 56bijk,57h, 59bcegh; + 8 bgsh,39 upsh, 9 bgt,2 upt. (b) 168: ArCl 5b, 9c, 13h,i5eg, i6df,28a, 29g,32b,37c,38J,39adefg,59bh; + 18 bgsh,27 upsh, 3 bgt,1 upt. (c) 5: ArCl 2d, 38J,3gd; + 1 bgt. (d) 2: ArCl 29g,39g. SF2, 3, 5, 6 (terracotta antefixes), 4 (discakroterion), 12-26 (15 3rd-cent.AD lamps), 58-68 (clay votive figurines). GS 1a (black'stonecelt). FlattishhilltopofTsákona;steepdropto NWand SE. and Conglomeratewithmarl.Olives (inter-ploughed bulldozedland).Verypoorland,someuncultivated. Schistslabs;lineoffiveor sixporosblockson Ν side ofhill,withpossibletracesofburning(hearth?).Dense

scatterof potteryincl.MF/F BG (Cl craters,lekanai, sieve, cups,mugs,bowls,oinochoai,aryballoi,mortar, loop-handledpan, pithoi,miniaturevotivepots) and chiefly good BG tile.Numerousterracottafigurines, ithyphallic;many fragmentsof terracottalamps; fragmentsof iron objects, antefixes, and disc akroterion. Excavated in 1989, when an Ar-R sanctuary buildingwas confirmed.Also foundwere a stamped tile of Zeus Messapeus and two otherinscriptions 16 g, 22; see also N413). (see Inscriptions ImportantSpartan sanctuary;use extendingto R periodon basisoflamp and glassvesselfragments. Cavanaghand Crouwel1987;BSAAR1988-9,20-1; Catling 1990b; BCH 114 (1990), 734-6. Cf. also Chapter23, GG108,fora possiblesanctuaryof Ζ. Μ. on theothersideoftheSpartaplain. Possibly connected with the temple mentioned vaguely by the French Expedition (Blouet ii. 62; Armstrong,Cavanagh, and Shipley 1992, 310). Cf. also N313,below.

III. 24.45.SiteN415Tsákona:viewfromsiteto s.

Survey site catalogue

391

III. 24.46. SiteN410:viewto s'v fromTsákona,showingterracing.

11416 (0952 1619). See N415. MH LH I- II (lh iii) N413 (Tsákona) (ill. 24.46) Other sites on the same ridge were treated in the field as a series of separate sites, numbered 410 to 413. These are now amalgamated as differentareas of a single site. (a) N413 (09381600) 395 m (hs 17% s'v); 0.4 ha. Density.0.45 ± 1 (max. 4, cont. 0.70); Nib. PT (24): MH 2a, igd; + 11 upsh, 2 bgt, 8 upt. Below end of narrow W spur of Tsákona; steep rema (flowingW, then NVV)50 m away on S and VV;rounded hilltop above site 80 m NE. Marly soil with conglomerate. Olives (inter-ploughed). Schist slabs. Scatter of i9th-2Oth-cent. tile with pottery,mainly MH (goblet, C handles) and some ME At site centre, concentration of post-ΒΑ UP/BG tile. Worked piece of marble. Cave in rema bottom to SSW

(no finds). (b) 11412 (09361588). Density.0.68 ± 1 (max. 3, cont. 0.52). PT (84.): MH iab, 2a, 5, 7, 10-11, 13, 15c, 16-17, 18c, igd, 20a, 21; + 52 upsh. GS 7 ('pot-lid'). Saddle of flat-topped SW spur of Tsákona, with eroded cliffs10 m S above deep rema and Chrysapha road. Marly soil with conglomerate. Young olives (inter-ploughed). Schistslabs may indicatedestroyedwalls. Original site centreprobablyeroded to S (or ploughed out). Scatterof MC /MF pottery(MH kantharoi,goblets,bowls,lustrous decorated) and kitchenwares (dish,jars, jugs and jars, pithoidjar, and pithos).Pithos-lid;obsidian. (c) 11410 (09301590); 0.01 ha. Density0.63 ± 1 (max.

4, cont. 0.55); Nib. PT (112): MH iab, 2b, 4ab, 6ac, 10, ne, 15a, 17, 18b, igd, 21, 2iab; LH nb; + 83 upsh. SF 102 (clay crucible). GS y (2 'pot-lids'). Ν side of low knoll on top of same spur; steep slope on Ν to small rema (w). Marly soil with conglomerate. Young olives (inter-ploughed) with steppe. Spring in opposite side of rema, 140 m NW. Schist slabs. Irregular scatter of C pottery and a littleF ware (mainly MC /MF; MH kantharoi,goblets, cups, bowl, wide-mouthed jar, jugs, pithoi; LH II alabastron). Two probable round schistpot-lids. (d) 11411 (09221594);
392 Chapter 24

^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^^^^^

^

^^H

Agios Georgios

^Ν

^~^

'

0

^H

I

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I

1

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1

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GDRS

III. 24.47.SiteN417AgiosGeorgios (G.Sanders).

(lh)Byz Ott N418 (ÁgiosGeorgios) 9.26 ± 10 (09111580)348 m (rs13% s); 0.16 ha. Density. (max.63, cont.0.16);S2C. ΡΓ(55): LH 4, 13b; Byz ib, 9<de,18, 23, 44; + 7 glazedsherds,9 upsh,11 upt. ofglassbottle). SF136 (frag, Long broad terraceswitholives,set in a natural apron below the steep slope risingup to N417and abovethesteepslopesfallingS to theChrysapharoad. Prominentcliffsto NE. Situatedat entranceto pass leadingup to plateau. Large pieces of limestoneand schistmay be from wide scatter:mainlyF and old buildings.Dense, fairly domestic pottery (LH stemmed bowl and other painted ware; Byz slip-paintedbowl, monochrome bowl,glazedjug, UP jug, glazed amphora);also tile; pithos;brick. Hamlet associated with N417?Some prehistoric finds(strays?).Possiblywash fromN417upslope. An

LH kylix stem (monochrome)was found 0.2 km Ε (LS 10493). further For resultsof phosphatesamplingand geophysical surveysee Chapter 22, SP418, the latterindicating tracesofbuiltstructures. 11318 (09251569).Strayfindsincl. stampedtile: see Inscription18. Si7 39 (disc spindlewhorl).Roadside dump? 11319 (09081563).Strayfind(modern). R N315 1.49 ± 2 (09001561)296 m (st 7% S); 0.40 ha. Density. (max. 11,cont.0.37);S2C. FT (38): R 15,30, 34b,36c, 45, 49a, 57; + 2 slipped sherds,ι bgsh,13upsh,11upt. SFj-S (kiln-supports). On lowerw extensionof same spuras N418,below

Survey site catalogue Chrysapharoad and above deep rema(sw). Oliveson ploughedterraces. and Thin scatterofUP material(R bowls,pitchers, frying pan); flattile.Kiln material? (hi) N209 8.53 ± 9 (08641553)257m (ss 9% SE); o.01 ha. Density. (max.27,cont.0.33); S4C. ^(55): l3 bgsh'32 uPsh>l bgt>7 uPtIn hollow betweensteep-sided,eroded Neogene spurs and immediatelyadjacent to Vasarás road. Lime-kiln on other side of road, cut into Oliveswithsteppe,garriga. conglomerate. dense concentration,mainly of F small, Very BG/UP pottery (one Megarianbowl).

393

EC1 N409 (10361637)440 m (rs22% s); 0.01 ha; N2b. PT (31): ArCl ub, 19a, 29g,52α, 56k; + 3 bgsh,2 upsh,14bgt,3 upt. Upper slope of smallhillockon low Ε-WridgeΕ of Tsákona;steep,narrowrema70 m S; side-rema(s) 50 m 'v. Marly soil conglomerateand broken schist. Close to municipalrubbishdump;poor,uncultivated soilswithsteppe,garriga,and macchia.Site revealed bybulldozingoftrack. Verysmallscatterincl.BG tableware(open shapes, containers)and kitchenware (chytra),some revealed in tracksection.

Ν (ii). Three sites in NE part of plateau, near heads of several parallel ridges and valleys. Access between sites is easy. There is a gap in settlementto w and S. The new Chrysapha road passes E-W throughthisarea. The land is mainly open, with a coveringof patchy macchia and garriga, and is used mainly for grazing. Lower slopes and gully beds have dense vegetation. Very poor soil, with beds of conglomeratepredominatingover areas of thinnermarl. Cl ehl hi N430 1.73± 2 (11161667) 478 m (hs 12% w); 0.07 ha. Density: (max.7, cont.0.35);Nia. PT (35):ArCl 3od, 52d; HI ub, 13,20; + 21 upsh,4 upt. Steep, convex midslope, formed into natural conglomerateterraceswithprominentrock ledges, belowflattish top of large,dissectedridge;deep rema bedrock.Heavilygrazed (x'v)0.1kms'v. Conglomerate Site macchia. occupiesthreenaturalterraces. garriga, Scatterof pottery(HI and Cl lekane, ring base, hydria) and kitchenware (chytra).Two parts of terracotta figurines. Cultsite. LAr EC1 N503 3.16 ± 6 (11301673) 478 m (st 2% ν); Ο.Ο5na· Density. (max.34, cont.0.38); Sia. PT (73): ArCl 5b, 6a, i3dh, 16a, 26a, 27bcj, 29g, 361],37ace, 38J,41c, 45a, 46, 56a, 571·;+ 5 bgsh, 10 upsh,20 bgt,2 upt.

Flattishtip of small, convex spur 0.1 km ENE of N430; deep rema (') to E, shallow rema (ν) to 'V; conglomeraterock ledges; steeperdownslopeto X. Macchia, garriga.Dense scatterof mainlyBG MF pottery(Cl crater,lekane,mug,containers,lekythos, and pithos),BG tile,and someUP tile. (eh lar byz) N312 1.92 ± 2 (11311638)488 m (hs 14% E); 0.14 ha. Density. (max.9, cont.0.31);Nia. PT (48): EH 25ce; ArCl 15e,3och; Byz 23, 39a; + bgsh,17upsh,7 bgt,14upt. S sideofsame hilltopas X503.Macchia. Thin scatterextendingovermostof hill;sinceit is the originalsite centremay have denselyovergrown, site:EH C been at hilltop.Findssuggestmulti-period handles;Cl cup,hydrias;Byzjug, amphora;tile. EH II sitewithlateroccupation.Despite its large extent,it is probablyall the main site and not halo, excepton s side whereit extends180m SSWto end of hilltop.

Ν (iii). Three isolated sites on parallel ridges of the plateau, startingin the N. The ridge-tops are mainly bare, with only a thin coveringof garriga. The area is used mainly forgrazing, though there is evidence of bulldozing,perhaps witha view to irrigatedcitruscultivation. (ar/clhi) N313 Moleméni (09451544)394 m (rt11%SE);0.09 ha; Nib. PT(4): 3 bgt,1 upt. SF φ (loom-weight B3). Bulldozed spur near W end of ridge (marl,

conglomerate);access only fromΕ along ridge-crest 'V in cliffs). (ridgeendsfurther Steepdropsto NE,S. Thin scatterof material,disturbedby bulldozerin places and possiblypushed offhilltopjust to N. BG roof-tile only.

394 Chapter 24

ontheNeogene scrubandgarriga ILL·24.48.SiteN333(inmiddle showing ground), plateau(tos'v).

Possiblyconnectedwithalleged Cl templein this area, mentioned by the French Expedition (cf. underN415,above). remarks

EH II site (size exaggerated by extent of grab sample; materialhas probablyspread fromhilltop, whichis severely eroded).

11366(11451600).Strayfinds(Nl/EH?). CS (1): 6 (med. bl.).

LAr EC1 N354 (GeorgákiRáchi) 5.61 ± 11 (10531417)413 m (rt0% s); 0.10 ha. Density: (max.58, cont.0.18);Nib. FT (29): ArCl na, 15e,27cg,30c, 41c,46; + 6 bgsh, 2 upsh,3 bgt. At top of knoll on crest of ridge (overlooking in Aphorismeni, Doulaporemato SKand terminating further Grazing. SYV). Two concentrationsof conglomeratestoneswith tile among them;conglomeratebouldersin a rough line (c.3 m long) on possible cut footingin natural rock.Small densescatter, mainlyBG F ware(Cl open and closed BG tableware,cup, hydria);also BG, RG roof-tile.

EH N333 (GeorgákiRáchi) (ill. 24.48) 469 m (rt0% N'v);0.29 ha; Nia. (11121555) PT(6$): EH 5a, na, i2ef,25bcd,27d;+ 49 upsh. CS (7): 3 (sec. fl.),4 (3 tert.fl.),6 (2 med. bl.), 7 (rejuv.pc). NK-SWridgeof G. R., on S'Vside X'Vside offlattish of small side-valley (nw). Macchia (pricklyoak, arbutus, lentisk),thornygarriga; recent grazing. Mandraon othersideofridge0.2 kms. Extensive,thinscatter:EH pedestalbases, basins, bowls,jar/jughandles;a fewpiecesofobsidian.

branchingsetof Ν (iv). Line ofsevensites- all butone ofthemLAr/ECl- on crestofone steep-sided, Kastorórema and the between valleys. the of area of S in Doulaporema plateau, part surveyed ridges to access limit since not ridge-tops.) listed are easy slopes steep byridges, valleys, (Sites tractofthesurveyarea consistsofa fairlynarrowridgerunningparallelwiththe This southernmost Menelaionridge.The lowerslopes(mainlythe Doulaporemavalley)are verysteepand coveredwith Accessis by densemacchia,whichwas observedto maskthegroundevenwhereitcouldbe penetrated. trackand themorecultivableareas on thecrest.AlthoughtheS halfofthisarea supportsa a ridge-top barrenof sherds.Eventuallythe landscapeopens out into an area of it is virtually fewolive-groves, cultivatedground(aroundΝ183-8),thougheven here therewas muchmacchiaand moreintensively witholivegroves. garriga,interspersed

Survey site catalogue LAr ECl N183 (Raches) 2.50 ± 1 (10741314)393 m (rt8% e); 0.02 ha. Density: Nib. cont. 0.0); (max.3, FT (79):ArCl5b,6c, 13h,15g,29g,30h,31b,35b,38J, 42c,43I,47a,56bk,57η + 3 bgsh,34 upsh,14bgt,1 upt. Ε side ofknollon top steep-sidedridge;smallrema (s) 70 m E. Soil of marland conglomerate.Grazingland;garriga,macchia. Remainsof rubblewalls to E, NE,and S'v of small scatterof BG pottery(Cl crater,lekane,cup, hydria, and kitchenwares neck-handled amphora,containers) and BG tile. basin, pan, pithos); loop-handled (mortar, LAr ECl N187 (Raches) 3.32 ± 3 410 m (rt5% NE);0.05 ha. Density: (11101338) Nia. cont. 0.14); (max.9, PT(49): ArCl na, 13h,28a, 29g, 35c, 360IJ,37h, 38bj,41c,42ch,53d,561k;+ 6 bgsh,15 upsh,4 bgt,1 upt. Saddle betweenknollson steep-sidedridge.Soil of conglomeratewith marl. Olives on ploughed or bulldozedland;garriga,macchia. Small scatter(Cl BG open and closed shapes,and kitchenwares,mortars, largejars); BG tile. N186

(lcl-ehl)E/MH1

(11211370) 409 m (hs 5% SW); 0.03 ha. Density:6.40 ± 7 (max. 20, cont. 0.20); N2D.

PT (112): HI iae, 4-5, 6b, 9, nbdf, i4ab, 18c, igabde,23d,33; + 24 bgsh,43 upsh,5 bgt,1 upt. SF φ (loom-weight B3). Concave slope of low hillock,partof same ridgeas Ν187; shallowvalleyto W. Marlysoil. Olive terraces (ploughed)withgrazing;garriga,macchia. echinus BG pottery(HI plates,skyphos,kantharos, bowl,lekane,jugs,amphora,stewpot);BG tile. See also N188. LAr ECl N188 2.03 ± 1 402 m (hs 14% s); 0.06 ha. Density: (1119135g) N2a. cont. 0.13); (max.5,

395

FT (44): ArCl i2d, 13h,29g,36bd,44b,47a, 53c; + 1 bgsh,16 upsh,3 bgt,4 upt. SF φ (loom-weight B3). 60 m SSWand downslopefromΝ186.Marlysoil.Olive macchia. withgrazing;garriga, terraces (ploughed) Cl BG open and closed shapes,and kitchenwares, sieve,loop-handledpan,jar. Terracottaloom-weight. N184 (Xerokástoro)

LAr EC1

(11041367)410 m (hs 12% SE); 0.05 ha; N2b.

FT (18): ArCl 15g,i6f, 27b, 29g, 3obchj, 35e, 38J, 45a; + 1 bgsh,2 bgt,3 upt. SE side of large knoll; ridge-crest20 m 'v. Marly soil. Grazing-landwithmacchia and garriga(interploughedolivesin vicinity). F BG pottery(Cl cup, mug, hydriasand other closedvessels),C wares;BG tile. LS 10719,downslopeto W (Cl/Hl BG potteryand tile),maypartlybe hill-washfromΝ184. LAr ECl Ni85 (Xerokástoro) ha. m 10% 1 Density: 3.08 ± 4 W); 0.09 (hs 418 16138g) (1 (max. 15,cont.0.14);Nia. PT(42): ArCl i2d, 28a, 29g,3oac, 41c,42c; + bgsh, 3 upsh,3 bgt,3 upt. Ε sideofshallowvalleyabove head ofsmallrema(s) in upper part of ridge. Conglomerate soil. Olives withgarriga,macchia. Mandras on (inter-ploughed) surrounding slopes,incl.one 50 m NWofsitecentre. Material generally worn; Cl BG open shapes, also mortar;BG tile.Smallflintblade. hydrias, LAr/ECl r N314 (11311427)440 m (rt8% w); 0.12ha; Nia. FT (19):ArCl 12a,29g,37e,38J;R 2-4, 9, 49b; + 8 upsh,2 upt. Size estimated frommapping of main scatter; scatterextendsovermostof hilltop,100 X 250 further Macchia. convexridge-crest. m. Flattish, Scatterof mainlywornmaterial,Cl BG open and closedshapes;R pitcher;UP roof-tile.

Ν (ν). Six or sevensiteson Ε branchofsameridgecomplex,nearitsupperend; Kastoróremaon E. On The ridgeis itsS side is a ruinedbuilding(0.2 kmΕ ofN195),said to havebeen a tavernafortravellers. head of the at the has a which the a of Kastororema, spring plentiful majorcomplexoverlooking part It standson a route(stillused) fromChrysaphato the Evrotas valley(copiouseven in midsummer). valley.The ridge-topis fairlybarren,withmacchiaand garrigain patchesovera wide area. On the gentlerterracesthereare tracesof cultivation:olives,some arable (largelyneglectedtodaybut not and somevegetables(inthebest-watered areas). overgrown), LN1 N363 (Kastráchounes) Nia. m 0.06 ha; w); 467 (rt 9% (11971476) PT (18):Nl 2a; + 16upsh,1 upt. CS (16): 1 (core),3 (sec. fl.),4 (5 ( + 1 flint)tert.fl.),5 (prep,pc), 6 (prox.bl., 6 med., 1 dist.),6 (debris,1

frag.),incl.CSTT15 (2 ret.). crestofconglomerate On w side oflow hillforming ridge.Macchia (partlyburnt). Thin scatterof pottery(LN1 bowl) and obsidian. Strayfinds0.4 kmS on ridge.

396 Chapter24 Ni93 (Kastráchounes) LAr Cl (11821424) 428 m (hs26% SE);o.01 ha. Density. 3.44 ± 5 (max. 19,cont.0.33);N3a. PT (30): ArCl 29hg,32a, 34, 36af,38J,57J,58c; + 2 bgsh,8 upsh,5 bgt. On side of low N-S spurformingSWextensionof same ridge,nextto smallremavalleyon E. Marlysoil. Olives(inter-ploughed); steppe,garriga. Small concentration incl.BG tile;Cl BG open and closedshapes,oinochoë,stamnos,also pithos. N195 (Kastóri/Kástora) (lar/clr) MByz (11681414) 434 m (st 13% s); 0.59 ha. Density. 2.44 ± 3 (max. 14,cont.0.19);N2b. PT (29): ArCl 27c,35Í; R 33; Byz 23, 38, 39a, 40; + 9 upsh,1 upt. At S end of same spur as Ν193, furtherSWalong contours,between small, shallow valleys; running waterin remato SE (Aug.1987).Terraceswithcereals; macchia, wild pear; deciduous trees beside larger rema. Stone-heaps indicatingpossible structures;one partlypreservedruinedbuildingon SWslope of spur; according to local shepherd, ruined church somewherein the macchia.Wide scatterof material overs end of spur.Some Cl BG sherds,R basin; Byz jugs and amphoras. R296 across Kastororemato SE. The nearbysites η189 and Ν190 suggesta ratherscatteredByz village or hamlet. The name also notedbyHondiusand Hondius-van Haeften144-5.

11189 MByz (11611419) 435 m (hs 15% se); 0.03 ha. Density. 1.25± 1 (max.5, cont.0.33);Nia. PT (30): Byz 32, 38, 39a, 40, 44; + 9 upsh,2 upt, floortile. Concave bayjust W of N195;shallowvalleybottom adjacent on E. Conglomerate soil. Grazing-land; macchia,garriga. Small scatterByz combed and incisedamphoras; glazedamphora;UP tile. Associatedwiththe'hamlet'ofN195.See also N192. The resultsof phosphate sampling(Chapter 22, SP189) would suggest that this is not a separate site. N190 (IEL.24.49) (ar/clr) MByz (11491402)428 m (rs8% N'v);0.05 ha. Density. 2.76 ± 2 (max.9, cont.0.10);Nia. PT (61): ArCl i6f, 29g; Byz 23, 38, 39a, 40; + 1 bgsh,43 upsh,4 upt. Convexslopejust w of crestof ridge,0.2 kmSWof η189; rema (s) 70 m w. Conglomeratesoil. Grazingland; macchia,garriga. Mainly UP Byz pottery(jugs, amphoras);a little earlierBG/UP pottery and BG/UP tile. Hl er mrR N192 (11831376)393 m (hs 7% SE); o. 10 ha. Density. 3.64 ± 3 (max. 13,cont.0.10);Nia. PT(33): HI id, 9a, igd, 25e,28-9, 33; R 7, 9, 14,30, 33,49a, 62, 66, 69; + 2 bgsh,6 upsh,1 bgt,4 upt. Ε footslope of ridge, on natural terrace; rema

III. 24.49. SitcN190,showingthevegetation ofthesouthernNeogeneplateau(to c. n).

Survey site catalogue 397 (SSW) 40 m ENE (still flowing in Aug. 1987). Olives, inter-ploughed with cereals, vegetables, garriga, macchia. UP pottery (HI plate, bowl, closed vessels, also cooking wares; R bowls and basins); pithos; tile. EH MH (lh) er R MByz N191 (11471384)424 m (hs 8% sw); 0.07 ha. Density:3.17 ± 3 (max. 9, cont. 0.13); Nia. PT(264): EH iobc, nab, i2eg, 14, 16a, 25ac, 28a;

Zone P: Lower

Slopes

MH ib; LH 1; R iab, 66-7; Byz 23, 32, 37, 39a, 40; + 3 red slipped (Urfirnis)sherds,3 bgsh, 169 upsh, 8 upt. CS (1)13 (flintsec. fl.). Upper 'v slope of ridge, 0.4 km WNWof M92; rema (s) 70 m 'v. Grazing-land; macchia, garriga. Dense, multi-period scatter (EH red-slipped bowl, C basins, bowls, plates, jar-handles; MH kantharos; LH kylix;R plate, closed vessels; Byz UP jug, combed amphora, incised amphorae). Obsidian. BA material mainly in Ν part of site.

of Koutsovíti Loutsórema

(NW Part) and Upper

(sites260,*26i, 262-4,^265, 267-74,278-9,284-6,*288; *3Ö4;405) This zone comprisesa flattish area ofland withNeogenesoilsbelowthelimestonemountain of Koutsoviti withthelongLoutsóremavalleywithitshead at the ridge (unsurveyed), together Ν end of thearea close to theedge of the Sophronigorge,whichKoutsovitioverlooksto the SW.This fairlyshallowremarunsSE (throughzone S) intotheChrysaphabasin (zonesT, U), eventuallyemptyingthroughthe Chávos gorgewhichdrainsthe basin to the S, withthe Neogeneplateau(zonesN, R) on itsright.(This partof Loutsóremais called 'Agiorgiórema' on theGreekArmy1 : 50,000map.) The area takestheformofan open plateauwithreddishsoils,fromwhichone looksdown into shallow,shelteredvalleys. The gravel road to Chrysapha runs SE along the ridge (approximately alongtheline ofthewatershed)above therightbankof theLoutsórema,and formstheapproximate SWboundaryofthezone. This ridge,or theLoutsóremavalleybottom routein thepast. (herequiteshallowand wide),mayhavebeen an important Ρ (i). SixsitesonlowerslopesofKoutsoviti, aboveandNEoftheLoutsórema areaiscalled (thegeneral Paniáon maps).Olivecultivation hasbeenrevived inplaces,often wherethelandhasbeenbulldozed toremove theconglomerate andexposethemarl;butmuchoftheareais usedforgrazing. The lower theremabed are heavilyovergrown, theuppermuchlessso. Severalmandrasand slopestowards disused lime-kilns werenoted. P260 Neraidálona LAr EC1 (12591721)536 m (hs 5% SW);0.01 ha; Nia. FT (67): ArCl 15c, i6f, 22c, 28a, 29g, 32a, 37h, 38J, 56k, 59deh; + 1 bgsh, 47 upsh, 1 upt. Small, nearly level spur,where limestone landscape meets gentlerlower slopes. Olives on bulldozed land. Small scatter of worn pottery incl. BG cup, mug, dish, oinochoe sherds,and miniaturevotive vessels; no tile. Cult site. EH LAr (cl) P285 (Paniá) (12591688) 532 m (hs 7% VV);0.20 ha; N2a. PT(72): EH i2ch, 14, 16b, 25bcde, 28c; ArCl 2a, nb, 27c, 28ac, 29cg, 36aj, 377g, 38J, 41c, 42m, 52a, 57η; + 5 bgsh, 17 upsh, 8 bgt, 3 upt.

CS (16): 3 (4 sec. fi.),4 (4 tert.Ω.), 5 (2 prep, pc), 6 (1 prox. bl., 5 med.) incl. CSTT 15 (1 ret.). Moderate footslope; shallow valley (s) 0.2 km 'VS'V. Dense macchia. with scattered clearings and outcrops of limestone; thin soil. Grazing. At junction of limestone and Neogene. Fairly wide, thin scatter of EH pottery (C ware bowls, straight-sided vessels, plate, jars, pithos) and BG pottery (Cl crater and other open and closed shapes, lekythos,and household wares, mortar,chytra, pithos) and tile. Obsidian. P288 is 180 m downslope. p288 (12551675). Stray finds. Probably eroded from P285. CS (13): 4 (2 tert.fl.),6 (4 prox. bl., 4 med. bl.), 8 (debris, 1 frag.).

398 Chapter 24 LAr (eel) P272 (Paniá) (12691673)530 m (hs3% SW);1.37ha; Nia. PT (j6): ArCl 5b, 6c, na, i2d, i5dfg,25e, 28a, 29g, 3ocf,36a, 37h, 38J,42Í, 46, 53b, 56bdj, 57nq; + 11 bgsh,10upsh,10bgt,3 upt. Small, flattishspur (ssw) at foot of Koutsoviti, where limestonemeets Neogene foothills;shallow valley(s) to S ofsite.Grazedmacchiaand garrigawith clearings. Rock-cutfeaturenear site centre(well or cistern). Verywide scatterof BG pottery(crater,lekane,cups, lid, skyphos,hydriai,and householdwares,mortar, jars,pithoi)and BG tile. P286 (Provatómandra) LAr/ECl (12601636)504 m (ss 12% se); o.01 ha; Nia. PT(28): ArCl5b,13h,28a,56a; + 5 upsh,1bgt,6 upt. CS (3): 4 (tert.fl.),6 (2 med.bl.). Ε side of shallow spur between Loutsorema and to E. Dense macchiaon conglomerate. side-valley Wide,thinscatterofUP/BG tileand pottery (crater and otheropen shapes,and C ware); also TG strays. Wornmaterialin lowerpartofslope.Obsidian. LAr/ECl P273 (Provatómandra) (12851640)498 m (st 2% s); o.01 ha. Density: 0.87 ± ι (max.3, cont.0.48); Nia.

PT (24):ArCl13h,28a,29g,36h,4ibc;+ 5 upsh,11 bgt. Higher than P286, across side-valleyjoining Loutsoremafurther Ν edge of low downstream; flatspur(s'v) witholiveson stonyred soil,just below juncture of limestone and Neogene. Macchia and garrigaon sides of spur.Shallow rema(sw)to N.Mandracomplexwithenclosure 50 m SE.

Small,thinscatter;mainlytile;includesBG tileand BG pottery (openand closedshapes). LAr/ECl P274 (12891633)504 m (hs 8% sw); 0.07 ha. Density. 7.42 ± 15(max.80, cont.0.24);N4C. PT(2$): ArCl 38J,52a; + 1 upsh,22 bgt. GS 6c (Egyptian-boat quern). 0.1 km Ε of P273,at head of shallowrema. Olive terraceswithmacchiaabove,on limestone;garrigaat junctureof limestoneand Neogene.Mandra complex w ofsite;smallhut20 m NE. immediately Dense but localized scatter of tile (Cl BG and set. chytra).Stonegrinding Obsidian scatter.CS (6): 3 (sec. fl.),5 P265 (13111571) (prep,pc), 6 (2 prox.bl., 2 med.bl.).

Ρ (ii). Seven siteson flat,wide ridgeof Provatómandraon w side of the Loutsorema,whichalso overlooksheads ofvalleysthatbecomelargeremasflowingSSWthroughNeogeneplateau(notablythe S on the crest.Much more Doulaporema).P261-4are in one fieldon the flattop,the othersfurther cultivatedthan Ρ (i), especiallyon the marl;olivesin fieldsand open terraces,some undercropped. Some reclamation wheredensemacchiahad existed. P261: see P264. P264 (Provatómandra) (eh lar)ECl LCI (r) (12281650) 513 m (ht4% s); 0.03 ha. Density: 1.25 ± 2 (max. 6, cont.0.44); Nia. Incorporatesp26i, treated in the fieldas a separatesite but here combinedas secondarea ofP264. PT (32): ArCl 13h,15^ i6f, 17a,27p,29g,30h, 371, 38hj,4id, 42f,47a, 50c, 57f;R 15; + 1 bgsh,15upsh,8 bgt,10upt. Edge of olive grove with dense macchia over mound, subsequently(aftersampling)bulldozed to revealrubblefrombuildingsand dense scatterof tile and sherd. 1.06 ± 2 (max.5, cont.0.53). p26i. 0.01 ha. Density: PT (60): EH 5b, 6b, 27a; ArCl 13h,27Ç 29g,36a, 38J, 56d, 59a; + bgsh,16 upsh,9 bgt,4 upt.Upperpartof hilltopat head of shallowrema (''v). Newlycleared fieldforyoungolives beside trackfromChrysapha road to Sophroni gorge. Olives (ploughing,

bulldozing).ScatterofBG pottery(Cl tableware,cup, mug, skyphos,hydria,closed shapes, and kitchen wares,mortar,loop-handledpan, pithos,miniature votive);and BG tile.The EH findsare evidently strays fromP263. EH P263 (Provatómandra) 3.00 ± 6 (12221655) 513 m (ht2% w); 0.01 ha. Density: (max.20, cont.0.50); Nia. PT (207):EH ib, 2, 50c, 6ab, 7a, 8ab, nab, i2bcgh, 13b,14-15,19-20,22b,24, 25a, 27ad; + 103upsh. CS (3): 6 (2 prox.bl., 1 med.bl.). GS 6a (saddlequern). Same field as P261-2, P264. Olives (ploughing, bulldozing). Small, dense scatterof EH pottery(inturned-rim bowl, sauceboat,pedestalbase, smalljars, C basins, bowls, dish, stand, dipper,disc, jars/jugs, pithoi). Obsidian;quern. EH II site.

Survey site catalogue 399 EH LAr ECl (Icilr) P2Ô2 (Provatómandra) (12261660)512 m (ht8% Χ); 0.05 ha. Density. 2.54 ± 4 (max. 14,cont.0.39); Nia. FT {141):EH 2, 25c; ArCl 5b, 6a, i2f,ißbeh, 14b, i5abgh, i6f, 17a, 19a«:,26d, 27abc, 28a, 2gbg, 35h, 44ab, 46, 47a; R 12; + 36af,37h,38J,41a, 42bc, 431J, 18bgsh,51 upsh,8 bgt,5 upt.

