Dietary Fat - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

DIETARY FAT A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Dietary Fat: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83888-7 1. Dietary Fat-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on dietary fat. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DIETARY FAT ............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Dietary Fat.................................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 64 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 68 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DIETARY FAT ................................................................................ 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Finding Nutrition Studies on Dietary Fat................................................................................. 113 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 117 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 117 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DIETARY FAT .......................................................... 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 125 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 132 General References ..................................................................................................................... 156 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DIETARY FAT ............................................................................ 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Dissertations on Dietary Fat...................................................................................................... 157 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 159 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND DIETARY FAT ....................................................................... 161 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 161 Recent Trials on Dietary Fat...................................................................................................... 161 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 166 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON DIETARY FAT ....................................................................................... 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169 Patents on Dietary Fat............................................................................................................... 169 Patent Applications on Dietary Fat ........................................................................................... 199 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 233 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON DIETARY FAT ........................................................................................... 235 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 235 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 235 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 237 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 244 Chapters on Dietary Fat............................................................................................................. 245 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON DIETARY FAT ................................................................................ 249 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 249 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 249 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DIETARY FAT ............................................................. 253 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 253 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 253 Newsletters on Dietary Fat ........................................................................................................ 256 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 257 Academic Periodicals covering Dietary Fat ............................................................................... 258 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 259 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 259 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 259 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 261 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 265 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 265

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NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 265 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 267 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 270 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 271 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 271 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 271 Associations and Dietary Fat..................................................................................................... 278 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 279 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 281 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 281 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 281 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 281 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 281 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 287 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 287 DIETARY FAT DICTIONARY.................................................................................................... 289 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 367

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with dietary fat is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about dietary fat, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to dietary fat, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on dietary fat. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to dietary fat, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on dietary fat. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DIETARY FAT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on dietary fat.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and dietary fat, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Comparison of High-and Low-Glycemic-Index Breakfast Cereals with Monounsaturated Fat in the Long-Term Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72(2): 439-449. August 2000. Contact: Available from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Production Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 530-7038. Fax (301) 571-8303. Website: www.ajcn.org. Summary: Results of research studies using 6 week intervals suggest that high carbohydrate diets are deleterious for people with type 2 diabetes. This article reports on a study undertaken to see whether long term replacement of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) with carbohydrate from breakfast cereals with either a high or a low glycemic index (GI) affected blood glucose (sugar) and lipids (fats) in subjects with type

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2 diabetes. Subjects with type 2 diabetes (n = 91) were randomly assigned to receive approximately 10 percent of energy from a low GI breakfast cereal, a high GI cereal, or oil or margarine containing MUFA for six months. Eating breakfast cereal was prohibited for the subjects in the MUFA group. The trial was completed by 72 subjects. The subjects who received cereals consumed approximately 10 percent more energy from carbohydrate than did the subjects in the MUFA group. Changes in glycated hemoglobin, body weight, and fasting cholesterol and triacylglycerol did not differ significantly among groups. HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol increased by approximately 10 percent in the MUFA group compared with subjects who consumed either high or low GI cereals. During 8 hour metabolic profiles, mean plasma insulin was higher and mean free fatty acids were lower in the 2 cereal groups than in the MUFA group. The authors conclude that a 10 percent increase in carbohydrate intake associated with breakfast cereal consumption had no deleterious effects on glycemic control or blood lipids over 6 months in subjects with type 2 diabetes. The increase in plasma insulin and the reduction in free fatty acids associated with higher carbohydrate intake may reduce the rate of progression of diabetes. 6 figures. 5 tables. 51 references. •

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71(1 Supplement): 339S-342S. January 2000. Contact: Available from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Production Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 530-7038. Fax (301) 571-8303. Website: www.ajcn.org. Summary: The rationale for supplementation with n-3 fatty acids to promote the health of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract lies in the antiinflammatory effects of these lipid (fat) compounds. The first evidence of the importance of dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was derived from epidemiological observations of the low incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Eskimos. This article briefly reviews the literature on the use of n-3 fatty acids in IBD (ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease), the results of which are controversial. The discrepancies between studies may reside in the different study designs used as well as in the various formulations and dosages used, some of which may lead to a high incidence of side effects. Choosing a formulation that lowers the incidence of side effects, selecting patients carefully, and paying strict attention to experimental design are critical when investigating further the therapeutic potential of these lipids in inflammatory bowel disease. 1 figure. 27 references.

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How to Cut Back on Saturated Fat Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 14(6): 44-46, 48-50. November-December 1997. Summary: This article focuses on ways to limit saturated fat and cholesterol intake. The authors point out that recent clinical studies have shown beneficial effects of a diet low in saturated fat and high in monounsaturated fat. Based on the data from these studies, this type of diet improves blood glucose control and lowers blood insulin levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Topics include triglycerides, fat versus carbohydrate, calculating fat intake, and food records and monitoring. According to the authors, clinical research and experiences since 1986 have shown that diets high in carbohydrates tend to increase plasma triglycerides, lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the 'good' cholesterol), and have no favorable impact on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the 'bad' cholesterol), especially in people with type 2

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diabetes. Accumulated scientific evidence now suggests that diets that contain up to 35 percent of total calories from fat, in which the composition of fat has been modified to reduce saturated fat and dietary cholesterol, appear to offer the best overall control of blood glucose and blood lipid metabolism in people who have diabetes. Nutrition experts recommend that people eat a variety of foods from each food group to ensure that their diet includes a variety of nutrients. The authors conclude that people should try decreasing the total carbohydrate and replacing it with monounsaturated fat if a meal plan high in carbohydrates routinely leads to high blood glucose. A table lists the calories, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and cholesterol of various foods in the following categories: beef, pork, poultry, seafood, dairy, eggs, nuts, fats and oils, and other. A sample meal plan for one day, which provides about 2,000 calories, and a short list of reference materials are also included. 2 tables. (AA-M). •

Dietary Fat Intake as Risk Factor for the Development of Diabetes Source: Diabetes Care. 26(2): 302-307. February 2003. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reports on a study that investigated the role of dietary factors in the development of type 2 diabetes. In the context of the Multinational MGSD Nutrition Study, three groups of subjects were studied: 204 subjects with recently diagnosed diabetes (RDM), 42 subjects with undiagnosed diabetes (UDM), and 55 subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Compared with control subjects, RDM more frequently had a family history of diabetes (49.0 versus 14.2 percent), exercised less, and more frequently had sedentary professions (47.5 versus 27.4 percent). Carbohydrates contributed less to their energy intake, whereas total fat and animal fat contributed more and the plant-to-animal fat ratio was lower. UDM more frequently had a family history of diabetes (38.1 percent versus 19.0 percent) and sedentary professions (58.5 percent versus 34.1 percent), carbohydrates contributed less to their energy intake, total fat and animal fat contributed more, and the plant-to-animal fat ratio was lower. IFG differed only in the prevalence of family history of diabetes (32.7 percent versus 16.4 percent). The authors conclude that these data support the view that increased animal fat intake is associated with the presence of diabetes. 1 figure. 2 tables. 36 references.

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Dietary Fat and Meat Intake in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men Source: Diabetes Care. 25(3): 417-424. March 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to examine dietary fat and meat intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes. The authors prospectively followed 42,504 male participants of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were aged 40 to 75 years and free of diagnosed diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in 1986. Diet was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire and updated in 1990 and 1994. During 12 years of follow up, the authors ascertained 1,321 incident (new) cases of type 2 diabetes. Intakes of total fat and saturated fat were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. However, these associations disappeared after additional adjustment for body mass index (BMI). Intakes of oleic acid, trans fat, long chain n-3 fat, and alpha linolenic acid were not associated with diabetes risk after multivariate adjustment. Linoleic acid was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in men less than 65

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years of age and in men with a BMI less than 25 kilograms per meter squared, but not in older and obese men. Frequent consumption of processed meat was associated with a higher risk for type 2 diabetes. The authors conclude that total and saturated fat intake were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, but these associations were not independent of BMI. 4 tables. 50 references. •

Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Diabetic Dyslipidemia: Part I Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 6(5): 289-311. September/October 1993. Summary: This From Research to Practice section of Diabetes Spectrum focuses on the impact of nonpharmalogical treatment of the lipid abnormalities associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). One research article (with commentaries) discusses the prevention of NIDDM by diet and physical exercise as researched in the 6-year Malmo Feasibility Study. In addition, the section includes summaries of four studies (with commentaries) on the effects of changing dietary carbohydrate; carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; metabolic effects of substitution of complex carbohydrates for saturated fat in individuals with obesity and NIDDM; and the use of a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet to lower plasma lipids and lipoproteins without producing hypertriglyceridemia. 2 figures. 2 tables. 127 references.

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Transplantation and Hyperlipidemia: What Is It and Why Should I Be Concerned? Source: Stadtlanders Lifetimes. Issue 3: 18-19. 2000. Contact: Available from Stadtlanders Lifetimes. Stadtlanders Pharmacy, 600 Penn Center Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5810. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This health newsletter article reviews hyperlipidemia (increased cholesterol or triglycerides in the blood) and its occurrence in transplant recipients. The author notes that organ preservation, surgical technique, postoperative care, and effective immunosuppressants are improving the life of the transplanted organ, but recipients are still succumbing to cardiovascular illness. Hyperlipidemia can occur early after the transplant procedure. Coronary artery disease (CAD), when the arteries supplying the heart become blocked with fatty substances, is the most worrisome effect of hyperlipidemia. In addition to some immunosuppressants, other medications that transplant recipients are often prescribed have been known to cause or worsen hyperlipidemia. The author stresses the importance of exercise as a way to combat high cholesterol levels in the blood. Exercise not only is beneficial on the lipid profile, but also reduces total body weight, strengthens muscle tone, and improves cardiovascular performance. Reducing saturated fat in the diet appears to have the most effect in the overall reduction of cholesterol. For patients whose hyperlipidemia is not controlled by at least three months of dietary therapy, treatment with medications should be considered. The author reviews the use of specific drugs (the 'statins') for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and concerns about rhabdomyloysis (a breakdown of the skeletal muscle tissue, with the inability to clear the breakdown products through the kidney). The author concludes by encouraging readers to educate themselves and to work closely with their transplant team on the appropriate management of hyperlipidemia.

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Dietary Fat and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Iowa Women Source: Diabetes Care. 24(9): 1528-1535. August 2001.

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Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This review article describes a study, the Iowa Women's Health Study, that examined the associations between reported intakes of dietary fat and incident type 2 diabetes. The study population consisted of 35,988 women aged 55 to 69 years old who initially did not have diabetes. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. The baseline questionnaire also obtained information on known or suspected risk factors for diabetes, including age, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking history. The women were followed for 11 years, and 1,890 incident cases of diabetes occurred during this time. After adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, WHR, physical activity, demographic factors, and dietary magnesium and cereal fiber, diabetes incidence was negatively associated with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, vegetable fat, and trans fatty acids and positively associated with omega-3 fatty acids, cholesterol, and the Keys score. After simultaneous adjustment for other dietary fat, only vegetable fat remained clearly related to diabetes risk. Relative risks across quintiles of vegetable fat intake were 1.00, 0.90, 0.87, 0.84, and 0.82. Diabetes risk was also inversely related to substituting polyunsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids and positively correlated to the Keys dietary score. The article concludes that the data support an inverse relationship between incident type 2 diabetes and vegetable fat. In addition, substituting polyunsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids appeared to reduce the rate of diabetes. 3 tables. 48 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Dietary Fat The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to dietary fat. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to dietary fat. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore dietary fat. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for dietary fat: •

Project Title: ACCURATE NONINVASIVE TEST OF STEATORRHEA IN INFANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Janghorbani, Morteza; Biochemanalysis Corporation 2201 W Campbell Park Dr Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2005

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by the applicant): The long-term objectives of this proposed project are to develop a "Test Kit" for quantitative assessment of steatorrhea in infants without the need for control of dietary fat intake and quantitative collections of stools for several days as is the case with the current "Gold Standard," viz, the 72-hour fecal fat method. Our proposed "Test Kit" is based on administering a feeding of infant formula containing a suitably labeled 13C-triglyceride (TG), a trace amount of the nonabsorbable marker dysprosium chloride (DyC1-3) and the visual marker Brilliant Blue followed by laboratory analysis of Dy and 13C-Excess in one or more sample(s) of stool containing the visual marker. The research conducted during Phase-I of this grant has led to the selection of 1,3-(13C-2) dipalmitoyl, 2-lauryl glycerol (P*LP*) as the most suitable TG* for applications in infants. During Phase II of the project, we propose to conduct clinical protocols with cystic fibrosis and healthy infants in order to: (1) define the parameters of the expected linear correlation between fecal excretion of P*LP* and fecal fat, (2) demonstrate the significance of this novel method in medical management of infants with steatorrhea, and (3) obtain research data necessary for the manufacture of a safe and noninvasive "Test Kit" for accurate assessment of steatorrhea in infants. The "Test Kit" has widespread applications in clinical management of infants with a wide range of disorders leading to steatorrhea. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ADIPOSITY SIGNALS IN DIETARY OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Woods, Stephen C.; Director, Obestiy Research Center; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: Obesity and its associated pathologies are a major health problem throughout the world. And in spite of years of focused research, two conclusions are inescapable. The first is that the health-care community has only ineffective treatments to offer, relegating obese individuals and their societies to a lifetime of psychological, medical and economic hardship. The second and more sobering is that the incidence of obesity continues to rise, the rate being accelerated in countries as they become economically more self-sufficient. One factor thought to contribute to this is a high level of dietary fat intake. The goal of Project 2, like that of the entire Program Project, is to begin defining the mechanisms underlying in a rigorous and systematic way the changes that occur in the body when a diet high in fat is consumed. The overall goal of Project 2 is to evaluate several hypotheses concerning the adiposity-related negative feedback signals that are critical in the regulatory process that governs adiposity. Specifically, I hypothesize that chronic consumption of a high-fat diet reduces the ability of the adiposity signals, insulin and leptin, to cross the blood-brain barrier, such that the brain receives an inaccurate (in fact, relatively reduced) signal regarding body fat content. I further hypothesize that chronic consumption of a high-fat diet lowers the sensitivity of the brain to leptin and insulin. There are three specific aims. 1) To evaluate the hypothesis that chronic consumption of high-fat diet reduces the sensitivity of the brain to intraventricularly (ivt) administered insulin and leptin. 2) To evaluate the hypothesis that chronic consumption of a high-fat diet reduces the insulin- and leptin-induced augmentation of cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced reduces of single-meal size. 3) To evaluate the hypothesis that the transport of insulin and leptin form plasma into the central nervous system (CNS) is compromised in animals fed a high-fat diet chronically. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANDROGEN PATHWAY FACTORS AND PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Witte, John S.; Professor; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer is a common, but complex disease. Risk factors for this disease are not yet fully understood, but may involve both genetic and environmental influences. These factors may act alone, or in combination, to increase risk of prostate cancer. Some of the most promising potential risk factors are those involved with androgen metabolism, which drives prostate cell growth and differentiation. Therefore, in the following specific aims we propose an epidemiologic study of the relation between prostate cancer and two factors that may affect the androgen metabolism pathway: candidate genes and dietary fat. Specific Aim 1. Our first aim is to investigate the impact of novel or little studied polymorphisms in the following ten androgen pathway candidate genes on prostate cancer risk: 1) CYP3A4; 2) 5a-reductase II; 3) CYP1 7; 4) the Androgen Receptor; 5) Kallikrein 3; 6) 3Betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase II; 7) CYP1 la; 8) CYP19; 9) Insulin-like Growth Factor-I; and 10) CYP1B1 Specific Aim 2. This aim will expand our consideration of the androgen pathway by investigating the relation between prostate cancer risk and consumption of polyunsaturated dietary fat, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid and alphalinoleic acid. Specific Aim 3. Our third aim is to synthesize the information on candidate genes and dietary fats studied here by looking at their joint and interactive effects on prostate cancer risk. We will use both a conventional analysis, and a hierarchical modeling approach, which will attempt to improve our estimates of risk by incorporating into the analysis biologic information about the affect of these candidate genes and dietary fat on the androgen pathway. To fulfill these specific aims, we will use existing information from a sibling-based study of 455 cases and 488 controls Our comprehensive evaluation of androgen pathway factors should help clarify the impact of these genetic and dietary factors on prostate cancer. Ultimately, findings from such work will help lead to individualized screening that expressly reflects a man's risk of prostate cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MARKERS

BARRETTS

ESOPHAGUS--DIET

INTERVENTION/INTERMED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Reid, Brian J.; Associate Professor; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 21-SEP-1995; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by a metaplastic columnar epithelium. It develops as a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease and predisposes to the development of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Barrett's associated adenocarcinomas are the most rapidly increasing cancers in the United States, but they are rarely discovered in time for Cure. Intensive endoscopic biopsy surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus can detect early, potentially curable Barrett's adenocarcinomas, but such surveillance is costly and time consuming. Dietary recommendations including a low-fat diet and weight reduction are an accepted part of standard medical therapy for patients with gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett's esophagus, but the efficacy of this diet in reversing intermediate endpoints of neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus and decreasing symptoms and mucosal damage

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associated with reflux has never been established in a randomized, clinical trial. The specific aims of this application for a cooperative agreement are to determine whether a dietary intervention to reduce the intake of dietary fat, increase the intake of fruits and vegetables, and reduce weight can l) reverse intermediate endpoints of neoplastic progression (increased G1 and S phase fractions) in Barrett's esophagus, and 2) lead to partial regression of premalignant metaplasia (as evidenced by the development of islands of normal squamous epithelium in the metaplastic columnar epithelium). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOBEHAVIORAL HYPERPHAGIA

MECHANISMS

OF

HIGH-FAT

DIET

Principal Investigator & Institution: Warwick, Zoe S.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Maryland Balt Co Campus Baltimore, Md 21250 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The reduction of fat intake by Americans has been identified as a major public health goal, since excessive consumption of fat has been linked to numerous negative health consequences including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and some types of cancer. Thus, there is compelling need to identify the behavioral mechanisms and dietary attributes which foster overconsumption (hyperphagia) of high-fat foods. The proposed studies will utilize an animal model to determine the independent and interactive contributions to oral sensations (palatability), caloric density, and the unique postingestive effects of dietary fat to the control of intake. This will be accomplished by systematically manipulating each of these variables while holding the others constant, and examining the impact on both short-term measures of ingestive behavior (meal size and postprandial satiety) and long-term (16 day) intake relative to controls fed a highcarbohydrate, low-fat diet. The use of liquid diets allows easy manipulations of dietary attributes, and also permits isolation of oral and postingestive influences on intake via the techniques of sham feeding and intragastric feeding, respectively. These methods will eliminate the confounding of dietary variables that has been unavoidable in traditional oral-feeding studies, and thus will enable an unbiased assessment of the relationship of each variable to intake. Humans exhibit individual differences in the accuracy with which caloric intake is regulated when consuming a high-fat diet, as do rats. An additional goal is to determine whether short-term measures of ingestive behavior are useful predictors of individual differences in the magnitude of high-fat diet hyperphagia. To determine whether discrete measures correlate with individual differences in the magnitude of high-diet hyperphagia, taste responsivity to fat (via sham-feeding), meal size, and postprandial satiety (via a preloading paradigm) will be obtained prior to lad lib consumption of a high-fat diet. Identification of a behavioral marker(s) for susceptibility to overeating, such as abnormally large meal size or reduced sensitivity to the satiating effect of fat, would be clinically valuable if a similar predictive relationship were then found in humans. Together, results from these studies will provide a greater understanding of how and why high-fat diets promote excessive intake and weight gain by focusing on both the specific dietary attributes that elicit overeating, and the behavioral mechanisms through which the hyperphagia is expressed. An increased understanding of the underlying determinants of high-fat diet hyperphagia has the potential to inform and positively impact clinical and public health strategies aimed at promoting a healthier level of fat intake. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CANDIDATE SELECTION QTL

GENE

ANALYSIS

FOR

11

MACRONUTRIENT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith-Richards, Brenda; Lsu Pennington Biomedical Research Ctr 6400 Perkins Rd Baton Rouge, La 70808 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is a direct continuation of our previous grant directed at the genetic mapping of QTL controlling macronutrient selection in the C67BL/6J and CAST/Ei mouse inbred strains which differ markedly in their self-selected intake of macronutrient diets. A genome-wide scan revealed significant linkage for traits representing self-selected fat and carbohydrate intake on chromosome 6, 8, 17, 18 and X. Loci on chromosome 17 and 18 were linked also to total energy intake when body weight was used as a covariate. These are the first QTL for food preference or total energy intake that have been mapped in the mouse. The overall goal of the current proposal is to identify candidate genes underlying Mnif1, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for dietary fat intake located on chromosome 8, and Mnic1 on chromosome 17 for carbohydrate and kilocalorie intake. In Aim 1, we will isolate and narrow the Mnif1 and Mnic1 intervals to a size suitable for the positional candidate approach, by developing B6.CAST congenic and subcongenic lines. In Aim 2, gene expression microarrays will be used to identify candidate genes. The probes for the microarrays will consist of cDNA from tissues of the recipient strain (B6) and the interval-specific subcongenic strains (B6.CAST) developed in our laboratory, mRNA will be harvested from tissues important in the regulation of food intake phenotypes, i.e, hypothalamus, solitary tract nucleus/area postrema, liver, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, adipocyte, muscle. First, a genome-wide gene expression screen will be performed using a mouse oligonucleotide array (16,463 genes from UniGene) now ready and available from the PBRC Genomics Core. Thus we will characterize transcriptional differences that occur upstream or downstream from effects of genes within the QTL. These data will provide an entry point for modelling the process by which these feeding behaviors are controlled, and for identifying the most promising tissues to profile with the QTL-specific arrays. Next, custom arrays will be designed for the purpose of performing comprehensive analyses of the transcriptional activity of all mouse and human genes present in the subcongenic intervals for the QTL controlling fat intake on Chr 8 (Mnif1) and carbohydrate intake on Chr 17 (Mnic1). Knowledge of the biology of the feeding traits and analysis of differentially expressed genes within and outside of the QTL will help us reduce the number of candidates to a very few and select those that deserve further investigation for a functional role in determining the phenotype. Candidate gene identification will enhance our understanding of the regulation of food intake. Finding genes regulating macronutrient intake in mice will help us to understand the contribution of genetic versus environmental factors affecting food preferences in humans. This should lead to valuable insights into obesity and diabetes, and new approaches for modifying macronutrient selection that could be useful in controlling weight gain or promoting weight loss. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CARBOHYDRATE APPETITE, FAT APPETITE AND OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Sclafani, Anthony; Distinguished Professor; Psychology; Brooklyn College 2900 Bedford Ave New York, Ny 11210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 30-JUN-2006

12

Dietary Fat

Summary: This project will investigate the psychobiological factors that influence the preference for and consumption of carbohydrate-rich and fat-rich foods. There has been considerable concern that diets high in simple carbohydrates, and even more so high in fat, promote human disease and obesity. Laboratory research has documented that highsugar and high- fat foods promote overeating, overweight, and obesity in animals. However, the psychobiological mechanisms responsible for these effects remain incompletely understood. Of particular importance are the determinants of food choice: why do animals (including humans) select sugar- and fat-rich foods when many food options are available? The orosensory properties (flavor) of high-sugar and high-fat foods are clearly attractive to animals. It is now known that the postingestive actions of these nutrients significantly enhance carbohydrate and fat appetites. Until recently, postingestive nutrient actions were considered to be exclusively inhibitory (satiating) in nature, but recent findings demonstrate that nutrients have positive (reinforcing) postingestive consequences that influence food choice and consumption by conditioning flavor preferences and acceptance. The specific aims of this project are to (1) Investigate the relationship between nutrient reinforcement and satiety in learned food preferences. (2) Determine the effects of deprivation state on conditioned flavor preference and acceptance. (3) Reveal the effects of nutrient reinforcement on consummatory, appetitive and instrumental behaviors. (4) Evaluate the unconditioned stimuli in nutrientconditioned flavor preferences. (5) Investigate the central neural mediation of flavornutrient preference conditioning. This research involves the fields of psychobiology, neuroscience, nutrition, and gastrointestinal physiology. It will advance our basic knowledge of the psychobiology of carbohydrate and fat appetite and the development of food preferences. The findings may provide practical benefits for current attempts to alter dietary fat and carbohydrate intake and control adiposity in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CD36 AND INTESTINAL FAT ABSORPTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Abumrad, Nada A.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): In 1993 we identified the membrane protein CD36 as a transporter for long-chain fatty acids (FA). A wealth of evidence supporting such a role was subsequently obtained by us and by others. Recent work with animal models of CD36 deficiency or overexpression documented that, in vivo, CD36 mediates greater than 60 percent of FA transport in key tissues. In humans, CD36 deficiency was linked to defects of myocardial FA uptake and to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This proposal is based on the hypothesis that CD36 plays an important role in lipid absorption in the small intestine, based on several pieces of evidence. First, CD36 has been documented to facilitate FA uptake and esterification in key tissues where it is highly expressed and its expression levels in the intestine are very high. Second, in the small intestine CD36 is highest in the jejunum and is localized apically in the upper two thirds of microvilli enterocytes, where most FA are absorbed. Third, our preliminary data indicate that CD36 null mice exhibit a delayed and low response of plasma triglycerides (TG) after an oral fat load. Our aims are to define the defect in absorption and chylomicron production in CD36 null mice. The importance of CD36 to fat absorption and energy metabolism overall will be assessed from examining susceptibility of CD36 null and wild type mice, where intestinal CD36 will be specifically inhibited, to high fat dietinduced obesity. Other studies with CD36 null mice and with Caco 2 cells infected with an adenoviral construct containing CD26, will explore the role of Cd36 in directing the

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FA to chylomicron production and in determining polarity of FA metabolism in the enterocyte. The work will contribute to the understanding of intestinal FA absorption and of FA metabolism in enterocytes. It may help design new approaches aimed at preventing the obesity induced by consumption of high dietary fat. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CNS MECHANSIMS IN DIETARY OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Seeley, Randy J.; Professor; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: This project is aimed at elucidating CNS mechanisms that underlie the increase in body adipose mass that is associated with consuming a diet high in dietary fat. CNS systems involved in food intake can be conceptually divided into two categories, anabolic and catabolic. Anabolic effectors are those than when activated, elicit increased food intake, decreased energy expenditure, and consequently increased stored energy in the form of adipose tissue mass. Catabolic effector pathways do just the opposite: decrease food intake, increase energy expenditure and result in decreased adipose tissue mass. A critical part of this feedback model is that hormones responsive to the level of adiposity inhibit anabolic pathways while activating catabolic pathways, and that the balance between these pathways that ultimately the animal's ingestive behavior and defended level of adiposity. The guiding hypothesis underlying this proposal is that high-fat diets increase activity in anabolic effector pathways and/or decrease activity in catabolic effector pathways and thereby produce and maintain a long-lasting and non-compensated mismatch between caloric intake and caloric expenditure. The dietary model and 5 basic groups for individual experiments we propose to use a variety of single and double-labeling techniques in addition to CNS application of peptides to accomplish 3 specific aims: 1) To evaluate the hypothesis that the high-fat diet alters the activity and/or signaling of arcuate nucleus neurons sensitive to the adiposity signals, insulin and leptin. 2) To evaluate the hypothesis that maintenance on a high-fat diet decreases catabolic activity and/or signaling in the paraventricular nucleus. 3) To evaluate the hypothesis that maintenance on a high-fat diet alters sensitivity to a variety of hypothalamic peptides when administered into the CNS. Understanding how brain mechanisms associated with the normal regulation of food intake and body weight are altered by high-fat diets is a critical component to understanding how high-fat diets promote obesity. Information from the execution of these experiments will provide insight into these mechanisms and point to potential novel therapeutic strategies particularly when combined with information from the other 2 projects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COMMUNITY-SITE CORONARY RISK CONTROL IN BLACK FAMILIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Becker, Diane M.; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: This study tests the effectiveness of Neighborhood Health Worker/Nurse Case Management compared with usual care (referral to usual primary care source) for the management of coronary heart disease risk factors in African American siblings of persons with premature coronary disease. Index patients with documented coronary

14

Dietary Fat

disease prior to 60 years of age will be recruited from 7 Baltimore hospitals to identify 480 siblings to be screened to identify those with a criterion risk factor (LDL- cholesterol greater than 130 mg/dl, blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg, and/or cigarette smoking) (n=433). Eligible siblings are those between 30 and 60 years of age with no known coronary disease. Siblings with criterion risk factors after screening will be randomly assigned by family to receive care in the community by a case management team consisting of a Neighborhood Health Worked guided by a nurse and cardiologist, or to receive usual care. Siblings will be followed one year after screening to determine the proportion in each group who meet goal levels of blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, dietary fat, physical activity, and smoking cessation. The study builds on prior work in both the African American community and in siblings that shows that 1.) nurse managed care produces more successful risk reduction, 2.) African Americans accept care in the community and from Neighborhood Health Workers, and 3.) sociocultural models of care are more likely to be successful in high risk African American families. The goal is to increase the proportion of high risk siblings who achieve goals based on national guidelines. This is one of the first studies to empirically examine a combination of community intervention for multiple risk factor reduction using indigenous workers and approaches which address the needs of individuals with a documented family history of premature coronary heart disease. Analysis will include the test of proportions achieving goals and multiple logistic regression analysis predicting favorable change, adjusted for intra-family clustering of baseline risk factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMPUTERIZED POPULATION PROGRAMS FOR THREE CANCER RISKS Principal Investigator & Institution: Velicer, Wayne F.; Co-Director; Cancer Prevention Research Ctr; University of Rhode Island 70 Lower College Road, Suite 2 Kingston, Ri 028810811 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The specific aims of this research project are (1) to replicate one of the most effective approaches to behavioral intervention, a series of expert system interventions, for both smoking cessation and reduction of dietary fat on a national sample; (2) to extend the intervention to the reduction of sedentary life style; (3) to develop and assess the effectiveness of an innovative automated counseling intervention, the TLC telecommunications system, applied to the same 3 behavioral risk factors; (4) to compare the effectiveness of the current modular expert system approach with an integrated expert system intervention, and (5) to determine the costeffectiveness of each of the 3 interventions. All subjects will be at risk for all 3 risk factors and all interventions would intervene on all 3 risk factors simultaneously. The modular expert system intervention involves 3 assessments, each followed by 3 separate feedback reports at 6-month intervals for each of the risk factors. The telecommunications system involves briefer assessments on each risk factor and counseling luring regular telephone contacts over a 12-month period. The integrated expert system intervention involves a single assessment on 3 occasions of all 3 risk factors followed by intervention on all 3 risk factors simultaneously in an attempt to increase efficiency and capitalize on the covariance between the behaviors. All 3 interventions are based on the Transtheoretical Model. The national sample would be 1600 subjects recruited throughout the continental United States using random digit dial telephone methodology. All interventions are designed to impact on a total population and a proactive recruitment procedure will be employed to recruit more than 75 percent

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of the eligible sample. The design is a 4-group (Control, Modular Expert System intervention, Telecommunications Intervention, Integrated Expert System Intervention) x 3 occasions (0, 12, and 24 months). Each behavioral risk factor will be intervened upon for 12 months and the 3 risk factors will be related simultaneously. The 3 interventions evaluated in this project have the potential to be easily disseminated at low costs to entire populations of at-risk individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--LIPIDS AND CHRONIC DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Krauss, Ronald M.; Senior Medical Scientist; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Overall Objectives of the Lipids and Chronic Diseases Research Core: High intakes of lipids and calories are associated with increased incidence and severity of chronic diseases including diabetes, obesity, certain cancers, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). As a consequence of high intakes of fat, lipid metabolism is altered and contributes to the initiation and development of disease processes. The disease process in turn alters metabolism further contributing to additional complications. One of the most prevalent risk factors and targets of therapy for these diseases is dyslipidemias, which are known to be affected by diet. Minority populations have disproportionately high incidences and morbidities of all chronic diseases and specifically prostate cancer (Powell and Meyskens 2001), diabetes (Kamel, Rodriguez-Saldana et al. 1999), asthma (Strunk, Ford et al. 2002), obesity (including childhood obesity (Crawford, Story et al. 2001), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Observations from the largest survey of dietary habits and health status in the U.S., the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), have established that older black and Mexican American women and black men were at greatest risk for CVD (Winkleby, Kraemer et al. 1998; Sundquist, Winkleby et al. 2001), paralleling the heightened risk of CVD among younger ethnic minority populations (Winkleby, Robinson et al. 1999). Multiple CVD risk factors, including plasma lipids as well as dietary fat, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, contribute to these ethnic differences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COUNSELING FOR OVERWEIGHT WOMEN FOR DIET AND ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Patrick, Kevin M.; Adjunct Professor; Student Health Services; San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, Ca 92182 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Improved physical activity (PA) and dietary behaviors show great promise to reduce risk of cancers, CVD, NIDDM and other diseases. Improvements in PA and nutrition are particularly important for the overweight, a condition now affecting more than 50 percent of Americans. There are few effective programs for treating overweight in primary care. In this project we will evaluate an integrated clinical and home- based intervention to improve PA and dietary behaviors in overweight (BMI 25-29.9) women. PACE+ has three integrated components, a computer assessment and action planner, provider counseling; and 12 months of extended phone and mail contact. Pilot study results (n=173) demonstrate that PACE+ shows substantial promise in improving dietary and PA behaviors We will recruit 360 overweight women age 18 to 45 seen in 4 healthcare settings. Subjects will be randomly assigned to PACE+ or a usual care,

16

Dietary Fat

delayed treatment control comparison condition. PACE+ targets three primary and three secondary behaviors: Primary: a) dietary quality (fruits and vegetables, vitamin C, carotenoids, and fiber); b) total dietary fat as a percent of energy consumed; and c) energy expenditure from moderate and vigorous physical activity during leisure-time. Secondary: a) recreational media use; b) overeating; c) saturated fat as percent of energy consumed. PACE+ also assesses stage of change and psychosocial mediators of behavior change. The PACE+ computer program guides patients to select one dietary and one PA target behavior for which they develop action or maintenance plans to discuss with the provider. The provider endorses or modifies the action plan and encourages participation in the extended phone and mail intervention. Phone counseling, mail and print materials guide the patient to use cognitive and behavioral skills to make changes in target behaviors. At six months subjects are reassessed over the phone and then continue to receive stage-appropriate intervention to address their new diet and PA goals. Primary outcomes ((a) a combined measure of energy expended in moderate and vigorous physical activity during leisure; ) an index of dietary quality encompassing increased fruits and vegetables and nutrient indicators of these foods; and (c) total dietary fat as a percent of energy consumed) will be assessed at baseline and 12 months with 7-day PA recall and food frequency questionnaires. Secondary outcomes and mediators of behavior change will be measured at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 months. Secondary outcomes include objective and self-report measures of PA and recreational media use and self-reported dietary behaviors (overeating; saturated fat intake as a percent of total energy consumed), BMI, skinfolds, waist circumference, psychosocial mediators of change. Exploratory assessment of plasma carotenoids and 24-hour dietary recall will be performed on a sub-sample of subjects to validate self report measures. The PACE+ intervention is particularly innovative in that three components - computer, primary care provider counseling, and an extended home-based intervention - are unified through a common theoretical framework. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DECREASING PREADOLESCENT

WEIGHT

GAIN

IN

AFRICAN-AMERICAN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Story, Mary; Professor; Epidemiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: The increased prevalence of many of the health problems of African American women has been linked to the high prevalence of obesity. Of great concern, the prevalence of obesity has been increasing among African American women with a similar pattern in African American girls. Since weight reduction weight is difficult to achieve in adulthood, there is an urgent need for prevention approaches geared towards children. This proposal describes a two-phase plan to develop and evaluate a community-based intervention that promotes healthy dietary practices and increased physical activity among at risk or overweight 8-10 year-old African American girls living in low- income neighborhoods in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St Paul, Minnesota. A randomized clinical trial design will be used with 300 African American girls; 150 will be individually randomized to the intervention group and 150 to the control group. The intervention program will take place after school, two afternoons a week in neighborhood community centers and will be based on social cognitive theory, incorporating a youth development, resiliency-based approach. Community involvement through the establishment of a Community Advisory Council will provide input into all aspects of the study. The intervention focuses on activities designed to

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model and teach skills to prevent obesity through regular physical activity and healthy eating and a family component designed to reinforce and support these behaviors. An effective and innovative culturally- appropriate intervention will be developed through formative assessment with girls, parents, community leaders and youth workers in the targeted communities. In Phase I, a 12-week pilot-test will be conducted with 50 girls; 25 randomized to the intervention and 25 to the control group. In Phase II, the two-year intervention will be conducted in five community centers, twice a week for 11 months. Main outcome measures will be body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (percent BF). The major hypothesis is that at the end of the full-scale study, girls in the intervention group, relative to girls in the control group, will have significantly lower BMI and percent BF after adjustment for baseline values. Secondary outcomes include physical activity level, total energy intake, percent intake from dietary fat, child and parent psychosocial factors related to diet and physical activity, blood cholesterol and blood pressure. Process measures will assess program implementation including measures of exposure, participation, compliance, receptivity, and fidelity of implementation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIET AND GENETIC RISKS FOR PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Neuhouser, Marian L.; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-JUN-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American men. Prostate cancer etiology remains elusive but there is growing evidence that dietary patterns are associated with prostate carcinogenesis. The most consistent dietary finding is that diets high in fat or high-fat foods increase risk and there is increasing evidence that compounds found in vegetables (e.g., lycopene, glucosinolates) decrease risk. However, results are not consistent across studies and there is no scientific consensus for specific dietary recommendations to reduce prostate cancer risk. Non-dietary factors associated with risk include age, race and family history. These and other risk factors may interact with dietary components and alter the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in the prostate. This proposal is for a comprehensive investigation into the associations of dietary fat, fruit and vegetable intakes and polymorphisms in genes that encode oxidative stress regulatory enzymes with the risk of prostate cancer. Our hypothesis is that dietary and other factors that increase oxidative stress (e.g., dietary fat, smoking) are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer; dietary factors that decrease oxidative stress are associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer; and the magnitude of these risks will vary by cancer susceptibility genetic profile. We will test whether polymorphisms in genes whose products affect tissue responses to oxidative stress influence prostate cancer risk, and whether there are interactions of these polymorphisms with dietary factors related to oxidative stress. Our study sample is the 12,025 male participants in CARET (The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial). To date, there are 718 confirmed cases of primary prostatic carcinoma. This proposed study will provide important information about prostate cancer etiology and suggest new strategies for prevention and control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Dietary Fat

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Project Title: DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERACTIONS IN OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hill, James O.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1990; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The current epidemic of obesity has occurred despite the existence of a body weight regulatory system which, for most of mankind's history, has matched energy intake with energy expenditure sufficiently to avoid obesity. This suggests that the primary cause of the current obesity epidemic is not genetic, but may be due to an environment in which the energy balance regulatory system cannot function with sufficient precision to keep the population lean. In this application, we propose research aimed at understanding how factors in the environment, namely high fat/energy dense diets and physical inactivity, can promote obesity by affecting the precision of regulation of energy and fat balance. It is our intent to identify dietary and physical activity patterns that are associated with increased precision of energy balance regulation and which can prevent development of obesity. Laboratory data suggest that high fat diets promote obesity by increasing the probability of overconsumption of total energy. Our first aim is to systematically examine the relationship between dietary fat and energy intake across a range of diet compositions in sedentary subjects. While this has been done for diets with extreme variation in dietary fat (i.e., less than or equal to 20 percent vs greater than or equal to 40-60 percent) it has not been done for dietary fat content within the range of usual consumption of U.S. adults (i.e. 20-40 percent fat diets). We hypothesize that this relationship will not be linear and that there will be a threshold level or a range of dietary fat associated with a low probability of increased energy intake and positive energy balance. This information will be useful in developing dietary guidelines for obesity prevention. Our second aim is to determine how level of physical activity interacts with dietary fat content to affect the likelihood of developing positive energy balance. We hypothesize that the optimum level of dietary fat to minimize the probability of positive energy balance will depend on level of physical activity and the optimum level of physical activity to minimize the likelihood of positive energy balance will vary with dietary fat content. This work will be among the first to study the interaction of dietary and physical activity patterns in promotion and prevention of obesity. The results will help identify the changes required in current dietary and physical activity patterns if we are going to be successful in preventing the development of obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DIET, COLON CANCER, AND CANCER COMMUNICATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Abouta, Jessie S.; Nutrition; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application describes a career development/transition plan for Jessie A. Satia, PhD, MPH, a newly appointed Assistant Professor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The candidate's overall career goal is to establish an interdisciplinary research career combining her background in epidemiology, nutrition, and laboratory sciences to conduct methodologic, observational, and intervention studies of diet and human cancers. In particular, she would like to conduct studies to identify risk factors for cancer and design appropriate interventions for prevention and control in minority and underserved populations. The candidate proposes a career development plan that

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includes: teaching and mentoring students; submitting research manuscripts and pilot project proposals; and a research plan (75% of her effort) with two proposed projects. Project 1 titled "Cancer Communications among African American Adolescents" aims to collect information necessary to design diet-related cancer prevention messages for African American adolescents; and evaluate the effectiveness of messages framed in different ways on knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and intentions to improve diet in this population. Qualitative methods will be used to collect information on various factors that affect dietary behavior among African American adolescents (14 to 16 years) in Durham, NC. This information will then be used to design messages focused on lowering dietary fat intake in this population that will be delivered via the Internet. Participants will be randomized into four groups based on Prospect theory and message framing, and will complete pre- and post-tests and cognitive interviews to assess the short-term impact of the framed messages. Project 2, "Diet and Colon Cancer in African Americans and Whites in North Carolina" describes proposed analyses using previously collected data from a study of 654 colon cancer cases (40-80 years) and 1067 populationbased controls, with equal numbers of African Americans and whites, in a 33-county area of North Carolina. The specific aims of the analyses proposed here are to examine effects of dietary factors (e.g., fat, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, fiber, alcohol, and total calories) and food intake patterns (meal frequency and snacking timing) on colon cancer risk. Potential future research opportunities using biological specimens from this study are described. The long-term success of cancer research efforts rests, in part, on building the career of talented young faculty. Obtaining this award will greatly broaden and strengthen the candidate's focus on cancer prevention and control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIET, IMMUNE MODULATION, AND ASTHMA IN EARLY LIFE Principal Investigator & Institution: Weiss, Scott T.; Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood in the developed world, affecting about 10 million U.S. children under the age of sixteen. Asthma prevalence in Western industrialized countries is increasing at an alarming rate, and this increase is coincident with an increase in type I hypersensitivity (allergy). Eighty percent of childhood asthmatics exhibit hypersensitivity to indoor aeroallergens. Maternal diet represents an important exposure that has significant potential to modify immune function and, hence, the development of allergy. To study the evolution of the asthmatic immune response, focusing on the cellular response to allergens and foods, this application proposes a collaborative study involving pulmonary and dietary epidemiologists (Drs. Weiss, Colditz, and Gold), experts in lipid biochemistry (Dr. Sacks) and immunologists specializing in the role of T- and B-cells in the asthmatic response (Drs. Finn and Perkins). The application proposes to utilize a prospective longitudinal cohort study of children of asthmatic mothers to examine the role of maternal dietary fat intake (N-3 polyunsaturated fat) in the development of (1) nonspecific and specific cellular immune responses by age 2-3; (2) asthma/wheeze, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic rhinitis by age 3. In a subset of 50 five year old children with asthmatic mothers, 25 with high and 25 with low N-3 fatty acid intake during pregnancy, studies will assess lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production (IL-4, IL-5, and interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) to nonspecific (PHA) and representative specific antigenic stimulation: beta-lactoglobin (food), cockroach (Bla g2) and dust mite (Der fI) (indoor allergen). Additional potentially influential host and

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Dietary Fat

environmental factors to be examined include: parental asthma history, maternal age, perinatal history, acute lower respiratory illness history, day care, environmental tobacco smoke, birthweight, head circumference, sex, and race. The application proposes to test the following hypotheses: 1. At birth, maternal dietary N-3 fatty acid levels assessed in the second and third trimester of pregnancy with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire will be correlated with N-3 fatty acid levels in cord blood. 2. At birth, infants with high cord blood levels of N-3 fatty acids will have reduced lymphocyte proliferative responses to cockroach, dust mite (indoor allergen), and betalactoglobin and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5) and increased levels of interferon-gamma. 3. High cord blood levels of N-3 fatty acids and reduced lymphoproliferative responses to cockroach, dust mite and beta-lactoglobin will independently predict decreased development of allergic disease (asthma/wheeze, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic rhinitis) at age 3. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIETARY ENERGY RESTRICTION AND METABOLIC AGING IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Roberts, Susan B.; Associate Professor; None; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2009 Summary: Reducing morbidity and delaying mortality are recognized as major goals of aging research, and are addressed by this proposal to conduct a 2-year human caloric restriction (CR) intervention. A 1-year pilot study will be conducted in 32 overweight men and women to develop an effective CR regimen when fed at 70% of energy requirements determined at baseline. As part of this pilot we will refine all aspects of a CR intervention, including exercise and behavioral counseling, and will obtain necessary information on outcome variability with which to perform power calculations for the main study. Subjects will be randomized to two dietary regimens with different levels of dietary fat and glycemic index (GI) (20% fat and moderate GI vs. 35% fat and low GI) and dietary compliance and key outcome measurements will be determined at 5 periods throughout the year. Dietary factors such as dietary variety, liquid sources of energy, and dietary fiber will then be taken into account in the design of the interventions. Following identification of an effective CR regimen, a randomized 2- year intervention will be conducted in 117 overweight men and women fed 70%, 80% or 100% of energy requirements determined at baseline. The hypothesis will be tested that, compared to control subjects fed 100% of baseline energy requirements. The parameters to be evaluated will include immune function, oxidative stress, fasting insulin, hemoglobin Alc, and cardiopulmonary function. W further hypothesize that, compared control subjects, individuals randomized to 70% or 80% of baseline energy requirements will not experience adverse change sin thyroid and reproductive hormones, bone mineral density, disease incidence, mood or cognitive function. Dose-response relationships between the extent of CR and changes in outcome variables are anticipated. As part of the study, changes in total energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate, body composition and body temperature will be quantified to document the effects of CR on energy metabolism. We anticipate that the results of this study will have a major impact on our understanding of the relevance of CR to human health. In addition, this study will contribute to the development of new avenues for long- term treatment of overweight and obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DIETARY FAT IN PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Aronson, William J.; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): International incidence patterns and migration studies, epidemiological data, and animal and in vitro studies suggest that high-fat diets rich in omega-6 fatty acids increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. The mechanisms by which dietary fat promotes prostate carcinogenesis are not completely known, thus complicating the identification of intermediate markers of activity or efficacy for dietary intervention. Recently, our laboratories have completed a series of studies demonstrating the ability of a low fat diet to inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer in a SCID mouse model, and the ability of omega-3 fatty acids to inhibit the growth of prostate cancer in vitro. In parallel, we have conducted two dietary intervention trials in humans in order to identify potential serum bioassays and serum and tissue biomarkers of the effects of low fat and high omega-3 fatty acid diets. Based on our prior studies, we hypothesize that serum and tissue biomarkers can be developed that correlate with anti-tumor activity and may serve as intermediate endpoints for large-scale prostate cancer prevention trials. To test this hypothesis we propose two Specific Aims: Aim 1. To evaluate the ability of a low fat diet high in omega-3 fatty acids to prevent prostate cancer and to correlate intermediate serum and tissue biomarkers/bioassays with dietary efficacy in pre-clinical models of prostate cancer. Aim 2. To validate the intermediate biomarkers from Aim I in a dietary intervention trial of men undergoing radical prostatectomy. The ultimate goals of our project are (1) to identify the most promising diet (vis a vis fat content) for future prevention trials and (2) to identify markers (particularly in serum) that correlate with dietary activity and may be useful as intermediate endpoints for these trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DIETARY FLUORANTHENE

FAT

MODULATED

METABOLIC

FATE

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Ramesh, Aramandla; Pharmacology; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many hydrophobic and lipophilic environmental toxicants when consumed through diet are absorbed by passive diffusion across the gastrointestinal tract. The extent of absorption of these chemicals during gut passage and the factors governing their absorption are critical in determining the absorption efficiency of chemicals ingested through diet. In this research we will test the hypothesis that lipid load in the diet modulates fluoranthene (FLA; a toxic, and mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound) absorption resulting in conversion of FLA to its reactive metabolites in the body and in the extent of DNA-adduct formation. We propose the following three specific aims to test the hypothesis i) to study the bioavailability, metabolism and toxicokinetics of orally administered FLA and the fate of reactive metabolites in different concentrations of dietary fat and at different doses, ii) to estimate the disposition of FLA using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, and iii) to investigate the influence of dietary fat on formation and persistence of FLADNA adducts in target tissues. Our expectation is that findings from this research will provide us with a comprehensive picture of the fate and consequences of carcinogenic chemicals ingested through lipid rich diet. Results from these studies are significant in

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Dietary Fat

that they contribute to a greater understanding of the role played by dietary modulation on disposition of FLA in the body and the mechanisms by which bioavailable dose contributes to carcinogenicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIETARY FAT REGULATION OF HEPATIC GENE EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jump, Donald B.; Professor; Physiology; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1991; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The quantity and type of dietary fat ingested contributes to health as well as the onset and progression of several chronic diseases. The liver plays a central role in whole body lipid synthesis and metabolism. Past studies conducted by the PI have focused on defining the molecular basis of fatty acid regulation of transcription of genes encoding proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. These studies have revealed 3 distinct mechanisms for fatty acid control of hepatic lipid metablosim: a) highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids activate the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR alpha) and induce the expression of genes involved in peroxisomal and microsomal fatty acid oxidation; b) n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) suppress the nuclear content of the sterol response element binding protein, SREBP1c. SREBP1c plays an important role in the control of lipid synthesis and storage; c) conversion of n-6 PUFA to prostanoids activated G-protein linked receptors in parenchymal cells and cultured adipocytes to suppress mRNAs encoding specific lipogenic genes. Of these 3 pathways, PUFA control of nuclear SREBP1c (nSREBP1c) level appears central to the regulation of hepatic lipid synthesis. However, the molecular basis for this control is not well understood. Moreover, studies show dysregulation of SREBP1c and microsomal fatty acid oxidation in livers of obese mice. Dietary fat control of nSREBP1c levels requires microsomal fatty acid oxidation is the hypothesis that will be tested. Changes in hormonal and/or nutrient intake accompanying obesity alter microsomal PUFA metabolism which impacts SREBP1c levels and contributes to the dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. In this proposal,four aims are designed to answer the following questions: 1) How does SREBP1c functionally interact with nuclear receptors? 2) How does PUFA regulated hepatic SREBP1c levels? 3) Is microsomal fatty acid metabolism involved in regulating nSREBP1c abundance? 4) Is aberrant fatty acid metabolism associated with the dysregulation of nSREBP1c and lipogenic gene expression in livers of obese mice? Obesity is a growing human health issue worldwide and risk factor for chronic diseases, like hypertension, insulin resistance heart disease and cancer. PPAR alpha and SREBP1c are key hepatic transcription factors involved in partitioning lipid between synthesis/storage and oxidation. Understanding how these factors participate in this process in normal and obese animals will have important implications for human health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DIETARY FAT, PLASMA LIPIDS AND OTHER CHD RISK FACTORS. Principal Investigator & Institution: Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Professor; None; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) The objective of this application is to assess the impact of newer approaches to dietary modification with the intent of

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reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The specific aims of the application are as follow: 1) to assess the impact of substituting two classes of fats specifically formulated to substitute for hydrogenated fats (i.e., trans-free margarines and genetically modified/selectively bred oils) on serum lipid levels (total, VLDL, LDL, HDL, HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol; triglyceride; apo A-l and B; Lp[a]), immune function, and prostaglandin levels, and 2) to address unresolved issues related to plant sterols, including the relative efficacy of currently available preparations, impact of the fat and cholesterol content of the diet, and effect of dosing frequency on serum lipids, endogenous cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol absorption, and fat soluble vitamin levels. Study subjects will be older (50-75 y) hypercholesterolemic female and male subjects (LDL cholesterol 130-160 mg/dl). Each 5-week diet phase will be scheduled in randomized order; all food and drink will be provided. In Part 1, Study 1, subjects will consume each of 3 diets (30 percent fat [2/3 experimental fat], 80 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal) with the following experimental fats: conventional soft margarine; trans-free margarine (interesterified palm kernel + liquid oil); trans-free margarine (fully hydrogenated soybean oil + liquid oil). In Part 1, Study 2, subjects will consume each of 6 diets (as above) with the following experimental fats: hydrogenated soybean (shortening), high oleic sunflower, high oleic soybean, high oleic canola, low saturated soybean and low linolenic soybean oils. In Part 2, Study 1, subjects will consume each of 4 diets (38 percent fat [15 percent SFA, 14 percent MUFA, 6 percent PUFA], 200 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal), baseline and the following: sitostanol ester; sitostenol ester, and genetically modified high sterol oil. In Part 2, Study 2, subjects will consume each of 4 plant sterol enriched diets, high fat (as above) with high (200 mg) or low (80 mg) cholesterol/1000 kcal, and low fat (20 percent fat [5 percent SFA, 7.5 percent MUFA, 7.5 percent PUFA]) with high or low cholesterol. In Part 2, Study 3, the effect of dosing regime will be assessed using the most efficacious plant sterol as identified in Study 1 and diet as in Study 2 (single bolus or in 3 divided doses). There is a rapid introduction of foods designed to optimize blood lipid levels into the marketplace. Limited data are available on efficacy, especially within current U.S. dietary patterns. Virtually no information is available on the effect of altering the fatty acid profile of the diet on biological parameters other than serum lipids. The investigators state that data derived from the proposed studies could contribute to the database on which to formulate more specific public health recommendations regarding the variables described. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIETARY INTERVENTION--WOMEN HIGH RISK FOR BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Djuric, Zora; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-FEB-1997; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Applicant s Description) Dietary fat intake and consumption of fruits and vegetables have been suggested to influence breast cancer risk in women. Testing this hypothesis, however, requires quantitative markers of breast cancer risk that will allow assessment of the effect in a timely manner. To evaluate the beneficial effect of reducing and/or increasing the intake of fruits and vegetables on cancer risk in the proposed clinical trial, the applicant plans to measure the levels of oxidative DNA damage and cholesterol oxides. These intermediate biomarkers are indicative of oxidative stress levels, and oxidative stress has been associated with breast cancer risk. Eligible women who have first degree relatives with breast cancer will be recruited from a high-risk clinic. The women who enter the trial will be randomized onto one of four diets: 1)

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Dietary Fat

control, 2) low-fat (15 percent of caloric intake without altering intake of fruits and vegetables), 3) high fruit/vegetable (8 servings/day without altering fat intake), and 4) a low-fat diet that is also high in fruits and vegetables. We plan to retain 30 women/diet arm. The 12-month intervention will involve individualized dietary counseling that meets the needs and abilities of each woman. Blood samples, breast fluids (obtained by expression from the nipple) and complete dietary analyses of four-day food records will be obtained at study entry and at regular intervals during the 12 month program. The levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine, an oxidized thymidine residue, will be assessed in DNA from blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The levels of cholesterol oxide in serum and breast fluids will be assessed by GC. The morphology of cells in the breast fluids will be assessed by image analysis since morphological changes are expected to be related to levels of oxidative stress. The levels of micronutrients (carotenoids and tocopherols) in serum and breast fluids also will be determined and used as a monitor of fruit and vegetable intake. In addition, micronutrient levels may well influence the other biomarkers. This research on the biological effects of diet in women at high risk for breast cancer is responsive to the "Healthy People 2000" objective of cancer prevention. The use of biomarkers will allow to evaluate the cancer-protective effects of dietary modulation over a relatively short period of time. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIETARY OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bray, George A.; Director; None; Lsu Pennington Biomedical Research Ctr 6400 Perkins Rd Baton Rouge, La 70808 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1982; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The objective of this research grant is to characterize the mechanisms for the differences between two strains of rats which differ in their susceptibility to obesity when eating a high fat diet. The Osborne- Mendel rat (OM) rapidly becomes obese when maintained on a high fat diet while the S5B/PI (S5B) rat remains lean when eating the same diet. We have recently demonstrated that the OM rat increases its intake of a high fat diet after administration of the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-hydroxy-2- (di-nproplyamino)tetralin, which inhibits serotonin synthesis and release. S5B rats do not increase food intake after this treatment. In addition, fenfluramine treatment prevents high fat diet-induced obesity in the OM rat. This proposal focuses on the mechanisms underlying two aspects of this dietary-induced obesity. Our first aim will be to elucidate the central nervous system neurotransmitter signals that mediate fat preference by examining the serotonin system in these two rat strains. We will test the hypothesis that the serotonergic system is more active in the S5B rat than the OM rat. The first three experiments in this aim will investigate the effects on food intake in OM and S5B rats by altering serotonin levels in the paraventricular nucleus. The next five experiments will determine the contribution of the dorsal raphe nucleus to the serotonin systems in OM and S5B rats. The last two experiments will examine the hypothesis that opioids in the hindbrain may modulate the serotonergic signals from the paraventricular nucleus. We will utilize the novel technique of central antisense oligonucleotide application in two critical experiments to test these systems. The second aim will examine the difference in peripheral signaling systems that responds to nutrient infusion in these two rat strains. We will test the hypothesis that fatty acids in the GI tract activate vagal mechanisms more effectively int the S5B rat. We have already demonstrated that S5B rats are much more sensitive to the satiating effects of intraintestinal fat infusions. There are seven experiments proposed which will examine the involvement of the vagus nerve,