Same fieldas P261,P263. Olives (ploughing, EH sauceboat, bulldozing). jar sherds.Cl BG crater, lekanai,skyphos, bowls,and cups,mug,skyphos, closed shapes; kitchenwares, mortars,basins, sieves. See alsounderP264.

EH (lar/ecl) Ε ΜΗ1 MR R MByz-EOtt P284 Ágios Sotíras (12231632) 510m (ht3% N'v);2.00 ha; Nia. PT (ij): EH i2c, 25c; Byz 23, 32, 36a, 38, 40; + 9 upsh;(a) (127):EH 12h;ArCl 29g; Byz 4c, 6b, gd, 10, 14-15, 26-7, 32, 38, 39a, 40, 43-5; + 9 glazed sherds,5 EH coarsesherds,39 upsh,1 bgt,12 upt;(b) (156):EH 2, 5a, 6ab, 8b, nb, i2aceh, 13a, 14, 18,22bc,23, 25ce,27c,28c; ArCl 10a; Byz 5, 6a, gacd, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 36ab, 38, 39a, 40-1,44, 51; + 6 glazedsherds,74 upsh,2 upt;(c) (67): EH 5a, nb, 12h,25b; ArCl 28a, 29g; Byz gd, 36a, 38, 39a, 44; + 10glazedsherds,14upsh,upt;(l)) (60): EH 5c, i2ch,14,16b,25c,27a, 28a; ArCl i2d; Byz 6b, 39a; + 35 upsh, sherds,2 glazed sherds,40 upsh,10 3 bgt,4 upt;(l-:)(78): EH 2, 5a, na, i2bfg,14, 16a, 22b; Byz 39a; + 2 urfirnis upt;(f)85: EH 5a; ArCl 12a,32a; HI ie, 7, 14b,23d; Byz 6a, 9a, 17,23, 36b,38, 39a, 40, 43, 50; + 20 upsh,2 bgt,18 upt;((;) 64: EH 12h;Byz 23,31,39a, 40, 43-5, 51; + 36 upsh,4 bgt,6 upt,floor-tile; (h) 62: R 16,41,48, 62, 69; Byz 23,36a, 39a, 44; -I-bgsh,37 upsh,2 bgt,8 upt. SF122, 123(stonebead, rock-crystal pendant),130-2(threefrags,ofglassvessels). CS (38): 2 (prim,fl.),3 (5 ( + 1 flint)sec. fl.),4 (8 ( + 1 flint)terLfl.),5 (2 prep,pc), 6 (5 ( + 2 flint)prox.bl.,6 ( + 1 med.,3 dist.),7 (rejuv.pc). flint) GS 6a (3 saddlequerns). Furthers fromP261 4, on flat,broadhilltop,Loutsoremato K.Oliveswithundercropping; somebulldozing. Eight areas: (λ) Byz church, cistern; modern cistern (obscured by new house). Two fragmentsof glass; piece of marble column. EH C bowl, tripodleg; Byz painted/incised and monochrome bowls, white-warebowl, slip-painted jug, brown/green jug, cooking pots, combed and incised amphoras, glazed amphora, pithos. (b) Obsidian; quern; two fragmentsof glass. EH sauceboat, pedestal-bases, flat base, basin, plainrimmed bowls, conical dishes, straight-sidedvessels, jars/jugs, C handles, pithos; Byz sgraffitoand incised bowls, monochrome bowls, painted and unpaintedjugs, cooking pot, basin, combed and incised amphoras, glazed amphora, pithos. (c) Obsidian; steatitebead; quern; glass fragment.EH pedestal bases, basin, plain bowls, C handles; Cl BG sherds;Byz monochrome bowl, incised and other amphoras; tile. (d) Obsidian; EH pedestal bases, plain bowls, straight-sidedvessel, plate, C handles and bases, pithos. Cl BG handle. Byz incised bowl, incised amphora. Tile. (e) Schist slabs. Tile. Burial. Obsidian; crystalpendant. EH II sauceboat, pedestal base, basin, plain bowl, plate,jar /jug. Byz glazed sherds. (F) EH pedestal base. Cl oinochoë, HI plate, Megarian bowl, jug, jar; Byz incised bowl, monochrome bowl and jug, unglazed fine-warejug, incised amphoras, glazed pithos; tile. (g) Chipped stone; obsidian. EH plain bowl, Byz plain jug, combed and incised amphoras, glazed amphora, pithos; tile. (h) R bowl, pitchers,pithos,tile; F Byz jug, pink amphora, incised amphora, glazed amphora. Probable findspotof Inscription 15 s (catalogue of ephebes of R period), not in situ.Spoil fromthe walls is said to have been used as hard core in road-buildingduringthe second world war. P405 (Sotíras) (eh hi r) ι.00 ± 2 (12361608) 505 m (ht3% κ);
valleysrunK,SH,and S belowsite.Bulldozedlandwith youngolives. Very small scatter,mainly BG tile; potteryall MC/MF UP (incl.groovedware). P284occupiesrestofhilltopto N'V.

400 Chapter 24

III. 24.50.SiteP267(ton)andtheridgebehind.

EH (ar/cl) (ILL.24.50) P267 (Provatómandra) (12081633)506 m (hs8% SW);0.31ha; Nia. FT(28): EH 12c;ArCl 27c; + 20 upsh,6 upt. CS (11):2 (prim,fl.; + 1 flint),3 (flintsec. fl.),4 (3 tert.fl.),6 (1 prox.bl.,3 med.,1 dist.). GS 1a (blackstonecelt). W side of same hilltopas P284;deep,wide valleyto W. Conglomeratesoil withoutcropsof rock.Garriga. Wide,thinscatterof obsidianand some pottery(EH bowl;Cl BG base). P271 (12121599) 499 m (rt5% NE);0.20 ha; Nia.

Ar/Cl

ΡΓ(34): ArCl 15g,29g,56h, 571·;+ ι bgsh,3 upsh, 18 bgt,8 upt. Low knollon SWspur of same hill as P284; small valleysrundownto SW,SE, and S. Conglomerateand marl.Olives to S (bulldozedland),dense macchiaon top of knoll. Immediately W of cutting for new Chrysapharoad, whichhas destroyedthe Ε edge of thesite.Largeamountsoftileand somesherd(Cl cup, BG sherds,C wares,pithos)in resulting spoilbyroad. Fairlywide scatterof BG tile and pottery;also M UP pottery, pithos,and RG tile. or offshoot of anothersettlement Large farmhouse, Ε ofroad,aroundSotiras(cf.N269?).

Ρ (iii). Five siteson low,broad hill of Sari Kataráchi, overlookingthe Loutsóremato Ε and the with Neogene valleysto w and SW.The w and SWpartsof the zone compriselow spursovergrown macchiaand garriga,borderingthe dissectedplateau (zone N). Land use similarto Ρ (ii),withsome in patches. vineand cerealcultivation EH P269 (Sari Kataráchi) 1.35 - 2 (12351558)503 m (ht3% Ε); ο. ίο ha. Density. (max.8, cont.0.51);Nia. PT (206): EH iab, 2-3, 5abc, 6b, 8b, 9a, nab, i2bcegh,i3ab, 14-15,i6ab, 17,22a, 23-4, 25adef,26, sherds,42 upsh,3 27abce,28a; + 21 slipped(urfirnis) upt. CS (33): 3 (3 sec fl.),4 (2 tert.fl.),5 (prep,pa), 6 (11 prox.bl., 14( + 1 flint)med.,1 dist.). GS 6a (9 saddlequerns),6a (3 saddlequerns). On topand upperslopesoflowroundedhill;shallow

valleysrun down to NE,SW,S, and SE. Flankedon Ν and Ε by Chrysapha road. Marly soil withbroken (1984-5) conglomerate. Garriga;steppe.Subsequently and plantedwitholives,revealingmore deep-ploughed extensive and locallydensescatterofEH pottery. Thin scatterof obsidianand pottery(EH F wares: incurved-rimbowls, sauceboat, miniature bowl, pedestal and ringbases; and C wares: basins,plain bowls, dishes, straight-sidedvessels, stand, plates, pans, jars/jugs, heavy jar, C handles and bases, pithos);somelatertile.Saddle quern.

Survey site catalogue LAr EC1 P279 (ÁgiosDimítrios) 2.03 ± 3 (i2411555)498 m (hs 3% XE);0.03 ha. Density: (max.12,cont.0.47);N2I3. PT (39): ArCl nab, i3dh, 19a, 27ac, 28c, 45b, 56b; + 2 bgsh,7 upsh,13bgt,4 upt. GS 6a (saddlequern). Head of shallowvalley 120 m SSE of P269, on SE slope of the low hill. Close to x-s trackleading to Kalyvia.Conglomerateand marlsoil. Chrysaphiótika Olives(inter-ploughed); macchia,steppe. Several Schistslabs, suggestingformerstructures. of materialin a smallarea, mainlytile concentrations (incl. BG); Cl F BG bases, and body sherds,bowls, and C wares.Quern. LAr P278 Ágios Dimítrios 3.58 ± 7 (12351548)498 m (st 2% S); o.01 ha. Density: (max.31,cont.0.36); Nia. PT (36): ArCl 11a, 12e, i3eh, 14a, 19c, 27a, 29g, 3oah,32a, 38J,45b,52d; + 4 bgsh,3 upsh,10bgt. Crestof low,slopings spurof hill. Close to same soil.Olives. trackas P279.Marl and conglomerate Stone-pack;schistslabs; chapel of Ag. Dimitrios nearby.Small scatterof material,mainlyBG tile; Cl

Zone Q; Menelaion

401

table wares, skyphoi,bowls, hydrias,oinochoë, C wares,chytra. LAr P268 (Sari Kataráchi) 3.04 ± 4 (11821559)281 m (ss 2% w); 0.02 ha. Density: (max. 11,cont.0.33);Nia. FT (39): ArCl 5b, ua, i2f,13e,27a, 28a, 30a, 32a, 36a, 38J,42ch,43J,56b; + 1 bgsh,9 upsh,6 bgt,4 upt, 1 floor-tile. Field newlyclearedforyoungolives.Steep slope to VVto rema (s'v) overgrownwith macchia. Olives, vines,cereals;somebulldozing. Fairlysmallscatter;muchBG tile; Cl table wares, bell crater,and otheropen shapes,hydria,oinochoë; basin. and kitchenwares:mortars, P364 (11761546). Strayfind(EH?). CS (1):6 (prox.bl). (cl hi) P270 484 m (rs9% SE);
Ridge and Adjacent

Part of Evrotas

Plain

(sites»178,179-81;358-60; 3007-9;5010) Zone Q,, thoughlimitedin extent,has been designatedto reflectthe special geographical role)oftheMenelaionridge(ILLS.24.39,24·51)·Formedby position(ratherthanthehistorical of one of the long,dissectedNeogene ridgesof the Ν part of the Neogene the termination plateau (see zone N), and divided fromthe ridges to the Ε only by a narrowvalley,it nevertheless senseto theEvrotasplain,foritscontoursmakeitalmost belongsin an important hill complex (ratherthan simplya continuationof Georgaki Rachi and a free-standing and easyofaccessfromtheSpartaplain. Aphorismeni) The asphaltroad fromSpartavia theEvrotasbridgeto Skoura,and thenceto Geráki,runs S belowtheWsideoftheMenelaionridge,in thenarrowspace betweenthehilland theriver. PausaniasplacestheMenelaionat Therapne (iii. 19.9; 20. 1-2),whichwillbe thenameof thehilltopor ofthegeneralarea; see introduction to zone M. Polybios(v. 18. 2-3) saysthatin 219/8 BGPhilipV invadedLaconia fromTegea through mountaincountry(διατης ορεινής),takinga roundaboutroutethroughuninhabited territory . . . ταΐςέρημίαις) and occupying thehilltops (περιελθών (λόφοι)oppositethetown;keepingthe A fewlineslater(18. 10) he mentions Menelaionon his nght he made forAmyklai. theepisode to the as beside the Menelaionand lookingdownon Sparta.The episode again,referring hilltops suggestsPhilipwas able to take a back routeeitherdown the Kelephina or even fromthe beforetheasphalthighway fromTripoliswasbuilt. area,as didearlymoderntravellers Chrysapha thesouthernmost kilometre ofa marl Q, (i). The 'LargeSite'(orgroupofsites)on theMenelaion ridge, in SW and conglomerate of the of the Unlike the other ridge surveyed part Neogeneplateau. ridges

402 Chapter 24 theplain,itis totally overlooking separatedfromtheplateaucomplexon all sidesbyvalleysor lowsaddles. It rises60-100m abovetheEvrotas(whichflowsS verycloseto theWfootofridge),and can easilybe seen frommanyhilltopsitesin thesurvey area,suchas theancientcultsitesat N415Tsákonaand U3002Phagiá. Much of the ridgeis heavilycoveredin macchia,and thereare largeareas of garriga.The general and some broad terraceson the sides,have olive-trees and land use is grazing.The level ridge-top, occasionalpears. Siteslocatedhereincludeseveralearlierexcavations(withinwhoseboundaries,wherestillvisible,we did not sample)and manyoverlappingor relatedscatters;all are treatedas one Large Site. Detailed The 'site'was sampledfordating samplingwas used fromtheoutset,ratherthansimplefield-walking.

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Survey site catalogue 403 it into siteselsewhereon the survey, evidenceusingthe methodapplied to medium-sized subdividing ofvegetationcoverimposed(cf.ILL. oftheridgeor theconstraints 'areas' whichthenaturalformation 24.51).These areas are labelledwithlettersofthealphabet(e.g.Q360 A).Theywillbe describedfromS detailsofsampling). to Ν (seeVolumeI, Chapter1,forfurther Q360 (Ta) Menelaïa; ancientMenelaion, at Therapne (ILL.24.51) (NL) EH MH LH Ar Cl Hl (r) (λ)1.75± 2 (max.6, cont.0.50);(b)1.48± 1(max.6, cont.0.31);(d) 1.37 (09331093) 250m(rt4% s); r.25ha.Density: ± 2 (max.5,cont.0.32);(κ)0.69± 1(max.2,cont.0.36);(f)1.44± 2 (max.8, cont.0.38);(o) 0.38± 1(max.1,cont. 0.41);(j) 0.50 ± 1 (max.2, cont.0.44); (l) 0.75 ± 2 (max.6, cont.0.45);Nib.

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404 Chapter 24 PT (a) (33):MH 13,17,igabd,20a, 21; LH 1,3, 6b,7, i3bce; + 8 upsh.(b) (49): MH 6c, 7, 17,igd, 21a; LH 1-2,4, 7-8, i3abce, 16b;ArCl 15Ç36a; + 6 blackpaintedsherds,9 upsh.(c) (26): MH 2b, 6f,12, 18b,21a; LH 6ab, na, i3abe; + 10 upsh.(d) (37):MH 8, 15c,18b,21; LH 3, 6b, 8, 130e,16b;ArCl 38d; + 4 paintedsherds,6 upsh.(f) (45): ArCl 15a,3od, 35b,59fgh;+ 1 bgsh,14 upsh,1 bgt,2 upt.(g) (29): MH 10,13c,17,igd; LH 1,5b, 8, 13e;ArCl 591*; + 9 upsh,2 upt.(η) ι upt.(j) (80): MH 6d, 13c,18b,igd, 20a, 21; LH 1,7-8, 13e,15,16b,17;+ 2 paintedsherds,29 sherds,17upsh.(l) (26): MH 13,17;LH 1,6b, upsh.(κ) (28): EH 10b;MH 10, 13,17,20a, 21; + 3 slipped(Urfirnis) 8, i3ce, 16b;+ 1 paintedsherd,13upsh.(q) (57):MH 6c, 15c,18b;LH 1,8, 12,i3bd; + 8 paintedsherds,33 upsh. (λα)(1):MH 8. (ab) (ι): LH 4. (ac) (2): MH 10,21. (ad) (25):Nl 2a; MH 5, 13c,15c,18b,20a; LH 1-2,6b, 8, 13ha, 16a; + 1 paintedsherd,8 upsh.(ae) (26): MH 6a, 10, 18b;LH 1,4, 5a, 13e;+ 1 paintedsherd,8 upsh;(af) (3): MH 9, igd; LH 1. (ag) (6): MH 4, igd; LH 2, 13b;+ 2 upsh.(ah) (19):MH 6a, 15c;LH 1,7a, i3abe; + 1 paintedsherd,7 upsh.(ai) (13):LH 2, 8, 13e,16b,7 upsh.(aj) R 52b,3 upsh,1 bgt.(al) (4): LH 1, 13b,1 upsh.(am)(17):LH 1,7-8, na, 13e;+ 3 upsh. frags.), 69 (frag,ofclayfigurine). SF5J-8 (Mycclayfemalefigurine CS(i):6(med. bl.).

areas(see ILL.24.51) Separate theSkouraroad. A scatterof Area^(09221061). The Menelaionridgeends in a steepbluffoverlooking about 12m sherdswas observedas faras theend oftheridge,buttherewas a particularconcentration across,some50 m Ν ofitstip,on thesouthernmost partofthesaddle.EH coarsewaresand an obsidian blade indicatetheearliestoccupationofthehill,and MH/LH coarsewaresand an LH base werealso found. AreaA (09281073).On thenextterraceup was a flatknollwithsteepdropsto Wand S. An area 12X 12m and handlesfromMH jars; notsurprisingly, producedMH and LH potteryincludingpithosfragments fine wares with the LH sherdspredominate kylix,deep bowl,and craterfragments. among AreaΒ (09191084).The totalarea was spreadovertwoterraces(separatelysampled),withpricklypear thesteepscarpin between;thewholearea sampledcoveredsome70 m N-s x 40 m and arbutuscovering to the Middle Bronze Ε-W.Althoughnone of the sherdscollectedcould be assignedunambiguously of occupationduringthat MH/LH coarse waresto supportthe possibility Age, therewere sufficient thecoarsewaresincluded period.LH sherdsincludedkylix,cup, stemmedbowl,and basin fragments; and of later no sherds terrace The lower date, althoughthe upper had a littleCl produced pithos. well be these could and tile, strays. pottery AreaL (09161088).This layon an apronoflandjuttingout SWon thelowerslopesoftheAètoshill,NW of area B. Field stonessuggestedbuildingsin the area. Some body sherds,possiblyof Nl date,were confirm found,and a Nl sherdwas foundin area AJ.MH goblet,bowl,andjar fragments occupationin as well as thatperiod,and the LH potterycollectedincludedkylix,crater,and alabastronfragments from was recovered of A considerable vessels. and exposed scarps quantity pottery storage cooking some35 m NEofarea L (areasQ, AL, and AM). AreaΕ (09371090).This lies at thefootoftheMenelaionridge,spreadout overa distanceof50-100 m fromtheDoulaporema.What appear to be deliberatecuttingsin themarlwereidentified, tentatively, as the remains of chamber tombs (the very eroded tombs at Melathriá are not dissimilarin is impossible. appearance),butwithoutexcavationcertainty AreaC (09331093).On theterraceΕ of thetrackpassingfromtheAètoshillto theSouthHill (andjust above area E) a sherdscatterwas noted.Fromthesamplecollecteditwouldappearthattherewas MH occupation,indicatedbyhandmadebowlsandjars,whilstthecoarsewarescouldbe eitherMH or LH. potteryof MH III-LH II date was also found,and the Mycenaeanpotteryincluded White-slipped alabastraas wellas cratersand otheropen shapes. in an area measuringsome 16 X 20 m AreaD (09181101).Much Mycenaeanpotterywas concentrated MH sherds distinctive situatedon theterracebelowand W of thesummitofAètoshill.Diagnostically were not found,thoughthe coarse wares could happilybelong to thatperiod. Mycenaean sherds

Survey site catalogue

405

includeddeep-bowl,craterand otheropen shapes,kitchenwares,and pithoi(a stemmedbowl was foundnearby, Q360AB). Overlookingthe precipitousdrop to the Skoura road was a small area with sherds,set on a narrowterrace;it was identifiedas Q360AJ.It was thoughtthesesherdsderivedfromwash fromthe Aëtcrshill,thoughtheyincludedHI and R. A Nl bowl rimwas also identifiedfromhere (see also area L). wide terraceproduceda denseconcentration AreaJ(09351105).On theΕ slopeoftheAétoshilla fairly whichin 1987measured18 X 12 m, butwhichcontinuedas a thinnerscatterfor20 m to theS. Coarse wares which could be eitherMH or LH were collected, and given the proximityof the Aetos and MH burials)it is reasonableto excavations(whichyieldedpoorlypreservedMH-LH structures MH was LH withkylix in The most distinctive the some however, pottery, period. occupation suppose and sherdsfromotherfineopen shapes,basin and bowl fragments, coarsewares,and pithos.The socalledBarbarianwarecame fromhere. AreaG (09471136).A tongue-shaped ridgeextendsfromtheProphitisIlias knolleastwardsand to theΕ A thepresenceofwalls,and pottery. ofthetrack.A patchmeasuring12X 10 m had stones,suggesting littlediagnosticMH pottery, togetherwiththe coarse ware, indicatesthatthispart of the site was as well as kitchen occupiedin theMBA. Mycenaeanwas found,includingkylixand gobletfragments wares. Ε (Q360H,09451i2o) a steepbluffofconglomerate sheltereda pile of tilewhich Two terracesfurther seems to have slippeddown the slope in a slumpeddepositof scree. The tile would appear to be ancient. ofpotterysome 35 m fromtheAr-Cl votive AreaF (09271124).This area is centredon a concentration votivesplainlyto be depositexcavatedin 1985.Ar and Cl sherdswerefoundhere,includingminiature relatedto thecultsite.No LH sherdswerecollectedin thesample,butBronzeAge occupationis notto be ruledout, giventhatthe Mycenaeanlayersexcavatednearbywere completelyobscuredby later overburden. On the Menelaion hill itselfand on the NorthHill thereseemed to be no pointin sherding,as the areas have in any case been excavated,thoughin factpoor visibilityin much of the land on the NorthHill made samplingalmostimpossible.A fewdeposits,probablywash (Q360AEat 09341152,AH at 09431148,and AI at 09421156),weresherdedand producedLH fineand coarse wares;some might beMH. does not extendbeyondthe NorthHill, whereearlierfindsincluded It appearsthe LH settlement BC(AR27 (1980-1),16-19). MH, LH, and 6th-cent. KnownsitesincludetheLH mansionexcavatedbyDawkinsand H. W. Catling;theG-Ar sanctuary ANDHELEN(identity confirmed of MENELAOS by inscribeddedications);also Byz churchof Prophitis HI material Ilias earlierfindsincludedLH III. In Catling'sexcavationofthe'GreatPit',and elsewhere, was found,incl. tilesfroma possiblestoa; and a 2nd-cent.AD fibula.OtherscattersincludeEH (at S Note newfindsof 'Barbarianware' Cl, and HI findspots. end),MH (twoterracotta figurine fragments), (forearlierfindssee H. W. Catlingand E. A. Catling,BSA 76 (1980),71-82). Inscriptions15 e-j, o, r, v, and 16 b-f were all foundon or near the ridge. They included dedications to Menelaos and to Helen: H. W. Catling and H. Cavanagh, Kadmos,15 (1976), 145-57· Prehistoricremainsgenerally:PL i. 72, 73 fig.2 (MG Ε ι (GAC C 1, GMS 95)). On the resumed excavationssee AR 20 (1973-4),14; 2I (I974~5)5I2; 22 {ι9Ί^)^ ι(ο~ι5'23 (W6^)* 24~42· Small excavationon lowerW side of ridge(LH to 7th-cent. BC finds;inscriptions): R. W. V. Catling, Lak.spoud.8 (1986),205-16(AR32 (1985-6),29-30). Ilias and Aetos:AR 24 (1977-8),31;AR 25 (1978-9),19-20;AR 27 (1980-1),16-19(also ΜΗ; Prophitis LH findson NorthHill). Architecture: R. A. Tomlinson,'The Menelaionand Spartanarchitecture', in Φιλολάκων247-56.

4o6 Chapter 2 4 Q5010. Bridge across the Eurotas mentionedby Xenophon and Polybios,possiblyidenticalwiththat mentioned by Paus,as havingbeen builtto carrycarts

bearingmaidensto Helen's festivalat the Menelaion. s.v.Έλένεΐαand κάνναθρα; F.Bölte,Thornax', (Hesych. RE {2ndser.), vi(1937), cols.347-9).Cf.J5008-9.

Q, (ii). Four sites below NWpart of Menelaion ridge, on footslopesand on glacis next to Evrotas. Also one site (Q179) furtherS at edge of plain. (These sites are related to some in zone M, to the N.) Also three'out-of-area'sitesfurtherS and SSE. This narrow stretchof plain between the riverand the ridge is heavilyovergrownin places, but there are broad natural terraceswith olives (inter-ploughed)and evidence of bulldozing. Between the asphalt Geraki road and the riverthereare patches of vegetables and occasional orange-groves. Hl R lr Q359 (09041213) 188 m (fh3% sw); 0.01 ha; N4b. PT(<$2): HI ne, 33, 37J;R 43, 48, 49b, 69; + 1 bgsh, 9 upsh, 10 bgt, 5 upt. On S side of flattishspur in upper glacis landscape, on Ν bank of small rema. Bulldozed landscape with olives. Material is in bulldozed section; UP tile; Hl BG lekane, and domestic pottery,cooking pot, pithos; R pitchers. Large worked stone (olive-mill, possibly ancient).

MByz-EOtt Q358 (09061228) 198 m (fh 3% w); 0.21 ha. Density:15.92 ± 14 (max. 71, cont. 0.13); N4D. PT (22): Byz 3, gde, 39a, 40, 50; + 4 upsh, 7 upt. On S side of same spur, 150 m Ν of Q359. Olives (inter-ploughed). Dense scatter of tile, some pottery: Byz painted bowl, monochrome bowls, incised amphoras, glazed pithos. qi78 (08991202). Small scatter. er mr R MByz Q180 (09001 194) 180 m (fh3% sw); 0.10 ha. Density:7.43 ± 5 (max. 26, cont. 0.06); N3C. PT (184): R ia, 7, 33, 48, 62, 631J,69; Byz 9e, 23, 32-3, 38, 39a, 40; + 7 bgsh, 121upsh, 1 bgt, 7 upt. SF 37 (conical spindle whorl). Corner of flattishspurjust above boundary of glacis with alluvial river-plain(riveris 80 m w); small rema immediately to S. Olives (inter-ploughed) with irrigatedoranges, vegetables,figs,and steppe. Dense scatter,R dishes and plates, basins, pitchers, pithos, amphoras; Byz monochrome bowl, fine-ware jug, combed amphora, matt-paintedamphora, incised amphoras; also some BG sherds; brick; UP and RG tile. E-MH1 Qi 8 1 Doulapórema (09191037) 172 m (hf 13% SW); 0.03 ha. Density:13.82 ± 10 (max. 36, cont. 0.0); N2D.

PT (69): HI ie, 6a, 9, 11b, 25Ï, 30; + 30 bgsh, 22 upsh, 5 bgt, 2 upt. Small terraceon s side of mouth of large rema valley, where it joins the plain at S end of Menelaion ridge. withoranges in lowestsoils. Olives (inter-ploughed), Much BG potteryand tile, including plate, echinus bowl, lekane,jug/jar sherds and cooking wares. MByz Q179 Kastorórema (09451002) 197 m (fh 4% s); 0.05 ha. Density:3.66 ± 5 (max. 18, cont. 0.14); N2d. (The name Therapne, given to the triangulation point at hilltop on the 1 : 5,000 map, is a map-maker's name based on Pausanias; see introductionto zone M.) PT(%s): Byz 36a, 44; + 19 upsh, 7 upt. Low marly hill at end of ridge overlooking R. Evrotas, on NW side of mouth of Kastororema valley where it meets the plain (river 180 m SW). Olives (inter-ploughed),with pears, garriga. Dense scatter,mainly UP tile; also a little pottery, mainly MC-MF and UP including amphoras; some brick. The Kastororema is an old route from Chrysapha to Sparta. Note Q3007, 0.2 km SE on other side of the Kastororema. (r) Q3007 Agriliá (09520984) 180 m (rf6% nw); 0.16 ha. PT(25):R45; + 24upsh. Flattishnatural terrace at edge of foothillsadjoining Evrotas,just S of Menelaion ridge. Conglomerate and marl. Bulldozed land with olives. Remains of walling in road section. Medium-sized, dense scatter of UP tile and a little UP pottery including a R pitcher.

Q3009 Melathriá

LH III A-B

(13300866) 234 m (rt7% SE); 0.55 ha. FT (83): LH 1, 3-4, 6ab, 7, 9, 12, i3abe, 14; MH 6a, 7, 12, i8ab, 21b; + 25 upsh. (On 1: 5,000 map M. appears as name of two separate ridges in this area. One, on Ε side of Xeriás Rema, is 0.7 km ESE of

Survey site catalogue - thelocationof thepresentsite- is Q3008; the other Ν km of Q3008,on WsideoftheXeriás.) 0.9 Flattishtop ofS end ofMelathriáridge,2.5 kmNNE of Skouravillagein Xeriásvalley;cliffs 40 m E, above the rema; steep drop on W. Ploughedolive terraces. Modernhousein w partofsite. finds.PossibleloomExtensivescatterofprehistoric weight. LH site,probablythe settlementassociated with at Q3008. OverlooksXeriás,controls chamber-tombs naturalroutefromSkourato Chrysapha.LH III A-B sherds incl. kylikes,deep bowls, stemmed bowls, crater,piriform jar,jugs; a varietyof C wares (bowl, dish,jar, and pithossherds)and somelatersherds. See W. G. Cavanagh and J. H. Crouwel, in Φίλολάκων77-86. Earlierfindsincludedan LH III cemetery;also Cl material.May be linkedto a reportof a grottowith votivenicheshalfan hour'beyond'Skoura.

Zone R: The Valleys

407

Cl finds:Cartledge329 (ΑΛΑι (1968),32-3). Grotto: ii. 203 n. 5). Cf. AR 14 Boite 1332(Ross, Wanderungen, (1967-8), 10; 15 (1968-9), 17; 26 (1979-80), 32; Arch. Eph.1977,29-68. LH III A-B Q3008 XeriásRéma/(Melathriá) (13250832)196 m (hf34% sw); 0.01 ha. (On toponym see Q3009.) /T(i8): ArCl 13h;+ 16upsh. 0.3 kmS ofQ3009,on smallerodedknollon natural terrace W of Xerias Rema; steep drop on E, steep slopeup to W.Ploughedterraces. On one side of hill,Myc cemetery;six chambertombsexcavatedearlier.On otherside,veryrestricted (incl.C ware). strayscatterofpottery MG Ε 6 {GAGc 5). K. Demakopoulou, 'Μυκη-

Arch. ναϊκον Λακωνίας5, Μελαθριάς νεκροταφεΐον Eph.i977> 29-60.

West of Loutsórema

(sites275,*276-7,280-3,287,289-94,*295,296; 420-9, 453-7,46l~2, *463,469, 472-3;518, *525,526,528-9; 3012,3025;4000) SSEbetween thedissected Zone R comprises valleystreamrunning spurseithersideofa steep-sided theNeogeneplateau(zoneN) andthelowerLoutsórema (zoneS),withitsheadat theS edgeofzone bedoftheTsiliótou Ρ anddraining theWsideofthecentral ridge.Thisstream joinsthewide,gravelly Réma as itentersa deep gorgeat theS end ofthezone (cf.R4000).Alsoincludedare twosmaller The generalgeological ismarl-conglomerate beds ofthemainstream. configuration tributary valleys in W. bottoms. to and limestone to the Schist schist E, appears valley overlying numerousin the S part of the zone, wherethe morepredominantly Sitesare particularly NE The Chrysapharoad formstheapproximate marlysoilsare easilyterracedand cultivated. otherwise there are no lines of of the communication, zone; boundary probably important S, whichrepresents thoughtheTsiliótouRema in theextremeS joins theXeriásRema further a convenient routeto Skoúra(5 kmfurther fromP269via s). A trackrunsalongtheridge-top the area and to the of Platána outside R426 R3012 surveyed. village intensively R (i). Foursitesinupperreachesofvalley, on spursalongitsWsideandthecentral ridgetotheE,and in upperpartofwidevalleyto E. Land use is generally olives(inter-ploughed, no thoughprobably there are of and the occasional wild on terraces; longerinter-cropped) patches garriga, steppe, pear. ofattempts toestablish newcultivation. isevidence Bulldozing EH R289 (12701473) 490 m (rt6% s); 0.19 ha; Nia. ΡΤ(φ)' EH 2, na, i2ceh,14,22b; + 14upsh. CS (33): 3 (7 sec. fl.),4 (8 tert.fl.),5 (prep,pc), 6 (7 prox.bl.,7 med.,3 ( + 1 flint)dist.),7 (rejuv.pc). Flattishhilltoprisingfromcrestof ridge; small, Ε part shallowvalleysto NE,SW.Track(SE)runsthrough ofsite.Olives(inter-ploughed). Mandraat S edgeofsite.

Fairlywide but sparse scatterof obsidianand less pottery,though including sauceboat/deep bowl, basinsand plain-rimmed bowls,straight-sided vessel, andjar. Quern. EH II site. For resultsof phosphatesamplingsee Chapter22, SP289.

408 Chapter 24 LAr R296 (Kastráchounes) 0.89 ± (12211419) 463 m (hs 11%sw); 56abd; + 9 uPsh>I2 bgt,17upt. CS (1):8 (debris,1 frag.). GS 4 (pestle). Ridge-topabovesteepE sideofthemainN-Svalley; shallowvalleysto SE and NE. Bulldozed clearingin hillsidedenselycoveredwithmacchia.Shed in valley bottom,130m WSW;enclosurein shallowvalley,150m SE. Chrysapharoad closeto Ν and E. lekaneand otheropenshapes,mug,skyphos, Pottery: wares,largejar; muchBG tile,someUP hydria;kitchen tile.Some materialin bulldozerspoil.Obsidianwithin PestlefounddownslopetoNW. sitelimits. r295 (l3l^I43^>)·Erosiondeposit(cl-r,byz)? LAr R275 Ágios Nektários 1.54± 2 (max. 474m (rt0%); 0.17ha. Density: (13501435) 6, cont.0.42);(a) 3.20 ± 6 (max.21,cont.0.40);Nia. PT(6^): ArCl 2a, 5a, nab, 12a,i3eg,19c,27bc,28a, 29g»30a> 3ia> 35bd,37CÍ,38J,41c,42a, 52a, 56a; + 15

bgsh,3 upsh,9 bgt,3 upt; (a) (58): ArCl 2a, 12Ç 13e, 14a, i5bfg,i6bd, 26d, 27CJ,28a, 29g, 301,31c, 36a, 42h,43a, 45b; + 4 bgsh,2 upsh,9 bgt,8 upt. 38CJ, GS ib (flatcelt),6a (saddlequern). Flat ridge-topbeside Chrysapharoad on Ε side of valley;small,shallowvalleysrunningdown to NE,SE. Marl and conglomeratesoil. Olives and wild pear; Chapel steppe,garriga;land ploughedsincediscovery. ofAg.Nektarios25 m NE. Schist slabs indicating ancient structure.Two separate but contiguousscatters,incl. BG tile and Pottery:stirrupcrater,bell crater,bowls,and pottery. various small-mediumopen shapes; hydria,neckchytra,and otherC sherds.In area amphora;mortar, A: crater,skyphos, cups,mugs,and otheropen shapes; hydria, neck-amphora,and other closed shapes; mortar, basin,and otherkitchenwares.Celt; quern. For resultsof geophysicalsurveysee Chapter 22, SP275, revealingtracesofbuiltstructures. Other concentrations 30 m SE and 50 m SSWwere numberedR276and R277but are bestassociatedwith thissite. 1.79± 2 (max.7, cont.0.45); Γ276. 0.01 ha. Density: Nia. PT(i8): ArCl13h,29g,3od; + 2 upsh,11bgt.Scatter rocks.Schistslabs, and limestone of smallconglomerate one probablyworked perhapsfromancientstructure; limestoneblock. Small scatterof ceramic material, road. mainlytile(incl.BG). ClosetoChrysapha ± ha. 0.10 (max. 13,cont.0.32); Density: 2.53 3 Γ277· Nia. PT(6y): ArCl 12a,13h,29g,3oak,32a, 37a, 45ab, 47a, 51,52b,56gk,57q; + 5 bgsh,4 upsh,34 bgt,1 upt. In uncultivatedgroundbelow the edge of the olive grovein whichthe main siteis located;near head of shallow valley.Conglomerate,marl. Terraces with macchia, garriga,steppe. Scatter of M/F BG/UP (F and domesticwares);pithos;BG/UP tile. pottery Γ276 (13461440).See R275. Γ277 (13461435).See R275.

R (ii). Thirteensiteson dissectedridgein SWofthezone,abovedoublehead ofXeriásRema (see zone and in lowercourse of nextvalleyto Ε whichrunsSE and joins TsiliotouRema at SW description), W in theNeogenehills,includedherebecause of easy cornerof Chrysaphabasin.(AlsoR3012,further access fromRoubaiika.)The SE parttowardsTsiliotouis coveredin macchia,mostlyverydense.Very olive terracingamong macchia; cultivation steep sided above valleyslopes to NE,withintermittent and mandrasin thisarea. Land use similarto R (i), decreasesto SE. Severaldesertedfarm-buildings thoughwithpossiblymoreevidenceofabandonedolivesand cereals. LN1(ar/cl) R429 Roubaiika 0.91 ± ι (12621356)478 m (ht4% NW);0.41 ha. Density: (max.4, cont.0.40); Nia. PT (φ): ArCl 30c,56d; + 1 slippedsherd,ι bgsh,37 upsh,bgt,5 upt.

cs (9): 4 (3 ( + I mnt) tert·π·)> 6 (2 Prox· b1·' 3 point). med.),incl.CSTT 14(flinttriangular GS ia (blackstonecelt). NWsideofflattish ridgetopwithgentlerslopeon w, above shallowvalleysS of forkin trackclose to the

Survey site catalogue 409» of Ag. Roussos. Conglomerate with reddish eikonostasis soil. Ploughed fields with old cereals, and areas of macchia. Wide scatter of worn material, mainly tile but also C-F UP pottery (incl. amphora; also some BG F ware). Stone celt. Small scatterof obsidian to w. Eroded Nl site. LS 10436 20 m WNW;LS 10437 on next hilltop,120 m WSW;LS 10438 is 120 m downslope NNW. (nl) EH R3012 Aphánes (12121296)467 m (ht 3% ν); 0.71 ha. PT (37): EH 5a, lib, i2ac, 16b, 22a, 25abcd, 27a, 28ac; + 9 upsh; (a) (86): EH 2, 5a, nb, i2bfh, 13a, i6ab, 22b, 23, 25ace, 27de, 28a; + 30 upsh; (b) (72): EH 5ab, 7a, 10a, nb, i2ah, 13a, 14, 16b, 22a, 25a, 27acde, 28b; + 32 upsh; (c) (12): EH 5a, nb, 12e, 16b, 28a; + 3 upsh. CS (13): 4 (tert. Ω.), 6 (2 prox. bl., 10 med.), incl. CSTT14. (2 notched pc), 15 (1 ret.). Flattishhilltop; steep slopes down to w, S; moderate slope to E, with precipitous slope beyond to rema bed (c.250 m Ε and r.40 m lower); another deep, precipitous rema head to SW (c.0.1 km SW and c.75 m down). Conglomerate with light brown soil. Garriga, macchia. Mandra and another small building in SE part of site. Three areas: (a) Hilltop: EH II wares including pedestal bases, basins, plain-rimmed bowls, dish, plates, jars, and pithos; obsidian, querns, schistpot-lid; a littleR/postCl. (b) Downslope to w: small concentration of pottery. EH (I?) - II pedestal bases, F jar, red-slipped bowl, basins, bowls, plates,jars, pithos. (c) SE spur of hill: pedestal bowls, basin, bowl, plate and pithos; obsidian. EH R287 (12911345) 480 m (ht 0% S); 0.18 ha. Density:1.23 ± ι (max. 4, cont. 0.30); Nia. PT (108): EH ib, 4, 5abc, nab, i2acf, 14, 16b, 22a, 23, 25bcde, 27de, 28a; 4- 1 glazed sherd, 42 upsh, 1 bgt, 8 upt. CS (69): 1 (core), 2 ( + 1 flint,prim, fl.),3 (7 sec. fl.), 4 (6 ( + 1 flint)tert.fl.),5 (prep, pc), 6 (16 prox. bl., 31 ( + 2 flint)med., 1 dist.),8 (debris, 2 frags.),incl. CSTT 14 (notch), 17 (denticulatedbl.), 18 (backed bl.). Flat, broad hilltop on ridge with steep drop to valley on NE and E; double head of Xeriás valley below to S. Marl and conglomerate. Olives and cereals; wild olives; macchia. EH pottery:bowl with inturnedrim,pedestal bases, basins, plain-rimmed bowls, plate, heavy jars, pithos; later tile (incl. BG); also stray TG pottery.Obsidian and other stone tools; quern (?) fragment.

Potteryfromthe site is washed NE and VVinto

shallow valleys (ls 11122,11125). For results of phosphate sampling see Chapter 22, SP287.

(eh hl) R MByz R426 (12821350) 477 m (ht 5% SW); 0.70 ha. Density,(a) 4.57 ± 4 (max. 16, cont. 0.10); (b) 1.00 ± 1 (max. 3, cont. 0.20); (c) 1.44 ± 2 (max. 8, cont. 0.27); Nia. FT (A) (64): R 45a; Byz ge, 17, 23, 39a, 40-1, 43; + 1 glazed sherd, bgsh, 29 upsh, 1 bgt, 12 upt; (b) (29): 3 bgsh, 19 upsh, 1 bgt, 5 upt; (ci) (36): HI 14a; R 39, 40c, 48, 62, 69; + 1 bgsh, 23 upsh, 1 bgt, 2 upt; (C2) (61): EH 25c; R 54; + bgsh, 39 upsh, 1 bgt, 18 upt. SFqj (votiveclay plaque). Flat NVVpart of same ridge as R287, slightly downhill and 0.1 km furtherW; land falls gently to S and N, more steeply on NE; shallow valley runs S on the SSE. Ploughed bulldozer terraces, with olives, old cereals, macchia. Ruined mandra and house beside trackbisectingsite fromNW-SE. Three areas: (a) Valley to s. R pitcher and Byz monochrome bowl, and jug, incised amphora; terracotta plaque. Hill-wash extends E. (b) Ridge-top, clearing among macchia, to NNE of area A. Apparently in situ;EH and Cl/Hl strays;also pithos. Undiagnostic tile and some pottery. (c) To SSW of area A. Subdivided into two parts, (i) Upper part: mainly MF UP pottery (incl. grooved ware); R jars, pitcher, pithos. (ii) Hill-wash to SW: mainly MF/F UP pottery;pithos; one BG sherd. Also obsidian and EH, probably straysfromR287. LAr/ECl R427 (13021338) 470 m (rs 15% SE); ο. ι ha. Density:1.25 ± ι (max. 5, cont. 0.31); Nia. PT (38): ArCl 13h, 19a, 35f,36j, 421,47a, 56k, 5gf; + 4 bgsh, 10 upsh, 4 bgt, 6 upt. Above and NW of cultivated saddle at foot of densely overgrown lower hilltop rising up to R287; steep drop 50 m Ε. Olives. Scatter of mainly MC /MF BG pottery:large open shapes, bowl, closed shapes; mortar, loop-handled pan; miniaturevotive; BG tile,also RG/UP. Perhaps wash froma vanished site centre on hilltop to NW,near R287 (which is mainly prehistoric).Eroded material in bulldozer terraces to Ε (LS 11118). LAr/ECl R518 (13101331)472 m (rt0% s); 0.05 ha; Nia. PT(42): ArCl i3bh, 16b, 27c, 30a, 36ac, 44b, 56k; + 8 bgsh, 4 upsh, 21 bgt. Ν edge of flat ridge-top with saddle NNE (c.0.1 km fromR427). Largely bulldozed, partlyovergrown. Smallish scatter,incl. F ware and BG pottery:open

410 Chapter 24 shapes incl. mug; hydria,and other closed vessels; kitchenwares,sieve,jar; BG tile. EH (lar/eclr) R428 (a) 1.93± (13071322) 471m (rt4% sw); 0.47 ha. Density: 2 (max. 11,cont. 0.33); (b) 2.42 ± 3 (max. 11,cont. 0.35);Nia. PT(5): ArCl 28a, 35f,38j; (a) (177):EH 9b, nab, i2cg, 13b,14, i6ab, 18, 22c, 25abcde,27ade, 28ac; R 48; + 39 upsh,1 bgt,5 upt;(b) (149):EH 2, 5ac, 6b, 7b, nab, i2acefg,13a,14-15,16b,23, 25abce,27d,28ac; + 97 upsh,7 upt. B2). SF40 (discspindlewhorl),45 (loom-weight CS (20): 2 (2 prim,fl.),3 (sec. fl.),4 (4 tert.fl.),6 (5 prox.bl.,6 med.),8 (debris,2 frags.). GS ib (flatcelt),2 (4 polishers), 4 (pestle),6a (saddle quern). Furthers, on crestof same ridge;steeperslope on sw to rema (s); shallowvalleyrunsSW,thenS, to N'v and Wofsite.Conglomeratesoil. Overgrownfieldson bulldozedareas to ridgetopwitholives;somerecently X. New bulldozerterraceson steepE slope. Two areas: basins, plain (a) Hilltop. Large EH site: urfirnis, bowls, dish, straight-sidedvessels, plates, stand, jars/jugs,heavyjars, pithos;laterstrays;also post-BA tile. Obsidian in w part of area; quern, pestle, and spindlewhorl,polishers. terracotta loom-weight (b) e slope. EH sauceboat/deep bowl, pedestal bases, small jar, basin, bowls, dish, straight-sided vessel,stand,plate,heavyjars, pithos.Possiblyeroded depositfromridge-top. LAr Cl R473 453 m (ht1% s); 0.05 ha; N2d. (13251321) PT (7):ArCl5b, 36J. On top of smallspuron upperslope projectingNE with shallow remas to NW and SE above R472. withmacchia.Agricultural buildingbelow Overgrown to SW.Limestone. ridge-top SmallishscatterofBG (incl.lekane),and C pottery, aroundtopofknoll. concentrated Siteofuncertaintype. Hl er R R472 ± 1 ha. m Density: 1.19 0.24 (13901326)414 (rf7% NE); (max.4, cont.0.29); N2d. PT(44): HI 3d, i9de,20, 23; R ib, 45a, 56, 62, 69; + 6 3 upsh,1 bgt,18upt. Limestone.Broad lowerslope below R473,steeply upslope and to SE. Olive terraces (probably bulldozed). Fairlywide scatterofwornmaterial,mainlytile(all UP) witha littlepottery:HI dish,and closed vessels; and pithos.Material mortar, mortar;R plate,pitcher, erosion. spreadby

EH R529 (13211301) 473 m (rt4% SE);
Survey site catalogue LAr ECl R294 1 m 16% L2b. ha; (st s); 0.07 (1377302) 389 PT (45): ArCl i9cf,27bc,28ac, 29g,3ohj,36h, 37h, 38J;+ 5 bgsh,5 upsh,4 bgt.

411

On overgrownlimestoneknollabove and SE from R293;short,steepslope to remaon SW.Olive terraces and macchia. Ruined hut on site. LAr/Cl bowls, and otherclosedshapes. skyphoi, hydrias,

R (iii). Five siteson and belowflattish, convexspurprojectingSE frommainw ridgeof Lykoképhala main between rema and its to W.(Hill,and generalarea, are calledRoubaiika (or Roubaiika), tributary on 1 : 50,000 map.) Top and sidescultivatedin olives,withmuchundercropping. Severalabandoned mandras.Wellson lowercontours. LAr Cl Hl mhl(r) R281 (Lykoképhala) (13161382) 474 m (ht9% SW);0.75 ha; Nia. PT (a) (62): ArCl 29g,35b,36d, 38a, 55a, 56J,57c; Hl 3c, 4, 11b,35c; + 12 bgsh,14 upsh, 17 bgt,5 upt. (B) (45): ArCl 5b, na, 12e, 16b, 19c, 26a, 27c, 28a, 37b, 38J,41c, 57r; Hl ic, 7, 14a, 34; + 7 bgsh, 17 upsh, 1 bgt,4 upt. (c) (15): ArCl 28a, 29g, 30h, 37c; Hl 18b; + 6 upsh, 1 bgt,3 upt. (d) (88): ArCl 2c, 5b, i2d, 13h, i6fg,22c, 26a, 27cm, 29g, 30a, 32b, 33b, 35b, 36W, 37ce, 38gj, 41c, 42J,47a, 48a, 51, 56abh, 57aq, 58a; + 3 bgsh, 14 upsh, 10 bgt,5 upt, 1 floortile. SF 29 (lamp, 3rd~4thcent. ad). 45 (loom-weight B2). Convex, low hilltop (e side of Lykokephala/Roubaiika);steepdropson Ν and E. Marlysoil with conglomerate.Olives (inter-ploughed;some macchiaon hilltop. bulldozing); Four areas, (a) Cl, mainly closed BG shapes, and kitchen wares, pithos; HI dish, skyphos, lekane, and amphora, (b) Cl bell-crater, mug, bowls,and otheropen and closed BG shapes, also pithos; HI plates, Megarian bowl, jug, and cookingwares, (c) Cl BG open and closed shapes, HI amphora, (d) Cl craters,mug, dish, and other open shapes; oinochoai and other closed shapes; kitchen wares incl. mortar, loop-handled pan, broad dish, chytra;pithoi and basin; BG/UP tile; brick. Terracotta loom-weightand lamp. Lamp, floor-tile,and some of the undiagnostic sherds indicatea R presence. Limestoneslabs.In areas Β and C the sherdswere worn. R283 (Lykoképhala) (cl hl) (13091387)464 m (ht6% NW);0.04 ha. Density1.60 ± 2 (max. 10,cont.0.39); Nia. PT(i^): 1 bgsh,7 upsh,2 bgt,4 upt. Ν side of spur close to R282 and not farWNWof R281.Hut nearsitecentre. Schist slabs frompossiblystructure.Mainly tile; somepithos. Apparently separate from R282, but possibly connected.

R282 (Lykoképhala) (lar)ECl LCI (13121390)464 m (ht9% ν); Ο.Ο3na· Density. 9.60 ± 15 (max.57,cont.0.19);N4. PT(32): ArCl 13dl·!,23b, 29g, 3oah, 35e, 37b, 38J, 421,45b,57ης; + 2 bgsh,2 upsh,11bgt. Ν edge of spur,50 m NE of R283,withsteep drop into small valley on N. Marly soil. Olives (interploughed)in broadopen terrace. Mainly tile (incl. BG); some potteryCl F open shapes,pyxis,and closed shapes;mortarand kitchen wares;pithos. Possiblyconnectedto R283. EH R280 (Lykoképhala) (13271359)462 m (ht22% NW);0.05 ha. Density. 1.56± 4 (max. 11,cont.0.55);Nia. PT (105): EH ib, 2, 5b, 12, i2bcfg,13a, 14-15,16b, 27de,28a, 29; + 63 upsh,1 upt. 'v side of smallconglomerate knollatop narrowSE tip of spur; steep to sheer downslopeson all sides Bulldozed land. Most materialfoundon exceptNVV. steep, eroding s slope. Site largely destroyedby erosion. Urfirnisincl. in-curvedbowl, sauceboat,pedestal base; basins, simple bowls, stand,plates,jars/jugs, pithos,tripodleg. EH II site. Cl LC1 (hi) R421 (13441353)415 m (hf11% SE); 0.15 ha. Density. 1.74± 2 (max.7, cont.0.32);Nia. PT (79): ArCl 6c, 27c, 351, 36d, 37cd, 38I1J,46, 56gjk,57Jqr;HI igd; -I-5 bgsh,27 upsh,10bgt,17upt. GS 9 (marblevessel). Terraces at footof steep SE spur of Lykoképhala (Roubaiika), at junction of schist and Neogene conglomerate-marl series; steep upslope to NVV; shallowrema(s) 0.1 kmE. Bulldozedland witholives. Threshing-floor 130 m WSWalong contours.Possibly sitedat spring-line. Cl F open and closed shapes incl. lekane; kitchen wares and pithoi; UP/BG tile (the BG tile mainly fromN'vpartofsite).Partofstonebasin.

412 Chapter 24 R (iv). Six siteson flattish, dissectedhillΕ ofthemainvalleyin thiszone,overlooking (toS) itslastmain noted.Wells. on E. Similarland use to R (iii),withoccasionalfig-trees tributary Hl R R423 1.25± 1 (13551405) 467 m (ht4% w); 0.46 ha. Density. (max.7, cont.0.29); Nia. PT (123):HI i8d, igd, 25e,27,34; R 49b,631J, 69; + 4 bgsh,50 upsh,2 bgt,4 upt. Flattish,Ε facing,irregularhilltopbetween two knollsat head of valley(E, then SE). Conglomerate with marly soil. Olives on ploughed terraces; undercropping; steppe. schistwallsin SWpartofsite. Possibleploughed-out Thin if extensivescatter;UP potterymainlyMF; a littleRG potteryand BG tile; HI closed shapes incl. amphora,jug/jar,and cookingwares;R pitchersand amphoras. LH III A-B R424 m 1% ο. 01 ha. 0.57 - ι 462 (ht ne); Density: (13781391) (max.4, cont.0.67);Nia. PT (18): MH igá; LH 1, 6ab, 8, 13e; + 3 painted sherds,5 upsh,ι bgt,2 upt. Saddle betweenmain hill(withR423)and SE spur; with fairlysteepdrop to SW.Olives (inter-ploughed), figs. incl.kylikes, SmallscatterofmainlyMF LH pottery craters, and other open and closed shapes; also kitchenwares. LAr EC1 LCI R526 2.63 ± 3 (13831387)465 m (ht2% SE); 0.08 ha. Density: (max.9, cont.0.35);Nia. PT (75):ArCl 5b, 6a, i3eh, i5df,i6f,26d, 28a, 2gag, 3odh, 34, 35d, 36dl, 371,38hij, 39g, 41c, 42hm,43d, 45a, 47a, 49, 56adk;+ 3 bgsh,9 upsh,8 bgt,1 upt. CS (1): 4 {ten. fi.).

GS 6a (saddlequern). Mound, on flatspur-topcreatedby remnantof a 60 m SE ofR424;steepdropsto bankofconglomerate, Ν and S at edges of site. Olives (inter-ploughed). boulders. Heaps ofconglomerate ofBG tileon a mound,which Dense concentration

may conceal a building;Cl crater,lekane,cups,mug, and otherF open shapes;hydria,stamnos,and other closed vessels; mortars,basin, and other kitchen wares. For resultsof geophysicalsurveysee Chapter 22, walls. SP526, possiblyindicating (ar/cl)HI R454 (Polyzéfka) 0.21 ± 1 (14071363)426 m (rt7% S); 0.02 ha. Density: (max.2, cont.0.86); N2d. PT(2j): ArCl 5b, 13h,30h, 47a; Hl ia, 19a, 27, 29, 32, 35c; + 7 upsh,10upt. Narrow spur at footof steep slope to NWand at SE on same ridgeas head of shallowrema (s), further R526;groundfallsawaygentlyon NE,moresteeplyon SW; steep upslope to NW.Marly soil. Olives (interploughed)withgarrigaand old cereals. Cl crater,open and closed shapes; pan; HI open and closedshapesincl.plate;kitchenwares,amphora; BG/UP tile.Materialon Ε worn,butdenser. (hl) R455 (Polyzéfka) (14001361)428 m (rs20% s);
on E. Sites are all on narrow R (v). Four sitesbetweenmain N-S valleyand its last main tributary ridge,and belowitto S and W(on morelevelspurs).Similarland use to R (iv). conglomerate (lhar/cl)R mr R425 1.37± 2 (13641378)444 m (rs13% SW);0.07 ha. Density: (max.5, cont.0.36); N2D. PT (92): ArCl i2d, 36c; R 25, 36a, 41, 44b; + 5 slippedsherds,1 combedsherd,1 bgsh,74 upsh,1 bgt, 3 upt. Bay in upperW side of ridge.Terraces(ploughed),

terracewalls. witholives.Limestoneand conglomerate Scatter of pottery:3 LH kylixstems and other withthestonecelt,are to MH/LH C sherds,together be associatedwithR291;theBG sherdswouldappear trefoil-mouthed to be strays.R bowls,pitcher, pitcher, and (LR?) combedsherd. site:M/LH and R. Multi-period

Survey site catalogue

413

III. 24.52.SitesR290-1,in middleground(to c. S'v).

MH LH III R291 (ill. 24.52) (13701369)449 m (rt3% s); 0.24 ha; Lib. Incorporates treatedas separate. Γ525,originally PT (176):MH iab, 2b, 6bc, 10, 13, i8abc, igabcd, 21; LH 1-2,4, 7-8, na, i3abde, 15; + 1 paintedsherd, 78 upsh,1 upt. to saddle; On top of narrowspur,slopingS slightly no m SSE of R425. Steep drops to E, S, w. Olives, steppe, macchia (ploughed since discovery).MH kantharos,cup, goblet,C bowls,wide-mouthed jar, lustrousdecoratedjar, C jars and pithos;LH kylix, basin,alabastron,and largebowl. cup,crater, 2.67 ± 7 (max.29, cont.0.60); Lib. PT Γ525· Density: (103):MH ia, 2a, 6c,7, 10,13,15b,16,18b,20a; LH 1,ic, 8, na, i3de; + 1 paintedsherd,4 bgsh,64 upsh,1 upt. MH kantharos, jar, cup, C bowl,dish,wide-mouthed lustrousdecorated,jug/jar,Adriaticware,pithoidjar; ofpottery. alabastron. LH kylikes, Fairlywidescatter r525 (^S^62)

SeeR2gi.

MByz-Ott R290 (ill. 24.52) (13731359) 455 m (rt 0% S); 0.04 ha; N2b. (Size estimated.)

PT (48): Byz 23, 26, 38, 39a, 40-1; + 2 glazed sherds,11upsh,11upt. GS 6a (saddlequern). 30 m S of R525. Very narrow tip of spur; outcropsin S partofsite;marlysoilin Ν conglomerate part.Steep dropsto w, S and E. Olives,cereals(oats); garriga,macchia. boulders PartlyruinedN-s walloflargeconglomerate oftile concentration Ε site. Small of runs (terracewall?) and pottery:Byz unglazed jug, incised amphoras. fromR291). Prehistoric quern(probably MH (lh) R292 (13671362)432 m (rf19% w);
belowsame ridge,and to SSEbetweenlargeremas.Similarland R (vi). Three siteson gentlefootslopes use to R (v). MH (ar/cl) R457 0.60 ± 1 403 m (hf9% s);
ArCl 13h,36a; + 36 upsh,1 bgt. SSE slope of steep-sided ridge;in forkat junctionof tworemas(s); shallowside-rema (s) 50 m W.Immediately S oftrack.Marlysoil.Olivesand cereals(ploughed).

414 Chapter 24 at sitecentre: Verysmall,thinscatterconcentrated MH goblet,semi-globular C wide-mouthed dish, cup, jar,Adriaticware,pithoidjar; BG sherds,RG tile,and modernwares. c.0.3 kmfromR291. LAr/ECl R461 (13901350)406 m (hf6% s);
BG open and closed shapes,incl. hydria;basin and heavytubin kitchenwares. LS 11158is 220 m S: BG pottery, UP tile,pithos. R456 (ar/cl) (13951336)401 m (hf9% SE); 0.02 ha. Density. 11.52± 25 (max. no, cont.0.46); L2b. PT(35): 2 upsh,32 bgt,1 upt. S oftrack.Ε sideofgently Immediately slopingspur.60 m ENEofR461,on samespur,withhead ofshallowvalley SW.Marlysoil.Olives(inter-ploughed). (SE)immediately Smallish,verydense scatterof BG tile(and a little UP tile);also someM UP pottery.

R (vii). Two sitesin lowercourseof thelastmain tributary sitesfurther valley.(Alsotwo'out-of-area' downTsiliotouRema.) Olive terraces. lcl-ehlH1 (r) R469 (Polyzéfka) (ILL.24.53) 1.28 ± 2 (14211325)399 m (rs 9% s); 0.02 ha. Density: (max.7, cont.0.44); L2d. PT(39): HI id, 12b,37h;R 69; + 23 upsh,10 upt. Midslope of irregularNNW-SSE ridgeof Polyzefka; steep slope to SW;flattishhilltop70 m NNE.Schistic soil. Olive terraces.Entiresurfaceof hill bulldozed sincediscovery, leavingalmostno findsin 1987. Schistand limestoneblocksand slabs on surface. Smallishscatter:HI plate,crater, pithos. Forindeterminate resultsofphosphatesamplingsee Chapter22,SP469.

EH R462 (14171302) 372m (fh10% SE);
III. 24.53.SiteR469(to sw).

Survey site catalogue 415 R4000 Ágios Ioánnis Tsiliótos. Cave-churchand ruinedecclesiasticalbuildingsoverlookingΕ side of Tsiliótou Rema, on NW footslopes of Phagiá (cf. U3002).

Zone S: Lower

R3025 TsiliótouRema (mhlh) (13281085)393 m (ht4% s);
Loutsórema

(sites*43i,432-4,*435,436~7>439>*44°>441,*44*,448"5°>*45^ 452,458~9>*46o,466, 474-5,478; 5o8"9>523-4?527) The largeLoutsóremavalleycontinuesto runSE belowKoutsoviti(see zone R). The geology marland conglomerate, is predominantly thoughlimestoneoccursalong the upperlevel of and schistat theS extremity. Koutsoviti Limestoneencroachesto thefootofKoutsovitias one no cultivation on thelimestone;land use is mostlygrazing.The proceedsSE. There is virtually forms natural terraces;but the conglomerateis poor and marl-conglomerategeology uncultivated. The sitesare on eithersideoftheLoutsóremain itslowercourse(beforeitsconfluence with and in adjacent,smallervalleys.Zone S is distinguished theKataphygiórema) fromzone Ρ by an archaeologicalVacuum' (an area withno sites)on eitherside of the middlecourseof the Loutsórema. The SW boundary of the zone is approximatelymarked by the modern of zone S, and Chrysapharoad, whichdescendsinto the Loutsóremaat the S extremity at theirconfluence. bridgestheLoutsóremaand Kataphygiórema S (i). Two siteson spuroverlooking (to w) a tributary SSE)on Ε sideofthe valley(hererunning Land use a mixture ofoliveterraces(somebulldozed;theolivesinter-ploughed) with Loutsórema. and used for areas lower more cultivated. Lower of grazing. grazed, Upper spurpatches steppe garriga witholivesandundercropped. cultivated topsintensively LAr EC1 S524 (14181510)472 m (st 5% S); 0.63 ha. Density:4.09 ± 5 (max. 30, cont. 0.16); N2a. PT (a) (114): ArCl 2a, 5b, 6a, 7, na, i2ade, 13h, i5df, i6fg, 27hl, 28a, 29cg, 3obci, 35ef, 36aik, 38J,43Ç 45b, 53d. 571; + J5 bgsh> u uPsh> J4 bgt, 10 upt; (b) (74): ArCl 5ab, 13cm,15g, ígaá, 26d, 27hm, 29g, 30c, 32b, 36ak, 37ce, 38J,42m, 43^ 47a, 48b, 53d, 53d, 56J,57g; + 11bgsh, 11 upsh. SF 46 (loom-weightB3), 72 (ox figurine). CS (2): 6 (med. bl.), 8 (debris, 1 frag.). GS 4 (pestle). Midslope of low, broad spur projecting s from Koutsoviti. Track (s) passes across S edge of site. Site at head of shallow gully (s). Flattish natural terrace on crest of broad Neogene spur. Olives (interploughed); macchia. Cluster of modern buildings to NE.

Conglomerateterracewalls; possible remainsof otherold walls. Two areas:

(a) Dense scatterof large sherds in Ε part of site. Cl craters, lekane, dinos, cups, mugs; hydriai and other closed shapes; kitchen wares inch basin, pan, dish, large jar and pithos. Obsidian; stone tool. (b) F BG pottery and figurine,concentrated in w part of site. Cl craters, cup, bowl and other open shapes; hydria, oinochoë; mortar, basin, pan, dish, large jar, pithos. Obsidian. Loom-weight. E/MH1 mhl (r) S436 (ILL. 24.54) (14211490) 462 m (st 7% s); 0.14 ha. Density:2.12 ± 2 (max. 9, cont. 0.24); N2a. PT (58): Hl ib, 7, 10a, nbd, 17, 19b, 20, 23, 25e, 31b, 35C>37bh; + 20 uPsh> 4 bgt> l3 uPt250 m S of S524, at S end just below crest of spur. Abandoned bulldozer terraces; steppe, garriga. Steep slopes to S, E, and w. Stone rubble heaps; schist slabs. Thinnish scatter, bulldozed in upper part; HI plate, Megarian bowl, cup, lekane, jar, mortar, jug/jar, cooking pots, amphora, pithos.

4 it) C
11.1..2 j.f)4· Site S436 (in middle ground) and surroundingarea, to c. 'v.