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cholecystokinin, glutamate, c-fos activated neurons and serotonin in the differential responsiveness to nutrient infusion in OM and S5B rats. Our laboratory has made significant advances toward understanding dietary-induced obesity. We now propose these well founded, important and exciting studies which will provide critical new insights into anatomical, physiological and molecular mechanisms by which high levels of dietary fat induce obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIETARY VARIETY VS DIETARY FAT EFFECTS ON ENERGY INTAKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccrory, Megan A.; None; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The relative importance of dietary patterns vs. macronutrient composition in affecting energy intake and body weight remains uncertain. In this study we propose to investigate the relative effects of dietary variety versus dietary fat on voluntary energy intake in adults. Specifically, we will quantify and compare the effects of typical ranges of variety and fat intakes in the American diet (based on U.S. national survey data) on voluntary energy intake. The primary hypotheses to be tested are (1) an increasing availability of entree/side/snack/dessert variety offered will significantly increase voluntary energy intake in a dose-response fashion when other dietary factors known to influence energy intake are held constant (including macronutrient composition, palatability and variety of other food items); and (2) the separate effects of dietary variety and dietary fat on energy intake will be similar. Healthy, weight stable men and women (n=96, aged 18-45 y, BMI 20-35 kg/m2) will be recruited for a 39-d study in which food is provided. Three levels of entree/side/snack/dessert variety will be offered at each of three levels of dietary fat intake, and the relative effects of these dietary manipulations on voluntary energy intake, independent of potentially confounding dietary factors, will be quantified. Subjects will be assigned to one of three BMI-matched groups that will be offered either 4, 8 or 12 entree/side/snack/dessert items/d at one of three fat intake levels (20, 35, or 50 % of energy) in each of three 13-d phases. All diets will be matched for palatability, fiber, protein content, and the variety of other food items, and also for energy density at each fat intake level. Daily voluntary energy intake will be measured and dietary compliance monitored by using measurements of 24-h urinary PABA and osmolar excretion rates. Other measurements include food and meal palatability, hunger, desire to eat, dietary disinhibition, energy expenditure, and body weight and composition. We anticipate that the results of this investigation will lead to a greater understanding of the relative importance of eating patterns vs macronutrient composition in the etiology of obesity, and more specifically, dietary variety versus dietary fat in determining energy intake. Most importantly, it will help lay a foundation for improved dietary recommendations concerning weight loss and prevention of excess weight gain in adulthood. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DIFFERENTIAL METABOLISM OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kien, C L.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004

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Dietary Fat

Summary: Preliminary data indicate that the rate of oleic acid oxidation is 21 percent increased compared to palmitic acid. If the ratio of OA to PA in the diet were to increase, the rate of total fatty acid oxidation in the fed state also may increase; thus, daily fat balance might be decreased in humans fed diets enriched in OA. This would have significance to the treatment and prevention of obesity. Indirect calorimetry will be performed in the fed and fasting state in 34 young, healthy adults who will be studied under two conditions: after a 30-day, solid food diet ("run-in phase") and again, after a 30-day formula diet. The subjects will be randomized to receive either a Control Formula similar to the solid food diet (OA=PA=16.4 percent total kcal) or a High Oleic Acid Formula (OA=31.4 percent kcal; PA=1.7 percent kcal). Using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, body composition will be monitored before and after the formula diet. The principal investigator (PI) will address four specific aims. In specific aim 1, the PI will determine if a higher intake of oleic acid (and a reciprocally lower intake of palmitic acid) is associated with a higher rate of fat oxidation. The PI hypothesizes that the rate of fat oxidation (g/hr) in the fed state, adjusted for the covariate effect of the rate of fat oxidation on the solid food diet, will be higher (30 percent) in those subjects randomized to the OA-enriched diet compared to controls. In the specific aim 2, the PI will measure energy intake required to maintain constant body weight during each diet and to measure fat-free mass and fat mass, before and after each dietary change. The PI hypothesizes that a higher rate of fat oxidation on the high OA diet will be associated with a higher energy intake required to maintain constant body weight. In specific aim 3, the PI will compare fat oxidation on the liquid formula diet with that observed on the solid food diet. The PI hypothesizes that fat oxidation will increase in those fed the OAenriched diet. In specific aim 4, the PI will measure the thermic effect of feeding during both the solid food and formula diet periods. The PI hypothesizes that the high OA feeding will be associated with a higher thermic effect of feeding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF CHRONIC AMYLOSE FEEDING IN ADIPOSITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bessessen, Daniel H.; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Currently, there is strong evidence linking dietary fat intake to the development of obesity but very little is known about the effects of carbohydrate subtype on this disease. However, recent evidence from both rat and human studies suggest that carbohydrate subtype may have direct effects on lipid metabolism. Dietary carbohydrates consist of simple carbohydrates, or sugars, and complex carbohydrates, or starches. All starch is comprised of two polymers of glucose amylose or amylopectin, in different proportions. Rat data indicates that long-term amylopectin feeding causes insulin resistance relative to amylose feeding. In addition, it has recently been shown that amylose feeding effects adipocyte morphology in rats reducing cell size and increase cell number compared with amylopectin- feeding. Also, low glycemic index diets (amylose) seem to increase HDL- cholesterol compared with high glycemic index diets (amylopectin). The studies proposed in this application aims to determine the effects of long- term amylose/amylopectin feeding on adiposity and metabolic profile. The specific aims are: 1) to define the dose-response relationship between the amylose content of the diet and postprandial glycemic/insulinemic response; 2) to measure adipocyte cell size and number in response to a high amylose diet; 3) to correlate any changes in adipocyte morphology with body composition; 4) to measure insulin sensitivity in response to the amylose content of the diet; 5) to determine the effects of

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the amylose content of the diet on macronutrient storage and utilization. The optimal amylose content in the diet, as determined by meal tests which define the dose-response relationship between the amylose content of the diet and postprandial glycemic/insulinemic response, will be used in a chronic amylose /amylopectin feeding study. Subjects will be randomly assigned to an amylose- or amylopectin-based diet for 12 weeks in a double cross-over blinded design. One group of subjects will consume an amylose-based diet for 12 weeks followed by a 4 week wash out period and conclude the study with 12 weeks on an amylopectin-based diet. The second group shall receive the two diet phases in reverse order (i.e. amylopectin followed by amylose). At he beginning and end of each diet phase adipocyte cell size and number, body composition, macronutrient oxidation rate, insulin sensitivity, and fasting and postprandial blood lipids, glucose, insulin and leptin concentrations will measured. By using this study to define the role of carbohydrate subtype on adiposity and the metabolic changes associated with obesity, we are moving a step closer to the overall aim of this research which is to develop an "anti-obesity" diet. Such a diet would optimally combine the fat and carbohydrate subtypes which most effectively prevent adiposity and the metabolic changes associated with obesity, we are moving a step closer to the overall aim of this research which is to develop an "anti- obesity" diet. Such a diet would optimally combine the fat and carbohydrate subtype which most effectively prevent adiposity and weight gain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF DIET ON INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND ENERGY BALANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hays, Nicholas P.; Geriatrics; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock 4301 W Markham St Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad, long-term objective of this research proposal is to improve the health and well being of the elderly via decreased risk for type 2 diabetes. The specific aim of the project is to examine the influence of an ad libitum 12- week low-fat/simple-carbohydrate diet, with and without aerobic exercise training, on body mass, energy balance, and insulin sensitivity in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Preliminary data indicate that consumption of a lowfat/complex-carbohydrate diet, with no attempt at energy restriction, results in loss of body weight and improvement in insulin sensitivity. We hypothesize that replacement of dietary fat with simple rather than complex-carbohydrates will result in similar improvements in health. Thirty-six overweight men and women aged 55-80 years with impaired glucose tolerance will be randomized into one of three groups. Group 1 will receive a control diet (similar to baseline intake), group 2 will receive a low-fat/simplecarbohydrate diet (17% fat, 16% protein, 67% carbohydrate, 9g fiber/1000kcal), and group 3 will receive an identical low-fat diet and be placed in an aerobic exercise training program (4d/week, 80% VO2ma,). Body composition will be measured using air displacement plethysmography, energy and macronutrient metabolism will be measured using whole room calorimetry and de novo lipogenesis, and insulin sensitivity will be measured using a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Given the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the elderly U.S. population, completion of this project will more clearly define the specific dietary and exercise interventions that have the greatest potential positive impact on health in older individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECT CHYLOMICRONS

OF

DIETARY

LIPIDS

ON

THE

FUNCTION

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Chung, Byung-Hong H.; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Although numerous diet studies have demonstrated that dietary fat composition of chronic diets alters fasting plasma lipoprotein cholesterol (CH) levels and the risk of developing atherosclerosis, the specific mechanisms responsible for these alterations are not well established. Dietary fat and CH are the exclusive precursors of postprandial (PP) chylomicrons, but they do not enter into the formation of endogenous lipoproteins in fasting blood. The working hypothesis of this proposal is that dietary fat composition alters endogenous lipoprotein CH levels in fasting plasma and the risks of developing atherosclerosis by influencing the ability of PP chylomicrons to accept CH molecules from endogenous lipoproteins and cell membranes through the reactions catalyzed by lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and/or cholesterylester transfer proteins (CETP) and by influencing the rate of the clearance of CH-enriched chylomicron remnants from circulating blood. To test this hypothesis, this study will examine the acute and chronic effect of altering dietary fat composition on 1) level, composition and density spectrums of plasma lipoprotein CH and TG, 2) the extent of LCAT and CETP-mediated transfer of CH from endogenous lipoproteins and/or cell membranes into PP TG-rich lipoproteins in vivo and in vitro, 3) intraplasma metabolic activities that promote the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in vivo and 4) the extent of accumulation of chylomicrons and their remnants in the blood at a late clearance stage of PP lipemia. Study subjects (n=32) will be recruited from a pool of normolipidemic adult males and will be rotated through three experimental diets (saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and monounsaturated fat), each diet lasting for 20 days. Three oral fat loading studies will be conducted during each dietary intervention period. Each subject will serve as his own control. The studies determining the chronic and acute effect of dietary fat composition on the potencies of PP chylomicrons to accept CH from endogenous lipoproteins and cell membranes and to deliver their CH to the liver for excretion should provide additional information about the mechanisms by which the dietary fat composition alters the development of atherosclerosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF A HIGH GLYCEMIC LOAD DIET ON VASCULAR SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Rutledge, John C.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent dietary guidelines recommend a low fat, high carbohydrate diet. However, data from a variety of sources indicate that diets containing carbohydrate primarily as simple sugars increase cardiovascular risk. The mechanisms of this increased risk are yet to be fully understood. The parent study of this proposal seeks to understand the metabolic consequences of consuming a diet with a low glycemic load versus a diet with a high glycemic load in overweight women. Our ancillary study will extend the parent project by examining some of the cardiovascular consequences of these diets and the mechanisms of the cardiovascular consequences in subjects who consume these diets. Our goals are first to determine if consuming a high glycemic load diet activates endothelium, platelets and monocytes. Second, we will

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examine mechanisms by which postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) generated by these diets induce arterial injury. We expect that a high glycemic load diet with the accompanying increase in postprandial TGRL will increase platelet and monocyte activation and increase adherence of these cells to endothelium. Further, we expect that high levels of ongoing TGRL lipolysis will increase endothelial layer permeability. The increase in endothelial layer permeability will enable more and larger postprandial lipoproteins to enter the artery wall and localize on the endothelial cell luminal surface and in the subendothelial space. Contrasting sources of dietary carbohydrate may have distinctive influences on the fate of dietary fat. Eating a high carbohydrate, low glycemic load diet may improve fat metabolism, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, and suppress hunger in overweight women. Ultimately this type of diet may be a good alternative to restricting calories for weight management. We urgently need more information about the cardiovascular consequences of some of the commonly used diets in order to properly advise individuals and the public at-large about the long-term consequences of dieting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF DIET ON GROWTH HORMONE-IGF-1 AXIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Boyd, Norman F.; Ontario Cancer Institute 610 University Ave Toronto, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 19-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The specific aim of this proposal is to determine whether In premenopausal and postmenopausal women blood levels of Insulin like Growth Factor-I, Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Protein -3 and Growth hormone are influenced by a low-fat high- carbohydrate diet. The general method to be employed will be to perform assays for growth factors and hormone on blood samples, and nutrient analysis of food records, collected from subjects taking part in our ongoing multicentre randomized dietary intervention trial. This trial is designed to test the hypothesis that intervention with a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet will, in women with extensive mammographic densities, over a 10 year period reduce the incidence of breast cancer by 29 percent. The trial is explanatory in that it seeks to determine if there is a biological effect of dietary fat reduction in terms of a reduction in breast cancer incidence. To meet this goal we have selected as participants highly motivated subjects who are at increased risk of breast cancer, we have provided them with a high level of assistance in making a dietary alteration, we follow them carefully to ensure the maintenance of dietary change and the correct identification of subjects who develop breast cancer, and we plan to analyse the results according to study group and dietary compliance. Recruitment of the 4615 subjects required for the trial was completed in November 1998. (A total of 4693 were randomized). Blood samples and food records from subjects enroled in the trial will be used to test the hypotheses given below about the effects of dietary intervention on growth factors and hormones associated with breast cancer risk. Modulation of these factors by dietary intervention would indicate potential mechanisms by which diet may influence risk of breast cancer. Although not the purpose of the research proposed here, the long term nature of the trial, the complete follow-up of all subjects, and the complete ascertainment of breast cancer, will ultimately allow any changes in blood markers found in the present research to be examined in relation to changes in breast cancer incidence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS METABOLISM

OF

LIPID

OXIDATION

PRODUCTS

ON

BONE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Parhami, Farhad; Associate Professor; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant) Age-related osteoporosis is characterized by decreased osteoblast number and bone forming activity, and increased bone marrow adipocyte content. This suggests a shift in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation pathways, with increased adipocyte and decreased osteoblast production. The mechanisms underlying these changes have not been defined. Recently, our laboratory has demonstrated that lipid oxidation products (LOPs) inhibit the differentiation of preosteoblastic cells into osteoblasts and promote their adipogenic differentiation in vitro, in parallel with altered responsiveness to bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP2) and other bone-growth factors. Moreover, mice fed an atherogenic high-fat diet exhibited decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and a reduced capacity of their MSCs to differentiate into osteoblastic cells in vitro. Therefore, it is hypothesized that LOPs contribute to age-related osteoporotic bone loss by decreasing bone cell growth factor production and/or responsiveness, and enhancing adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells at the expense of osteoblast production. To examine this hypothesis, we will pursue the following specific aims: 1) further characterize the in-vivo effects of high-fat diet on bone resorption and formation as assessed by quantitative bone histomorphometry, bone turnover markers, and changes in bone mass, in parallel with measurements of serum and bone LOP levels and indices of calcium and vitamin D metabolism; 2) examine the in-vivo effects of high-fat diet on bone marrow stem cell adipogenic (PPARg, aP2, and lipoprotein lipase)and osteoblastic (bone-associated alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) gene expression and phenotype; 3 ) determine whether treatment with the dietary antioxidant lutein can inhibit the adverse effects of high-fat diet on bone marrow stem cell differentiation, as assessed by effects on bone histomorphometry and adipocyte vs osteoblast specific gene expression; and 4) further define the in-vivo and direct in-vitro effects of LOPs on osteoblast and osteoblast precursor expression of, and responsiveness to, key bone growth factors including TGF-a, IGF-I/1I and BMP-2/4. In particular, we will pursue our recent observation that LOPs both inhibit BMP2 stimulation of marrow stem cell osteoblastic differentiation and promote adipogenesis in vitro, by examining the mechanisms of this effect in terms of changes in BMP2 type IA and lB receptor expression and second messenger generation. It is anticipated that these studies will identify new targets for interventions to prevent and treat age-related osteoporosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF OVERFEEDING ON OP AND OR WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Bessesen, Daniel H.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obesity is a serious and growing public health problem in the United States and around the world. While brief periods of positive energy balance likely occur in all people at one time or another, some individuals are able to resist environmental pressure towards weight gain, maintaining a chronic state of thinness. The central thesis of this proposal is that understanding the responses

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(metabolic, energetic, and behavioral) of individuals to short periods of positive energy balance produced by overfeeding, may provide clues as to the biologic mechanisms that either promote or protect against weight gain in the current environment. While long term controlled overfeeding experiments have been done for many years, no previous studies have systematically examined the effects of short-term overfeeding on direct measures of dietary fat oxidation, post overfeeding spontaneous food intake, or physical activity. Further, no previous study has examined the relationship between these variables and subsequent weight gain. It is hypothesized that those individuals who preferentially oxidize dietary fat, reduce food intake and increase physical activity following overfeeding will maintain a thin phenotype over time. Conversely, those who fail to make these adaptations will tend to gain weight over time. The proposed studies will examine the effects of a controlled eucaloric diet or 3 days of feeding 140% of basal energy on 1. The oxidation of 2 dietary fat tracers 2. Hunger, satiety, desire to eat and spontaneous food intake 3. Directly measured levels of physical activity, in a cohort of men and women enriched in individuals likely to maintain a thin phenotype and others selected for a propensity to gain weight. The cohort will then be followed for 3 years to determine the rate of weight gain in each subject. Baseline measures will be correlated with subsequent weight gain in an effort to define which adaptive responses to overfeeding best correlate with longitudinally determined weight gain. By taking a comprehensive approach to examining the responses to overfeeding and future weight changes, the proposed studies should help clarify how homeostatic regulatory mechanisms coordinately respond to a state of short-term positive energy balance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENERGY EXPENDITURE, DIET AND BODY FAT IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Weber, Judith L.; Arkansas Children's Hospital Res Inst Research Institute Little Rock, Ar 72202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Obesity is highly prevalent in American Indian children, increasing their risk for the development of cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes. Although increasing energy expenditure, through increasing physical activity, and decreasing dietary fat intake should slow the rate of body fat gain, it appears that children actually decrease their physical activity as they mature from pre-to post-pubescence. Several studies have shown that the decline in activity is greater in females than in males, and greater in non-whites than in whites; however, other studies have not supported these findings. Further, there are no data available in American Indian children, which is a population at greatest risk. Additionally, inconsistencies have been reported with respect to the relationship between body weight or body fat and energy intake or dietary fat intake. At the heart of the problem is the difficulty in measuring self-reported physical activity and dietary intake accurately. Accurate self- report measures are necessary for use in the large scale studies that are required to investigate relationships between physical activity and dietary intake and disease. The Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives include seven objectives emphasizing increasing physical activity in children and adolescents. In support of Healthy People 2000, the National Institutes of Health: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute has published a Program Announcement (PA-95- 004)entitled, Physical Activity and Cardiopulmonary Health, to solicit well-defined studies in the area of physical activity related to cardiovascular disease risk factors. This study is a combined longitudinal and cross-sectional design in which we will modify the best existing methods for the self-report of physical activity and dietary intake in children and

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adolescents, and evaluate their validity using total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labeled water (DLW) as the criterion. We will then use these methods to measure physical activity and dietary intake in two age cohorts of male and female American Indian children (8-10-years and 11-13-years) at baseline and two years later, with two sets of interim measurements. Change in TEE from baseline to the two-year follow-up will also be measured using DLW and the TriTrac accelerometer. Equations for the estimation of percent body fat will be cross-validated for this population. The proposed study will fill an existing gap by improving existing instruments for the measurement of physical activity and dietary intake in children and adolescents, and will provide longitudinal data on change in these variables in the same children over time, plus provide cross-sectional data for each age and gender group to compare to the existing literature. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENTEROSTATIN REGULATION OF FAT INTAKE Principal Investigator & Institution: York, David A.; Associate Executive Director/Boyd Profes; None; Lsu Pennington Biomedical Research Ctr 6400 Perkins Rd Baton Rouge, La 70808 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: This is an application for continuing support for a program focused on the regulatory mechanisms of enterostatin. The peptide enterostatin is a product of a prepeptide called procolipase, which was originally identified in the gut in connection with fat absorption. The previous support for this project has allowed progress in which the investigator has provided evidence for both peripheral and central sites of action for enterostatin. The presumption currently is that the central enterostatin action sites are separate and may be responding to a separate source of enterostatin. Given the current state of knowledge in this area the investigator identifies the following aims for this proposal. First they seek to identify the enterostatin receptor by an expression cloning technique. Second they will characterize the enterostatin receptor and its regulation by dietary fat and by hormones. Third they will investigate how signaling pathways activated by fatty acids in the mouth or gut interact with enterostatin responsive pathways to regulate fat intake. Fourth they will identify the neuropathways responsive to enterostatin by immunohistochemistry and tract tracing techniques. Finally these pathway responsiveness to dietary fat will be evaluated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: FATTY ACIDS AND PPARS IN BREAST CANCER PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Yee, Lisa D.; Surgery; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death of women in the United States. Preventive measures with minimal adverse effects are needed to reduce the incidence and progression of breast cancer. The long-term research goal of the principal investigator, Dr. Yee, is to investigate the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer progression and ultimately develop new interventions for breast cancer prevention and eradication. Dr. Yee is requesting funds to develop her skills in breast cancer prevention and control, an effort that will complement her training as a surgeon specializing in breast cancer and allow her to conduct the future translational research vital to reducing breast cancer risk. Her training in preventive oncology will encompass

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mentorship by select faculty of The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center and James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, combining didactic course work and a cancer prevention research project. The plan integrates molecular genetics, nutritional sciences, and clinical breast cancer research. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that stimulate transcriptional activity in response to ligands such as fatty acids and prostaglandins. The PPARgamma subtype regulates cell differentiation and proliferation in normal and malignant tissues. Cell culture and animal models will be used to evaluate fatty acid effects on PPARgamma activation in breast cancer. Human breast tumors and surrounding fat and epithelial tissue will also be assessed for patterns of expression of PPARs and other factors affecting PPAR activation. This work will serve to generate data to support a prospective clinical study of the effects of dietary fat and PPARgamma on breast cancer progression. Combined with a didactic course of study in a stimulating scientific and clinical environment, this project will give Dr. Yee the training required to become an independent clinician scientist in the field of preventive oncology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FFA PRODUCTION FROM TRIGLYCERIDE-RICH LIPOPROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Miles, John M.; Professor of Medicine; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research will continue our work in the area of the regulation of fuel metabolism. Lipid energy is transported in the blood in several forms, including chylomicrons and free fatty acids (FFA). Chylomicrons are key elements in the absorption and storage of dietary fat, and also play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis via the production of remnant particles. FFA are the major lipid fuel in the body, and increases in their concentration have been shown to cause insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, increases in the production of very low density lipoproteins, and increases in blood pressure. FFA are released into the blood through the action of hormone sensitive lipase on triglyceride stores in fat cells. Very little is known about the role of chylomicrons in FFA metabolism, but available evidence suggests that chylomicrons are also a major source of FFA. Extremely accurate and precise methods have been developed by the investigator for the measurement of the concentration and specific activity of FFA and chylomicron triglyceride fatty acids in plasma. In addition, a tracer method for accurately determining the kinetics of chylomicrons has been developed. Preliminary results indicate that approximately 40% of chylomicron fatty acids are released into the circulation as FFA during their metabolism by lipoprotein lipase, and that this release may be greater in adipose tissue than in skeletal muscle. In the proposed studies, the tracer technique will be used to systematically investigate the contribution of chylomicrons to total FFA availability. The technique will be applied to normal subjects at rest and after exercise, as well as subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridemia. Specifically, these studies will 1) determine the relative contribution of chylomicrons in adipose tissue versus muscle to FFA production and further validate the isotopic method for quantifying chylomicron triglyceride kinetics; 2) determine the relationship between meal fat content and the production of FFA from chylomicrons; 3) characterize FFA production from chylomicrons in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the effect of acute insulin therapy on that process; and 4) determine whether exercise sufficient to lower the chylomicronemic response to a meal results in increased efficiency of regional and systemic chylomicron

34

Dietary Fat

fatty acid uptake in normal subjects. These studies will provide new insights into the regulation of FFA metabolism in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENE DIET EFFECTS ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Breslow, Jan L.; Professor; Lab/Biomed Genetic/Metabolism; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1984; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease (CHD) is the number one public health problem in the United States. CHD has been increasing in prevalence and with the aging of the baby boomers and the increase in major cardiovascular risk factors in the population (smoking, obesity and physical inactivity) over the last 10 years the problem will be even worse in the 21st century. This is not just a U.S. problem, but is occurring world wide. The WHO has recently predicted that by 2020 heart disease will replace infectious disease worldwide as the number one cause of disability expressed as years of healthy life lost to death or disease. CHD is considered a complex genetic disease with many genes involved and important gene-environment interactions. Cross cultural studies and human and animal feeding studies have clearly established a role for diet, particularly a high saturated fat, high cholesterol diet in atherosclerosis susceptibility. However, clinical studies have also established that there is great variation between people in diet responsiveness of their plasma lipoprotein pattern and presumably, although it has not been studied directly in humans, dietary effects on atherosclerosis susceptibility. Thus a better understanding of gene diet interactions as they effect lipoprotein levels and atherosclerosis susceptibility should lead to better ways to identify and treat individuals susceptible to CHD in the population. In the current competing renewal, I propose to use induced mutant mouse models to better understand the regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption and how dietary fats influence atherosclerosis susceptibility. The following specific aims are proposed: Determine the mechanism of regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption through the study of mutant mice; positional cloning of genes that regulate dietary cholesterol absorption by interbreeding mouse strains that differ in dietary cholesterol absorption; determine the effects of diets enriched in carbohydrate, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, or polyunsaturated fat on atherosclerosis susceptibility and the mechanisms of the dietary effects observed using induced mutant mouse models of atherosclerosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION IN DIET INDUCED PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Geliebter, Jan; Microbiology and Immunology; New York Medical College Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Epidemiological studies suggest that a high fat diet for more than one generation is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. A more complete understanding of the molecular basis for prostate cancer initiation, promotion and progression by dietary fat is essential for the design of rational programs for prostate cancer prevention and treatment. We have maintained ACI rats on a high beef fat diet (22.52% by weight) for two generations (mothers and male pups) and observed that 2nd-generation male rats develop prostatic neoplasia at a higher incidence, and earlier in life, than rats on a control, 5% fat diet. It is significant that rats on the high beef fat diet developed neoplasia in the dorsal lobes of the prostate, as the dorsal lobe of the rat

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prostate is homologous to the peripheral zone of the human prostate, where prostate cancer is most prevalent. All animal studies and histological analyses have been completed and we have prepared RNA from dorsal prostates of 6, 12 and 18-month-old 2nd-generation rats. We now propose to analyze the molecular differences in the dorsal prostates of rats maintained on a high fat diet, compared to rats on a control diet to follow gene expression through the progressive molecular stages of diet-induced prostatic neoplasia. We propose to use Affymetrix microarrays (approximately 7000 genes) to identify differences in mRNA expression profiles in the dorsal prostates of rats on high beef fat and control diets. Further we propose to use northern blots and immunohistochemistry to confirm data obtained using microarrays and to identify the cell types differentially expressing the genes in question. The successful completion of these experiments will contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of dietassociated prostate cancer. Further, it can potentially identify intermediate biomarkers that are modulated by diet and are relevant to human prostate cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC TRIGLYCERIDES

AND

ENVIRONMENTAL

DETERMINANTS

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Arnett, Donna K.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hypertriglyceridemia is emerging as important predictor of atherosclerosis, and recent evidence suggests related phenotypes of triglycerides (TGs), such as TG remnant particles and small LDL particles, are particularly atherogenic. There is considerable variation in the response of TGs and related phenotypes to the environment. The aim of the proposed study is to characterize the genetic basis of the variable response of TGs to two environmental contexts, one that raises TGs (dietary fat), and one that lowers TGs (fenofibrate treatment). We will recruit 2,400 family members from 3-generational pedigrees of the ongoing NHLBI Family Heart Study (FHS) in two genetically homogeneous centers (Minneapolis and Salt Lake City). We will collect measurements before and after a dietary fat challenge to assess postprandial TGs and related atherogenic phenotypes (VLDL TGs, chylomicron TGs, TG remnant particles, HDL and LDL particle sizes, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C). In families with 2 or more members in a sibship with TGs >= 130 mg/dl, we will conduct a short-term, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of fenofibrate in all willing and eligible family members (anticipated sample size = 1,200). A two-period crossover design will be executed with a 2-week washout between two 3-week treatment periods (placebo or micronized fenofibrate, 160 mg). About 1,000 family members have a Marshfield genome marker set available as part of NHLBI FHS; the remaining 1,400 will be typed using the same marker set. We will conduct genome-wide linkage analyses using stateof-the-art methods to localize novel genetic loci contributing to TG response in the context of fat loading and fenofibrate treatment. We will type 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ten candidate genes known to contribute to the response of TGs to dietary fat and fenofibrate, and create haplotypes for association studies. We will use combinatorial partitioning methods and neural networks to test association of the individual SNPs and haplotypes with response to the two environmental interventions. The identification of genetic loci that predict TG response in the presence of two disparate contexts, fat loading and fibrate therapy, may provide insights into genetic pathways (a) predisposing to hypertriglyceridemia, ultimately leading to avenues for

36

Dietary Fat

primary prevention, and (b) predicting response to TG lowering, leading to new drug targets for hypertriglyceridemia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC BASIS OF DIETARY OBESITY IN MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cheverud, James M.; Professor; Anatomy and Neurobiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: In humans, individuals vary in their response to dietary fat. Some individuals gain substantial amounts of weight and fat while other individuals gain little on a high fat diet. There is some evidence that variability in response to a high fat diet may have a genetic basis in humans. The main goal of the proposed project is to map and measure the effect of genes on the response to a high fat diet in a new multigenic obesity model, strains derived from the intercross between SM/J and LG/J inbred mouse strains. The SM/J and LG/J strains show substantial differences in body size and fatness. They also differ dramatically in their response to a high fat diet. Dietary responses vary with age. A series of 40 recombinant (RI) strains derived from the SM/J by LG/J cross will be brought to effectively inbred status (F greater than 0.98). These strains will then be used to map genes for dietary obesity by measuring variability in the response of each RI strain to a high fat diet. Sixteen animals from each strain will be fed the high and low fat diets. Interval mapping will be used to localize quantitative trait locus effects on dietary obesity to a 10-20 cM interval. A single Advanced Intercross (AI) line will be maintained and used to fine-map QTLs discovered in the RI strain analysis to a 1-2 cM interval. This project will be the first to detect and map genes specifically affecting response to a high fat diet. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GLYCEMIC INDEX AND METABOLIC SYNDROMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Pittas, Anastassios G.; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) The increase in the prevalence of obesity and related conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) and cardiovascular disease has taken place despite a decrease in the percentage of energy intake derived from daily dietary fat over the last 20 years. This observation suggests that factors other than dietary fat intake may be responsible for the observed increase in obesity and associated conditions. One such factor regulating weight and also directly influencing the morbidity and mortality associated with obesity is the dietary glycemic index (GI). In this study, we propose to investigate the association of dietary GI with intermediary predictors of long-term health outcomes related to DM-2 and its associated increased cardiovascular disease. In a 1-year weight loss study, we will compare two caloric restricted interventions providing 70 percent of baseline energy requirements of variable GI (20 percent fat and moderate GI vs. 35 percent fat and low GI) in 32 healthy men and women aged 30-40 years with initial values for body mass index (BMI) of 25-34.9 kg/m2. The following single-blinded outcome measurements will be made at baseline and at 1, 4, 8 and 12 months: (A) Body composition (fat, fat free mass and truncal/total fat) will be determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). (B) Markers related to DM2: central adiposity (truncal/total fat) by DXA and by Waist-Hip-Ratio, daily glucose average by 72-hour Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS), Hemoglobin A1c,

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Insulin Sensitivity and serum TNF-alpha levels. (C) Markers related to CVD: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, LDL), plasma levels of fibrinogen, PAI-1, C-reactive Protein and serum Interleukin-6. We anticipate that this study will provide important new information that will have practical implications for both further scientific inquiry as well as clinical applications. Specifically: Identification of an acceptable intervention that promotes long-term weight loss and is associated with decrease in the morbidity and mortality associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome will be an important development for public health. In relation to this suggestion, one of the important questions in dietary composition - energy regulation research currently is whether diets that are both high in fiber and low in GI are more beneficial that diets that are high in fiber without consideration of GI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GLYCEMIC INDEX/GLYCEMIC LOAD AND BLOOD LIPIDS IN THE WHI Principal Investigator & Institution: Shikany, James M.; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the number one killer of postmenopausal women. Reduction in fat intake is typically recommended for the prevention and treatment of CHD. However, decreased fat intake is generally accompanied by an increase in carbohydrate intake, which may itself have undesirable effects on CHD risk factors. Recent evidence suggest that diets abundant in high-starch carbohydrates may have an adverse effect on blood glucose and insulin concentrations, resulting in alterations of blood lipids that may increase the risk of developing CHD. Glycemic index (GI) is a way of ranking carbohydrate-containing foods based on their postprandial blood glucose responses and is a measure of carbohydrate quality. Glycemic load (GL) is a measure that incorporates both the high dietary carbohydrates. There is mounting evidence from observational studies that high dietary GI and may adversely affect blood lipids, including increasing plasma triglyceride (TG) and reducing plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is a multi-faceted research program examining factors associated with disease risk in postmenopausal women. This study will utilize WHI participants to further investigate the associations of GI and GL with blood glucose, insulin, and lipids. The first aim of this study is to investigate the associations of dietary GI and GL with blood glucose, insulin, and lipid (total cholesterol, low-density lipopretein-cholesterol, HDL-C, and TG) concentrations in a cross-sectional analysis of 728 participants at baseline in the WHI Observational Study. The second aim is to quantify changes, over a one-year period, in dietary GI and GL in 973 participants randomized in the WHI lowfat Dietary Modification trial, and to determine the effects of those changes on blood glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations. To meet these aims, the nutrient database of the WHI food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) will be expanded to include GI and GL, which are not currently reported. Existing WHI FFQs will then be reanalyzed to calculate each participant's mean dietary GI and GL. Existing blood glucose, insulin, and lipid data for these WHI participants will be used in the data analyses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IDENTIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS OF FATTY ACID INTAKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Campos, Hannia; Nutrition; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Fatty acids in the blood and more recently in adipose tissue are widely used as biomarkers of fatty acid intake in individuals and populations. Feeding studies show that dietary fat composition markedly influences the fatty acid distribution of blood components and adipose tissue. Nevertheless, the relationships between specific fatty acid intake and their levels in blood and adipose tissue are scarce in epidemiologic studies. Technological advances in gas chromatography and fatty acid peak identification software now make it possible to study specific fatty acids in large population studies at a new level of sophistication. The overall goal of this project is to identify suitable blood biomarkers of specific fatty acid intake in 180 free-living subjects (90 men and 90 women). Over thirty-five fatty acids and their isomers will be identified in all study participants to: 1) Compare the ability of non-endogenously synthesized fatty acids in plasma, erythrocytes, whole blood and adipose tissue to reflect fatty acid intake, 2) Determine the distribution of individual fatty acids in these biological specimens and compare it to that of dietary fatty acid intake, and 3) Identify whether endogenously synthesized fatty acids can be suitable biomarkers of fatty acid intake. In secondary analyses we will explore specific fatty acids that may serve as indicators of food intake. The study subjects represent a subgroup of controls from an ongoing casecontrol study on gene-diet interactions and heart disease in Costa Rica. The composition of the diet in this population is similar to that in the United States (see preliminary results). Most importantly, all the fatty acids that are present in the biological samples from the United States can be identified in the Costa Rican samples. Our proposed study offers a unique opportunity to compare dietary intake, blood constituents and adipose tissue in the same population. Dietary assessment tools have been validated and all the biological specimens and dietary intake information have already been collected and adequately archived. This study will provide the most complete data set to validate the use of biochemical markers of specific fatty acid intake and improve our understanding of their role in carcinogenesis. Relapsed B cell lymphomas are incurable with conventional therapies except stem cell transplantation, a toxic treatment modality which salvages only 20-50% of patients with recurrent disease. Innovative new treatment approaches are therefore clearly necessary for this disease. This project will evaluate the feasibility, safety, toxicity, and efficacy of treating patients with relapsed follicular lymphomas with autologous CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) which have been genetically modified to express a chimeric T cell receptor recognizing the CD20 antigen present on B cell lymphomas. In Aim 1, we will perform preclinical studies transfecting autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes obtained by apheresis with an scFvFc:zeta chimeric T cell receptor recognizing the CD20 antigen, clone and expand the transfected T cells, and document their specific cytotoxicity for CD20-expressing target cells. Comparative analyses will be performed using cytotoxic T cells transfected with alternative chimeric T cell receptors recognizing the CD19 and CD22 antigens. In Aim 2, we will assess the safety, feasibility, and toxicity of infusing ex-vivo expanded autologous CD8+ T cell clones expressing a CD20-specific scFvFc:zeta chimeric immunoreceptor into patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma in a small Phase I pilot trial. In Aim 3, we will monitor the trafficking of adoptively transferred CD20-specific CD8+ T cell clones to lymph nodes and other tumor sites and their persistence in vivo using serial quantitative Indium-111 gamma camera imaging, quantitative real time PCR and flow cytometric analyses of blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes. In Aim 4, we will rigorously assess the partial and complete response rates, remission durations,

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and adverse events induced by treatment with CTL bearing a CD20-specific chimeric T cell receptor in a Phase II trial planned to accrue 50 patients over 3 years. We anticipate that these studies will document the technical feasibility of this approach, the safety of administering genetically modified T cells and their ability to induce objective remissions in patients who have failed standard chemotherapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IGF-I: A NUTRITION-REGULATED TARGET IN PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Cohen, Pinchas; Pediatrics; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 13-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): An energy-dense diet high in fat, refined sugar and providing excess calories relative to energy expenditure that is typical of Western diets has been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (CaP). Increased intake of lycopene-rich foods, such as cooked tomatoes, is associated with a decreased risk of CaP. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a potent mitogen that has been implicated as a critical factor in the development of CaP. The pro-oncogenic role of IGF-1 has been extensively demonstrated in both in vitro studies and in animal models of cancer as well as in human epidemiological cohorts. Serum IGF-I is regulated by caloric intake in both human and animal models and it has been proposed that certain nutrients that may prevent CaP, in particular lycopene, also modulate IGF-I levels. Our preliminary data suggest that men at high risk for CaP who adopt a very low fat, high fiber diet under residential conditions, have reduced serum IGF-1 levels and their sera have decreased mitogenicity for CaP cells in vitro. We have also demonstrated that in CaP xenograftbearing SCID mice, a low-fat diet reduces serum IGF-I and leads to decreased mitogenicity of sera as well as to a marked reduction of tumor size and increased tumor apoptosis, when compared to mice fed a high fat, isocaloric diet. In addition, we studied TRAMP mice, a transgenic model of CaP (transgenic for SV40T antigen with a probasin promoter), and showed that decreasing caloric intake by 20% lowered serum IGF-I levels and decreased tumor incidence and severity. IGF-I infusion to these diet-restricted TRAMP mice restored serum IGF-I to ad-lib levels and caused an increase in tumor incidence similar to that seen in the ad-lib group. These studies led us to theorize that IGF-I is an important oncogenic circulating molecule, whose levels can be modulated by dietary composition. We hypothesize that that bioavailable IGF-I within the microenvironment of prostate epithelial cells in vitro is a major determinant of CaP development and progression. Therefore, modulation of IGF-I levels by nutritional factors may be an important potential therapeutic target for determination of CaP risk and progression. Our proposed studies will determine if dietary fat and/or lycopene regulate serum-bioavailable IGF-I in a manner that determine the development of CaP. Our specific aims are to: 1) Establish the effects of modulating dietary fat content from 42 to 12% on serum IGF-I and the concurrent progression of CaP in TRAMP mice and determine whether infusion of IGF-I is capable of reversing any reduction of tumor progression in the low-fat-fed group. 2) Examine the effects of genetically lowered serum IGF-I on the progression of CaP in LID mice, in which the liver IGF-I gene has been selectively deleted using Cre-Lox technology and in whom circulating IGF-I levels are 25% of normal, mated with TRAMP mice. 3) Determine if a high-fat diet modulates CaP progression and/or serum IGF-I in the LID-TRAMP model to assess the linkage between serum IGF-I, dietary fat and CaP. 4) Examine the relationships of dietary lycopene and fat in modulating CaP progression and/or serum IGF-I in the TRAMP and

40

Dietary Fat

LID/TRAMP models. We will determine the relative importance of free (bioavailable) IGF-I as compared to total IGF-I (which is bound to IGFBPs) in the development of CaP by developing new, specific assays for mouse free and total IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-1 Our studies will provide definitive information regarding the role of IGF-I as an important nutritionally regulated serum marker for CaP risk and progression and will allow the design of logical strategies to determine of the efficacy of dietary interventions in CaP prevention and treatment in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INCREASING AVAIL OF LOWFAT FOODS IN HIGH SCHOOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: French, Simone A.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: High fat diets are widespread in the US and contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Adolescents are a key target group for intervention due to their high fat intake and because of the potential for long-term behavior change that would potentially impact chronic disease risk later in life. Vending machines, a la carte and fast food comprise an increasing share of the total food energy consumed by students at school. Yet these food sources have been virtually ignored in school-based nutrition intervention research. The proposed study will advance the research in this area by conducting a multi- component intervention that targets the total food environment in high schools. Modifications in the school vending machines, a la carte areas and fast food will be examined for their effects on dietary fat intake in adolescents. The present study will randomize 20 secondary schools to intervention or control for a two year period. The intervention consists of making more low fat foods available in the school a la carte areas, fast foods, and vending machines. A second intervention component will involve inviting a student group to promote low fat food choices on a school wide basis. The group will receive financial incentives from the study based on sales volume of low fat foods in the a la carte and vending machines. During the second intervention year, prices of low fat foods will be lowered to promote student purchase of low fat foods. Fat intake among a cross section of 1000 students (50 per school) will be measured at baseline, spring of intervention year 1 and spring of intervention year 2. Sales of low and high fat foods in vending machines and a la caret school food service areas will be continuously measured. It is hypothesized that dietary fat intake will decrease and sales of low fat foods will increase in intervention schools relative to control schools. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INCREASING SCHOOL SNACK BAR FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cullen, Karen W.; Assistant Professor; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: Inadequate intakes of fruit, juice, and vegetables (FJV) and high intakes of dietary fat are associated with increased risks for several cancers. Children's current FJV and fat intakes do not meet recommended guidelines and national data indicate a decline in children's fruit consumption through the school years. Previous school interventions targeted elementary schools where students only have the choice of the school lunch meal. When students move to middle schools and beyond, they have

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access to competitive foods at snack bars. These foods are usually high in fat and do not include many FJV. This research proposes to develop, implement, and evaluate an environmental intervention (increasing FJV availability and accessibility) and a cafeteria FJV marketing program in middle school cafeterias to increase FJV consumption, and to assess the effect of personal and social influences on who changes. Focus groups discussions will be conducted with middle school students, teachers, and school food service staff to design and evaluate the availability and marketing program. The intervention will be implemented in two phases following an initial two-month baseline monitoring period. First the availability and accessibility of FJV and low fat foods will be increased in the cafeteria snack bar for three months. This will be continued for another two months, adding the FJV marketing program. During the final two months, the intervention component will be withdrawn; observations will continue to see if school practices and snack bar food selections return to baseline. Weekly sales of FJV and low fat foods will be collected during this period to monitor intervention results. Consumption data will be obtained through daily observations of student lunches during the entire study period. This design will allow separate tests of the effect of increased FJV availability alone versus increased availability with a social marketing program, and assess personal and social environmental mechanisms of change. Successful dietary behavior change interventions in middle school cafeterias will promote the adoption of healthy cancer preventive dietary behaviors. Positive findings from this study should be applicable to middle schools where snack bars are available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INSULIN RESISTANCE /DIET OF HISPANIC WOMEN W/ BREAST CAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Duarte-Gardea, Maria O.; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. A relationship has been hypothesized between insulin resistance and breast cancer. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the relationship among insulin resistance, energy and fat intake, and breast cancer in Hispanic women. The purpose of this project is to test the hypothesis that fasting insulin and other markers of insulin resistance, along with energy intake and dietary fat, will be significantly higher among Hispanic women diagnosed with breast cancer compared to those with no indication of cancer. Specific aims: Our aims are to compare the following characteristics among women with and without breast cancer: Aim 1) markers of insulin resistance and Aim 2) total energy and total fat intake. Aims 3) demographic, anthropometric, and reproductive, and Aim 4) lifestyle and dietary factors and their association with diagnosis of breast cancer. Design/Methods: A prospective case-control study of Hispanic women attending the University Breast Care Center at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso for routine breast examination will be conducted. Markers of insulin resistance including obesity, waist/hip ratio, blood pressure, acanthosis nigricans, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and lipid profile will be performed in four hundred eligible participants. Subjects will complete a three-day food record to determine total energy and fat intake. Case and control groups will be formulated once the data are collected and after mammogram and pathology reports have been filed. The case group includes 100 subjects with breast cancer. Three controls (matched by age +/5 years) and menopausal status) for each case will be located from the pool of total participants. We will perform correlation and factor analyses to identify variables

42

Dietary Fat

and/or factors which would best represent each of the four classes of independent variables as outlined in the specific aims section. We will then use logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between the categorical response (diagnosed with and without breast cancer) with the set of independent variables identified above. The proposed work will advance the understanding of the associations of insulin resistance, diet and breast cancer in Hispanic women. Individual risk factors (anthropometric, health, reproductive, lifestyle and dietary) may be identified. There is a need for research that focuses on a comprehensive approach to insulin resistance, dietary lifestyle choices, and breast cancer and that emphasizes a fat-caloric intake-insulin resistance linkage. Such information is critical for the design of health education interventions that seek the adoption of healthy lifestyle in low income Hispanic population through community-based culturally relevant and tailored prevention programs, and public policy recommendations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN NON-OBESE SUBJECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sonko, Bakary J.; Pediatrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (taken from the application) The long-term aim of the investigator is to further better understanding of the role-of insulin resistance in body weight maintenance both in the obese and in the non-obese individual, ethnic differences and how its effects could be remedied. Obesity is wide spread in the U.S. and is known to be associated with many chronic diseases including diabetes. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance normally precedes diabetes. The relationship between insulin resistance and body weight maintenance in the obese state is controversial. Insulin resistance is proposed to be an adaptive mechanism against further weight gain. However, 25 percent of non-obese individuals are insulin resistant, and could be considered predisposed to diabetes. To be both diabetic and insulin resistant would significantly increase one's risk to chronic diseases. This study will investigate whether non-obese individuals, with insulin resistance, are protected against obesity. The specific aims are: (a) to determine whether 24 hour-total and -dietary fat oxidation after consuming low and high fat maintenance meals, are higher in non-obese insulin resistant subjects compared to non-obese insulin sensitive subjects; (b) to determine the effect of 25 percent overfeeding on total and dietary fat oxidation in the two groups. Whole-body indirect calorimetry and 13C stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry will be used in this study. The topic of this study is important because it impacts a significant proportion of the U.S. population. The investigator does not have a major grant and the awarding of this grant will help him to generate the necessary data to allow him to apply for such a grant. This will be a significant burst to his career development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTERACTIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO MODIFY CANCER RISK BEHAVIORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ahern, David K.; Abacus Technologies, Llc 1210 Pontiac Ave Cranston, Ri 02920

Management

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-SEP-2000; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: Smoking, poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle are among the chief preventable causes of cancer morbidity and mortality in the United States. Prior research has shown

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that physician counseling, prevention office systems, and computer-tailored health messages can all have an impact on common cancer risk behaviors (smoking, physical inactivity, high dietary fat). A critical question yet to be examined regarding the potential public health impact of computer technology is: If the full impact of computer technology is to be realized to reduce the national burden of cancer, then several challenges remain to be addressed including: Can interactive multimedia be integrated into the larger health care delivery system and then into the development and testing of a computerized set of tools that will be able to deliver theory-and evidence-based tailored messages to improve the dietary, physical activity and smoking patterns of lowincome patients in a primary care setting and to improve physician counseling for these behaviors. In the R25 portion of the project, we will bring together investigators with expertise in physician counseling and in creating tailored patient education materials for smoking cessation, physical activity and nutrition, and in applying technology to patient and physician education. The investigators will employ focus groups and in-depth interview methods with all stakeholders involved in the proposed system in addition to pilot tests of the intervention materials and instruments. Information gained from the above formative testing will enable the investigators to create a database of text and graphic messages that will serve as the "paper product" that will be translated to computer form and evaluated in the R44 portion of this project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LIGHT PROGRESSION

DURING

DARKNESS

AND

BREAST

CANCER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Blask, David E.; Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital Cooperstown, Ny 13326 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this research is to determine if light, present during darkness, is a risk factor for breast cancer progression. People in industrialized nations are being exposed to more artificial light during the night and the rate of breast cancer is increasing. The pineal gland hormone melatonin, which inhibits experimental human breast cancer growth, is produced during darkness; light present during darkness suppresses melatonin synthesis. The hypothesis to be tested is: Light, of the appropriate intensity, duration, timing and wavelength, present during darkness, stimulates breast cancer progression via melatonin suppression and a resultant disinhibition of tumor linoleic acid (LA) uptake and metabolism. The first aim is to measure the dose-response effects of exposure of nude female rats, bearing tissueisolated estrogen receptor (ER)+ and progesterone receptor (PgR)+ MCF-7 human breast cancer xenografts, to different intensities of white light during darkness, on melatonin suppression in relation to tumor growth, LA metabolism and the expression of related growth signal transduction molecules (i.e., ER and PgR, melatonin receptor and cAMP). The second aim is to determine the dose-response effects of exposure of nude rats bearing MCF-7 xenografis in comparison with those bearing ER/PgR- MDA-MB-23 1 human breast cancer xenografts to different intensities of white light on melatonin suppression in relation to tumor growth. The third aim is to determine whether melatonin replacement will prevent the stimulative of effects of white light exposure during darkness on tumor growth, LA metabolism and the expression of related tumor growth signal transduction molecules. The fourth aim will test the effects of the duration and timing of light exposure during darkness on tumor growth and growth signal transduction events. This research may lead to the elucidation of "light-at-night" in conjunction with dietary fat intake as a new risk factor for breast cancer progression and

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Dietary Fat

to novel preventative measures for lowering breast cancer risk by combining modifications of indoor lighting and dietary fat intake with melatonin supplementation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LIPID METABOLISM IN FAT CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Guo, Wen; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Medium chain fatty acid ingestion (MCFA) results in diminished fat storage in animals and humans, while similar intake of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) results in weight-gain. The goal of our project is to examine the cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Our hypothesis is that substitution of MCFA for LCFA will downregulate the expression of adipogenic proteins, lower the lipid storage capacity of adipose cells, facilitate fatty acid release from stored fat, and probably also reduce the capacity for differentiation of adipose cell precursors. The specific aims of this study focus on: 1) the metabolic fate of MCFA and how this is influenced by LCFA, glucose and insulin, 2) the effects of MCFA on fat storage and lipolysis, and on membrane lipid composition of sub-cellular components (plasma membrane, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum); 3) the effects of MCFA on the expression of adipogenic proteins during the differentiation process; and 4) changes in fat cell function as a result of longterm MCFA dietary adaptation. An integrated approach will be used to characterize the metabolic end products of MCFA, to search for unidentified end products, and to explain the excess energy expenditure that results from MCFA treatment. We will identify and quantify, the major metabolic end products of fatty acids (lipids and CO2) by NMR. 13C isotope labeled substrates will be used in appropriate experiments. This greatly enhances the selectivity and sensitivity of NMR analysis. We will compare heat generation by cells adapted to MCFA or LCFA by measuring oxygen consumption and redox state; quantify the important metabolites (acetylCoA and acetylcarnitine) by HPLC, and analyze the fatty acid compositions by GLC. If significant changes in subcellular membrane composition are found as a result of MCFA treatment, subsequent effects on membrane structure and fluidity will be analyzed by solid state NMR. Other standard biochemical assays will be used for the measurement of ketone bodies, total triglycerides, cholesterol, DNA, protein, etc. The mRNA products of differentiationdependent adipogenic genes will be determined by Northern analysis. Fat cell morphology will be characterized by phase- contrast microscopy. Using this integrated approach, we anticipate developing important new information to help shed light on the molecular mechanisms of the control of obesity and obesity-related health disorders afforded through MCFA administration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rudel, Lawrence L.; Professor; Pathology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAR-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: This Program Project application has as its central theme, the definition of the elements of lipoprotein metabolism related to coronary artery atherosclerosis. The preceding three decades have seen tremendous strides forward in our understanding of hyperlipoproteinemia and its relationship to coronary heart disease (CHD). However, many questions remain. In this Program Project, we are proposing to study the manner

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by which dietary fatty acids promote or protect against coronary artery atherosclerosis. We have developed data suggesting that certain dietary fatty acids promote or protect against coronary artery atherosclerosis. We will monitor the relative importance of LDL cholesterol concentration versus LDL composition as modified by dietary fatty acids by establish groups of African green monkeys with equivalent LDL cholesterol concentrations. In this case, the primary variable in atherosclerosis outcome is LDL composition, although the HDL cholesterol concentrations will also be measured and considered. We are proposing to examine the interactions of LDL with smooth muscle cells as they affect the production of arterial proteoglycans as a potential mechanism of atherogenesis. We have derived data showing diet-specific effects, i.e. LDL from mono unsaturated fat fed versus n-3 polyunsaturated fat-fed monkeys caused decreasing PG synthesis. In addition, we will investigate dietary fatty acid effects on a transgenic mouse model with markedly elevated plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations as a potential model in which to examine genetic aspects of diet-atherosclerosis-lipoprotein interactions. We will study the metabolic pathways through which plasma HDL levels are modified by dietary fat, and will evaluate the importance of dietary fat-induced modifications in HDL subpopulations in the atherosclerosis outcome. We will examine the pathways through which apoB-containing lipoproteins are assembled and secreted and how this process is regulated. We will examine the specific characteristics of apoA-I that contribute to HDL particle formation and stability. Finally, we will examine relationships between bile acids and the development of hyperlipoproteinemia, and define the physiologic and pathophysiologic implications. All of these efforts support the theme of the Program-to identify specific aspects in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism as it affects coronary artery atherosclerosis. All of the programs are interrelated and yet contribute distinct types of basic information. Progress in these research areas will provide opportunities in the future for treatment of Coronary Heart Disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LOW FAT DIET AND BREAST CANCER RECURRENCE--OUTCOME TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Nixon, Daniel W.; President; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1988; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: The Women's Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS) is an ongoing randomized multicenter clinical trial testing the hypothesis that dietary fat intake reduction as an adjuvant to standard breast cancer therapy will reduce disease recurrence and increase survival for women with localized breast cancer. The hypothesis is based on preclinical studies, epidemiological observations and plausible mediating mechanisms of action. Currently, 2096 women (on target to meet the 2,500 final accrual objective) have been randomized within one year of diagnosis to a fat intake reduction Intervention or a Control group. The dietary intervention, based on social cognitive theory, involves individualized counseling by nutritionists trained in motivational interviewing and includes goal assessment, tailored messages, selfmonitoring and cognitive restructuring. Dietary adherence, assessed with serial, unannounced telephone recalls has been maintained through three years with demonstrated significant (P<0.0008) reduction in dietary fat intake in intervention participants. Thus, WINS has a demonstrated capability to both accrue the required population of breast cancer patients and maintain sufficient dietary adherence in the Intervention group to fully address the study hypotheses. Patients continue to be