S (ii). Two sitesacrossside-valleyto 'V fromS524 and S436, on long,narrowspur overlooking the Loutsoremato WSW.Similarland use to S (i),butwithevidenceofcerealcultivation. S466

HI (r)MBy/

(1394i")()(S)454 m (rt ii()o s); 0.59 ha. Density:(a) 1.22 + 1 (max. 4, cont. 0.35); (B) 2.02 + 3 (max. 13, cont. 0.34); '2h. PI (227): HI lib, i()d, 20; Byz ic, 23, 39a, 40 1, 44; + no upsh, 5 upt, 1 floor tile; (b) 161: Hl 3a, iid, 19Í, 21; Byz 37; + 2 bgsh, 109 upsh, 4 bgt, 30 upt. '' side and upper part of steep-sided ridge (si·;),and extending" into head of wide bay in its 'Y slope. Conglomerate and marl. Overgrown with macchia and garriga; bay slopes terraced with olives; i; side is neglected terraces. Two areas, (a) HI open and closed shapes; Byz slippainted bowl, unglazed jug, incised amphoras. (b) HI dish, lekane, closed shapes; Byz amphora.

S (iii).

S448

S432 (AgiosGeórgios) (eh) LAr/Gl (14081476)458 m (rt20% s''); 0.01 ha; N2I). S432and S431 are herecombined. PI (48): ArCl 13I1,19c,26a, 27c,28a, 29g,38J,56k; + 13bgsh,11upsh,2 upt. On W edge of saddle of ridge. Marly soil with Olives,withmacchia;grazing. conglomerate. S431. 40 m SWof S432 in naturalterracesformed by erosion of banks of conglomerate.Almostsheer drop on SWto narrowrema. PT (51): ArCl 5b, 11a, 13dl, 14a,22a, 28ac, 29g,38), 43c, 46, 56k; -I-7 bgsh, 11upsh,10 bgt.Localized scatters, incl.KH G sherds; Gl crater,skyphos,dish,and otheropen and closed shapes;kitchenwaresincl.basin. S431 (14051474).SeeS432.

Ten sites on W side of the Loutsorema.

eh

( I3()")i474)4.70m (ht3% si·;);
Verylocal scatter.EH F wares; C plain-rimmed bowl,pan, and othershapes.Obsidianand flint. R S449 (AgiosGeórgios) 0.93 ± ι (13811475) 459 m (st8% si;); 0.06 ha. Density: (max.4, cont.0.47);NT2b. PT{ig): R 66 7, 69; + 4 upsh,8 upt. 1;end ofspuron whichS448 lies;steepdropon i; to Loutsorema (ssi;), and χ to side rema (κ).

Survey site catalogue 417 Conglomerate and marl. Cultivated terraces, macchia. Thin scatterof MC/MF UP potteryand UP tile; pithos. Is S452 partof same site(60 m SE downslope)?Cf. also S450,S451. (r) S452 (AgiosGeórgios) 0.64 (13851470)450 m (hs 20% SE);
28a, 2gag,39a, 45b; + 5 bgsh,12 upsh. EH F wares jar; C jars/jugs; Cl mug,skyphos,bowl, and other open shapes;aryballos. Ar/Cl/Hl S527 1.78 ± 3 (13941460)452 m (st 11% Ν); ο.3 ha. Density: (max. 16,cont.0.30); N2d. FT (24): 14bgsh,8 upsh,2 bgt. Edge of same hilltopas S459-60; above steepdrops to N, E. Above confluence of side rema and Loutsorema. Conglomerate and thin soil. Macchia/garriga on steep slopes; olives and abandonedcerealson ploughedland.Almonds. ScatterofC-MF pottery, mainlyBG, withhill-wash downslopeto Ν and E. LAr eel S458 3.43 ± 9 (13821434)467 m (ht11%SE);0.30 ha. Density: (max.55,cont.0.42);Nia. PT (ιοί):ArCl 2b, 5b, 7, nb, i3beh,16a, 26ad, 28a, 29g,3oah, 31a,36f,37ce,38J,45ab,56JL;+ 5 bgsh,22 upsh,24 bgt,4 upt. 150m SSWofS459,on same hilltop.Bulldozertrack, macchia,garrigato W,oliveterracesto E. At head of shallowremasto Ν,Ε and S.JustΝ ofChrysapharoad. Mandra 120m NE. Wide scatter,incl. some in tracksection;dense at site centre.Cl craters,dinos, mug,and otheropen kitchenwares; tile shapes,oinochoai,neck-amphora; mainlyBG. LAr/ECl 5508 0.29 ± (13881420)452 m (hs 18% SW);0.05 ha. Density: 1 (max.2, cont.0.79);N2b. PT(53): ArCl 12a,29g,36af,38J,56J,571·;+ 1 bgsh, 5 upsh,16bgt,22 upt. CS (1):4 (tert.fl.). Midslopeon w of ridge,withshallowvalleybelow on SW. Marly soil. Steppe. Modern house, to NE,and shedbelowto W;wellin valley outbuildings bottom50 m SW. Smallish,thinscatteraroundfootof terrace;Cl F open and closed shapes; BG/RG/UP tile. Piece of in terracesection. blackflint.Pottery Finds probably eroded fromupslope in fenced inaccessiblearea withmodernhouse. LAr EC1 5509 (13981415)456 m (hs 3% SE); 0.04 ha. Density: 3.13 + 4 cont. Nia. (max. 19, 0.23); PT(yo): ArCl i3dh,15g,16b,27DCO, 29g,30DJ,32ab, 35cdgi,36df,37c,38J,47a, 51,53d,56jk,57η + 6 bgsh, 8 upsh,4 bgt,8 upt. SF48 (loom-weightB5). GS 6b (rectangular quern). Saddle on same ridge,0.1 kmESEofS508. Terraces

4i8 Chapter 24 slopingSW.Steep slopesE. Near Head of valley(SSE) bankwiththinmarlysoil. to SW.Siteon conglomerate Bulldozerterraceswitholives,macchia. Much BG pottery(mainlyMC/MF) in bulldozer spoil: Cl open shapes incl. cup, mug; hydria, oinochoë, other closed shapes; kitchenwares incl. pan; pithos;also RG/BG tile.Two terracottaloomweights;stonegrinder. ofsiteobscuredbybulldozing. Originaldimensions

(hl) S439 1.27± 1 (14171437) 406 m (hf9% E); 0.07 ha. Density: (max.6, cont.0.30); L,4d. PT(2^): 2 upsh,10bgt,11upt.

Broad olive terrace on footslopeadjoining Loutsorema. schist. Predominantly Steepslopesup to WandacrossremabedtoE. Scatterof UP (and some BG) tile and a little pottery.

S (iv). Eight siteson lower slope of Koutsovitiat its SE end, in area called Phournára(thisslope continuesSE intozone T). They overlooktheLoutsoremain itslowercoursebeforeitsconfluencewith theKataphygiorema. Most are on one Neogenehill(AgiosTheódoros),and are possiblyrelatedto one another.Limestoneto Ν and E, schistto S and W,Neogenein between.Olive terraceswithoccasional pear-trees. MH LH LAr/ECl S434 (Phournára) (14691489)493 m (rs29% SW);0.06 ha; L2a. PT($i): MH ia, 2b, 6a, 8, 20a; LH 6b, 8, 10; ArCl 5b,27a,29g,35d; + 2 bgsh,11upsh,3 bgt. SWside of broad limestonespur projectingfrom broadside-valley to SW.Ruined Koutsoviti, overlooking mandrason top of spur and at base of slope to SW. Garriga,macchia; olive terraceson marlbelow site. with Upper partlargelygrazingon macchia/garriga someabandonedterraces. Littlepresent-day cultivation. Thin scatterof pottery:MH kantharos,goblet,C bowl,pan, pithoidjar; LH crater,stirrup jar. Cl crater, and otherBG open and closedshapes. LAr eel S433 (Phournára) (14821484)493 m (rs9% S); 0.18 ha; L2a. PTfa): ArCl 5b, 29g,30a, 32b,36d, 38J,42h, 53d, 56J;+ 4 bgsh,6 upsh,7 bgt,2 upt. Small, flattishspur next to narrowrema (SW)on ESE, 150 m ESE of S434. Limestone. Abandoned terraceswithmacchia,garriga. Cl crater,hydria,oinochoë, and other open and closedshapes;mortar, largejar, otherkitchenwares. EH MH LH (r) S478 (ÁgiosTheódoros) 1.32± ι (14661458)473 m (ht 1% NE);0.02 ha. Density: (max.5, cont.0.33);Nia. PT (200): EH ic, 2, 5ac, lib, i2acdg, 13b,14,25ad, 28a, 29; MH 6ac, 10, 14, 19b;LH 1,4, 6b, 7-8, i3ab; + 20 paintedsherds,112upsh,1 bgt,8 upt. GS 6a (2 saddlequerns),6e (millstone?). Ν side of indentedNeogene hill (Ag. Theódoros) Loutsoremato w. Shallowconfluenceof overlooking remas to Ν narrowingto SW. Marly soil; scatterof limestoneand schist.Olives (inter-ploughed)with 0.2 kmΕ downslope. steppe.Threshing-floor Small, thinscatter:EH incurvedbowl, sauceboat, pedestalbases, basin, bowls,dish,jars/jugs,pithos,

tripod leg; MH C bowl, wide-mouthedjar, jug, jar/jug; LH kylix, stemmed bowl, crater,basin. Grindersand stonetools. 0.3 kmfromS434. (eh) HI (r) 5474 (ÁgiosTheódoros) 1.00 ± 1 (14671451) 462 m (hs 8% SE); 0.06 ha. Density: (max.4, cont.0.46); Nia. ΡΤ(φ): EH 16a; HI igde, 20, 27, 36a; R 69; + 4 bgsh,15upsh,15upt. Concave midslopeNE side of same hill as S478,at head of shallowvalleyrunningSSE (and thens) into Kataphygiorema.Scatter of limestoneon surface; soil.Olivesand steppe. conglomerate StrayEH and LH sherds;thinscatterwithHI open and closedvessels,pithos;UP tile.Whensampled,the site had recently(overthe winter)been coveredin a layerofsoilwashedoffthefields. Thin scatterofar/clsherds. S435 (14531472). Ar/Cl S523 1.26 ± 2 (14521454)466 m (hs 11% s); 0.07 ha. Density: (max.7, cont.0.38); L4C. PT(^6): ArCl29g,37c,56ak;+ 2 upsh,14bgt,14upt. Convex slope of bay on NWside of same hill as S435; precipitousdrop 50 m W, above shallowsideoliveterraces;macchia. valley.Uncultivated Scatteron twoterracesincl.Cl BG open and closed shapes;kitchenwares;tilemainlyBG. S442 (14631439)See S475. 5475 Ágios Theódoros

(lar/ecl)hl LR MByz-EOtt (14671437)469 m (ht0% SE);0.33 ha. Density: (a) 1.97± 2 (max.7, cont.0.19);(c) 0.98 + 1 (max.4, cont.0.32); Nia. Incorporates S442.

Survey site catalogue 419 PT (a) (47): ArCl 57η; HI 36a, 37c; R 48, 49a, 69; + 2 white-glazed sherds,6 bgsh, 15 upsh, 5 bgt, 5 upt; (b) (39): R 31* 49b> 695 BYZ 23> 38> 39a. 4°; + l bgsh, 14 upsh, 1 bgt, 7 upt; (c) (36): Byz 38, 39a, 40-1, 50; + 1 glazed sherd,5 bgsh, 12 upsh, 2 bgt, 8 upt. GS 7 ('pot-lid'). Narrow hill-top on S part of hill with slopes to NW and SE. Conglomerate soil with marl; limestone, conglomerate,and schiststones on surface.Olives and pears, with steppe, macchia. Four areas: (a) Narrow hilltop in S part of hill with slopes to NW and SE. Medium-sized scatter,sometimes dense; HI (or Cl) open and closed BG shapes and pithos; R pitcher and other table wares; BG and UP tile. (b) 55 m e of area A, on edge of small spur-liketerrace; short,steep downslope to SE and S. Ruined churchofAg. Theódoros (NWcorner standing)amid macchia; walls of conglomerate and limestone,bonded with mortar and tiles.Small scatter:R bowl and pitchers;Byz jug, incised amphora, glazed pithos;UP tile. (c) Terraced olives on SE side of hill below A and B. Schist pot-lid. Byz incised amphoras; glazed pithos; UP tile. (d) S442. 468 m (ht 3% SW); 0.09 ha. Density.2.19 ± 4 (max. 18, cont. 0.36). Ν edge of S part of hill Cultivated rema olives, (nw). overlooking undercropped. Concentration of F BG wares. PTffi): ArCl 38J;+ 2 slipped sherds,6 bgsh, 9 upsh, 15 bgt, 17 upt. Saddle at SW corner of same hilltop as S478.

Concentration of C-F BG/UP/RG pottery and groovedware;pithos;BG/UP tile. Large Byz siteincl.ruinedchurch;smallHI and R predecessors.

Zone T: Kataphygiórema

S441 (Ágios Theódoros) MByz (14581431) 467 m (st 4% s); 0.03 ha. Density:1.56 ± 2 (max. 6, cont. 0.45); Nia. FT (33): Byz 6a, 17, 39a, 40, 42; + 9 upsh, 2 bgt, 14 upt. S extremity of same hilltop, 70 m SW of S475. Conglomerate and marl soil. Bulldozer terraces. Byz incised bowl, monochrome jug, incised amphoras. S440 (14501424). See S437. LAr EC1 LCI (byz) S437 (Ágios Theódoros) (14501420) 444 m (hs 11% s); 0.20 ha. Density.2.62 ± 4 (max. 18, cont. 0.29); L2C. Incorporates S440. PT '(77): ArCl 5ac, iod, i3bceh, 14b, 19a, 27ck, 28c, 29g, 3oach, 32a, 35b, 36ad, 38J, 39h, 42eim, 43g, 45ab, 46, 47a, 51, 56dj, 59g; + 3 bgsh, 3 upsh, 20 bgt, 1 upt. Terraces below saddle. Downslope, 50 m S from S440. Ploughed terraces with olives, cereals. Modern kalyvi and mandra to SW above track. Two areas: (a) Rather dense scatter: Cl craters, skyphos, and other open shapes; hydria, oinochoë, and various closed shapes; mortars, basin, and other kitchen wares; miniaturevotive. (b) S440. Density. 1.11 ± 1 (max. 4, cont. 0.36); L2C. PT '/±ί)' ArCl 12c, 27a, 29g, 38J,56J,57nr; + 2 glazed sherds, 3 bgsh, 13 upsh, 12 bgt, 4 upt. Just Ε of saddle joining small spur to SW part of hill with S475 on. Marly soil and conglomerate. Fairly extensive scatter; Cl open and closed BG shapes; pithos; cooking ware.

and Adjacent

Valleys

(sites443,*444,445-6,*447,464-5,467-8,470-1,479-82,484-5; 510,512) Zone Τ comprisesthe W or NWpart of the Chrysapha basin, includingthe village of Chrysaphaitself.Some sitesare located on the infertile slopes of Phournára(the S spurof while others are on Klarí Koutsoviti), Ráchi) betweenthe narrow,fairlysteep ridges(chiefly remasthatwindgenerallySWfromChrysaphaand delimitthe Chrysaphabasin (cf.zone U) on theNWand W.UpperpartofPhournaralimestone, lowerschistwithremnantofNeogene between.The ridgeofKlari Rachi is schist,as is theChrysapharidge.ÁgiosCharálambosis ridgeschistwithremnantofNeogene;thesmallerΝ spuris limestonewithoverlying Neogene in muchofitsarea. The Chrysapha road, having bridged the Loutsórema and Kataphygióremaat their confluence(see zone S), turnsΕ and climbsout of thevalley,intothevillageon the S side of theKataphygiórema.

420 Chapter 24 Τ (i). Three siteson Phournára,overlooking theKataphygiórema and a parallel,tributary valleyto its W. The upperslope is generallyopen, withpatchesof garrigaand low macchia and occasionalwild Abandonedterracesat entranceto gorge.Olive terracesin lowerpartof area overschist, pear-trees. Pears and deciduousoak. Grazingis practised,and withcerealundercropping (also threshing-floors). mandraswerenoted.Lime-kiln. LAr/ECl (lbyz) T443 (Phournára)(ILL.24.55) 2.12 ± 4 (15071465)492 m (hs 9% s); 0.02 ha. Density. (max. 17,cont.0.52);L2a.

Thinnishscatterofwornmaterial;mainlyMC/MF UP potteryand a littleBG; also UP (and some BG) tile.

bgt,12upt. S side of small, flattishspur projectingSW from lower slope of Phournára, 0.3 km SE of S433 and above boundarywithNeogenelandscapeinfillbelow. Eroded limestone outcrops. Mandra 50 m SSW downslope; larger mandra complex 150 m ENE upslope.Macchia,garriga. Small, dense scatterwiththinhalo; Cl BG closed shapes and kitchenwares; BG and UP tile. Byz monochrome bowl.

R MByz-EOtt T445 Metóchi (ILL.24.55) (15201425)483 m (hs3% SE); 1.07ha. Density: (a) 2.73 + ± cont. 1.66 2 cont. 3 (max. 11, (max.8, 0.15);(b) 0.23); (c) 1.49± 2 (max.9, cont.0.27);L2C. PT (a) (147):Byz 9de, 17,23, 26, 32, 38, 39a, 40-1, 45; + 2 paintedsherds,3 bgsh,44 upsh,4 bgt,30 upt. (b) (104):Byz 6a, 17,22, 26-7, 32, 38, 39a, 40-1,50, 52; + 2 glazed sherds,33 upsh, 1 bgt,17 upt. (c) (46): R 49b,69; Byz 32, 36b,38, 39a, 40; + 1 bgsh,18 upsh,13 upt. SF 100(piercedclayplaque). GS 6a (saddlequern). On next spur Ε fromT446; steep drop on SE to Kataphygiórema.Conglomeratesoil. Olive terraces with cereals, pears (wild, domesticated);macchia, near site steppe. Large mandra and threshing-floor centre. Three areas: (a) Dense scatterof tile and pottery.S of mandra and on S facingolive/cerealterraceswithsteepdrop to E. Mainly MC/MF UP pottery,incl. many

PT (Si)'· ArC1 35b> 38J>56k; BYZ 9e; + 4 uPsh> u

*444 (I529I4^o). Smallscatterofsherds. HI T446 (Metóchi) (15111435)462 m (st4% SW);0.05 ha. Density: 1.27+ 2 (max.7, cont.0.38); L2C. PT(52): 1 bgsh,34 upsh,3 bgt,14upt. Crestof low,narrowspur(sw) betweensmallrema valley to NW and terraced concave slope to E. Conglomerate soil. Olive terraces with macchia, garriga,steppe.Modernhut40 m NE.

III. 24.55.SiteT445(inforeground, tosw).

Survey site catalogue amphora sherds; Byz monochrome bowls, jugs, cookingpots,combed and incisedamphoras.Stone grinder. (b) Enclosureand old oliveterracesto Ν and w ofA in concave slopes. Dense scatterof tile and pottery. Byz incised bowl, matt-paintedjug, cooking pots, combedand incisedamphoras,pithos;tile.

421

(c) Hill-washfromA and Β on steep SE terraces R pitchers,Byz above Kataphygiórema. immediately combedand incisedamphoras. Byz monastery property (hence place-name), perhapswithearlierR site. Alluvialdeposit? t447 (14441376).

Τ (ii). Four sites on ridge S and Ε of the Kataphygiórema. In parts olive terraces (ploughed) with cereals, macchia, garriga; to Ν only the lattervegetation,used forgrazing. Occasional mulberry.Signs of abandoned cultivation(terraces,threshingfloor)and collapsed mandra in Ν part. T482 Agia Paraskevi

mrR (lr)MByz-EOtt

(a) 1.82 ± 2 (15731499)553 m (ht7% SW);0.42 ha. Density: (max. 7, cont. 0.30); (b) 2.90 ± 3 (max. 13,cont. 0.25); L2C. FT {A) (104): R 7, 31, 37, 45, 49b, 63J,67, 69; Byz 50; + 50 upsh. (b) (88): Byz 9e, 17, 39a, 48, 50; + 2 slipped sherds,1 bgsh, 67 upsh, 9 upt. above Convex Kataphygiórema. hilltop Conglomerate outcrops with thin soil. Partly abandoned olive terraces (ploughed) with cereals, macchia, garriga. Two areas: (a) Hilltop with chapel of Ag. Paraskevi (built 1926); schist stones to S may be from a predecessor. Fairly wide, dense scatter of MC/MF (and some F) UP pottery:R bowls, jar, pitchers,amphoras; tile. Scatter mainly on upper terraces. (b) NW-facing terraces on Ν side of hill, above shallow side-valley(sw) runninginto Kataphygiórema. Medium-sized, dense scatter of worn MF/F pottery (incl. grooved wares): Byz monochrome bowl and jug, incised amphora; pithoi; tile.

(nl) T480 534 m (st18% NW);
Obsidian, flint;stone celt. A few MC/MF UP sherds;one piece oflatetile. LS 10847-9are further S on same spur;oftheseonly ES 10848is bronzeage. T482 (churchofAg. Paraskevi) 0.2 m NEup spur. (nle-lr) T481 0.64 ± 1 (15581460)516 m (ss 15% SE);0.03 ha. Density. (max.4, cont.0.52);L2C. PT(39): R 31,46; + 30 upsh,6 upt. SF φ (loom-weight B3). CS (5): 2 (prim,fl.),6 (2 prox.bl., 1 dist.bl.),7 (rejuv. pc), incl.CSTT15 (1 ret.). Furtheralong S side of same spur, overlooking remaSE. Conglomeratesoil. steep-sided Smallishscatterof UP potteryincl. R basin and pitcher;terracottaloom-weight.Obsidian indicates earlieractivity. (ar/cl) T479 (15681409)475 m (st6% ν); ο.02 ha; L2C. PT (24):ArCl 561;+ 8 upsh,10bgt,5 upt. windingtributary Top of low spur (n) overlooking valley (s'v and w) of Kataphygiórema,on s side of tightbend in old the Chrysapha road (SE of spur partlyremovedby new road). Schisticsoil. Olives, mulberries, steppe,grazing.Well80 m NNW. Some tilein sectionof old road SWof site.Smallish scatterof C-F UP and MF/MC UP pottery(incl. domesticware);also UP/BG tile,pithos.

Τ (iii). Five siteson schistaround the rema flowingfromW end of Chrysapha village. The agricultural economy,unsurprisinglyin view of its proximityto a village, is active and varied. Despite the stonysoil, inter-ploughedolives (sometimes quite old) are planted on terraces, and there is evidence of recent cereal cultivation (incl. 20th-cent. threshing-floors).Occasional cultivated pear, fig,cypress. Grazing also practised (mandras). LAr/ECl (byzott) T484 (15961403)496 m (fh9% w); 0.01 ha; L2b. />T(34):ArCl i2d, 29g,33d,57r;Byz 17,40, 48, 50; + 3 upsh,16bgt,4 upt.

w side of flattish rema to W. spur(sw) overlooking Road to Panagia and Kephalás runs along top of spur to Ε and S. Schistic soil with rockyoutcrops. in Well 80 m NNWin valleybottom;threshing-floors

422 Chapter 24 vicinity;mandra40 m Ν; chapel of Agios Spyridon 150 m ENE.

Very small scatterof BG pottery(Cl open and closed shapes;pithos)and tile;Byz monochrome jug, amphora,and pithoi. Possiblydump materialfromChrysapha (village outskirts are 0.2 kmNE). T485 (hl)R MByz-EOtt (15691374) 476 m (fh7% nw);0.33 ha; L2b. PT (18): HI 34; R 69; Byz ge, 17,40, 48; + 10 upsh, 3bgt,4upt. Small, flatspur projectingfromridge on which SWand above deepening T484 lies,but0.4 kmfurther rema (wsw). Schisticsoil. Olive terraceswithpears, cypresses. Mandra across main valley to N; two threshing-floors adjoinsiteon SE. Dispersed scatter of C-MF UP pottery; Byz monochrome bowl and jug, amphora,and pithos.UP (and a littleBG) tile.No clearcentre. T468 (ar cl) (15081365)442 m (rf14% s); 0.02 ha. Density: 0.30 ± 1 (max.2, cont.0.74);L2C. FT '(36): ArCl 30h, 37c,46, 50a; + 6 bgsh,8 upsh, !3 bgt,5 upt. SF φ (spindlewhorl). Convexmidslopeofspur,0.7 kmfurther downstream fromT485,on Ν side of valley.Located at interface of schistand limestone.Schistsoil. Olive terraceswith macchia.Siteon flattish terracewithlimestone outcrops.

Smallishconcentration: Cl hydriaand otherclosed kitchen ware. Some hill-wash basin and other shapes; downslope. (hl)R lr T510 0.37 ± 1 437 m (hs 14% w); 0.06 ha. Density. (15171436) (max.2, cont.0.65); L2C. PT (33): HI 14a; R 43, 67, 69; + 12 upsh,1 bgt,12 upt. At junctionof schistand limestone.Acrossvalley fromT468, furtherdownstreamon small, flattish, convexspur.Limestonebedrock;loose limestoneand schist.Olive terraceswithdomesticatedpear,steppe, and old cereals. Verythinscatterof MC /MF UP pottery:R widemouthedpitcherand UP tile. LC1 (ehlr) T465 Klarí Ráchi (14601345) 482 m (st 13% NW);0.02 ha. Density. 1.46 ± 2 (max.8, cont.0.58); L2C. PT (48): ArCl 1if, 13h,28b, 4id, 571·;HI 14; R 50, 69; + 10 upsh,10bgt,20 upt. W side of convexSWspurof ridge,overlooking the valley at its confluence with Loutsorema, to SW; shallowrema (w) 40 m NNW;steepdownslopeto SW. Olives and cerealson new bulldozerterracesand old terraces.Schist. Smallishscatter, mainlytilewithsome MF pottery: Cl open and closed BG shapes, lekythos/juglet; pithos;BG and UP tile.

Τ (iv). Fivesitesin same remavalley,in itslowercoursebeforeitjoins TsiliotouRema. Wpartofarea on limestone.Many abandoned terraces,invadedby macchia and (NWoutlierof Polyzéfka/Aï-Lias) garriga.(Alsotwo 'out-of-area'sitesin TsiliotouRéma.) Similarland use to Τ (iii),thoughthecereals are abandoned. LAr EC1? EH1 T471 (Aï-Lias) 1.18± 1 (14691317)416 m (hs 0% w); 0.21 ha. Density. (max.6, cont.0.40); L2C. PT (64): ArCl 2b, 5b, nb, 12a, 47a, 56a; HI 11c, 14c,22; + 1 glazed sherd,11bgsh,21 upsh,3 bgt,15 upt. SF 48 (loom-weight B5). Flat saddlebetweentop ofN-s spurand NWoutlier. Steep slopesto Ν and w. At head of shallowrema (s). Ruinedbuildingand enclosureto S. Schisticsoil and terrarossa; limestoneoutcrops.Olive terracesamid areasofmacchia. Fairlywide,densescatter:Cl/Hl crater,lekaneand otheropen and closedshapes;pan and kitchenwares; BG/UP tile; similarhill-washdownslope.Terracotta loom-weight.

LAr (Ici) T512 (Αϊ-Lias) 1.32± 2 (14801300)420 m (hs 15% w); 0.03 ha. Density. (max.8, cont.0.34); L2C. PT (a) (41): ArCl 5b, na, i6f, 27a, 29g, 30a, 32b, 44b,56k,57a; + 7 bgsh,3 upsh,9 bgt,1 upt. 36a, 381J, ArCl (B) (31): 13h,17b,22c, 27a, 29g,30g,351,38J,56g, 56h; 4-6 bgsh,2 upsh,5 bgt,2 upt. FurtherSE close to footof same hillside,on widew slope overlooking shallow valley (s). Limestone bedrock.Abandoned cereal terraces.Upper terrace wall incorporatesa stretchof cut limestoneblocks withtwoniches(0.40 X 0.30 X 0.45). Two areas,(a) Cl crater, mug,and otheropen shapes; hydria,oinochoë,closed shapes;sieve,kitchenwares; broaddish,otheropen pithos;BG/UP tile,(b)Cl skyphos, closedshapes;kitchen wares.BG/UP tile. shapes;hydria,

Surveysite catalogue 423 (ar/cl)E/MH1 R lr T47O (Polyzéfka) 1.14± 1 (14341286)379 m (fh5% S); 0.34 ha. Density. (max.5, cont.0.38); L2b. PT (96): ArCl 3of,42J,56b,571;Hl ia, na, 23, 37b; R 11,13,31,36b; + 4 bgsh,62 upsh,7 bgt,11upt. On W side of valley,on shallow spur (s) of schist above bend of the rema,turningSVVaroundsiteand bed. Olivesand steppe. spreadingintowide,gravelly of limestoneblocksw of sitecentre, Concentration indicating possible ruined building; another concentrationin SW of site. Cl/Hl plates, lekane; hydria;mortar,kitchenwares,pithos;R bowls and basins;UP tile(andsomeBG tilein upperpartofsite). (r) T464 (Polyzéfka) 0.86 ± 2 (14281280)369 m (fh8% S); 0.08 ha. Density. (max.9, cont.0.47);L2b. PT(2y): R 69; + 7 upsh,1 bgt,15upt. 80 m SWof T470, on gentlelowerslopes running downto broad rema-bed.Schisticsoil. Olive terraces withcereals(wheat);steppe.

Zone U: Central

Scatter of MC/MF UP pottery,with some tile (mainlyUP, someBG); pithos. (ar/cl)E/MH1 Hl R T467 1.41± 2 (14491257)371 m (fh6% w); 0.34 ha. Density. (max.7, cont.0.37);L2b. PT (66): ArCl 29g,30c,46; HI ic, 9, ioab, na, igde; R 49a, 631,69; + 1 white-slippedsherd,8 bgsh, 21 upsh,2 bgt,19upt. SF 46 (2 typeB3 loom-weights), 48 (loom-weight B5).

On Ε side of valley,overlooking (to s) the rema (w) thatdrainsΕ partof Chrysaphabasin,0.2 kmbefore confluence.Verygentleslope c.50 m Ν of track(e-w), at SWedge of Aï-Lias hillcomplex.Soil derivedfrom limestoneand schist.Terraceswitholives,pears. Limestoneblockson surface.Extensive,moderate scatter: (C1)/H1 plate, cups/bowls, lekane, and various closed shapes; hydria;R pitcher,amphora; some pithos,brick,and tile. Three terracottaloomweights.

Chrysapha

Basin

ò1^^ (sites483,*486,487-94,*495,496-7,*4g8,499~5°2, 5O4~7>5n> bl~1!^ 53ο-3; 3°°°-6> 3010-11.*3°2o-i53022-4;4006) Zone U comprisesthecentralpartofthelevel-floored uplandbasin,some3 kmacross,partof whichappearsin ILL.24.56 and whichis dominatedby the Byzantineand modernvillageof limestone-derived Chrysapha.The lowerpartofthebasinseemsto haveratherimpoverished, limestonewithschistfringing the NW,Ν and NE edge. The soils.The basin is predominantly

ILL. 24.56.ViewacrossChrysaphabasinto Phagiá (U3002).

424 Chapter 24

soilsare generally poor,stonyand dry(terrarossaoverlimestone).It was once an intensively cultivatedarea, withcereals (almostentirelyabandoned),threshing-floors, chaffand straw stores,and a windmill.Olivesare stilltended,mainlyin theschistareas. The area was walkedlatein thesurvey, and owingto constraints oftimetheΕ and S partsof the basin were walked only in part (see sitesin the 3000 seriesin subzonesiii-iv below). Nonetheless,it is clear that the area contains some of the most importantancient and medievalsitesin the easternsectionof the surveyarea, raisingimportantquestionsabout historical developments. The mostimportant clustersofsiteslie aroundthelow,broadhillsofsitesU490and U500in thecentreofthebasin;thesecentral-place sitesweredominantin thearea at different periods. If therewas an ancient(Spartiateor perioikic)predecessorofChrysapha,however, itsnameis notknown. The smallstreamsthatwindgenerallySSWacrossthefloorofthebasinare notparticularly usefulas sourcesofwater.Some peterout beforereachingthegravellybed ofthestreamthat bounds the plain on the S and curvesround the Ν side of Phagiá hill (U3002) to become TsiliótouRema. More important are thewellsdottedabouttheplain(notethetoponymMéga Pigádi,'GreatwelP, U514). U (i). EightsitesS of Chrysaphavillage,arounduppercoursesof two main remavalleysdrainingΕ siteand a spring-house on theedge ofthevillage.Mostly partofChrysaphabasin.Also an 'out-of-area' limestonewithlocalizedschist;some concretedlimestonebrecciasand conglomerate. Olive terraces, numerousthreshing-floors (mainlydisused);somegrazing. Ott: U513 Chrysapha (ILL. 24.57) (£.16751450). On steep SE side of valley, beside road to Kalloni (formerly Pérpeni),at upper,Ε end of Chrysapha village. Spring-house, with inscription of AD 1704. Now used forwateringanimals. Leake, TM ii. 519-20, supposes C. to be an ancient place on account of its situation and the solidity of many terrace walls in land around, but cites no finds in situ.In one church he saw a square ancient tile, in the other a flutedcolumn and fragmentsof another. U494 (Ágios Nikon) (lh) LAr Cl ehl HI (r ott) (16541418) 563 m (rt 3% s); 0.5 ha. Density:(a) 1.53 ± 2 (max. 6, cont. 0.32); (b) 0.95 ± 1 (max. 5, cont. 0.36); L2a. FT {A) (43): LH ib; ArCl 13h, 28a, 41c, 44a, 56k, 57r; HI 13, igd, 20, 24, 25a; Byz 50; + 1 bgsh, 12 upsh, 11 bgt, 3 upt. (b) (28): ArCl nb, 13h, 36a, 57a; R 69; + 1 glazed sherd, 1 bgsh, 7 upsh, 7 bgt, 6 upt. SF54 (fragmentaryloom-weight). Saddle joining small spur to large limestone slope Ε of Chrysapha. Schistic soil with scatter of loose limestone and schist. Olive terraces. At least eight threshing-floorswithin 0.2 km of site. Church of Ag. Nikon to NW. Old walled mule-track (kalderimi) traversessite fromΝ to SE. Thin scatter.Two areas:

(a) Open fields on saddle. LH kylix; Cl open and closed BG vessels; kitchen wares; pithos; HI table wares, closed shapes; strainer,jug/jar. (b) 70 m S of area A, on slightS terraced slope (7%) above head of small rema running SW. Denser scatter. Cl BG open and closed shapes; pithos. Terracotta loom-weight.