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Dietary Fat

followed for disease-free survival (as primary study endpoint) and overall survival. Developed long-term adherence strategies contain a Motivational Action Plan (MAP) that includes an individualized assessment of needs with booster sessions. Centralized retention protocols including "partnering" with participants, and newsletters are fully operational. Study organization includes an Administrative Unit, an External Advisory Committee, a Nutrition Coordinating Unit, a Clinical Director's Office, a Statistical Coordinating Unit, two Regional Nutrition Centers and over thirty-four Clinical Sites, and incorporates established quality assurance 'procedures. Completion of this study will provide definitive evaluation of the effect of dietary fat intake on breast cancer patient outcome. This proposal requests support needed to continue the active dietary intervention clinical follow-up and endpoint determinations needed to fully assess all study hypotheses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LUMINAL LIPID EXPOSURE, GENETICS AND COLON CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Kato, Ikuko; Pathology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of the proposed study is to provide the scientific basis for public health strategies to reduce incidence of and mortality from colorectal cancer. Several lines of evidence suggest that a high fat diet increases the risk of colorectal cancer. While ecologic studies and earlier case-control studies demonstrated a strong association with high fat intake, the results from cohort studies and recent case-control studies have rather been inconsistent. These discrepancies may indicate some genetic susceptibility that modify the effects of a high fat diet. One of the major mechanistic bases for the roles of fat in colorectal carcinogenesis is intracolonic exposure to potentially carcinogenic substances which are generated from lipid and its metabolites with fecal bacterial activities. In this context fat absorption may play a key role in determining the effects of a high fat diet on colorectal cancer risk via modifying the levels of luminal exposure to potentially carcinogenic metabolites. Recently, two common genetic polymorphisms (FABP2 and Apo E) that affect intestinal fat absorption and bile acid secretion have been reported and associated with risks of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and dementia. We hypothesize that individuals with genotypes for lower intestinal absorption, which results in more intracolonic exposure to potentially carcinogenic substances, have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer in relation to a high fat diet. To test this hypothesis, we propose to conduct a population-based case-control study in Metropolitan Detroit taking an advantage of the SEER Cancer Registry. We plan to interview 2000 cases and 2000 controls for their usual diet to estimate fat and other nutrient intake and collect blood or buccal cell specimens for genotyping assays. Specific aims of the study are (1) To determine whether the genotype, FABP2 A54, Apo E2/E3 or a combination of these, is associated with risk of colorectal cancer; (2) To determine whether the effect of a high fat diet on colorectal cancer risk is more pronounced in the subjects with these genotypes; and (3) To determine if the above interactions are modified by intake of other dietary components, such as fiber, calcium and iron, which affect luminal lipid metabolism. The results from the proposed study would provide useful information for effective dietary modification in primary prevention for colorectal cancer. In addition, accumulated dietary data and biological specimens will serve as an important resource for future research on other nutrient-gene interactions.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF PERIPHERAL FAT DETECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Gilbertson, Timothy A.; Associate Professor; Biology; Utah State University Logan, Ut 84322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The incidence of obesity in the United States and worldwide continues to escalate and with it there is a corresponding increase in the associated problems of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other related disorders. Much of the obesity is dietary induced and is correlated with high-fat content in the average Western diet. Though the link between fat intake and obesity has been extensively studied, there is comparatively little known about the mechanisms by which the body recognizes dietary fat and even less known about how these mechanisms correlate and contribute to the regulation of dietary fat intake. We have recently demonstrated that the essential fatty acids provide salient cues to the gustatory system, consistent with this representing the first detailed description of their being a "taste of fat". Moreover, we have shown in preliminary experiments that this fatty acid-mediated inhibition of delayed rectifying K+channels may be a universal system by which the body recognizes dietary fat. The overall aim of this project combining electrophysiology, molecular biology and behavioral assays is to identify and characterize the responsiveness of taste system and its role in helping to shape the dietary preferences of strains of fat-preferring and fatavoiding rats. To accomplish these goals we will address the following 3 specific aims in these two rat strains: AIM 1: To determine the responsiveness of taste receptor cells from fat-preferring and avoiding rate to fatty acids, their mechanism of action and how this responsiveness correlates with dietary fat preference. This will test the general hypothesis that the differential fat responsiveness in these two strains is due to difference in K+ channel expression and identify the fat responsive elements. AIM 2: To determine the effectiveness of fatty acids as gustatory stimuli. We will use a series of behavioral assays to test the hypotheses that essential fatty acids are recognized by the taste system and that they may enhance the response to other tastants. We will also determine how the differences seen at the taste cell level between rats with different dietary fat preferences is correlated with behavior. AIM 3: To determine the role the taste system may play in helping to shape nutrient (fat) intake. We will analyze eating behavior in the presence of various diets to test the hypothesis that the fatty acid mediated taste cell activation contributes to the control of fat intake. These studies will advance our understanding the mechanisms of fat signaling and their relationship to dietary preferences. Moreover, it may provide insights into a novel therapeutic targets that can be used in the regulation of fat intake and, ultimately, in the control of dietaryinduced obesity and its related disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Church, Timothy R.; Associate Professor; Environ & Occupational Health; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The goals of this proposed project are to identify risk factors for prostate cancer, to identify specific genetic and biochemical markers associated with prostate cancer, and to identify relationships

48

Dietary Fat

between risk factors and biomarkers. The study will utilize a case-control design. Inperson interviews will be used to collect data on prostate cancer risk factors such as race, family history, medical history, diet, alcohol, tobacco use, and occupation (including farming-related exposures). Blood samples from cases and controls and tissue samples from cases will be analyzed for biochemical and genetic markers hypothesized to be associated with prostate cancer. The following specific hypotheses will be investigated: (1) Increased intake of dietary fat, pesticide exposure, farming, family history of prostate cancer, or race are associated with prostate cancer risk. (2) Certain genetic markers are associated with increased frequency based on exposure variables leading to an increased risk of prostate cancer. (3) Farming and occupational pesticide exposure are related to increases in the frequency of loss of heterozygosity of chromosomes 8, 10 , and 17. (4) High levels of dietary fat intake are associated with high androgen levels. Cases will be all Minnesota and Wisconsin incident men diagnosed with prostate cancers, aged 80 or less, over a two-year time period. An equal number of controls will be selected from state driver's license records and frequency matched to cases on age and state. Cases and controls under the age of 60 will serve as the primary group of interest although all cases will be compared to all controls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUROHORMONAL APOLIPOPROTEIN A IV

CONTROL

OF

INTESTINAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kalogeris, Theodore J.; Surgery; Louisiana State Univ Hsc Shreveport P. O. Box 33932 Shreveport, La 71103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JAN-1997; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is a protein produced by the intestine which is thought to play a physiological role in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, and may also be a satiety signal and an enterogastrone. However, the factors involved in the control of synthesis and secretion of apo A-IV are unclear. It is known that intestinal AIV is stimulated by dietary fat, but the mechanisms for this response are poorly understood. The long-term goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating the expression, synthesis and secretion of intestinal apo A-IV. Preliminary studies show that 1) lipid in the ileum produces a signal which appears to act via the vagus nerve to stimulate synthesis of apo A-IV in the jejunum, and 2) this signal may be involved in the integrated response of apo A-IV to a fat meal. These findings form the basis for this proposal. The investigator will address 3 hypotheses: 1) Intestinal lipid-elicited signals from the distal gut stimulate expression and synthesis of apo A-IV in the proximal gut, thus playing an important role in the response of A-IV to dietary fat intake; 2) Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) is an endocrine mediator for this effect; and 3) PYY's effect on intestinal apo A-IV is vagally mediated. To test these hypotheses, Thiry-Vella fistula rats will be used. The investigator has established this as a useful model for studying the neurohormonal control of intestinal apo A-IV in rats. Specific aim 1 is to test the hypothesis that ileal delivery of lipid, independent of the presence of jejunal lipid, is sufficient to stimulate expression and synthesis of jejunal apo A-IV. Specific aim 2 is to test the hypothesis that the effect of lipid in the distal gut on jejunal apo A-IV expression and synthesis depends upon chylomicron assembly and transport. In specific aim 3, the investigator will test the hypothesis that PYY is a physiological mediator of the effect of distal gut lipid on jejunal apo A-IV expression, synthesis and secretion. Specific aim 4 is to test the hypotheses that vagal innervation is required for 1) the effect of ileal lipid on apo A-IV, and 2) such innervation is also required for the effect of PYY on apo A-IV expression, synthesis and secretion. This

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research is the first to examine the relationship between the brain-gut axis and intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV. It will greatly enhance our understanding of the control of this important protein. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OPOSSUM MODEL FOR THE HIGH & LOW RESPONSES TO DIET Principal Investigator & Institution: Kushwaha, Rampratap S.; Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Res San Antonio, Tx 782450549 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of these proposed studies is to develop the laboratory opossum (Monodelphis domestica) as an animal model for investigating metabolic and molecular mechanisms of high and low responses to dietary lipids. Partially inbred strains of opossums exhibit individual differences in very low (VLDL) and low (LDL) density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in response to a high cholesterol and high fat (HCHF) diet. These differences are under strong genetic control and a major gene explains 80% of the variability. Thus, the laboratory opossum may be a unique model for investigating the metabolic and genetic basis of lipemic response to diet. An important question that is proposed to answer is whether the major gene is responsive to dietary cholesterol or dietary fat or a combination of both. Based on pervious work, it is hypothesized that the difference in LDL cholesterol concentrations is due to strain differences in LDL apoB production. To test this hypothesis, LDL apoB synthesis will be conducted, cholesterol absorption and bile acid composition in high and low responding opossums on the chow and HCHF diets will be measured. Dietary cholesterol changes the expression and activity of a number of hepatic genes, and a mutation in any of these genes may affect the handling of excess dietary cholesterol by the liver. Therefore, the expression of a major hepatic and extrahepatic cholesterol responsive genes between high and low responding opossums will be measured and compared. If the activity or the expression of a major cholesterol responsive gene is associated with the lipemic responsiveness, a search for a polymorphism by singlestrand conformation polymorphism analysis will be done. If a polymorphism in the gene is also associated with the response, selectively bred animals will be genotyped and these data used for linkage analysis to determine if this is the major gene detected by genetic analysis. It is possible that this gene may also be a major determinant of dieinduced hyperlipidemia in humans. However, even if this is not the case, these studies are likely to lead to new strategies in the management of diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PANCREATIC LIPASES AND COLIPASE IN LIPOLYSIS AND OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lowe, Mark E.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goals of this project are to define the molecular physiology and biochemistry of dietary fat digestion. The Specific Aims in this grant are to: 1) Define the contribution of carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) and pancreatic lipase related protein 2 (PLRP2) to the digestion of dietary fat. 2) Define the physiological functions of procolipase. 3) Test the role of enterostatin in the various phenotypes of the procolipase deficient mice. In Specific Aim 1 we will measure the

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absorption of a variety of dietary fats in CEL and PLRP2 deficient mice, which are already available. We will monitor growth and fecal fat absorption. We will evaluate the role of CEL in dietary triglyceride digestion in adult and suckling mice and determine if CEL and PLRP2 contribute to the digestion of a minor dietary lipid, galactolipids. These studies will provide important information about dietary fat digestion particularly in newborns and will influence the development of nutritional therapy for chronically ill patients and premature infants. In Specific Aim 2, we will expand our studies of procolipase deficient mice that were begun in the last grant period. We will determine if procolipase regulates the body weight set point as suggested by our previous studies. Because procolipase deficient newborns have steatorrhea independent of colipasedependent pancreatic lipase (PTL), we will analyze neonatal pancreas and breast milk for another colipase dependent lipase. Finally, we will begin investigation to determine if alterations in feeding behavior account for the decreased survival in procolipase deficient mice. These studies will define the role of procolipase in dietary fat digestion in suckling animals when PTL is absent and will potentially identify new roles for colipase in weight regulation and in fetal development. The last Specific Aim is designed to rigorously test the hypothesis that enterostatin regulates appetite. Enterostatin is a peptide released from procolipase after it enters the duodenum. When injected into an animal enterostatin decreases fat intake. We have created enterostatin deficient, colipase sufficient mice and will determine the effects of endogenous enterostatin deficiency on weight gain and appetite. These studies will test the hypothesis that enterostatin regulates satiety and will provide an animal model for testing potential pharmaceutical agents that modulate this pathway. Taken together the completion of these studies will increase our understanding of fat digestion and the regulation of fat intake. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATIENT POPULATION

FOCUSED

CANCER

CONTROL

IN

AN

HMO

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hollis, Jack F.; Investigator; Kaiser Foundation Research Institute 1800 Harrison St, 16Th Fl Oakland, Ca 94612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 22-AUG-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: The theme of the proposed CPRU is to improve the organization and delivery of cancer control services in manage care. The investigators propose a CPRU to extend the previous work, expand the collaboration of CHR and ORI, initiate development of work in two areas new to us that are important to managed care, to add new investigators to our cancer control research team including two young investigators without previous cancer control experience, and to enhance the opportunities for working with a large managed care organization to develop a rational approach to designing, testing, evaluating and implementing cancer control strategies. Project I will test an innovative expert systems model developed at the University of Rhode Island in a medical setting. No adolescent smoking prevention or cessation programs have had a demonstrable long-term impact on teenage smoking. This sophisticated, interactive video provides stage- appropriate smoking prevention/cessation interventions. For adults, we have already shown that the medical encounter is uniquely effective as a vehicle for delivering effective smoking interventions. This project will apply those lessons to adolescent interventions. Project 2 will use the successful outpatient TRACC 1 smoking intervention s a model for delivery of an intervention designed to reduce dietary fat. There are no low- intensity interventions proven to have a long-term impact on dietary fat consumption. We will determine whether an inexpensive, brief dietary

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counseling approach incorporated into routine primary care can reduce blood lipids and long-term risk of cancer. Project 3 examines the impact of coordinating integrating, and prioritizing the delivery of cancer prevention services ot a population of underserved health plan members. There are multiple, often conflicting, systems and recommendations for delivering cancer control services. This project focuses on women who fall into the mammography and pap smear safety nets and women who smoke. Two developmental projects will initiate new areas of research for us; genetic screening and its implications for cancer control, and quality of life studies among cancer patients. Both developmental projects involve young investigators new to cancer control. The projects will be served by a core that provides data management, quality control, economic analyses, biostatistics, and analysis support. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHYTOESTROGENS, ALCOHOL, AND ENDOMETRIAL CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Bandera, Elisa V.; Assistant Professor; Surgery; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-R W Johnson Med Sch Robert Wood Johnson Medical Sch Piscataway, Nj 08854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is an Academic Career Award application to support a training and research program for Dr. Elisa V. Bandera, an Associate Research Scientist in the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University. The goals of this program are: 1) to complement her previous training in medicine and epidemiology by providing a strong theoretical foundation in nutrition, nutritional epidemiology, molecular epidemiology, and cancer epidemiology; and, 2) to apply this theoretical training in a case-control study of endometrial cancer. The proposed educational plan includes mentoring, structured courses, seminars, conferences, and guided readings. A highly qualified team of experts in the relevant areas will mentor the candidate through these activities and help her achieve her goals. The research proposed in this application builds upon a five-year population-based case-control study (Dr. Sara OIson, PI; R01CA83918), with a funding start date of July 1, 2001. The case-control study that provides the context for the proposed research includes 600 cases with endometrioid tumors, 200 with serous or clear cell tumors, and 600 controls. The cases will be women older than 21 years, residents of six counties in New Jersey, with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed epithelial endometrial cancer. The controls will be frequency matched to the cases (+5years) and selected by random digit dialing (for those under 65) or from HCFA files (for those older than 65 years). The proposed project expands the objectives of the parent grant, whose main goals are to evaluate the role of estrogens, genetics, and dietary fat. The specific aims of the proposed project are to investigate the association between phytoestrogen and alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer risk. Possible effect modification by body mass index, estrogen replacement therapy, fat and total energy intake, smoking, genotypes for enzymes involved in estrogen metabolism, and histologic type will be investigated. Interactions between alcohol and phytoestrogen intakes will also be examined. An additional component of the proposed research is a feasibility study to evaluate an innovative multi-media web-based dietary assessment method, the Computer-Assisted Self-Interview Diet History, in the context of the case-control study of endometrial cancer. This award will provide the support and training the Candidate needs to develop an independent career in the nutritional epidemiology of cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: POST-PRANDIAL NUTRIENT PARTITIONING IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cornier, Marc-Andre A.; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: PROPOSAL (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The long-term goal of the candidate is to pursue a career in academic medicine in the field of endocrinology and metabolism with a specific research goal of becoming an independent researcher in the area of fuel metabolism and obesity. The candidate's immediate goals are to develop the strong foundation and skills necessary for the transition to an independent research career. The Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award will help to enable the candidate to reach these short-term goals by completing the proposed studies and following the specific career development plan outlined. In addition, the institution and mentors provide an outstanding and supportive environment. The goal of the proposed research project is to gain a better understanding of the effects of shortterm overfeeding on nutrient metabolism. Obesity is a serious and growing public health problem in the U.S. The pathophysiological processes that underlie this increasing prevalence of obesity have not been clearly defined but likely involve faulty interactions between environmental factors, which favor positive energy balance, with biological weight regulatory systems in genetically "at risk" individuals. Individuals who are genetically predisposed to leanness in the current environment may be able to sense and respond to excess energy intake more rapidly and accurately than those predisposed to obesity. It is hypothesized that lean individuals develop transient insulin resistance in response to overfeeding and may preferentially deliver dietary fat to oxidatively active tissues, leading to increased fat oxidation. This may also be associated with an increased sense of satiety in these individuals as well. The end result is that these mechanisms will protect lean individuals from excessive weight gain. To test these ideas, studies of lean and reduced-obese subjects, following a three-day period of overfeeding 50% above basal caloric requirements, are proposed. Specifically, studies on the insulin sensitivity of lipolysis, glucose disposal, and glucose production using insulin clamp and tracer techniques, as well as tracer meal studies examining the metabolic fate of labeled glucose and fatty acids, are proposed. These studies will include indirect calorimetry, tracer oxidation, limb balance, and tissue sampling to give a comprehensive view of meal associated nutrient metabolism. Complementary studies on the effects of overfeeding on satiety and palatability are also proposed. These studies will provide insight into the biology that predisposes to weight gain and regain and will lay the groundwork for future studies of the abnormalities in nutrient metabolism that exist in obese and preobese individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PREGNANCY ESTROGENS, DIET, AND BREAST CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Hilakivi-Clarke, Leena A.; Professor; V T Lombardi Cancer Res Center; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Estrogen levels are elevated by 50-100 -fold during pregnancy, and interindividual variability in pregnancy estrogen levels is 4-6 -fold. Women exhibiting highest pregnancy estrogen levels are suggested to be at a significantly increased risk to develop breast cancer, perhaps due to an estrogen-induced promotion of existing transformed cells. Diet, particularly dietary fats, may affect pregnancy estrogen levels and later breast cancer risk. In our animal study, a high fat intake significantly increased

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pregnancy estrogen levels and increased pregnancy-promoted mammary tumor incidence. Polymorphism in genes that metabolize estrogens and have been linked to increased breast cancer risk, may also affect pregnancy estrogen levels. Our proposed study has two general aims: (1) to study whether dietary fat intake affects pregnancy estrogen levels in women, perhaps by interacting with polymorphism in CYP17 and COMT, and (2) to study whether highest pregnancy estrogen levels might increase breast cancer risk by increasing growth factor levels. These growth factors could originate from mutated or already transformed mammary cells, which during pregnancy are stimulated by high estrogen levels. Growth factor levels will be measured in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) that can be obtained using a breast pump from nonlactating breast. Consequently, the following hypotheses will be tested: Hypothesis-1. We hypothesize that high dietary fat intake and weight gain increase pregnancy estrogen levels. We further hypothesize that polymorphism in CYP17 or COMT influences these interactions. Hypothesis-2. We hypothesize that higher circulating estradiol levels during pregnancy are associated with increased growth factor levels in nipple aspirate fluid, including EGF, TGFalpha and IGF-1/IGF binding protein 3. These aims will be studied in 200 pregnant women attending the Maternity Clinic at Solna in NAF will be obtained 12 months after giving birth. Our results may lead to modifications of pregnancy diet to reduce the risk to develop breast cancer. In particular, women who already are at high risk, for example, due to family history of breast cancer, age at first pregnancy (greater than 30 years), or other reproductive risk factors, may significantly benefit from pregnancy dietary modifications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF OBESITY BY ALTERATION OF DIETARY FAT Principal Investigator & Institution: Donnelly, Joseph E.; Professor and Director; Educ Psychology and Research; University of Kansas Lawrence Lawrence, Ks 66045 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Treatment for obesity has proven difficult as most reduced obese individuals regain the weight which had been lost. The lack of success in treating obesity argues for strategies to prevent obesity or weight re-gain. The PIs propose to use 3 clinically appropriate levels of fat intake in a population at-risk for weight gain in a long-term study where energy intake and macronutrient composition is verified by multi-method techniques. Primary Aim-Prevention of weight gain. The PI will determine the effects of 3 levels of verified dietary fat intake on body weight and body composition in college students at-risk for weight gain. We hypothesize that ad libitum diets which contain greater than 35 percent fat will promote weight gain compared to subjects who ingest ad libitum diets which contain 28 to 32 percent fat or 25 percent fat or less. Specifically, the PI expects a dose response for the level of fat in the diet for body weight and fat mass. Secondary aims will may contribute to our understanding of how various levels of fat intake may prevent or promote obesity and may provide explanation for the anticipated differences in individual responses with the groups. Association of fat intake to total energy intake. The PI expects that subjects consuming diets with higher amounts of fat to have greater total energy intakes and will therefore show weight gain in a dose response fashion. Specifically, the PI will hypothesize that subjects consuming ad libitum diets with 35 percent fat or greater will show an increase in total energy intake compared to subjects consuming a 28 to 32 percent fat diet or subjects consuming a diet of 25 percent fat or less. Individual response - the PI expects subjects with greater body fat to gain more weight and fat mass compared to leaner subjects and expect subjects who are restrained eaters to gain less weight than those who exhibit disinhibited eating.

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Dietary Fat

Although the PI expects increase energy intake for the groups that receive high fat intakes, they do not expect all subjects within each group to respond in similar fashion. The long-term results expect to show those subjects who gained the least amount of weight during the intervention will have the lowest weights 1,2 and 3 years post intervention. The results of this study should advance our understanding of the role of dietary fat in the prevention of obesity and weight re-gain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF OVERWEIGHT IN PRESCHOOL MINORITY CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Fitzgibbon, Marian L.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the U.S. is over 10 percent. Overweight in childhood is linked to overweight in adulthood, as well as earlier morbidity and mortality. This strongly suggests the need for primary prevention and intervention in children. Furthermore, in contrast to the disappointing weight loss outcome data for adults, weight loss studies with children report far more effective results. The inclusion of a parent in the intervention appears to contribute to the success. Thus, it seems vital that a successful overweight prevention and intervention program must include both children and parents. Finally, studies indicate that early prevention and intervention efforts may be particularly important for minority populations. For example, the prevalence of overweight among minority women approaches a staggering 50 percent compared to 33 percent for White women. Children often acquire a genetic predisposition toward overweight and model their eating patterns after their parents. Therefore, it follows that minority children from families where one or both parents are overweight are at greatest risk for becoming overweight themselves. The proposed research was designed to address the needs of the Black and Hispanic communities, focusing on intervention with preschool aged children. Twenty-four Head Start sites will be randomly assigned to intervention or no-intervention conditions. Of these 24 sites, 12 will serve a predominantly Black population, and 12 will serve a predominantly Hispanic population. The investigators anticipate enrolling an average of 35 Black or Hispanic children and parents per site. Parents and children will participate in health screenings at baseline, following the intervention, and 12 and 24 months later. The intervention consists of a 16-week nutrition and activity based weight control program that includes parental participation. The no-intervention control group will receive the standard curriculum provided by the Head Start preschool program. It is expected that children in the intervention group will show a greater mean reduction in the primary outcome measure, percent ideal body weight for height (%IBWH), as well as dietary fat intake; and an increase in dietary fiber and fruit and vegetable intake. It is expected that the parent intervention group will show a greater mean reduction in body mass index; decreased dietary fat; and increased dietary fiber, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes, and support for healthy eating. These changes will be seen following the intervention and at 12 and 24 months later. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROSTATE CANCER DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Christina C.; Professor and Program Director; Harbor-Ucla Research & Educ Inst 1124 W Carson St Torrance, Ca 90502

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Provided by the applicant) Increasing evidence from studies in experimental animals and men show that dietary intake of fat especially animal fat is associated with increased risk of development and growth of carcinoma of the prostate (CaP). We have shown in our recently completed study that in white men changing their customary diet (37.9 plus or minus 1.0% energy from fat, 19 plus or minus 1 g fiber per day) to a low-fat, high-fiber diet (13.9 plus or minus 0.3% energy from fat, 32 plus or minus 1 g fiber per day) significantly decreased their serum testicular and adrenal androgens; urinary excretion rates of both testicular and adrenal androgens, and the production rate of testosterone. The specific aim for this study is to verify in multiethnic groups that the decreases in serum androgens after diet modulation to a low fat diet are also reflected by decreases in intraprostatic androgens and changes in their metabolism resulting in increased 5 alpha reduced androgens. To address the specific aim we will recruit patients presenting to the Urology clinics with elevated serum PSA and or/abnormal digital rectal examination where a routine transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy is indicated. Prostate samples not used for pathological diagnosis will be stored. Subjects whose biopsies show no evidence of CaP and have a persistently elevated PSA will require a repeat biopsy 8 to 12 months later. These subjects will be eligible for the study if they customarily consume a high-fat diet and will have serum/urine androgen levels measured. They will be randomized to continue on their customary high-fat diet or to diet modulation on an isocaloric low fat-high fiber diet (<15% of total calories as fat/ 25 to 35 g fiber a day) for eight weeks. After diet study, serum and androgen levels will be measured on the day before their scheduled second biopsy. All subjects will return for weekly clinic visits to ensure compliance with customary or low fat diet. The biopsies before and after diet modulation will be used for measurement of intraprostatic androgen levels and androgen metabolic enzyme activities including 5 alpha reductase, 3alpha/beta hydroxysteroid oxi/reductase and 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The proposed study will provide unequivocal evidence to answer whether reduction in dietary fat will result in significant changes in intraprostatic androgens and enzyme activities. Small but significant decreases in intraprostatic androgen may create an unfavorable macroenvironment which over protracted time may slow or prevent the development and growth of CaP. The results will provide the important missing link between diet fat and CaP growth and development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROSTATE CANCER IN BLACKS: ROLE OF POVERTY AND DIET Principal Investigator & Institution: Oliver, M Norman.; Assistant Professor; Family Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Candidate's long-term career goal is to become an independent investigator in cancer prevention and control, with a focus on studying racial and ethnic disparities in cancer morbidity and mortality. Minority populations bear an unequal cancer burden, and the Candidate proposes to develop unique and innovative methodologies to help understand these disparities. The K07 will provide for the development of new and enhanced knowledge and skills in two areas essential to the Candidate's future research efforts aimed at helping to reduce cancer health disparities: 1) spatial epidemiology, including use of geographic information systems; and, 2) cancer prevention and control, including health behavior (especially regarding diet and physical activity). The proposed training plan includes 1) course work; 2) regular mentoring from Sponsors and Collaborators; 3) participation in seminars and

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national conferences; 4) tutorials by experts; and, 5) mentored research. K07 didactic experiences will be applied in a mentored research project. Specific Aims of Project: 1) develop a geographic information system that maps prostate cancer incidence in the southeastern United States; 2) develop spatial regression models aimed at explaining the possible association of poverty, income, urban/rural residence, and race to the geographic patterning of prostate cancer incidence; 3) conduct a telephone survey of dietary fat intake among African Americans and whites in selected rural and urban sites in Virginia; and 4) investigate whether any correlation exists between dietary fat intake in these areas and the incidence of prostate cancer. K07 project findings will be used to help develop culturally appropriate interventions in African-American communities to decrease dietary fat intake and increase physical activity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PTDINS NEURODEGENERATION

TRANSFER

PROTEIN

FUNCTION

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bankaitis, Vytas A.; Professor; Cell and Developmental Biology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this research is to undertake a detailed analysis of an under-investigated class of proteins: the mammalian phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer proteins (PITPs). The functions and mechanisms of function of PITPs in mammalian cells remain to be elucidated. The research plan is designed to identify mechanisms of function of a specific mammalian PITP isoform (PITPalpha). This proposal is founded on our creation and characterization of a PITPalpha knockout mouse. PITP-/- mice suffer from spinocerebellar degeneration, hypoglycemia, and failure to absorb dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins across the small intestine (i.e. a chylomicron retention disease). These phenotypes manifest themselves upon birth and PITPalpha-/- mice rapidly succumb to these disorders. The PITPalpha/- mouse is an ideal disease model in that it is born alive, but manifests powerful phenotypes. The rates of phenotype onset are rapid. Using this unique model, we will undertake three lines of investigation. First, we will restore PITPalpha expression to the small intestine of the PITPalpha-/- mouse to test our hypothesis that the dietary fat malabsorption syndrome is a primary factor in hypoglycemia and spinocerebellar degeneration. In this effort, we propose to develop a cultured enterocyte model in which chylomicron assembly and transport can be studied in detail. Second, our data indicate the PITPalpha-deficient neurons exhibit intrinsic defects; most likely in signaling through the so-called 'survival pathways'. Using genetic, biochemical and signaling approaches we will test this hypothesis in the PITPalpha-/- model. These studies will be complemented by exploitation of a novel Drosophila system for study of PITPct signaling functions. Third, we will use genome engineering approaches to functionally dissect the physiological functions of individual PITPalpha phospholipid transfer activities. In particular, we will test whether the key physiological function of PITPalpha is to facilitate phosphoinositide synthesis and, if so, what specific phosphoinositides are regulated in a PITPalpha-dependent manner and what signaling pathways are involved. PITPs play central roles in regulating signal transduction pathways that interface with diverse cellular processes. We now establish that these functional interfaces are relevant to human chylomicron retention disease, disorders of glucose homeostasis, and spinocerebellar degeneration. The Bankaitis laboratory is uniquely poised to address

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questions of mechanism of PITPalpha function as it has developed unique experimental systems for analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REACHING RURAL RESIDENTS WITH NURTITION STRATEGIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Fries, Elizabeth A.; Psychology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: Addressing cancer among rural, African American, and low-income Americans is a high priority for cancer prevention in the U.S. Cancer mortality rates among these groups are often disproportionately high compared to urban, Caucasian, and high-income populations. Some of the high cancer mortality rates in these groups can be slowed by changing the foods Americans eat. Specifically, government agencies, including the National Cancer Institute, recommend that Americans consume at least 20 grams of fiber per day and no more than 30 percent of their daily calories from fat. We are far from reaching these goals, and rural, low-income individuals are especially disadvantaged when it comes to dietary programs and knowledge. These groups are often less ready to change their diets, and in need of both reading level appropriate material and extra motivation to make changes. Yet, our educational materials and techniques for changing diet in the underserved are clearly inadequate. The investigators propose testing a theoretically guided intervention package designed to decrease fat and increase fiber consumption in rural, low-income, low-literacy level individuals in southern Virginia. This intervention will adapt an effective dietary change booklet entitled "Help yourself: A Guide to Healthful Eating" to this population. Personalized dietary feedback and recommendations, and personal physician letters will be provided for additional motivation for dietary modification. One thousand and fifty individuals recruited through rural primary care practices in southern Virginia will participate in this five year study. Subjects will be randomly assigned to intervention and control conditions. The revised self-help booklets and motivational materials will be delivered in the mail to the home of patients. All intervention information will be provided with the personal rural primary care physician's endorsement. Study participants will be followed up by telephone at one, six, and twelve month intervals. Primary outcomes of dietary fat and fiber behavior will be measured using the Fat and Fiber Behavior Questionnaire (FFB). A sub-study in the intervention participants will test three different strategies for presenting personalized dietary feedback based on prior research. This project will provide new information on motivating this underserved population toward dietary change. The combined strategies will form a self-help intervention package that is maximally effective while retaining the long term, desirable qualities of low intensity and cost. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REDUCING HEART DISEASE RISK WITH 'GET-THE-FAT-OUT' Principal Investigator & Institution: Southard, Barbara H.; Health Management Consultants of Va of Virginia, Inc. Blacksburg, Va 24060 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: (provided by investigator): Despite enormous public health efforts, heart disease remains the number one killer, partly due to the prevalence of high dietary fat intake and sedentary lifestyles. At the same time and for many of the same reasons, obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent, bringing with it increased risk of heart

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disease, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, and some forms of cancer. In an effort to address the dietary behaviors that promote both heart disease and obesity, Health Management Consultants of Virginia proposes to develop Get-the-Fat-Out, an Internet data based behavior modification program targeted for at-risk adults at varying stages of readiness for changing dietary fat intake and physical activity level. The ultimate goal of Get-the-Fat-Out is to facilitate life-long habits of maintaining a healthy weight, an active lifestyle, and a low-fat diet. Specific aims for Phase I are: 1) Develop initial and on going "intervention-integrated" readiness for change assessments; 2) Develop stage-specific contents and strategies; 3) Develop a reward system; 4) Program 1, 2 and 3 for delivery on-line via PC and/or PDA; 5) Formatively evaluate the program. Get-the-Fat-Out could be offered to adults as part of a cardiac rehabilitation or other disease management or wellness program, or as an independent intervention via on-line subscription. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY DIETARY FAT Principal Investigator & Institution: Salati, Lisa M.; Associate Professor; Biochemistry; West Virginia University P. O. Box 6845 Morgantown, Wv 265066845 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The long-term objective of this work is to understand the molecular mechanism by which dietary polyunsaturated fats inhibit gene expression. Americans are encouraged to consume less fat and a higher polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio. This recommended dietary goal is a preventative health measure because of the correlation between fat intake, serum lipids and the risk of heart disease. The intracellular events resulting from changing the type and quantity of fat in the diet have not been well characterized. Using glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) as our model gene, we have identified a very novel form of regulated expression by dietary polyunsaturated fat. Changes in the expression of G6PD by diet occur at a nuclear posttranscriptional step: regulation of the amount of pre-mRNA. The amount of G6PD pre-mRNA is regulated early in the RNA processing pathway, without regulation of splicing or nucleocytoplasmic transport. The research program described in this application will test the hypothesis that dietary polyunsaturated fats inhibit the expression of G6PD by decreasing processing of the G6PD pre-mRNA. This mechanism involves the binding of trans-acting proteins to cis-acting elements within the premRNA. The consequence of this binding reaction is either a block in the entry of premRNA into the processing pathway or enhanced degradation during processing. In Specific Aim 1, the cis-acting elements involved in the inhibition of G6PD pre-mRNA accumulation by fatty acids will be identified. Transient transfection of chimeric constructs into primary hepatocytes will test for these elements in all parts of the 18 kb primary transcript of G6PD. Experiments in Specific Aim 2 will characterize the nuclear localization of G6PD pre-mRNA. The amount of G6PD pre- and mature mRNA will be measured on the nuclear matrix, in soluble nuclear fractions, and on the nuclear membrane. The relative amounts of precursor and mature mRNA and the kinetics by which these amounts change will indicate where during processing regulated expression of G6PD is occurring. In Specific Aim 3, the effect of specific degradative pathways on the accumulation of G6PD pre-mRNA will be measured. Changes in the length of the poly(A) tail of G6PD pre-mRNA and/or enhanced 3' to 5' degradation could decrease G6PD pre-mRNA accumulation in the nucleus in mice consuming a diet high in polyunsaturated fat. The results of these experiments will provide novel new

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information regarding the mechanisms by which dietary polyunsaturated fats can regulate gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF FREE FATTY ACIDS IN HUMAN INSULIN METABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Stein, Daniel T.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Increased availability of lipid substrates, particularly plasma non-esterified free fatty acids and intracellular triglyceride stores have been linked to many aspects of the insulin resistance syndrome including obesity, dyslipidemia and Type 2 diabetes. Epidemiologic and animal data suggest that saturated fats have differential effects on the induction of insulin resistance as well as their effects (both stimulatory and inhibitory) on beta cell function compared to unsaturated fats. Current medical guidelines suggest limiting fat, particularly saturated fat intake. Surprisingly, considering the potential public health implications of dietary fat intake, little direct experimental data exists for human subjects in this area, and available data is contradictory. The goal of these studies, therefore, is to explore the effect of lipids on normal beta cell physiology and then to directly test the hypothesis that dietary saturated fatty acids time dependently stimulate insulin secretion more and then induce greater degrees of insulin secretory dysfunction with prolonged exposure as compared to unsaturated fats using the novel method of in vivo stable isotope peptide pharmacokinetics. As beta cell function deteriorates with prolonged NEFA exposure, hyperinsulinemia matching the degree of insulin resistance will be maintained by decreases in systemic and hepatic insulin clearance. We will also test the proposition that subjects at risk for Type 2 diabetes will be more sensitive to the effects of saturates compared to normal controls. Lastly we hypothesize that for the group as a whole, defects in insulin action, insulin clearance and finally beta cell secretory function will be exactly paralleled by accumulations of intracellular triglycerides in multiple tissues including within hepatocytes and skeletal myocytes as monitored non-invasively by magnetic resonance proton spectroscopy and that this provides the unifying link to systemic organ dysfunction with abnormal lipid metabolism in the insulin resistance syndromes. Preliminary data support the feasibility of our approach as well as our hypothesis. An improved understanding of beta cell - lipid interactions should provide evidence for future dietary recommendations to prevent type 2 diabetes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF PPARBETA IN COLON CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Peters, Jeffrey M.; Assistant Professor; Veterinary Science; Pennsylvania State University-Univ Park 201 Old Main University Park, Pa 16802 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Since it was first identified as a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in 1994, specific roles for the PPARbeta (also referred to as PPAR-delta) have remained elusive, Recent data suggests that the PPAR-beta may be involved in epithelial cancer including skin and colon. PPARbeta expression is upregulated in response to topical application of a tumor promoter (TPA), in human colon tumor cells with an inactivated APC gene, and in human and azoxymethane-induced rodent colon tumors providing the first evidence suggesting

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that this receptor contributes to the mechanisms of epithelial cancers. Increased expression of beta-catenin caused by a mutant APC gene mediates transcriptional upregulation of PPAR-beta in colon tumor cells, demonstrating that PPAR-beta activation is downstream of the initial molecular events in the etiology of colon cancer. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that one functional role for PPAR-beta is to modulate target gene expression that leads to colon carcinogenesis. The first specific aim is to develop two model systems to test the hypotheses that PPAR-beta is essential for colon carcinogenesis. The first model will utilize crossing the PPAR-beta-null mouse line with APC min+/- mice and the second model will assess azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in the PPAR-beta null mouse. Results from these experiments will determine if increased PPAR-beta expression is central to the mechanisms underlying colon cancer. Western-style diets with a high fat content have been linked to higher incidence of colon cancer in both human and animal models and dietary fatty acids are known ligands for PPAR-beta. The second specific aim will test the hypothesis that increased colon cancer resulting from a high fat diet is dependent on PPAR-beta. Treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is used to prevent colon tumor formation, and may be due to inhibition of PPAR-beta-dependent target gene transcription and/or inhibition of COX metabolism. Preliminary data suggests that the beneficial effects of sulindac are mediated by the PPAR-beta. The third specific aim will determine if inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by the NSAID sulindac is mediated by PPARI-beta. Results from this work will also determine whether inhibition of PPAR-beta-dependent target gene transcription, inhibition of COX activity that may be influenced by PPAR-beta, or both, are critical to the mechanisms underlying sulindac inhibition of colon cancer. Combined, this work will clarify specific functional roles for the PPAR-beta in the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic, dietary and chemically induced colon cancer and in the prevention of this disease; thus providing future therapeutic targets to prevent colon cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYSTEMS HYPERLIPIDEMIA

TO

ENHANCE

PROVIDER

COUNSELING

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Ockene, Ira S.; Associate Director, Professor of Medicin; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1991; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: In the Worcester-Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia (WATCH) we demonstrated that a primary-care based program of physician training in patientcentered counseling for nutrition change, when combined with a low-cost office support program, has significant beneficial effects on physician counseling behavior and patient intake of total and saturated fat, blood LDL-C levels, and weight. Counseling training without such support did not have an effect on pt outcomes. The present proposal will extend the WATCH findings by adding to the effective intervention a systems-based approach that will ensure the appropriate and timely delivery of cost-effective nutritionintervention services. This approach will include a Systems-Based Lipid Management Program to include patient tracking, dietitian-implemented telephone counselling and guideline-driven recommendations, and the provision of videotapes and monthly newsletters to the patients. We will also utilize an innovative group nutrition intervention program (GNI); The primary outcomes which will be elevated are the following: 1. changes in study pts' eating practices (percent of calories from saturated fat); and 2. changes in study pts' blood LDL-C levels. The study population will be 1200

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adults of both sexes with LDL-C levels in the highest quartile, attending the primary care clinics of the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. In this randomized controlled trial of the physicians will receive the effective WATCH program. Half of the study pts will receive the systems-based intervention. Endpoint measurements will be made at 12 months. We will asses pt dietary changes (percent of calories from saturated fat) using 24 hour telephone recalls and 7 day diet recalls, and blood LDL-C changes by lipid profile measurement. Pt demographic and psychosocial variables will be assessed by self-administrated surveys. We also will measure physician attitudes and practices; assess individual-level response to the GNI; measure pt knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to diet modification; and assess the cost and cost-effectiveness of the delivered intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TYPES AND AMOUNT OF DIETARY FAT AND COLON CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Reddy, Bandaru S.; Chief, Division of Nutritional Carcinoge; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: Epidemiologic and animal model studies suggest that dietary intake of certain types of fat plays a role in the risk of colon cancer development. The long term objective is to understand the modulating effects of amount and types of fat differing in fatty acid composition in colon tumor promotion and progression. Specifically, it is proposed to investigate the mechanism(s) of types and amount of dietary fat such as corn oil (CO) and menhaden fish oil (FO) rich in omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, respectively and mixed lipid high in saturated fats. Recent studies indicate that high intake of certain dietary fats has been associated with an alteration in the production of secondary bile acids, diacylglycerols (DAG) and fatty acids in the colonic contents which could enter the colonic mucosa and activate several cellular events including protein kinase C (PKC), arachidonic acid metabolism and ras p21, to cite a few. These biochemical and molecular events induced by types and amount of dietary fat became a basis to conduct in-depth studies. Specifically, it is proposed to determine the effect of diets high and low in CO and high in FO and mixed lipids on the production of DAG by the gut microflora, fatty acid composition of colonic luminal (fecal) DAGs, colonic mucosal and tumor up-regulation and down- regulation of PKC isozymes, cyclooxygenase isozymes, and farnesyl protein transferase during promotion and progression stages of colon carcinogenesis. At 5 weeks of age, groups of male F344 rats will be fed low-fat AIN-76A diet containing CO (LFCO). At 7 weeks of age, groups of animals will be treated with two weekly s.c. doses of azoxymethane (AOM) or normal saline (vehicle and one day later, they will be transferred to high fat diets containing CO (HFCO) or FO (HFF0). One group will be continued on LFCO diet. Then the groups of animals will be sacrificed at weeks 1, 12, 36 and 50 after AOM or saline treatment. Prior to sacrifice, daily stool samples for one week will be collected from each animal and analyzed for fecal DAG mass and their fatty acid composition. Cecal contents will be used to determine the production of DAG by intestinal microflora. Colon mucosa harvested at weeks 1, 12, 36 and 50 and colon tumors will be used to determine the isoforms of PKC, cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, and farnesyl-protein transferase. These biochemical and molecular parameters of animals treated with AOM or saline and fed the experimental diets will be analyzed statistically to determine the significance of difference. It is hoped that the results generated from the proposed mechanistic study will strengthen the rationale for primary and secondary prevention of colon cancer through dietary modulation.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE AND COLORECTAL NEOPLASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Schoen, Robert E.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 16-MAY-1997; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant public health problem. Because treatment of advanced CRC is limited, prospects for CRC control must focus on early detection and prevention. Strong circumstantial evidence suggests that CRC develops from a precursor lesion, the adenomatous polyp. Because the number of individuals with polyps far exceeds the number who develop cancer, advances in CRC control must focus on improving our understanding of the risk factors for developing adenomas and for the transformation of adenomas into colorectal cancers. Obesity, estimated by body mass index, has been consistently linked to CRC risk in men but not in women. Recent epidemiologic data suggest that adipose tissue distribution, and in particular visceral adipose tissue (VAT) rather than overall adiposity, may be an important risk factor for CRC. Dietary fat, meat, and protein intake have also been postulated as risk factors for the CRC but studies have varied. For example, the benefits of polyunsaturated as opposed to saturated fat intake have not been observed in all studies. Previous investigations may have been hampered by using imprecise methodologies to measure obesity or estimate dietary fat intake. Biologic measures are preferable because of their greater precision. I propose to investigate the relationship of visceral adipose tissue and dietary fat intake to adenomatous polyps, the precursor lesion of CRC. Two well established biomarkers with superb reproducibility and successful pilot testing will be employed. Results from these studies will translate rapidly to clinical application and may impact significantly on future prevention efforts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: WEIGHT CONTROL IN PERI- AND EARLY POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Racette, Susan B.; Internal Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Obesity is a preventable condition that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality. A women's risk for obesity, as well as cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, increases dramatically with menopause due to normal and lifestyle changes. Furthermore, many perimenopausal women are already at risk for obesity based upon current overweight or obesity, former obesity, or a family history of obesity. In light of much evidence that reversal of obesity generally is difficult and unsuccessful long-term, a preventive approach that emphasizes modest lifestyle modifications may be superior in promoting long-term behavioral changes and weight control with advancing age. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a modest lifestyle intervention program or preventing gains in body weight, whole body bat mass, and abdominal adipose tissue during a 2-year period in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women who are at risk for obesity. A second aim is to determine the effects of the intervention on daily physical activity, which will be calculated from total daily expenditure and resting metabolic rate, as determined by the doubly labeled water method and indirect calorimetry, respectively. A randomized, controlled trial will be used to evaluate the intervention in female employees of a large Midwestern medical

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center. The intervention is a modest lifestyle modification program that will focus on teaching participants ways to modify their dietary habits and incorporate additional physical activity, as a means of altering daily energy balance to prevent weight gain during the 2-year intervention period. The 4 components of the intervention include: 1) reducing dietary fat intake; 2) increasing daily physical activity; 3) two consecutive days per month of low-fat, low-calorie meals prepared either in the metabolic kitchen of the General Clinical Research Center or by the participant; and 4) a "study- buddy" system, in which each participant is paired with a buddy with whom she is to keep in the frequent contact, discuss goals and progress, and motive. The results of this project are intended to provide valuable information regarding lifestyle programs that may assist women in controlling body weight at a time when weight gain is common. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WEIGHT MGT & NUTRITION FOR PRE-/PERIMENOPAUSAL BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wylie-Rosett, Judith; Professor; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: More than half of premenopausal breast cancer survivors gain weight during the first postsurgical year. A greater than average weight gain has been associated with an increased risk for breast cancer recurrence weight gain during menopause is greatest during its first decade.and death. Adult weight gain also increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. It is estimated that weight gain during menopause is greatest during its first decade. There is increasing evidence that elevated plasma free estradiol, the portion of estradiol not bound to plasma proteins, is associated with both weight gain and an increased risk for breast cancer. There has been very limited research on whether free estradiol can be modulated through dietary or body fat changes. Therefore, we will also evaluate in this protocol the impact that a reduction in dietary fat, an increase in dietary fiber, weight loss and a change in body fat percentage or body fat distribution has on plasma free estradiol. The aims of this pilot study are to conduct a randomized controlled clinical trial with 72 breast cancer survivors (36 to the intervention group and 36 to the control group). The sample will be stratified evenly between pre/peri menopausal and post-menopausal subjects. Participants in the intervention group will be offered 13 nutrition education sessions. The goals of the nutrition intervention are to help paritipants: a) Reduce fat intake to 15% of calories (with the calorie level set to maintain or achieve a healthy weight); b) Increase fiber intake to 40 grams per day by consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and unprocessed complex carbohydrates and c) Establishing or maintaining an exercise pattern of at at least 1000 kilocalories/week. The primary hypothesis is that the intervention group will have a significantly greater reduction in the percentage of plasma free estradiol than the control group. A secondary hypothesis is that the intervention group will have significantly fewer women than the control group who have a net weight gain since breast cancer surgery of five or more pounds. Other variables of interest are whether the intervention results in changes in the body fat percentage, the ratio of upper to lower body fat, and in the lipid profile. We will also assess whether the intervention hormonal patterns differently between pre, peri and postmenopausal women. Additionally, we will compare the effect of the dietary intervention on the percentage of plasma free estradiol to another potential biomarker for breast cancer risk, the ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone. Secondary questions include how changes in dietary intake, physical activity, and

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weight-related parameters are related to the quality of life, perception of risk from breast cancer, and participants' satisfaction with the protocol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for dietary fat in the PubMed Central database: •

[omicron]3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Modulates Dihydropyridine Effects on L-Type Ca2+ Channels, Cytosolic Ca2+, and Contraction in Adult Rat Cardiac Myocytes. by Pepe S, Bogdanov K, Hallaq H, Spurgeon H, Leaf A, Lakatta E.; 1994 Sep 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44700

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A maternal diet high in n [minus sign] 6 polyunsaturated fats alters mammary gland development, puberty onset, and breast cancer risk among female rat offspring. by Hilakivi-Clarke L, Clarke R, Onojafe I, Raygada M, Cho E, Lippman M.; 1997 Aug 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23197

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A membrane lipid imbalance plays a role in the phenotypic expression of cystic fibrosis in cftr [minus sign] /[minus sign] mice. by Freedman SD, Katz MH, Parker EM, Laposata M, Urman MY, Alvarez JG.; 1999 Nov 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24179

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Amphotericin B in Children with Malignant Disease: a Comparison of the Toxicities and Pharmacokinetics of Amphotericin B Administered in Dextrose versus Lipid Emulsion. by Nath CE, Shaw PJ, Gunning R, McLachlan AJ, Earl JW.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89289

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Amphotericin B in Lipid Emulsion: Stability, Compatibility, and In Vitro Antifungal Activity. by Walker S, Tailor SA, Lee M, Louie L, Louie M, Simor AE.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105538

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Arabidopsis FAD2 gene encodes the enzyme that is essential for polyunsaturated lipid synthesis. by Okuley J, Lightner J, Feldmann K, Yadav N, Lark E, Browse J.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160423

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Biological and Clinical Significance of Lipids as Modulators of Immune System Functions. by de Pablo MA, Puertollano MA, Alvarez de Cienfuegos G.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120072

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Blocking Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Na+ Channels of Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes. by Xiao Y, Kang JX, Morgan JP, Leaf A.; 1995 Nov 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40558

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Compared with saturated fatty acids, dietary monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates increase atherosclerosis and VLDL cholesterol levels in LDL receptordeficient, but not apolipoprotein E-deficient, mice. by Merkel M, Velez-Carrasco W, Hudgins LC, Breslow JL.; 2001 Nov 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60864

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Dietary fat influences on polyp phenotype in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice. by Wasan HS, Novelli M, Bee J, Bodmer WF.; 1997 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20365

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Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review. by Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Higgins JP, Thompson RL, Capps NE, Smith GD, Riemersma RA, Ebrahim S.; 2001 Mar 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=30550

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Dietary fat intake and risk of stroke in male US healthcare professionals: 14 year prospective cohort study. by He K, Merchant A, Rimm EB, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A.; 2003 Oct 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=214078

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Dietary Lipids and Calorie Restriction Affect Mammary Tumor Incidence and Gene Expression in Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus/v-Ha-ras Transgenic Mice. by Fernandes G, Chandrasekar B, Troyer DA, Venkatraman JT, Good RA.; 1995 Jul 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41544

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Docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipid molecular species in brains of vertebrates. by Farkas T, Kitajka K, Fodor E, Csengeri I, Lahdes E, Yeo YK, Krasznai Z, Halver JE.; 2000 Jun 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18608

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Effects of Dietary Fat Source and Subtherapeutic Levels of Antibiotic on the Bacterial Community in the Ileum of Broiler Chickens at Various Ages. by Knarreborg A, Simon MA, Engberg RM, Jensen BB, Tannock GW.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134372

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Effects of disease modifying agents and dietary intervention on insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in inflammatory arthritis: a pilot study. by Dessein PH, Joffe BI, Stanwix AE.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153842

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Effects of Greek orthodox christian church fasting on serum lipids and obesity. by Sarri KO, Tzanakis NE, Linardakis MK, Mamalakis GD, Kafatos AG.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156653

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Effects of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Contraction of Neonatal Rat Cardiac Myocytes. by Kang JX, Leaf A.; 1994 Oct 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44922

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Enhanced Sensitivity of Ubiquinone-Deficient Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Products of Autoxidized Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. by Do TQ, Schultz JR, Clarke CF.; 1996 Jul 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38780

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External Blockade of the Major Cardiac Delayed-Rectifier K+ Channel (Kv1.5) by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. by Honore E, Barhanin J, Attali B, Lesage F, Lazdunski M.; 1994 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43279

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Fatty Acid Control of Lipoprotein Lipase: A Link Between Energy Metabolism and Lipid Transport. by Peterson J, Bihain BE, Bengtsson-Olivecrona G, Deckelbaum RJ, Carpentier YA, Olivecrona T.; 1990 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53378

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Free, Long-Chain, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reduce Membrane Electrical Excitability in Neonatal Rat Cardiac Myocytes. by Kang JX, Xiao Y, Leaf A.; 1995 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42089

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Genetic dissection of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. by Watts JL, Browse J.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122866

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Identification and characterization of an enzyme involved in the elongation of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. by Parker-Barnes JM, Das T, Bobik E, Leonard AE, Thurmond JM, Chaung LT, Huang YS, Mukerji P.; 2000 Jul 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26939

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Induction of lipid peroxidation during heavy metal stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and influence of plasma membrane fatty acid unsaturation. by Howlett NG, Avery SV.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168595

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Kefir consumption does not alter plasma lipid levels or cholesterol fractional synthesis rates relative to milk in hyperlipidemic men: a randomized controlled trial. by St-Onge MP, Farnworth ER, Savard T, Chabot D, Mafu A, Jones PJ.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=65674

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Magnesium Dietary Intake Modulates Blood Lipid Levels and Atherogenesis. by Altura BT, Brust M, Bloom S, Barbour RL, Stempak JG, Altura BM.; 1990 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53579

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Parenteral Administration of Medium- but Not Long-Chain Lipid Emulsions May Increase the Risk for Infections by Candida albicans. by Wanten GJ, Netea MG, Naber TH, Curfs JH, Jacobs LE, Verver-Jansen TJ, Kullberg BJ.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130431

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Pharmacokinetics, Distribution in Serum Lipoproteins and Tissues, and Renal Toxicities of Amphotericin B and Amphotericin B Lipid Complex in a

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Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Model: Single-Dose Studies. by Wasan KM, Kennedy AL, Cassidy SM, Ramaswamy M, Holtorf L, Chou JW, Pritchard PH.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106014 •

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Sodium and Calcium Currents in CA1 Neurons. by Vreugdenhil M, Bruehl C, Voskuyl RA, Kang JX, Leaf A, Wadman WJ.; 1996 Oct 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38031

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Regulation of sodium channel gene expression by class I antiarrhythmic drugs and n [minus sign] 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. by Kang JX, Li Y, Leaf A.; 1997 Mar 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20157

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Relationships Between the Responses of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Blood Plasma Containing Apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 to a Fat-Containing Meal in Normolipidemic Humans. by Schneeman BO, Kotite L, Todd KM, Havel RJ.; 1993 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46022

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Relevance of Dietary Lipids as Modulators of Immune Functions in Cells Infected with Listeria monocytogenes. by Puertollano MA, de Pablo MA, Alvarez de Cienfuegos G.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119940

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Reproducibility of the serum lipid response to coffee oil in healthy volunteers. by Boekschoten MV, Engberink MF, Katan MB, Schouten EG.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=270009

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Role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in omega 3 fatty acids induced suppression of breast cancer xenograft growth in mice. by Hardman WE, Munoz J Jr, Cameron IL.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140128

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Safety and toxicity of amphotericin B in glucose 5% or intralipid 20% in neutropenic patients with pneumonia or fever of unknown origin: randomised study. by Schoffski P, Freund M, Wunder R, Petersen D, Kohne CH, Hecker H, Schubert U, Ganser A.; 1998 Aug 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28631

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The cholesterol-regulated StarD4 gene encodes a StAR-related lipid transfer protein with two closely related homologues, StarD5 and StarD6. by Soccio RE, Adams RM, Romanowski MJ, Sehayek E, Burley SK, Breslow JL.; 2002 May 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124508

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The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain: Modulation of rat brain gene expression by dietary n-3 fatty acids. by Kitajka K, Puskas LG, Zvara A, Hackler L Jr, Barcelo-Coblijn G, Yeo YK, Farkas T.; 2002 Mar 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122397

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Unusual Isomeric Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Liver Phospholipids of Rats Fed Hydrogenated Oil. by Holman RT, Pusch F, Svingen B, Dutton HJ.; 1991 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51760

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Validation of the MEDFICTS dietary questionnaire: A clinical tool to assess adherence to American Heart Association dietary fat intake guidelines. by Taylor AJ, Wong H, Wish K, Carrow J, Bell D, Bindeman J, Watkins T, Lehmann T, Bhattarai S, O'Malley PG.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194867

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Variations in the lipid profile of patients with chronic renal failure treated with pyridoxine. by de Gomez Dumm NT, Giammona AM, Touceda LA.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=222990

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with dietary fat, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for dietary fat (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 2-year stage of change evaluation of dietary fat and fruit and vegetable intake behaviors of cardiac rehabilitation patients. Author(s): Frame CJ, Green CG, Herr DG, Taylor ML. Source: Am J Health Promot. 2003 July-August; 17(6): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858615&dopt=Abstract

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A brief, telephone-administered food frequency questionnaire can be useful for surveillance of dietary fat intakes. Author(s): Coates RJ, Serdula MK, Byers T, Mokdad A, Jewell S, Leonard SB, Ritenbaugh C, Newcomb P, Mares-Perlman J, Chavez N, et al. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1995 June; 125(6): 1473-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7782900&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical trial to selectively change dietary fat and/or energy intake in women: the Women's Diet Study. Author(s): Djuric Z, Uhley VE, Depper JB, Brooks KM, Lababidi S, Heilbrun LK. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 34(1): 27-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453438&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A dietitian-delivered group nutrition program leads to reductions in dietary fat, serum cholesterol, and body weight: the Worcester Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia (WATCH). Author(s): Hebert JR, Ebbeling CB, Ockene IS, Ma Y, Rider L, Merriam PA, Ockene JK, Saperia GM. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999 May; 99(5): 544-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333775&dopt=Abstract

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A meta-analysis of studies of dietary fat and breast cancer risk. Author(s): Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Noffel M, Lockwood GA, Trichler DL. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1993 September; 68(3): 627-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8353053&dopt=Abstract

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A non-absorbable dietary fat substitute enhances elimination of persistent lipophilic contaminants in humans. Author(s): Moser GA, McLachlan MS. Source: Chemosphere. 1999 October; 39(9): 1513-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10481251&dopt=Abstract

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A possible mechanism by which dietary fat can alter tumorigenesis: lipid modulation of macrophages function. Author(s): Erickson KL, Hubbard NE. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994; 364: 67-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7725961&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective cohort study on dietary fat and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Author(s): van den Brandt PA, van't Veer P, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E, Volovics A, Hermus RJ, Sturmans F. Source: Cancer Research. 1993 January 1; 53(1): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8416752&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. Author(s): Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Chute CC, Willett WC. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1993 October 6; 85(19): 1571-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8105097&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study to investigate the effects of RW94 on the absorption of dietary fat in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Williams AR, Turkie WH. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1996; 13(8): 457-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9010612&dopt=Abstract

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A review of the Canadian “Nutrition recommendations update: dietary fat and children.”. Author(s): Zlotkin SH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1996 April; 126(4 Suppl): 1022S-7S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8642426&dopt=Abstract

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A role for dietary fat in leptin receptor, OB-Rb, function. Author(s): Heshka JT, Jones PJ. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 July 20; 69(9): 987-1003. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508653&dopt=Abstract

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A stage-of-change classification system based on actions and beliefs regarding dietary fat and fiber. Author(s): Auld GW, Nitzke SA, McNulty J, Bock MA, Bruhn CM, Gabel K, Lauritzen G, Lee YF, Medeiros D, Newman R, Ortiz M, Read M, Schutz H, Sheehan E. Source: Am J Health Promot. 1998 January-February; 12(3): 192-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10176094&dopt=Abstract

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A study of the interactive effects of oral contraceptive use and dietary fat intake on blood pressure, cardiovascular reactivity and glucose tolerance in normotensive women. Author(s): Straznicky NE, Barrington VE, Branley P, Louis WJ. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1998 March; 16(3): 357-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9557929&dopt=Abstract

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Acquired preference especially for dietary fat and obesity: a study of weightdiscordant monozygotic twin pairs. Author(s): Rissanen A, Hakala P, Lissner L, Mattlar CE, Koskenvuo M, Ronnemaa T. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 July; 26(7): 973-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080452&dopt=Abstract

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Acute effects of dietary fat composition on postprandial plasma bile acid and cholecystokinin concentrations in healthy premenopausal women. Author(s): Costarelli V, Sanders TA. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 October; 86(4): 471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591234&dopt=Abstract

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Adherence to a dietary fat intake reduction program in postmenopausal women receiving therapy for early breast cancer. The Women's Intervention Nutrition Study. Author(s): Chlebowski RT, Blackburn GL, Buzzard IM, Rose DP, Martino S, Khandekar JD, York RM, Jeffery RW, Elashoff RM, Wynder EL. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1993 November; 11(11): 2072-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8229121&dopt=Abstract

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Adipose tissue fatty acids and dietary fat sources in relation to endometrial cancer: a retrospective study of cases in remission, and population-based controls. Author(s): Lissner L, Kroon UB, Bjorntorp P, Blosk S, Wilhelmsen L, Silverstolpe G. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1993 August; 72(6): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8394629&dopt=Abstract

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An ecological study of the relationship between dietary fat intake and breast cancer mortality. Author(s): Sasaki S, Horacsek M, Kesteloot H. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1993 March; 22(2): 187-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8483858&dopt=Abstract

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An environmental intervention to reduce dietary fat in school lunches. Author(s): Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Finch AJ, Psaty BM. Source: Pediatrics. 1993 June; 91(6): 1107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8502510&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidants, dietary fat saturation, lipoprotein oxidation and atherogenesis. Author(s): Schwenke DC. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1996 May; 12(5): 377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8875526&dopt=Abstract

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Apoprotein E genotype and the response of serum cholesterol to dietary fat, cholesterol and cafestol. Author(s): Weggemans RM, Zock PL, Ordovas JM, Pedro-Botet J, Katan MB. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2001 February 15; 154(3): 547-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11257255&dopt=Abstract

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Are awareness of dietary fat intake and actual fat consumption associated?--a DutchAmerican comparison. Author(s): Glanz K, Brug J, van Assema P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 August; 51(8): 542-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11248880&dopt=Abstract

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Are dietary fat and vasectomy risk factors for prostate cancer? Author(s): Hayes RB. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1995 May 3; 87(9): 629-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752264&dopt=Abstract

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Are dietary recommendations for dietary fat reduction achievable? Author(s): Drummond S, Kirk T, de Looy A. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1996 May; 47(3): 221-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8735777&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing dietary fat intake in cardiac rehabilitation. Author(s): Francis CC, Eckel RH. Source: Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 2002 May-June; 22(3): 168-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042684&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing dietary fat intake in chronic disease rehabilitation programs. Author(s): Watson S, Webster WA 4th, Feigenbaum MS, Jupp R, Senn M, Wracker C, Blackhurst D, Hendricks M, Durstine JL. Source: Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 2002 May-June; 22(3): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042683&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of advice to reduce dietary fat and non-milk extrinsic sugar in a freeliving male population. Author(s): Drummond S, Kirk T. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 1999 June; 2(2): 187-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10447247&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of community-level influences on individuals' attitudes about cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and consumption of dietary fat. Author(s): Curry SJ, Wagner EH, Cheadle A, Diehr P, Koepsell T, Psaty B, McBride C. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1993 March-April; 9(2): 78-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8471274&dopt=Abstract

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Association between dietary fat and breast cancer in Puerto Rican postmenopausal women attending a breast cancer clinic. Author(s): Santiago E, Gonzalez MJ, Matos MI, Perez CM. Source: P R Health Sci J. 1998 September; 17(3): 235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9883469&dopt=Abstract

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Behavior and beliefs related to dietary fat are influenced by weight-control status. Author(s): Timperio A, Crawford D, Burns C, Cameron-Smith D. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 January; 102(1): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794508&dopt=Abstract

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Biomarkers of dietary fat composition in young adults with a parental history of premature coronary heart disease compared with controls. The EARS Study. Author(s): Rosseneu M, Cambien F, Vinaimont N, Nicaud V, De Backer G. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1994 August; 108(2): 127-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7980712&dopt=Abstract

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Body fat distribution is a determinant of the high-density lipoprotein response to dietary fat and cholesterol in women. Author(s): Clifton PM, Abbey M, Noakes M, Beltrame S, Rumbelow N, Nestel PJ. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1995 August; 15(8): 1070-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7627698&dopt=Abstract

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Breast cancer: weighing the evidence for a promoting role of dietary fat. Author(s): Wynder EL, Cohen LA, Muscat JE, Winters B, Dwyer JT, Blackburn G. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 June 4; 89(11): 766-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9182974&dopt=Abstract

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Breath acetone analyzer: diagnostic tool to monitor dietary fat loss. Author(s): Kundu SK, Bruzek JA, Nair R, Judilla AM. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1993 January; 39(1): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8419065&dopt=Abstract

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Bridging animal and human studies: what are the missing segments in dietary fat and prostate cancer? Author(s): Zhou JR, Blackburn GL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 December; 66(6 Suppl): 1572S1580S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394717&dopt=Abstract

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Can reduced or modified dietary fat prevent cardiovascular disease? Author(s): Eaton CB. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 January 1; 65(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804442&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer mortality and age: relationship with dietary fat. Author(s): Kesteloot H, Sasaki S, Verbeke G, Joossens JV. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1994; 22(1): 85-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11304913&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in dietary fat intake preceding the diagnosis of cancer. Author(s): Kritchevsky SB, Morris DL. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1995 September; 6(5): 506-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8562627&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in food sources of dietary fat in response to an intensive low-fat dietary intervention: early results from the Women's Health Initiative. Author(s): Patterson RE, Kristal A, Rodabough R, Caan B, Lillington L, MossavarRahmani Y, Simon MS, Snetselaar L, Van Horn L. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 April; 103(4): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669007&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in women's plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations due to moderate consumption of alcohol are affected by dietary fat level. Author(s): Rumpler WV, Clevidence BA, Muesing RA, Rhodes DG. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 September; 129(9): 1713-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10460209&dopt=Abstract

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Children's dietary fat intake and fat practices vary by meal and day. Author(s): Cullen KW, Lara KM, de Moor C. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 December; 102(12): 1773-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487539&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical trials of altering dietary fat intake. Author(s): Burr ML. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Risk. 1994 June; 1(1): 38-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7614416&dopt=Abstract

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Coagulation factor VII, dietary fat and blood lipids: a review. Author(s): Mennen LI, Schouten EG, Grobbee DE, Kluft C. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1996 October; 76(4): 492-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8902983&dopt=Abstract

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Co-carcinogenic effect of carbon black ingestion with dietary fat on the development of colon tumor in rats. Author(s): Robertson JM, Koval JJ. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1989 September; 48(3): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2781601&dopt=Abstract

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Coffee and tea consumption, dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol concentration of Finnish men and women. Author(s): Aro A, Pietinen P, Uusitalo U, Tuomilehto J. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1989 August; 226(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2769178&dopt=Abstract

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Colorectal cancer: the role of dietary fat and caloric restriction. Author(s): Kritchevsky D. Source: Mutation Research. 1993 November; 290(1): 63-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7694100&dopt=Abstract

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Community intervention and trends in dietary fat consumption among black and white adults. Author(s): Croft JB, Temple SP, Lankenau B, Heath GW, Macera CA, Eaker ED, Wheeler FC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1994 November; 94(11): 1284-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7963173&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the effect of dietary fat restriction with that of energy restriction on human lipid metabolism. Author(s): Raeini-Sarjaz M, Vanstone CA, Papamandjaris AA, Wykes LJ, Jones PJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2): 262-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157322&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the inhibition of dietary fat absorption by full versus divided doses of orlistat. Author(s): Hussain Y, Guzelhan C, Odink J, van der Beek EJ, Hartmann D. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994 November; 34(11): 1121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7876405&dopt=Abstract

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Compliance in a randomized clinical trial of dietary fat reduction in patients with breast dysplasia. Author(s): Lee-Han H, Cousins M, Beaton M, McGuire V, Kriukov V, Chipman M, Boyd N. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 September; 48(3): 575-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3046298&dopt=Abstract

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Conditioned preferences: young children prefer flavors associated with high dietary fat. Author(s): Johnson SL, McPhee L, Birch LL. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1991 December; 50(6): 1245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1798782&dopt=Abstract

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Congruence of readiness to change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance for physical activity and dietary fat reduction. Author(s): Boudreaux ED, Wood KB, Mehan D, Scarinci I, Taylor CL, Brantley PJ. Source: Am J Health Promot. 2003 May-June; 17(5): 329-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769046&dopt=Abstract

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Consensus view on the role of dietary fat and obesity. Author(s): Foreyt JP, Poston WS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 30; 113 Suppl 9B: 60S-62S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566140&dopt=Abstract

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Considerations about dietary fat restrictions for children. Author(s): Lifshitz F, Tarim O. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1996 April; 126(4 Suppl): 1031S-41S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8642428&dopt=Abstract

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Consistency between US dietary fat intake and serum total cholesterol concentrations: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Author(s): Ernst ND, Sempos CT, Briefel RR, Clark MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 October; 66(4 Suppl): 965S972S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322575&dopt=Abstract

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Control of human appetite: implications for the intake of dietary fat. Author(s): Blundell JE, Lawton CL, Cotton JR, Macdiarmid JI. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 1996; 16: 285-319. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8839929&dopt=Abstract

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Cooking oil absorption by foods during Chinese stir-frying: implications for estimating dietary fat intake. Author(s): Pan WH, Wang HL, Chang SC, Chen ML. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1993 December; 93(12): 1442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8068062&dopt=Abstract

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Covert manipulation of dietary fat and energy density: effect on substrate flux and food intake in men eating ad libitum. Author(s): Stubbs RJ, Harbron CG, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice AM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 August; 62(2): 316-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7625338&dopt=Abstract

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Covert manipulation of the dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio of isoenergetically dense diets: effect on food intake in feeding men ad libitum. Author(s): Stubbs RJ, Harbron CG, Prentice AM. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1996 July; 20(7): 651-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817359&dopt=Abstract

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Covert manipulation of the ratio of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy density: effect on food intake and energy balance in free-living men eating ad libitum. Author(s): Stubbs RJ, Ritz P, Coward WA, Prentice AM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 August; 62(2): 330-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7625339&dopt=Abstract

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Current status: evaluation of dietary fat reduction as secondary breast cancer prevention. The Nutrition Adjuvant Study. Author(s): Chlebowski RT, Blackburn GL, Buzzard IM, Grosvenor M, Insull W, Nixon D, York RM, Khandekar J, Elashoff R, Wynder EL. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1990; 339: 201-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2202991&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and body composition. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 November; 68(5): 1144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9808236&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and breast cancer: a brief update on current knowledge. Author(s): Santiago E, Gonzalez MJ, Matos MI, Perez CM. Source: P R Health Sci J. 1998 September; 17(3): 273-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9883473&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and calcium intakes of menopausal women. Author(s): Borody WL, Brown TE, Boroditsky RS. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 1998 Winter; 5(4): 230-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872490&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and carcinogenesis. Author(s): Woutersen RA, Appel MJ, van Garderen-Hoetmer A, Wijnands MV. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 July 15; 443(1-2): 111-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10415435&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and cholesterol intake in young children compared with recommended levels. Author(s): Stewart KJ, Seemans CM, McFarland LD, Weinhofer JJ, Brown CS. Source: Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1999 March-April; 19(2): 112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10200917&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements. Author(s): Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Ascherio A, Rosner BA, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 March 15; 149(6): 531-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084242&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and disease patterns in Chukotka Native adults. Author(s): Mamleeva FR, Efendieva JB, Nikitin YP. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 1998; 57 Suppl 1: 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093300&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and obesity. Author(s): Purnell JQ, Knopp RH, Brunzell JD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 July; 70(1): 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393151&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and obesity: an unconvincing relation. Author(s): Willett WC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6): 1149-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9846838&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and prostate cancer progression and survival. Author(s): Fradet Y, Meyer F, Bairati I, Shadmani R, Moore L. Source: European Urology. 1999; 35(5-6): 388-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10325493&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and prostate cancer: current status. Author(s): Kolonel LN, Nomura AM, Cooney RV. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999 March 3; 91(5): 414-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10070940&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat clearance is modulated by genetic variation in apolipoprotein A-IV gene locus. Author(s): Ostos MA, Lopez-Miranda J, Ordovas JM, Marin C, Blanco A, Castro P, Lopez-Segura F, Jimenez-Pereperez J, Perez-Jimenez F. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1998 December; 39(12): 2493-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9831639&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat intake and cancer risk: a controversial and instructive story. Author(s): Willett WC. Source: Seminars in Cancer Biology. 1998 August; 8(4): 245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9870031&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat intake does affect obesity! Author(s): Bray GA, Popkin BM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6): 1157-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9846842&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat patterns in urban African American women. Author(s): Kayrooz K, Moy TF, Yanek LR, Becker DM. Source: Journal of Community Health. 1998 December; 23(6): 453-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9824794&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat, calories, and prostate cancer risk. Author(s): Bosland MC, Oakley-Girvan I, Whittemore AS. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999 March 17; 91(6): 489-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088612&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat, energy density and BMI: a case of a missing flower? Author(s): Chapelot D, Fumeron F, Fricker J. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1998 October; 22(10): 1032-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9806320&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat, serum estrogen levels, and breast cancer risk: a multifaceted story. Author(s): Ballard-Barbash R, Forman MR, Kipnis V. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999 March 17; 91(6): 492-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088613&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat: a history. Author(s): Lichtenstein AH. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1999 January; 57(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10047700&dopt=Abstract

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Difficulties in changing the diet in relation to dietary fat intake among patients with coronary heart disease. Author(s): Koikkalainen M, Mykkanen H, Erkkila A, Julkunen J, Saarinen T, Pyorala K, Uusitupa M, Lappalainen R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 February; 53(2): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10099945&dopt=Abstract

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Educational status and dietary fat and anti-oxidant intake in urban subjects. Author(s): Singhal S, Gupta P, Mathur B, Banda S, Dandia R, Gupta R. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 August; 46(8): 684-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229273&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of apolipoprotein A-IV genotype and dietary fat on cholesterol absorption in humans. Author(s): Weinberg RB, Geissinger BW, Kasala K, Hockey KJ, Terry JG, Easter L, Crouse JR. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2000 December; 41(12): 2035-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108737&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on serum lipid response to the separate modification of dietary fat and dietary cholesterol. Author(s): Sarkkinen E, Korhonen M, Erkkila A, Ebeling T, Uusitupa M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6): 1215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9846849&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of desirable fasting triglycerides on the postprandial response to dietary fat. Author(s): Miller M, Zhan M, Georgopoulos A. Source: Journal of Investigative Medicine : the Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 2003 February; 51(1): 50-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580321&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary fat content in meals on pharmacokinetics of quazepam. Author(s): Yasui-Furukori N, Kondo T, Takahata T, Mihara K, Ono S, Kaneko S, Tateishi T. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 December; 42(12): 1335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463728&dopt=Abstract

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Effect on body weight of replacing dietary fat with olestra for two or ten weeks in healthy men and women. Author(s): Roy HJ, Most MM, Sparti A, Lovejoy JC, Volaufova J, Peters JC, Bray GA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 June; 21(3): 259-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074254&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of an Ala54Thr polymorphism in the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein on responses to dietary fat in humans. Author(s): Pratley RE, Baier L, Pan DA, Salbe AD, Storlien L, Ravussin E, Bogardus C. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2000 December; 41(12): 2002-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108733&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary fat and endurance exercise on plasma cortisol, prostaglandin E2, interferon-gamma and lipid peroxides in runners. Author(s): Venkatraman JT, Feng X, Pendergast D. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 October; 20(5): 529-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11601568&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary fat on muscle substrates, metabolism, and performance in athletes. Author(s): Vogt M, Puntschart A, Howald H, Mueller B, Mannhart C, Gfeller-Tuescher L, Mullis P, Hoppeler H. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003 June; 35(6): 952-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12783043&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary fat on the urinary risk factors of calcium stone disease. Author(s): Bailly GG, Norman RW, Thompson C. Source: Urology. 2000 July; 56(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10869619&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary fat quantity and composition on fasting and postprandial levels of coagulation factor VII and serum choline-containing phospholipids. Author(s): Lindman AS, Muller H, Seljeflot I, Prydz H, Veierod M, Pedersen JI. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 August; 90(2): 329-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908893&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary fat, nutrition labels, and repeated consumption on sensory-specific satiety. Author(s): Miller DL, Bell EA, Pelkman CL, Peters JC, Rolls BJ. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2000 October 1-15; 71(1-2): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134697&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the level of dietary fat intake and endurance exercise on plasma cytokines in runners. Author(s): Venkatraman JT, Pendergast D. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998 August; 30(8): 1198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9710857&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of trace components of dietary fat on cholesterol metabolism: phytosterols, oxysterols, and squalene. Author(s): Madani KA. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 April; 61(4): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795450&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of trace components of dietary fat on cholesterol metabolism: phytosterols, oxysterols, and squalene. Author(s): Ostlund RE Jr, Racette SB, Stenson WF. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 November; 60(11): 349-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462517&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and dietary fat intake in women with cyclic mastopathy. Author(s): Goodwin PJ, Miller A, Del Giudice ME, Singer W, Connelly P, Ritchie JW. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 August; 179(2): 430-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9731849&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced dietary fat clearance in postobese women. Author(s): Faraj M, Jones P, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2001 April; 42(4): 571-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11290829&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of dietary fat intake of Belgian pregnant women. Comparison of two methods. Author(s): De Vriese SR, De Henauw S, De Backer G, Dhont M, Christophe AB. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2001; 45(6): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786650&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise and oxidation of dietary fat. Author(s): Gill JM. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003 June; 35(6): 1072; Author Reply 1072. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12783058&dopt=Abstract

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Exocyclic DNA adducts as oxidative stress markers in colon carcinogenesis: potential role of lipid peroxidation, dietary fat and antioxidants. Author(s): Bartsch H, Nair J, Owen RW. Source: Biological Chemistry. 2002 June; 383(6): 915-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222681&dopt=Abstract

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Factor VII and dietary fat intake. Author(s): Miller GJ, Martin JC, Mitropoulos KA, Cruickshank JK. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1990; 281: 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2102608&dopt=Abstract

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Factor VII coagulant activity in relation to serum lipoproteins and dietary fat in middle-aged men. Author(s): Vaisanen S, Rankinen T, Penttila I, Rauramaa R. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1995 March; 73(3): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7667825&dopt=Abstract

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Faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids on diets differing in type and amount of dietary fat in young healthy persons. Author(s): Brussaard JH, Katan MB, Hautvast JG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1983 April; 13(2): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6409634&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of dietary fat intake to promote fat oxidation: a factor favoring the development of obesity. Author(s): Schutz Y, Flatt JP, Jequier E. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989 August; 50(2): 307-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2756918&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to increase lipid oxidation in response to increasing dietary fat content in formerly obese women. Author(s): Astrup A, Buemann B, Christensen NJ, Toubro S. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1994 April; 266(4 Pt 1): E592-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8178980&dopt=Abstract

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Familial concordance of dietary fat practices and intake. Author(s): Cullen KW, Lara KM, de Moor C. Source: Family & Community Health. 2002 July; 25(2): 65-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010116&dopt=Abstract

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Fasting blood coagulation and fibrinolysis of young adults unchanged by reduction in dietary fat content. Author(s): Marckmann P, Sandstrom B, Jespersen J. Source: Arterioscler Thromb. 1992 February; 12(2): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1543694&dopt=Abstract

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Fat preferences, dietary fat intake and body composition in children. Author(s): Ricketts CD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 November; 51(11): 778-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9368813&dopt=Abstract

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Fat studies on normal Indian adults: effect of dietary fat on excretion of fat in faeces. Author(s): Luthra A, Mehta SK, Chakravarti RN, Chhuttani PN. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1970 June; 58(6): 714-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5485842&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in humans. Implications for the dietary fatserum cholesterol-CHD issue. Author(s): Seidelin KN. Source: Progress in Lipid Research. 1995; 34(3): 199-217. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8685239&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid composition of serum lipid fractions in relation to gender and quality of dietary fat. Author(s): Nikkari T, Luukkainen P, Pietinen P, Puska P. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1995 August; 27(4): 491-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8519511&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle reflects dietary fat composition in humans. Author(s): Andersson A, Nalsen C, Tengblad S, Vessby B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 76(6): 1222-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450886&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid induced drug and carcinogen metabolism in rat and human colonic mucosa: a possible link to the association of high dietary fat intake and colonic carcinogenesis. Author(s): Craven PA, DeRubertis FR. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1980 June 30; 94(4): 1044-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7396947&dopt=Abstract

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Fundamental studies on the recommended daily allowance of fat for the Japanese. Influence of dietary fat on serum lipids in the Japanese. Author(s): Owada K, Tanaka H. Source: Osaka City Med J. 1973; 19(1): 51-66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4781793&dopt=Abstract

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Gallbladder dynamics in response to various meals: is dietary fat restriction necessary in the management of gallstones? Author(s): Mogadam M, Albarelli J, Ahmed SW, Grogan EJ, Mascatello VJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1984 October; 79(10): 745-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6486112&dopt=Abstract

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Genes versus environment. The relationship between dietary fat and total and central abdominal fat. Author(s): Samaras K, Kelly PJ, Chiano MN, Arden N, Spector TD, Campbell LV. Source: Diabetes Care. 1998 December; 21(12): 2069-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9839096&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic control of response to dietary fat and cholesterol. Author(s): Clifton PM, Abbey M. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1997; 80: 1-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9069719&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic factors associated with response of LDL subfractions to change in the nature of dietary fat. Author(s): Wallace AJ, Humphries SE, Fisher RM, Mann JI, Chisholm A, Sutherland WH. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2000 April; 149(2): 387-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10729389&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic induction and upregulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) and aromatase (CYP19): an extension of the dietary fat hypothesis of breast cancer. Author(s): Harris RE, Robertson FM, Abou-Issa HM, Farrar WB, Brueggemeier R. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1999 April; 52(4): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10465664&dopt=Abstract

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Genomic organization and regulation by dietary fat of the uncoupling protein 3 and 2 genes. Author(s): Gong DW, He Y, Reitman ML. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 March 5; 256(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10066417&dopt=Abstract

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Glycotoxins: a missing link in the “relationship of dietary fat and meat intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in men”. Author(s): Peppa M, Goldberg T, Cai W, Rayfield E, Vlassara H. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 October; 25(10): 1898-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351512&dopt=Abstract

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Growth of human lung adenocarcinoma in nude mice is influenced by various types of dietary fat and vitamin E. Author(s): Maehle L, Lystad E, Eilertsen E, Einarsdottir E, Hostmark AT, Haugen A. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 May-June; 19(3A): 1649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10470096&dopt=Abstract

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Haemostasis in relation to dietary fat as estimated by erythrocyte fatty acid composition: the prime study. Author(s): Scarabin PY, Aillaud MF, Luc G, Lacroix B, Mennen L, Amouyel P, Evans A, Ferrieres J, Arveiler D, Juhan-Vague I; PRIME Study Group. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2001 May 15; 102(4): 285-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369422&dopt=Abstract

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Health claims and observational human data: relation between dietary fat and cancer. Author(s): Lewis CJ, Yetley EA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 June; 69(6): 1357S-1364S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10359237&dopt=Abstract

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Heterogeneity of cholesterol homeostasis in man. Response to changes in dietary fat quality and cholesterol quantity. Author(s): McNamara DJ, Kolb R, Parker TS, Batwin H, Samuel P, Brown CD, Ahrens EH Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1987 June; 79(6): 1729-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3584466&dopt=Abstract

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High density lipoproteins unaffected by dietary fat modification. Author(s): Schwandt P, Janetschek P, Weisweiler P. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1982 July; 44(1): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7115481&dopt=Abstract

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High dietary fat intake and cigarette smoking as risk factors for ischaemic heart disease in Bangladeshi male immigrants in East London. Author(s): Silman A, Loysen E, De Graaf W, Sramek M. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1985 December; 39(4): 301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4086959&dopt=Abstract

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High dietary fat, elevation of rat serum prolactin and mammary cancer. Author(s): Chan PC, Didato F, Cohen LA. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1975 May; 149(1): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=806916&dopt=Abstract

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Hispanic/white differences in dietary fat intake among low educated adults and children. Author(s): Winkleby MA, Albright CL, Howard-Pitney B, Lin J, Fortmann SP. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1994 July; 23(4): 465-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971874&dopt=Abstract

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History of recommendations to the public about dietary fat. Author(s): Kritchevsky D. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 February; 128(2 Suppl): 449S-452S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9478046&dopt=Abstract

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How much dietary fat in therapeutic nutrition? Author(s): Simko V. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1990 March-April; 66(2): 164-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2194611&dopt=Abstract

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Human apolipoprotein A-I gene promoter mutation influences plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol response to dietary fat saturation. Author(s): Mata P, Lopez-Miranda J, Pocovi M, Alonso R, Lahoz C, Marin C, Garces C, Cenarro A, Perez-Jimenez F, de Oya M, Ordovas JM. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1998 April; 137(2): 367-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9622280&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrolysis of dietary fat by pancreatic lipase stimulates cholecystokinin release. Author(s): Hildebrand P, Petrig C, Burckhardt B, Ketterer S, Lengsfeld H, Fleury A, Hadvary P, Beglinger C. Source: Gastroenterology. 1998 January; 114(1): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9428226&dopt=Abstract

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Hypercholesterolemia screening. Does knowledge of blood cholesterol level affect dietary fat intake? Author(s): Aubin M, Godin G, Vezina L, Maziade J, Desharnais R. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1998 June; 44: 1289-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640523&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperlipoproteinaemia and dietary fat modification in haemodialysis and renal transplant patients. Author(s): Wahlqvist ML, Hurley BP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1977 August 13; 2(7): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=333248&dopt=Abstract

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Hypertension and dietary fat intake. Author(s): Banerjee AK. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1987 October; 80(10): 660-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3694607&dopt=Abstract

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Hypertension and dietary fat. Author(s): Shinton RA, Dodson PM, Beevers DG. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1989 April; 3(2): 73-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2668526&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of acyl coenzyme A:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 3, an intestinal specific enzyme implicated in dietary fat absorption. Author(s): Cheng D, Nelson TC, Chen J, Walker SG, Wardwell-Swanson J, Meegalla R, Taub R, Billheimer JT, Ramaker M, Feder JN. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 April 18; 278(16): 13611-4. Epub 2003 March 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618427&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of dietary fat and fiber intake on nutrient intake of adolescents. Author(s): Nicklas TA, Myers L, O'Neil C, Gustafson N. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 February; 105(2): E21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10654981&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of dietary fat content and fat oxidation on energy intake in humans. Author(s): Tremblay A, Plourde G, Despres JP, Bouchard C. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989 May; 49(5): 799-805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2718915&dopt=Abstract

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Importance of dietary fat in modulating PGE2 responses and influence of vitamin E on bone morphometry. Author(s): Watkins BA, Seifert MF, Allen KG. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1997; 82: 250-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270327&dopt=Abstract

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Increased dietary fat promotes islet amyloid formation and beta-cell secretory dysfunction in a transgenic mouse model of islet amyloid. Author(s): Hull RL, Andrikopoulos S, Verchere CB, Vidal J, Wang F, Cnop M, Prigeon RL, Kahn SE. Source: Diabetes. 2003 February; 52(2): 372-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540610&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of dietary fat on beta-carotene absorption and bioconversion into vitamin A. Author(s): Ribaya-Mercado JD. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 April; 60(4): 104-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002680&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of dietary fat on postprandial glucose metabolism (exogenous and endogenous) using intrinsically (13)C-enriched durum wheat. Author(s): Normand S, Khalfallah Y, Louche-Pelissier C, Pachiaudi C, Antoine JM, Blanc S, Desage M, Riou JP, Laville M. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 July; 86(1): 3-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11432759&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of dietary fat on the nutrient intake and growth of children from 1 to 5 y of age: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project. Author(s): Lagstrom H, Seppanen R, Jokinen E, Niinikoski H, Ronnemaa T, Viikari J, Simell O. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 March; 69(3): 516-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075339&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of dietary fat source, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid supplementation on sensory quality of dark chicken meat. Author(s): Bou R, Guardiola F, Grau A, Grimpa S, Manich A, Barroeta A, Codony R. Source: Poultry Science. 2001 June; 80(6): 800-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11441849&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of dietary fat type on arterial thrombosis tendency. Author(s): Hornstra G. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(3): 160-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458286&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of genetic polymorphisms on responsiveness to dietary fat and cholesterol. Author(s): Ye SQ, Kwiterovich PO Jr. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 November; 72(5 Suppl): 1275S1284S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063469&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of low and high dietary fat on physical performance in untrained males. Author(s): Pogliaghi S, Veicsteinas A. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 January; 31(1): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9927023&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of type of dietary fat (olive and sunflower oil) upon gastric acid secretion and release of gastrin, somatostatin, and peptide YY in man. Author(s): Serrano P, Yago MD, Manas M, Calpena R, Mataix J, Martinez-Victoria E. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 March; 42(3): 626-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9073149&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions among dietary fat, mineral status, and performance of endurance athletes: a case study. Author(s): Noakes TD. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2002 December; 12(4): 381-2; Author Reply 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521054&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions among dietary fat, mineral status, and performance of endurance athletes: a case study. Author(s): Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Klevay LM, Milne DB, Sandstead HH. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2001 June; 11(2): 186-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402252&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions between dietary fat, fish, and fish oils and their effects on platelet function in men at risk of cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Morris J, Ritchie J. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997 February; 17(2): 279-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9081682&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions of apolipoprotein E genotype and dietary fat intake of healthy older persons during mid-adult life. Author(s): Petot GJ, Traore F, Debanne SM, Lerner AJ, Smyth KA, Friedland RP. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 March; 52(3): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12647263&dopt=Abstract

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Inverse association of dietary fat with development of ischemic stroke in men. Author(s): Gillman MW, Cupples LA, Millen BE, Ellison RC, Wolf PA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 December 24-31; 278(24): 2145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9417007&dopt=Abstract

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Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat? Author(s): Willett WC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 March; 67(3 Suppl): 556S-562S. Review. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 1999 August; 70(2): 304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9497170&dopt=Abstract

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Is the association between dietary fat intake and insulin resistance modified by physical activity? Author(s): Harding AH, Williams DE, Hennings SH, Mitchell J, Wareham NJ. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2001 October; 50(10): 1186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586491&dopt=Abstract

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LDL particle size and LDL and HDL cholesterol changes with dietary fat and cholesterol in healthy subjects. Author(s): Clifton PM, Noakes M, Nestel PJ. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1998 September; 39(9): 1799-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741692&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Dietary fat and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Briggs MH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1974 June 15; 1(24): 970-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4852757&dopt=Abstract

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Levels of epidemiologic proof in studies of diet and cancer with special reference to dietary fat and vitamin A. Author(s): Mettlin C. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988; 259: 149-59. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3283742&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphangiomyomatosis with chylous ascites: treatment with dietary fat restriction and medium chain triglycerides. Author(s): Calabrese PR, Frank HD, Taubin HL. Source: Cancer. 1977 August; 40(2): 895-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=890669&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphomas and dietary fat. Author(s): Palmblad J. Source: Lancet. 1977 January 15; 1(8003): 142. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=64674&dopt=Abstract

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Maldigestion and colonic fermentation of wheat bread in humans and the influence of dietary fat. Author(s): Olesen M, Gudmand-Hoyer E. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 July; 66(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209170&dopt=Abstract

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Manipulation of dietary fat and energy density and subsequent effects on substrate flux and food intake. Author(s): Prentice AM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 March; 67(3 Suppl): 535S-541S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9497166&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement error and results from analytic epidemiology: dietary fat and breast cancer. Author(s): Prentice RL. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1996 December 4; 88(23): 1738-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8944004&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms in multiple risk factor interventions: smoking, physical activity, and dietary fat intake among manufacturing workers. Working Well Research Group. Author(s): Emmons KM, Marcus BH, Linnan L, Rossi JS, Abrams DB. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1994 July; 23(4): 481-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971876&dopt=Abstract

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Meta-analysis of animal experiments: elucidating relationships between dietary fat and mammary tumor development in rodents. Author(s): Freedman LS, Clifford CK. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994; 364: 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7725963&dopt=Abstract

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Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Wu AH, Pike MC, Stram DO. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999 March 17; 91(6): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088623&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic adaptations to dietary fat malabsorption in chylomicron-deficient mice. Author(s): Jung HR, Turner SM, Neese RA, Young SG, Hellerstein MK. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1999 October 15; 343 Pt 2: 473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10510316&dopt=Abstract

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Methodological problems in the epidemiology of dietary fat and breast cancer. Author(s): Carroll KK. Source: Cancer Prev Control. 1997 June; 1(2): 168-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9765742&dopt=Abstract

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Microalbuminuria, glomerular filtration rate, and dietary fat and protein intakes in type 1 diabetes. Author(s): Bouhanick B, Hadjadj S, Marre M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 January; 69(1): 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9925138&dopt=Abstract

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Mismatch of duodenal deliveries of dietary fat and pancreatin from enterically coated microspheres. Author(s): Meyer JH, Lake R. Source: Pancreas. 1997 October; 15(3): 226-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9336785&dopt=Abstract

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Moderate dietary fat consumption as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in a population with a low fat intake: a case-control study in Korean men. Author(s): Suh I, Oh KW, Lee KH, Psaty BM, Nam CM, Kim SI, Kang HG, Cho SY, Shim WH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 April; 73(4): 722-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273846&dopt=Abstract

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Modifying dietary fat intake can reduce serum cholesterol in HIV-associated hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Batterham MJ, Brown D, Workman C. Source: Aids (London, England). 2003 June 13; 17(9): 1414-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799574&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of intestinal immune system by dietary fat intake: relevance to Crohn's disease. Author(s): Miura S, Tsuzuki Y, Hokari R, Ishii H. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1998 December; 13(12): 1183-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9918423&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of intracellular second messengers by dietary fat during colonic tumor development. Author(s): Chapkin RS, Jiang YH, Davidson LA, Lupton JR. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 422: 85-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361817&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of oxidative DNA damage levels by dietary fat and calories. Author(s): Djuric Z, Kritschevsky D. Source: Mutation Research. 1993 December; 295(4-6): 181-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7507556&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia by dietary fat. Author(s): Siddhu A, Sud S, Bijlani RL, Karmarkar MG, Nayar U. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991 April; 35(2): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665146&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular studies on the role of dietary fat and cholesterol in breast cancer induction. Author(s): Archer MC, el-Sohemy A, Stephen LL, Badawi AF. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 422: 39-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361813&dopt=Abstract

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Monounsaturated versus polyunsaturated dietary fat and serum lipids. A metaanalysis. Author(s): Gardner CD, Kraemer HC. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1995 November; 15(11): 1917-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7583572&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple sclerosis, latitude and dietary fat: is pork the missing link? Author(s): Nanji AA, Narod S. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1986 July; 20(3): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3638477&dopt=Abstract

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Myths and science of dietary fat and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Higgs J. Source: Nurs Times. 2002 August 20; 98(34): 49-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239864&dopt=Abstract

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Natural killer cell activity in a longitudinal dietary fat intervention trial. Author(s): Hebert JR, Barone J, Reddy MM, Backlund JY. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1990 January; 54(1): 103-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2293903&dopt=Abstract

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Normal intestinal dietary fat and cholesterol absorption, intestinal apolipoprotein B (ApoB) mRNA levels, and ApoB-48 synthesis in a hypobetalipoproteinemic kindred without any ApoB truncation. Author(s): Pulai JI, Averna M, Srivastava RA, Latour MA, Clouse RE, Ostlund RE, Schonfeld G. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1997 September; 46(9): 1095-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9284903&dopt=Abstract

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North Karelian study: changes in dietary fat reduce thromboxane B2 formation by platelets only in male subjects--preliminary report. Author(s): Tremoli E, Petroni A, Galli C, Paoletti R, Puska P, Dougherty R, Iacono J. Source: Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res. 1983; 12: 203-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6221594&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrient intakes and dietary patterns of young children by dietary fat intakes. Author(s): Ballew C, Kuester S, Serdula M, Bowman B, Dietz W. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2000 February; 136(2): 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10657823&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition evaluation of dietary fat substitutes. Author(s): Gershoff SN. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1995 November; 53(11): 305-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8643212&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition intervention group program based on preaction-stage-oriented change processes of the Transtheoretical Model promotes long-term reduction in dietary fat intake. Author(s): Finckenor M, Byrd-Bredbenner C. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 March; 100(3): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10719408&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition, dietary fat and breast cancer--a review. Author(s): Agheli N, Therwath A. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1994 December; 31(4): 218-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7875723&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition. The soft science of dietary fat. Author(s): Taubes G. Source: Science. 2001 March 30; 291(5513): 2536-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11286266&dopt=Abstract

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Observations on maternal dietary fat intake and fetal pulmonary maturation in rats. Author(s): Nelson GH, McPherson J Jr, Perling L. Source: J Reprod Med. 1982 June; 27(6): 331-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6922185&dopt=Abstract

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Olestra ingestion and dietary fat absorption in humans. Author(s): Daher GC, Cooper DA, Zorich NL, King D, Riccardi KA, Peters JC. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 August; 127(8 Suppl): 1694S-1698S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237964&dopt=Abstract

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Olestra, a nonabsorbed, noncaloric replacement for dietary fat: a review. Author(s): Lawson KD, Middleton SJ, Hassall CD. Source: Drug Metabolism Reviews. 1997 August; 29(3): 651-703. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9262944&dopt=Abstract

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On the importance of dietary fat. Conclusions from the Framingham Study. Author(s): Posner BM. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1993; 48(5): 452-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8284975&dopt=Abstract

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Overrestriction of dietary fat intake before formal nutritional counseling in children with hyperlipidemia. Author(s): Kaistha A, Deckelbaum RJ, Starc TJ, Couch SC. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001 November; 155(11): 1225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11695931&dopt=Abstract

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Overweight, but not high dietary fat intake, increases risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease hospitalization: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study. First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1999 October; 9(7): 424-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10501410&dopt=Abstract

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Pancreatic enzyme secretion in response to test meals differing in the quality of dietary fat (olive and sunflowerseed oils) in human subjects. Author(s): Yago MD, Gonzalez MV, Martinez-Victoria E, Mataix J, Medrano J, Calpena R, Perez MT, Manas M. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1997 July; 78(1): 27-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292757&dopt=Abstract

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Pancreatic triglyceride lipase and colipase: insights into dietary fat digestion. Author(s): Lowe ME. Source: Gastroenterology. 1994 November; 107(5): 1524-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7926517&dopt=Abstract

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Paper by Doucet, Almeras, White, Despres, Bouchard and Tremblay: Dietary fat composition and human adiposity, Eur J Clin Nutr (1998); 52: 2-6. Author(s): Raben A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 September; 52(9): 695-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9756128&dopt=Abstract

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Partial restoration of dietary fat induced metabolic adaptations to training by 7 days of carbohydrate diet. Author(s): Helge JW, Watt PW, Richter EA, Rennie MJ, Kiens B. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2002 November; 93(5): 1797-805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381768&dopt=Abstract

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Perception of dietary fat: ingestive and metabolic implications. Author(s): Lermer CM, Mattes RD. Source: Progress in Lipid Research. 1999 March; 38(2): 117-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10396599&dopt=Abstract

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Physiology of fat replacement and fat reduction: effects of dietary fat and fat substitutes on energy regulation. Author(s): Roberts SB, Pi-Sunyer FX, Dreher M, Hahn R, Hill JO, Kleinman RE, Peters JC, Ravussin E, Rolls BJ, Yetley E, Booth SL. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1998 May; 56(5 Pt 2): S29-41; Discussion S41-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9624879&dopt=Abstract

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Pilot study of dietary fat restriction and flaxseed supplementation in men with prostate cancer before surgery: exploring the effects on hormonal levels, prostatespecific antigen, and histopathologic features. Author(s): Demark-Wahnefried W, Price DT, Polascik TJ, Robertson CN, Anderson EE, Paulson DF, Walther PJ, Gannon M, Vollmer RT. Source: Urology. 2001 July; 58(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445478&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma factor VII is activated by postprandial triglyceridaemia, irrespective of dietary fat composition. Author(s): Miller GJ, Martin JC, Mitropoulos KA, Reeves BE, Thompson RL, Meade TW, Cooper JA, Cruickshank JK. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1991 February; 86(2-3): 163-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1872911&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma fatty acid composition as an indicator of habitual dietary fat intake in middleaged adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Author(s): Ma J, Folsom AR, Shahar E, Eckfeldt JH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 September; 62(3): 564-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7661118&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA, Smith BT, Gaines JA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 June; 65(6): 1747-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9174470&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responsiveness to dietary fat and cholesterol in premenopausal African American and white women. Author(s): Gerhard GT, Connor SL, Wander RC, Connor WE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 July; 72(1): 56-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871561&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma lipid composition in an elderly population: correlation with dietary fat. Author(s): Higueras JM, Arias JM, Mataix FJ, Montellano MA, Llopis J. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1992; 62(3): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1473910&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial levels of prolactin and gut hormones in breast cancer patients: association with stage of disease, but not dietary fat. Author(s): Goettler DM, Levin L, Chey WY. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1990 January 3; 82(1): 22-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2293653&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial lipemia after short-term variation in dietary fat and carbohydrate. Author(s): Koutsari C, Malkova D, Hardman AE. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2000 September; 49(9): 1150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11016896&dopt=Abstract

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Potentiation of carcinogenesis by dietary fat: is it caused by high energy consumption or is it an effect of fat itself? Author(s): King MM, McCay PB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1986 November; 116(11): 2313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3098939&dopt=Abstract

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Principal sources of dietary fat in Australia: evidence from apparent consumption data and the national dietary survey of adults. Author(s): Cashel KM, Greenfield H. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1994 May; 71(5): 753-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8054330&dopt=Abstract

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Prior exercise increases subsequent utilization of dietary fat. Author(s): Votruba SB, Atkinson RL, Hirvonen MD, Schoeller DA. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2002 November; 34(11): 1757-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439080&dopt=Abstract

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Project LEAN: a national campaign to reduce dietary fat consumption. Author(s): Samuels SE. Source: Am J Health Promot. 1990 July-August; 4(6): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10105411&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Author(s): Cho E, Hung S, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2): 209-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157315&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological effects of dietary fat analysis and feedback: a randomized feedback design. Author(s): Fries EA, Bowen DJ, Hopp HP, White KS. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1997 December; 20(6): 607-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429991&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative changes in dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol in women: results from a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Boyd NF, Cousins M, Beaton M, Kriukov V, Lockwood G, Tritchler D. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 September; 52(3): 470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2203251&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man. Author(s): Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, Stare FJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1965 November; 17(5): 281-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5846902&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative relationship between amount of dietary fat and severity of alcoholic fatty liver. Author(s): Lieber CS, DeCarli LM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1970 April; 23(4): 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5462407&dopt=Abstract

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Quantity and quality of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and fiber intake in the German EPIC cohorts. Author(s): Linseisen J, Schulze MB, Saadatian-Elahi M, Kroke A, Miller AB, Boeing H. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2003; 47(1): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624486&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized clinical trials on the effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Sacks FM, Katan M. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 30; 113 Suppl 9B: 13S-24S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566134&dopt=Abstract

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Re: “Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements”. Author(s): Worm N. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 January 1; 151(1): 106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10625180&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Dietary fat, calories, and prostate cancer risk. Author(s): Pretlow TG. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999 October 6; 91(19): 1691A-1692. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511605&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Cohen LA. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000 January 5; 92(1): 78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620640&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Holmes MD, Schisterman EF, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Willett WC. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999 September 1; 91(17): 1511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10469759&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced dietary fat intake increases parasympathetic activity in healthy premenopausal women. Author(s): Pellizzer AM, Straznicky NE, Lim S, Kamen PW, Krum H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1999 August; 26(8): 65660. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10474783&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Higgins JP, Thompson RL, Clements G, Capps N, Davey S, Riemersma RA, Ebrahim S. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (3): Cd002137. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687015&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced or modified dietary fat for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Higgins JP, Thompson RL, Clements G, Capps N, Davey Smith G, Riemersma RA, Ebrahim S. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd002137. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796866&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of gene expression by dietary fat. Author(s): Jump DB, Clarke SD. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 1999; 19: 63-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448517&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between breakfast food choices and knowledge of dietary fat and fiber among Swedish schoolchildren. Author(s): Berg MC, Jonsson I, Conner MT, Lissner L. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2002 August; 31(2): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127391&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of dietary fat and serum cholesterol ester and phospholipid fatty acids to markers of insulin resistance in men and women with a range of glucose tolerance. Author(s): Lovejoy JC, Champagne CM, Smith SR, DeLany JP, Bray GA, Lefevre M, Denkins YM, Rood JC. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2001 January; 50(1): 86-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11172480&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of dietary fat to age-related maculopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Heuberger RA, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, Klein BE, Millen AE, Palta M. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 December; 119(12): 1833-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11735796&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of dietary fat to glucose metabolism. Author(s): Lichtenstein AH, Schwab US. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2000 June; 150(2): 227-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856515&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships between dietary fat, body fat, and serum lipid profile in prepubertal children. Author(s): Ku CY, Gower BA, Nagy TR, Goran MI. Source: Obesity Research. 1998 November; 6(6): 400-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9845229&dopt=Abstract

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Relative validity of a diet history interview in an intervention trial manipulating dietary fat in the management of Type II diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Martin GS, Tapsell LC, Denmeade S, Batterham MJ. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 April; 36(4): 420-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649050&dopt=Abstract

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Reported adoption of dietary fat and fiber recommendations among consumers. Author(s): Auld GW, Bruhn CM, McNulty J, Bock MA, Gabel K, Lauritzen G, Medeiros D, Newman R, Nitzke S, Ortiz M, Read M, Schutz H, Sheehan ET. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 January; 100(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646005&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of coronary heart disease, dietary fat modification, stages of change, and selfefficacy in surgically and naturally postmenopausal women. Author(s): Schwab ND. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2000 December; 9(10): 1089-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153105&dopt=Abstract

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Role of circulating peptide YY in the inhibition of gastric acid secretion by dietary fat in humans. Author(s): Hoentjen F, Hopman WP, Maas MI, Jansen JB. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 February; 35(2): 166-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720114&dopt=Abstract

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Role of dietary fat in the causation of breast cancer: counterpoint. Author(s): Hunter DJ. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1999 January; 8(1): 9-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9950234&dopt=Abstract

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Role of dietary fat in the causation of breast cancer: point. Author(s): Greenwald P. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1999 January; 8(1): 3-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9950233&dopt=Abstract

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Satiety power of dietary fat: a new appraisal. Author(s): Himaya A, Fantino M, Antoine JM, Brondel L, Louis-Sylvestre J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 May; 65(5): 1410-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129470&dopt=Abstract

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Screening measure for assessing dietary fat intake among adolescents. Author(s): Prochaska JJ, Sallis JF, Rupp J. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2001 December; 33(6): 699-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716669&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity of serum apolipoprotein A-IV levels to changes in dietary fat content. Author(s): Weinberg RB, Dantzker C, Patton CS. Source: Gastroenterology. 1990 January; 98(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2104541&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory acceptability of meat and dairy products and dietary fat in male collegiate swimmers. Author(s): Guinard JX, Seador K, Beard JL, Brown PL. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1995 December; 5(4): 315-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8605518&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin and dietary fat intake: effects of dexfenfluramine. Author(s): Blundell JE, Lawton CL. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1995 February; 44(2 Suppl 2): 33-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7869935&dopt=Abstract

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Serum apolipoprotein A-IV levels and dietary fat. Author(s): Mogadam M. Source: Gastroenterology. 1990 July; 99(1): 286. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2344937&dopt=Abstract

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Serum cholesterol levels in children are associated with dietary fat and fatty acid intake. Author(s): Nicklas TA, Dwyer J, Feldman HA, Luepker RV, Kelder SH, Nader PR. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 April; 102(4): 511-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985407&dopt=Abstract

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Sex difference in measures of body fatness and the possible difference in the effect of dietary fat on body fatness in men and women. Author(s): Paeratakul S, Adair LS, Zhai F, Ge K, Popkin BM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 November; 53(11): 865-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10556999&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of alterations in dietary fat on metabolic control in IDDM. Author(s): Ireland P, O'Dea K, Nankervis A. Source: Diabetes Care. 1992 November; 15(11): 1499-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1468276&dopt=Abstract

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Should dietary fat recommendations for children be changed? Author(s): Dwyer J. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 January; 100(1): 36-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646000&dopt=Abstract

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Social worlds, actor-networks and controversy: the case of cholesterol, dietary fat and heart disease. Author(s): Garrety K. Source: Social Studies of Science. 1997 October; 27(5): 727-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11619512&dopt=Abstract

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Sociodemographic and psychological predictors of changes in dietary fat consumption in adults with high blood cholesterol following counseling in primary care. Author(s): Steptoe A, Doherty S, Kerry S, Rink E, Hilton S. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2000 September; 19(5): 411-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11007149&dopt=Abstract

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Some effects of deep frying on dietary fat intake. Author(s): Varela G, Ruiz-Roso B. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1992 September; 50(9): 256-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1461588&dopt=Abstract

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Sources of dietary fat in middle schools. Author(s): Zive MM, Elder JP, Prochaska JJ, Conway TL, Pelletier RL, Marshall S, Sallis JF. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 October; 35(4): 376-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453715&dopt=Abstract

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Specific versus non-specific effects of dietary fat on carcinogenesis. Author(s): Guthrie N, Carroll KK. Source: Progress in Lipid Research. 1999 May; 38(3): 261-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664796&dopt=Abstract

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Stages of change and the intake of dietary fat in African-American women: improving stage assignment using the Eating Styles Questionnaire. Author(s): Hargreaves MK, Schlundt DG, Buchowski MS, Hardy RE, Rossi SR, Rossi JS. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999 November; 99(11): 1392-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570676&dopt=Abstract

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Stages of change for reducing dietary fat intake over 18 months. Author(s): Greene GW, Rossi SR. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 May; 98(5): 529-34; Quiz 5356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9597025&dopt=Abstract

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Stages of change for reducing dietary fat to 30% of energy or less. Author(s): Greene GW, Rossi SR, Reed GR, Willey C, Prochaska JO. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1994 October; 94(10): 1105-10; Quiz 1111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7930314&dopt=Abstract

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Studies of dietary fat and heart disease. Author(s): Ravnskov U, Allen C, Atrens D, Enig MG, Groves B, Kauffman JM, Kroneld R, Rosch PJ, Rosenman R, Werko L, Nielsen JV, Wilske J, Worm N. Source: Science. 2002 February 22; 295(5559): 1464-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859893&dopt=Abstract

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Substrate utilization in man: effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate. Author(s): Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Westerterp KR, ten Hoor F. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1994 February; 43(2): 152-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8121294&dopt=Abstract

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The alpha and gamma tocopherol levels in serum are influenced by the dietary fat quality. Author(s): Ohrvall M, Gustafsson IB, Vessby B. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2001 February; 14(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301934&dopt=Abstract

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The apolipoprotein A-IV-360His polymorphism determines the dietary fat clearance in normal subjects. Author(s): Ostos MA, Lopez-Miranda J, Marin C, Castro P, Gomez P, Paz E, Jimenez Pereperez JA, Ordovas JM, Perez-Jimenez F. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2000 November; 153(1): 209-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058717&dopt=Abstract

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The association of dietary fat and plant foods with endometrial cancer (United States). Author(s): Littman AJ, Beresford SA, White E. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2001 October; 12(8): 691-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11562109&dopt=Abstract

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The Eating Behavior Patterns Questionnaire predicts dietary fat intake in African American women. Author(s): Schlundt DG, Hargreaves MK, Buchowski MS. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 March; 103(3): 338-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616256&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of quality and amount of dietary fat on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Author(s): Schwab US, Sarkkinen ES, Lichtenstein AH, Li Z, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ, Uusitupa MI. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 June; 52(6): 452-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9683400&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of dietary fat and caloric content on the body-size estimates of Anorexic Profile and normal college students. Author(s): Hoyt WD, Hamilton SB, Rickard KM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003 January; 59(1): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508333&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of behavioral interventions to modify dietary fat and fruit and vegetable intake: a review of the evidence. Author(s): Ammerman AS, Lindquist CH, Lohr KN, Hersey J. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 July; 35(1): 25-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079438&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of dietary fat vs. total energy restriction for weight loss. Author(s): Harvey-Berino J. Source: Obesity Research. 1998 May; 6(3): 202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9618124&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of dietary fat composition on serum leptin concentrations in healthy nonobese men and women. Author(s): Kratz M, von Eckardstein A, Fobker M, Buyken A, Posny N, Schulte H, Assmann G, Wahrburg U. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 November; 87(11): 5008-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414865&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance. Author(s): Lovejoy JC. Source: Curr Diab Rep. 2002 October; 2(5): 435-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643169&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of the type of dietary fat on postprandial fat oxidation rates: monounsaturated (olive oil) vs saturated fat (cream). Author(s): Piers LS, Walker KZ, Stoney RM, Soares MJ, O'Dea K. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 June; 26(6): 814-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037652&dopt=Abstract

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The PPAR-gamma P12A polymorphism modulates the relationship between dietary fat intake and components of the metabolic syndrome: results from the Quebec Family Study. Author(s): Robitaille J, Despres JP, Perusse L, Vohl MC. Source: Clinical Genetics. 2003 February; 63(2): 109-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630956&dopt=Abstract

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The real skinny on dietary fat. Author(s): Spake A. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2000 December 25-2001 January 1; 129(25): 60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142186&dopt=Abstract

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The role of dietary fat in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Efficacy and safety of low-fat diets. Author(s): Astrup A. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 May; 25 Suppl 1: S46-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11466588&dopt=Abstract

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The stages of change for dietary fat and fruit and vegetable intake of patients at the outset of a cardiac rehabilitation program. Author(s): Frame CJ, Green CG, Herr DG, Myers JE, Taylor ML. Source: Am J Health Promot. 2001 July-August; 15(6): 405-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11523497&dopt=Abstract

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Timing of dietary fat exposure and mammary tumorigenesis: role of estrogen receptor and protein kinase C activity. Author(s): Hilakivi-Clarke L, Clarke R. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1998 November; 188(1-2): 5-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9823005&dopt=Abstract

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Type of dietary fat and insulin resistance. Author(s): Rivellese AA, De Natale C, Lilli S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 June; 967: 329-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079860&dopt=Abstract

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Types of dietary fat and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Author(s): Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Adami HO, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi LH, Miller AB, Rohan TE, Speizer FE, Toniolo P, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Hunter DJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 June 1; 92(5): 767-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340585&dopt=Abstract

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Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical review. Author(s): Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 February; 20(1): 5-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293467&dopt=Abstract

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Types of dietary fat and soy minimally affect hormones and biomarkers associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Author(s): Brown BD, Thomas W, Hutchins A, Martini MC, Slavin JL. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 43(1): 22-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467131&dopt=Abstract

•

Understanding meta-analysis in cancer epidemiology: dietary fat and breast cancer. Author(s): Harrison RA, Waterbor JW. Source: Cancer Detection and Prevention. 1999; 23(2): 97-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10101590&dopt=Abstract

•

Update on dietary fat and cancer. Author(s): Klurfeld DM, Kritchevsky D. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1986 December; 183(3): 287-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3099302&dopt=Abstract

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Use of fat-modified food products to change dietary fat intake of young people. Author(s): Ellison RC, Goldberg RJ, Witschi JC, Capper AL, Puleo EM, Stare FJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1990 November; 80(11): 1374-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2240309&dopt=Abstract

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Use of qualitative and quantitative methods to define behavioral fat-reduction strategies and their relationship to dietary fat reduction in the Patterns of Dietary Change Study. Author(s): Keenan DP, Achterberg C, Kris-Etherton PM, Abusabha R, von Eye A. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1996 December; 96(12): 1245-50, 1253; Quiz 1251-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8948385&dopt=Abstract

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Use of structured triacylglycerols containing predominantly stearic and oleic acids to probe early events in metabolic processing of dietary fat. Author(s): Summers LK, Fielding BA, Herd SL, Ilic V, Clark ML, Quinlan PT, Frayn KN. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1999 October; 40(10): 1890-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10508209&dopt=Abstract

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Usual dietary fat intake and insulin concentrations in healthy women twins. Author(s): Mayer EJ, Newman B, Quesenberry CP Jr, Selby JV. Source: Diabetes Care. 1993 November; 16(11): 1459-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8299435&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of deuterium labeled fatty acids for the measurement of dietary fat oxidation: a method for measuring fat-oxidation in free-living subjects. Author(s): Votruba SB, Zeddun SM, Schoeller DA. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 August; 25(8): 1240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11477510&dopt=Abstract

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Validity and reliability of a modified qualitative dietary fat index in low-income, overweight, African American adolescent girls. Author(s): Yaroch AL, Resnicow K, Petty AD, Khan LK. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 December; 100(12): 1525-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138446&dopt=Abstract

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Validity and reliability of qualitative dietary fat index questionnaires: a review. Author(s): Yaroch AL, Resnicow K, Khan LK. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 February; 100(2): 240-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670401&dopt=Abstract

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Value of Food and Agriculture Organization data on food-balance sheets as a data source for dietary fat intake in epidemiologic studies. Author(s): Sasaki S, Kesteloot H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 October; 56(4): 716-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1414973&dopt=Abstract

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Variations in sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a dietary fat screener modified from Block et al. Author(s): Caan B, Coates A, Schaffer D. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1995 May; 95(5): 564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7722191&dopt=Abstract

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Varying dietary fat type of reduced-fat diets has little effect on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Schwab US, Vogel S, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ, Li Z, Ausman LM, Gualtieri L, Goldin BR, Furr HC, Lichtenstein AH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 October; 128(10): 1703-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9772139&dopt=Abstract

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Weight reduction for breast cancer prevention by restriction of dietary fat and calories: rationale, mechanisms and interventions. Author(s): Heber D, McCarthy WJ, Ashley J, Byerley LO. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1989 May-June; 5(3): 149-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2520282&dopt=Abstract

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What do consumers really think about dietary fat? Author(s): Schwartz NE, Borra ST. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1997 July; 97(7 Suppl): S73-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9216573&dopt=Abstract

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What is dietary fat? Author(s): Scheig R. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1969 May; 22(5): 651-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5784566&dopt=Abstract

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Who complied with COMA 1984 dietary fat recommendations among a nationally representative sample of British adults in 1986-7 and what did they eat? Author(s): Pryer J, Brunner E, Elliott P, Nichols R, Dimond H, Marmot M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 October; 49(10): 718-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8536650&dopt=Abstract

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Women's dietary fat and sugar intakes: implications for food based guidelines. Author(s): Flynn MA, Sugrue DD, Codd MB, Gibney MJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 November; 50(11): 713-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933116&dopt=Abstract

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XbaI polymorphism of the apolipoprotein B gene and plasma lipid and lipoprotein response to dietary fat and cholesterol: a clinical trial. Author(s): Friedlander Y, Kaufmann NA, Cedar H, Kark JD. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1993 May; 43(5): 223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8104107&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DIETARY FAT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and dietary fat.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Dietary Fat The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

114 Dietary Fat

The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on dietary fat: •

Characterisation of the mouse diabetes susceptibilty locus Nidd/SJL: islet cell destruction, interaction with the obesity QTL Nob1, and effect of dietary fat. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany. Source: Plum, L Giesen, K Kluge, R Junger, E Linnartz, K Schurmann, A Becker, W Joost, H G Diabetologia. 2002 Jun; 45(6): 823-30 0012-186X

•

Dietary counselling for dyslipidemia in primary care: results of a randomized trial. Author(s): Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada. Source: Reid, R Fodor, G Lydon Hassen, K D'Angelo, M S McCrea, J Bowlby, M Difrancesco, L Can-J-Diet-Pract-Res. 2002 Winter; 63(4): 169-75 1486-3847

•

Dietary fat makes a comeback. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. July 2001. volume 19 (5) page 4-5.