LAr EC1 U493 Ágios Nikon (16411422) 553 m (hs 10% SW); 0.04 ha. Density.1.50 ± 3 (max. 13, cont. 0.46); L2a. ΡΤ(45): ArCl 5b, na, 13h, 16Ç 27ÜC,29g, 30J,32b, 37c, 420!, 43J,47ab, 56I1J,57a; + 1 white-slippedsherd, 2 bgsh, 2 upsh, 11 bgt, 5 upt. SF 48 (loom-weight B5), 54 (2 fragmentaryloomweights). CS (4): 3 (sec. fl.),4 ( + 1 flint,tert.fl.),6 (prox. bl.). W slope of same spur as U494. Limestone. Terraces with macchia overlooking deep valley to W. Spur-top uncultivated.Church of Ag. Nikon on small spur 50 m NE and 10 m higher; several threshing-floors on spur. Smallish scatter: Cl crater, mug, and other open shapes; hydria, oinochoë; mortar, basin, pithos; BG tile. Two terracottaloom-weights.Obsidian. U487 (Panagía Phaneroméni) (16711397)581 m (ht 6% SW); 0.1 ha; L2a. ΡΤ(2β): ArCl igf; + 25 upsh.

LN1 (cl- hi)

Survey site catalogue

425

A

ι

1

ι

1

ι

1

μ

ι

>-

ι Metres

III. 24.57.Spring-house U513atChrysapha (G.Sanders).

CS (37): 1 (core),2 (prim,fl.)3 (sec. fl.),4 (13 (+ 2 flint)tert.fl.),5 (prep,pc), 6 (11med. bl.), 7 (2 rejuv. 9 (tang),incl.CSTT 10 (point), pc), 8 (debris,4 frags.), 12(backedpiece),13(notchedblade). limestone Convex,flattish hill,joined to SW-facing slope of Rachi Skala by shallow saddle on NE. Limestonecropsout.Macchia,garriga. Windmillcrowninghilltopwithinsite (D. 8.2 m; Th. of walls 1.1m; preservedH. 6 m). Extensivebut sparse scatterof mainlyMF UP pottery;Cl stray. Dated on basisofobsidian. Windmill dated 1896 (see Inscription 76), supersededby watermillat L534Agioi Saranda (local ScatteroverlapsU486 but is different in information). character. U488 Panagia Phaneroméni (Ici)E/MH1 R Byz 2.02 ± 3 (16791402)579 m (rt3% w); 0.24 ha. Density: (max. 13,cont.0.34);L2a. Incorporates U486. PT (27): HI 3ce, 9b, igd, 20, 23, 25e; R 12, 45ab, 49b,69; Byz 9e, 38; + 1 glazedsherd,1 bgsh,20 upsh, 1 bgt,12upt. Si7133(frag, ofglassvessel). Two areas: (a) On saddleNEofU487.Abandonedterraceswith cereals,macchia. Church of Panagia Phaneromeni near site centre. Site cut by road to Kalloni. Limestone.Fairlywidescatter:HI dishes,bowl,closed

vessels;basin,mortar, jug/jar; R bowl,pitchers;Byz monochromebowl and incised amphora; UP tile. Piece ofglass. Site with long, possiblycontinuous occupation; perhapsan earlychurch(on siteofexistingstructure). (b) 11486. Density:2.78 ± 4 (max. 18, cont. 0.24); L2a. PT (96): ArCl 27k,29g; HI 10c, na, igd; R 11, 34b,49a, 60, 631,65-7; + 2 glazed sherds,1 bgsh,59 B8). upsh,7 bgt,11upt.ÄF51(loom-weight Gentle midslope below site centreon its saddle. Limestonecrops out. Ploughed olive terraceswith cereals,and abandonedterracesS of road. Ploughedout terracewalls.Cut byroad to Kalloni.Wide,dense scatteron threeterraces:Cl/Hl cup,lekane,and other open and closed shapes; R bowl, basin, pitcher, flagon,amphora; pithos;UP tile. Terracottaloomweight. See U488. 11486(16711403). LN1(ar/cl) U489 (16531387)540 m (hs 17% SW);0.03 ha. Density: 0.25 ± 1 (max. 1,cont.0.75);L2a. PT(2i): ArCl 13h;+ 18 upsh. CS (82): 3 (2 sec. fl.),4 (21 tert.fl.),5 (prep,pc), 6 (10 prox.bl., 32 med.,3 dist.),7 (rejuv.pc), 8 (debris, incl.CSTT 10 (point),13(piercer),15(5 ret.). 12frags.), Midslope below U487. Limestone scatter and

426 Chapter 24 outcrops above broad goat- and sheep-run down hillside.Abandoned cereal terraceswith macchia. Two modernenclosuresdownslope;threshing-floors on hill. Irregular scatter, spread over three terraces; MC /MF UP pottery(withsome BG strays);no tile. denseobsidianscatter. Relatively Erodedsite. (mh)LAr EC1 U492 1.40 ± 2 (16501365)510 m (hs7% SW);0.16 ha. Density: (max.9, cont.0.33);L2a. FT (38): ArCl nab, 12a,26a, 271,29g,36h,37g,38J, 44b,50e,56a; + ι bgsh,17upsh,1 bgt,5 upt. SF 80, 86 (2 votivefemaleterracottafigurines), 98 ofvotiveclayplaque). (frag, CS (8): 4 (tert.fl.),6 (1 prox.bl., 3 med.),8 (debris,3 frags.). SW lower slope below U489. Abandoned cereal terraceswithscatteredolives.Mandra and enclosure 50 m w. Fairlylarge but sparse scatter:the obsidian may pointto an EH presence,thoughthreeC bodysherds were judged to be MH. Cl BG open and closed shapes; sieve,basin, and otherkitchenwares. Two Obsidian.Materialerodedto SW. terracotta figurines. Prehistoric occupationproblematic. LS 10880,obsidian,is 40 m downslope. LAr EC1 (Ici)EH1 HI U491 Sotiras 3.61 ± 5 (16311357)500 m (ht0% SW);0.40 ha. Density: (max.23,cont.0.26); L4a. PT (102): ArCl 5b, 6ab, 8ab, 12b,13h,14b,i5deg, 27c, 28a, 29g,3of,35dl,36a, 37d, 38J,41c, 42m, 43I, 47a, 5od, 56ak,57kn;HI 3d, na, 12b,igcd, 22, 37d; + 2 glazedsherds,8 bgsh,17upsh,17bgt,8 upt. CS(i):6(med. bl.). GS 6e (2 millstones). Top of narrowspur(sw)joined by saddle to lower slope below U492; rema runs round S side of hill. Conglomerateoutcrops.Steep drop to S, terracesto N, confluenceof remasto w. Macchia. Lime-kilnat footofslope,80 m SW. Church of Ag. Sotiras on hilltop;remainsof old wall aroundΝ and S cornersof church.Wide, dense scatter:Cl crater,lekane,situla,skyphos,cups, and other open shapes; hydria,closed shapes; mortar, basins,pan, pithoi;HI dish,lekane,crater,and closed shapes; pithos.Byz strays;BG/UP tile,mainlyUP.

The RG/BG materialis near sitecentreand around church;laterfindsare morewidelyspread.Pieces of grinding-stones; piece of obsidian;piece of ironslag (?). Cl ehl Hl R m-lrMByz U516 Makariá 487 m (hs 6% NW);1.08ha. Density: 2.63 ± 3 (16141347) (max. 12,cont.0.27);L4a. PT(a) (71):ArCl 27ac,28a, 29g,30a, 40; HI id, nb, 13,14b,18c,19c,371;R 9, 31,45, 48, 49ab, 59, 62, 69; Byz 23, 40; + 1 glazed sherd,9 bgsh,17upsh,3 bgt,2 upt. SF φ (2 typeB3 loom-weights), 71 (votiveterracotta 74 (femalefigurine). figurine), GS 6a (2 saddlequerns). Terraced hollow on NW side of W midslope of flattishhill above the valley,joined to big slope (Megali Limna)bybroad saddle;short,steepslopeup to NE. Limestone with stonysoil. Threshing-floor (withthreeinscribeddates: see Inscription65) and threeruinedbuildingsnotfarNNE;old,longboundary wall alongside track 40 m SW. Olives in area of abandoned cereal cultivation.Track runs across W and S edge ofsite.Remasto w and N. Site on three terraces;material on lower two is worn.Veryextensive, ratherdensescatter. Two areas,(a) Cl oinochoëand otherclosedshapes: HI plate,lekane,jugs, amphoraand lekythos/juglet; otherclosed shapes; pithos;R bowl, basin,pitchers; colander;pithos;Byz unglazedjugs, amphora.Two terracottaloom-weights;stone grinders;terracotta Partofterracotta (b) HI pottery. figurine. figurine, Cf.U3000,acrosssaddleon mainridge,250 m SE. (eh ar/cl) U3000 Megáli Límna (16341333)495 m (st6% s); 0.03 ha. PT (22):ArCl 27c,29g; + ι bgsh,1 upsh,bgt,3 upt. CS (3): 4 (tert.fl.),6 (med.bl.),8 (debris,1 frag.). Crest of shallow spur (named Megáli Límna on S of Chrysapha;steepmap) runningSWintofoothills sided rema (w) c.0.2 km N. Rockyoutcropsand red soil. Macchia and old cereals. Limestoneand terra rossa. Enclosureof dry-stonewallingc.0.1 km Ε slightly upslope. Piles of stone, seemingly from many buildings;one ruinedbuilding;aroundit,smallscatter of potteryand tile,possiblystrays.Obsidian; part of quern.

U (ii). FivesitesaroundremasdrainingN-central partofChrysaphabasin,and lowercoursesofthose drainingΕ part of basin. Largelyon schistwithlimestoneoutcrops.Moderate slopes,dissectedby Some oliveterraces;threshing-floors shallowvalleysand some deeperwatercourses. (mainlydisused); mandras.

Survey site catalogue LAr EC1 LCI ehl U499 ZoödochosPigi m I% ha· 474 (m NE); °-V 3.11± 5 (I545I343) Dennty: (max.28, cont.0.29); L2D. FT (174):ArCl 4, 5b, 6c, 13h,15g,17a, igacd, 20a, 21, 27ackq,28c, 29g, 3oah, 35cd, 36fg,37c, 38J,42J, 45ab, 47a, 52d, 56abfgijk,57aciopqr; + 17 bgsh,57 upsh,25 bgt,5 upt. SF47 (loom-weight B4), 70 (votiveterracotta). OS (2): 6 (prox.bl.),8 (debris,1 frag.). NE end of broad, flattishridge with hard cap of to w and small, abovewiderema-valley conglomerate,

427

shallowvalleyto SE. Limestoneoutcrops.Macchia. Chapel of Zoödochos Pigi 140 m ENE;threshing-floor 22 m SSW;othersnearby. Remainsofwallson edge ofsite;scatterofbuildingstone.Wide scatterwithhighpercentageof pottery; several concentrations: Cl craters, lekane, cup, skyphos,bowls, kantharosand other open shapes; hydriaiand otherclosed shapes;mortar,pan, chytra, (or plasticvase). Schistpotpithoi.Terracottafigurine lid. Slag (?). Piece ofobsidian.Loom-weight. Heavilyerodedremnantofsite.

lar EC1 LCI E/MH1 Hl (er lr lbyz) U511 466 m (hs6% SW);1.81ha. Density, (a) 3.87 ± 5 (max.20, cont.0.25);(b) 1.41± 2 (max.7, cont.0.27);(c) (15331336) 1.55± 2 (max.9, cont.0.31);L2C. U498amalgamatedas area (d). PT(a) (258): ArCl 6c, 12a, 13h,14a, i5bd, i6efg,17c,20a, 22bc,26a, 27a, 28a, 29g,3oac, 32a, 36bdj,38J,42g, 43f,47a, 51,56k,57ar;HI nf,20, 37a; Byz 40, 48, 50; + 2 glazedsherds,27 bgsh,114upsh,11bgt,36 upt.(b) (103): ArCl 6a, 13h,17a,27c,29g,42h,46, 47a, 53d,56ghk,571·;HI ne, 19e,25e; Byz50; + 3 bgsh,56 upsh,11bgt,8 upt; (C) 136:ArCl 13h,15e,2701,29g,301,32b,36a, 38J,42I,47a, 51,52a, 56fg,57a; HI 10c,nbc, igfg,21,22a, 25c,27, 40c; HI 10b,nb, i9de, 20, 22, 27-8,33d,37d;R ia, 32, 69; Byz9e, 39a, 40; + 5 bgsh,81 upsh,12bgt,15upt. SF 4.1(loom-weight 107(claydisc),114(lead frag.),126 Ai), 52 (loom-weight B9), 54 (fragmentary loom-weight), (knifehilt?). GS"(4):4 (2 tert.fl.),6 (prox.bl.),8 (debris,1 frag.). GS 2 (polisher), 6a (2 saddlequerns),6d ('Olynthianmill'),7 ('pot-lid'). Flattish,broad S end of ridge,dissectedhill,withsteeperslopes to SW,S, and SE. Upper part has overgrown in S and SE of site; abandoned terraces,lowerhas terracedolivesover schistand limestone.Threshing-floors severalothersnearby.Mandras.Borderedon S and Ε byroad.

Fourareas: in S of site.Ancientbuildingimpliedby cut (a) E and upperareas (themain site).Threshing-floor limestoneblocks.Ceramicdisc;threeterracotta loom-weights; querns;partofmarblebasin;schistpotlid (?). Obsidian.Piece oflapislacedaemonius revetting; piece oflead. Area D adjoinson ESE. ofcladding(stone);UP Subdividedintosections:(i) MF/MC Byz/Ottpottery, pithos,twofragments MF-C and some BG EH. also tile;pithos.(iii)Byz/Ott tile; UP/green-glazed (ii)Ar/Cl,Cl/Hl, Hl/R; and UP tile. Cl Ar/Cl bowls, dishes, lekane, skyphoi,cups,mugs, pottery groovedpottery;pithos.(iv) and otheropen shapes;hydriai, basin,pan, pithoi;HI lekanai,pithos; oinochoai,closedshapes;mortar, Byzamphoraeand pithos. (B) NWarea; series of olive terracesbelow mandra. Finds concentrated in upper part. Stone polisher; terracottaloom-weight.Obsidian, (i) F-C BG and grooved pottery;pithos; BG/UP tile, (ii) Mainly R, MF/MC UP pottery (also BG tile and a few Ar/Cl sherds), probably erosion material. Cl lekane, skyphos,other open shapes; mortar,pan, largejar, pithos; HI lekane,jug/jar. (C) W and SW area. Tuffgrinder;quern, (i) MF/MC UP (and some BG/RG) pottery,Ar/Cl/Hl and R; mortar,pithos, UP/RG tile, (ii) Ar/Cl sherds, (iii) C-F pottery;pithos. Cl skyphosand other open shapes; hydria, oinochoë; mortar,pan, chytra,pithos; HI cup, lekane; basin, jug/jar; R bowls; Byz monochrome bowl, incised amphora. (d) 11498. Density:7.90 ± 8 (max. 30, cont. 0.19). PT (64): 2 glazed sherds,29 bgsh, 24 upsh, 6 bgt, 3 upt. GS 1a (black stone celt), 2 (polisher), 6d (Olynthian mill'). Edge of same spur. Immediately S of road. Two threshing-floors nearby on SW; two mandras 50-100 m NE. Heap, bulldozed during building of track. Remains of one, possibly two walls. Small, dense scatter with high percentage of pottery: MF/F BG vessels,incl. miniatureshapes (also one green-glazed sherd); also BG tile. Whetstone or celt; stone grinder.

428 Chapter24 dates apparentlylocalized in A multi-period complexof sites,mainlyAr-Hl; materialof different severalcases. NoteT510,further downslopeto N. 11498 (15441324). See U511. Cl (hi) U496 (15571316)438 m (fh 8% SW); 0.03 ha. Density:0.64 ± 1 (max. 3, cont. 0.64); L4C. PT(2g): ArCl 2gcg, 37d, 42J,56k, 57η + 2 bgsh, 6 upsh, 3 bgt, 10 upt. Ε side of shallow N-S rema, below U511 and U4g8. Terraces with olives and cereals. Very small, thin scatter: Cl BG open and closed vessels; pithos; mortar. U507 (1570132g) 473 m (fh 13% SW); 0.02 ha. Density:2.43 ± 3 (max. 10, cont. 0.33); L2D. PT(33): 1 glazed sherd, 2g upsh, 3 upt. Edge of low NW-SE ridge overlookingsame shallow valley (sse) (cf. U4g6) on w. Macchia and olives. Top of site perhaps ploughed away during constructionof

(now disused) immediatelyto NE. threshing-floor Scatter of limestone rubble. Small scatter of C potteryand later finds; the potterydoes not extend Ε of the threshing-floor. Small site of uncertain date. MByz-Ott U483 (15841332) 453 m (fh 1% s); 0.15 ha. Density.2.18 ± 2 (max. 8, cont. 0.12); L4C. PT (66): Byz ib, 3, gacde, 13, 23, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 48-51; + 1 bgsh, 24 upsh, 1 bgt, 3 upt. End of spur (s) Ε of U501 at confluence of two shallow remas. Open olive-groves almost level with beds of remas. Stony, schistic soil. Olives (interin vicinity. ploughed). Several threshing-floors Fairly wide, moderate scatter: Byz slip-painted bowl, painted bowl, monochrome bowls, Italian majolica, F jug, combed amphora, incised amphora, glazed amphora, pithos.

U (iii). Seven sitesin area of Panagia (Byz church),aroundshallowvalleysdrainingS centralpartof Chrysaphabasin.(Alsosix 'out of-area'sitesS and SE of surveyedarea. Soil mainlyterrarossa.Olives and wildpear. on low terraces;grazingmuchin evidence.Occasionalfig-trees (inter-ploughed) U490 Panagia Chrysaphiótíssa (ILLS.24.58-9) EH LH III LArEG1LCI EH1MH1ER MR LR MByz-Ott (15781261)446 m (fh5% SW); 7 ha; 1.4a. Large Site, specially treated. Over 3,000 sherds were collected; the followingsummary indicates only the main diagnostic typesfound in each area. PT(h) Byz 23, 41; (m) Byz 29, 32; (n) Byz 4c, 6d, 28-9, 41; (o) Byz 45; (q) Byz 6a, 11,40; (r) HI 20; Byz 9e, 17, 38, 40-1; (S) Byz 38, 39a, 47; (T) 38, 39a, 40, 42; (U) EH 25a; Byz 40; (v) Byz 15, 38, 40; (w) EH 25d; Byz 32, 36b, 37-8, 39a, 40-2; (X) ArCl 30d; Hl ia, 19e, 35c; Byz ge, 17,38, 39a, 40, 47; (y) R ia; Byz 38, 40; (z) Byz 13, 17,38, 40, 45. (AA)HI 25e; R 21; Byz 3, gde, 17,38, 39a, 40-2; (ab) ArCl 28a, 29g, 30c, 37c; R 40a, 66; Byz 4b, 9e, 18, 23, 37-8, 39a, 40-2; (AC)ArCl 13h,27c, 28c, 29g, 35d; HI 14b, igad; Byz 6a, 9e, 17,23, 36b, 38, 39a, 40-2; (ad) R 45; Byz 6a, 9e, 23, 26, 29, 40-1; (ae) Byz 38, 40-1; (af) HI 14b, igd; Byz 9e, 17,23, 26-7, 29, 32-3, 37-8, 39a, 40-3; (ag) ArCl 13h,30h, 37c, 38hj; HI 3c, 5, 19a; Byz ib, 4b, 6a, 9e, 17,23, 32, 38, 39a, 40-2; (ah) ArCl 13h, i5d, 29g, 30h, 38J;Byz 4c, 23, 26, 37-8, 39a, 40-1; (ai) R 30; Byz 29, 32, 38, 40-1; (AK)Byz 6a, 9e, 17,23, 32, 38, 39a, 40-2; (al) ArCl 10a, 29g, 37a, 57q; HI 19e; Byz 9e, 17, 23, 38, 39a, 40-2, 44, 52; (am) EH 12h; LH 1, 7, 13e; ArCl 5b, 10a, 13h, 19b, 26d, 27cq, 28a, 29g, 32a, 35e, 36al, 381-j,43g, 56g, 57ar; HI 7, nc, igd; R ib, 12,30, 41, 49a; Byz gd, 17,23, 29, 36a, 37-8, 39a, 40-1; (an) EH 12h;LH 1; ArCl 5b, 17b,29g, 38J;R ia; Byz 17,29-30, 33, 37-8, 39a, 40-1; (ao) EH 25b; Byz 17,39a, 40; (AP)R ic, 54; Byz 6d, 9de, 17,23, 29, 32, 34, 36a, 37-8, 40-2; (aq) ArCl 30a; R 40a, 41, 48, 62; Byz 3, 4b, gae, 17,23, 29, 32, 36a, 37-8, 39a, 40-1; (AR)ArCl 29g, 351,37d, 38J;HI igd; Byz 23, 26, 29, 37-8, 39a, 40-1; (as) EH 13b; ArCl 13h; Byz 17, 23, 32, 38, 39a, 40-1; (AT)Byz 9e, 40; (AU)Byz ge, 26, 32, 37-8, 39a, 40-2; (av) EH 12h, 25a; HI 35e; Byz ge, 17, 22-3, 32, 37-8, 39a, 40-2, 47; (AW)Byz 4c, 23, 30-3, 37-8, 39a, 40-1; (AX)LH 13e; ArCl 6b, 7, 16b, 29g, 32b, 35b, 38J;HI 2, 6a, igd; R 21, 28; Byz 3, ge, 15, 17,24, 29, 32, 37-8, 3ga, 40-2, 52; (ay) Byz 37; (AZ)Byz 32, 38, 3ga, 40-1, 50. (ba) EH 25a; Byz 17, 23, 2g, 32-3, 38, 3ga, 40-1; (bb) ArCl 13h, 2gg; Byz 23, 32, 34, 37-8, 3ga, 40-1; (bc) EH i2f, 28c; ArCl 14a, ige, 27c, 36h, 38J,43I; HI 3d; Byz 6a, 8, ge, 23, 26, 2g~3O, 32, 38, 3ga, 40-1; (bd) Byz 23; (be) Byz 38, 40-1, 47; (BF) Byz 32, 36b, 38, 3ga, 40-1; (BG) Byz 37-8, 3ga, 40-1, 45, 47; (bh) Byz 38, 40-1; (Bj) Byz 3ga, 40; (bk) Byz 38, 40-1; (BL) 32, 38, 3ga, 40-1; (bm)38, 3ga. SF 11 (classical lamp), 33 (lamp, second half 4th cent. AD), 46 (loom-weightB3), 54 (fragmentaryloom-weight),

Survey site catalogue

429

ofAlexiosI), 120(Frankishcoin),124(stonebead), 139 118(bronzefollisofNikephorosIII), 119(bronzetetarteron ofglassvessel). (frag, GS(3): 3 (sec.fl.),4 (tert.il.),6 (med.bl.),incl.CSTT 10 (point). GS 6e (millstone).

Extensivesite,coveringmuchofa wide,nearlylevelspurbetweentworemas(running SSW). generally Centredaroundlevelarea withchurchofPanagia.Olivesand grazing. bowls,conicaldish,jar/jug,pithos;Myc kylixand basin;Cl Pottery typesincludeEH plain-rimmed crater,lekane,dinos,skyphos,mug,bowls and otherF BG open shapes; hydria,oinochoë, closed shapes;basinsand otherkitchenwares,pithoi;HI saucer,dish,echinusbowl,Megarianbowl,various closed vessels,and kitchenwares,jug/jar and amphora;R plates,dishes,Arretinebowl,deep bowl, painted,paintedincised,incised,Aegean jars, pitchers,cookingpots,pithos;Byz bowls:slip-painted, Italianmajolica;Byzjugs: greenand brown white-ware, ware,Zeuxippusderived,Constantinopolitan and unglazed;cookingpots, glazed,archaicmajolica,geometricmatt-painted painted,monochrome, oil flask,smalland largebasins;combed,matt-painted, red-wash,pink-bodiedand incisedamphoras; glazedand unglazedpithoiand otherstoragevessels. coveredwithdry-stone terracewalls,mostlyfollowingthe gentlecontours. The hill is extensively of different periods(see ILL. 24.59), Generallyalignedwiththeseare a numberof standingstructures the mostprominentof whichis the churchof Panagia Chrysaphiotissa (AD 1290),a cross-in-square on and parecclesion;in latermedievaltimesa defensive towerwas constructed churchwithexonarthex A the S are to be as series of vaulted rooms to of the church. immediately probably interpreted top m a recent small of Ioannis lies some to the areas. The more NW; Agios 30 large chapel storage occupiespartoftheslopeto theSW.Othersmallchapelsare markedon theplan. threshing-floor Part of the Ν part of the hilltopwas fencedoffand in active use as a large goat mandra when whilebothhereand herethesurfacesoil was generallyexposedbutlitteredwithdroppings, surveyed; S thedensityof sherdsand tilewas extremely often over wide areas. The outerslopesof further high, coveredwithgrasses,sometimes thehillweregenerally croppedshort. historical ofthesamplingstrategy Forfurther used,see VolumeI, Ch. 1. analysisand a description in post-Rperiods.It seemsNl is rare;MH is totallyabsent, site,particularly Extensive, multi-period Ν is listedas U533.) LH barelypresent;thereis thena gap,probablyto LAr.(The Ott towerfurther twolamp fragments; stonebead; piece of glass;Frankish Partof terracotta coin; 'Nikephore' figurine; coin;Byzcoin. N. Drandakis,Lak.spoud.9 (1988),301-33(churchofAg.IoánnisPródromos). ofPalaiopanagiachurch. See Inscription 44 fordatinginscription LAr U531 1.62± 3 (16051304)463 m (fh6% SE); 0.03 ha. Density. (max. 16,cont.0.43); L4a. PT (26): ArCl 2a, 13h,i6d, 29g,3od, 35a, 53e,56jk; + bgsh,5 upsh,8 bgt,2 upt. WsideofshallowvalleyrunningSSWintoNEpartof U490. Limestonebedrock.Much abandoned cereal cultivationto Ν and NE. Olive terraceswithsteppe. Disusedthreshing-floors and buildingc.20m W. Small, dense scatter:Cl stirrupcrater,mug and other BG open shapes; hydriaand closed shapes; kitchenwaresincl.largejar; BG tile. (ILL.24.60) (ott) U533 Palaiópyrgos (15881311) 458 m (fh8% SW);L4a. Top of shallow spur (SW), 0.5 km Ν of U490. Abandoned cereal terraceswithsteppe.Steep-sided

remato NW.Lime-kilnimmediately belowsite,nextto rema;mandra90 m SSW. tower. Byz/Ottfortified lar EC1 (himbyz) U517 (15801303)438 m (fh22% w); 0.05 ha. Density. 1.85± 2 (max.9, cont.0.31);L4a. PT (26): ArCl 29g,32a, 37e, 38J,42m,50c; HI lib, 14c,igd; Byz 32,40; 4-6 upsh,3 bgt,6 upt. Foot of steep slope below same spur as U533 and cornerof U490; shortbut steepdrop to just Ν of NWr rema. Loose limestoneon surface.Ploughed olive terraces.Threshing-floors acrossrema,upslopeto N. Cl and HI BG open and closedshapesincl.lekane, C basin. jug, oinochoë;mortar, Later material may be strays.U490 approaches within100m on SSE.

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III. 24.59.SiteU490:standingbuildings(to nw).

11495{lbl^lZ00) Smallscatter. (ar/clehl) U497 LákkaSou 0.87 ± ι (15711284) 436 m (ht8% SE); 0.17 ha. Density: (max.4, cont.0.47);L2b. PT(23): ArCl 57I; + 10upsh,5 bgt,7 upt. Limestoneknollat end of low schistspur (s) with shallow remas to w (s) and Ε (SSE). Road from Chrysaphato Kephalás acrossrema to E. Olives and cereals. Medium-sized,thin scatter,mainlyMF grooved and UP tile(also RG/BG tile). pottery 11530(15561266)Sherdsincl.cl/hl. (nleh) MByz U532 0.14 ± (16091257)454 m (ht16% w);
MH LH (lar) U514 Méga Pigádi 0.78 ± 2 (15941234)430 m (fh21% w); 0.02 ha. Density. (max.7, cont.0.48); L4a. PT(57): MH 6c, 13, 16b,igd, 21c; LH 8, 13e;ArCl 28a, 41a,42a; + 1 bgsh,42 upsh,2 upt. Upper slope of shallow spur,0.3 km S of U490; boundedby tworemaswhichmeeton S side,thaton the Ε verysteep. Limestoneoutcropsand red soil. Abandonedterraces. Wall of ruinedbuildingto S of sitecentre.Smallish scatterof wornC-MF pottery:MH C bowl,lustrous decorated,Adriaticware,pithos;LH open and closed mortar.Base shapes.Cl open shapes,lekythos/juglet, ofpounder. MH/LH III site. U3001 Palaíkastro /Ágios Nikólaos (ill. 24.61) EH LAr EC1 (16551210)483 m (ht3% s); 0.71 ha. Bothnamesfrom Waterhouseand Hope Simpson. PT (63): EH ia, 2, 5ab, nb, 12h,13a, 25abce,28a; ArCl 12b,i6f,28a, 29g,3oab,36a, 42e,53a; + 18upsh. •SF55(clayox figurine). Flattish,broad hilltopS of Chrysapha,withgently slopingfieldson W,N,and E. Ploughedor abandoned cereal terraces with garriga, macchia; dry-stone wallingenclosureson top. Wide scatter of pottery: EH in-curved bowl, bowl, sauceboat,pedestalbases, basin,plain-rimmed conical dish, C jug/jar; pithos. EH miniatureox figurine.Piece of obsidian. Cl mug and otheropen largejar. shapes;hydriai;mortar,

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434 Chapter 24

III. 24.61.SiteU3001Palaiókastro:sitecentreto SE.

Bölte 1321:Jochmus'smap givesdetailsof ruinsS of Chrysaphaalso markedon the Frenchmap, on a tongueof land betweentwo watercourses.Ormerod (1909-10, 65) noted at Palaiókastro a wall of unmortaredstones,cistern,Greek sherds,obsidian. PL i. 82-3 (cf. GACc 10 (GMS 102); Britishgridref. 324935i9):on tip of spurprojectingintovalleybelow Chrysapha fromhills on SE, obsidian and pottery incl. EH; muchCl, HI. Like them,we foundno LH; nor could we findtheir'scoriae' (lumps of melted iron ore: theyadopt a termof Leake's, cf. Chapter 23, NN294). In thisarea-- possiblyidenticalwithPalaikastro mustbe Pikromygdaliá, findspotof a 6th-cent.BC a steleof blue-greyunworkedlocal stone hero-relief, inscribedΓερμανός (IG ν. ι. 37Σ? sc· dedication to HERMES?),a terracottainscribedplaque dedicatedto ZEUS Te(leios?), and a miniature BG pot. It is halfan hourS ofChrysaphaon S slopeofa reportedly hill,thoughStibbe(below)makesit the name of the hill. The reliefwas founduprighton a tumulusof earthand stones. Dressel303-7,No. 7 (relief, plaque);434,No. 4 (stele Foucart,BCH 2 (1878),511-16,at pp. 515-16 funerary); Hondiusand Hondius(stelecultic).(Passingmentions: van Haeften145;Wace and Hasluck1908-9,167.) C. M. Stibbe, 'Dionysos in Sparta', BA Besch.66 (1991),1-44, at pp. 5, 7-8, and p. 3 Abb. 2, citesA. Milchhoefer, A£ 39 (1881),213-14,foranotherrelief fromthe Chrysaphaarea, now in NationalMuseum, Athens; and cites Romaios 1914, 225 n. 2, for a of another(Sparta Museum,inv.1004,cat. fragment

and the adjacent B3) foundin area of Pikromygdaliá Ellinikovoura ('GreekGraves').Stibbelocatesthem S of Chrysapha,10 minutes'walk beyondthe end of the motor track (in 1977), identifyingH. as an 'infertile'area at footof hill of Pikromygdaliá.He BCpottery. found6th-5th-cent. LAr/Cl U3024 (16651152)468 m (fh2% sw); 0.02 ha. PT (43):ArCl 13h,i5ag,17c,26a, 27c,2gfg,30a, 35d, 36a, 37e,38hj,42m,56h; + 6 bgsh,1 upsh,3 bgt,upt. GS 9 (marblevessel). 1kmSEofU514,on SWupperpartofwide,flattish spur WSWbelowsteeperslopes(Roválonaon map) projecting whichoverlookΕ Chrysaphabasin. Grazing;garriga, chunks.Sitein oflimestone macchia.Manystone-packs on E. findsextendintostone-pack clearing; Irregularconcentrationof generallyratherworn material: Cl cups, skyphos,and other BG open shapes; hydria,and otherclosed shapes; mortarand kitchenwares. Also small, dense concentrationof worn tile (incl. BG, RG) SE of centre.Piece of large stonevase withlughandle. (lar) U3023 (16431159) 450 m (fh7% ν);
Survey site catalogue limestone scatter. Neglected terraces; garriga, wild pear, patches of macchia. Unimpressive scatter of worn material, mainly BG/RG tile; Gl open shapes, hydria,G basin. 113020 (16191164). Stray sherds (cl/hl?).

eh Ar/Gl U3022 (16471129) 449 m (st9% ν); ο. ιι ha. PT (20): ArGl 5b, 27c, 29g, 38J,42c, 47a, 56a; + bgsh, 1 1 upsh,3 bgt,upt. CV(2):6(2med. bl.). 6'S"6a(saddlequern). rounded 0.3 kms'v of Γ3024 on top of steep-sided, spur facingX over shallow valley ('v). Slope below

435

terraced with high walls. Gereals (ploughed), wild pear; downslope, abandoned cereal terraces with wild pear, patches of macchia. Site centre in large dry-stone enclosure (several right-angle corners; lower courses of older walling visible). Scatter extends downslope outside to X. In upper area, mainly tile. Lower down, F BG, RG sherds: crater, and other op-en and closed BG shapes; mortar, pan and other kitchen wares. Obsidian and quern indicating some prehistoric activity. 113021 (16181136). Stray sherds.