•

Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity: no. Author(s): Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. [email protected] Source: Willett, W C Obes-Revolume 2002 May; 3(2): 59-68 1467-7881

•

Dietary fatty acids modify insulin secretion of rat pancreatic islet cells in vitro. Author(s): Metabolic Unit, Section of Endocrinology, Regional Hospital of Malaga, Spain. Source: Tinahones, F J Pareja, A Soriguer, F J Gomez Zumaquero, J M Cardona, F Rojo Martinez, G J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2002 May; 25(5): 436-41 0391-4097

•

Effect of dietary mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of pigs' adipose tissues. Author(s): Institute of Animal Sciences, Nutrition Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Glaser, K R Wenk, C Scheeder, M R Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 February; 56(1): 51-65 0003-942X

•

Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on utilisation of energy and protein in broiler chicken fed different dietary fat levels. Author(s): Institut fur Ernahrungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universitat HalleWittenberg, Germany. [email protected] Source: Rodehutscord, M Timmler, R Dieckmann, A Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 December; 56(6): 431-41 0003-942X

•

Effects of different fibre sources and fat addition on cholesterol and cholesterolrelated lipids in blood serum, bile and body tissues of growing pigs. Author(s): Institute of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. [email protected] Source: Kreuzer, M Hanneken, H Wittmann, M Gerdemann, M M Machmuller, A JAnim-Physiol-Anim-Nutr-(Berl). 2002 April; 86(3-4): 57-73 0931-2439

•

Familial concordance of dietary fat practices and intake. Author(s): Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Source: Cullen, Karen Weber Lara, Katina M de Moor, Carl Fam-Community-Health. 2002 July; 25(2): 65-75 0160-6379

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Myths and science of dietary fat and coronary heart disease. Source: Higgs, J Nurs-Times. 2002 August 20; 98(34): 49-52 0954-7762

•

Plasma lipid concentrations, macronutrient digestibility and mineral absorption in dogs fed a dry food containing medium-chain triglycerides. Author(s): Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Beynen, A C Kappert, H J Lemmens, A G Van Dongen, A M J-Anim-PhysiolAnim-Nutr-(Berl). 2002 October; 86(9-10): 306-12 0931-2439

•

Results of use of metformin and replacement of starch with saturated fat in diets of patients with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Cardiology Research, Newark, Delaware 19718, USA., Source: Hays, J H Gorman, R T Shakir, K M Endocr-Pract. 2002 May-June; 8(3): 177-83 1530-891X

•

Substituting dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat changes abdominal fat distribution and improves insulin sensitivity. Author(s): Oxford Lipid Metabolism Group, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK. Source: Summers, L K M Fielding, B A Bradshaw, H A Ilic, V Beysen, C Clark, M L Moore, N R Frayn, K N Diabetologia. 2002 March; 45(3): 369-77 0012-186X

•

The Gottingen minipig as a model for postprandial hyperlipidaemia in man: experimental observations. Author(s): Department for Thrombosis Research, University of Southern Denmark, Ribe County Hospital, Esbjerg, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Olsen, A K Bladbjerg, E M Marckmann, P Larsen, L F Hansen, A K Lab-Anim. 2002 October; 36(4): 438-44 0023-6772

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “dietary fat” (or a synonym): •

Characterisation of the mouse diabetes susceptibilty locus Nidd/SJL: islet cell destruction, interaction with the obesity QTL Nob1, and effect of dietary fat. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany. Source: Plum, L Giesen, K Kluge, R Junger, E Linnartz, K Schurmann, A Becker, W Joost, H G Diabetologia. 2002 Jun; 45(6): 823-30 0012-186X

•

Dietary counselling for dyslipidemia in primary care: results of a randomized trial. Author(s): Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada. Source: Reid, R Fodor, G Lydon Hassen, K D'Angelo, M S McCrea, J Bowlby, M Difrancesco, L Can-J-Diet-Pract-Res. 2002 Winter; 63(4): 169-75 1486-3847

•

Dietary fat makes a comeback. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. July 2001. volume 19 (5) page 4-5.

•

Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity: no. Author(s): Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. [email protected] Source: Willett, W C Obes-Revolume 2002 May; 3(2): 59-68 1467-7881

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Dietary fatty acids modify insulin secretion of rat pancreatic islet cells in vitro. Author(s): Metabolic Unit, Section of Endocrinology, Regional Hospital of Malaga, Spain. Source: Tinahones, F J Pareja, A Soriguer, F J Gomez Zumaquero, J M Cardona, F Rojo Martinez, G J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2002 May; 25(5): 436-41 0391-4097

•

Effect of dietary mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of pigs' adipose tissues. Author(s): Institute of Animal Sciences, Nutrition Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Glaser, K R Wenk, C Scheeder, M R Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 February; 56(1): 51-65 0003-942X

•

Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on utilisation of energy and protein in broiler chicken fed different dietary fat levels. Author(s): Institut fur Ernahrungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universitat HalleWittenberg, Germany. [email protected] Source: Rodehutscord, M Timmler, R Dieckmann, A Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 December; 56(6): 431-41 0003-942X

•

Effects of different fibre sources and fat addition on cholesterol and cholesterolrelated lipids in blood serum, bile and body tissues of growing pigs. Author(s): Institute of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. [email protected] Source: Kreuzer, M Hanneken, H Wittmann, M Gerdemann, M M Machmuller, A JAnim-Physiol-Anim-Nutr-(Berl). 2002 April; 86(3-4): 57-73 0931-2439

•

Familial concordance of dietary fat practices and intake. Author(s): Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Source: Cullen, Karen Weber Lara, Katina M de Moor, Carl Fam-Community-Health. 2002 July; 25(2): 65-75 0160-6379

•

Myths and science of dietary fat and coronary heart disease. Source: Higgs, J Nurs-Times. 2002 August 20; 98(34): 49-52 0954-7762

•

Plasma lipid concentrations, macronutrient digestibility and mineral absorption in dogs fed a dry food containing medium-chain triglycerides. Author(s): Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Beynen, A C Kappert, H J Lemmens, A G Van Dongen, A M J-Anim-PhysiolAnim-Nutr-(Berl). 2002 October; 86(9-10): 306-12 0931-2439

•

Results of use of metformin and replacement of starch with saturated fat in diets of patients with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Cardiology Research, Newark, Delaware 19718, USA., Source: Hays, J H Gorman, R T Shakir, K M Endocr-Pract. 2002 May-June; 8(3): 177-83 1530-891X

•

Substituting dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat changes abdominal fat distribution and improves insulin sensitivity. Author(s): Oxford Lipid Metabolism Group, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK. Source: Summers, L K M Fielding, B A Bradshaw, H A Ilic, V Beysen, C Clark, M L Moore, N R Frayn, K N Diabetologia. 2002 March; 45(3): 369-77 0012-186X

Nutrition

•

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The Gottingen minipig as a model for postprandial hyperlipidaemia in man: experimental observations. Author(s): Department for Thrombosis Research, University of Southern Denmark, Ribe County Hospital, Esbjerg, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Olsen, A K Bladbjerg, E M Marckmann, P Larsen, L F Hansen, A K Lab-Anim. 2002 October; 36(4): 438-44 0023-6772

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to dietary fat; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Niacin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,892,00.html Pantothenic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,882,00.html Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B3 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B3 (niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B5 (pantothenic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol, Calcitrol, Cholecalciferol, Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,906,00.html Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione, Menaphthone, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Minerals Alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atorvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnitine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Carnitine (l-carnitine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Creatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Creatine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Creatine Monohydrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com D-alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gamma-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hmg-coa Reductase Inhibitors (statins) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com L-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com L-carnitine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lecithin and Choline Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10040,00.html Lecithin/phosphatidylcholine/choline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lovastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phosphocreatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pravastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Nutrition

Simvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Food and Diet Almonds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,113,00.html Artichoke Alternative names: Cynara scolymus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atkins Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html Betaine (trimethylglycine) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Chips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,179,00.html Chondroitin Sulfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Complex Carbohydrates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,993,00.html Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,98,00.html Fat Alternatives and Fat Replacers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hazelnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,307,00.html High-fiber Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-purine Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html

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Monounsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Olives Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,318,00.html Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,992,00.html Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1037,00.html Polyunsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Saturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shiitake Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,308,00.html Soy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Soy Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,200,00.html Soy Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,135,00.html Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Dean Ornish Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Pritikin Diet Program Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Zone Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trans-fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Walnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,100,00.html Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,78,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DIETARY FAT Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to dietary fat. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to dietary fat and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to dietary fat: •

Achievement of dietary fatty acid intakes in long-term controlled intervention studies: approach and methodology. Author(s): Nydahl MC, Smith RD, Kelly CN, Fielding BA, Williams CM. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2003 February; 6(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581463&dopt=Abstract

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Apple and pear peel and pulp and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets. Author(s): Leontowicz M, Gorinstein S, Leontowicz H, Krzeminski R, Lojek A, Katrich E, Ciz M, Martin-Belloso O, Soliva-Fortuny R, Haruenkit R, Trakhtenberg S. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 September 10; 51(19): 5780-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12952433&dopt=Abstract

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Cholesterol absorption inhibitors: defining new options in lipid management. Author(s): Brown WV.

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Source: Clin Cardiol. 2003 June; 26(6): 259-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839042&dopt=Abstract •

Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients. Author(s): Rallidis LS, Paschos G, Liakos GK, Velissaridou AH, Anastasiadis G, Zampelas A. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 April; 167(2): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818406&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary alpha-linolenic acid suppresses the formation of lysophosphatidic acid, a lipid mediator, in rat platelets compared with linoleic acid. Author(s): Miyazawa D, Ikemoto A, Fujii Y, Okuyama H. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 September 5; 73(16): 2083-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899931&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary docosahexaenoic acid-induced production of tissue lipid peroxides is not suppressed by higher intake of ascorbic acid in genetically scorbutic Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi/Shi-od/od rats. Author(s): Sekine S, Kubo K, Tadokoro T, Maekawa A, Saito M. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 August; 90(2): 385-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908899&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat (virgin olive oil or sunflower oil) and physical training interactions on blood lipids in the rat. Author(s): Quiles JL, Huertas JR, Ochoa JJ, Battino M, Mataix J, Manas M. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 April; 19(4): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679173&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and cardiovascular disease risk: quantity or quality? Author(s): Lichtenstein AH. Source: Journal of Women's Health (2002). 2003 March; 12(2): 109-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737709&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat has minimal effects on fatty acid metabolism transcript concentrations in pigs. Author(s): Ding ST, Lapillonne A, Heird WC, Mersmann HJ. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 February; 81(2): 423-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643486&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat, the Mediterranean diet, and health: reports from scientific exchanges, 1998 and 2000. Introduction. Author(s): Sacks FM.

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Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 30; 113 Suppl 9B: 1S-4S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566131&dopt=Abstract •

Dietary fats and diabetes mellitus: is there a good fat? Author(s): Segal-Isaacson CJ, Carello E, Wylie-Rosett J. Source: Curr Diab Rep. 2001 October; 1(2): 161-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643112&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fats, eating guides, and public policy: history, critique, and recommendations. Author(s): Gifford KD. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 30; 113 Suppl 9B: 89S-106S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566143&dopt=Abstract

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Direct myocardial effects of fish oil on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Beyond lipid membrane composition? Author(s): Ruiz-Meana M, Garcia-Dorado D. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 2003 July 1; 59(1): Vii-Viii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903630&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of altered dietary n-3 fatty acid intake upon plasma lipid fatty acid composition, conversion of [13C]alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain fatty acids and partitioning towards beta-oxidation in older men. Author(s): Burdge GC, Finnegan YE, Minihane AM, Williams CM, Wootton SA. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 August; 90(2): 311-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908891&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary fat sources on systemic and intrauterine synthesis of prostaglandins during early pregnancy in gilts. Author(s): Chartrand R, Matte JJ, Lessard M, Chouinard PY, Giguere A, Laforest JP. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 March; 81(3): 726-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661653&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of EGCG on lipid absorption and plasma lipid levels in rats. Author(s): Raederstorff DG, Schlachter MF, Elste V, Weber P. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2003 June; 14(6): 326-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873714&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on utilisation of energy and protein in broiler chicken fed different dietary fat levels. Author(s): Rodehutscord M, Timmler R, Dieckmann A.

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Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 2002 December; 56(6): 431-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553693&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of vitamin E supplementation and partial substitution of poly- with monounsaturated fatty acids in pig diets on muscle, and microsome extract alphatocopherol concentration and lipid oxidation. Author(s): Lopez-Bote CJ, Isabel B, Ruiz J, Daza A. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 2003 February; 57(1): 11-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801076&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, Faulkner DA, Wong JM, de Souza R, Emam A, Parker TL, Vidgen E, Lapsley KG, Trautwein EA, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 July 23; 290(4): 502-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876093&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary fat quantity and composition on fasting and postprandial levels of coagulation factor VII and serum choline-containing phospholipids. Author(s): Lindman AS, Muller H, Seljeflot I, Prydz H, Veierod M, Pedersen JI. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 August; 90(2): 329-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908893&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of including a ruminally protected lipid supplement in the diet on the fatty acid composition of beef muscle. Author(s): Scollan ND, Enser M, Gulati SK, Richardson I, Wood JD. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 90(3): 709-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129478&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of long chain fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism in monolayer cultures of bovine hepatocytes. Author(s): Mashek DG, Grummer RR. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 July; 86(7): 2390-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12906057&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of soy and other natural products on LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters: a literature review. Author(s): Hermansen K, Dinesen B, Hoie LH, Morgenstern E, Gruenwald J. Source: Adv Ther. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 50-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772818&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of trace components of dietary fat on cholesterol metabolism: phytosterols, oxysterols, and squalene. Author(s): Madani KA. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 April; 61(4): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795450&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of two lipid-lowering, carotenoid-controlled diets on the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins in free-living humans. Author(s): Ahuja KD, Ashton EL, Ball MJ. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2003 September; 105(3): 355-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780345&dopt=Abstract

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Eighteen-month outcomes of house dust mite avoidance and dietary fatty acid modification in the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS). Author(s): Mihrshahi S, Peat JK, Marks GB, Mellis CM, Tovey ER, Webb K, Britton WJ, Leeder SR; Childhood Asthma Prevention Study. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 January; 111(1): 162-8. Erratum In: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 April; 111(4): 735. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532113&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiologic studies on dietary fats and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Ascherio A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 30; 113 Suppl 9B: 9S-12S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566133&dopt=Abstract

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Fasting lipids: the carrot in the snowman. Author(s): Spence JD. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2003 July; 19(8): 890-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876608&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acids composition of plasma phospholipids and triglycerides in children with cystic fibrosis. The effect of dietary supplementation with an olive and soybean oils mixture. Author(s): Caramia G, Cocchi M, Gagliardini R, Malavolta M, Mozzon M, Frega NG. Source: Pediatr Med Chir. 2003 January-February; 25(1): 42-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12920976&dopt=Abstract

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Gene expression and molecular composition of phospholipids in rat brain in relation to dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio. Author(s): Barcelo-Coblijn G, Kitajka K, Puskas LG, Hogyes E, Zvara A, Hackler L Jr, Farkas T.

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Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 June 10; 1632(1-3): 72-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782153&dopt=Abstract •

Hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic effects of long-term Cholestin (Monascus purpureus-fermented rice, red yeast rice) in cholesterol fed rabbits. Author(s): Wei W, Li C, Wang Y, Su H, Zhu J, Kritchevsky D. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2003 June; 14(6): 314-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873712&dopt=Abstract

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Incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid into nerve membrane phospholipids: bridging the gap between animals and cultured cells. Author(s): Alessandri JM, Poumes-Ballihaut C, Langelier B, Perruchot MH, Raguenez G, Lavialle M, Guesnet P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 October; 78(4): 702-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522727&dopt=Abstract

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Increased lipid peroxidation during long-term intervention with high doses of n-3 fatty acids (PUFAs) following an acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Grundt H, Nilsen DW, Mansoor MA, Nordoy A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 June; 57(6): 793-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792664&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of changes in dietary fatty acids during pregnancy on placental and fetal fatty acid profile in the rat. Author(s): Amusquivar E, Herrera E. Source: Biology of the Neonate. 2003; 83(2): 136-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576758&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis by a novel dietary fatty acid formulation in patients with atopic asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, prospective trial. Author(s): Surette ME, Koumenis IL, Edens MB, Tramposch KM, Clayton B, Bowton D, Chilton FH. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 March; 25(3): 972-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852711&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability of a novel dietary fatty acid formulation in healthy adult subjects. Author(s): Surette ME, Koumenis IL, Edens MB, Tramposch KM, Chilton FH. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 March; 25(3): 948-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852710&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid emulsion infusion rescues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity. Author(s): Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL, Hoffman W. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 May-June; 28(3): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772136&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid requirements of infants: implications for nutrient composition of fortified complementary foods. Author(s): Uauy R, Castillo C. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 133(9): 2962S-72S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949394&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring dietary fatty acid intake:validation of a food-frequency questionnaire against 7 d weighed records. Author(s): Broadfield E, McKeever T, Fogarty A, Britton J. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 90(1): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12844394&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms of action of dietary fatty acids in regulating the activation of vascular endothelial cells during atherogenesis. Author(s): Christon RA. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 August; 61(8): 272-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677589&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition therapy for dyslipidemia. Author(s): Carson JA. Source: Curr Diab Rep. 2003 October; 3(5): 397-403. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12975030&dopt=Abstract

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Pilot study of dietary fatty acid supplementation in the treatment of adult periodontitis. Author(s): Rosenstein ED, Kushner LJ, Kramer N, Kazandjian G. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2003 March; 68(3): 2138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591005&dopt=Abstract

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Plant and marine derived (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids do not affect blood coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in moderately hyperlipidemic humans. Author(s): Finnegan YE, Howarth D, Minihane AM, Kew S, Miller GJ, Calder PC, Williams CM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7): 2210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840180&dopt=Abstract

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Polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic vs docosapentaenoic acid-differences in lipid matrix properties from the loss of one double bond. Author(s): Eldho NV, Feller SE, Tristram-Nagle S, Polozov IV, Gawrisch K. Source: Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2003 May 28; 125(21): 6409-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785780&dopt=Abstract

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Propofol does not induce pulmonary dysfunction in stressed endotoxic pigs receiving Intralipid. Author(s): Ziser A, Strickland RA, Murray MJ. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 July; 31(7): 2029-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847400&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized clinical trials on the effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Sacks FM, Katan M. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 30; 113 Suppl 9B: 13S-24S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566134&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, lipid peroxidation toxic products. Author(s): Surh J, Kwon H. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 April; 20(4): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775473&dopt=Abstract

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The Eating Behavior Patterns Questionnaire predicts dietary fat intake in African American women. Author(s): Schlundt DG, Hargreaves MK, Buchowski MS. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 March; 103(3): 338-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616256&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance. Author(s): Lovejoy JC. Source: Curr Diab Rep. 2002 October; 2(5): 435-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643169&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to dietary fat; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Abdominal Wall Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acne Vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Age-related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bph Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cold Sores Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Constipation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclic Mastalgia Alternative names: Cyclic Mastitis, Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Alternative names: Painful Menstruation Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallbladder Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gallstones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gestational Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hay Fever Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemorrhoids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hepatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Herpes Simplex Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

138 Dietary Fat

High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hiv and Aids Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperkalemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Male Infertility Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menopausal Symptoms (other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menopause Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Morning Sickness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myocardial Infarction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nausea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

140 Dietary Fat

Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peritonitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylketonuria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Enlargement Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Psoriasis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Radiation Damage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com STDs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

142 Dietary Fat

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TMJ Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tuberculosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Warts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Alternative Therapy Meditation Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,717,00.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Relaxation Techniques Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yoga Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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•

Herbs and Supplements Acetaminophen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acetaminophen Alternative names: Acephen, Aceta, Amaphen, Anoquan, Apacet, Arthritis Foundation Aspirin Free, Arthritis Foundation Nighttime, Aspirin Free Anacin, Aspirin Free Excedrin, Bayer Select, Dapacin, Dynafed, Endolor, Esgic, Excedrin P.M., Fem-Etts, Femcet, Feverall, Fioricet, Fiorpap, Genapap, Genebs, Halenol, Isocet, Liquiprin, Mapap, Maranox, Meda, Medigesic, Midol, Multi-Symptom Pamprin, Neopap, Nighttime Pamprin, Oraphen-PD, Panadol, Phrenilin, Repan, Ridenol, Sedapap, Silapap, Sominex Pain Relief, Tapanol, Tempra, Tylenol, Uni-Ace, Unisom with Pain Relief Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ala Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allium Compounds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1024,00.html Allium Sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allopurinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Alpha Lipoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alpha-linolenic Acid (ala) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-lipoic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

144 Dietary Fat

Angkak Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antioxidants and Free Radicals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aortic Glycosaminoglycans Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Apium Graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arginine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Azt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beni-koji Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-glucan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-sitosterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blueberry Alternative names: Vaccinium spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blue-green Algae Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Brewer's Yeast Alternative names: Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Calciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcitrol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carotenoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cascara Alternative names: Cascara sagrada, Rhamnus purshiani cortex Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Catechins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1023,00.html Caulophyllum Alternative names: Blue Cohosh; Caulophyllum thalictroides (MICH.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

146 Dietary Fat

Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chitosan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cholecalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cobalamin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colestipol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10102,00.html Coq10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cyclosporine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cysteine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 147

Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dha Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Docosahexaenoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dryopteris Alternative names: Male Fern; Dryopteris sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eicosapentaenoic Acid (epa) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org English Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eriodictyon Yerbasanta Alternative names: Yerba Santa; Eriodictyon californicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Estrogens (combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Evening Primrose Alternative names: Oenothera biennis, Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

148 Dietary Fat

Fenugreek Alternative names: Trigonella foenum-graecum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fenugreek Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibric Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flaxseed Alternative names: Linum usitatissimum, Linseed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fo-ti Alternative names: Polygonum multiflorum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fructo-oligosaccharides (fos) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gamma Oryzanol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gamma-linolenic Acid (gla) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garcinia Cambogia Alternative names: Citrin, Gambooge Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Garcinia Kola Alternative names: Bitter Kola Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Gemfibrozil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginger Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gla Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gla (gamma-linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glipizide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glucomannan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glyburide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Grape Seed Alternative names: Vitis vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Green Tea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Green-lipped Mussel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guatteria Alternative names:.; Guatteria gaumeri Greenman Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Guggul Alternative names: Commiphora mukul Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guggul Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

150 Dietary Fat

Gugulipid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10033,00.html Gymnema Alternative names: Gymnema sylvestre Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hong Qu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hung-chu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydantoin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Insulin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insulin Alternative names: Humalog, Humulin, Iletin, Novolin, Velosulin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Isoflavones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ispaghula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Kava Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum, Ava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lavandula Angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavender Alternative names: Lavandula angustifolia, English Lavendar, French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lecithin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lepidium Meyenii1 Alternative names: Maca; Lepidium meyenii Walp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lepidium Sp Alternative names: Cress; Lepidium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Linseed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Linum Usitatissimum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lipase Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lycopene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,803,00.html Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mahonia Alternative names: Mahonia aquifolium Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

152 Dietary Fat

Medium Chain Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Methionine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum, Carduus marianus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum, St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Milk Thistle Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Momordica Alternative names: Bitter Gourd, Karela; Momordica charantia Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Monascus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Motherwort Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Octacosanol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oenothera Biennis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Orlistat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 153

Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Phosphatidylserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phosphatidylserine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphatidylserine (ps) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,813,00.html Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Methysticum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Isphagula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Psyllium Alternative names: Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psyllium Alternative names: Ispaghula,Plantago isphagula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pueraria Alternative names: Kudzu; Pueraria lobata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pygeum Alternative names: African Prune; Pygeum africanum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

154 Dietary Fat

Pyruvate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pyruvate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Koji Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Leaven Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Monascus purpureus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Angkak, Beni-koju, Hong Qu, Hung-chu, Monascus, Red Leaven, Red Rice, Red Koji, Zhitai, Xue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Yeast Rice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Yeast Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10054,00.html Resveratrol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ribes Alternative names: Black Currant; Ribes nigrum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

Alternative Medicine 155

Royal Jelly Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sassafras Alternative names: Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Scutellaria Lateriflora Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Silybum Alternative names: Milk Thistle; Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Silybum Marianum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria lateriflora, Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Soy Isoflavones Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10057,00.html St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Taraxacum Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Terminalia Alternative names: Myrobalans; Terminalia arjuna Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tocotrienols Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

156 Dietary Fat

Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Uncaria Asian Alternative names: Asian species; Uncaria sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valproic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitis Vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zhitai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

157

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DIETARY FAT Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to dietary fat. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “dietary fat” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on dietary fat, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Dietary Fat ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to dietary fat. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

An Analysis of the Predictive Power of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change Applied to Dietary Fat Intake by Wright, Julie A.; Phd from University of Rhode Island, 2002, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053128

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Carcass Quality of the Broiler Turkey As Influenced by Dietary Fat Type, Sex and Cooking by Nelson, Janet Ruth; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK28110

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Dietary Fat As an Exposure in Epidemiological Studies. Observations in the Malmo Diet and Cancer Cohort by Mattisson, Irene; Phd from Lunds Universitet (sweden), 2003, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f152945

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Dietary Fat Associated with Insulin Concentrations in Native American Adolescents by Cole, Suzanne Marilyn; Phd from The University of Arizona, 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053878

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Effect of Dietary Fat on Prostanoid Production in Normal and Preneoblastic Rodent Colons by Robblee, Nancy; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL51022

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Effect of Dietary Fatty Acids on Body Energy Partitioning Through the Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors by Lu, Yu-chun; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2002, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059292

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Effects of Aerobic Walking and Nutrition on Blood Lipids, Body Composition, Weight, and Cardiovascular Fitness by Jones, Carol Ann, Edd from East Texas State University, 1992, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9235097

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Hormonal, Metabolic, and Skeletal Muscle Adaptations Following Weight Loss: Effect of Dietary Fat Type by Calsbeek, Dean Joseph; Phd from Colorado State University, 2003, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092659

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Investigating Stages of Change and Processes of Change for Dietary Fat Consumption on the World Wide Web by Whyte, Shannon Renee; Phd from University of Maryland Baltimore County, 2002, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062586

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Lipids and Endothelium-dependent Vasodilation by Steer, Peter; Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2003, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f148625

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Modulation of Adipocyte Membrane Composition and Insulin Action in Normal and Diabetic States by Dietary Fat by Field, Catherine Jane; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45681

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Perceived Stress, Coping and Dietary Fat Intake in Rural Adolescents: Gender and Ethnic Differences by Townsend, Cynthia Oswald; Phd from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2002, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3042815

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The Effect of Dietary Fat on Plasma Cholesterol Levels and Cholesterol Metabolism in the Mongolian Gerbil by Mercer, Nina Jean Herndon; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK48782

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The Effect of Dietary Fat, Dietary Fibre and Added-sugar Intake on the Micronutrient Content of Self-selected Children's Diets by Teron, Adrienne Christine; Msc from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ68884

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The Effect of Prior Exercise on the Utilization of Dietary Fat by Votruba, Susanne Maria Loretta Breuer; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060602

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The Metabolism of 18 Carbon-13 Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Healthy Women by Mccloy, Ursula Regina; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ74748

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND DIETARY FAT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning dietary fat.

Recent Trials on Dietary Fat The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to dietary fat.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

A Phase IIIB Study Evaluating the Effect on Serum Lipids Following a Switch to Atazanavir in HIV Infected Subjects Evidencing Virologic Suppression on their First PI-Based Antiretroviral Therapy Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this clinical research study is to learn if atazanavir is associated with serum LDL cholesterol in HIV-infected subjects following a substitution of atazanavir for their previously administered protease inhibitor. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067782

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A Twelve-Week Evaluation of Rosiglitazone in the Treatment of HIV-Associated Hyperlipidemia Condition(s): HIV Infections; Hyperlipidemia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this research is to study the effects of rosiglitazone, a drug usually taken for Type II diabetes, on HIV-associated hyperlipidemia. HIVassociated lipodystrophy is a medical condition characterized by gradual changes in the distribution of body fat. The body fat located in the extremities and face disappears while body fat around the abdomen and upper back increases. Certain biochemical changes occur in association with these changes in fat distribution. Lipid levels particularly serum triglycerides are increased. HDL, the "good cholesterol" is decreased. Higher than normal level of insulin or insulin resistance is also found in this condition. This latter condition is one of the hallmarks of Type II diabetes. The protease inhibitors, a class of HIV medications, are associated with the occurrence of HIV-associated lipodystrophy. It has been suggested that a biochemical pathway known as the peripheral peroxisomal activating receptor (PPAR) gamma system is blocked leading to the onset of this condition. Rosiglitazone is a new drug approved by the FDA in 1999 for the treatment of type II diabetes. It lowers blood sugar by improving insulin resistance, which as mentioned before, is the hallmark of Type II diabetes. It has also been noted to improve blood lipid levels. Rosiglitazone works by stimulating the PPAR gamma system. It is hoped that this drug can turn on the PPAR system and reverse the HIVassociated lipodystrophy syndrome. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006493 •

Differential Metabolism of Dietary Fatty Acids Condition(s): Obesity; Diabetes; Hyperlipidemia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Differences in how diet fats are converted to energy could explain some of the reported differences in health effects among different classes of dietary fat (e.g. monounsaturated vs. saturated). Recently, this laboratory showed that monounsaturated fats are turned into energy more readily than saturated fats. These results may mean that if one feeds more monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and less saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the diet, body fat might accumulate at a lower rate. This could affect the risk of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. This project has two principal Specific Aims which will be assessed in healthy young adults who are fed liquid formulas containing either an approximately equal amount of MUFA and SFA (controls) or a much greater amount of MUFA and much less SFA: (1) To determine if a higher intake of MUFA and a reciprocally lower intake of SFA is associated with a higher rate of fat oxidation. We hypothesize that the rate of fat oxidation after eating will be higher in those subjects randomized to the MUFA-enriched diet compared to controls. (2) To measure energy intake required to maintain constant body weight during each diet and to measure fat-free mass and fat mass, before and after each dietary change. We hypothesize that those on the high MUFA diet will need a higher energy intake required to maintain constant body weight. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional

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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00059254 •

Efficacy/safety of ecraprost in lipid emulsion for treatment of critical leg ischemia due to peripheral arterial disease Condition(s): Critical Limb Ischemia due to peripheral arterial disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation Purpose - Excerpt: Ecraprost in lipid emulsion is being developed for the treatment of Critical leg ischemia (CLI), which is the most severe form of peripheral arterial disease(PAD). This trial is designed to assess the efficacy and safety of the drug in the treatment of CLI. Phase(s): Phase III; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00059644

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Evaluation of Lipoproteins Condition(s): Hyperlipidemia; Hyperlipoproteinemia; Hypolipoproteinemia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: Lipoproteins are particles that carry fats such as cholesterol and triglycerides through the blood stream. These particles are involved in causing blood vessel disease that can lead to conditions like hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) or heart attacks (myocardial infarctions). This study is designed to look closely at the factors affecting lipoproteins. Researchers plan to study patients and normal volunteers by measuring lipoprotein levels in the blood. Patients and volunteers will be placed on a balanced diet during the study. In addition, researchers plan to measure levels of various hormone and enzymes in the blood. Patients and volunteers participating in the study may be asked to undergo more specific tests in order to collect more information about lipoprotein metabolism. This study may not provide direct benefits to patients and volunteers participating in it. However, information gathered from this study may help researchers develop better skills and techniques to diagnose and treat patients with diseases of lipoprotein metabolism. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001168

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Genetic Study of Sitosterolemia Condition(s): Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Sitosterolemia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); Medical University of South Carolina

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Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Identify the genetic defect and fine map the gene that causes sitosterolemia. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004481 •

Influence of diet and endurance running on intramuscular lipids measured at 4.1 TESLA Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this pilot investigation is to use 1 H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to 1) document the change in intra-muscular lipid stores (IML) before and after a prolonged bout of endurance running and, 2) determine the pattern (time course) of IML replenishment following an extremely low-fat diet (10% of energy from fat) and a moderate-fat diet (35% of energy from fat). Specifically, the study will evaluate the change in IML following a 2-hour training run and the recovery of IML in response to the post-exercise low-fat or moderate-fat diet in 10 endurance trained athletes who will consume both diets in a randomly assigned cross-over fashion. We hypothesize that IML will be depleted with prolonged endurance exercise, and that replenishment of IML will be impaired by an extremely low-fat diet compared to a moderate-fat diet. Results of this pilot study will be used to apply for extramural grant support from NIH or the US Armed Forces to investigate the effect of dietary fat on the health and performance of individuals performing heavy physical training. It is anticipated that this methodology could also be employed in obesity research to delineate, longitudinally, the reported cross-sectional relationships among IML stores, insulin resistance and obesity. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000110

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Lipoprotein Metabolism in Normal Volunteers and Patients with High Levels of Lipoproteins Condition(s): Abetalipoproteinemia; Atherosclerosis; Healthy; Inborn Errors Lipid Metabolism Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: Researchers plan to study the fat-rich particles, called lipoproteins, which circulate in the blood. This study is designed to improve understanding of normal, as well as abnormal, lipoprotein metabolism and the role it plays in the development of hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Patients participating in this study will receive injections of lipoproteins or apolipoproteins (the protein component of lipoproteins) that have been isolated and purified. These lipoproteins will be labeled with small amounts of radioactive material and sterilized before they are injected into the patient. Patients participating in the study will be required to have blood samples taken, and provide urine samples throughout the course of the study. In addition,

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patient will be required to follow a specially formulated diet. Patients will be weighed throughout the course of the study. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001154 •

Nervous System Degeneration in Glycosphingolipid Storage Disorders Condition(s): Gangliosidoses; Gaucher Disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate children with glycosphingolipid (GSL) storage disorders to investigate brain changes that cause nervous system degeneration. No experimental treatments are offered in this study; participants will receive standard medical care for their disease. The information from this study may help researchers develop new therapies for these disorders and monitor the effects of treatment. Patients of any age with Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff disease, GM1 gangliosidosis, or type 2 Gaucher disease may be eligible for this study. Participants will be admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for 4 to 5 days every 6 months for a clinical evaluation involving the following tests and procedures: - Medical history - Physical, neurologic, and eye examinations - Developmental evaluations by a physical therapist, nutritionist and psychologist - Blood tests to check nutritional status, liver and kidney function, and, in patients treated for seizures, level of anti-seizure drugs. Some blood will also be used for research purposes. - Urinalysis to check urine sugar levels and kidney function - Skin biopsy to obtain cells to grow in culture. The biopsy area is numbed with an anesthetic cream and a 1/8-inch piece of skin is removed with a circular punch and scissors. Genetic analysis of DNA to screen for mutations responsible for the patient's GSL storage disorder - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans. Children with type 2 Gaucher disease, Sandhoff disease and GM1 gangliosidosis will also have liver and spleen scans. Brain scans will be done every 6 months the first year. After that, they may be done less often, depending on the results. For the MRI, the child lies still in a narrow cylinder (the scanner). A magnetic field and radio waves are used to produce pictures of the organs under study. (Children will be sedated for MRI. Children who cannot be sedated will not have this test.) - Electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure electrical activity of the brain and detect possible seizures. For this test, electrodes (small metal discs attached to wires) are attached to the child's head with a paste and the brain waves (electrical activity) are recorded while the child rests quietly. - Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) to measure hearing. Electrodes are attached to the child's head (similar to the EEG procedure) and the brain waves are recorded when a sound stimulation is given. - Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to study proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, which bathes the brain and spinal cord. A needle is inserted in the space between the bones (vertebrae) in the lower back. About 2 tablespoons of fluid is collected through the needle. This test is done under anesthetic at the same time the MRI is done. If the child cannot be sedated, a local anesthetic will be used. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029965

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “dietary fat” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON DIETARY FAT Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “dietary fat” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on dietary fat, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Dietary Fat By performing a patent search focusing on dietary fat, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on dietary fat: •

Adjuvant and vaccine compositions containing monophosphoryl lipid A Inventor(s): Eldridge; John Hayward (Fairport, NY), LaPosta; Vincent James (Pittsford, NY) Assignee(s): Wyeth Holdings Corporation (Madison, NJ) Patent Number: 6,635,261 Date filed: August 30, 2001 Abstract: The invention pertains to adjuvant and vaccine compositions of monophosphoryl lipid A, sugar and optionally an amine based surfactant, which when frozen and thawed or lyophilized and reconstituted reform a colloidal suspension having a light transmission of greater than or equal to 88% as measured spectrophotometrically. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved adjuvant and vaccine compositions, methods for preparing said improved adjuvant and vaccine compositions, and methods of using the improved compositions. Conventional vaccines have been used for many years to protect humans and animals from a wide variety of infectious diseases. Typically, these conventional vaccines contain one or more antigens which may include an attenuated pathogen, killed pathogen, or an immunogenic component of a pathogen. In some vaccines, the antigen or antigens may be employed alone to elicit protective immune responses. In other vaccines, the antigen or antigens may be employed together with one or more adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen. One such adjuvant known to the art is monophosphoryl lipid A, which is derived from the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella minnesota R595. It is also known to the art that monophosphoryl lipid A is a lipidic material which spontaneously aggregates with itself in an aqueous environment. Moreover, it is known that the degree of aggregation has an effect on the activity of monophosphoryl lipid A as an immunostimulant in that the aggregated monophosphoryl lipid A is less stimulatory. Monophosphoryl lipid A is typically obtained as the triethylamine salt in the form of a lyophilized white powder. Being very hydrophobic, the lyophilized monophosphoryl lipid A does not readily form a clear solution when reconstituted with water but instead yields a turbid mixture with visible white particulates of heterogeneous size that settle out and further aggregate upon standing. To make an acceptable aqueous preparation of monophosphoryl lipid A, it is known to suspend the lyophilized monophosphoryl lipid A triethylamine salt at 1 to 2 mg/mL (w/v) in water containing 0.2% triethylamine, to heat the suspension at 65-70.degree. C., and then to sonicate the mixture. The resulting aqueous preparation, slightly opalescent or clear, is an aqueous colloidal suspension. The triethylamine aids in the solubilization of the monophosphoryl lipid A and may be substituted with similar amounts of triethanolamine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635261__

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Aqueous immunologic adjuvant compostions of monophosphoryl lipid A Inventor(s): Crane; R. Thomas (Hamilton, MT) Assignee(s): Corixa Corporation (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 6,491,919 Date filed: June 22, 1999 Abstract: An aqueous adjuvant composition comprising an attenuated lipid A derivative and a non-immunostimulatory surfactant or surfactants enhances the immunological response in a warm blooded animal to a protein antigen. Attenuated lipid A derivatives useful according to the subject invention include monophosphoryl lipid A and 3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A. A surfactant or mixtures of surfactants are dissolved in a solvent. 1,2 Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is a preferred surfactant. The dissolved surfactant is added to an attenuated lipid A derivative to obtain a mixture. The molar ratio of attenuated lipid A derivative to surfactant in the mixture is about 4:1. The solvent is evaporated and water is added to the resulting film. The suspension is sonicated in a 60.degree. C. water bath until it becomes clear. Animals administered the adjuvant formulation exhibited increased antibody responses to a given antigen as well as displayed enhanced lymphocyte proliferative and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. Intranasal administration of the aqueous adjuvant composition and an antigen stimulates the production of serum and mucosal secreted IgA. Excerpt(s): The compounds monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) and 3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3D-MLA) are attenuated derivatives of the lipid A component of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS and lipid A are potent immunostimulants inducing both a humoral antibody response and a cell-mediated immune response in patients administered the compounds. Lipid A and LPS however can also display toxic side-effects such as pyrogenicity and local Shwarzman reactions. MLA and 3D-MLA are lipid A-like molecules that have been modified to attenuate the toxicity of LPS. Like lipid A, the MLA and 3D-MLA molecules have a sugar backbone onto which long chain fatty acids are attached. The backbone is comprised of two six carbon sugar rings in glycosidic linkage. MLA and 3D-MLA are phosphorylated at the 4 position. Five to eight long chain fatty acids (12-14 carbons) are attached to the sugar backbone making MLA and 3D-MLA very hydrophobic molecules which are not readily water soluble. The attenuated lipid A derivatives (ALDs) MLA and 3D-MLA are used as immunologic adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines for infectious disease and therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of cancerous tumors and chronic infections. Antigen preparations included in most vaccines are often complicated mixtures of water-soluble proteins making it difficult to formulate the water insoluble adjuvant in a water based vaccine. Therefore, MLA and 3D-MLA must be first mixed with solvents before they are added to the antigen preparation. However, the presence of solvents can further complicate the formulation of the vaccine, and in some cases can reduce the efficiency of its components. Further, solvents can irritate mucosal surfaces or cause inflammation at an injection site. A simple formulation of MLA or 3D-MLA containing no interfering cosolvents would allow maximum benefits to be derived from both the adjuvant and the antigen in a vaccine composition. The instant invention satisfies this need. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06491919__

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Cationic lipids Inventor(s): Eibl; Hansjorg (Bovenden, DE), Wang; Jinkang (San Francisco, CA), Zhang; Yi Lin (Woodside, CA) Assignee(s): Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissaschaften B.V. (Berlin, DE), Valentis, Inc. (Burlingame, CA) Patent Number: 6,649,780 Date filed: December 17, 1999 Abstract: Cationic lipids are provided which are useful in the preparation of liposomes and other lipid vesicle carriers. The lipids of the invention are particularly useful as carriers of nucleic acids and other negatively charged substances, for delivery to cells. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel lipids which in some embodiments are neutral and glycerol based, and in some embodiments are cationic. The lipids are useful in the preparation of liposomes and other lipid vesicle carriers of nucleic acids and other substances, for delivery to cells. The introduction of genetic material into a cell can facilitate expression of an encoded protein to complement a deficient or defective protein. The use of such technology allows for the treatment of disease as well as production of certain proteins in an in vitro application. One method of introducing nucleic acids into a cell is mechanically, using direct microinjection. However this method is only practical for transfecting eukaryotic germline cells for the production of transgenic systems. To be effective in treating a disease, a nucleic acid-based therapy typically must enter many cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649780__

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Cholesterol lowering structured lipids containing omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their process thereof Inventor(s): Lokesh; Belur Ramaswamy (Mysore, IN), Rao; Reena (Mysore, IN), Sambaiah; Kari (Mysore, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,608,223 Date filed: October 22, 2001 Abstract: Unique structured lipids obtained from interestifying coconut oil with free fatty acids obtained from hydrolysis of triglycerides of an animal source, said structured lipids rich in omega-3-poly unsaturated fatty acid and medium chain fatty acid and a process for the production of said structured lipids. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cholesterol lowering structured lipids containing omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and a process thereof. Coconut oil is a kernel oil which is a natural source of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) (53% of C8:0C12:0). Its lauric acid content is very high (48%). The lauric fats provide high nutritional value because of their unique position in intercellular transport mechanisms; that is, either the portal or lymphatic systems can absorb them. They provide excellent nutrition for critically ill patients and do not cause any undue coronary difficulties despite their saturation. In fact, the lauric fats provide unexpected usefulness in protein catabolism, yielding positive nitrogen balance and enhanced protein formation. But coconut oil does not contain any omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In addition to this, myristic and palmitic acids that contribute to around 33% of the total fatty acids of

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coconut oil have been shown to be hypercholesterolemic which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Medium chain fatty acids comprise fatty acids with 6 to 12 carbon chain lengths. MCFA offer numerous health benefits. They are easily absorbed, transported via the portal system and rapidly metabolized to yield quick energy and is not deposited in the body as fat. Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) have clinical applications in the treatment of fat malabsorption disorders, gall bladder disease, hyperlipidemia, obesity and deficiency of the carnitine system. But MCT alone cannot function as an ideal fat source for humans as they do not provide PUFA. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608223__ •

Complex of DNA and microparticle of defatted lipid-binding protein for gene therapy Inventor(s): Harris; Roy (Nottingham, GB), Osborne; Nicholas David (Nottingham, GB) Assignee(s): Quadrant Healthcare, Ltd. (GB) Patent Number: 6,495,527 Date filed: January 22, 1999 Abstract: Removal of lipid from lipid-bound protein such as human serum albumin to produce defatted protein enhances ability of the protein to bind therapeutic agents for use as a carrier for the therapeutic agent. The defatted protein may be reloaded with cationic and/or anionic lipids such as fatty acids, e.g. DC-Chol, to modify charge, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the defatted protein to further enhance ability of the defatted protein to bind a therapeutic agent. A reloaded lipid itself may be a therapeutic agent. The defatted protein may be produced as microparticles by spray-drying. Defatting can be achieved by removing fatty acids with acidified activated charcoal, or by solvent extraction. A complex of DNA and a microparticle of defatted protein containing a cationic or anionic lipid molecule can be used for gene therapy. Defatted albumin may be reloaded with aminocaprylic acid to provide a microparticle for binding DNA for parenteral delivery. Microparticles of defatted protein having a modified predetermined fatty acid profile may be used as an enhanced ultrasound contrast agent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to lipid-binding proteins such as defatted albumin, especially as a spray-dried product, and to their therapeutic and diagnostic use. More particularly, the invention relates to microparticles that can be used as carriers in therapy, e.g. gene therapy, and to the combination of carrier and therapeutic agent. Human serum albumin (HSA) is a protein whose production in the form of microparticles having a size suitable for use in therapy by parenteral administration or by inhalation, alone or as a carrier for an active agent, e.g. in a metered dose inhaler, is disclosed in WO-A-9609814 and in WO-A-9618388. The HSA may be used as such or as a carrier for a desired active agent, since appropriate spray-drying conditions do not denature the protein or essentially reduce the existence of groups available for binding. As described in WO-A-9218164, albumin microparticles may be produced in soluble form and then stabilised, for use as diagnostic agents. WO-A-9618388 discloses that such products can be conjugated to therapeutic agents. WO-9609814 discloses that the soluble microparticles are not denaturated, and therefore retain therapeutic utility. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06495527__

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Compositions comprising D-chiro inositol and lipid lowering compounds and methods of treatment thereof Inventor(s): Allan; Geoffrey (Richmond, VA), Gunn; Ronald (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): Insmed, Incorporated (Glen Allen, VA) Patent Number: 6,486,127 Date filed: October 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of reducing serum lipids in insulin resistant subjects comprising administration of synergistically effective amounts of Dchiro-inositol and lipid lowering medications. The present invention provides methods to treat a hyperlipidemic subject with insulin resistance comprising administration of Dchiro-inositol and a lipid lowering compound, either as concurrent single agents or as a combined composition. The methods and compositions of the present invention are particularly efficacious in treating insulin resistant subjects with a fasting blood glucose level of less than or equal to 180 mg/dL. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides methods to reduce serum lipids in insulin resistant subjects comprising administration of therapeutically effective amounts of Dchiro-inositol and lipid lowering medications. The present invention provides methods to treat a hyperlipidemic subject with insulin resistance comprising administration of Dchiro-inositol and a lipid lowering compound, either as concurrent single agents or as a combined composition. The methods and compositions of the present invention are particularly efficacious in treating insulin resistant subjects with a fasting blood glucose level of less than or equal to 180 mg/dL. Non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM, or type 2 diabetes) is a worldwide health problem. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 30 million people worldwide had diabetes in 1985. This number increased to 135 million people by 1995 and the WHO predicts a rise to 300 million people by 2025. The insidious nature of type 2 diabetes progression and medical complications that arise from hyperglycemia extract a heavy toll on the individual, healthcare resources, and society. As such, there is a continuing need for new therapeutic agents and therapeutic regimens that prevent diabetes, prevent or delay the progression of diabetes, or prevent or delay diabetic complications. It is generally desirable to treat a subject with diabetes or at risk of developing diabetes in ways that reestablish or maintain the balance between insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. It is highly desirable to employ methods that avoid administration of exogenous insulin. Therefore a regimen of diet and exercise is primarily used to attempt to establish more physiologic glycemic control. Sadly, however, pharmacological intervention becomes necessary. The current "second line" of therapies includes administration of pharmacological agents including sulfonylureas (e.g. GLUCOTROL.RTM.), biguanides (e.g. metformin), and PPAR gamma agonists (e.g. rosiglitazone) alone or in combination, which are used to increase endogenous insulin production, decrease hepatic glucose output, and increase periperial insulin sensitivity (Kobayashi, Diabetes Obes. Melab., 1(Suppl 1): S32-S40 (1999); Brown et al., J. Natl. Med. Assoc., 91(7): 389-395 (1999)). Sulfonylureas are compounds that stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells in islet tissue of the pancreas and are currently the most frequently prescribed oral hypoglycemic drugs. Increased insulin secretion by sulfonylureas may lead to hypoglycemia (Imura, N. Engl. J. Med., 338: 908-909 (1998)). Unfortunately, prolonged use of sulfonylureas results in unfavorable side effects, particularly desensitization and/or apoptosis of the beta cells resulting in decreased insulin production. The effect is particularly manifest in subjects who have more severe insulin resistance in conjunction with less insulin production (Kobayashi, Diabetes Obes. Metab., 1(Suppl 1): S32-S40

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(1999); Kolterman et al., Diabetes Care, 7(Suppl 1): 81-89 (1984)). Biguanides are compounds that decrease hepatic glucose output, and thus aid in controlling hyperglycemia. PPAR gamma agonists are insulin-sensitizing compounds that increase the cell's ability to respond to smaller quantities of insulin. Eventually these therapies fail and exogenous insulin is required to maintain a balance of glucose metabolism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06486127__ •

Hepatitis vaccines containing 3-0-deacylated monophoshoryl lipid A Inventor(s): Garcon-Johnson; Nathalie Marie-Josephe Claude (Wavre, BE), Hauser; Pierre (Chaumont-Gistoux, BE), Thiriart; Clothilde (Brussels, BE), Voet; Pierre (Izel, BE) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham Biologicals (s.a.) (Rixensart, BE) Patent Number: 6,620,414 Date filed: August 21, 2001 Abstract: A vaccine formulation for the treatment or prophylaxis of hepatitis, especially hepatitis B, infections is provided comprising the hepatitis antigen and a suitable carrier such as alum in combination with 3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A. Combination vaccines including the vaccine formulation are also described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel vaccine formulations, methods for preparing them and to their use in therapy. In particular the present invention relates to novel formulations for treating Hepatitis infections and to combination vaccine formulations including a Hepatitis vaccine component. Viral hepatitis, caused by the A, B, C, D, and E hepatitis viruses, is a very common viral illness. Via the B and C viruses, in particular, it is also responsible for many cases of liver cancer. Thus the development of effective vaccines is critical and, despite notable successes, is still an on-going task. A review on modern hepatitis vaccines, including a number of key references, may be found in the Lancet, May 12th 1990 at page 1142 ff (Prof A. L. W. F. Eddleston). See also `Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease` (Vyas, B. N., Dienstag, J. L., and Hoofnagle, J. H., eds, Grune and Stratton, Inc. (1984) and `Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease` (Proceedings of the 1990 International Symposium, eds F. B. Hollinger, S. M. Lemon and H. Margolis, published by Williams and Wilkins). As used herein the expression `hepatitis antigen` is used to refer to any antigenic material derived from a hepatitis virus which may be used to induce immunity to the virus in humans. The hepatitis antigen may be, for example, a polypeptide obtained by recombinant DNA techniques or an attenuated strain of hepatitis virus which has optionally been inactivated by known methods. The invention extends to all hepatitis antigens, whether A, B, C, D, or E, examples of which are discussed below. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06620414__

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Increasing the HDL level and the HDL/LDL ratio in human serum by balancing saturated and polyunsaturated dietary fatty acids Inventor(s): Hayes; Kenneth C. (Wellesley, MA), Perlman; Daniel (Arlington, MA), Sundram; Kalyana (Selangor, MY) Assignee(s): Brandeis University (Waltham, MA) Patent Number: 6,630,192 Date filed: April 6, 2001 Abstract: A method of increasing the HDL concentration and the HDL/LDL concentration ratio in human serum by providing a balance between a sufficient and required proportion of cholesterol-free saturated fatty acids in the daily dietary fat of the human and a sufficient and required, but not excessive, proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising linoleic acid in dietary fat, while the remaining proportion of fatty acids and energy from the dietary fat is provided by monounsaturated fatty acids comprising oleic acid. Also described are compositions, including fat compositions and filled dairy products, containing such balanced fatty acid proportions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to particular fats and fat blends, and methods for their manufacture or genetic selection/engineering, and use in foods. Consumption of such fats in appropriate amounts stabilizes or lowers the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL or LDL-C) concentration and increases the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL or HDL-C) concentration in human serum. This invention also relates to filled dairy products and to a method for preventing the development of off-flavors in these products. The description and references herein are provided solely to assist the understanding of the reader. None of the information or references are admitted to be prior art to the present invention. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the major cause of death in the USA and other affluent nations. Plasma cholesterol, more specifically the LDL/HDL ratio, is highly correlated with risk of CHD as documented by Willett and Sacks, 324 N. Eng. J. Med. 121, 1991. The accumulation of LDL in the arterial intima is thought to lead to its oxidation, which in turn results in cascading events that induce arterial occlusion and thrombosis. High concentrations of HDL appear to block LDL oxidation and reduce the atherogenic potential of LDL. Thus, dietary means which decrease the LDL/HDL ratio (or increase the HDL/LDL ratio), especially means which would increase HDL, are desirable. Perlman and Hayes, U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,442 describe modified fat compositions and methods for decreasing total serum cholesterol while simultaneously decreasing the LDL/HDL serum cholesterol ratio. This ratio decreased as both the LDL and HDL concentrations decreased. The net LDL/HDL ratio in the serum decreased only because the LDL cholesterol concentration decreased by a greater factor than serum HDL with the dietary use of a fat-oil blend which included one to ten parts by weight cholesterol-reduced animal fat containing myristic acid, and one part by weight vegetable oil containing linoleic acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630192__

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Lipid composition containing a liquid crystal structure Inventor(s): Hagiwara; Toshimitsu (Kanagawa, JP), Ishida; Kenya (Kanagawa, JP), Kawada; Izumi (Kanagawa, JP), Sawano; Kiyohito (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Takasago International Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,528,074 Date filed: June 6, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to a novel lipid composition for use in cosmetics capable of increasing moisture-keeping ability or barrier function of the stratum corneum, protecting the skin and improving dry or rough skin, and to products which use the same, such as cosmetics and medicaments. Particularly, it relates to a lipid composition which comprises at least one component (A) selected from the group consisting of a 2acylaminoalkane-1,3-diol and optically active compounds thereof, at least one component (B) selected from the group consisting of a 2-acylaminoalkane-1,3-diol in which at least one of the.alpha.-position and.beta.-position of the acyl group is substituted with hydroxyl group and optically active compounds thereof and at least one component (C) selected from sterols, wherein the components (A), (B) and (C) are mixed at a ratio that constructs a liquid crystal structure, and to products which contain the lipid composition, such as cosmetics and medicaments. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel composition having a liquid crystal structure, and in particular, to a mixture of compounds belonging to the ceramide family, sterol family and a medium suitable for cosmetics or medicaments. In order to keep smooth skin by adding moisture to the skin and inhibiting abnormal transpiration of moisture from the skin, it is considered that moisture-keeping ability of the stratum corneum of the skin has an important role. Moisture in the stratum corneum contains many water-soluble components such as free amino acids, organic acids, urea and inorganic ions, and they are considered to be concerned in the moisture-keeping of the stratum corneum, so that these substances are practically used for the purpose of improving or preventing dry or rough skin by adding them alone or in combination to cosmetics and external drug preparations for skin use. Recently, it has been revealed that intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum control transpiration of moisture from the body and keep softness and smoothness of the skin by preventing invasion of stimulants from the outside. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528074__

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Lipid kinase Inventor(s): Vanhaesebroeck; Bart (London, GB), Waterfield; Michael Derek (London, GB) Assignee(s): Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,482,623 Date filed: December 1, 1998 Abstract: The invention relates to a novel lipid kinase which is part of the PI3 Kinase family. PI3 Kinases catalyze the addition of phosphate to inositol generating inositol mono, di and triphosphate. Inositol phosphates have been implicated in regulating intracellular signalling cascades resulting in alternations in gene expression which, amongst other effects, can result in cytoskeletal remodelling and modulation of cellular

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motility. More particularly the invention relates to a novel human PI3 Kinase, p110.delta. which interacts with p85, has a broad phosphoinositide specificity and is sensitive to the same kinase inhibitors as PI3 Kinase p110.alpha. However in contrast to previously identified PI3 Kinases which show a ubiquitous pattern of expression, p110.delta. is selectively expressed in leucocytes. Importantly, p110.delta. shows enchanced expression in most melanomas tested and therefore may play a crucial role in regulating the metastatic property exhibited by melanomas. The identification of agents that enhance or reduce p110.delta. activity may therefore prevent cancer metastasis. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a novel lipid kinase which is part of the PI3 Kinase (P13K) family and more specifically the invention relates to various aspects of the novel lipid kinase particularly, but not exclusively, to an identification of expression of said kinase with a view to diagnosing or predicting motility or invasion of cells such as metastasis of cancer cells; and also agents for interfering with said expression or inhibiting said kinase with a view to enhancing or reducing or preventing said motility or invasion so as to enhance or restrict, respectively the movement of selected cells. An overview of the PI3 kinase family of enzymes is given in our co-pending Patent Application WO93/21328. Briefly, this class of enzymes shows phosphoinositide (hereinafter referred to after as PI) 3-kinase activity. Following major advances in our knowledge of cell signal transduction and cell second messenger systems it is known that the PI3Ks have a major role to play in regulating cell function. Indeed, it is known that PI3Ks are members of a growing number of potential signalling proteins which associate with protein-tyrosine kinases activated either by ligand stimulation or as a consequence of cell transformation. Once thus associated they provide an important complex in the cell signalling pathway and thus direct events towards a given conclusion. It is conceivable that different PI3 kinases are responsible for the generation of the different 3'-phosphorylated inositol lipids in vivo. Three classes of PI3 kinase can be discriminated on the basis of their in vitro lipid substrates specificity. Enzymes of a first class have a broad substrate specificity and phosphorylate PtdIns, PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(4,5)P.sub.2. Class I PI3 kinases include mammalian p110.alpha., p110.beta. and p110.gamma. (Hiles et al, 1192; Hu et al, 1993; Stephens et al, 1994; Stoyanov et al, 1995). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06482623__ •

Lipid vesicles or lipid bilayers on chips Inventor(s): Fromherz; Peter (Munchen, DE), Kiessling; Volker (Munchen, DE), Kottig; Karsten (Planegg, DE), Zeck; Gunther (Munchen, DE) Assignee(s): Max-Plank-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften (Munich, DE) Patent Number: 6,570,196 Date filed: March 22, 2000 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to bioelectronic devices comprising lipid vesicles which are in contact with a chip, particularly with at least one gate of a field effect transistor. The vesicles/bilayers may comprise effector molecules in their membrane and thus are suitable as bioelectronic sensors. The chip may also have a capacitive stimulating spot, with which the electrical or functional state of the membrane or its incorporated molecules may be affected. So far, membranesemiconductor contacts have been made by either (a) depositing monomolecular films or spreading lipid vesicles (Fromherz et al., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 84 (1980), 1045; Tamm et al., Biophys. J. 47 (1985), 105; Kalb et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1103 (1992), 307; Sackmann, Science 271 (1996), 43; Gritsch et al., Langmuir 14 (1998), 3118) or

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(b) spanning a bilayer over a shallow groove (Fromherz and Klingler, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1062 (1991), 103; Rentschler and Fromherz, Langmuir 14 (1998), 577). The first approach is prone to defect formation with a low resistance of the membrane; the second method implies a large distance between membrane and support with a low resistance of the cleft. In order to avoid these defects a pre-formed lipid vesicle was attached to a silicon chip with integrated transistors. As a result we obtained microscopic membrane-junctions with 100 G.OMEGA. resistances of membrane and cleft. (b) at least one electrode having at least one potential sensitive surface area or capacitive stimulating spot, wherein the membrane is in close contact with said area or stimulating spot. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06570196__ •

Lipid-conjugated polyamide compounds and related compositions and methods thereof Inventor(s): Huang; Chin-Yi (Fremont, CA), Murphy; John E. (Oakland, CA), Uno; Tetsuo (San Francisco, CA), Zuckermann; Ronald N. (Berkeley, CA) Assignee(s): Chiron Corporation (Emeryville, CA) Patent Number: 6,569,450 Date filed: July 21, 2000 Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there are provided lipid-conjugated polyamide compounds and related compositions and methods thereof. Lipidconjugated polyamide compounds of the present invention are particularly useful as vehicles for delivering biologically active agents to a target site. In particular, the invention compounds are effective at facilitating the delivery of polynucleotides to cells. The present invention also provides a method for producing stable formulations of polynucleotides complexed with a delivery vehicle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lipid-conjugated polyamide compounds, methods for making them, as well as compositions and methods for their use, such as, for example, in the delivery of biologically active agents to cells. The discovery of new therapeutic agents having increasingly complex molecular structure has presented new challenges related to how they can be efficiently delivered to targeted sites. For example, recent developments in recombinant DNA technology and human genome characterization have enabled identification of the moleculer origins of many genetic and acquired diseases and construction of appropriate plasmids containing desired genes. However, the efficient delivery of these large and heavily charged constructs, having molecular weights of up to tens of millions of daltons and containing several tens of thousands of negative charges into cells remains a substantial challenge. Studies evaluating the use of neutral and cationic liposome structures as vehicles for the delivery of polynucleotides to cells have met with limited success, as these encapsulated structures are rather large and unstable. Accordingly, compounds that can be used as effective vehicles for the efficient delivery of large complex agents, such as polynucleotides, to cells would be highly desirable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569450__

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Lipid-nucleic acid particles prepared via a hydrophobic lipid-nucleic acid complex intermediate and use for gene transfer Inventor(s): Bally; Marcel B. (Bowen Island, CA), Cullis; Pieter R. (Vancouver, CA), Hope; Michael (Vancouver, CA), Reimer; Dorothy L. (Vancouver, CA), Scherrer; Peter (Vancouver, CA), Wheeler; Jeffery J. (Richmond, CA), Zhang; Yuan-Peng (Vancouver, CA) Assignee(s): Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation (Burnaby, CA) Patent Number: 6,586,410 Date filed: May 8, 2000 Abstract: Novel lipid-nucleic acid particulate complexes which are useful for in vitro or in vivo gene transfer are described. The particles can be formed using either detergent dialysis methods or methods which utilize organic solvents. Upon removal of a solubilizing component (i.e., detergent or an organic solvent) the lipid-nucleic acid complexes form particles wherein the nucleic acid is serum-stable and is protected from degradation. The particles thus formed have access to extravascular sites and target cell populations and are suitable for the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to lipid-nucleic acid particles which are useful for the introduction of nucleic acids into cells, and methods of making and using them. The invention provides a circulation-stable, characterizable delivery vehicle for the introduction of plasmids or antisense compounds into cells. These vehicles are safe, stable, and practical for clinical use. Gene transfer into genetically impaired host cells in order to correct the genetic defects has vast potential for successfully treating a variety of thus far hitherto untreatable medical conditions. There are currently six major nonviral methods by which genes are introduced into host cells: (i) direct microinjection, (ii) calcium phosphate precipitation, (ii) DEAE-dextran complexes, (iv) electroporation, (v) cationic lipid complexes and (vi) reconstituted viruses and virosomes (see Chang, et al., Focus 10:88 (1988)). Most reported examples of gene transfer have been performed in vitro. In vivo gene transfer is complicated by serum interactions, immune clearance, enzymatic degradation of the genes, toxicity and biodistribution. In in vivo administration, selection is not possible, and a reasonably high frequency of transformation is necessary to achieve sufficient expression to compensate for a defective endogenous gene. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06586410__

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Lipids Inventor(s): Baker; Terence Seward (Middlesex, GB), Catterall; Catherine Fiona (Bucks, GB), Eaton; Michael Anthony William (Oxon, GB), Norman; Timothy John (Buckingshire, GB), Parker; David (Durham, GB), Weir; Andrew Neil Charles (Berkshire, GB) Assignee(s): Celltech R & D Limited (Berkshire, GB) Patent Number: 6,583,301 Date filed: November 20, 2000 Abstract: Bipolar lipids are described which are able to form complexes with polyanions. The lipids comprise a cationic head linked to a hydrophobic backbone and a hydrophilic tail and are capable of self assembly to form stable complexes in aqueous

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solutions. The lipids are of particular use for the delivery of bioactive substances such as nucleic acids to cells in vitro and especially in vivo. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a series of bipolar lipids and to their use to deliver bioactive substances to cells. To be effective, many pharmaceutical agents need to be efficiently delivered to the cytoplasm of a eucaryotic cell. For many low molecular weight compounds of low to moderate polarity this is not a problem since such molecules can pass directly through the plasma membrane of the cell and into the cytoplasm. Direct passage is not available to other compounds of greater polarity or high molecular weight and these generally enter the cell by receptor mediated endocytosis or phagocytosis. These mechanisms are not efficient however with all sizes and types of molecule. In particular, large, polyanionic compounds are not readily taken up by cells when delivered to them in aqueous solution. One general solution to this problem is to couple any poorly transported pharmaceutical agent to a carrier which itself is readily taken up into the cytoplasm of a cell. This is not always satisfactory however, since coupling to the carrier may have an undesirable effect on the metabolism and/or antigenicity of the pharmaceutical agent and/or it may be difficult to recover the desired biological activity from the resulting conjugate once inside the cell. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06583301__ •

Lipid-soluble thiamine derivatives in the treatment of autism Inventor(s): Frackelton; James P. (Westlake, OH), Lonsdale; Derrick (Strongsville, OH) Assignee(s): Westlake Laboratories, Inc. (Westlake, OH) Patent Number: 6,585,996 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of autism comprising administering to a person in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a lipid-soluble thiamine derivative. The lipid-soluble thiamine derivative is preferably tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (TTFD). TTFD administration methods may include suppository forms, transdermal carriers, such as gels, lotions, or creams; and oral carriers, such as tablets or capsules. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceuticals and, more specifically, using pharmaceuticals to treat autism. Autism is a disabling neurological disorder that affects thousands of Americans and includes a number of subtypes, with various assumed causes and few documented ameliorative treatments. Autism is characterized by behavioral syndrome often recognized between two and three years of age. There is no clear-cut biological marker for autism. Diagnosis of the disorder is made by considering the degree to which the child matches the behavioral syndrome, which is characterized by poor communicative abilities, peculiarities in social and cognitive capacities, and maladaptive behavioral patterns. There currently is no known medical treatment for autism. A number of different therapies have been attempted in an effort to cure autism or at least lessen its symptoms, including drug therapies as well as psychiatric care and attempted counseling. In general, results of such treatments have been disappointing, and autism remains very difficult to effectively treat, particularly in severe cases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06585996__

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Lyophilizate of lipid complex of water insoluble porphyrins Inventor(s): Apte; Shireesh Prakash (Mansfield, TX), Cherian; Mathew (Arese, IT) Assignee(s): Pharmacia & Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 6,608,050 Date filed: October 4, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form of water insoluble porphyrins, particularly metal containing porphyrins such as tin porphyrin, which can be complexed with a lipid, reconstituted from a lyophilizate and administrated to a patient in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form of water insoluble porphyrins, particularly metal containing porphyrins such as tin porphyrin, which can be complexed with a lipid, reconstituted from a lyophilizate and administered to a patient in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Porphyrins are biologically active compounds, usually consisting of four pyrrole rings. Typically, they have a centrally located metal atom and are activated by light radiation of suitable wavelength. Porphyrins display antitumor activity in photodynamic therapy (PDT) where the porphyrins are administered to a patient and localize in neoplastic tissues. Typically, the neoplastic tissues are irradiated with light at a wavelength which corresponds to an absorption band of the porphyrin resulting in the activation of the porphyrin and preferential destruction of the neoplastic tissues. It has been suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,519 to Bonnett et al. that the mechanism involved is due to the production of the highly reactive singlet oxygen which is produced by transfer of energy from the light-excited porphyrin molecule to an oxygen molecule. Such photodynamic therapy is the subject of a series of articles making up a special issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Volume 46, number 5, November, 1987 (hereinafter "P&P 46-5"). According to these articles, photodynamic therapy has been used in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers including such solid tumors as cancers of the bronchial tubes, bladder, esophagus, lung, skin, head and neck, brain, and colon and intraocular and gynecologic cancers. A major disadvantage to the use of porphyrins in the treatment of cancer is that when used in high concentrations to destroy the tumor cells, the porphyrins exhibit toxic side effects. The porphyrin is generally injected intravenously or intraperitoneally at a dose of about 2 mg per kg of body weight. At lower concentrations which might be more easily tolerated by the patient, the porphyrins tend to exhibit very little effect on the tumor cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608050__

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Mammalian transformation complex comprising a lipid carrier and DNA encoding CFTR Inventor(s): Debs; Robert J. (Mill Valley, CA), Zhu; Ning (El Cerrito, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 6,620,795 Date filed: December 14, 1999 Abstract: Methods and compositions for producing a mammal capable of expressing an exogenously supplied gene in cells of the airway are disclosed. Lipid carrier-nucleic acid complexes or nucleic acid abre are prepared then delivered via aerosol or systemically to

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the lung abre or lung plus extrapulmonary tissues. The invention provides a direct method for transforming pulmonary cells as a means for treating the manifestations of CF in the lung and involved extrapulmonary tissues. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and compositions for producing a transgenic mammal which comprises exogenously supplied nucleic acid coding for a molecule having cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator activity. The nucleic acid is supplied by aerosolized delivery, particularly to the airways and alveoli of the lung, or by systemic delivery. Many genetic diseases are caused by the absence or mutation of the appropriate protein, for example as a result of deletions within the corresponding gene. One of the most common fatal genetic diseases in humans is cystic fibrosis (CF). Cystic fibrosis (CF), a spectrum of exocrine tissue dysfunction, which eventually leads to respiratory failure and death results from a mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The CFTR gene has now been localized to chromosome 7q31, and cloned. A 3 bp deletion, resulting in the loss of a phenylalanine residue at amino acid position 508, is present in approximately 70% of CF chromosomes, but is not seen on normal chromosomes. The other 30% of CF mutations are heterogenous and include deletion, missense, and splice-site mutations. Transfection of even a single normal copy of the CFTR gene abolishes the CF secretory defect in CF cell lines, an observation which supports the feasibility of gene therapy for CF. These results demonstrate that expression of a wild-type CFTR transgene can exert a dominant positive effect in CF cells which concurrently express an endogenous mutant CFTR gene. Thus, expression of the wild-type CFTR transgene in the lungs of CF patients can correct the CF phenotype. However, to date, the inability to produce high level expression of transgenes in the lung by either aerosol or intravenous (iv) administration has precluded the use of gene therapy for the treatment of CF. Expression of a wild-type CFTR transgene in cells from CF patients corrects the chloride secretory defect, the primary biochemical lesion of CF. Chloride secretion is normalized in cells of CF patients despite the presence of the mutant CFTR protein, indicating that when wild-type and mutant CFTR proteins are coexpressed in cells, the wild-type CFTR is dominant. To date, attempts to replace absent or mutated genes in human patients have relied on ex vivo techniques. Ex vivo techniques include, but are not limited to, transformation of cells in vitro with either naked DNA or DNA encapsulated in liposomes, followed by introduction into a suitable host organ ("ex vivo" gene therapy). The criteria for a suitable organ include that the target organ for implantation is the site of the relevant disease, the disease is easily accessible, that it can be manipulated in vitro, that it is susceptible to genetic modification methods and ideally, it should contain either non-replicating cells or cycling stem cells to perpetuate a genetic correction. It also should be possible to reimplant the genetically modified cells into the organism in a functional and stable form. A further requirement for ex vivo gene therapy, if for example a retroviral vector is used, is that the cells be pre-mitotic; post-mitotic cells are refractory to infection with retroviral vectors. There are several drawbacks to e vivo therapy. For example, if only differentiated, replicating cells are infected, the newly introduced gene function will be lost as those cells mature and die. Ex vivo approaches also can be used to transfect only a limited number of cells and cannot be used to transfect cells which are not first removed from the body. Exemplary of a target organ which meets the criteria of in vivo gene transfer is mammalian bone marrow; mammalian lung is not a good candidate for ex vivo therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06620795__

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Medicament for treating obesity and improving lipid metabolism Inventor(s): Nakata; Tadashi (Saitama, JP), Shimizu; Takeshi (Saitama, JP), Suzuki; Kunio (1238-8, Gomigaya, Tsurugashima-shi, Saitama 350-2202, JP) Assignee(s): Riken (Saitama, JP), Suzuki; Kunio (Saitama, JP) Patent Number: 6,531,462 Date filed: January 7, 2002 Abstract: A medicament for preventive and therapeutic treatment of obesity and a disease with abnormal lipid metabolism which comprises a 24-alkylcholest-5-en-3-one as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medicaments useful for preventive and/or therapeutic treatment of obesity, and to medicaments of improving lipid metabolism. Obesity is caused by insufficient exercise of habitual hyperphagia, or by metabolic disturbance due to genetic causes or endocrine diseases and other. Obesity may be a risk factor that causes various adult diseases such as myocardial infarct or arterial sclerosis, and it may also be a cause for deteriorating these diseases. Therefore, early therapeutic and preventive treatment of obesity is very important. Diet therapies or exercise therapies have been applied heretofore as the treatment of mild obesity, and drug therapies are sometimes used for serious obesity in combination with these therapies. Hormone drugs, metabolic accelerators and other have been used heretofore for drug therapies of obesity and lipid metabolic disorder. For example, androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone and 3-keto-.DELTA.sup.9 -19-norsteroid are known to have anti-obesity action (Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. (Hei)2-275895/1990). These androgens are considered to activate intramuscular anabolism to induce the consumption of depot lipid. It is also known that 3-ketosteroids such as 4-cholesten-3one (Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. (Hei)5-170651/1993) and 5-cholesten3-one (Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. (Hei)7-165587/1995) have reducing activity on serum lipid and anti-obesity action. However, the aformentioned cholestenones, which have the enone structure derived from cholesterol, may possibly be absorbed and accumulated in the body, and therefore, they are not satisfactory medicaments from a viewpoint of safety. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06531462__

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Method and apparatus for determining lipid rancidity Inventor(s): McGovern; Frank (Norwell, MA) Assignee(s): Omnion, Inc. (Rockland, MA) Patent Number: 6,535,823 Date filed: July 1, 1999 Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for determining the oxidative stability of pure lipids or lipids incorporated into complex matrices containing other, non-lipid ingredients. An exemplary test system includes a first container adapted to contain the sample and a heater for heating the sample to make it give off an effluent gas. A second container contains a collection fluid through which the effluent gas can be passed. A sensor within the second container measures pH, acetate, ammonia, and/or formate. An optional computation device in communication with the one or more sensors determines a point in time at which the level of one of pH, acetate, formate and/or

Patents 185

ammonia changes suddenly. An exemplary method of predicting material stability includes the steps of: heating a sample of material including a lipid; passing a gas through the heated sample to provide effluent gas; passing the effluent gas through a collection fluid; and testing the collection fluid to determine the level of one of pH, acetate, formate and ammonia. In a subsequent step, a point in time at which the level of one of pH, acetate, formate and ammonia changes suddenly is identified. Excerpt(s): Not Applicable. The present invention relates to an apparatus for determining the shelf-life of foods, and more particularly to a method and device for determining the stability of lipids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06535823__ •

Method and system for MRI with lipid suppression Inventor(s): Dixon; William Thomas (Clifton Park, NY), Hardy; Christopher Judson (Niskayuna, NY) Assignee(s): General Electric Company (Niskayuna, NY) Patent Number: 6,586,933 Date filed: May 15, 2002 Abstract: A method and system are provided for acquiring images with water and lipid separation using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system comprising applying a plurality of steady-state free precession (SSFP) radio-frequency (RF) excitation pulses having respective amplitudes that correspond substantially to a binomial distribution to discriminate lipids from water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and more particularly to a system and method for water and fat separation in MRI pulse sequences employing steady-state free precession. Various methods have been used to discriminate fat from water during SSFP imaging. Fluctuating equilibrium sequences, which adjust pulse phases in multiple images, can separate fat and water. Fat saturation has also been accomplished in SSFP with proper spin-preparation during periodic interruption with fat-saturation pulses. Interleaving fat-saturation pulses into the pulse sequence can disturb the steady-state equilibrium and affect water signals undesirably and, since not all parts of k-space are equally affected, can spread remaining fat signal to fat-free regions of the image. A method is needed for suppressing fat signals in steady-state free precession pulse sequences without the use of separate fat-saturation pulses. In a first aspect, a method is provided for acquiring images with water and lipid separation using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. This method comprises applying a plurality of steady-state free precession (SSFP) radio-frequency (RF) excitation pulses having respective amplitudes that correspond substantially to a binomial distribution to discriminate lipids from water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06586933__

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Method for extracting compounds of furan lipids and polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols of avocado, composition based on said compounds, and therapeutic, cosmetical or food use of said compounds Inventor(s): Broutin; Nicole (Alluyes, FR), Legrand; Jacques (Neuilly sur Eure, FR), Piccirilli; Antoine (Versailles, FR) Assignee(s): Pharmascience (Courbevoie, FR) Patent Number: 6,582,688 Date filed: March 20, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for selectively extracting furan lipids and polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols of avocado, characterised in that it comprises steps which consist in: preparing an unsaponifiable matter of avocado; then in subjecting the unsaponifiable matter of avocado to a step of molecular distillation using adjusted temperature and pressure means to obtain either a distillate comprising mainly furan lipids and polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols of avocado. Said method enables in particular to extract selectively furan lipids of avocado having a furan lipid content of more than 80 wt. %, even close to 98%. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel process for extracting furan lipid compounds and polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols from avocado, and also to a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition based on these compounds and to the use of these compounds for manufacturing a medicinal product, in a cosmetic treatment method and as a food additive. The furan derivatives of avocado oil have been described in particular in Farines, M. et al., 1995, J. of Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 72, 473. It is currently well established that the presence of these furan compounds in the leaves or the fruit depends not only on the variety (the varieties Hass and Fuerte being the richest in furan compounds), but also on the method for obtaining the oil or another plant extract of avocado (ethanolic or hexane extract of avocado leaves). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06582688__

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Method for preventing or treating elevated blood lipid level-related diseases by administering rutin and quercetin Inventor(s): Bae; Ki-Hwan (Daejeon, KR), Bok; Song-Hae (Daejeon, KR), Choi; MyungSook (Daegu, KR), Choi; Yang-Kyu (Daejeon, KR), Hyun; Byung-Hwa (Daejeon, KR), Jeong; Tae-Sook (Daejeon, KR), Kim; Hyo-Soo (Seoul, KR), Kwon; Yong-Kook (Daejeon, KR), Lee; Chul-Ho (Daejeon, KR), Lee; Eun-Sook (Daejeon, KR), Lee; Sae-Bom (Daejeon, KR), Moon; Surk-Sik (Gongju, KR), Park; Yong-Bok (Daegu, KR), Park; Young-Bae (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (Daejon, KR) Patent Number: 6,509,372 Date filed: March 13, 2001 Abstract: A method for treating or preventing an elevated blood lipid level-related disease in a mammal, which comprises administering thereto an effective amount of rutin, quercetin or a mixture thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preventing or treating elevated blood lipid level-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, stroke and hepatic diseases in mammals, which comprises by administering

Patents 187

thereto an effective amount of rutin and/or quercetin. It has been reported that blood lipids, especially cholesterols and triglycerides, are closely related to various kind of diseases such as coronary cardio-circulatory diseases, e.g., arteriosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia, and fatty liver. Cholesterol, a fatty steroid alcohol, is a blood lipid produced from saturated fat in the liver. Triglycerides are another type of blood lipids which are known to increase the risk of various diseases. It has also been reported that an elevated blood or plasma cholesterol level causes the deposition of fat, macrophages and foam cells on the wall of blood vessels, such deposit leading to plaque formation and then to arteriosclerosis(see Ross, R., Nature, 362, 801-809(1993)). One of the methods for decreasing the plasma cholesterol level is alimentotherapy to reduce the ingestion of cholesterol and lipids. Another method is to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol by inhibiting enzymes involved therein. Acyl CoA-cholesterol-o-acyltransferase(ACAT) promotes the esterification of cholesterol in blood. Foam cells are formed by the action of ACAT and contain a large amount of cholesterol ester carried by low density lipoproteins. The formation of foam cells on the wall of artery increases with the ACAT activity, and, accordingly, an inhibitor of ACAT may also be an agent for preventing arteriosclerosis. Further, it has been reported that the blood level of LDL-cholesterol can be reduced by inhibiting the ACAT activity(see Witiak, D. T. and D. R. Feller(eds.), AntiLipidemic Drugs: Medicinal, Chemical and Biochemical Aspects, Elsevier, pp159-195 (1991)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06509372__ •

Method for preventing or treating elevated blood lipid level-related diseases by administering rutin and quercetin Inventor(s): Bae; Ki-Hwan (Daejeon, KR), Bok; Song-Hae (Daejeon, KR), Choi; MyungSook (Daegu, KR), Choi; Yang-Kyu (Daejeon, KR), Hyun; Byung-Hwa (Daejeon, KR), Jeong; Tae-Sook (Daejeon, KR), Kim; Hyo-Soo (Seoul, KR), Kwon; Yong-Kook (Daejeon, KR), Lee; Chul-Ho (Daejeon, KR), Lee; Eun-Sook (Daejeon, KR), Lee; Sae-Bom (Daejeon, KR), Moon; Surk-Sik (Gongju-shi, KR), Park; Yong-Bok (Daegu, KR), Park; Young-Bae (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (Oeun-dong, KR) Patent Number: 6,562,866 Date filed: August 28, 2000 Abstract: 0A method for treating or preventing an elevated blood lipid level-related disease in a mammal, which comprises administering thereto an effective amount of rutin, quercetin or a mixture thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preventing or treating elevated blood lipid level-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, stroke and hepatic diseases in mammals, which comprises by administering thereto an effective amount of rutin and/or quercetin. It has been reported that blood lipids, especially cholesterols and triglycerides, are closely related to various kind of diseases such as coronary cardio-circulatory diseases, e.g., arteriosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia, and fatty liver. Cholesterol, a fatty steroid alcohol, is a blood lipid produced from saturated fat in the liver. Triglycerides are another type of blood lipids which are known to increase the risk of various diseases. It has also been reported that an elevated blood or plasma cholesterol level causes the deposition of fat, macrophages and foam cells on the wall of blood vessels, such deposit leading to plaque formation and then to arteriosclerosis (see Ross, R., Nature, 362, 801-809(1993)). One of the

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methods for decreasing the plasma cholesterol level is alimentotherapy to reduce the ingestion of cholesterol and lipids. Another method is to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol by inhibiting enzymes involved therein. Further, it has been reported that hypercholesterolemia can be treated effectively by reducing the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis through the inhibition of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) which mediates the cholesterol transfers between the lipoproteins, or 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase which mediates the synthesis of mevalonic acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of sterols or isoprenoids (see Cardiovascular Pharmacology, William W. Parmley and Kanu Chatterjee Ed., Wolfe Publishing, pages 8.6-8.7, 1994). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06562866__ •

Method for the inactivation of non-lipid-coated viruses Inventor(s): Bal; Frederic (Vienna, AT), Gehringer; Werner (Vienna, AT), Josic; Djuro (Vienna, AT), Schwinn; Horst (Marburg, DE), Stadler; Monika (Schwechat, AT) Assignee(s): Octapharma AG (Ziegelbrucke, CH) Patent Number: 6,528,246 Date filed: September 28, 1995 Abstract: A method for the inactivation of viruses, in particular those having no lipid coats, in protein-containing compositions from blood, blood plasma or similar natural sources by treating said source, simultaneously or succesively, with an effective amount of dialkyl or trialkyl phosphates and optionally surfactants at an elevated temperature in the range of from 55.degree. C. to 67.degree. C. for five hours to 30 hours. Excerpt(s): The object of the present application is a method for the inactivation of nonlipid-coated viruses in protein-containing compositions from blood, blood plasma or similar natural sources. In preparations of the type mentioned above, however, it is increasingly important to inactivate those viruses as well that do not contain any lipid, in particular those which have no lipid coat ("non-lipid-coated viruses"). The group of non-lipid-coated viruses, which are to be considered "viruses containing no lipid" in the sense of EP 0 131 740 B1, include, in particular, hepatitis A viruses, parvoviruses, such as parvovirus B 19, and polioviruses. Such viruses may be present as pathogens in blood, plasma, serum, cryoprecipitate, cell lysate and similar natural sources. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method allowing to inactivate viruses which contain no lipid coat or only a few lipids and are present in certain preparations. Such preparations may include, in particular, compositions containing labile proteins from whole blood, blood plasma, plasma concentrate, precipitate from any fraction of such plasma, supernatant from any fractioning of such plasma, serum, cryoprecipitate, cell lysate, or similar natural sources. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528246__

Patents 189

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Methods of modulating lipid metabolism and storage Inventor(s): Burkly; Linda (West Newton, MA), Wang; Li Chun (North Grafton, MA) Assignee(s): Curis, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 6,616,926 Date filed: November 2, 2000 Abstract: Anti-hedgehog antibodies directed at blocking the binding of hedgehog to its receptor patched-1, will impair lipid metabolism and storage. This invention presents methods for the treatment of a variety of lipid metabolism and lipid storage disorders, aberrant apolipoprotein expression, atherosclerosis and other lipid associated disorders using lipid modulators such as hedgehog antagonists or hedgehog agonists. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to methods for modulating the metabolism and storage of lipids. The invention relates particularly to the use of lipid metabolism and storage modulators such as agonists or antagonists of hedgehog activity to alter the metabolism of lipids in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as to alter the storage of lipids in gut epithelial tissue. Pathological conditions that affect storage, breakdown and intestinal absorption of lipids are included in a broad category of so-called "lipid metabolism disorders," and there are a variety of disorders that have been diagnosed. These include: diet-induced and regular hypercholesterolemia (Farese et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995 92:1774-1778), abetalipoproteinemia and hypobetalipoproteinemia (Linton et al. J. Lipid Res.1993 34:521-541.) Several other lipid metabolism disorders of unknown origin have also been identified including Anderson's disease (Anderson et al. Med. J. Aust. 1961 11:617-621), and atherosclerosis (Purcell-Huynh et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1995 95:2246-2257.) General symptoms of lipid metabolism disorders include, but are not limited to, chronic diarrhea, inadequate weight gain or weight loss, inability to lose excess weight and general failure to thrive. (Case 35-1999, New England Journal of Medicine; 327: 628-635 1992.) The various lipid metabolism disorders have been thought to originate through aberrant expression of apolipoproteins and/or regulation of genes responsible for various aspects of lipid metabolism. The various lipid metabolism disorders are also thought to originate via malfunctions in embryonic tissue development. The generation of the intestines from the embryonic gut material depends solely on intercellular signaling between endodermal and mesodermal cells of the gut. It has been widely recognized that the hedgehog-signaling pathway plays a critical role in the direction of specialized mesoderm differentiation in the intestine and pancreas. (Apelqvist et al. Current Biology 1997 7:801-804.) Hedgehog is initially expressed in mouse embryos in the ventral part of the foregut endoderm, and has been shown to mediate endodermally derived signals in embryonic hindgut. (Id.) Specifically, mice with targeted deletion of hedgehog have evident foregut defects that are apparent as early as embryonic day 9.5, when the tracheal diverticulum begins to outgrow, suggesting that hedgehog and its signaling components are involved in foregut defects in humans. (Litingtung et al. Nature Genetics 1998 20:58-60.) See also Yang et al. Molecular Medicine 1997 3:826-835. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616926__

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Nanoemulsions comprising at least one amphiphilic lipid, at least one oil, and at least one polyethylene glycol (PEG) ester, and uses thereof Inventor(s): Aubrun; Odile (Paris, FR), Cazin; Benedicte (Clichy, FR), Douin; Veronique (Paris, FR), Simonnet; Jean-Thierry (Paris, FR), Verite; Claude (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal S.A. (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,562,356 Date filed: January 22, 2001 Abstract: Oil-in-water nanoemulsions comprising oil globules with an average size of less than 150 nm and comprising at least one oil, at least one amphiphilc lipid, and at least one polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivative chosen from PEG esters and PEG ethers chosen from compounds of formula (I):R.sub.1 --(O--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2).sub.n -OR.sub.2 (I)in which:R.sub.1 is chosen from linear and branched, saturated and unsaturated alkyl groups comprising from 8 to 30 carbon atoms and linear and branched, saturated and unsaturated acyl groups comprising from 8 to 30 carbon atoms,R.sub.2 is chosen from a hydrogen atom, linear and branched, saturated and unsaturated alkyl groups comprising from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and linear and branched, saturated and unsaturated acyl groups comprising from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, andn is a number ranging from 80 to 350. Processes comprising such oil-in-water nanoemulsions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to O/W (oil-in-water) nanoemulsions comprising oil globules with an average size of less than 150 nm comprising at least one oil, at least one amphiphilic lipid, and at least one PEG (poly ethylene glycol) derivative chosen from specific PEG esters and PEG ethers. The present invention also relates to the use of such nanoemulsions in topical application, for example, in cosmetics and/or in dermopharmacy. The term "nanoemulsion" means a metastable oil-in-water emulsion (wherein, for example, the emulsion can comprise an oily phase dispersed in an aqueous phase) whose oil globule size is less than 150 nm, these oil globules being stabilized with a crown of amphiphilic lipids which can optionally form a liquid crystal phase of lamellar type located at the oil/aqueous phase interface. The transparency of these emulsions derives from the small size of the oil globules, wherein said small size can be obtained for example by using a high-pressure homogenizer. Nanoemulsions are to be distinguished from microemulsions by their structure. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable dispersions comprising micelles of at least one amphiphilic lipid swollen with oil. Furthermore, microemulsions do not require considerable mechanical energy to be prepared. They form spontaneously simply by placing the constituents in contact. At least one possible drawback of microemulsions can be associated with the presence of a high proportion of surfactants, which may tend to lead to intolerance and entailing a sticky feel when applied to the skin. Moreover, their field of formulation is generally narrow and their temperature stability can be limited. The at least one (as used throughout herein above and below, the expression "at least one" means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as mixtures/combinations) amphiphilic lipid is present in an amphiphilic lipid phase, which comprises at least one amphiphilic lipid chosen from for example nonionic and ionic amphiphilic lipids. The expression "amphiphilic lipid" means any molecule of bipolar structure comprising at least one hydrophobic portion and at least one hydrophilic portion having the property of reducing the surface tension of water (g<55 mN/m) and of reducing the interface tension between water and an oily phase. The synonyms of amphiphilic lipid are, for example: surfactant, surface agent, and emulsifier.

Patents 191

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06562356__ •

Process for production of dihomo-.gamma.-linolenic acid and lipid containing same Inventor(s): Akimoto; Kengo (Ibaraki, JP), Kawashima; Hiroshi (Ibaraki, JP), Shimizu; Sakayu (Kyoto, JP), Yamada; Hideaki (Kyoto, JP) Assignee(s): Suntory, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,602,690 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: A process for the production of dihomo-.gamma.-linolenic acid comprising the steps of culturing a microorganism having an ability to produce araquidonic acid and having a reduced or lost.DELTA.5 desaturase activity to produce dihomo-.gamma.linolenic acid or a lipid containing dihomo-.gamma.-linolenic acid, and recovering the dihomo-.gamma.-linolenic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the production of dihomo.gamma.-linolenic acid (DGLA) and a lipid containing DGLA by fermentation using a microorganism capable of producing arachidonic acid (ARA) and having reduced or lost.DELTA.5 desaturation activity. Various studies have been carried out regarding the actions of essential fatty acids on an organism, and it is known that in many cases eicosanoids derived from DGLA and ARA are antagonistic. Although it is known that a group of prostaglandin 1 group derived from DGLA exhibit platelet anti-coagulation action, vasodilation activity, bronchdilation activity anti-inflammatory action, and the like, for DGLA orally taken as a fat or oil in foods so as to exhibit the above-mentioned actions, DGLA-containing oil or fat product that has a low content of ARA antagonistic to DGLA is most preferable. Moreover, in the case wherein DGLA is purified from a DGLA-containing fat or oil, a DGLA-containing fat or oil having a low content of ARA is preferable as a starting material. Thus, the development of DGLA-containing fat or oil having a low content of ARA is in urgent demand, but a process for the production of such a fat or oil is not known. Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for the production of DGLA and a lipid containing DGLA in a simple and efficient manner using a conventional inexpensive medium, and a process for the production of a lipid containing DGLA having a low content of ARA by adding an additive such as a.DELTA.5 desaturase inhibitor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06602690__

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Process for structuring lipids and the structured products thereof Inventor(s): Akashe; Ahmad (Mundelein, IL), Marquez; Manuel (Prospect Heights, IL) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods Holdings, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 6,479,684 Date filed: March 6, 2001 Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a process for hardening lipids, especially unsaturated lipids such as unsaturated fatty oils, by mixing and interacting lipids with polyamines such that the peak melting point of the resulting combination is higher than that of the lipid alone. In this way, the polyamine-treated unsaturated lipid can be converted into a solid or semi-solid state at a relatively lower temperature than

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the unsaturated lipid alone. The lipid and polyamine combination displays physical attributes that mimic the crystalline structures of saturated lipids and fats without the incurring the associated negative health implications of such saturated lipids and fats. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to processes for structuring lipids, especially unsaturated lipids, using polyamines and the composite structured products obtained thereby. Fats are esters of glycerol with fatty acids which can be isolated from a number of plant, animal, and marine life sources. Processes for chemically synthesizing fats also are known. Triglycerides are the predominant fat constituent of most naturallyoccurring fats and oils. The terms "oils" or "fatty oils," as used herein, mean liquid fats, unless indicated otherwise. Fats, such as triglycerides, have physical characteristics which depend upon a number of different factors, such as the types, lengths, isomeric configuration, and degree of unsaturation of the various fatty acid chain groups present, and the type and conditions of processing to which the fat is subjected. As a general rule of thumb, for a given type of fat, a saturated version thereof typically has a higher melting point than its unsaturated analogs. Generally such saturated fat molecules can fit together more closely and can form intermolecular bonds. Consequently, more energy will be required to break and melt such saturated fats. By comparison, unsaturated fats generally can not structurally fit together as well, at least partially due to the 30.degree. bend or "kink" present at cis configuration carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chains of an unsaturated fat. This typically results in reduced intermolecular forces, and a concomitant lower melting temperature for the unsaturated fat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479684__ •

Process for the extraction of lipids from fatty bird tissues Inventor(s): Beaudoin; Adrien (748, boul des Veterans, Rock Forest, Quebec, CA J1N 1Z7), Martin; Genevieve (660, Cote Ste-Genevieve #2, Quebec, Quebec, CA G1R 3K5) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,521,768 Date filed: November 9, 2001 Abstract: A method for the extraction of lipids from lipid containing tissues of a member of the bird species such as the ratite, gallinaceous or anatidae wherein the lipid containing tissues are comminuted and the lipids extracted in a solvent, preferably acetone or ethyl acetate, to provide a liquid fraction and a solid fraction and subsequently removing the solvent from the liquid fraction to provide a lipid rich component. Excerpt(s): This present invention relates to a method for the recovery of lipids from bird tissues. Birds possess varying amounts of fat tissue under their skin and in their peritoneal cavity. The recovery of the oil or lipids from the lipid containing tissues of birds is desirable for various uses such as a nutriment, nutraceutical or cosmetic. The known methods for recovering lipids from lipid containing tissues of birds usually comprises the heating of the lipid containing tissues once they have been removed from the bird. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06521768__

Patents 193

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Reduced lipid flowable preparations Inventor(s): Bleckmann; Andreas (Ahrensburg, DE), Hamer; Gunhild (Hamburg, DE), Schneider; Gunther (Hamburg, DE), von der Fecht; Stephanie (Schenefeld, DE) Assignee(s): Beiersdorf AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 6,503,518 Date filed: June 12, 2000 Abstract: Low-viscosity cosmetic or dermatological preparations comprising(I) one or more partially neutralized esters of monoglycerides and/or diglycerides of saturated fatty acids with citric acid,(II) one or more fatty alcohols chosen from the group of branched and unbranched alkyl alcohols having 12 to 40 carbon atoms,(III) a water phase,(IV) from 0 to 10% by weight of a lipid phase, based on the total weight of the preparations,where the weight ratio of the sum of the constituents from (I) and (I): (IV) is chosen from the range from 20:1 to 1:5. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cosmetic and dermatological preparations, in particular those of the oil-in-water type, to processes for their preparation and to their use for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The human skin is man's largest organ and performs a number of vital functions. Having an average area of about 2 m.sup.2 in adults, it has a prominent role as a protective and sensory organ. The purpose of this organ is to transmit and avert mechanical, thermal, actinic, chemical and biological stimuli. In addition, it has an important role as a regulatory and target organ in human metabolism. The main aim of skin care in the cosmetics sense is to strengthen or rebuild the skin's natural function as a barrier against environmental influences (e.g. dirt, chemicals, microorganisms) and against the loss of endogenous substances (e.g. water, natural fats, electrolytes), and also to assist its horny layer in its natural regeneration ability where damage has occurred. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06503518__

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Solvent fractionation of menhaden oil and partially hydrogenated menhaden oil for making lipid compositions enriched in unsaturated fatty acid-containing triacylglycerols Inventor(s): Foglia; Thomas A. (Lafayette Hill, PA), Lee; Ki-Teak (Taejon, KR) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,492,537 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: Lipid compositions enriched in unsaturated fatty acid-containing triacylglycerols are made from menhaden oil (MO) and partially hydrogenated menhaden oil (PHMO) to provide a lipid composition containing enriched monounsaturated fatty acid esters (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acid esters (PUFAs). Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to enriched unsaturated fatty acid-containing triacylglycerols and a method of making them employing menhaden oil (MO) or partially hydrogenated menhaden oil (PHMO). In particular, the method involves the solvent fractionation of MO or PHMO to provide a lipid composition containing enriched amounts of unsaturated fatty acid esters (UFA or UFAs) including

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monounsaturated fatty acid esters (MUFA or MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acid esters (PUFA or PUFAs). One established approach to reducing plasma cholesterol levels is to consume a large proportion of dietary triglycerides as polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) derivatives. The most widely occurring dietary PUFA is linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, or 9,12-octadecadienoic acid), which constitutes more than half of the fatty acid triglycerides of corn, soy, and safflower vegetable oils. The cholesterol lowering ability of PUFAs is believed to result from increased LDL receptor activity. See Spady & Dietschy, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 82 (1985), pp.4526-4530. This well established lowering of plasma LDL cholesterol concentration when PUFAs are substituted for dietary saturated fatty acids (hereinafter SFA or SFAs) provides the rationale for the widespread substitution of a variety of vegetable oils for animal fats in cooking and food formulations. The American Heart Association in its Phase I and Phase II Recommended Diets has approved the use of PUFAs as part of a large scale dietary modification for the purpose of lowering cholesterol levels in the general population. See, e.g., S. M. Grundy, Disorders of Lipids and Lipoprotein, in Internal Medicine, Stein, ed., (2nd ed. 1987), pp. 2035-2046. However, PUFAs have significant deleterious health consequences as well as beneficial ones. Several negative effects of PUFAs may be ascribed to their increased rate of reaction via free-radical mechanisms. See, e.g., B. Halliwell and J. Gutteridge, "Lipid Peroxidation," Ch. 4 in Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (2d ed. 1989). PUFAs usually have two vinylic groups separated by a methylene carbon, as is exemplified by the 9,12 diene structure of linoleic acid. Their susceptibility to peroxidation and crosslinking reactions implicates PUFAs in several undesirable processes such as tissue aging, tumorigenesis and lowering the level of beneficial HDL cholesterol as well as the level of harmful LDL cholesterol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06492537__ •

Stabilized lipid composition, process of preparation and nutritional product containing it Inventor(s): Bertholet; Raymond (Blonay, CH), Wang; Junkaun (Lausanne, CH) Assignee(s): Nestac S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 6,599,939 Date filed: August 2, 2001 Abstract: A stabilized lipid composition of randomly interesterified triacylglycerols (TAGs) that includes, by weight of fatty acid components, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) having at least 20 carbon atoms and a degree of unsaturation of at least 4 and being present in a nutritionally beneficial amount but less than 5% by weight; and medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs) having six to fourteen carbon atoms and being present to promote absorption of the LC-PUFAs. The LCPUFAs are mono-LC-PUFAs. Also, a nutritional product or infant food product that contains the lipid composition as a portion of the lipids therein, and methods to make such compositions and products. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of the stabilization and absorption of lipids containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Two long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4, n-6) are major LC-PUFAs in human milk fat. DHA is essential for the development of the brain and of sight and AA is associated with the immune function and with the growth of young children. That is why sources of these acids are added to infant products, in general in the form of mixtures of triacylglycerols (TAGs) enriched

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with the LC-PUFAs in question. These may be mixtures of concentrates of AA and DHA of fermentation origin or alternatively of a concentrate of AA of fermentation origin supplemented with fish oil predominantly containing DHA and, in a smaller quantity, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3). It is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,131 that the oxidative stability of the LC-PUFAs can be improved by the interesterification of an oil which is very rich in PUFA having a degree of unsaturation of at least 3 and of an oil containing long-chain saturated fatty acids, of C16 to C22 (LC-SFA). The product obtained has a high melting point, up to 80.degree. C. due to the presence of a certain quantity of trisaturated TAGs, which makes it difficult to handle in a food production because of the high risk of oxidative deterioration during its melting which requires prolonged heating at high temperature. Furthermore, the TAGs containing only longchain saturated fatty acids are absorbed more slowly than those which contain mediumchain saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs). The LC-SFAs are only very slightly absorbed when they are at positions 1 and 3 of the TAGs. Because they form insoluble salts with calcium, these non-absorbed LC-SFAs induce a reduction in the absorption of calcium. Finally, the product of the inter-esterification is deodorized at high temperature, greater than 240.degree. C., which is likely to generate trans fatty acids which are not recommended in dietetic applications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599939__ •

Stable microbubbles comprised of a perfluoropropane encapsulated lipid moiety for use as an ultrasound contrast agent Inventor(s): Toler; Maria R. (Chelmsford, MA) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma Company (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 6,572,840 Date filed: July 21, 2000 Abstract: Novel contrast agents for ultrasound diagnosis and a reproducible process for making the same are described, wherein the contrast agents comprise a microbubble composition comprising a lipid shell, a stabilizer coated on the lipid shell and perfluoropropane gas encapsulated in the lipid shell. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to contrast agents for ultrasound diagnosis and a process for making the same. In particular, the present invention relates to a microbubble composition comprising a lipid shell, a stabilizer coated on the lipid shell and perfluoropropane gas encapsulated in the lipid shell. The lipid shell comprises 1,2dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid, monosodium salt, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-snglycero-3-phosphatidylcholine and 1,2 dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3phosphatidylethanolamine, monosodium salt and the stabilizer comprises a high molecular weight polymer. In the microbubble composition of the invention, the lipid component is not conjugated to the stabilizer. Ultrasound is a valuable diagnostic imaging technique for studying various areas of the body, for example, the vasculature, including tissue microvasculature. Ultrasound provides certain advantages over other diagnostic techniques. For example, diagnostic techniques involving nuclear medicine and X-rays generally results in exposure of the patient to ionizing electron radiation. Such radiation can cause damage to subcellular material, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins. Ultrasound does not involve such potentially damaging radiation. In addition, ultrasound is relatively inexpensive relative to other diagnostic techniques, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which require elaborate and expensive equipment.