U (iv). Nine sites,occupying summitand gentle slopes of Cattish,conical hill of Aï-Lias (Ágios Ilías, i.e. Prophítis Ilías; named Polyzéfka on map), rising 60 m above surrounding landscape, s and 'V sides traversedby walled mule track, used for driving flocks.Very stony,rather poor, thin soils. Also seven 'out-of-area' sites S of surveyarea. Cereal terraces (abandoned) with scattered inter-ploughedolives; extensiveareas of macchia and garriga on 'V and S sides used forgrazing. Also some pears and maple. Numerous mandras. EH (lar)Gl (ehl)Byz U500 Αϊ-Lías/Polyzéfka (λ) 1.64 ± 466 m (ht8% κ); 0.70 ha. Density: (15311284) 2 (max.8, cont.0.35); (l*)ι-37± 2 (max.7, cont.0.37); L2b. PT{') (182): EH 5a, ub, 16b,25abcd, 28a; ArGl 13h,igf,26c, 27k,2gcg,3Öf,38J,41c,42m; Byz 5, 6a, 9e, 17,36b, 38, 39a, 40; + 1 bgsh,77 upsh,2 bgt,23 upt. (b) 230: EH 6a, 25bcde,27d, 28c; ArCl 27a, 301; Byz 6bd, gde, 23, 29, 36b, 38, 39a, 40 -2; + 4 painted sherds,ι bgsh,77 upsh,8 upt. 'SF103 (EH clay'anchor'),125(stonedisc). CS (14):3 (5 sec. Ω.), 4 (3 (+ ι flint)tert.Ω.), 5 (prep, pc), 6 (2 prox.bl., 1 med.),8 (debris,1 frag.). GS ib (flatcelt),ic (axe),2 (5 polishers), 3 (pounder), 6a (6 saddlequerns),7 ('pot-lid'). Elongated, flat hilltop with abandoned cereal terraces;wildoats,macchia,garriga.Used forgrazing and as extensiveanimal enclosure.Stone fromfield clearanceheaped intowalls.Hilltopenclosedby wall runningroundall sides.Two areas. (a) Hilltop.Fairlywide spreadof EH potteryacross wholearea,esp.denseon S and Si: (overan area r.25X 40 m); latersanctuarymaterialin s partofsite(f.25X 20 m). Disused churchof ProphitisIlias (filledwith stone-pack);large terracewalls formenclosures of church.(The large'wall', 1.5-2m wideand up to 2 m high,running1: '' on s ofhilltop,is probablyonlythe resultof clearingof fieldstones.)Subdivisionsof area A: (i)

EH pedestal base, basin, plate, C jug/jar, pithos;Cl open and closed BG shapes;mortar;

Byz incisedbowl, monochromebowl and jug, incisedamphora (ii) EH plain bowl,Cl open and closed BG shapes; Byz sgraffito,monochrome bowl, incised amphora (iii) EH plain bowl and jug/jar;Cl BG; Byz incised amphora (iv) EH plateand C jug/jars;Byz incisedbowl,and amphoras Also a quern;schistpot-lid;stonetools. Large Site: Cl, Byz (13th-(?) to ^th-cent.)hamlet walls. and church,perhapsassociatedwithsurviving (b) A littlewaydownκ slope,coveringfourterraces. oftheEH A fewpossibleNl sherdsand a continuation sitein area A; also a fewBG sherdsand a lot of Byz material, esp. in upper terraces (on 'V side). Subsections: Byz incised and monochromebowls, F jug, incisedamphoras (ii) Cl open BG shapes; hydria;Byz incised and monochrome bowls,incisedamphoras (iii) Byzamphoras (iv) EH F wares and C jug/jar,pithos;Byz basin and amphoras (i)

Also fivequerns,r.6 stonetools,a celt,someobsidian, and a piercedschiststone. Area Β probablyrepresentsa continuationof the mainsite,withsomeerosionin lowerpart. Hondiusand Hondius-vanHaeften(144-5)notctne

436 Chapter24 name (whichtheygive as 'Polyxeve')and nearbyhill of Kastori (see N195), and make a link with the fountainof Polydeukeia on the r. of the road to Therapne (see introductionto zone M; but Paus, appears to referto the rodiafrom Spartato Therapne, cf.19. 6). They also notethetempleoftheDioskouroi near Therapne (Paus. iii. 20. 1-2); but Paus, is now perhapstravellingfromTherapne towardsTaygetos (cf. 20. 2).

U502 (Aï-Lias) (eh mbyz) (15141276) 448 m (hs7% sw); 0.03 ha; L2b. FT (9): Byz38; + 8 upsh. CS (10):4 (3 tert.fl.),6 (2 prox.bl., 2 med.),7 (1 flint rejuv.pc), 8 (debris,2 frags.). GS ib (flatcelt),ic (axe),2 (polisher). SW slope. Conglomerate soil. Cereal terraces; macchia. Irregularenclosureof dry-stone wallingNE of site centre.Scatterof C prehistoric potteryand MC postΒΑ ware.Obsidian;stoneaxe; celt;stonepolisher. EH sitewithsome Byz sherds.U521downslope250 m S; U505350 m SSW.Forothersitessee underU501. R U521 (Aï-Lias) (15131250) 421 m (hs 8% sw); 0.55 ha. Density: 1.97± 2 (max.6, cont.0.26); L2D. PT($i): R ia, 48, 62, 68-9; + 2 red-glazedsherds,9 upsh,6 upt. CS (5): 4 (2 tert.fl.),6 (1 prox.bl., 1 med.),8 (debris, 1 frag.). Long SWslope. Loose limestoneon surface,with outcrops; some red earth. Abandoned terraces; macchia. Wide but sparse scatter:R plate, pitcher,pithos; tile,brick.Obsidian,flint. U505 (Kalorókoni) (ar/cl) MByz (15001242)399 m (fh3% SE); 0.04 ha. Density: 0.78 ± 1 (max.4, cont.0.44); L4C. PT(A) (41):ArCl 28a, 29g; Byz 38, 41; + 8 bgsh,13 upsh,10 upt.(b) (26): ArCl 29g; Byz 23, 38; + 10 upsh, 6 upt. At head of shallow remas to NW and SE. Site embracescultivatedfieldson saddle and the low rise to itsW,coveredwithmacchiaand steppe.Flat saddle joininglow hillto SWslopeofAï-Lias. Scatterofloose limestone.Ploughed terraceswithmacchia. Walled bounds siteon S; dry-stone enclosure path (kalderimi) (modern?)in S ofsite. Two areas: (a) Erodedwallsin NEpart.MC-F BG/UP pottery withUP tile.Cl open BG shapes;Byz amphoras. (B) Traces of old walls under macchia. Byz monochrome jug, incisedamphora.

Cl Ici (mbyz) U506 (Kalorókoni) 2.28 ± (14831248)390 m (fh7% NW);0.08 ha. Density. 3 (max. 16,cont.0.30); L4.C. PT(yy): ArCl 5b, 12e, 13h,i6f, 17a, 19a, 27c, 28a, 29hg,36f,37ace,38J,41c,42ei,53e,56a, 57ak;Byz 32, 40; + 15upsh,12bgt,14upt. GS 6a (saddlequern). Wide hollowvalley(w) below sw side of Aï-Lias. Limestonecrops out. Terraces with olives,cereals. Road runsalongS sideofsitetowardsTsiliotouRema. Scatter:Cl crater,mug,skyphos,bowl and other BG open and closed shapes; mortars, jar, and other kitchenwares;pithos.Lots ofUP tileon upperterrace ofsite. T467downslope,350 m NNW. U501 (Aï-Lias) (eh)MByz (15361262)438 m (hs6% S); 0.03 ha; L2b. FT (32):Byz 23,38, 40, 43; + 25 upsh,2 upt. CS (28): 3 (4 sec. fl.),4 (8 tert.fl.),6 (3 prox.bl, 7 med.,3 dist.),7 (2 rejuv.pc), 8 (debris,1 frag.). GS ib (flatcelt). StraightS slope. Abandoned terracesovergrown withmacchia. Small scatterof prehistoricand later sherds(Byz monochrome jug, incisedamphora).Much obsidian. Schistpot-lids.Greencelt. Cl Hl U519 (Aï-Lias) (ι5441247)422 m (hf11%SE);0.60 ha. Density: 2.64 ± 3 (max. 16,cont.0.23); L2b. /Τ(74): ArCl 27moq,29g,32a, 37cd,38c, 43g,50a, 56ag,57afmqr;Hl 6b, 14a,22, 25e,28, 37id;+ 14bgsh, 13upsh,8 bgt,14upt. SF4.6 (2 typeB3 loom-weights). GS ic (axe),6a (saddlequern),6d ('Olynthianmill'), 6e (millstone). Convex SE foot-slope;short,steep slope on ESE. Rema (s) immediately E of site.Terraceswithcereals and olives.Scatteroflimestone. Withinsite,lowwalled enclosureof limestoneboulders.Full-grownprickly oak at w edgeand macchiaupslopeto w. Wide scatter:Cl open and closed BG shapes incl. oinochoë;kitchenwares,incl. basin,deep bowl,and pithoi;HI echinusbowl,jug, basin,jug/jar; cooking Stone axepot, pithos.Two terracottaloom-weights. head; stonegrinderfragments. EH (lh)Cl (hi) U520 (Aï-Lias) (15351238)419m (hs 7% s); 0.11 ha. Density: 0.94 ± 2 (max.8, cont.0.45);L2b. PT(7S): EH 27d; LH 4, 13a; ArCl 29bg,37c, 57r; HI igd, 37e; + 2 slipped(urfirnis) sherds,59 upsh,6 upt. loom-weight). SF54. (fragmentary GS 5 (stonemortar),6a (3 saddlequerns).

Survey site catalogue 437

III. 24.62.SiteU3002(tow).

Long, flattishlower S slope; rema circles round hill on S. Ploughed terraces with olives, cereals; macchia. Schist and limestone surfacestone. Road to S. Fairlywide but sparse scatter:some prehistoricincl. urflrnis and pithos and a little LH pottery. Cl/Hl open and closed BG sherds. Loom-weight; querns; mortar.Obsidian. EH U504 (Aï-Lias) (15341279)443 m (hs 11% ne); 0.05 ha. Density.2.27 ± 3 (max. 11,cont. 0.35); L2b. PT (217): EH 2, 5ab, nab, i2ch, 13b, 14, 23-4, 25acde, 27ade, 28ab, 29; + 10 slipped (urfirnis)sherds, bgsh, 108 upsh, 6 upt. GS (2): 3 (sec. fl.),4 (tert.fi.). Foot of gentle Ε slope above steep drop to rema (s). Material eroded Ε down steep slopes. Set in slightbay in hillside. Olives and abandoned cereals on terraces; grazing. Dense but localized scatter:EH sauceboat, pedestal bases, basins, simple bowls, dish, straight-sidedvessel; heavyjar, jar /jug, pithoi, tripod leg. (eh) LAr Cl U3002 Phagiá (ILLS. 24.56, 24.62) m 8% ha. 0.20 (14341122)562 (ht SE); PT (55): EH 25c; ArCl i2d, 16g, 27a, 29g, 38c, 46, 51, 56gj; + 1 bgsh, 4 upsh, 1 bgt, upt. Prominent rounded hilltop SW of Chrysapha, with single Valonia oak-tree; both are visible for many miles in all directions. Ploughed cereal terraces with olives; areas of garriga, macchia. Fairlywide, intermittentscatterof worn material all round hill (thin on top), mainly of worn BG tile; esp. dense on SE slope. Ar inscribed votive stele (see

Inscription 1). Cl mug and other open and closed BG shapes; some kitchenwares. Despite paucity of finds, the discovery of a stele shows that this, like other prominent hills and mountain-topswithinsightof Sparta (cf.N415),was an importantsanctuary.

LAr U3003 Asphakórachi/(Phagiá) (15041085) 497 m (fh9% s); o.oi ha. PT(28): ArCl 5b, 6a, 13h, 14a, 27b, 28a, 29g, 383, 43f>52a, 56hk; + bgsh, upsh, bgt, upt. Head of small, shallow valley running S in footslopes SE of Phagia. Schistic soil. Olive terraces (ploughed), with steppe. Crater, lekane, mug, and other open and closed BG shapes; basin, chytra,and kitchenwares. (ott) U3004 Ochtai'mero /Ágios Ochtaïmeritis (1512 1070) 502 m (fh 0% S). Local informationyields the name Ochtaímero ÇÁy. Όκταημερίτης on ι : 5O,ooo map). Top of broad knoll on low NW-SEridge SE of Phagia. Old cereal terraces with wild pear, grazing, garriga, macchia. Small enclosure of dry-stonewalling. Small, roofless,rectangular building (5.80 X 3.60 m; walls up to 1.80 m high), with tile and mortar in walls. Small apse at Ε end; rounded niche in interiorΝ wall. No finds. Small Ott (?) chapel. U3011 Ágios Efstrátios (byz ott) (14720664) 277 m (st 3% S). PT (y): + bgsh, upsh, bgt, upt. (On 1 : 50,000 map εΆγ. Ευστράτιος is chapel on spur to N.)

438 Chapter24

III. 24.63. SiteU3005(tonnw).

Flattishcrestof spur(s), 1 km SWof Kephalas and nextto S side of road to Geraki (an ancientroute?), withview overlowerSparta plain; fairlysteep drops to E, S, w. Ploughedland. Rectangular ruined building, the lowest story preserved;walls c.' m thick,builtof stone,tile,and mortar. Part of massive circuit wall of similar c.20m S (itmaynothave extendedto Ν workmanship, ofthebuilding).Scatteroftile;1 strayBG sherd. tower. Byz/Ottfortified LAr/ECl U3010 Ágios Geórgios 328 m (fh8% NE);0.20 ha. (16130717) PT (32): ArCl 6a, nb, 27m,29g,30a, 37b; + bgsh, upsh,bgt,upt. 5F76-7, 87 (3 votiveclayfemalefigurines). LowerΝ partofflattish hilltop1 kmSE ofKephalas, withshallowvalleysrunningdown to E, NW,SW,and SE; steep drop on NW. Ploughed olive terraces. Modern chapel c.8o m SSE on hilltop;older ruined chapel just above site to s; asphalt road to Ν may an ancientroute. represent Fairlywide, dense scatterof pottery:Cl open and closed vesselsincl. hydria;and tile. Female figurine fragments. Cultsite. U4006 Goritsá (19950745)Byz frescoesand ancient road: possible miningadits observed by membersof Survey.See Chapter23,GG94. EH LH LAr EC1 U3006 (Charakókambos) (20330863)410 m (fh4% w); 0.56 ha. Name is thatof

shallowvalleyto E, nearlylevel withsite (1 : 50,000 map). FT (97): EH 5a, 11b,i2aeh, 17, 25c, 27a, 28b, 29; MH 19a; LH 16b;ArCl 2bc, nb, i2d, 13h,i5bcef,25e, 26d,27c,28a, 29g; + bgsh,15upsh,bgt,upt. CS{2): 6 (1 prox.bl., 1 dist.),CSTT15 (1 ret.). GS ia (black stone celt), ib (flatcelt), ic (axe), 3 (pounder),4 (pestle),6a (saddlequern). Flattish,broad hilltopat Ν end of ridge running NNWin schisticfoothillsNE (?) of Goritsá; gentle valleys (nw) to Ε and w of spur. Ploughed olive terraces. Wide, irregular scatter of prehistoricpottery: EH pedestal base, basin, plain bowls, pan, jars, pithos; some LH C wares; with small, dense concentration (c.25 X 10 m) of BG pottery(incl. small F vessels) in S part of site; Cl crater,cups, and other open BG shapes. Several stone tools, incl. greencelts. Cultsite,in classicaltimesat least. EH (ILL.24.63) U3005 (Charakókambos) (20330844)403 m (fh4% N);0.13ha. PT(55): EH 5ab, 10a, nab, i2aeh, 13a, 23, 25bcd, 27e,28ac; + bgsh,4 upsh,bgt,upt. CS(i):6(prox.bL). Flat saddle of same ridgeas U3006. Olives (interploughed). pottery:pedestal Fairlydense scatterof prehistoric bases, red-slippedware, basin, plain bowls, dishes, heavyjar, C jug/jars,pithos.

INDEXES compiled byGrahamShipley (1) GENERAL INDEX In-textIllustrations are notindexed;end-of-volume Figuresand Platesare. Entriesare alphabetizedon the'wordbyword'system:e.g. 'Atticpottery'before'Attica'.The termsbis,ter,and discussionsor mentionsofa topicon thesamepage. Where indicate,respectively, two,three,and fourseparate quater twoor morementionsoccuron one page and thefirstor lastspansa page-break,a simplepage-extent (e.g.123-4) followedbypassimindicatesthata topicis mentionedsporadically on all thosepages.Bold is given.A page-extent continuously. typeindicatesthemainsectionofthevolumedealingwitha topic,notnecessarily are as forthevolume.Subheadingsare usuallyorderedeitheralphabetically word, (byfirst Datingabbreviations occasionallythisis modifiedby 'logical' order (e.g. 'other' may be includingprepositions)or chronologically; withsitenumberstakeprecedence. beginning placedlast),and subheadings a site(or are an older,or Place-namesfromthetwocatalogues(Chs. 23-4) are indexedonlywheretheyidentify Names of nearbysites(denotedby a, b, etc.,in Chapter name fora site)or are otherwisesignificant. alternative, Site numbersare givenonlyforLS sites.LS sitesidentified onlyby a numberare not 23) are selectedsimilarly. indexed.Like site names in the SurveyCatalogue (see p. 315),site numbersare in bold when the place-name identifies thesite;in romantypewhenno othersitehas thename butit is thename ofa uniquelyand specifically in parentheseswhen more than one site sharesthe name. Stressaccentsin and or area; nearbyplace general where modernGreekplace-namesare notindicated.Ancientplace-names,whentheyare headwords,are in italics', listed. themodernnameis thesame (evenifthelocationmaybe notexactlythesame)itis notseparately Achilleion 306 (or Achilleus),

Achlada(Mt),279 AegeanWarebowls,128 Ageranos,301bis AgiaAnastasia(Kato Meligou),278 290 Agia Kyriaki(Amykles), Agia Kyriaki(Mani),304 307 Agia Paraskevi(Alepochori), T482, 421 Agia Paraskevi(Chrysapha), Agia Thekla(Nomia),311 279 Agia Tríada (monastery), Agia Tríada (nearNeapolis),312 L259,378 Agia Varvara(Chatzarorachi), Agia Varvara(Erimos),303 Agio-Nikola(Terzeika),280 (Stena),311 AgioiAnargyroi AgioiAsomatoi(Mani),304 AgioiAsomatoi(Sternes),306-7 277 AgioiDeka (Thyreatis), AgioiPantes,L400, 379 229-30 inscriptions, AgioiSaranda,L534, 286, 379 frominscriptions, 226-32 buildinghistory, fromarea, 215-17,219,221bis,226-32 inscriptions (14001),380 name?),397 (map-maker's Agiorgiorema

AgiosAndreas(MegaliSpilia),312 279 AgiosAndreas(Thyreatis), AgiosAndreas,R422,410 AgiosAsomatos(Charadros),280 286 AgiosAthanasios(Nerotrivi), AgiosCharalambos,K235, 374 AgiosDimitrios(Sari Katarachi),P278, 401 AgiosDimitrios(Vivari),288 (Helos plain),298, 299 AgiosEfstratios U3011, 437-8 AgiosEfstratios, J369, 367,PL iy c AgiosGeorgios(Aphisiou), L402 (1476),37** AgiosGeorgios(Chatzarorachi), AgiosGeorgios(Kato Meligou),278 AgiosGeorgios(Kephalas),U3010, 438 AgiosGeorgios(Loutsorema): (S449),416-17 (S450,S452),417 AgiosGeorgios(Neapolis),312 AgiosGeorgios(Sparti),289-90 AgiosGeorgios(Tsakona),N417, 391 (N418),392 phosphateand geophysicalresults(N418),255,258, 259 AgiosGeorgios(Vrondamas), 293 AgiosGeorgios(AgiosIoannisTheologos),foundation of,232-3 inscription

44° Indexes AgiosIoannis,seealsoAi-Ianni 298 AgiosIoannis(Kato Glykovrisi), AgiosIoannis(Malea), 310 G156, 351 AgiosIoannisProdromos, AgiosIoannisRiganas,290 AgiosIoannisSitziaphi,285 AgiosIoannis(nearSparta),289 AgiosIoannisTheologos(village),324 routesto,343,346, 347 sitesnear,343-52 R4000, 415 AgiosIoannisTsiliotos, (LS area): AgiosKonstantinos Bin, 285,325-8 (B121),328 (C108),330 described,324 routesto,330 AgiosKonstantinos (MtVondas),307 AgiosNektarios, R275, 408 results, geophysical 252,260 AgiosNikitas(Karavas),304 AgiosNikolaos,G182, 348 AgiosNikolaos,seealsoAgio-Nikola AgiosNikolaos(Arkasades), 293 AgiosNikolaos(Chelmos),283 AgiosNikolaos(Chrysapha), U3001, 432,434 AgiosNikolaos(Ochia),305 AgiosNikolaos(Skala),298 AgiosNikolaos(SophroniRema),L4003, 380 AgiosNikolaosVoion,313 AgiosNikon,U493, 424 (U494),424 AgiosOchtaïmeritis, U3004, 437 AgiosPanteleimon, B124, 329 AgiosPetros(Kalos),302 AgiosPetros(NE Laconia),280 bis 302 AgiosPetros(Triandaphyllia), AgiosPhilippos(AnoPoula),304 AgiosPolykarpos (Areopolis), 301 AgiosSergios(Mani),304 AgiosSotiras(Drys),305 276 AgiosSotiras(monastery), AgiosSotiras,P284 (P405),399 AgiosSotiras,U491, 426 277 AgiosStephanos(Astros), AgiosStephanos(Helos plain),299 bis AgiosTheodoros(Phournara),S475, 418-19 (S437),419 (S474,S478),418 AgiosTheodoros(Tsopakas),303 285 AgiosTheodoros(Varvitsa), AgiosVasileios(Evrotasvalley),291bis,292 area,LS sitesin,324-9 AgiosKonstantinos Agrapidia,F149,345 described,344 Agrianoi,286

Agrilia,Q3007, 406 AhmedIII (ad 1703-30),coin of,196,PL 14d Ai-Ianni(Kerasia),283 Aï-Lias(seealsoProphitis Ilias),U500, 435-6 (T471,T512),422 (U501-2,U519,U521),436 (U504),437 (U520),436-7

Aigiai,296 Aigila,306 Aigys,283 bis

AkraMaleas, 313

Akraia(or Aknai),299, 309 Akriai,see Akraia

akroteria(disc),terracotta, 184 alabastra,LH III, 30 Alepochori,307 302-3 ter Alepotrypa,

Alesiai,289

AlexandertheGreat,coin of,196,PL 14c AlexiosI (ad 1092-1118), coin of,196 Alika,305 Aliteion,newSpartantoponym, 223 AlonakitisGrias,277 Alpion,seeAliteion

Amathous, 306

Ambelochori, 297 Amboula(ancientsite),364,381 Amerita,309 amphoras: Ar-Cl, 62-3 HI, 99, 105 Hl-R, 120 R (incl.imports), 119-20 Byz,133-8 Byz-Ott,138,140 in 13thcent.,140 discontinued withincisedhandles,135-7 miniature, 85 amphoriskoi,

Amyklai, 290 Amyklaion, 290

Amykles, 290 bis Analipsis(Anthochori), 293 284 Analipsis(Vourvoura), 294 bis Anavryti, 'anchor',terracotta, 194 Anemomylo (Sykea),309 Anemomylos (Elliniko),278 (Lileika),276 Anemomylos (Prosilia),276 Anemomylos (H27-8,H38-9),360 Angatholakko Angelona,310 Ano Doliana, 278 bis Ano Meligou,279 bis Ano Poula,304 Ano Vaskina,281

Indexes441 Anogeia,291 antacapital,208-9,PL 16 d antefixes, terracotta, 183,184

Anthana,-ene,276, 279

Anthimos (abbot/monk), 230 Anthochori, 293 Antoninus Pius,votivestelaeto,215,221-2 Aphanes,R3012,409 Aphanorachi: (J2ig),363 (j22O),362 (K206-7),377 described,362,369 Aphisiou,Aphisou,288 ter,289 M3575383 described,380-2 from,219-20,221-2 inscriptions (M361),387 Aphorismeni

312 Aphrodisias,

seeAphisiou Aphyssou, Apidea,307-8 sitesin area,307-10 301 Apidima(Areopolis), Apollo: sanctuary, 357 temple,359 aqueducts(LS sites): AvlakitouTourkou,332 (K204),377 Arachova,284

Arainos,301

architecture: stonefragments, 199-200,201-9,210-11 terracottas, 183-4 architrave blocks,202 bis,204,PL·15c,16a, 211,PL 17c Areopolis,301,302 Ares,sanctuary of,382 Argolid,lithicfindsfrom,167 Ariana,310 Arkadia,routesto: (E.), 321,336,362,401 (W.),339,352 Arkasades,293 Arkines, 294-5 bis Armakades,279 Armakas,277 Arna,295 Arretine bowls,114 arrowstraightener (stone),181,PL 8 b Artemis: Eulakia,383 poss.templeof,323 aryballoi: Ar-ECl, 71-2 miniature, 85

Asinê,301

Asopolis,310

Asopos,310

Asoula,280 Asphakorachi, U3003,437 Asteri,298, 299

Astros,-on,277-8 ter Athenaion, 283

Atzineika,279 AvlakitouTourkou,0368, 332 axes,stone,172,173,174,PL 1 d Ayia,Ayioi,Ayios:seeAgia,Agioi,Agios backedpieces: obsidian,152-3 silex,157 BakaliSkala Rema,336 (E3ii,E94),337 Bakalovasili,278 bakingpans (?),EH, 11 'barbarian'ware,LH III, 31,32 Barbosthenes [Barn-),285

bases (unattributed): Nl,3 EH, 7-8, 13-14 MH-LH, 24 LH,3o MM-LM, 25 Ar-Cl,43, 55-8, 66-8, 78, 80 HI, 97, 99-101 R, 117 basins:

EH, 9 MH-LH, 19,21 LH III, 29 Ar-Cl,75-6,84

HI, 101 Hl-R, 115 R, 115 Byz,132-3 marble,180-1,PL 8 d basketbridges,32 Bastiza,310 Batsioti,280 beads,stone,197bis

Belemina,283

bell craters, Ar-Cl,40-1,43, 44 quater, 45 bis,72

Belmina,283 Biadinoupolis, 309 bis Biandina,309 bis

black-figured (fromLS), 45, 69 bis pottery blades(obsidian),146-50 147-8 technology, bodysherds(unattributed): Nl,3 EH-MH, 11,13 MM-LM, 25

442 Indexes

LH,3o LG(?),7o 44 Subgeometric, Ar-Cl,44-6,58-9,69-71,76,81 HI, 100 R, 117,121

Boiai (or Boia), 312, 313

BoiotiaSurvey, surveyin,260 resistivity bolsais(one-handlers), Cl, 51,55,58 277 Bostanochorapha, Botsioti,280 bottle,glass,198 Boularioi,seeEpano Boularioi boundarymarker(?),219-20 bowls: Nl, 1 bis EH, 6-7, 9-11 MH-LH, 19,20, 21,23 LH III [seeabo deep bowls),29, 31 Ar-Cl,41,44, 51-2,78 HI, 94-6 Hl-R, 113,115 R, 112-15

Byz,126-30 Ott,129bis inscribed, 225 miniature, 85 Boza, 309

Brasiai,282

BrastouRema,336 brazier(?),MH-LH, 22 bricks,stamped,224 bridges(LS sites;seeabo basketbridges): acrossEurotas(nearMenelaion),406 acrossKelephina,362 at Geladari,357-8 at Vrondamas,292 at Xirokambi,293 on, 234 inscriptions Kopana, 289, 340 nearSparta,289 ofJuliusPaulinus,368 ofNikodemos,368 possible,335,360 Briki,303 bronze: candelabrum,195,PI. 14 a coins,196 Bryseai,290 bis,292

buildings,detectedby geophysicalsurvey,259-60, 261 bis buttons: bronze,195 iron,195 candelabrum, bronze,195,PI. 14a

capitals: anta,208-9, PL·16 d Doric,201,202,206, 207-8,PI. 16 c Ionic,205,PI. 16 b,210-11,PI. iy b careerinscription, 217-18 casseroles,HI, 104,105 celts(stone),171-2, 173-4,PL 1 a-c Cervi,313 chafing-dishes, Byz,132,133 chaines oflithicproduction: opératoires, defined,142 in Nl Laconia, 158-9 in EBA Laconia, 159-60 Chalasmata,308 change-point analysis, in soil sampling, 238-9, 259 Chani Sellasias,B106, 329 mentioned, 321 chania(LS area),277,285 bis,324 bis,329,356 chapels(as LS sites;seeabo churches): AgiosGeorgios,367,417,438 351 AgiosIoannisProdromos, 325 AgiosKonstantinos, AgiosParaskevi,421 AgioiPantes,379 at Lithrypha, 360 at Ochtaïmero,437 on, 233 inscriptions Ilias,339 Prophitis Gharadros,280 bis Gharakokambos, U3006, 438 (U3005),438 Gharouda,303 Ghasanaga,309 Ghatzarorachi and area: (K250,K299,K403),375 (K298, K404, K407, K414, K419), 374 (L406, 1477), 378

described,377,378 LS sites,377-80 routes,374 Chavalas,309 bis Chelmos,283 quater chemicalanalysis,ofsoilsamples,237-8 Cherronisi, 278 chippedstone,141-70 (EBA), 166-9,(LN1)»l6l~5 Aegeanindustry assemblages,158-70 chaînesopératoires, 142, 158-9