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Ultrasound involves the exposure of a patient to sound waves. Generally, the sound waves dissipate due to absorption by body tissue, penetrate through the tissue or reflect off of the tissue. The reflection of sound waves off of tissue, generally referred to as backscatter or reflectivity, forms the basis for developing an ultrasound image. In this connection, sound waves reflect differentially from different body tissues. This differential reflection is due to various factors, including the constituents and the density of the particular tissue being observed. Ultrasound involves the detection of the differentially reflected waves, generally with a transducer that can detect sound waves having a frequency of one megahertz (Mhz) to ten Mhz. The detected waves can be integrated into an image which is quantitated and the quantitated waves converted into an image of the tissue being studied. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06572840__ •

Treatment and prevention of immunodeficiency virus infection by administration of non-pyrogenic derivatives of lipid A Inventor(s): Crowley; Richard (Gaithersburg, MD), Hone; David M. (Ellicott City, MD), Lewis; George (Baltimore, MD) Assignee(s): University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 6,596,477 Date filed: March 27, 2000 Abstract: The present inventors have found that certain preparations containing LPS and/or lipid A variants, derivatives, and/or analogs demonstrate non-pyrogenic properties and exhibit anti-viral activities. In particular, non-pyrogenic preparations of LPS, lipid A, LPS antagonists and lipid A antagonists, and derivatives thereof induce.beta. chemokine secretion, such as MIP-1.beta., but not proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF.alpha., IL-1.beta. and IL-6. Non-pyrogenic preparations of the invention have been demonstrated by the Applicant to suppress HIV replication in human peripheral blood monocytes, as described by way of example herein. The present invention provides preparations of LPS or lipid A variants, analogs and derivatives of decreased or absent pyrogenicity which can be used as therapeutics for the treatment or prevention of immunodeficiency virus infection and its consequences. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipid A variants, derivatives, and analogs with non-pyrogenic and non-endotoxic properties as well as methods for treatment and prevention of immunodeficiency virus infection, in particular HIV infection, using these LPS or lipid A variants and analogs and derivatives. The present invention also relates to LPS and lipid A antagonists and their use as therapeutics in the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. The LPS and lipid A variants, derivatives, and analogs of the present invention preferably induce the secretion of.beta. chemokines but exhibit decreased induction relative to LPS and lipid A of secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1.beta., IL-6 and TNF-.alpha. The present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been implicated as the primary cause of the slowly degenerative immune system disease termed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Barre-Sinoussi, F., et al., 1983, Science 220:868-870; Gallo, R., et al., 1984, Science 224:500-503). There are at least two distinct types of HIV: HIV-1 (Barre-Sinoussi, F., et al., 1983, Science 220:868-870; Gallo, R., et al., 1984, Science 224:500-503) and HIV-2 (Clavel, F., et al., 1986, Science 233:343346; Guyader, M., et al., 1987, Nature 326:662-669). Further, a large amount of genetic

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heterogeneity exists within populations of each of these types. In humans, HIV replication occurs prominently in CD4.sup.+ T lymphocyte populations, and HIV infection leads to depletion of this cell type and eventually to immune incompetence, opportunistic infections, neurological dysfunctions, neoplastic growth, and ultimately death. The HIV viral particle comprises a viral core, composed in part of capsid proteins, together with the viral RNA genome and those enzymes required for early replicative events. Myristylated gag protein forms an outer shell around the viral core, which is, in turn, surrounded by a lipid membrane envelope derived from the infected cell membrane. The HIV envelope surface glycoproteins are synthesized as a single 160 kilodalton precursor protein which is cleaved by a cellular protease during viral budding into two glycoproteins, gp41 and gp120. gp41 is a transmembrane glycoprotein and gp120 is an extracellular glycoprotein which remains non-covalently associated with gp41, possibly in a trimeric or multimeric form (Hammarskjold, M., & Rekosh, D., 1989, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 989:269-280). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596477__ •

Treatment of lipid metabolic disorders using 5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl) valeric acid (.alpha.-lipoic acid) or its physiologically compatible salts Inventor(s): Alken; Rudolf-Giesbert (Zepernick, DE), Fries; Gerhard (Wahlitz, DE), Koegst; Dieter (Wahlitz, DE) Assignee(s): BiRD Berolina innovative Research and Development GmbH (DE), esparma GmbH (DE) Patent Number: 6,518,300 Date filed: October 9, 2001 Abstract: Lipid metabolic disorders, such as hyperlipidemia or hyperlipoproteinemia can be treated by administering to an afflicted individual an effective amount of 5-(1,2dithiolan-3-yl) valeric acid (.alpha.-lipoic acid) or one of its physiologically acceptable salts. Pharmaceutical compositions containing (.alpha.-lipoic acid) and methods for making such compositions also are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns the use of 5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl) valeric acid (.alpha.lipoic acid) or its physiologically compatible salts for the treatment of disturbances of lipid metabolism. Arteriosclerosis, after heart disease and cancer, is one of the primary causes of death in humans. A risk factor for the disease of arteriosclerosis is an increased quantity of serum lipids and lipoproteins, so that a decrease in the level of serum lipids and lipoproteins is important for therapy. An object of the present invention is thus to make available an active ingredient, which is suitable for the treatment of disturbances of lipid metabolism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06518300__

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Use of at least one lipid extract obtained from the fruit seed of the mirabelle tree Inventor(s): Pauly; Gilles (Nancy, FR) Assignee(s): Laboratoires Serobiologiques (Societe Anonyme) (Pulnoy, FR) Patent Number: 6,491,941 Date filed: December 26, 2000

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Abstract: The aim of the invention is to use at least one lipid extract obtained from the fruit seeds of the mirabelle tree as an agent for preparing a cosmetic product for locally active (topical) use for skin and hair, lips, mucous membranes and/or appendages of the skin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the area of cosmetology, especially applications to the skin (cutaneous) and hair (capillary) and the objective is use of at least one lipid extract from the seed of the fruit of the mirabelle tree or the mirabelle in cosmetics, and cosmetic products (cosmetics) which contain at least one such extract. The mirabelle is the fruit of a tree (mirabelle tree) which belongs to a very common genus (Prunus type, Rosaceae family) which includes especially the almond (prunus amygdalus) and the following edible fruits: apricot (prunus armeniaca), cherry (prunus avium, prunus cerasus), the peach (prunus persica), plums (prunus domestica, a genus which contains many subgenera). The exact botanical designation of the plants is prunus, of the subgenus Punophora, of the genus Insitisia, of the variety mirabelle. The cultivation of the mirabelle tree which has taken place in northeast France since Roman times has developed out of the Mosel Departement, especially around the city of Metz. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06491941__ •

Vegetable lipid-based composition and candle Inventor(s): Tao; Bernard Y. (Lafayette, IN) Assignee(s): Indiana Soybean Board (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 6,497,735 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: A vegetable lipid-based composition which includes a triglyceride or a free fatty acid/triglyceride mixture. The vegetable lipid-based composition has properties that make it advantageous in candle production. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to vegetable lipid-based compositions that are advantageous to candle production. More specifically, the invention relates to a vegetable-lipid based composition including a vegetable lipid component and a petroleum wax wherein the composition contains a greater concentration of the vegetable lipid component than the petroleum wax. The vegetable lipid component includes either a triglyceride or a free fatty acid/triglyceride mixture. Candles have long been used for light as well as for ceremonies and rituals. These candles are typically manufactured from compositions containing solid animal fats and waxes. Suitable waxes include petroleum waxes such as medium paraffin wax and microcrystalline paraffin wax that are derived from petroleum refining processes. The petroleum wax component of these candles is usually present in greater amounts than the solid animal fats. Candles made from petroleum waxes produce a black smoke upon burning and generally exhibit an unpleasant odor. The black smoke of petroleum-based candles contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, and sulfur compounds that may be carcinogenic and/or toxic. Burning these candles in an enclosed environment increases the concentrations of these compounds and could therefore increase the detrimental effects that they may have. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06497735__

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Patent Applications on Dietary Fat As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to dietary fat: •

3-Methoxybenzyl thiourea derivatives and improved lipid compositions containing same Inventor(s): Abbott, Thomas P.; (Cle Elum, WA), Wohlman, Alan; (Northbrook, IL) Correspondence: Keith D. Parr; Lord, Bissell & Brook; 115 South Lasalle Street; Chicago; IL; 60603; US Patent Application Number: 20030204113 Date filed: April 29, 2003 Abstract: 1-(3-methoxybenzyl)-3-substituted thiourea antioxidant compounds and improved lipids compositions which are supplemented with amounts of such antioxidant compounds effective for augmenting oxidative stability of the base lipid are provided. Also provided are methods for enhancing the oxidative stability of a lipid comprising supplementing a base lipid in need of enhanced oxidative stability with at least one 1-(3-methoxybenzyl)-3-substituted thiourea compound of the present invention. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of pending nonprovisional application U.S. Ser. No. 09/840,768, filed on Apr. 23, 2001, from provisional application U.S. Serial No. 60/202,562, filed on May 10, 2000, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein. This invention relates to novel 1-(3methoxybenzyl)-3-substituted thiourea compounds and lipid and oil compositions supplemented with such compounds having enhanced oxidative stability. Natural lipids and oils are used in pharmaceutical preparations, food products, cosmetics, and various industrial products such as lubricants, coatings, inks, paints, plastics and the like. Such lipids are subject to oxidative degradation which can affect color, odor, viscosity, and lubricity characteristics thereof, adversely affecting the quality of the commercial products containing such lipids. In the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, maintaining high quality color and odor of oils and other lipids is important to avoiding oxidation-induced rancidity which is affected by factors such as the oxygen concentration, light and heat, as well as the degree of unsaturation of the lipid or oil, and the amount of natural or synthetic antioxidants present therein. Biodegradable lipids, oils and derivatives thereof used as cutting lubricants are recognized to be adversely affected by heat-induced oxidation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Altering the properties of cells or of particles with membranes derived from cells by means of lipid-modified proteinaceous molecules Inventor(s): De Kruif, Cornelis Adriaan; (VN Utrecht, NL), Logtenberg, Ton; (CH Nieuwegein, NL) Correspondence: Morrison & Foerster Llp; 3811 Valley Centre Drive; Suite 500; San Diego; CA; 92130-2332; US Patent Application Number: 20030161813 Date filed: December 31, 2001 Abstract: A process for altering the properties of a cell or cell membrane involves the contacting of the cell or cellular membrane with a lipid-modified protein under conditions wherein the lipid portions anchor themselves to the cellar membrane and position the protein portion of the molecule so that it imparts to the cell or cell membrane one or more new characteristics resulting from the introduction of the protein. Recombinant and cell-free methods for synthesis of the lipid-modified protein are taught as are kits for altering the properties of cell and/or cell membranes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, methods, kits, cells and particles containing membranes derived from cells. More specifically, the invention relates to a novel method of altering the properties of cells and of particles with membranes derived from cells. In 1993 Laukanen et al. have described a method that facilitates the addition of a hydrophobic membrane anchor to single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody fragments expressed in E. coli (Laukanen et al., Protein Engineering 6:449-454,1993). This method relies on the fusion of the signal peptide and 9 N-terminal residues of the bacterial lipoprotein (lpp) to a scFv antibody fragment. It was previously shown by Ghrayeb et al (1984) that only the signal peptide and nine amino acids of the mature lpp are required for the correct processing and transport of an lpp fusion protein to the outer membrane of E. coli. Laukanen (Laukanen et al., Biochemistry 33: 11664-11670, 1994) and de Kruif (de Kruif et al., FEBS letters 399:232236, 1996) demonstrated that the lipid-modified antibody fragment can be expressed in E. coli and that the lipid-modified scFv is inserted into the periplasmic leaflet of the outer membrane and not on the outside of the bacterium. After preparation of membrane extracts from the E. coli cells and purification of the lipid-modified scFv, it was shown that these molecules retain their binding specificity and can be functionally reconstituted into artificial vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer. Although possible, the loading of artificial vesicles requires a lengthy biochemical procedure which is not very efficient and requires large amounts of lipid-modified proteinaceous molecules for effective incorporation of said molecules into the artificial lipid bilayer. Moreover, the process is not very controllable as to the orientation of said molecules in the lipid bilayer. In addition, it was found that the resulting vesicles shed the lipid-modified proteinaceous molecules quite rapidly in vivo. These disadvantages are not easily bypassed by optimising the procedure since the underlying reasons for these phenomena are unknown. The limitations of the procedure severely inhibit the practical applications for artificial lipid bilayers loaded with lipid-modified proteinaceous molecules. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Charged lipid compositions and methods for their use Inventor(s): Sparks, Daniel L.; (Aylmer, CA) Correspondence: Smart & Biggar; P.O. Box 2999, Station D; 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 900; Ottawa; ON; K1p5y6; CA Patent Application Number: 20030158122 Date filed: March 3, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a synthetic or naturally occurring charged phospholipid, which is formulated into a dosage form for administration to a subject or which is administered as a food additive. Negatively charged phospholipid composition increase the net negative charge on intravascular lipoproteins, enhance the clearance of cholesterol and regulate the function of lipolytic enzymes, retard prothrombin formation and aid in the clearance of virus and bacterial particles. Negatively charged lipid compositions can therefore be administered to humans and animals for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and blood coagulation disorders and to reduce the levels of virus, bacteria, and endotoxins in the blood stream. Positively charged lipid compositions can be administered to delay lipoprotein clearance from the plasma compartment and give longer duration of activity for drugs which are associated with lipoproteins. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to charged lipid compositions. In one aspect, this invention relates to negatively charged (anionic) lipid compositions, and the use of these lipid compositions for changing lipoprotein charge in vivo to clear cholesterol and other substances from the blood stream. In another aspect, this invention relates to positively charged (cationic) lipid compositions, and the use of these compositions to prolong drug activity. Atherosclerosis leading to coronary vascular disease is a primary cause of mortality in the developed world. Atherosclerotic risk has been shown to be directly related to elevated plasma cholesterol levels. In plasma about 70% of cholesterol is esterified to long-chain fatty acids to form cholesteryl esters and these cholesteryl esters are bound to plasma lipoproteins. The lipoproteins involved in the transport of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters include low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL). While high levels of cholesterol associated with LDL have been linked to atherosclerotic risk (Schaefer et al., 1995), high HDL cholesterol levels may be protective against the development of heart disease (Miller et al., 1977). As a result there has been significant effort to develop therapies which effectively reduce the level of LDL cholesterol and raise the level of HDL cholesterol within an animal. HDL may play an anti-atherogenic role by promoting the clearance of cholesterol from the body (Eisenberg, 1984). Furthermore, Schwartz et al. (1978) disclose that cholesterol in HDL is specifically targeted for excretion from the body by the liver in the form of bile. However, current therapies directed to reduce the level of LDL cholesterol and raise the level of HDL cholesterol have not met with success. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compositions for improving lipid metabolism Inventor(s): Doi, Hideyuki; (Miyagi, JP), Komatsu, Hiromichi; (Miyagi, JP), Satomi, Susumu; (Miyagi, JP) Correspondence: Browdy And Neimark, P.L.L.C.; 624 Ninth Street, NW; Suite 300; Washington; DC; 20001-5303; US Patent Application Number: 20030183091 Date filed: April 14, 2003 Abstract: This invention aims at providing compositions and foods for improving lipid metabolism which improve the metabolism of lipids and thus are expected to contribute to the prevention and amelioration of hyperlipemia, obesity, atherosclerosis and the like. The invention provides compositions for improving lipid metabolism, compositions for preventing or treating hyperlipemia, compositions for preventing or treating obesity and foods for preventing or ameliorating hyperlipemia and obesity, which contain valine as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions for improving lipid metabolism which improve the metabolism of lipids and thus can be expected to contribute to the prevention and amelioration of obesity, hyperlipemia, atherosclerosis and the like. It further relates to compositions for preventing or treating hyperlipemia and foods for preventing or ameliorating hyperlipemia. It still further relates to compositions for preventing or treating obesity and foods for preventing or ameliorating obesity. In recent years, lipid intake has been increasing in Japan with the tendency toward improved and Western-style eating habits, which brings about a problem of excessive fat intake. The excessive fat intake causes obesity and an increase in the serum lipid level and consequently heightens the risk of the onset of various complications thereof (for example, circulatory diseases, in particular, coronary and cerebral vascular accidents and life-style related diseases such as certain cancers including breast cancer and colon cancer). Thus, it becomes a serious social problem from the viewpoint of maintaining and improving national health. It has been pointed out that an increase in the levels of cholesterol in the blood is one of the risk factors of the onset of circulatory diseases. Recently, high concentrations of triacylglycerol (triglyceride) in the blood have also attracted attention as another risk factor independent from those of cholesterol. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Determination of biological characteristics of embryos fertilized in vitro by assaying for bioactive lipids in culture media Inventor(s): Parrott, Jeff A.; (Irvine, CA) Correspondence: Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe Llp; Suite 1500; 4 Park Plaza; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030129580 Date filed: December 3, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for determining various biological characteristics of in vitro fertilized embryos, including overall embryo health, implantability, and increased likelihood of developing successfully to term. More specifically, the present invention concerns analyzing media specimens of in vitro

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fertilization cultures for levels of bioactive lipids in order to determine these characteristics. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/837,308 filed on Apr. 17, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,489,135. The priority of these applications are expressly claimed, and the disclosure is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The present invention enables the determination of various biological characteristics of in vitro fertilized embryos, including overall embryo health, implantability, viability, and likelihood of successful development to term. More specifically, the present invention concerns analyzing media specimens of in vitro fertilization cultures for levels of bioactive lipids in order to determine the optional characteristics for media formulation to increase embryo viability and reduce the frequency of multiple births. As many as 30% of couples attempting to conceive suffer from infertility. Due in part to the increasing age of pregnancy, infertility is on the rise. For men, infertility is usually caused by low sperm count or poor motility. For women, common causes include oviduct occlusion, abnormal ovulation cycles, and inhospitable vaginal mucus. Treatment options are available, depending on the source of the problem. However, even with treatment, many couples are not able to conceive in the traditional fashion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Diagnosis, prevention, amelioration and/or treatment of disturbed immune function induced by disturbed lipid metabolism Inventor(s): Cabezas, Manuel Castro; (Zeist, NL), Dijk, Hans van; (De Bilt, NL) Correspondence: Trask Britt; P.O. Box 2550; Salt Lake City; UT; 84110; US Patent Application Number: 20030165458 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: Complement is recognized as an important, humoral defense system involved in the innate (nonspecific) recognition and elimination of microbial invaders, other foreign particles or molecules, and antigen-antibody complexes from the body. The present invention makes use of the surprising notion that the handling of lipids by the body, rather than its antimicrobial activity, is the primary and most ancient function of the complement system. Consequently, atherosclerosis as observed in disorders associated with disturbed lipid metabolism must be ascribed to either genetic or acquired defects in ancient (activatory and/or regulatory) complement components. The surprising notion is of considerable consequence to the treatment of diseases of the immune system and/or an infectious, autoimmune, neoplastic and/or hematological disease related to complement-mediated lipid metabolism and/or an underlying and/or related disease since lipids and immune complexes share the same transport pathway in the human body. Other implications of the same invention, based on the notion that lipoproteins and lymphocytes share the lymph pathway to arrive in the blood circulation, are that the lipid metabolizing system may be employed to effectively manipulate the immune system. Based on this aspect of the invention, novel oral vaccination and oral immunomodulation strategies are introduced as well. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of International Application Number PCT/NL01/00672, filed Sep. 12, 2001, designating the United States of America, International Publication No. WO 02/22160, published Mar. 21, 2002, in English. The invention relates to the diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of immunological diseases that are induced by disturbances in lipid metabolism.

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According to the classical view, immunological diseases and impaired lipid metabolism are two quite discrete disorders with distinct causalities. Auto-immune disease is an example of a disease of which the ethiology is difficult to assess. Both metabolic and inflammatory processes play a role and a relationship exists with microbiological factors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Dietary lipids for improving skin and coat of pets Inventor(s): Boissin-Delaporte, Catherine; (Echenevex, FR), Couzy, Francois; (La Croix/Lutry, CH) Correspondence: Winston & Strawn; Patent Department; 1400 L Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3502; US Patent Application Number: 20030152664 Date filed: January 10, 2003 Abstract: A source of dietary lipids containing anti-microbial fatty acids is added to a food composition intended for improving or maintaining the skin health and/or coat quality in a pet by preventing or regulating the growth of skin pathogens and of microflora responsible for the generation of body surface and coat odors. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of the US national phase designation of International application PCT/EP01/06937 filed Jun. 18, 2001, the content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto. This invention relates to the use of a source of dietary lipids for the preparation of a food composition intended for improving or maintaining the skin health and/or coat quality in a pet by regulating the level of the anti-microbial fatty acids in the epidermis of animal. The invention also relates to a method for improving skin health and/or coat quality in a pet, and the petfood formulation thereon. Skin is the outer boundary of the body, and plays a key role as a barrier between a living organism and the environment. One of the most important functions of the skin is to retain water and hydrosoluble compounds from leaving or entering the body. Impaired barrier function of the skin may lead to e.g., increased susceptibility to skin infections, inflammation, itching. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Dispersions of lipid particles for use as therapeutic and cosmetic agents and intracellular delivery vehicles Inventor(s): Henot, Frederic; (Brussels, BE), Legon, Thierry; (Korbeek-Lo, BE) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030211139 Date filed: May 7, 2002 Abstract: In a dispersion of lipid particles in a dispersing medium, the said lipid particles comprising an amino-amidine compound A, the amidine function of the said compound A is titrated substantially in water by means of an acid HX, wherein X is an anion, in a manner such that the pH of the said lipid dispersion is between about 6.5 and 7.8 within a temperature range from about 2.degree. C. to 40.degree. C. The so

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titrated dispersion is useful inter alia as a component of a synthetic vector for therapeutic molecules or macromolecules. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to non-viral delivery systems for therapeutic agents. More specifically this invention relates to lipid particles dispersions, in particular liposomes, having long-term stability and having a pH compatible with that of physiological solutions. The present invention further relates to a method for making such dispersions and for making solid compositions therefrom. These dispersions are useful as components of synthetic vectors for therapeutic molecules or macromolecules such as DNA, proteins and polypeptides and therefore useful for introducing such molecules into eukaryotic cells. The invention also relates to cells transformed by means of such synthetic vectors as well as to pharmaceutical compositions comprising effective amounts thereof. Liposomes may be defined as vesicles in which an aqueous volume is entirely enclosed by a bilayer membrane composed of lipid molecules. When dispersing these lipids in aqueous media, a population of liposomes with sizes ranging from about 15 nm to about 1.mu.m may be formed. The three major types of lipids, i.e. phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids, are amphipathic molecules which, when surrounded on all sides by an aqueous environment, tend to arrange in such a way that the hydrophobic "tail" regions orient toward the center of the vesicle while the hydrophilic "head" regions are exposed to the aqueous phase. According to this mechanism liposomes thus usually form bilayers. Several types of liposomes are known in the art. Referring to their physical structure, the more simple type of liposomes to prepare consists of multilamellar vesicles (hereinafter referred to as MLV, according to standard practice in the art), i.e. onion-like structures characterized by multiple membrane bilayers, each separated from the next by an aqueous layer, usually having a size between about 100 nm and 1.parallel.m. Their production can be reproducibly scaled-up to large volumes and they are mechanically stable upon storage for long periods of time. Contrary to this, small unilamellar vesicles (hereinafter referred to as SUV, according to standard practice in the art) usually having a size between about 15 nm and 200 nm, possess a single bilayer membrane and are usually difficult to prepare on a large scale because of the high energy input required for their production and of the risks of oxidation and hydrolysis. In addition, SUV are thermodynamically unstable and are susceptible to aggregation and fusion. Furthermore, as the curvature of the membrane increases in SWN. It develops a degree of asymmetry, i.e. the restriction in packing geometry dictates that significantly more than 50% and up to 70% of the lipids making up the bilayer are located on the outside. Because of this asymmetry, the behaviour of SUV is markedly different from that of bilayer membranes comprising MLV or from that of large unilamellar vesicles (the latter, hereinafter referred to as LUV, usually having a size between about 100 nm and 1.mu.m). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Dry powder cell culture products containing lipid and methods of production thereof Inventor(s): Dadey, Barbara; (East Aurora, NY), Fike, Richard; (Clarence, NY), Hassett, Richard; (Tonawanda, NY), Radominski, Robert; (Tonawanda, NY) Correspondence: Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox Pllc; 1100 New York Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030153079 Date filed: December 2, 2002

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Abstract: The present invention relates generally to nutritive medium, medium supplement, media subgroup and buffer formulations that contain lipid. Specifically, the present invention provides powder nutritive medium, medium supplement and medium subgroup formulations, particularly cell culture medium supplements (including powdered sera such as powdered fetal bovine serum (FBS)), medium subgroup formulations and cell culture media comprising all of the necessary nutritive factors including lipid components that facilitate the in vitro cultivation of cells. The invention is particularly directed to methods of production of these media, media supplement, media subgroup and buffer formulations, and also provides kits and methods for cultivation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, particularly bacterial cells, yeast cells, plant cells and animal cells (including human cells) using these dry powder nutritive media, media supplement, media subgroup and buffer formulations. The invention also relates to methods of producing sterile powdered media, media supplement (particularly powdered sera such as powdered FBS, powdered transferrin, powdered insulin, powdered organ extracts (such as bovine brain or pituitary extracts), powdered growth factors (such as EGF, FGF, etc.) and the like), media subgroup and buffer formulations. In a particularly preferred aspect, the invention relates to such methods wherein the sterilization is accomplished by gamma irradiation. The invention also relates to media, media supplement, media subgroup and buffer powders produced by these methods. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/334,115, filed Nov. 30, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/337,117, filed Dec. 7, 2001. The contents of the aforesaid applications are relied upon and incorporated by reference in their entirety. The present invention relates generally to cells, nutritive media, media supplements, media subgroups and buffer formulations. Specifically, the present invention provides dry powder nutritive medium formulations, particularly cell culture medium formulations, comprising all of the necessary nutritive factors that facilitate the in vitro cultivation of cells, and methods of production of these media formulations. The present invention specifically relates to methods incorporating lipid and/or other components poorly soluble in inorganic or polar solvents such as water. The invention also relates to methods of producing dry powder media supplements, such as dry powder sera (e.g., fetal bovine serum) with supplemental ingredients such as lipids or other ingredients useful for supporting cell culture. The invention also relates to dry powder buffer formulations that produce particular ionic and pH conditions upon rehydration. The invention also relates to methods of preparing sterile dry powder nutritive media, media supplements (particularly dry powder sera), media subgroups and buffer formulations prepared with additives soluble in organic or nonpolar solvents. The invention also relates to dry powder nutritive media, media supplements, media subgroups, buffer formulations and cells prepared by the methods of the invention. The present invention also relates to kits and methods for cultivation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells using these dry powder nutritive media, media supplements, media subgroups and buffer formulations. Cell culture media provide nutrients for maintaining and/or growing cells in a controlled, artificial and in vitro environment. Characteristics and compositions of the cell culture media vary depending on the particular cellular requirements and any functions for which the cells are cultured. Important parameters include osmolality, pH, and nutrient formulations. The normal environment of a cell in culture is an aqueous medium in which nutrients and other culture components are dissolved or suspended. Especially advantageous is incorporation of useable quantities of lipid or other components that are only sparsely soluble in water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Enhanced production of lipids containing polyenoic fatty acid by very high density cultures of eukaryotic microbes in fermentors Inventor(s): Bailey, Richard B.; (Del Mar, CA), Barclay, William R.; (Boulder, CO), DiMasi, Don; (San Diego, CA), Hansen, Jon M.; (Chula Vista, CA), Kaneko, Tatsuo; (San Diego, CA), Mirrasoul, Peter J.; (San Diego, CA), Ruecker, Craig M.; (San Diego, CA), Veeder, George T. III; (Ramona, CA) Correspondence: Sheridan Ross PC; 1560 Broadway; Suite 1200; Denver; CO; 80202 Patent Application Number: 20030180898 Date filed: February 21, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for growing eukaryotic microorganisms which are capable of producing lipids, in particular lipids containing polyenoic fatty acids. The present invention also provides a process for producing eukaryotic microbial lipids. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) from Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/178,588, filed on Jan. 28, 2000. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/178,588 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention is directed to a novel process for growing microorganisms and recovering microbial lipids. In particular, the present invention is directed to producing microbial polyunsaturated lipids. Production of polyenoic fatty acids (fatty acids containing 2 or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds) in eukaryotic microorganisms is generally known to require the presence of molecular oxygen (i.e., aerobic conditions). This is because it is believed that the cis double bond formed in the fatty acids of all non-parasitic eukaryotic microorganisms involves a direct oxygen-dependent desaturation reaction (oxidative microbial desaturase systems). Other eukaryotic microbial lipids that are known to require molecular oxygen include fungal and plant sterols, oxycarotenoids (i.e., xanthophyls), ubiquinones, and compounds made from any of these lipids (i.e., secondary metabolites). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Fats and oils composition for reducing lipids in blood Inventor(s): Aoyama, Toshiaki; (Izumisano-shi, JP) Correspondence: Armstrong,westerman & Hattori, Llp; 1725 K Street, NW; Suite 1000; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030157237 Date filed: December 28, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to fats and oils composition for reducing lipids in blood, comprising a triglyceride in which specified fatty acids are artificially combined at the first portion, the second portion and third portion of the triglyceride molecule. The present composition is preferably useful for foods. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fats and oils composition for reducing lipids in blood, and in particular, the present invention relates to a fats and oils composition for reducing lipids in blood (blood fat), comprising a triglyceride as an effective compound in which specified fatty acids are combined at the first carbon, second carbon and third carbon of the triglyceride. The present composition is

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preferably useful for cooking or foods. Recently and in particular in Japan, the number of persons who suffer from ischemic heart disease or brain infarction has increased, and the average of age of the persons who suffer from such diseases has been getting lower and lower. These diseases are generally caused by arteriosclerosis, which mainly results from deposition of cholesterol and otherwise lipids in the blood vessel. It is considered that hypercholesterolemia or hyperlipidemia is one of the dangerous factors that causes arteriosclerosis. Although Japanese people used to have a cholesterol value in plasma lower than that of Europeans or Americans, it is reported that recently, there is no significant difference in the cholesterol value in plasma, in particular between Japanese teenagers and European or American teenagers. It is considered to be due to the recent change in Japanese eating habit. Therefore, it has been said that it is required to take necessary and prompt measures related to diet in order to prevent arteriosclerosis from the period of childhood (Current Internal Medicine 3, Hiperlipidemia edited by Haruo Nakamura, pages 44 to 52, published by Kanahara & Co., Ltd., 1995). Several medicines for promoting lipid metabolisms are already commercially available, including HMGCoA reductase inhibitors, linoleic acid derivative formulations, fibric acid formulations, nicomol formulations, unsaponified soybean oils, esterases, dextran sodium sulfate, artoron, probucol, and colestyramire. However, there is a report that these medicines may sometimes cause side effects such as kidney impairment, liver impairment, fever, and anaphylaxis, so as not to be said to be complete safety. Also, these medicines may not be applied to a person who is supersensitive to medicines, pregnant, or suffering from liver disease (A Book To Know A Medicine Prescribed By A Doctor written by Shigeru Kimura, pages 147 to 154, published by Hhoken Shuppan Co., Ltd., 2000). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Genes for desaturases to alter lipid profiles in corn Inventor(s): Shen, Jennie Bih-Jien; (Wilmington, DE) Correspondence: E I DU Pont DE Nemours And Company; Legal Patent Records Center; Barley Mill Plaza 25/1128; 4417 Lancaster Pike; Wilmington; DE; 19805; US Patent Application Number: 20030140372 Date filed: August 19, 2002 Abstract: The preparation and use of nucleic acid fragments comprising all or substantially all of a corn oleosin promoter, a stearoyl-ACP desaturase and a delta-12 desaturase which can be used individually or in combination to modify the lipid profile of corn are described. Chimeric genes incorporating such nucleic acid fragments and suitable regulatory sequences can be used to create transgenic corn plants having altered lipid profiles. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the preparation and use of nucleic acid fragments comprising all or substantially all of a corn oleosin promoter, a stearoyl-ACP desaturase and a delta-12 desaturase which can be used individually or in combination to modify the lipid profile of corn. Chimeric genes comprising such nucleic acid fragments and suitable regulatory sequences can be used to create transgenic corn plants having altered lipid profiles. Plant lipids have a variety of industrial and nutritional uses and are central to plant membrane function and climatic adaptation. These lipids represent a vast array of chemical structures, and these structures determine the physiological and industrial properties of the lipid. Many of these structures result either directly or indirectly from metabolic processes that alter the degree of unsaturation of the lipid. Different metabolic regimes in different plants produce these altered lipids, and either

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domestication of exotic plant species or modification of agronomically adapted species is usually required to produce economically large amounts of the desired lipid. Corn oil is comprised primarily of even-numbered carbon chain fatty acids. The distribution of fatty acids in typical corn oil is approximately 12% palmitic acid (16:0), 2% stearic acid (18:0), 25% oleic acid (18:1), 60% linoleic acid (18:2), and 1% linolenic acid (18:3). Palmitic and stearic acids are referred to as saturated fatty acids because their carbon chains contains only single bonds and the carbon chain is "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids contain one, two, and three double bonds respectively, and are referred to as unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acids in corn oil nearly always occur esterified to the hydroxyl groups of glycerol, thus forming triglycerides. Approximately 99% of refined corn oil is made up of triglycerides ("Corn Oil", Corn Refiners Association, Inc., 1001 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, 1986, 24 pp.). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Hepatitis vaccines containing 3-O-deacylated monophoshoryl lipid A Inventor(s): Garcon-Johnson, Nathalie Marie-Joseph Claude; (Wavre, BE), Hauser, Pierre; (Chaumont-Gistoux, BE), Thiriart, Clothilde; (Brussels, BE), Voet, Pierre; (Izel, BE) Correspondence: Smithkline Beecham Corporation; Corporate Intellectual Property-us, Uw2220; P. O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20030211120 Date filed: June 19, 2003 Abstract: A vaccine formulation for the treatment or prophylaxis of hepatitis, especially hepatitis B, infections is provided comprising the hepatitis antigen and a suitable carrier such as alum in combination with 3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A. Combination vaccines including the vaccine formulation are also described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel vaccine formulations, methods for preparing them and to their use in therapy. In particular the present invention relates to novel formulations for treating Hepatitis infections and to combination vaccine formulations including a Hepatitis vaccine component. Viral hepatitis, caused by the A, B, C, D, and E hepatitis viruses, is a very common viral illness. Via the B and C viruses, in particular, it is also responsible for many cases of liver cancer. Thus the development of effective vaccines is critical and, despite notable successes, is still an on-going task. A review on modern hepatitis vaccines, including a number of key references, may be found in the Lancet, May 12th, 1990 at page 1142 ff (Prof A. L. W. F. Eddleston). See also `Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease` (Vyas, B. N., Dienstag, J. L., and Hoofnagle, J. L., eds, Grune and Stratton, Inc. (1984) and `Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease` (Proceedings of the 1990 International Symposium, eds F. B. Hollinger, S. M. Lemon and H. Margolis, published by Williams and Wilkins). As used herein the expression `hepatitis antigen` is used to refer to any antigenic material derived from a hepatitis virus which may be used to induce immunity to the virus in humans. The hepatitis antigen may be, for example, a polypeptide obtained by recombinant DNA techniques or an attenuated strain of hepatitis virus which has optionally been inactivated by known methods. The invention extends to all hepatitis antigens, whether A, B, C, D, or E, examples of which are discussed below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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High efficiency encapsulation of charged therapeutic agents in lipid vesicles Inventor(s): Ansell, Steven M.; (Vancouver, CA), Cullis, Pieter; (Vancouver, CA), Debeyer, Dan; (Vancouver, CA), Harasym, Troy; (Vancouver, CA), Hope, Michael J.; (Vancouver, CA), Klimuk, Sandra K.; (N. Vancouver, CA), Scherrer, Peter; (Vancouver, CA), Semple, Sean C.; (Vancouver, CA) Correspondence: Oppedahl And Larson Llp; P O Box 5068; Dillon; CO; 80435-5068; US Patent Application Number: 20030129221 Date filed: June 29, 2001 Abstract: Methods for the preparation of a lipid-nucleic acid composition are provided. According to the methods, a mixture of lipids containing a protonatable or deprotonatable lipid, for example an amino lipid and a lipid such as a PEG- or Polyamide oligomer-modified lipid is combined with a buffered aqueous solution of a charged therapeutic agent, for example polyanionic nucleic acids, to produce particles in which the therapeutic agent is encapsulated in a lipid vesicle. Surface charges on the lipid particles are at least partially neutralized to provide surface-neutralized lipidencapsulated compositions of the therapeutic agents. The method permits the preparation of compositions with high ratios of therapeutic agent to lipid and with encapsulation efficiencies in excess of 50%. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/856,374 filed May 14, 1997, which is incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to compositions comprising a combination of a lipid and a therapeutic agent, particularly to lipid-nucleic acid compositions, for in vivo therapeutic use. In these compositions the therapeutic agent is encapsulated and protected from degradation and clearance in serum. Additionally, the invention provides methods of making the compositions, as well as methods of introducing the nucleic acids into cells using the compositions and treating disease conditions. Therapeutic oligonucleotides, such as antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes, are short segments of DNA that have been designed to hybridize to a sequence on a specific mRNA. The resulting complex can down-regulate protein production by several mechanisms, including inhibition of mRNA translation into protein and/or by enhancement of RNase H degradation of the mRNA transcripts. Consequently, therapeutic oligonucleotides have tremendous potential for specificity of action (i.e. the down-regulation of a specific disease-related protein). To date, these compounds have shown promise in several in vitro and in vivo models, including models of inflammatory disease, cancer, and HIV (reviewed in Agrawal, Trends in Biotech. 14:376387 (1996)). Antisense can also effect cellular activity by hybridizing specifically with chromosomal DNA. Advanced human clinical assessments of several antisense drugs are currently underway. Targets for these drugs include the genes or RNA products of c-myc, ICAM-1, and infectious disease organisms such as cytomegalovirus, and HIV-1. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 211

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High throughput genetic screening of lipid and cholesterol processing using fluorescent compounds Inventor(s): Farber, Steven; (US), Halpern, Marnie; (US), Pack, Michael; (US) Correspondence: David S. Resnick; Nixon Peabody Llp; 101 Federal Street; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20030135869 Date filed: January 13, 2003 Abstract: The present invention utilizes fluorescent lipids, particularly quenched phospholipid or cholesterol analogues, to facilitate screening for phenotypes representing perturbations of lipid processing; screening for genetic mutations that lead to disorders of phospholipid and/or cholesterol metabolism; and screening of compounds designed to treat disorders of phospholipid and/or cholesterol metabolism. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119 based upon U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/238,928 filed Oct. 10, 2000 and in-part based upon U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/264,977 filed Jan. 30, 2001. The present invention generally relates to the fields of biochemistry and pharmacology and to the use of a genetic model organism labeled with fluorescent lipids to screen for drugs and genetic alterations related to phospholipid and/or cholesterol metabolism and, more particularly, to the use of optically clear zebrafish in conjunction with tagged or quenched lipids for studying lipid metabolism in vivo. Genetic analysis in zebrafish is a powerful approach for identifying genes that direct vertebrate development (1-3). Since the completion of the large-scale chemical mutagenesis screens in 1997, the phenotypic and molecular characterizations of many mutations have been reported (4-16). Analyses of mutations that affect early developmental processes, such as the specification of the embryonic axes and germ layers, have been particularly rewarding (7, 10, 17-27). Recently, related work with mutations that affect organogenesis has led to the recognition that the zebrafish is an important model system for biomedical research (2831). Given the many aspects of organ physiology that have been conserved during vertebrate evolution, genetic screening to assay organ function in the optically transparent zebrafish is a valuable approach to understanding a variety of metabolic processes and disorders in vertebrates. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Increasing the HDL level and the HDL/LDL ratio in human serium by balancing saturated and polyunsaturated dietary fatty acids Inventor(s): Hayes, Kenneth C.; (Wellesley, MA), Perlman, Daniel; (Arlington, MA), Sundram, Kalyana; (Petaling Java, MY) Correspondence: Foley & Lardner; P.O. Box 80278; San Diego; CA; 92138-0278; US Patent Application Number: 20030198728 Date filed: May 9, 2003 Abstract: A method of increasing the HDL concentration and the HDL/LDL concentration ratio in human serum by providing a balance between a sufficient and required proportion of cholesterol-free saturated fatty acids in the daily dietary fat of the human and a sufficient and required, but not excessive, proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising linoleic acid in dietary fat, while the remaining

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proportion of fatty acids and energy from the dietary fat is provided by monounsaturated fatty acids comprising oleic acid. Also described are compositions, including fat compositions and filled dairy products, containing such balanced fatty acid proportions. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of Perlman et al., U.S. application Ser. No. 09/241,603, which is a continuation-in-part of Perlman et al., U.S. application Ser. No. 08/755,591, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,117, which is a continuation-in-part of Perlman et al., U.S. application Ser. No. 08/626,461, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,497, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/418,641, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,334, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, including drawings. This invention relates to particular fats and fat blends, and methods for their manufacture or genetic selection/engineering, and use in foods. Consumption of such fats in appropriate amounts stabilizes or lowers the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL or LDL-C) concentration and increases the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL or HDL-C) concentration in human serum. This invention also relates to filled dairy products and to a method for preventing the development of off-flavors in these products. The description and references herein are provided solely to assist the understanding of the reader. None of the information or references are admitted to be prior art to the present invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Lipid binding protein 3 Inventor(s): Ducker, Klaus; (Darmstadt, DE), Grell, Matthias; (Darmstadt, DE) Correspondence: Millen, White, Zelano & Branigan, P.C.; 2200 Clarendon BLVD.; Suite 1400; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030139573 Date filed: October 17, 2002 Abstract: New Lipid Binding Protein 3 polypeptides and polynucleotides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing New Lipid Binding Protein 3 polypeptides and polynucleotides in diagnostic assays. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polypeptides and polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides sometimes hereinafter referred to as "New Lipid Binding Protein 3 (NLIBP3)", to their use in diagnosis, and in identifying compounds that may be agonists, antagonists that are potentially useful in therapy, and to production of such polypeptides and polynucleotides. The drug discovery process is currently undergoing a fundamental revolution as it embraces "functional genomics", that is, high throughput genome- or gene-based biology. This approach as a means to identify genes and gene products as therapeutic targets is rapidly superceding earlier approaches based on "positional cloning". A phenotype, that is a biological function or genetic disease, would be identified and this would then be tracked back to the responsible gene, based on its genetic map position. Functional genomics relies heavily on high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies and the various tools of bioinformatics to identify gene sequences of potential interest from the many molecular biology databases now available. There is a continuing need to identify and characterise further genes and their related polypeptides/proteins, as targets for drug discovery. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lipid carrier compositions with protected surface reactive functions Inventor(s): Bally, Marcel B; (Bowen Island, CA), Chiu, Gigi; (Richmond, CA), Mayer, Lawrence D; (North Vancouver, CA) Correspondence: Kate H Murashige; Morrison & Foerster; Suite 500; 3811 Valley Centre Drive; San Diego; CA; 92130-2332; US Patent Application Number: 20030147944 Date filed: November 4, 2002 Abstract: The liposomes of the invention have a reactive surface that demonstrates reduced interaction with macromolecules and increased blood circulation time. The reactive surface may comprise phosphatidylserine. The liposomes are protected by the presence of high levels of a hydrophilic polymer conjugated to a lipid. The invention further provides means for adjusting the appropriate ratio of hydrophilic polymer to a reactive lipid by a) determining the reactivity of the lipid; b) determining the time required for the carrier to reach its desired target location; c) determining the affinity of desired interactions with the reactive surface; and d) incorporating in the liposome or lipid carrier the amount of polyethylene glycol required to protect the reactive surface. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed toward liposome and lipid-based therapeutic carrier systems. The effectiveness of therapeutic agents for the treatment of many human diseases including cancer, autoimmune disease and cardiovascular disease are often limited and complete cures of these ailments are seldom obtained. The fact that very efficient biological activity can often be demonstrated with these agents in test tube or tissue culture assays suggests that the pharmacodistribution properties of these drugs after in vivo administration may play a major role in determining their therapeutic index. Liposome and other lipid-based carrier systems have been extensively developed and analyzed for their ability to improve the therapeutic index of drugs by altering the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution properties of the encapsulated or associated agents. This approach is aimed at using liposomes and lipidbased carriers to reduce exposure of healthy tissues to the therapeutic agents while increasing drug delivery to the disease site. In order to achieve this goal, liposomes must be stable upon exposure to the numerous protein, carbohydrate and lipid components after systemic administration to humans and animals. This has been accomplished by utilizing liposomes composed of neutral (no net charge) lipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) as well as cholesterol. Incorporating reactive charged lipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS) in liposomal compositions results in rapid recognition and clearance of the liposomes from the circulation, (Kirby, et al., (1980) Biochem J. 186(2):591-8) thus, reducing drug delivery to disease sites (Allen, et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8067-8071). In addition, attempts to improve the liposomal distribution by attaching molecules such as antibodies and other proteins to liposome surfaces has resulted in immune recognition and rapid clearance of the liposomes from the blood (Shek, et al., (1983) Immunology 50(1): 101-6; Aragnol, et al. (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83(8):2699-703). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lipid nanocapsules, preparation process and use as medicine Inventor(s): Benoit, Jean-Pierre; (Avrille, FR), Heurtault, Beatrice; (Angers, FR), Pech, Brigitte; (Angers, FR), Proust, Jacques-Emile; (Saint-Leger-Des-Bois, FR), Richard, Joel; (Longue, FR), Saulnier, Patrick; (Les-Ponts-De-Ce, FR) Correspondence: Foley And Lardner; Suite 500; 3000 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20030152635 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns nanocapsules, in particular with an average size less than 50 nm, consisting of an essentially lipid core liquid or semiliquid at room temperature, coated with an essentially lipid film solid at room temperature having a thickness of 2-10 nm. The invention also concerns a method for preparing same which consists in producing a reverse phase of an aqueous emulsion brought about by several temperature raising and lowering cycles. Said lipid nanocapsules are particularly designed for producing a medicine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lipid nanocapsules, to a process for preparing them and to their use for manufacturing a medicament intended especially to be administered by injection, orally or nasally. In recent years, many groups have developed the formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles or lipid nanospheres (Muller, R. H. and Mehnert, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 41(1): 62-69, 1995; W., Gasco, M. R., Pharmaceutical Technology Europe: 52-57, December 1997; EP 605 497). This is an alternative to the use of liposomes or polymer particles. These lipid particles have the advantage of being formulated in the absence of solvent. They allow the encapsulation of both lipophilic and hydrophilic products in the form of ion pairs, for example (Cavalli, R. et al., S.T.P. Pharma Sciences, 2(6): 514-518, 1992; and Cavalli, R. et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 117: 243-246, 1995). These particles may be stable for several years in the absence of light, at 8.degree. C. (Freitas, C. and Muller, R. H., Journal of Microencapsulation, 1 (16): 59-71, 1999). the quench of a microemulsion in the presence of co-surfactants such as butanol. The size of the nanoparticles obtained is generally greater than 100 nm (Cavalli, R. et al., European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 43(2): 110-115, 1996; Morel, S. et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 132: 259-261, 1996). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lipid rich compositions, production of lipid rich compositions, production of fatty acid alkyl esters from heterogeneous lipid mixtures Inventor(s): Haas, Michael J.; (Oreland, PA), Michalski, Paul J.; (Horsham, PA), Runyon, Stan; (Memphis, TN), Scott, Karen M.; (Ambler, PA) Correspondence: Usda, Ars, Ott; 5601 Sunnyside Ave; RM 4-1159; Beltsville; MD; 207055131; US Patent Application Number: 20030158074 Date filed: January 7, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing fatty acid alkyl esters, involving esterifying a material containing free fatty acids (FFA) with an alcohol and an inorganic acid catalyst to form a product containing fatty acid alkyl esters, wherein (i)

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the material contains at least about 40% FFA and is produced by reacting a feedstock with steam and sulfuric acid at a pH of about 1-about 2 or (ii) the material contains at least about 80% FFA and is produced by reacting a feedstock with steam and alkali at a pH of about 11-about 13 and further reacting the feedstock with steam and sulfuric acid at a pH of about 1-about 2. The feedstock may be selected from the oils or soapstocks of soy, coconut, corn, cotton, flax, palm, rapeseed/canola, safflower, sunflower; animal fats; waste greases; and mixtures thereof; or other fully or partially hydrolyzed preparations of such feedstocks. The present invention also relates to a method for producing a lipid rich composition containing at least about 80% FFA, the method involving reacting a feedstock with steam and alkali at a pH of about 11-about 13 and further reacting the feedstock with steam and sulfuric acid at a pH of about 1-about 2. The feedstock may be selected from soy, coconut, corn, cotton, flax, palm, rapeseed/canola, safflower, sunflower, animal fats, waste greases, and mixtures thereof. The feedstock may be selected from the oils or soapstocks of soy, coconut, corn, cotton, flax, palm, rapeseed/canola, safflower, sunflower; animal fats; waste greases; and mixtures thereof; or other fully or partially hydrolyzed preparations of such feedstocks. Furthermore, the present invention concerns a lipid rich composition containing at least about 80% FFA. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/347,163, filed Jan. 9, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to a method for producing fatty acid alkyl esters, involving esterifying a material containing free fatty acids with an alcohol and an inorganic acid catalyst to form a product containing fatty acid alkyl esters, wherein (i) the material contains at least about 40% FFA and is produced by reacting a feedstock with steam and sulfuric acid at a pH of about 1-about 2 or (ii) the material contains at least about 80% FFA and is produced by reacting a feedstock with steam and alkali at a pH of about 10about 14 and further reacting the feedstock with steam and sulfuric acid at a pH of about 1-about 2. The present invention also relates to a method for producing a lipid rich composition containing at least about 80% free fatty acids, the method involving reacting a feedstock with steam and alkali at a pH of about 10-about 14 and further reacting the feedstock with steam and sulfuric acid at a pH of about 1-about 2. Furthermore, the present invention concerns a lipid rich composition containing at least about 80% free fatty acids. Over the past three decades interest in the reduction of air pollution, and in the development of domestic energy sources, has triggered research in many countries on the development of non-petroleum fuels for internal combustion engines. For compression ignition (diesel) engines, it has been shown that the simple alcohol esters of fatty acids (biodiesel) are acceptable alternative diesel fuels. Biodiesel has a higher oxygen content than petroleum diesel, and therefore reduces emissions of particulate matter, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide, while also reducing sulfur emissions due to a low sulfur content (Sheehan, J., et al., Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Report NREL/SR-580-24089, Golden, Colo. (1998); Graboski, M. S., and R. L. McCormick, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 24:125-164 (1998)). Since it is made from agricultural materials, which are produced via photosynthetic carbon fixation (e.g., by plants and by animals that consume plants), the combustion of biodiesel does not contribute to net atmospheric carbon levels. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lipid-based drug delivery systems containing phospholipase a2 degradable lipid derivatives for topical application to the skin Inventor(s): Davidsen, Jesper; (Copenhagen, DK), Frokjaer, Sven; (Holte, DK), Jorgensen, Kent; (Bagsvaerd, DK), Mouritsen, Ole G.; (Odense M, DK), Vermehren, Charlotte; (Sotoftevej, DK) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030170297 Date filed: February 26, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to lipid-based pharmaceutical or cosmetic compositions for use in the treatment prevention or alleviation of diseases or conditions in skin or mucous membranes of mammals that are associated with or resulting from increased levels of extracellular phospholipase A.sub.2 (PLA.sub.2) activity in the tissue. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to lipid-based pharmaceutical or cosmetic compositions for use in the treatment, prevention or alleviation of diseases or conditions in skin or mucous membranes of mammals that are associated with or resulting from increased levels of extracellular phospholipase A.sub.2 (PLA.sub.2) activity in the tissue. The skin as an organ is of interest from biological, medical, and cosmetological points of view. There are a large number of skin diseases that are either organ-specific, e.g. psoriasis and eczemas, or are manifestations of general diseases, such as general allergic reactions. A number of these diseases confined to the skin or mucous membranes of humans or animals could be cured or alleviated by a local topical application of pharmaceutical formulations provided the application resulted in uptake of the active component. Many formulations are applied topically to the skin in order to alter the subject's appearance, to protect the subject from the environment, or to produce a biological change in the skin or other tissue for therapeutic, preventive or cosmetic purposes. However, the skin forms one of the body's most effective barriers to foreign substances and owing to skin impermeability, for example, many therapeutic agents must be applied per os or parenterally even though the skin is the target organ. There are many reports on different attempts to increase the permeability of intact skin by suitable manipulations (Karzel K., Liedtke, R. K. (1989) Arzneim. Forsch./Drug Res. 39, 1487-1491). For instance: jet injection (Siddiqui & Chien (1987) Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug. Carrier. Syst. 3,195-208.), the use of electric fields (Burnette & Ongpipattanakul (1987) J. Pharm. Sci. 76, 765-773) or chemical penetration enhancers, such as solvents and surfactants, are particularly worth mentioning. A long list of additives which have been used to enhance the penetrance of a water-soluble agent into skin, is given in the work by Aungst et al. (1986, Int. J. Pharm. 33, 225-234). This list encompasses nonionic substances (including long-chain alcohols, surfactants, zwitterionic phospholipids, etc.), anionics (most notably fatty acids), cationic long-chain amines, sulfoxides as well as different amino-derivatives; amphotheric glycinates and betaines are also mentioned. Despite all this, the problem of agent penetration into skin has as yet not at all--or not satisfactorily--been solved. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lipid-based systems for targeting diagnostic agents Inventor(s): Davidsen, Jesper; (Copenhagen, DK), Frokjer, Sven; (Holte, DK), Jorgensen, Kent; (Sageyard, DK), Mouritsen, Ole G.; (Odense, DK), Vermehren, Charlotte; (Bingsted, DK) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030175205 Date filed: February 11, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to targeting of diagnostic agents by use of lipid-based compositions. The invention is useful in the diagnosis of various disorders which are associated with or resulting from increased levels of extracellular PLA.sub.2 activity in the diseased tissue, e.g. cancer, infectious, and inflammatory conditions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to targeting of diagnostic agents (herein generally referred to as "labels") by use of lipid-based compositions. The invention is useful in the diagnosis of various disorders which are associated with or resulting from increased levels of extracellular PLA.sub.2 activity in the diseased tissue, e.g. cancer, infectious, and inflammatory conditions. Diagnostic imaging is widely used in contemporary medicine. It requires that an appropriate intensity of signal from an area of interest is achieved in order to differentiate certain structures from surrounding tissues, regardless of the technique used. As noted by Torchilin (1998) imaging involves the relationship between the three spatial dimensions of the region of interest and a fourth dimension, time, which relates to both the pharmacokinetics of the agent and the period necessary to acquire the image. The physical properties that can be used to create an image include emission or absorption of radiation, nuclear magnetic moments and relaxation, and transmission or reflection of ultrasound. According to the physical principles applied, currently used imaging techniques include.gamma.-scintigraphy (involving the application of.gamma.-emitting radio-active materials); magnetic resonance (MR, phenomenon based on the transition between different energy levels of atomic nuclei under the action of radiofrequency signal); computed tomography (CT, the technique which utilises ionising radiation with the aid of computers to acquire cross-images of the body and three-dimensional images of areas of interest); and ultra-sonography (US, the technique using irradiation with ultrasound and based on the different rate at which ultrasound passes through various tissues). All four imaging techniques differ in their physical principles, sensitivity, resolution (both spatial and temporal), ability to provide images without contrast agent-mediated enhancement, and some other parameters, such as cost and safety. Usually, the imaging of different organs and tissues for early detection and localisation of numerous pathologies cannot be successfully achieved without appropriate contrast agents (see further) in different imaging procedures. To improve imaging contrast agents are used. These are the substances which are able to absorb certain types of signal (irradiation) much stronger than surrounding tissues. The contrast agents are specific for each imaging technique (see Table 1), and as a result of their accumulation in certain sites of interest, those sites may be easily visualised when the appropriate imaging technique is applied. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lipid-binding proteins and their therapeutic and diagnostic use Inventor(s): Harris, Roy; (Nottingham, GB), Osborne, Nicholas David; (Nottingham, GB) Correspondence: Saliwanchik Lloyd & Saliwanchik; A Professional Association; 2421 N.W. 41st Street; Suite A-1; Gainesville; FL; 326066669 Patent Application Number: 20030170177 Date filed: December 2, 2002 Abstract: The present invention pertains to microparticles of a lipid-binding protein such as defatted albumin or microparticles of such a protein having a non-natural lipid profile are useful in therapy, e.g., as a vehicle for gene therapy, and in imaging. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to lipid-binding proteins such as defatted albumin, especially as a spray-dried product, and to their therapeutic and diagnostic use. More particularly, the invention relates to microparticles that can be used as carriers in therapy, e.g. gene therapy, and to the combination of carrier and therapeutic agent. Human serum albumin (HSA) is a protein whose production in the form of microparticles having a size suitable for use in therapy by parenteral administration or by inhalation, alone or as a carrier for an active agent, e.g. in a metered dose inhaler, is disclosed in WO-A-9609814 and in WO-A-9618388. The HSA may be used as such or as a carrier for a desired active agent, since appropriate spray-drying conditions do not denature the protein or essentially reduce the existence of groups available for binding. As described in WO-A-9218164, albumin microparticles may be produced in soluble form and then stabilised, for use as diagnostic agents. WO-A-9618388 discloses that such products can be conjugated to therapeutic agents. WO-9609814 discloses that the soluble microparticles are not denaturated, and therefore retain therapeutic utility. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lipid-comprising drug delivery complexes and methods for their production Inventor(s): Cudmore, Sally; (Dublin, IE), Harvie, Pierrot; (Seattle, WA), O'Mahony, Daniel J.; (Dublin, IE), Paul, Ralph; (Seattle, WA) Correspondence: Gladys H. Monroy; Morrison & Foerster Llp; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20030203865 Date filed: April 30, 2002 Abstract: Novel stable, concentrated, biologically active and ready-to-use lipidcomprising drug delivery complexes and methods for their production are described. The complexes of the invention comprise a drug, at least one lipid species, optionally at least one polycation, and at least one targeting factor. The at least one lipid species may comprise a pegylated lipid. The complexes of the invention may provoke lower levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-.alpha. (TNF-.alpha.). The method described herein provides for the large scale production of lipid-comprising drug delivery systems useful for gene therapy and other applications. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/287,786, filed Apr. 30, 2001, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Not applicable. The present invention relates to lipids and their use as vehicles for the transfer of nucleic acids into cells. More specifically, this invention relates to lipid-comprising drug delivery complexes which are stable,

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biologically active, and capable of being concentrated, and to methods for their production. The complexes of the invention may reduce levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-.alpha. (TNF-.alpha.). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Low-lipid cosmetic and dermatological preparations in the form of O/W emulsions containing fatty acids Inventor(s): Lindemann, Wiebke; (Hamburg, DE), Riedel, Heidi; (Hamburg, DE) Correspondence: Alston & Bird Llp; Bank OF America Plaza; 101 South Tryon Street, Suite 4000; Charlotte; NC; 28280-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20030206934 Date filed: March 7, 2003 Abstract: Cosmetic or dermatological preparations in the form of an O/W emulsion comprising(I) 1-5% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations, of one or more neutralized or partially neutralized C.sub.14-C.sub.32-fatty acids(II) where sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide are chosen as neutralizing base, corresponding to a pH range of the preparations of 6.0-8.0 in neutralized or partially neutralized form,(III) where the content of alkylated ammonium bases is chosen to be less than 0.01% by weight(IV) 0.1 to 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations, of one or more mono- and/or diesters of glycerol and/or of propylene glycol and/or of glycol,(V) 0.5 to 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations, of one or more fatty alcohols chosen from the group of branched and unbranched alkyl alcohols having 12 to 40 carbon atoms,(VI) 1 to 9% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations, of a lipid phase composed of(a) one or more lipids with a melting point below 30.degree. C.(b) one or more lipids with a melting point above 30.degree. C.(VII) where the ratio of (a) and (b) is in the range from 2:1 to 6:1.(VIII) where lipids according to (a) comprise 0-5% of silicone oil, based on the total weight of the preparationswhere the ratio of lipids (a): silicone oils (VIII) is preferably in the range from 5:1 to 1:2. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation application of PCT/EP01/09306, filed Aug. 11, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and also claims the benefit of German Priority Application No. 100 44 313.3, filed Sep. 7, 2000. The present invention relates to cosmetic and dermatological emulsions, in particular skincare cosmetic and dermatological emulsions. In an advantageous embodiment, the present invention relates to an application that allows an increase in the stability of preparations, in particular emulsions, preferably ONV emulsions, which contain fatty acids. The skin is the largest human organ. Amongst its many functions (for example for temperature regulation and as a sensory organ) the barrier function, which prevents the skin (and ultimately the entire organism) from drying out, is the most important. At the same time, the skin acts as a protective device against the penetration and absorption of external substances. This barrier function is effected by the epidermis, which, as the outermost layer, forms the actual protective sheath against the environment. Providing about one tenth of the total thickness, it is also the thinnest layer of the skin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method and apparatus for the selective targeting of lipid-rich tissues Inventor(s): Altshuler, Gregory B.; (Wilmington, MA), Anderson, R. Rox; (Lexington, MA), Manstein, Dieter; (Boston, MA) Correspondence: Peter C. Lando; Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.; 600 Atlantic Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210; US Patent Application Number: 20030199859 Date filed: May 21, 2003 Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for targeting lipid-rich tissue to effect a desired, the method/apparatus involving irradiating the lipid-rich tissue with energy at a wavelength preferentially absorbed by lipid cells, such wavelength being preferably in a band between 880 nm and 935 nm, 1150 nm and 1230 nm, 1690 nm to 1780 nm, or 2250 nm to 2450 nm with a fluence and duration sufficient to achieve a desired treatment. For preferred embodiments, the irradiation wavelength is between 900-930 nm, 1190-1220 nm, 1700-1730 nm, or 2280-2350 nm. The method and apparatus may for example be used to target one or more sebaceous glands for the treatment of acne or hair removal, to target subcutaneous fat for removal thereof or for targeting fat on anatomical elements for various purposes. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/277,307, filed Mar. 26, 1999, which claims priority from provisional application serial No. 60/079,710 filed Mar. 27, 1998, the subject matter of the above-applications is incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to methods and apparatus for the selective heating of lipid-rich tissue including sebaceous glands, subcutaneous fat, lipid in membranes of cells, and fat surrounding organs, vessels, hair bulbs, and other anatomical elements, and/or to the selective destruction or removal of such tissue and/or structures adjacent thereto; and more particularly to methods and apparatus for using optical radiation in selected wavebands, which radiation may be obtained from a laser or other suitable light source, to effect such heating, removal and/or destruction. Adipose or lipid-rich tissue, which is also sometimes referred to as "fat" or "fatty tissue", is a common cosmetic and surgical problem, and excessive body fat may also pose certain other health risks. Many factors, including heredity, glandular function, nutrition and lifestyle affect both the extent and location of body fat. Despite dieting and exercise, many people cannot lose fat, particularly in certain areas. Heretofore, liposuction, a procedure in which fat is removed by a suction cannula under local anesthesia, or other forms of fat excision have been used. Fat also occurs in pads on the face and neck and small area local liposuction has sometimes been performed in these areas. However, liposuction is an invasive surgical procedure and presents all of the disadvantages and risks to the patient involved in such a procedure, including scars at the sites of entry into skin. Another problem with liposuction is that it is not selective in only removing unwanted fat, but also rips out tissue in the path of the liposuction hose, including the collagen supporting structure holding the patient's skin in place. This can result in cosmetically unattractive sagging skin in the treated area, in addition to significant pain to the patient both during and after the procedure, risk of infection and other potential problems. The trauma caused by extreme liposuction has in some cases even resulted in the death of the patient. Further, while liposuction can be used for the removal of deep fat, it is significantly less effective for removing fat at a superficial level of subcutaneous fat just below the dermis. Such removal is desirable in some cases because it is less traumatic to the patient. However, it is difficult to do with a liposuction cannula without scratching the dermis, damage to the dermis not healing readily, and attempts to perform surface liposuction also result in an uneven removal of fat which leaves an esthetically