158 chronology, functional analysis,170 Nl imports, 163-4 obsidian,144-54 EBA, 167-8 productionand society, silex,155-7 site-basedanalysis,160-1

Indexes 443 studymethod,141 traderoutes,169-70 Chosiari,300 Chouni: (H19),361 (H26,H36),360 Chrevatas(chani), 285 Chrysapha(village;seealsoChrysaphabasin),286 U513»424 routesto,367,389, 390, 395,397,419 Chrysaphabasin(seeabo Chrysapha): described: central,423-4 west,419 LS sites,423-38 church(AgioiSaranda),inscriptions from, Chrysopigi 229-30 Chtoriza,K247, 2^5j 37°~2 (K241),372 churches(as LS sites;seealsoAgioiSaranda;chapels): AgiaVarvara,378 AgioiPantes,379 AgiosAndreas(?),410 AgiosGeorgios,391,417(?) AgiosIoannisTsiliotos,415 363 AgiosNikolaos(Kokkinorachi), 348 AgiosNikolaos(monastery), AgiosNikolaos(Sophroni),380 329 AgiosPanteleimon, AgiosSotiras,399,426 AgiosTheodoros,418-19 Aï-Lias(seeabo Prophitis Ilias),436 at Chtoriza,370 at Kastori,396 at Ktirakia,386 at Mavrila,351 on (seealsoAgioiSaranda),232-3 inscriptions Panagia(NWLS area),332 428-9 PanagiaChrysaphiotissa, 425 PanagiaPhaneromeni, Ilias (seeabo Aï-Lias),405 Prophitis Ar-Cl,78-9, 80-1 chytras, çiftliks, possible(LS sitesonly),333,359 coins,196 colanders,R, 119 in soilanalysis,238 colorimeter, columncraters, Ar-Cl,39 columns: Doric,205,206-7,PL 15d Ionic,201,202,204-5 Constantinople: Byzamphorasfrom,134-5 Byzglazedbowlsfrom,129 cookingwares(seealsokitchenwares): Nl,2 EH, 20

Ar-Cl,36-7,77-81 Hl, 103-5

R, 118-19 Byz-Ott,132 seegrids coordinates, cores(obsidian),144-5 210 corniceblock,Ionic/Corinthian, craters: 38, 44 Subgeometric, Ar-Cl, 38-9, 40-1,43-5 HI, 97 crucible,clay,194 crystal, pendantof,197 cultsites(LS sites): at Phagia,437 nearAgiosKonstantinos, 323 Zeus Messapeus,390 others,363,367,393,397,408 (?),438 bis cups: 18-20 MH-LH (or kantharoi), LH III, 28 Ar-Cl,46-8, 54, 58 HI, 96 Cyclades,and obsidiansupply,162 Daimonia,311 dam,possible,360 of,219 Damatrios,gravestone de Brienne,Hugues(AD1292-4),coin of(?), 196 debris(obsidian),151 decanters,HI, 98 deep bowls,LH III, 29 Delion,311

denticulates: obsidian,153 silex,157

Dereion,291

Dichova,301 Dikaios( = M365?),288, 381,385 Dimaristika, 306 ter

Dine, 276

dinoi,Ar,41 of,382,436 Dioskouroi,sanctuary Β132,329 Diplogephyra, dippers,EH, 12 Direma: (F134),344 (F146),345 discakroteria,terracotta, 184 discs: EH, 12 pottery, stone,180,PL 8 b, 197 terracotta, 195 dishes: EH, 11 MH-LH, 21

444 Indexes

LHIII(?),3i Ar-Cl,52-3

HI, 93-4, 111-12 Doliana, seeAno/KatoDoliana domesticpottery, seehouseholdpottery Doulaporema,Q181,406 Douphekia: (C126), 331

described,330 drachma(coin),ofAlexandertheGreat,196,PL 14 c Dragatsoula,299 Droop cups,47 bis,48 bis Drys,305 dumpedmaterial(LS only): generalareas,364,366, 367,382 on non-sites, 361,363,384 bis,392 on sites,367,383 possible,360, 384,422 echinusbowls,HI, 94-5 Egyptian-boat querns,178,179,PL 7 c Elaia, 309 ter Elaphonisi,313 Elatos,279

Eleusinion,291

Elis,coin of,196 Elitsa,299 Elliniko(Charadros),280 Elliniko(f.Teichio),278 ter Ellinikovoura, 434 Epano Boularioi,304

s Limera,310 Epidauro

EpidavrosLimira,310 bis,311

Epidelion,311

epigram,funerary, 219 epigraphicmaterial,235-61 Episkopi,304 Erimos,303 Etis,312,313 Eua, 277,278 bis Euatai,278 bis Eutaia, 283

Eva (LS site),Aioo,323 Eva (Moni Loukous),277 Evrotasgorgearea,LS sitesin,331-6 Evrotasplain: centralpart,362-8, 380-9 NWpart,352-62 sites,288-93 S part,406-7 Exo Dimaristika, 306

fabrics(ceramic): (a) pottery: Nl, 1,2-3 EH, 8-9

MH-LH II, i8, 20-1,24 LH III, 27,31 Ar-Cl, 35-8 HI, 92, 101,103,106 R, in, 118,U9 bis Byz-Ott,126,132,133 {b)tile: Ar-Cl, 86 HI, 108 R, 121 Byz-Ott,140 terracotta: figurines, 192 animal,189,190,192,PL 11a, c-d human: female,189,190,192-3,Pis 11b,12a, 13a-b male,190-1,193(?),PL 12 b indeterminate /fragmentary, 191,192,PL 12c-d flagons,R, 116,119 flakes(obsidian),145-6 flasks: Ar-Gl,64 Ott,132 seegradiometer fluxgategradiometer, follis(coin),ofNikephorosIII, 196 fortifications (LS only;seealsotower-houses): AgiosEfstratios, 437-8 AgiosKonstantinos, 325-8 Palaiogoulas(?),321 Palaiopyrgos, 429 Franks,coin of,196 friezeblock,Doric,202,204,PL 15c fruit-stands, EH, 12 R, 118 frying-pans, functional analysis,oflithicfinds,170 funnels, R, 120 Gangania,308 Gardenitsa,304 Gariza,279 Gazeika,294 Geladari,1145,352,353-7 (H40),359 (H47),357 seephosphatesurvey geochemicalsurvey, geophysical survey: conclusions, 259-61 methods,241-2 results, 243 bis,244-5,247-52,253,255,256 GeorgakiRachi,N333 (N354),394 288 Georgitsi, GephyritouKopana, E89, 288, 340 Geraka(£arax),310 Gerakas(Arkines), 294 Geraki,291 routesto,362 Germanos(monk),226

Indexes 445 Geronthrai, 291

Giannaioi,283 Giannolakka,283 glass,smallfinds,197-8 glazedwares(Byz),126-30 Glezos,303 seeKato Glykovrisi Glykovrisi, 282 Glympeis(ethnikon), Glyphada,296 Glyppia,282

goblets: MH-LH, 19 LH III, 29 Gola (monastery), 294 Goranoi,294 Goritsa,290 U4006, 438 Goumatoremata, G159,350 Goupata,278 Gouves(inLS area),336 Gouves(nearApidea),307 survey: gradiometer fieldprocedure,241-2,261 mentioned, 240 results, 244-5,25°>252 232 plasterer's, graffito, Grammousa,297 quernmade of,178 granite, 214,219bis gravestones, millstones, 179 'greenstone' Gregorios(monk),226 grids(coordinates): forLaconia, 264-5 forLaconia Survey, 316-17 in geophysical 241 sampling, in phosphatesampling, 237 stone,177-80,Pisy,8 a implements, grinding groundstone,171-82 absenton LN1sites,181 182 development, 181-2 functions, 181-2 industry, coin of(?), 196 II 1287-1308), Guy (ad 296-7 Gytheio(anc. Gytheiori), in phosphatesampling, 'halo' effect, 239 hammerstones, 174-5,PI-6 b handles(unattributed): Nl,3 EH, 13 MH-LH, 23, 24 LH,3i Ar-Cl,44, 58, 68-9 (double,69), 72,76, 80-1 HI, 100 Harpleia,293 Helos,299 bis,299

Helos plain,sitesin,297-9

Hermai,280

Hermes,dedicationto,434 villaof,277 HerodesAtticus,

Hippola,304 bis

Hittiteseals,313 hookah,terracotta, 195 hopperrubbers,178-9,PL 7 d householdpottery: Nl,.2 EH, 8-14 MH-LH II, 20-5 MM-LM, 25 MH-LH III, 31 Ar-Cl, 36, 73-81 Hl, 101-5 R, 118-20 Byz-Ott,131-3 on, 234 houses,inscriptions in Nl Aegean,165 hunting, of,214 Hybrion,gravestone Ar-Cl, 60-2, 68, 69 bis,70,72,80 (?) hydrias, 309 Hyperteleaton, Hypsoi,301 Iasaia, 284 Iasos, 284

Ierakas(Arkines), 294 Ierakas(£arax),310 Ignatios(monk),229,230,233 incisedbowls(Byz),128 incised-handle amphoras(Byz),135-7 (seealsostamps),235-61 inscriptions aboutAgioiSaranda,226-32 aboutotherchurches, 232-3 aboutotherstructures, 234 foundbyLS, 213-20,225-6,231,232-4 221-2 foundindependently, fromAgioi Saranda and area, 215-17,219,221 bis, 226-32 fromAphisiouand area, 219-20,221-2 fromKokkinorachi, 216,219 fromMenelaion,220-1,222 fromTsakona,221,222 in plaster,232 on pottery, 225-6 on stone,213-20,231,232 on wood,231-2 known,220-1,222 previously Ioasaph (abbot),228 ironbutton,195 Italy: Byzamphorasfrom,134 majolicawaresfrom,130bis

jars: EH, 8, 12-13

446 Indexes MH-LH, 22-3, 24-5 MM-LM, 25 LH III [seealsostirrup jars),30 Ar-Cl,79-80 Hl, 98-9, 102-3,I04 R, 115-16 juglets,Cl, 71 jugs: EH, 12-13 MH-LH, 23 LH III, 30 Ar-Cl,68, 69 Hl, 98, 102-3 Byz,130-1 JuliusPaulinus,bridgeof,J5008, 289, 368 Kaiadas, 293 Kaietas,293 Kainepolis,305

Kaki Skala,296 Kakoskali,280 Kal-, tilestampof,224 Kalamaraiika,294 kaldenmia (at LS sites),331,332,339,424 Kallithea,286 Kalloni,286 Kalorokoni: (U505),436 (U506),436 Kalos, 302 Kaloumi,303 Kalyvia(Asopos),310 KalyviaSochas,291 KalyviaTheologou(village): area described,330 routesto,328 sitesΝ of,330-1 Kamara, 283 ter Kamares(Ageranos), 301 Kambos: (M194),384 (M174-7),389 stele,221-2 Kamini,277 kantharoi: MH-LH (orcups),18-19 Cl,52 (LC1-)EH1,94 miniature, 85 Kaphiona,303 Karakovouni,279 bis Karaousi,298 Karavas(Mani),304 Karioupolis,300 Karneas,295

Karyai,284 bis

Karyes,284 bis sitesin area, 283-5

288 Karystos,

Kastania,300 Kastanies,294 Kastelli(Daimonia),311 Kastelli(or Goulas),309-10 Kastelli(Mari),287 Kastora/Kastori(N195),396 Kastororema: Q179,406 described,395 Kastrachounes: (N193),396 (N363),395 (R296),408 Kastraki(Kato Meligou),278 Kastraki(Pyrrichos), 302 Kastri(Tyros),281 281 Kastro[f.Lymbiada/Paliochora), Kastro(Kolokythia), 306 Kastro(Loukadika),305 Kastro(ParalioAstros),277 Kastro(C. Trachila),300 KastrotisOrias (Mani),304 KastrotisOrias (NE Lakonia),280 302 Kataphygi(Alepotrypa), Kataphygi(Chavalas),309 Kataphygiorema: described,419 LS sitesin area,419-23 Katarameni,280 Katavothra,308 Kato Doliana, 277 Kato Glykovrisi, 298, 299 Kato Meligou,278 ter Kato Vervena,276 Kato Vezani,299 Katsaros,290 Kavalos,301-2 Kavellari(monastery), 300 Kavo Malias,313 Keadas,293

Kelepha,300 Kelephina(R.): ()67-9)>364 valley,described,321,347,368-9 sitesin valleyof,285 (upper),330-1 (central),347-52 (lower),368-77 Kephalas,290 Keramidaki,283 Keramidia,F142,346 Keramidiona,299

Indexes 447 Kerasia,283 Keria,305 kilnsupports, terracotta, 184 Kionia (Kournos),306 Kionia (Sternes),306-7 Kipoula,304 kitchenwares{seealsocookingwares): Hl, 101-3 KlariRachi: T465,422 described,419 Klimatorema: (E52),338 (H29,H51),359 KoimisistisTheotokou(monastery), 305 KoimisistisTheotokou(Pepo),304 Koita,304 Kokkinada,298 KokkiniEkklisia,291 Kokkinia(AnoDoliana), 278 Kokkinia(nearMolaoi),308 bis,309 Kokkinomalli, K237, 373-4 363 Kokkinorachi,J4OO7-8, (J218), 362-3 (J219), 363 from,216,219 inscriptions sitesnear,362-8 Kokoretsa,279 Kollyri,310 306 Kolokythia, Kondevianika, 310 Kopana bridge,E89, 288, 340 masons'marksin spolia,215 Kornitsa,281 Kosmas,282 bis kôthônes 48 (drinking-cups), Kotronas(Mani),305-6 282 Kotroni(Paliochori), Kotroni(Vaskina),281 311 Kotyrta, Koulendi(C), 311 Kounos,304 Koupiiovouno,289 Kourkoula,308 Kourkoulia,E3,338 Kourmeki(Kato Doliana), 277 Kourmeki(Kelephinavalley),285 Kourniakos-Rous'Apidia,285 Kournos,306 Kouros,281 Kourti(H40),359 Koutoumou,296 Koutri,279 LS sitesin,397-401 and upperLoutsorema, I^outsoviti Kranai (anc. Kranaë), 297 LH III, 29 kraters,

Krevatas,285 Krikiles,295 Krokeai, 295 bis Krokees,295 Krounos,306 KryaVrisi,284 Ktirakia(Aphisiou): M334, 288, 381,386 (M335)>386 Hl, 95 kyathoi, LH III, 28 kylikes, 289 Kynosoura, sitesin,281-3 Kynouria(southern), Kyparissi(Kynouria),282-3 (SE Laconia),310 Kypanssia Kyparissos(Mani),305 283 Kyphanta, Kyprianos(Mani),306 Theodosios(abbot),228 KyprianosParthenios Laas,300 LacharesHerakleida,careerinscription of,217 Lagio, 299 Laïna, 291 Lakka Sou, U497,432 Lakkakia,279 Lakkomata,280 lamps: glass,197 terracotta, 185-6,PL g c-e Langada (valley): (FI35)>344 (F136-7,F148),345 (F140),346 described,300, 343 LS sitesin area, 336-47 288 Lankeia, lapislacedaemonius: knifehilt(?), 197 on LS sites,357,427,432 pounder,175bis 291,294 Lapithaion, LargeSites: 325-8 AgiosKonstantinos, Geladari,353-7 Menelaion,403-6 428-9 Panagia Chrysaphiotissa, Las, 300 Latomi,312 lead: piece of,196 wreath,195 Lefko(LS site),K151,370 Lefko(Selegoudi),295 Lefkochoma, 291

448 Indexes lekanes: Ar-Cl,4i,43 HI, 96-7, 101 lekanides,Cl, 53-4 Lekas,298-9 bis lekythoi: Cl,7i inscribed, 225-6 Leonidi,282 bis inscribed, letters, 215-17 Uukai,308 Leukê, 308 Leveti,276 Levetsova,295 lids: Ar-Cl,54 HI, 103,104-5 R, 117 Ott,140 stone,180 terracotta (?), 195 Lileika,276 LimaniGeraka,310 Limeni,301 limestone: 208 moulding, 209,PL 17a sculptedrelief, Limnai,289

Limnes(LS site),0126, 331 Limnes(S. Kynouria),281 H21,360 Lithrypha, ofRomans,tilestampof,223-4 lodging-house terracotta, 187-9,^- I0 loom-weights, Loukadika,305 Loukous(monastery), 277 Loutsorema: described,397,415 LS sitesin area,407-19 LustrousDecoratedfabric,20 Lygarias,281 Lykokephala(R280,R282),411 Lykos,epitaphof,219 Lykovouno: (e93)>/337 (F72),344 Lymbiada,281 survey: magnetometer fieldprocedure,241 mentioned, 240 results, 244,250,252,253,256 Magoula,288-9 130bis majolicaimports, Makaria,U516, 426 276 Makryplagi, Malea (or Maleaî), 313

sitesin area,310-13 280 Malevi (monastery), Manasis,Konstantinos (painter),226-7,232 Mani, sitesin: 299-307 east-central, 305-6 N,NWpart,299-302 south,306-7 west-central, 302-5 Manolaki,298 Maratho(s),305 Marathonisi, 296, 297 marble: architecture,200 bis, 201-5, 206-9, 210-11, Pis 13-14,15b-c 200 sculptures, vessels,180-1,PL 8 d Mari,287 Mariorema,279 Manos, 286, 287 bis

Marmara(Vamvakou),285 Marmaralona(Xerokambi), 279 Marmaralono(AgiosPetros),280 Marmari(S. Mani),306 Martinianos(abbot),230-1 masons'marks,215 mausoleum,386 Mavrila,G4004, 351 Mavrovouni(Gytheio),297 bis Mavrovouni(Vrondamas), 292 Byz,140 measuringcontainer, Mega Pigadi,U514,432 Megali Limna,U3000, 426 Megali Spilia,312bis Megarianbowls(HI), 95, no Melana, 281 Melathria,03009, 406-7 (Q3008-9),290 Meligou,seeAno/Kato/OreiniMeligou Melos,as obsidiansource,162,167,168 Menelaion:

Q360, 289,403-6 area described,401-3 from,220-1,222 inscriptions LS sites,401-6 Menelaosand Helen,sanctuary of,405

Mesoa, 289

MessapianZeus, 222,225,293,390 Messe,303 Messêis(spring), 382 metal,smallfinds,195-6 if.Katavothra),308 Metamorphosis Metochi(Chrysapha), T445, 420-1 (T446),420 metochia, possible(LS sites),378,420-1 Mezapos,303-4 MikriTourla,282

Indexes 449 millstones, 179-80,PL 8 a Mina, 303 miniature (Ar-Cl),84-5 pottery

Minoa, 311 Minoan imports,25 Mistra, seeMystras,289 Mitsoulas (R.), 287 Molaitiko Pyrgo,309 Molaoi, 308 sites in area, 307-10 Molemeni, N3i3, 393-4 molybdenumblue reagent,in soil analysis, 237, 238 Molyvi, 294 monasteries(LS sites): Agioi Saranda, 379 (Paliomonastiro,380) Agios Nikolaos, 348 Monemvasia, 311 Moni Agias Tríadas (Ano Meligou), 279 Moni Agion Tessarakonda Martyron,seeAgioi Saranda Moni Agiou Sotira, 276 Moni Golas, 294 Moni Kavellari, 300 Moni Koimiseos tis Theotokou, 305 Moni Loukous, 277 Moni Malevis, 280 Moni Odigitrias, 304 Moni Phaneromenis, 303 Moni Philiatrou,300 Moni Zerbitsis,294 monochrome wares (Byz), 129 Morou, J170, 368 phosphateand geophysicalresults,244-5, 25&>259>2^1 mortars,mortariums: (a) ceramic: Ar-Cl, 73-4 Cl-Hl, 74 Hl, 101-2 R, 118 (b) stone, 177, PL 6 d mosaic tessera,glass, 197 mouldings: limestone,208 marble, 200 mugs (kôthônes):

Ar-Cl,39-40,45, 48-50, 54, 55 miniature, 85 Myloi,M321, 382-3 Mystras, 289

Neapolis(orNeapolisVoion),312ter,313 necksherds(unattributed), 65 Nektarios(abbot/monk), 230 Neogeneplateau: described,389 LS sites,389-97 Neraidalona,P260, 397

JVêns, 276,277 286 Nerotrivi, Niata,307 Nik-,tilestampof,222-3 NikephorosIII (AD1078-81),coin of,196 Nikodemos,bridgeoí,J5009, 289, 368 Nisi (AgiosAndreas),279 Nisi (Leonidi),282 Nisi (ParalioAstros),277 Nomia,311bis NorthHill (Menelaia),289 notches(obsidian),153

Nymphaion, 313

Oatmeal Minoanizing fabric,20 obsidian: reduction stages, 144-51 tool types,151-4 Ochia, 305 Ochtaïmero, U3004, 437 Odigitria (monastery),304 oil flasks,Ott, 132 oinochoës: Ar-Cl, 63-4, 69, 70 HI, 98 Oion,283 Oitylo, 300-1 Oitylos,301

Olymbos(Mt),321,330 'Olynthian'mills,seehopperrubbers seebolsais one-handlers, Onougnathos, 313

OreiniMeligou,279 Oriondas,281 Qros,311 Osios Michalis(Glezos),303 37 paint,on Ar-Cl pottery, Paisios(abbot),231 Paizoulia,296 Palaia,307,308 Palaikastro(Kolokythia), 306 Palaio-, seealsoPalai-, PalioPalaiochora(Aigiai),296 Palaiogoulas,A118,285,321-3 (aioi, ai 19-20),323 214 gravestone, sitesin area, 321-4 Palaiokastro(Chavalas),309 Palaiokastro(Chrysapha), U3001, 286,432,434 Palaiokastro(Kourkoula),308 Palaiokastro(Neapolis),313 Palaiokastro(Pellana),288 Palaiopanagia(nearLymbiada),281 Palaiopyrgi (Kelephina),285 Palaiopyrgi (Vapheio),290-1

450 Indexes U533,429 (Chrysapha), Palaiopyrgos (Kokkinorachi): Palaiopyrgos J226,J228),365 (J22i-2,J224, 367 (J225,J227,J232), (J230), 367-8 (I231),366 phosphateand geophysicalresults(J222),247-52, 259 bis,260 bis,261 Palaiostolos,277 Palio-, seealsoPalai-, PalaioPalio Agio-Lia,279 Paliochano,278 Paliochora(f.Lymbiada),281-2 PaliochoraThalamon,299-300 Paliochora(Tyros),281 bis Paliochori,282 Paliokastron (Arna),295 Paliomonastiro (AgioiSaranda),L4001, 380 282 Paliorropati, Pamisos (R.), 300 Panagia(Karyes),284 Panagia(NWLS area),03026, 332 11490,428-9 PanagiaChrysaphiotissa, U488, 425 PanagiaPhaneromeni, (U487),424-5 Panagiotis(Lekas),298 Pania: (P272),398 (P285),397 Panigyristra, 298 Pano Vaskina,281 pans: EH, 11 MH-LH (ortrays),21-2 Ar-Cl,77 Panteleimonas (Vervena),278 Papadiasi Vrisi,277 Nikos(hermit), Papakallinikos, 228-9 PappageniesDaphni,311 para (coin),ofAhmedIII, 196,PL 14 d Achaians,cityof,310 Parakyparissian ParalioAstros,277 Parnon(W), sitesin,285-7 Parparos(hero),279 Parparos(Mt), 276 bis

seeKyprianos Parthenios, Passava,300 bis Paulinus,bridgeof,J5008, 289, 368 Pausanias: newtoponymin,223 on Aphisiouarea,382,401 on Sparta,290 routesof,339,382,436 312 Pavlopetri, pedestals,miniature, 85 Pellana,288 ter

pendant,crystal,197 Pephnos,300

Pepo,304 Perambelia,F147, 345 Peristeri, 297 bis,298 Perivolia,294 Perpeni,286 Persia,glazedbowlfrom(Byz),130 pestles,175-7,Ν- 6 c Gerasimos(abbot),232 Petrakis, Petralona,B123,329 Petrina(NW Laconia),283 Petrina{f.Stronza),295 Phagia,U3002, 437 (U3003),437 votivestele,214 Phaneromeni(monastery), 303 Pharai,285

Pharaklo,312

Phûris,291

Pharos,295

Pherai,285

Philiatrou(monastery), 300 PhilipV,hisinvasionroute,401 Phlomochori, 305

Phoibaion,382

Phoiniki,309 Phonemenoi,280 phosphatesurvey: chemicalanalysis,237-8 conclusions, 258-9, 261 samplecollection,237 236-7 samplingstrategy, statistical analysis,238-9 results, 239-40,243-7passim, 252-6passim Phournara: (S433-4),418 (T443),420 described,418,419,420 Phournos,288 Phrangoulia,303 piercers(obsidian),153 Pigadakia,284 Pigadi(Kosmas),282 Pigi,300 (U3001?),286,434 Pikromygdalia pin,bronze,195,PL 13d Pitana,289

R, 116,117,119 pitchers, pithoi: Nl, 3 EH, 13(?), 14 MH-LH, 24-5 Ar-Cl, 37,69, 82-4 Cl-Hl, 82 HI, 106-7

Indexes 451 R,n9 Byz, 139 Byz-Ott, 138-9 Ott, 139-40 inscribedwith cross, 226 pithos lids: stone (?), 180, PI. 8 b terracotta(?), 195 Plaisia (Aphisiou): M344 (?), 289, 387 (M361?),387 (M362?), 381, 387 Plaka (Leonidi), 282 Plakia, £48(80), 339-40 phosphate results(E48), 243, 258 Plakoula, 280 plaques, terracotta,193-4 plaster,graffitoin, 232 Platana (Evrotas valley), 290 Platana (Thyreatis),276 Platanes (Elliniko), 278 Plátanos [f.Limberdon), 296 plates: EH, 11 Hl,93,io4(?) R, in- 12 Platsa, 300 Platyvouni,294 Pleiai,307, 308 Plytra,310 podium (?), marble, 200 points: obsidian, 151-2 silex, 156, 164-5, 17° Polemitas, 304 Polichna,282 polishers,stone, 174,PL 6 a Polybios,on Therapne, 401 Polydeukeia (spring),382 Polydeukes,sanctuaryof,382 Polyxevi,286, 436 Polyzefka,U500, 435-6 (R454-5), 412 (R469), 414 (T464, T470), 423 phosphate results(R469), 255, 258 poros, column in, 205 Porto Kagio, 306 Poseidon, sanctuaryof,382 'pot-lids', stone, 180, PL 8 b tile):1-140 pottery[bydate;excluding Neolithic: chronology,1 cooking wares, 2 fabrics,1, 2-3 fromLS, 1-3, Figs.10.1,n.i

pottery,Neolithic, contd.: household wares, 2 in Laconia, 1 storage vessels, 2-3 table wares, 1-2 EH: absence of EH III, 16 cooking wares, 20 development, 14-16 fabrics,6, 8-9 fromLS, 6-14, 14-16, Figs,n.i-g household wares, 8-14 of Péloponnèse, 5-6 table wares, 6-8 MH-LH II: fabrics,18, 20-1, 24 fromLS, 18-25, 25~~6>F*gs·12.1-10 household wares, 20-5 in Péloponnèse, 17 regional character of, 25-6 table wares, 18-20 MM III-LM I, 25 LH III: absence of LH III c, 31 chronologyand development, 31-2 fabrics,27, 31 fromLS, 27-31, 31-2, Figs.13.1-4 household wares, 31 in Laconia, 27 table wares, 27-30 Late Geometric (?), 70 Subgeometric, 38, 44 Ar-Cl: character and functions,86-8 coarse wares, 82-4 cooking wares, 36-7, 77-81 dearth of pre-6th-cent.finds,89 fabricsand paint, 35-8 finewares, 35-6, 38-72 fromLS, 34-5, 38-85, 86-9, Figs.14.1-iy^PL· 1-2 household wares, 73-81 imports,88 in Laconia, 33-4 increasing uniformityof, 88 miniatures,84-5 paint, 37-8 pithoi, 37 semi-coarse domestic wares, 36, 73-6 storage wares, 82-4 HI: character and functions,109-10 cooking wares, 103-5 fabrics,92, 101, 103, 106 fromLS, 92-107, 109-10, Figs.15.1-8 household wares, 101-5 imports,no

452 Indexes HI, contd.: pottery, in S. Greece,91 kitchenwares,101-3 storagevessels,105-7 tablewares,92-101 R: and development, chronology 122-3 118-19 cooking-pots, fabrics,in, 118,119bis fromLS, 111-21, 122-3,^Ss- 16.1-8 householdwares,118-20 imports, 119-20 121 miscellaneous, storagevessels,119-20 tablewares,in- 17 Byz-Ott: domesticwares,131-3 fabrics,126,132,133 fromLS, 126-40, Figs.17.1-13,Pis3-4 glazed,126-30 householdwares,131-3 129-30,131 imports, in Laconia, 125 storagevessels,133-40 tablewares,126-31 Poula,seeAno Poula 282 Poulithra, pounders,174-5,^· 6 ^ Pourko,302 Prasiai,282

Pratousa(wifeofLykos),219 preparation pieces(obsidian),146 Priniko,298 bis Ilias,seeabo Aï-Lias Prophitis Ilias,E53, 339 Prophitis (H47),357 Ilias (AgiaKyriaki), 304 Prophitis Ilias (Dimaristika), 306 bis Prophitis Ilias (Kosmas),282 Prophitis Ilias (Melana),281 Prophitis Ilias (Tzimova),303 Prophitis Ilias (Zavitsa),276 Prophitis Prosilia,276 in geophysical 241 survey, protonmagnetometers, Provatomandra: (P262),399 (P263-4),398 (P267),400 (P273,P286),398 described,398 Psamathous, 306 Psili Rachi: (K141,K153), 372 (K239, K258), 373 Psiphi, 295 Psorosykia,H20, 360

Pyrgaki(Kato Vervena),277 Pyrgos(Kallithea),286 Pyrgos(C. Koulendi),311 Pyrgos(Lileika),276 Pyrgos(Nomia),311 PyrgosDirou,302-3 (anc. and mod.),301-2 bis Pyrrichos pyxides,Ar-Cl,53 quarries(LS sites),332,335-6 ter,340,343 bis,434 (?) querns,177-8,PL 7 a-c Raches (N183,N187),395 Rachi (Vothona),309 Rachoula,277 Raisi,311 red-figured pottery (fromLS), 39, 45, 70 rejuvenation pieces(obsidian),150-1 reliefsculpture: inscribed,216 ofwoman(HI), 209,PL iy a inscribed,215-17 rescripts, resistivity survey: fieldprocedure,241,260-1 mentioned, 240 results, 247-8,252,254,255,256 243-5passim, retouches(obsidian),153-4 revetment 200,PL 15a fragment, rims(unattributed): Nl,3 Ar-Cl,42-3, 54, 64 roads, ancient(see also kalderimia; routes),340, 357, 380, 436,438 Romaiika,298 Romans,lodging-house of,223-4 rooftiles,Byz-Ott,140 Roubaiika,R429,408-9 Rous' Apidia,285 routes,in LS area: in AgiosKonstantinos area,330 in Skouraarea, 331,332 intoLaconia fromN,369 on Ghatzarorachi, 374 Pausanias',339,382,436 to Chrysapha,367,389, 390, 395,397,419 to AgiosIoannisTheologos,343 to Arkadia(E.), 321,336,362,401,(W), 339,352 to Vasaras,347 to Geraki,362 saddlequerns,177-8,179,PL 7 a-b Saidali,298 ofphosphatesurvey, 236-7 samplingstrategy, sandstone: millstones, 179-80 quern,178,182

Indexes 453 Sarandopotamos(R.), 284 Sarandorachi,279 Sari Katarachi: (P268),401 (P269),400 sauceboats,EH, 7 (?) dearthof,15 saucers,HI, 93 Sawanas, 278 schist: pithoslids(?), 180 querns,177-8,182 scrapers(obsidian),152 stone(seealsostatuebases),209,PL iy a sculpture, seals,Hittite,313 Sela, 293-4 Selegoudi,295 Selinos,-ous,286

Sellasia,285 bis,321,322,328,352 bowls,127-8 sgraffito and sitesize,261 sherdscatter, shouldersherds(unattributed), 65 'sicklegloss',on silexpoint,170 Side,312,313 Sidza, 282 sieves,Ar-ECl, 76 silex: defined,155 tooltypes,156-7,164-5 silverdrachma,196,PL 14c sites(seealsogeophysical survey;phosphatesurvey): in Laconia, 263-313 in Laconia Survey, 321-438 315 numbering, situlas,Ar-Cl,42 Skala,298 (fivetimes) Skamnaki,300 brickstampof,224 skânothêkê, Sklavochori, 290 Skopas,305-6 Skoteinicave (Euboea),lithicfindsfrom,166 Skotitas, 284

Skoura(Mt): i>97> 332

described,331-2 routesin area,331,332 sitesin area,331-6 Skoura(village),290, 291 Skourorachi, 283 Skoutari,301 279 Skylochori, skyphoi: Ar-Cl,46, 50, 55,58 (LCl-)EHl, 94 miniature, 85 Skyras,301

Slavochori,290 smallfinds,183-98 glass,197-8 metal,195-6 stone,197 terracotta, 183-95 Socha (E. Taygetos),291,294 Socha (Paliochora),281 soilsamples: analysis,237-9 collection,237 Sophroni(R.), L4002,380 Sopoto,279 Sorbanou,282 Sotiras,seealsoAgiosSotiras Sotiras(E. Taygetos),294 Souli (desertedvillage),344-5 Souvala,281 Sparta(mod.Sparti),288 bis,289 bis newtoponymin,223 points spearheads(?),seetriangular Ioannis(priest),230 Sphiringas, Spilakia,290 310 Spilia (Plytra), Spilies,288 186-7 spindlewhorls,terracotta, Spira,306 Splithara,309 on, 234 inscription spring-house, Ar-ECl, 76 sprinklers, stamnoi,Ar-Cl,45, 64, 72 stamps: on brick,224 on tile,222-4 stands: EH, 11bis Ar-Cl,42 HI (?),42 R, 120 marble,180-1,PL 8 d statuebases: inscribed,217 marble(?),200, 206 Stavri,304 stelae,votive,214,218,221-2 Stena (Mavrovouni), 297 Stena(nearNeapolis),311 Stephania,298-9 Sternes,306-7 stewpots: HI, 104-5 R, 119 stirrup jars, LH III, 30 Sto Molyvi,294 stone: and sculpture, architecture 199-211

454 Indexes smallfinds,197 tools,seechippedstone;groundstone;andparticular types storagevessels(seealsoamphoras;pithoi): Nl, 2-3 EH, 6 AR-C1,82-4 HI, 105-7 R, 119-20

Bvz>!33-9> 14° Byz-Ott,138 Ott,139-40 StouBatsioti(Bo-),280 Stou Manolaki,298 strainers: Ar-ECl, 76 HI, 102 R (seeabo colanders),116 terracotta, 195 289 Strongylovouno, inscribed, subscripts, 215-17 Svina,299 Sykea,309 bis Sykia(Astros), 278 Synabei,290 in theAliteion,223 synodos, Ta Menelaia,see Menelaion tablewares: Nl, 1-2 EH, 6-8 MH-LH II, 18-20 LH III, 27-30 Ar-Cl,35-6, 38-72 HI, 92-101 R, in- 17 Byz-Ott,126-31 Tainaron, 305,306-7 Talanta,311 Tarmiri,280 Taxiarchos(Ariana),310 Taygetos(E.), sitesin,293-5 Teichio,278 deities), temples(seealsosanctuariesandnamed reported byFrenchExpedition,390, 393-4 smallfinds,183-95 terracotta, Terzeika,280 tessera,glass,197 tetarteron (coin),ofAlexiosI, 196 Teuthronê, 305, 306 bis Thalamai,299-300

theatre(Spartan),brickstampfrom,224 Theodosios(abbot),227 another,228 Theodosios(monk),226 Theologos,seeAgiosIoannisTheologos Therapne, 382 bis,401,403,436

surveyat, 260 Thespiai(Boiotia),resistivity Thornax, 288, 352,357,359 withinscriptions, 234 threshing-floors, Thyrea, 278,279 sitesin,276-80 Thyreatis, Tigani,303,304 tiles: Ar-Cl, 85-6 HI, 107-9 R, 121-2 Byz-Ott,140 stamped,222-4 Timenio,276 Tis Papadias i Vrisi,277 Toichias,277 tools, stone, see chipped stone; ground stone; and particular types

Tourles,A3018-19, 2^5 ^j 32I>324 ^s Tourloti,304 tower-houses, 332-3 towers,325-7,332-3,429,438 Trachila(Cape), 300 trays(or dishes),MH-LH, 21-2 trefoil oinochoës,HI, 98 302 Triandaphyllia, triangular points,silex,156,164-5,ιΊ° Tnnasos,296

Trinisa,296 tripodlegs,EH, 14 Trissakia,303 tritartemorion (coin),ofElis,196,PL 14 b TrypatouKarzi, 276 Trypi,293 Tsakona: N4i5> 390 (N413),391 described,369, 390 221,222,225 inscriptions, LS sitesin area, 375-7,389-97 phosphateand geophysicalresults(n4io), 254-5, 258 Tsakoni,H20,360 Tsaltas,291 Tsamaina,283 Tsasi,297 bis Tseramio,289 Tsereni,276 Tserpho,281 TsiliotouRema: R3025,415 described,407 Tsiorovos,276 Tsirigo,313 Tsopakas,303 bis Tsoukala,307 tubs,Ar-Cl,75-6, 84

Indexes 455 tuff: hopperrubbers,178-9 millstone, 179 (terracotta), 184,PL 13c tuyères tools(obsidian),151-4 typological defined,142 Tyros,281

Tzimova,303 Tzitzina(?),230 R, 119 unguentariums, Valtaki(Malea), 313 Valtaki(Vardounia),296 bis Vamvaka,303 Vamvakou,285 Vapheio,290-1 Vardouka: (K203),372 (K234,K257),373 Vardouni,295 Vardounia(area),sitesin,295-7 Vardounia(R.), 300 Varvitsa,285 Vasaras,routeto,347

vases (seealso potteryandparticular shapes):

marble,180-1,PL 8 d 191 plastic(terracotta), VasilikesPetres,306 298 Vasilopotamos, Vaskina,(seealsoPano Vaskina),281 Vateri,278 Vathia,306 301 Vathy(Ageranos), Vatika,312-13 Velanidia,313 Verroia,285 Vervena,(seeabo Kato Vervena),278 Vezani,(seealsoKato Vezani),299 Vigla (Krokees),295 Viglaphia,312 Vigies: ΐ>3°2> 332~3

(D3O3),333 described,331,332 LS sitesin area,331-6 othersite,288 as (seealso Large Sites; villages,LS sitesinterpreted namesof modernvillages),344-5, 366, 367, 368,

370-2,373-4,396 Vitylo,300-1 Vivari,288 Vlachioti,298, quater Vondas,307 Voreaki,K211,377 Vothona,309

votivestelae: to AntoninusPius,218,221-2 fromPhagia,214 votives(miniature vases),Ar-Hl, 84-5 Vourlia,285 Vourliotikoi Kampoi: (B103-4),328-9 described,328 mentioned, 321,324 Vourvoura,284 voussoir(?),terracotta, 183,PL g a-b Voutama,311 Voutianoi,329 earliersite,344 Vrachnoun,H31,359 results, phosphateand geophysical 243,258,259 Vresthena, 285 282 Vretteika, Vrondamas,292,293 VrysitouRiga, 294 302 Vythakas, terracotta, water-pipe, 195 watermills, 352,369, 377 terracotta, 186-9 weavingimplements, whetstones, 180,PL 8 c windmill, 424-5 on, 234 inscription windowdivide,marble,209 wood,inscription on, 231-2 wreath,made oflead, 195 Xerias(R.), Q3008,407 Xerokambi,279 Xerokastoro (N184-5),395 Xeronisi,298 Xirokambi(Evrotasvalley),293 Xyli(C.),3K> 276 Xylopyrgos, Yeraki,seeGeraki,291 Yithio,seeGytheio Zagano, 290

Zarax, 310

Zavitsa(Mt),276 bis Zavraina,287 Zerbitsi(monastery), 294 Zeus: dedicationsto,225,434 Messapeus,222,225,293,390 ZeuxippusDerivativebowls(Byz),128-9 Zingnos( = Tzitzina?),230 Zolina,J317,366 ZoödochosPigi,U499,427 Zougana, 286

456 Indexes

(2) SELECT INDEX OF GREEK WORDS nature.Persons (pp. 226-31)are notindexedon accountoftheirformulaic Byzantineand laterchurchinscriptions namedin themare listedin Index 1. κεφάλαιον,2ΐ6 Λακεδαι-,215 [Λαχάρ]ης,217 Λύκος, 2ig

Άθανας,222 ' Άλίτειον(v.l. Άλπειον),223 άνέθεκε,214 Άντώνεινος,2ΐ8,222 2ΐ6 γέγραπται, γραμμάτων,215 Δαμάτριε,219 δαμόσιος,-α,222,224 δήμος,2ΐ6 Ελευθέριος,218, 222 217 [έπι]μελητεύσας, Ήρακλει-,217 Ζανί,2ΐ8,222 Καλ-, 224 κατάλυμα,223

Ni-, 222

πόλει,215 Πράτουσα, 219 'Ρωμαίοι,223 Σεβαστός,2ΐ6 σκανοθήκας,224 σύναρχοι,217 σύνοδος,223 σωτήρ, 2ΐ8,222 Ύβρίων, 214 χαίρε,219

(3) INDEX OF SITE NUMBERS WITH ZONES AND SUBZONES Laconia Surveysitesare listedherewithsitenumberfirst, followedbyzone and subzone:thus'2 F (i)' meanssiteF2 in subzoneF (i). The secondcolumncontainspage numbers.A zone letterin lower-casetypeindicateseithera 'non-site'or a site amalgamatedwithanother;such itemsare listedin the Catalogue,exceptforthosewithan asterisk discardedor unusednumbers, modernremains,etc. (*),whichrepresent in are those Site the to thesesiteselsewhereare not Page-references Survey Catalogue(Chapter24). References in Index(1). listed,butanysiteidentified bya toponymis also listed,withfullpage-references, ΡΡ ι 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

f F e f f f e e f F H H f F f h H H H

(i) (i) (iii) (i) (i) (i) (iii) (iii) (i) (i) (iii) (Üi) (i) (i) « (iii) (iii) (Üi) (iii)

344 338 344 344 338 * 344 344 361 361 344 344 361 361 361 361

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

H H H h H H H H H H

(Ü) (Ü) (Ü) (ii) (iii) (iii) (Ü) (ii) (ii) (ü)

360 360 359-60 *

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

H H H H H H h H H

(ii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (ü) (ii) (ü) (ii) (Ü)

359 361 361 362 360 360 359 360 360

3°

H (ü)

361 361 360 360 360 359

36°

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

H h h J J H H H Ε Ε D H Ε Ε e Ε Ε E e e

(ii) (i) (ii) (üi) (üi) (i) (i) (i) (vi) (vi) (iv) (ii) (iii) (ν) (iii) (iii) (ii) M (ii) (iv)

359 359 364 364 352,354-7 357-8 357 339-4O 340,343 335-6 359 338 339 338 338 338 339 *

Indexes457 6ο 6ΐ 62

η h h

(i) (i) (ii)

357 357 360

h h h

359 359 359 364 364 364 368

344 *

63

h (ii)

67 68 69 70

J j j j

(ii) (ii) (ii) (iü) (iii) (»ι) (vi)

72 73 74 75 76 77

F e e E E E

(i) (Ü) (ii) (Ü) (υ) (v)

64 65 66

71

e

M

78 79

e e

83

D H

80 81 82

84 85 86 87 88 89

90

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 100 101 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 ni 112

e e e

D D d D d E

E

d e E d D D d A A Β Β b Β Β C a a Β c

113

b

117

b

114 115 116 118

C B B

A

M M

(vi) (vi) (vi) (iv) (iii) (iii) (iv) (iv) (vi)

(vi) (iii) (Ü) (ii) (iii) (iii) (i) (i) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (i) (ii) (i) (i) (i)

(i)

339

337 337-8 339

339 339 340 340 340

335

335 333.335 * 335 * 340

343

333 337 337 335 333 332 332 323 323 328 328-9 329 329 329 330 * 323 325-8 330

(i) (i) (i)

330 328 328

(i)

321-3

(i)

119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136

A A B C B B C C c C c a C B F F F F

138 139 140 141 142 143 144

F F F κ F F F

146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153

F F F F F κ F K

155 156 157 158

G G G G

137

145

154

159

F

F

(i) (i) (Ü) (i) (iii) (iii) (i) (ii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (ii) (iv) (iv) (Ü) (i) (i) (iii)

323 323 328 *

(i) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iv) (iv)

344 346 346 372 346 346-7 346

(i")

(Ü)

(iii) (Ü) (ii) (Ü) (iv) (i) (iv) ("i)

G (Ü) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii)

G (Ü)

160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 i7° 171

g G G G G G G C C C J M

174

M (vii)

(ii) (ii) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (iv) (iv) (iv) (vi) (ii).

172 M (Ü) J73 m (Ü)

329 329 330 331 * 331 * * 331 329 345 344 344 345

345

345 345 345 345 345 347 370 347 372

175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183

M (vii) M (vii) M (vii) q (ii) Q, (ii) Q, (ii) Q, (ii) G (i) Ν (iv)

389 389 389 406 406 406 406 348 395

185

Ν

(iv)

395

189 190

Ν Ν Ν N

(iv) (iv) (ν) (ν)

193 194 195 . 2ΟΟ 201 202 203 204 205

Ν M Ν Κ κ k κ κ κ

184

186 187 188

191 192

206 207

Ν (iv)

Ν (iv)

ν (ν) Ν (ν)

κ κ

208 209 210

j Ν j

35°

212 213 214 215 216

J J J J J

350

218 219 220

351 351 351 351

351 350-1 348 348 347 348 348 331 331 331 368 383

383 384 389

211

217

221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234

κ

J J J J

J J J J J J J J J J J J κ κ

(ν) (ii) Μ (i) (ν) (ν) (iii) (ν) (iii)

(ν) (ν) (i) (i) (i)

(ν) (il) (υ) (ii) (Ü) (ii)

(Ü) (i) (i) (i)

(v) (v) (vi) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (iv) (vi) (v) (v) (iii) (iii)

395 395 395 395 396 39^

397 396-7

396 384 396 369-7° 377 * 372 377 373

377 377 363 393 363

377 363 363 363 363 364

363

362-3 363 362

365-6 365 367 365 367 365 367 365 364 367-8 366 367 372 373

458 Indexes 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290

K κ κ g κ κ κ κ κ κ k κ κ k κ κ k G κ G K G K κ L ρ ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ r Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ ? Ρ R r r Ρ Ρ R R R R Ρ Ρ Ρ R ρ R R

(iii) (i) (iii) (ii) (iii) (iii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (i) (i) (v) (ii) (ii) (ii) (iv) (iii) (iii) (ii) (iii) © (iii) (iii) (iii) (i) (i) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (i) (iii) (ii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (ii) (i) © (i) (i) (i) (i) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (ii) (i) (i) (ii) (i) (i) (v)

374 370 373-4 * 373 373 372 372 372 370 370 377 370-2 * 370 375 * 351 370 351 370 351 373 373 378 397 398 399 398 398 398 * 400 401 400 401 400 398 398 398 408 408 408 401 401 411 411 411 411 399 397 398 409 397 407 413

291 R 292 R 293 R 294 R 295 r 296 R 297 K 298 κ 299 K 300 Β 301 D 302 D 303 D 304 Ε 305 Ε 306 D 307 Ε 308 Ε 309 e 310 E 311 E 312 Ν 313 Ν 314 Ν 3J5 N 316 j 317 j 318 η 3*9 n 320 m 321 M 322 M 323 m 324 M 325 M 326 m 327 M 328 M 329 M 330 m 331 m 332 M

(v) (v) (ii) (ii) (i) (i) M (iv) (iv) (iii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (iv) (iv) (ii) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i) (v) (v) (i) (i) (ii) (i) (i) (i) (v) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (ii) (ii) (i)

413 413 410 411 408 408 375 374 375 329 332 332-3 333 338 338 332 337 337 *

m M M M M M M m M

(iii) (v) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (vi) (vi) (vi)

384 386 384 384 384 384 387 387 387

333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346

N M M M m

("i) M (v) (v) (v)

337 337 393 393-4 395 392-3 366 366 392 392 383 382-3 383 383 386 385 385 385 384-5 385 384 384 383

394 386 386 386 386

347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432

M M

M M M M M M Ν m m M Q, Q, Q, M M Ν Ρ M η J D J L L L κ κ Ρ L κ k Ν η η η Ν κ Ν η Ν Ν κ R R R R R R R R R R Ν s S

(vi) (vi) (vi) (vi) (vi) (vi) (iii) (i) (iv) (i) (ii) (υ) (i) (vi) (vi) (ν) (i") (iv) (iii) Ν (i) (vi) (ii) (ii) (i) (iv) (iv) (ii) (i) (iv) (iv) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (iv) (i) (i) (i) (i) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv) (iv) (y) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii)

3^7

387 388 387 388 388 388 394 383 384-5 383 406 406 403-5 387 387 395 401 385 394 367 332 367 379 379-80 378 375 374 399 378 374 374 393 391 391 391 391 374 390 391 391 392 374 408 411 410 412 412 412 409 409 410 408-9 393 416 416

Indexes459 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480

s S s S S 1 s s S s τ t T T t S s S s S R R R R R S s s R R r T T S T T R T T R R s s L L S T τ

(iv) (iv) (iv) (i) (iv) (i) (iii) (iv) (iv) (iv) (i) (i) (j) (i) ' (iii) (i") (iii) (iii) (iii) (iv) H (iv) (vi) (vi) (iii) ("i) (iii) (vi) (vii) (vii) (iv) (iii) (ii) (iv) (iii) (vii) (iv) (iv) (ii) (υ) (iv) (iv) (i) (i) (iv) (u) (ii)

4!8 418 418 415 419 378 418 419 419 418 420 420 420-1 420 421 416 4l6-J7 417 417 417 4!2 4!2 4!2 414 4I3~I4 417 4J7 417 414 414 414 423 422 416 423 422 414 423 422 410 410 418 4î8-i9 378 378 418 421 421

481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 5.24 525 526

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(ii) (ii) (ii) (iii) (iii) (i) (i) (i) (i) (iii) (i) (i) (i) (i) (iii) (ii) (iii) (ii) (ii) (iv) (iv) (iv) (ii) (iv) (iv) (iv) (ii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii) (ν) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iii) (iv) (i) (v) (iv)

421 421 428 421-2 422 425 424-5 425 425-6 428-9 426 426 424 424 432 428 432 427 427 435-6 436 436 393 437 436 436 428 417 4I7-!Ö 422 427-8 422 424 432 375,377 426 429 409-10 436 436-7 436 352 418 415 413 412

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529 530 531 532 533 534 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 4000 4001 4002 4003 4004 4006 4007 4008 5001 5002 5003 5004 5008 5009 5010

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(ii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (u) (i) (iii) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (ii) (ii) (ii) (iv) (iv) (ii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (vi) (i) (vil) (ii) (ii) (U) (iii) (iv) (i) (i) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (vi) (vi) (i)

410 432 429 432 429 379 426 432.434 437 437 437 438 438 406 407 406-7 438 437-8 409 323 323 324 324 '324 324 324 435 435 435 434-5 434 415 332 415 380 380 380 351 438 363 363 324 324 324 324 368 368 406

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Figure 11.1

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Fig. ι1.4.EarlyHelladicpottery types.(1-2) 16 a. P269/10;P269/130.(3-6) 16 b. R280/13;P269/98;R287/20;R287/67.(7-9) 17; P269/152+ 185;S448/5;S448/12.(10) 18. P284B/29.(11)19. P263/54.(12)20. P263/105.(13)21. C126/17.(14-17)22 a. L400/2;P269/164;LS 10071/10; L400/5.(18-21)22 b. P263/9;P284B/8;R287/9;R289/3.

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Figure 13.ι

Fig. 13.1.Mycenaeanpotterytypes.(1-9) 1 a. Q360 Q/57;Q360 am/i; ls 10179/2;K414b/i; Q360 AD/4;LS 10112/2;Q360j/2; Q360 AD/3;R424/1.(10-12)1 b. Q360 AL/2;LS 10493/1;N191/40.(13)1 c. Γ525/12.(14-16)2. Q360 Al/i;R291/1;Q3009/7. (17-20)3. Q360 d/i; M349/148;Q360 d/io; Q3009/36.

Figure 13.2

FlG.13.2.Mycenaeanpottery types.(1-6) 4. S478/60;S478/ia;M349b/i; Q3009/11;Q360 ab/i; LS 10083/3.(7)5 a· Q360 ae/io. (8-9) 5 b. M349b/io; Q360 G/io. (10)6 a. R424/1.(11-14)6 b. Q3009/59+ 60; Q3009/8;Q3009/39;S478/79.

Figure 13.3

Fig. 13.3.Mycenaeanpottery R29i/4a;Q360 types.(1-9) 7. Q3009/10;Q360J/11;n4.11/1; M349/38;Q360 AM/4;U49° ΑΜ/3ί j/48; S478/i8a.(10)9. Q3009/45.(11)10. S434/5.(12-13)11 a. Γ525/11; Q360 c/16. (14)11 b. η/^ιο/ηη.

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Figure 14.ι

Fig. 14.1.Archaicand classicalpottery types,(ι) ι a. N415B/2.(2) 1 b. 1400/14.(3-6) 2 a. R275/1;275A/38;P285/3;U531/1. (7-8) 2 b. LS 10236/4;S458/1.(9-10)4. H31/2+ 3'+ 28; U499/82.

Figure 14.2

Fig. 14.2.Archaicand classicalpottery types.(1-3)5 a. R275/5;S437/42;S524B/2.(4-24)5 b. R526/3;K200/4;U499/1;P268/3; S458/4;T512A/3;S458/5;U490AN/5;C169/22;S524B/7;R454/1;S524A/i;D85/30;R296/11;T471/4;R281D/5;S524B/i; R281 D/6; 085/250490AM/21;H31/26.(25)5 c. S437/46.

Figure 14.3

FlG.14.3.Archaicand classicalpottery types.(1-6) 6 a. P262/1;R526/9;S524A/2;R518/1;N503/2;R422A/7.(7) 6 b. G157/5. U491/9.(15)9 a. J224/6.(16)9 b. (8-9) 6 c. U499/84;N183/3.(10-12)7. U490AX/4;S458/10;S524A/6.(13-14)8 a. J221/33; T512B/5.

Figure144

FlG.14.4.Archaicand classicalpottery types.(1-2) 10 a. K244/6;J369C/i. (3) 10 b. M327/34.(4-9) 11 a· P268/10;K.200/7; J224/11; D96/13;P279/2;R275/11. (10-11)11 b. P278/9;T512A/6.(12-13)11 c. N415A/3;P285/18.(14)11 d. M325/19.(15-16)12 a. R.275/16; S508/3.(17-18)is c. Bin A/24;Bm °/9· (l9) *3 a· N4X5A/144.(20-1)13 b. P262/57;S437/17.(22) 13 c. S437/12. (23) 13 e. R526/27.(24) 13 h. S524B/27.

FlG. 14.5.Archaicand classicalpottery types.(1-4) 14 a. R275A/3;R275A/4;U511A2/4;P278/2+ 4. (5-6) 14 b. P262/3; S437/58.(7) 15 a. P262/9.(8-11)15 b. R275a/i; R296/5;U511A2/7;R296/4.(12-13)15 c. R296/9+ 67; R296/10.(14-17)15 d. J367a/i; P272/1;U490ah/i; M325/7.(18-20)15 e. U3006/67;N312/26;B103a/i. (21-6)15 f. R275a/8; R275a/io; R526/42; R296/24;R296/25;S524A/34.(27-8) 16 a. R422A/5;K250/17.(29-31)16 b. R275A/17;S509/1;R420/1.(32-3) 16 d. M194/12; U531/7.(34-8) 17 a. P262/5;U511Bi/i; H31/13+ 17;H31/19;C169/1.(39-41)17 b. M325/10;Bin D/21;Bin D/3. (42-4) 17 c. U511A2/18;Bin/i; Bin D/25.(45) 18. J215/43.

Fig. 14.6.Archaicand classicalpottery types.(1-3) 19 a. N409/2;S524B/4;U506/1.(4) 19 b. D85/24.(5) 19 c. R275/7.(6-8) 19 d. P279/1;S524B/5; Bin D/4. (12)20 b. C169/2.(13)22 a. S431/3.(14-15)22 b. K203/4;U511A2/5.(16-18)22 c. M322B/3; U499/92.(9) 19 e. D301/8.(10-11)20 a. 111326/1; R281D/17;U511A2/10.(19)23 a. M325/12.(20) 23 b. R282/1.(21)24. H29B/6+ 7. (22) 25 a. N415A/119.(23) 25 b. M194/10.(24) 25 c. J212/11. (25)25 d. D96/18.(26-7)25 e. C169/27;B103A/40.(28) 27 a. J367/29.(29-39)a7 c· J367A/7;U511A2/20;M325/15;N415A/5;R281D/22;C108/4;R281D/21; u499/25*> U49° AM/48; J212/9;S437/51.(40) 27 d. R296/23.(41)27 e. R296/29.(42) 27 f. p26i/6.(43) 27 g. N354/10.(44) 27 h. S524A/30.(45-6) 27 i. B103A/9;U511A2/22.(47)27 j. R275A/9.(48-51)27 k. S437/49;H31/33;U499/29;U493/11.(52) 27 1. U499/31.(53-4)27 m. U519/24;S524B/22.(55)27 n. U511C1/14.(56) 27 o. S509/13.(57)27 p. P264/24.(58-60) 27 q. U499/30;U519/19;F147/5.(61-2)28 a. R526/12;R526/11.(63) 29 a. R526/33.(64) 29 b. N193/14.(65) 29 f. Bin D/8.

Figure 14.7

Fig. 14.7.Archaicand classicalpottery P268/2+ 12-14;S458/2;B103A/2;R281d/8; types.(1-12)30 a. R.275/2; Γ277/33;U499/83;R420/4;R281D/7;S437/44;S437/43;U511A2/1.

Figure 14.8

Fig. 14.8.Archaicand classicalpottery 8437/45^367/2.(4-7) 30 b. S524A/4;S509/2;U3001/7; types.(1-3)30 a. LS 10071/18; M325/1+ 2 + 3. (8-12)30 c. S437/2;P272/5+ 6; K200/2;U490AB/4;U511A2/3.(13-16)30 d. 01173/18; K419/3;R526/2; Γ276/ΐ.(17)30 e. J221/32. (18-22)30 f. U3023/2;P272/2;U491/8;T470/4;118B/8.(23)30 g. T512b/i.

Figure 14.9

FlG.14.9.Archaicand classicalpottery types.(1-2)30 h. LS 10818/1;D96/16.(3) 30 j. S509/38.(4) 30 k. τοηη/ι+ ιη.(5-7)31 a. R275/3;S458/3;H40/8.(8) 31 b. N183/2.(9) 31 c. R275A/5.(10)31 d. M347/2.(11)33 b. R281D/44.(12)33 c. K203/1.(13)35 a. U531/2.(14)35 b. U490AX/91.(15)35 d. U491/21.(16)35 h. P262/31.

Figure 14.10

FlG.14.10.Archaicand classicalpottery types.(1-2)30 i. S524A/15;R275A/39·(3~6) 3* a· r277/35iM325/i3;S509/7;S437/62. (7-9) 34· NI93/3+ 45R526/69;N193/2.(10-11)37 a. N503/11;Γ277/34.(i2) 37 b. R282/5.(13-14)37 d. Bin D/23 + 24; C169/24.(15)37 e. S458/15.(16-17)37 i. R526/15;R275/18.(18-19)38 a. R281a/8; p288 a/ 14.(20) 38 f. M194/16.(21)39 a. S460/10.(22)39 b. N415a/iii. (23-4)39 d. N415A/118;N415c/i. (25)39 e. N415A/9.(26) 39 g. N415A/77.(27)39 h· s437/65(28-31)41 a. S524A/14;S524A/13;P262/13; J367/13.

Figure 14.ιι

Fig. 14.11.Archaicand classicalpottery types.(1-12)36 a. U491/28;P268/9;U490AM/46;R275A/41;R275A/13;R275/10;S524 R518/2.(17-19)36 d. S509/15; B/23;R457/13;U491/28;J224/21;S437/50;S508/4.(13-16)36 c. R425/24;N415a/i; M194/11; S508/11;U500A3/6;H26/1.(28-9) 36 g. U499/27; R526/48;S437/54.(20-7)36 f. P262/69;P262/56;S508/?;H31/6;J221/16; J221/12. (30-2)36 h. J224/4;N415A/2;R294/3.(33-4) 36 j. P285/1;A118c/18. (35-6) 36 1. M357/10;R526/22.(37-8)36 b. H31/31;U511A2/57.(39) 36 k. S524B/21.(40-2) 44 a. Ci 14/32;K200/8;U494A/2.

Figure 14.12

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Fig. 14.12.Archaicand classicalpottery types,(i) 42 a. R275/8.(2) 42 b. P262/67.(3-7) 42 c. P262/68;N187/4;N503/1;P268/1; M194/2.(8-9) 42 d. U493/5;N415A/18.(10-11)42 e. U506/6;S437/1.(12)42 g. U511A2/57.

Figure 14.13

Fig. 14.13.Archaicand classicalpottery types.(1-3) 42 h. R275a/ 14;P268/8;N187/14.(4-9) 42 i. R427/26;R282/6;J227/3; J221/13; U506/44;S437/55.(10-11)42 j. U499/35;R281D/27.(12-13)43 a. R275A/6;Bin c/6. (14)43 b.j23i/2. (15)43 c. S431/1+ 2. (16-17)43 g. S437/8;U519/1.

Figure 14.14

Fig. 14.14.Archaicand classicalpottery types,(i) 43 e. LS 10410/4.(2-3) 43 f. M322B/18;S524B/9.(4-6) 43 j. U493/13; P268/25;R461A/4.(7) 43 k. H31/4.(8) 43 1. N183/13.

Figure 14.15

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Figure 14.16

Fig. 14.16.Archaicand classicalpottery types,(i) 52 a. R275/9.(2-3) 52 b. ^77/5; H31/12.(4) 52 c. H31/5.(5) 53 a. U3001/13. (6) 53 b. P272/49.(7-8) 53 d. S524B/57;D96/1.(9) 53 e. Bin g/i. (10-16)51. S509/19;S437/56;M325/16;R281D/26;P261/2; U511ci/20; Γ277/6.(17)54. D301/1.(18)55 a. R281A/12.(19-20)56 b. P279/10;U499/15.(21)56 d. S437/63.(22)56 e. L400/11. (23)59 a. P261/38.(24-5)59 b. N415A/97;N4!5A/40·(26-7)59 c· n4ï5 a/42; N415A/41.(28) 59 e. N415A/39.(29-30)59 f· J367/10; J367/14.(31-3)59 g. K414B/15;S437/57;S524A/31.(34)59 h. Q360 AH/14.

Fig. 14.17.Archaicand classicalpottery types.(1-2)57 a. J224/1;U511ci/52. (3-4) 57 b. R281D/15;U494B/5.(5-6) 57 c. D301/14;U499/91.(7-8) 57 d. Bin C/5;Bin c/4. (9) 57 f. P264/7.(10)57 g. S524B/io. (11)57 h. N415A/20.(12)57 i. S524 a/io. (13-14)57 k. U491/33;U506/45.(15-16)57 n. R282/17;S440/20.(17)57 p. U499/70.(18-19)57 q. Bin c/19; P272/48. All at 1 : 5. (20-1)58 a. M321B/61;R281D/14.(22-3)58 b. R461A/5;R526/26.(24-5)58 c. M321B/64;N193/11.

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Fig. 15.6.Hellenisticpottery types.(1-2) 25 a. F140/7;K239/10.(3-4).25 b. H39/3;M175/26.(5) 27. Bin A/52.(6-9) 28. N192/14;M321B/51;K407/8;U511c/13. (10)29. K407/38.(11)30. H60/7.(12)31 b. M321B/20.(13-14)32. Í4/8;J212/1.

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Figure 17.8

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PLATE 13. Small finds,(a) 62. Pregnant female, N415 sf 83. (b) 86. Head of female figurine,L'4O,2ASF 1. (c) 10a. Tuyère,J67 SF 2. (d) 109. Head of bronze pin, h62 SF 1.

Plate 14

PLATE 14.Smallfinds,(a) in. Fragment ofbronzecandelabrum,K247CSF2. (b) 115. Tritartemorion fromElis,Bin SF 12, reverse, (c) 116. SilverdrachmaofAlexanderIII, e8i SF 1: (i) obverse;(ii)reverse, (id)121. Silverpara ofAhmedIII, eygSF 1: (i) obverse;(ii)reverse.

Plate 15

PLATE 15.Architectural and sculptural (a) i. Partofrevetment (reverseside).H45.11SF 1. (b)4. Piece ofcarvedstone. fragments, J67SF4. (c) 10. Partoffriezeblock.J67SF20. (d) 17. PartofDoric column.j68 SF 11.

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