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unattractive patterning on the patient's skin. Therefore, while liposuction is still used extensively for the removal of excess fat, it is not a desirable procedure. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and composition which inhibits the oxidation of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids Inventor(s): Akashe, Ahmad; (Mundelein, IL), Hill, Steven E.; (Prospect Heights, IL) Correspondence: Fitch Even Tabin And Flannery; 120 South LA Salle Street; Suite 1600; Chicago; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20030149118 Date filed: February 28, 2003 Abstract: The invention is directed to a method and composition which inhibits the oxidation of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids in an aqueous emulsion. This invention is especially directed to a method and composition which inhibits the oxidation of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated lipids in an aqueous emulsion. When soy protein, and in particular, soy protein isolates, are blended with omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids, the rate of oxidation of the omega-3 and/or omega-6 lipids is reduced and the shelf life of such lipids is extended. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a method and composition which inhibits the oxidation of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids in an aqueous emulsion. When soy protein, and in an important aspect, soy protein isolates, are blended with omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids, the rate of oxidation of the omega-3 and/or omega-6 lipids is reduced and the shelf life of such lipids is extended. This invention is especially adapted for increasing the oxidative stability of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated lipids in aqueous emulsions. Lipid oxidation is a major cause of food deterioration affecting flavor, aroma, color, texture, and the nutritional value of the particular food. Additionally, free radicals formed during lipid oxidation may participate in the development of arteriosclerosis and other diseases. Long chain omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or lipids such as 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-eicosapentaenoic acid and 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid (EPA and DHA, respectively) are fatty acids naturally found in fish or marine oil at about a 15 to about 30 percent level, and are known to have a wide range of nutritional and health benefits such as, for example, lowering blood triglycerides in humans and, therefore, lowering the risk and/or incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Other health benefits associated with long chain omega-3 oils include health immunity (anti-arthritis) and mental and visual acuity in developing infants and children. Based on these and other emerging benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, foods containing omega-3 fatty acids can be considered as functional foods. The increase in popularity of such functional foods and nutraceuticals demonstrates that consumer demand for healthful foods is on the rise. Unfortunately, formulating foods with omega-3 lipids is difficult because of their oxidative instability. Highly unsaturated lipids, such as fats and oils, undergo oxidation. While not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the oxidation of these lipids is caused by a free radical chain reaction involving peroxides and the formation of the highly odorous reaction products. It may be that a free radical is formed by an initiator such as ozone or a oxide radical formed from the interaction of contaminants in lipids. Other initiators could include UV radiation and enzymes, such as xanthine oxidase, which produce radicals which ultimately cause the oxidation of the unsaturated lipids.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for activating the lipid catabolic metabolism in enteric epithelium and improving the lipid metabolism in enteric epithelium Inventor(s): Hase, Tadashi; (Haga-gun, JP), Kondo, Hidehiko; (Haga-gun, JP), Murase, Takatoshi; (Haga-gun, JP), Watanabe, Hiroyuki; (Haga-gun, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030158257 Date filed: September 11, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are a method for activating lipid metabolism in the small intestine epithelium and also a method for promoting accumulation of fatty acids into the small intestine epithelium, each of which features administering an effective amount of a diacylglycerol. Also disclosed are methods for improving various symptoms in diabetes, which have ingesting a diacylglycerol. Ingestion of the diacylglycerol leads to accumulation of the fatty acids in the small intestine. The fatty acids so accumulated promote induction of.beta.-oxidation, thereby not only activating lipid catabolism but also making it difficult to allow lipids to accumulate as triacylglycerols. This series of actions eventually results in development of lowering action for blood remnant-like lipoprotein level and also lowering action for blood leptin level, and hence, lipid metabolism is improved. Further, energy consumption is enhanced by promoting the induction of.beta.-oxidation and activating lipid catabolism. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for promoting accumulation of fatty acids into the small intestinal epithelium, and also to a method for improving lipid metabolism in the small intestine epithelium for the suppression of triacylglycerol synthesis, the enhancement of.beta.-oxidation, the enhancement of uncoupling protein (UCP) expression, the promotion of energy consumption, the lowering of blood leptin level, the lowering of blood remnant level and/or the like purpose. This invention is also concerned with a method for treating diabetes and a method for improving lipid metabolism in a diabetic patient by ingesting diacylglycerol. From research in recent years, elucidations have been made increasingly as to a connection between lipid metabolism disorders, such as an increase in blood leptin level and an increase in blood remnant level, and diseases such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral infarction and aortic aneurysm. It is, therefore, desired to lower the remnant and leptin levels by improving lipid metabolism (Fertil Steril March 2002; 77(3), 433-44). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for extracting lipid mixture containing phospholipids comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids from viscera of fish, method for preserving viscera prior to extraction, and lipid mixture extracted thereby Inventor(s): Fujii, Tatsuya; (Yaizu-shi, JP), Hashidume, Masayuki; (Yaizu-shi, JP), Hiratsuka, Seiichi; (Shizuoka-shi, JP), Kitagawa, Tomoko; (Yaizu-shi, JP), Matsue, Youko; (Yaizu-shi, JP), Muramatsu, Noriyuki; (Yaizu-shi, JP), Suzuki, Toshihiro; (Yaizushi, JP), Tamura, Masami; (Yaizu-shi, JP), Yokoyama, Masaaki; (Yaizu-shi, JP) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida, Llc; Eight Penn Center; Suite 1350; 1628 John F. Kennedy Boulevard; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030190392 Date filed: February 12, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for extracting a lipid mixture having a high percentage of phospholipids comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids. The method comprises the steps of (a) heating the viscera of fish with hot water or steam; and (b) extracting from the heated viscera of fish, using a solvent, the lipid mixture containing phospholipids comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lipid mixture obtained by the present method contains phosphatidylserine comprising docosahexaenoic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine comprising docosahexaenoic acid in high concentration. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 200295183 filed on Mar. 29, 2002, Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-95004 filed on Mar. 29, 2002, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-00645 filed Jan. 6, 2003, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to a method for extracting, from the viscera of fish that are obtained as a byproduct in the seafood processing industry, a lipid mixture containing phospholipids comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids, and also to a method for preserving the viscera for a certain time period prior to the extraction. In recent years, it has been disclosed that phospholipids, comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play an important role in physiology. The viscera of tuna, bonito, sardine and other fish contain an abundance of these phospholipids, and have drawn much attention as a candidate material for functional food. The viscera of fish are a byproduct rather than a main product in the seafood processing industry, and thus most are discarded. Therefore, an effective use of these viscera is beneficial from the viewpoint of waste reduction as well as of maximum resource utilization. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods for encapsulating plasmids in lipid bilayers Inventor(s): Bally, Marcel B.; (Bowen Island, CA), Cullis, Pieter R.; (Vancouver, CA), Hope, Michael; (Vancouver, CA), Wheeler, Jeffery J.; (Richmond, CA) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030181410 Date filed: February 24, 2003 Abstract: Plasmid-lipid particles which are useful for transfection of cells in vitro or in vivo are described. The particles can be formed using either detergent dialysis methods

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or methods which utilize organic solvents. The particles are typically 65-85 nm, fully encapsulate the plasmid and are serum-stable. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to formulations for therapeutic nucleic acid delivery and methods for their preparation, and in particular to lipid encapsulated plasmids or antisense constructs. The invention provides a circulation-stable, characterizable delivery vehicle for the introduction of plasmids or antisense compounds into cells. These vehicles are safe, stable, and practical for clinical use. Gene therapy is an area of current interest which involves the introduction of genetic material into a cell to facilitate expression of a deficient protein. There are currently five major methods by which this is accomplished, namely: (i) calcium phosphate precipitation, (ii) DEAEdextran complexes, (iii) electroporation, (iv) cationic lipid complexes and (v) reconstituted viruses or virosomes (see Chang, et al., Focus 10:88 (1988)). Cationic lipid complexes are presently the most effective generally used means of effecting transfection. A number of different formulations incorporating cationic lipids are commercially available, namely (i) LIPOFECTIN.RTM. (which uses 1,2-dioleyloxy-3(N,N,N-trimethyfamino)propane chloride, or DOTMA, see Eppstein, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,355); LIPOFECTAMINE.RTM. (which uses DOSPA, see Hawley-Nelson, et al., Focus 15(3):73 (1993)); and LIPOFECTACE.RTM. (which uses N,N-distearyl-N,Ndimethyl-ammonium bromide, or DDAB, see Rose, U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,833). Others have reported alternative cationic lipids that work in essentially the same manner but with different efficiencies, for example 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(N,N,N-trimeth- ylamino)propane chloride, or DOTAP, see Stomatatos, et al., Biochemistry 27:3917-3925 (1988)); glycerol based lipids (see Leventis, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1023:124 (1990); lipopolyamines (see, Behr, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,678) and cholesterol based lipids (see Epand, et al., WO 93/05162, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,185). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods of separating a corn fiber lipid fraction from corn fiber Inventor(s): Buchanan, Charles M.; (Kingsport, TN), Buchanan, Norma L.; (Kingsport, TN), Debenham, John S.; (Kingsport, TN), Shelton, Michael C.; (Kingsport, TN), Wood, Matthew D.; (Gray, TN) Correspondence: Needle & Rosenberg P C; 127 Peachtree Street N E; Atlanta; GA; 303031811; US Patent Application Number: 20030188340 Date filed: March 6, 2003 Abstract: In one aspect, the invention provides a corn fiber lipid fraction containing phytosterols and phytosterol esters obtained via solvent extraction of a proteolyzed corn fiber, wherein the concentration of phytosterols and phytosterol esters in the lipid fraction is at least about 1.4 times greater than the concentration of phytosterols and phytosterol esters in the lipid fraction of a nonproteolyzed corn fiber. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of, and claims the benefit of, application Ser. No. 09/501,917, filed on Feb. 10, 2000, which status is allowed. The Ser. No. 09/501,917 application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/119,399, filed Feb. 10, 1999. U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/501,917 and 60/119,399 are each incorporated herein by this reference in their entireties. This invention relates to corn fiber. More particularly, this invention relates to the extraction of a corn fiber oil from wet or dry milled corn fiber. Specifically, the corn fiber obtained according to the

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methods herein comprises phytosterols and phytosterols esters. The invention also relates to novel corn fiber oil obtained from corn fiber. In the future, it will become increasingly important to develop consumer products from renewable resources, especially from annually renewable resources. Corn is one example of an annually renewable resource that serves as a source of valuable consumer products. Products derived from corn serve an important role in providing useful foodstuffs to the public. Corn provides important products, such as high fructose corn syrup, ethanol, grain and corn oil. While a large percentage of the total portion of corn is utilized to manufacture these substances, as well as other high value products, a significant fraction of corn is utilized for relatively low value products, such as animal feed. Technology that would allow a higher value utilization of the remaining fractions of corn would provide increased value overall from the entire useable portions of corn. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nanoemulsions comprising at least one amphiphilic lipid, at least one oil, and at least one nonionic polymer, and uses thereof Inventor(s): Aubrun, Odile; (Paris, FR), Cazin, Benedicte; (Clichy, FR), Douin, Veronique; (Paris, FR), Simonnet, Jean-Thierry; (Paris, FR) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner; Llp; 1300 I Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030138465 Date filed: January 22, 2001 Abstract: Oil-in-water nanoemulsions comprising oil globules with an average size of less than 150 nm and comprising at least one oil, at least one amphiphilc lipid, and at least one nonionic polymer comprising at least one hydrophobic block and at least one hydrophilic block. Processes comprising such oil-in-water nanoemulsions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to O/W (oil-in-water) nanoemulsions comprising oil globules with an average size of less than 150 nm comprising at least one oil, at least one amphiphilc lipid, and at least one nonionic polymer comprising at least one hydrophobic block and at least one hydrophilic block. The present invention also relates to the use of such nanoemulsions in topical application, for example, in cosmetics and/or in dermopharmacy. The term "nanoemulsion" means a metastable oil-in-water emulsion (wherein, for example, the emulsion can comprise an oily phase dispersed in an aqueous phase) whose oil globule size is less than 150 nm, these oil globules being stabilized with a crown of amphiphilic lipids which can optionally form a liquid crystal phase of lamellar type located at the oil/aqueous phase interface. The transparency of these emulsions derives from the small size of the oil globules, wherein said small size can be obtained for example by using a high-pressure homogenizer. Nanoemulsions are to be distinguished from microemulsions by their structure. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable dispersions comprising micelles of at least one amphiphilic lipid swollen with oil. Furthermore, microemulsions do not require considerable mechanical energy to be prepared. They form spontaneously simply by placing the constituents in contact. At least one possible drawback of microemulsions can be associated with the presence of a high proportion of surfactants, which may tend to lead to intolerance and entailing a sticky feel when applied to the skin. Moreover, their field of formulation is generally narrow and their temperature stability can be limited. The at least one (as used throughout herein above and below, the expression "at least one" means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as

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mixtures/combinations) amphiphilic lipid is present in an amphiphilic lipid phase, which comprises at least one amphiphilic lipid chosen from for example nonionic and ionic amphiphilic lipids. The expression "amphiphilic lipid" means any molecule of bipolar structure comprising at least one hydrophobic portion and at least one hydrophilic portion having the property of reducing the surface tension of water (g<55 mN/m) and of reducing the interface tension between water and an oily phase. The synonyms of amphiphilic lipid are, for example: surfactant, surface agent, and emulsifier. The prior art discloses nanoemulsions comprising an amphiphilic lipid phase comprising phospholipids, a cationic lipid, water and a hydrophobic sunscreen. They are obtained by a high-pressure homogenization process. These nanoemulsions can have at least one drawback, for example, such nanoemulsions may tend to be unstable on storage at the conventional storage temperatures, i.e., between 0.degree. C. and 45.degree. C. Such nanoemulsions may lead to yellow compositions and may produce unpleasant odors, which may develop after a few days of storage. Furthermore, such nanoemulsions tend to exhibit less favorable cosmetic properties. They are described in the "DCI" review of April 1996, pages 46-48, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel apolipoprotein gene involved in lipid metabolism Inventor(s): Pennacchio, Len A.; (Sebastopol, CA), Rubin, Edward; (Berkeley, CA) Correspondence: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; One Cyclotron Road, Mail Stop 90b; University OF California; Berkeley; CA; 94720; US Patent Application Number: 20030150003 Date filed: August 27, 2002 Abstract: Methods and materials for studying the effects of a newly identified human gene, APOAV, and the corresponding mouse gene apoAV. The sequences of the genes are given, and transgenic animals which either contain the gene or have the endogenous gene knocked out are described. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene are described and characterized. It is demonstrated that certain SNPs are associated with diseases involving lipids and triglycerides and other metabolic diseases. These SNPs may be used alone or with SNPs from other genes to study individual risk factors. Methods for intervention in lipid diseases, including the screening of drugs to treat lipid-related or diabetic diseases are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Application No. 60/318,219, which was filed on Aug. 27, 2001, hereby incorporated by reference. Applicants assert that the paper copy of the Sequence Listing is identical to the Sequence Listing in computer readable form found on the accompanying computer disk. Applicants incorporate the contents of the sequence listing by reference in its entirety. This invention generally relates to human lipid metabolism, particularly to apolipoproteins, genes encoding these apolipoproteins, related proteins, and their mutations and polymorphisms as they relate to cardiovascular, coronary and other diseases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel oat lipid based surfactants and derivatives and process for preparing same Inventor(s): Syed, Samad A.; (Paramus, NJ), Walele, Ismail I.; (Saddle Brook, NJ) Correspondence: Weingram & Associates P.C.; P.O. Box 927; Maywood; NJ; 07607; US Patent Application Number: 20030198653 Date filed: June 21, 2002 Abstract: Novel oat-lipid based derivatives, surfactants and emollients are disclosed, as well as their use in the production of surface active derivatives or non-surface active esters, and ester emollients. The surfactants and fatty derivatives are useful as emollients, dispersants, emulsifiers, and conditioners for hair care and skin care products. For example, derivatives such as amides of oat fatty triglycerides ("OFTG")/Monoethanolamine; Acyl Amidopropyl Dimethyl Amines of OFTG as Cationic Surfactants; Betaines based on OFTG; Esters of OFTG based Fatty Acids and Isostearyl Alcohol; Quaternaries based on OFTG based Amido-propyl Dimethyl Amine; Sulfosuccinamates based on OFTG--MEA Amides; and Sulfosuccinamates based on OFTG--Iso Propanolamines have been prepared. Derivatives may also include those involving other reactive groups known to those skilled in the art. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel oat-lipid based surfactants and derivatives, and emollients, their process of manufacture, their use in the production of surface active derivatives, non-surface active esters, and ester emollients, and skin and hair care preparations containing the surfactants, derivatives, and emollients. The surfactants and fatty ester derivatives are useful as emollients, dispersants, emulsifiers, and conditioners for hair care and skin care products. Surfactants and derivatives are known for a variety of different applications for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medicinal purposes. Numerous references describe the production and use of surface active derivatives or non-surface active esters, and ester emollients. For example, it is known to use oats and oat extract in cosmetic preparations to obtain the benefits of mildness, antioxidant properties, etc. Surfactants and fatty derivatives useful as emollients, dispersants, emulsifiers and conditioners for hair and skin care products are commonly produced from a wide variety of fatty acids, fatty alcohols and amines, polyamines, dialkyl propylamines, alkanolamines, etc. However, none of these references teach or suggest the specific novel oat-based surfactants made from the fatty oil triglyceride obtained from oats, or OFTG, of this invention or the use of OFTG to produce surface active derivatives or non-surface active esters, and ester emollients for cosmetics and personal care products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Phenolic acid derivatives and composition for preventing or treating blood lipid level-related diseases comprising the same Inventor(s): Bok, Songhae; (Taejon, KR), Choi, Myungsook; (Taegu, KR), Choi, Yangkyu; (Taejon, KR), Hyun, Byunghwa; (Taejon, KR), Jeong, Taesook; (Taejon, KR), Kim, Euneai; (Taejon, KR), Lee, Chulho; (Taejon, KR), Lee, Sangku; (Taejon, KR), Moon, Surksik; (Taejon, KR), Oh, Gootaeg; (Taejon, KR) Correspondence: Nath & Associates; 1030 15th Street; 6th Floor; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030199566 Date filed: December 4, 2002

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Abstract: The present invention relates to phenolic acid derivatives of the formula I and compositions for the preventing and the treating blood lipid level-related diseases comprising the phenolic acid derivatives. The compounds have excellent effects of reducing blood lipid level, inhibiting cholesterol metabolism-related enzymes and preventing and treating blood lipid level-related diseases. 1wherein,R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently hydrogen, hydroxy or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkoxy;R.sup.6 is 2R.sup.a is hydrogen or acetyl;R.sup.b is COOR.sup.d or CH.sub.2OR.sup.d;R.sup.c is hydrogen, benzyl, hydroxybenzyl, imidazolemethyl, indolemethyl, linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl substittuted with hydroxy, thiol(SH), thiomethyl(SCH.sub.3), NHR.sup.d, CNHNH.sub.2, CONH.sub.2 or COOR.sup.d; andR.sup.d is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or benzyl. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for preventing and treating blood lipid level-related diseases comprising phenolic acid derivatives. Currently, coronary cardiovascular disease accounts for more than 30% of the total causes of death and become serious problems in advanced countries such as United States, Europe, etc. Also, heart diseases are tending to increase in developing countries due to westernization of dietary life, lack of exercise, etc. It is known that when the plasma cholesterol level is high, fat along with macrophages, foam cells, etc. is deposited on the wall of blood vessels to form plaque, causing arteriosclerosis, which blocks blood flow (Ross, R., Nature, 362, 801-809(1993)). It has been reported that the plasma cholesterol level can be reduced by suppressing absorption of cholesterol. Acyl CoA-cholesterol-Oacyltransferase (ACAT) is an enzyme that converts cholesterol into cholesterol ester in the tissue of the human body. In experimental and clinical arteriosclerosis phenomenon, the formation of foam cells derived from macrophages or smooth muscle cells is a very important factor. The foam cells are formed by the action of ACAT and contain plenty of cholesterol ester transferred by LDL in the blood. Since the foam cells are frequently found on the wall of artery as the activity of ACAT increases, it is highly possible for ACAT inhibitor to act as an agent for preventing arteriosclerosis. Also, if the ACAT activity in the liver is suppressed, LDL-cholesterol level in the circulating blood may be lowered (Witiak, D. T. and D. R. Feller(eds), Antilipidemic Drugs: Medicinal, Chemical, and Biochemical Aspects, Elsevier, pp159-195(1991)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process and apparatus for production of striated, laminated lipid-based confections Inventor(s): Miller, Rene; (Guelph, CA), Miller, Van; (Norval, CA) Correspondence: Marks & Clerk; 350 Burnhamthorpe Road West; Suite 402; Mississauga; ON; L5b 3j1; CA Patent Application Number: 20030148000 Date filed: February 6, 2002 Abstract: A method of manufacturing multi-layered, laminated, lipid-based sweet confections comprises tempering the lipid-based formulation for each layer, and depositing them separately onto a moving conveyor belt, which is passed through a cooling tunnel between the station where the first layer is placed on the conveyor belt and the station where the next layer is placed. If more than two layers are to be made, additional stations are employed further along the conveyor belt. A set of fingers is located at each station so as to striate the layers as they pass beneath the fingers, so as to govern the width of each ribbon that is thus formed. The width of the fingers in each

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successive set of fingers is not greater than the width of the fingers in the preceding set. A mixer is arranged with a pump to inject discrete predetermined quantities of a syrup additive which at least has a color component and which may also have a flavour component, into the center of a stream of tempered formulation for at least one of the layers as it is being fed into the mixer, so that upon exit from the mixer the formulation has at least a different color than the formulation for each contiguous layer of the confection being formed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to multi-layered, laminated, lipid-based sweet confections. The sweet confections are lipid-based, typically chocolate but not necessarily, and may be employed either as snack items or in baked items such as cookies and cakes. Depending on the formulations employed, the laminated, multilayered sweet confections of the present invention may also be incorporated into ice cream confections. U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,572 Dry Butter-Based Flake Product. U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,735 Sweet Cinnamon or Other Flavored Fat-Based, and Hydrous Flakes for Bakery Purposes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

SN-38 lipid complexes and their methods of use Inventor(s): Ahmad, Imran; (Wadsworth, IL), Rahman, Aquilur; (Potomac, MD), Zhang, Jia-Ai; (Vernon Hills, IL) Correspondence: Leydig Voit & Mayer, Ltd; Two Prudential Plaza, Suite 4900; 180 North Stetson Avenue; Chicago; IL; 60601-6780; US Patent Application Number: 20030215492 Date filed: April 28, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is for novel compositions and methods for treating diseases caused by cellular proliferation, particularly, for treating cancer in mammals and more particularly in humans. The therapeutic compositions of the present invention include SN-38 lipid complexes in which the complexes can contain any of a variety of neutral or charged lipids and, desirably, cardiolipin. The compositions are capable of efficiently incorporating SN-38 into complexes and are capable of solubilizing relatively high concentrations of SN-38. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to complexes of SN-38 with lipids, their methods of manufacture, and their use in the treatment of diseases, especially diseases involving eukaryotic cellular proliferation. The compound known as 7-ethyl-10hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) and more formally as ((+)-(4S)-4,11-diethyl-4,9dihydroxy-1H-pyrano[3',4':6,7- ]-indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14(4H,12H)-dione, first disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,692, is an active metabolite of irinotecan, a derivative of camptothecin. It is thought to bind to the enzyme topoisomerase I, the enzyme responsible for relieving torsional strain in DNA by inducing reversible single-strand breaks. The bound SN-38 appears to block religation of the single-strand breaks by topoisomerase-I thereby causing cytotoxicity in mammalian cells which, apparently, can not otherwise sufficiently repair the breaks. The metabolic conversion of irinotecan to SN-38 occurs primarily in the liver by carboxylesterase-mediated cleavage of the carbamate bond between the camptothecin moiety and a dipiperidino side chain. Subsequently, this derivative undergoes conjugation to form the glucuronide metabolite. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Sugar and lipid metabolism regulators in plants III Inventor(s): Cirpus, Petra; (Mannheim, DE), Haertel, Heiko A.; (Durham, NC), Mittendorf, Volker; (Durham, NC) Correspondence: Sutherland Asbill & Brennan Llp; 999 Peachtree Street, N.E.; Atlanta; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20030154512 Date filed: August 12, 2002 Abstract: Isolated nucleic acids and proteins associated with lipid and sugar metabolism regulation are provided. In particular, lipid metabolism proteins (LMP) and encoding nucleic acids originating from Arabidopsis thaliana are provided. The nucleic acids and proteins are used in methods of producing transgenic plants and modulating levels of seed storage compounds. Preferably, the seed storage compounds are lipids, fatty acids, starches or seed storage proteins. Excerpt(s): The present invention claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/311,414 filed Aug. 10, 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates generally to nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins that are related to the presence of seed storage compounds in plants. More specifically, the present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences encoding sugar and lipid metabolism regulator proteins and the use of these sequences in transgenic plants. The invention further relates to methods of applying these novel plant polypeptides to the identification and stimulation of plant growth and/or to the increase of yield of seed storage compounds. The study and genetic manipulation of plants has a long history that began even before the famed studies of Gregor Mendel. In perfecting this science, scientists have accomplished modification of particular traits in plants ranging from potato tubers having increased starch content to oilseed plants such as canola and sunflower having increased or altered fatty acid content. With the increased consumption and use of plant oils, the modification of seed oil content and seed oil levels has become increasingly widespread (e.g. Topfer et al. 1995, Science 268:681-686). Manipulation of biosynthetic pathways in transgenic plants provides a number of opportunities for molecular biologists and plant biochemists to affect plant metabolism giving rise to the production of specific higher-value products. The seed oil production or composition has been altered in numerous traditional oilseed plants such as soybean (U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,650), canola (U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,650), sunflower (U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,164) and rapeseed (Topfer et al. 1995, Science 268:681-686), and non-traditional oil seed plants such as tobacco (Cahoon et al. 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1118411188). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Synthesis, lipid peroxidation and cytotoxic evaluation of 10-substituted 1,5-dichloro9(10H)-anthracenone derivatives Inventor(s): Huang, Hsu-Shan; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Stephen M. Nipper; Dykas & Shaver, Llp; P.O. Box 877; Boise; ID; 83701-0877; US Patent Application Number: 20030135060 Date filed: September 27, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is the synthesis of a series of 1,5-dichloro-9(10H)anthracenones bearing O-linked and N-linked substituents in the 10-position. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of the human oral epidermoid carcinoma cells (KB cell line), human cervical carcinoma cells of ME 180 (GBM 8401) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), respectively. In addition, redox property of the compounds for inhibition of lipid peroxidation in model membranes was determined. 1 Excerpt(s): The synthesis of a series of 1,5-dichloro-9(10H)-anthracenones bearing Olinked and N-linked substituents in the 10-position are described. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of the tumor, and lipid peroxidation in model membranes. Description of the prior art. Anthracenone derivatives display potent and selective antitumor activity, but their mechanism of action is not clearly established yet. Despite structural similarities between the substitutents anthracenone nucleus and molecules possessing known antitumor activity, antiproliferative, antipsoriatic, antiinflammnatory, or antioxidant activity, these agents form a distinct mechanictic class. Perry P. J., et al., J. Med. Chem., vol. 41, pp. 32533260,4873-4884 (1998); Perry P. J., et al., J. Med. Chem., vol. 42, pp. 2679-2684 (1999). Anthracene and anthracenone derivatives have been the subject of extensive research mainly due to their well-recognized biological importance and the significant biological applications. Although potential drug targets only present in cancerous cells have surfaced, the design of a drug which is selectively toxic to a tumor and not to the host organism is still very difficult have reported by Krapcho A. P., et al., J. Med. Chem., vol. 41, pp. 5429-5444 (1998). We have previously shown that 9-acyloxy 1,5dichloroanthracenes at WO 0061536 and 9-acyloxy 1,8-dichloroanthracenes on Chem. Pharm. Bull., vol. 49(8), pp. 969-973(2001). In the previous papers, we described the synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationships for 9-acyloxy derivatives. In order to provide further insight into anthracene and anthracenone pharmacophore, the involvement of free radicals and antiproliferative activity, we examined the effects of introducing electron-donating 10-oxy and 10-N substituents to see where replacement of the electron-withdrawing carbonyl of the earlier series can provide analogs with both potent antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Despite the extensive and long-standing therapeutic utilization of anthracenones, their mechanism of action is still uncertain. A large body of evidence is consistent with a fundamental role of oxygen radicals in the induction of skin inflammation by anthracenes of Muller K., Biochem. Pharmacol., vol. 53, pp. 1215-1221 (1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Systems and methods using multiple solvents for the removal of lipids from fluids Inventor(s): Bomberger, David C.; (Belmont, CA), Chavez, Bryan; (San Jose, CA), Garcia, Pablo E.; (Redwood City, CA), Hegwer, Eric; (Menlo Park, CA), Low, Thomas P.; (Belmont, CA), Malhotra, Ripudaman; (San Carlos, CA), Shimon, Jeffrey J.; (Mountain View, CA) Correspondence: John S. Pratt, Esq; Kilpatrick Stockton, Llp; 1100 Peachtree Street; Suite 2800; Atlanta; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20030150809 Date filed: June 21, 2002 Abstract: This invention is directed to systems and methods for removing lipids from a fluid or from lipid-containing organisms from a fluid, such as plasma. These systems combine a fluid with at least one extraction solvent, which causes the lipids to separate from the fluid or from the lipid-containing organisms. The separated lipids are removed from the fluid. The at least one extraction solvent is removed from the fluid or at least reduced to a concentration enabling the fluid to be administered to a patient without undesirable consequences. Once the fluid has been processed, the fluid may be administered to a patient who donated the fluid or to a different patient for therapy. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the filing dates of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/301,112, filed Jun. 25, 2001; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/301,108, filed Jun. 25, 2001; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/300,927, filed Jun. 25, 2001; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/301,109, filed Jun. 25, 2001; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/346,094, filed Jan. 2, 2002, all of which are incorporated by reference herein. The present invention relates to systems, apparatuses and methods for the removal of lipids from fluids, especially blood plasma, or from lipid-containing organisms, or both, using extraction solvents. After being processed, the fluid may be administered to an animal or human for therapeutic use such as treatment of arteriosclerosis and atherosclerotic vascular diseases, removal of fat within an animal or human, and reduction of infectivity of lipid-containing organisms. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases are responsible for a significant number of deaths annually in many industrialized countries. One of the most common pathological processes underlying these diseases is arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is characterized by lesions, which begin as localized fatty thickenings in the inner aspects of blood vessels supplying blood to the heart, brain, and other organs and tissues throughout the body. Over time, these atherosclerotic lesions may ulcerate, exposing fatty plaque deposits that may break away and embolize within the circulation. Atherosclerotic lesions obstruct the lumens of the affected blood vessels and often reduce the blood flow within the blood vessels, which may result in ischemia of the tissue supplied by the blood vessel. Embolization of atherosclerotic plaques may produce acute obstruction and ischemia in distal blood vessels. Such ischemia, whether prolonged or acute, may result in a heart attack or stroke from which the patient may or may not recover. Similar ischemia in an artery supplying an extremity may result in gangrene requiring amputation of the extremity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Viral core protein-cationic lipid-nucleic acid-delivery complexes Inventor(s): Alton, Eric; (London, GB), Manvell, Michelle; (London, GB), Matthews, David; (Bristol, GB), Miller, David Andrew; (London, GB), Murray, Karl; (Davis, CA), Perouzel, Eric; (London, GB), Russell, Willie; (Fife, GB), Tagawa, Toshiaki; (Yokohama, JP) Correspondence: Scott A Mccollister; Fay Sharpe Fagan Minnich & Mckee; 7th Floor; 1100 Superior Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44114-2518; US Patent Application Number: 20030153081 Date filed: January 13, 2003 Abstract: A nucleic acid delivery complex is provided which comprises a condensed polypeptide/nucleic acid complex and a cationic lipid wherein the complex comprises (a) a nucleic acide sequence of interest (NOI); and (b) one or more viral nucleic acid packaging polypeptides, or derivatives thereof, said polypeptides or derivatives thereof being (i) capable of binding to the NOI; and (ii) capable of condensing the NOI; and wherein the NOI is heterologous to the polypeptide. Also provided is a method of introducing an NOI into a cell using the delivery vector. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cationic lipid/protein/nucleic acid complexes comprising viral packaging proteins and their use in the efficient delivery of nucleic acids to cells, such as neuronal cells. Promising advances in non-viral gene transfer have been made as a result of the production of synthetic liposomes formulated with cationic lipids that are able to transfect cells. However few of these complexes have been examined for their ability to efficiently transfer DNA into CNS cells and to obtain expression of a transgene. The ability to transfect neuronal cells efficiently and safely could provide a powerful tool for the elucidation of neuronal function and may lead to novel treatments for neurological disorders. Unfortunately, gene therapy for the CNS has been hampered by the lack of efficient means for transducing postmitotic neurons. Most studies have utilized viral vectors for gene delivery. However, many viral vectors are plagued by problems of immunity and cytotoxicity and are not easily manipulated by non-virologists.sup.1-3. Non-viral vectors are now emerging as an alternative method of cellular transduction. The most promising advances in non-viral gene transfer have been in the production of synthetic liposomes formulated with cationic lipids (cytofectins) able to transfect cells. Such cationic liposomes are relatively easy to use, have a broad applicability and lack cytotoxicity.sup.4. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with dietary fat, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on dietary fat.

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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning dietary fat. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON DIETARY FAT Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to dietary fat. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on dietary fat include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on dietary fat: •

Lowfat Cooking for Dummies Source: Foster City, CA: IDG Books, 408p., 1997. Contact: IDG Books Worldwide, 919 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 400, Foster City, CA 94404. Summary: Fischer gives basic nutrition information, explaining how to identify foods high in fat. She then explains how to read a nutrition label, how to reduce dietary fat through cooking methods, and how to change to a low-fat diet. A variety of recipes are included, for breakfasts, soups, lunches, snacks, salads, fish and shellfish, pasta, sauces, desserts, and beverages. Fischer offers a final chapter of guidelines for general use and for eating out.

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Convenience Food Facts: A Quick Guide to the Best Food Choices in Every Aisle of the Grocery Store. 4th ed Source: Minneapolis, MN: Diabetes Center, Inc. 1997. 472 p.

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Contact: Available from Chronimed Publishing. P.O. Box 59032, Minnetonka, MN 55459-9686. (800) 848-2793 or (612) 541-0239. Fax (800) 395-3344 or (612) 541-0210. PRICE: $12.95. ISBN: 1885115369. Summary: The book is designed to help convenience food users meet several different nutritional needs and desires: limiting calories to reduce weight, reducing dietary fat, reducing salt content of the diet, and using exchange lists for meal planning. Hundreds of convenience food products are listed, by brand name, in tables under major food categories, and an index of brand names is provided. Each product is listed in a suggested serving size along with the number of calories, milligrams of sodium, food exchange values, and grams of carbohydrate, protein, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Foods with moderate or high sugar content and those with more than two fat exchanges per serving are marked for attention. For people with diabetes, a guide is provided to help with computing exchange values from nutritional labeling on products not listed in the book. •

The 'Can Have' Diet and More!: The Easy Guide to Informed Exercise and Food Choices Source: Olathe, KS: NCES, Inc. (Nutritional Counseling and Education Services). 1995. 140 p. Contact: Available from NCES. 1904 East 123rd Street, Olathe, KS 66061. (800) 445-5653. Fax (800) 251-9349. PRICE: $8.95 (as of 1995). ISBN: 0962096512. Summary: This book helps readers adopt a healthy lifestyle and healthy eating habits without resorting to a strict diet. Sixteen chapters cover dieting and weight loss; the benefits of exercise; exercising safely; dietary fats and learning about fats in the diet; controlling blood cholesterol; sodium and limiting sodium in the diet; planning a diet for people with diabetes; reading food labels; food values; and altering recipes for lower fat content. The chapter on food values lists serving size, grams of fat, calories, and milligrams of sodium for generic foods including bread and cereal products, fruits and fruit juices, vegetables, dairy products, protein foods, fats, oils and salad dressings, desserts and sweets, frozen foods, canned foods, and other prepared foods. The chapter lists the same nutrient values for 29 franchised restaurants, including fast food restaurants and 'sit down' restaurants such as Country Kitchen, Olive Garden, and Pizza Hut. 10 references.

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Simple, Lowfat and Vegetarian. Unbelievably Easy Ways to Reduce the Fat in Your Meals Source: Baltimore, MD: The Vegetarian Resource Group, 368 p., January 1994. Contact: The Vegetarian Resource Group, PO Box 1463, Baltimore, MD 21203. $14.95 plus 5 percent sales tax for Maryland residents. Summary: This book is a guide for people who want to lower their fat intake and maintain a vegetarian diet. The first section "Mealtime on the Road" covers everyday situations such as restaurants, salad bars, and cafeterias. The second section features grocery store strategies, weekly shopping lists, and tips for interpreting the new food labels. The third section focuses on dietary fat and weight control. The book contains over 50 recipes and a resource section for further information.

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6 Weeks to Get Out the Fat: An Easy-to-Follow Program for Trimming the Fat From Your Diet Source: New York: American Heart Association, 143p., 1996. Contact: American Heart Association National Center, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231-4596. Summary: This book offers a simple program for reducing dietary fat intake. The authors begin by explaining why a high-fat diet is not healthy from a heart-disease standpoint and from a weight-control point of view. They describe the Healthy Heart Food Pyramid, which is adapted from the American Dietetic Association Food Guide Pyramid. Seven chapters take the reader through the process of evaluating his or her fat intake and then reducing it. Reduced-fat and low-fat recipes are included.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “dietary fat” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “dietary fat” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “dietary fat” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A Perinatal Strategy for Preventing Adult Disease: The Role of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Undurti N., M.D., Fams Das (2002); ISBN: 1402070705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1402070705/icongroupinterna

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Advanced Dairy Chemistry: Lipids by P. F. Fox (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0412606208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412606208/icongroupinterna

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Advances in Prostaglandin, Leukotriene and Other Bioactive Lipid Research: Basic Science and Clinical Applications (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 525) by Zeliha Yazici (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0306477637; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306477637/icongroupinterna

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Airways Smooth Muscle: Neurotransmitters, Amines, Lipid Mediators, and Signal Transduction by D. Raeburn (1995); ISBN: 3764351411; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3764351411/icongroupinterna

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Arachidonate Related Lipid Mediators : Volume 187: Arachidonate Related Lipid Mediators by Robert C. Murphy (Editor), et al (1991); ISBN: 0121820882; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121820882/icongroupinterna

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Autoxidation of Unsaturated Lipids (Food, Science and Technology: A Series of Monographs) by H. W. S. Chan (Editor); ISBN: 0121676307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121676307/icongroupinterna

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Bilayer Lipid Membranes: Structure and Mechanical Properties by Tibor Hianik, Victor Ivanovich Passechnik (1995); ISBN: 0792335511; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792335511/icongroupinterna

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Biochemistry Made Very Easy: Book One Energy Metabolism, Carbohydrates and Lipids by Paul M. Byrne (1999); ISBN: 1581128045; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1581128045/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Accessory Growth Factors by T. D. Luckey (1976); ISBN: 3805522681; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805522681/icongroupinterna

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Carcinogenesis and Dietary Fat by S. Abraham (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 079230117X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/079230117X/icongroupinterna

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Cell Lipids by Dick Hoekstra (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0121533409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121533409/icongroupinterna

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Cellular Regulators, Part B: Calcium & Lipids : Volume 141: Cellular Regulators Part B by P. Michael Conn (Editor), et al (1987); ISBN: 0121820416; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121820416/icongroupinterna

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Clinicians' Guide to Lipids and Coronary Heart Disease by John Betteridge, et al (2004); ISBN: 0340764082; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340764082/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Lipids and the Skin Barrier (Cosmetic Science and Technology, Vol 24) by Thomas Forster (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0824706641; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824706641/icongroupinterna

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CRC Handbook of Chromatography: Lipids by Helmut K. Mangold, et al (1984); ISBN: 0849330378; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849330378/icongroupinterna

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Crystallization Processes in Fats and Lipid Systems by Nissim Garti (Editor), Kiyotaka Sato (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0824705513; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824705513/icongroupinterna

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Developing Brain Behaviour : The Role of Lipids in Infant Formula by John Dobbing (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0122188705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0122188705/icongroupinterna

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Diabetes and Lipids, 2nd Edition - pocketbook by J. P. D. Reckless (2000); ISBN: 1853176141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853176141/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Fat Requirements in Health and Development by Joyce Beare-Rogers (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0935315217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935315217/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Fat: Some Aspects of Nutrition and Health and Product Development (Ilsi Europe Concise Monographs) by Stewart Truswell, A. Stewart Truswell (1996); ISBN: 094439874X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094439874X/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Fats and Health by E.G. Perkins, W. J. Visek (Editor) (1983); ISBN: 9993913529; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9993913529/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Fats and Thrombosis: Proceedings of the Inserm Symposium at Lyon, 1973 by Inserm-International Symposium, et al (1974); ISBN: 3805517122; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805517122/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Fats, Lipids, Hormones, and Tumorigenesis: New Horizons in Basic Research (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 399) by David Heber (Editor), et al

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(1996); ISBN: 0306453177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306453177/icongroupinterna •

Dietary Fats, Prostanoids and Arterial Thrombosis (Developments in Hematology and Immunology, 4) by G. Hornstra (1983); ISBN: 9024726670; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9024726670/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Lipids and Insulin Action: Second International Smolenice Insulin Symposium (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 683) by I. Klimes, et al (1993); ISBN: 0897667980; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897667980/icongroupinterna

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Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism (Proceedings in Life Sciences) by R. Paoletti, et al (1988); ISBN: 0387172777; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387172777/icongroupinterna

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Eating Leaner and Lighter: Cut Your Dietary Fat by 25% or More - Easily, Quickly, Today by David G. Schardt (1994); ISBN: 0446364363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446364363/icongroupinterna

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Ecology and Metabolism of Plant Lipids (Acs Symposium Series, No 325) by Glenn Fuller, W. David Nes (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0841210063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841210063/icongroupinterna

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Effects of Fatty Acids and Lipids in Health and Disease (World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol 76) by Claudio Galli, et al (1994); ISBN: 3805560400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805560400/icongroupinterna

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Eicosanoids and Other Bioactive Lipids in Cancer and Radiation Injury: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference, October 11-14, 1989 Detroit, by Kenneth V. Honn (Editor), International Conference on Eicosanoids and Other Bioactive Lipids in (1991); ISBN: 0792313038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792313038/icongroupinterna

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Eicosanoids and Other Bioactive Lipids in Cancer, Inflammation, and Radiation Injury, 5 (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 507) by Kenneth V. Honn (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 030647283X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030647283X/icongroupinterna

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Eicosanoids, Lipid Peroxidation and Cancer by S. Nigam (Editor), Et Al (Editor); ISBN: 3540189327; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540189327/icongroupinterna

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Eicosanoids, Lipid Peroxidation and Cancer/With 126 Figures and 58 Tables by S.K. Nigam, et al (1989); ISBN: 0387189327; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387189327/icongroupinterna

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Fatty Acid and Lipid Chemistry by F.D. Gunstone (1996); ISBN: 0751402532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751402532/icongroupinterna

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Fatty Acid Composition in Skeletal Muscle: Influence of Physical Activity and Dietary Fat Quality (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of mediciNe, 1059) by Agneta Andersson (2001); ISBN: 9155450784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155450784/icongroupinterna

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Flavor and Lipid Chemistry of Seafoods (Acs Symposium Series, 674) by F. Shahidi (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0841235260; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841235260/icongroupinterna

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Frontiers in Bioactive Lipids (Gwumc Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Annual Spring symposIa) by Jack Y. Vanderhoek (Editor), International Washington Spring Symposium 1996 George Washington Univ (1996); ISBN: 0306455056; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306455056/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Lipid Research 3 Sphingolipid Biochemistry by Julian N. Kanfer (1983); ISBN: 0306410923; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306410923/icongroupinterna

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Health Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids by Gary J. Nelson (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 0935315314; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935315314/icongroupinterna

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Inositol Lipids in Cell Signaling by Mitchell (Author) (1989); ISBN: 0124938604; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0124938604/icongroupinterna

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Inositol Lipids in Cellular Signaling (Current Communications in Molecular Biology) by Robert H. Michell, James M., Jr. Putney (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0879693045; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879693045/icongroupinterna

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Leukotrienes and Prostanoids in Health and Disease (New Trends in Lipid Mediators Research, Vol. 3) by U. Zor, et al (1989); ISBN: 3805550111; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805550111/icongroupinterna

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Lipid Analysis of Oils & Fats by Richard Hamilton (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0751404144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751404144/icongroupinterna

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Lipid and Biopolymer Monolayers at Liquid Interfaces by K.S. Birdi (1989); ISBN: 0306428709; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306428709/icongroupinterna

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Lipid and Polymer-Lipid Systems by T. Nylander (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3540430016; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540430016/icongroupinterna

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Lipid Chromatographic Analysis by Takayuki Shibamoto (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0824789415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824789415/icongroupinterna

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Lipid Mediators in Immunology of Shock (NATO Asi Series A, Life Sciences, Vol 139) by M. Paubert-Braquet (1988); ISBN: 0306426943; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306426943/icongroupinterna

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Lipid Metabolism in Normoxic and Ischemic Heart (Developments in Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 5) by Ger J. Van Der Vusse (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 0792304799; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792304799/icongroupinterna

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Lipid Oxidation in Food (Acs Symposium Series, 500) by Allen J. St. Angelo (Editor), Allen J. St Angelo (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0841224617; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841224617/icongroupinterna

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Lipid Oxidation Pathways by Afaf Kamal-Eldin (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 189399743X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189399743X/icongroupinterna

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Lipid Polymorphism and Membrane Properties by Richard M. Epand (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0121533441; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121533441/icongroupinterna

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Lipid Second Messengers (Handbook of Lipid Research, Vol 8) by Robert M. Bell (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 0306451743; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306451743/icongroupinterna

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Lipid Storage Disorders: Biological and Medical Aspects (NATO Asi Series Life Sciences, Vol 150) by Robert Salvayre (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0306429284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306429284/icongroupinterna

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Lipid-Lowering Therapy and Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis (Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, 180) by A. V. G. Bruschke (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 0792338073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792338073/icongroupinterna

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Lipids : Volume 14: Lipids by John M. Lowenstein (Editor), et al (1969); ISBN: 0121818713; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121818713/icongroupinterna

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Lipids and Atherosclerosis Annual 2003 by Allan Gaw (Editor), James Shepherd (2003); ISBN: 1841842990; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841842990/icongroupinterna

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Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease by G. R. Thompson (Editor), D. J. Galton (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0443043272; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443043272/icongroupinterna

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Lipids and Related Compounds (Neuromethods, 7) by Alan A. Boulton, et al (1989); ISBN: 0896031241; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896031241/icongroupinterna

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Lipids and the Kidney (Contributions to Nephrology, Vol. 120) by William F. Keane (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 3805563892; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805563892/icongroupinterna

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Lipids and Vascular Disease: Current Issues by John Betteridge (Editor), D. John Betteridge; ISBN: 1853176273; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853176273/icongroupinterna

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Lipids in Cereal Technology: Food Science and Technology; A Series in Monographs by P.J. Barnes (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0120790203; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120790203/icongroupinterna

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Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems by Michael Theodore Arts (Editor), Bruce Wainman (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0387985050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387985050/icongroupinterna

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Lipids in Photosynthesis: Structure, Function and Genetics by Paul A. Siegenthaler (Editor), Norio Murata (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0792351738; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792351738/icongroupinterna

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Lipids, Health, and Behavior by Marc Hillbrand (Editor), Reuben T. Spitz (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 1557983844; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557983844/icongroupinterna

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Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Nutrition by James F. Mead, et al (1986); ISBN: 0306419904; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306419904/icongroupinterna

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Lipids: Current Perspectives by D. John Betteridge (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1853172316; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853172316/icongroupinterna

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Lipid-Soluble Antioxidants: Biochemistry and Clinical Applications (Molecular and Cell Biology Updates) by A. S. H. Ong, L. Packer (1992); ISBN: 0817626670; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0817626670/icongroupinterna

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Lysophospholipids and Eicosanoids in Biology and Pathophysiology (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 905 (Cloth)) by Edward J. Goetzl (Editor), Kevin R. Lynch (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 1573312134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573312134/icongroupinterna

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Management of Lipid Disorders: A Basis and Guide for Therapeutic Intervention by Sander J. Robins (1997); ISBN: 0683303503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683303503/icongroupinterna

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Medical Management of Lipid Disorders: Focus on Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease by William H. Frishman (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0879935235; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879935235/icongroupinterna

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Membrane Lipid Oxidation by Carmen Vigo-Pelfrey (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0849340705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849340705/icongroupinterna

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Membrane Lipid Signaling in Aging and Age-Related Disease by Mark Paul Mattson (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0444512977; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444512977/icongroupinterna

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New Developments in Lipid-Protein Interactions and Receptor Function (NATO Asi Series A: Life Sciences, Vol 246) by J.A. Gustafsson (Editor), et al (1993); ISBN: 0306445212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306445212/icongroupinterna

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New Trends in Lipid and Lipoprotein Analyses by Edward G. Perkins (Editor), J. L. Sebedio (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0935315594; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935315594/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition, Lipids and Coronary Heart Disease (Nutrition in Health and Disease Ser.: Vol. 1) by Robert I. Levy, et al (1979); ISBN: 0890041814; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890041814/icongroupinterna

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Phospholipid Metabolism in Apoptosis (Subcellular Biochemistry, Volume 36) by Valerian E. Kagan (Editor), Peter J. Quinn (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0306467828; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306467828/icongroupinterna

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Phospholipid Signaling Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol 105) by Ian M. Bird (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0896034917; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896034917/icongroupinterna

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Phospholipids and Signal Transmission (NATO Asi Series: Series H: Cell Biology, Vol 70) by Raphael Massarelli, Lloyd A. Horrocks (1993); ISBN: 0387546103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387546103/icongroupinterna

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Phospholipids Handbook by Gregor Cevc (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0824790502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824790502/icongroupinterna

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Phospholipids: Biochemical, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Considerations by Israel Hanin, Giancarlo Pepeu (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0306436981; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306436981/icongroupinterna

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Phospholipids: Characterization, Metabolism, and Novel Biological Applications: Proceedings of the 6th International Colloquium by Gregor Cevc, et al (1995); ISBN: 0935315624; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935315624/icongroupinterna

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Physical Properties of Lipids by Alejandro G. Marangoni (Editor), Suresh S. Narine (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0824700058; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824700058/icongroupinterna

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Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Lipids by John Peter Williams (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0792343794; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792343794/icongroupinterna

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Plant Lipid Biosynthesis : Fundamentals and Agricultural Applications by John L. Harwood (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0521620740; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521620740/icongroupinterna

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Plant Lipid Metabolism by Jean-Claude Kader, Paul Mazliak (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0792332504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792332504/icongroupinterna

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Platelet-Activating Factor and Related Lipid Mediators by Fred Snyder (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0306425165; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306425165/icongroupinterna

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Pocket Picture Guides: Lipids and Lipid Disorders by Michael D. Feher (1990); ISBN: 0397446853; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0397446853/icongroupinterna

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Practical Manual on Lipid Analysis I: Fatty Acids by J. G. Alvarex (1991); ISBN: 0945537026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945537026/icongroupinterna

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Progress in Lipid Research by R. T. Holman (1984); ISBN: 0080315070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080315070/icongroupinterna

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Prostaglandin and Lipid Metabolism in Radiation Injury by Thomas L., Jr. Walden, Haywood N. Hughes (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0306427931; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306427931/icongroupinterna

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Recent Advances in the Biochemistry of Plant Lipids by J. L. Harwood (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 1855781468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1855781468/icongroupinterna

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Smart Fats: How Dietary Fats and Oils Affect Mental, Physical and Emotional Intelligence by Michael A. Schmidt; ISBN: 1883319625; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1883319625/icongroupinterna

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Structural and Dynamic Properties of Lipids and Membranes (Portland Press Research Monograph III) by Peter J. Quinn, Richard J. Cherry (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 1855780143; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1855780143/icongroupinterna

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Structure, Function and Metabolism of Plant Lipids: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on the Structure, Function, and Metabolism of Plant Lipids, Held in Neuchatel, Switzerland, July 16-20 by Function, and Metabolism Of International Symposium on the Structure, et al (1985); ISBN: 0444806261; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444806261/icongroupinterna

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Subcellular Biochemistry: Intracellular Transfer of Lipid Molecules (Subcellular Biochemistry, Vol 16) by H.J. Hilderson (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0306434431; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306434431/icongroupinterna

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Surfactants in Lipid Chemistry (1992); ISBN: 0851863957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851863957/icongroupinterna

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Technological Advances in Improved and Alternative Sources of Lipids by B. S. Kamel, Y. Kakuda (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0751400017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751400017/icongroupinterna

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The Lipid Handbook (1994); ISBN: 0412244802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412244802/icongroupinterna

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The Lipid Hypothesis of Atherogenesis (Medical Intelligence Unit) by William E. Stehbens; ISBN: 1879702797; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879702797/icongroupinterna

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Topics in Lipid Research: From Structural Elucidation to Biological Function by R.A. Klien, B. Schmitz (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0851863531; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851863531/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Cholesterol metabolism in experimental animals as modified by nicotinic acid and its analogues, triparanol, and dietary fat: effects on cholesterol synthesis, bile acid formation and atherosclerosis. Author: Kottke, Bruce Allen,; Year: 1961; [Minneapolis] 1961

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Dietary fat and cancer Author: Ip, Clement.; Year: 1986; New York: Liss, c1986; ISBN: 0845150723 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845150723/icongroupinterna

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Dietary fat and cancer: genetic and molecular interactions Author: American Institute for Cancer Research.; Year: 1997; New York: Plenum Press, c1997; ISBN: 0306456834 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306456834/icongroupinterna

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Dietary fat and heart disease: progress since COMA?: proceedings of an extended panel discussion held in London on September 22, 1988 Author: Wood, Clive.; Year: 1989; [London]: Royal Society of Medicine Services, c1989

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Dietary fat reduction: challenges in applying the stages of change model Author: Birkett, Nicholas J.; Year: 1993; Ottawa, Canada: Community Health Research Unit, [1993]

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Selected abstracts on the role of dietary fat in carcinogenesis Author: Cancer Information Dissemination and Analysis Center (CIDAC) for Carcinogenesis

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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Information.; Year: 1978; [Bethesda, Md.]: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1978 •

The Coronary heart disease and dietary fat controversy: implications for the meat and dairy industries: joint symposium, New Zealand Society of Animal Production with Nutrition Society of New Zealand, Massey University, Palmerston North,February 1973 Author: New Zealand Society of Animal Production.; Year: 1973; Wellington: Editorial Services Ltd., 1973

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The role of dietary fat in human health; a report of the Food and Nutrition Board, prepared by the Committee on Fats in Human Nutrition with editorial assistance of Willis A. Gortner. Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Food and Nutrition Board.; Year: 1958; Washington, 1958

Chapters on Dietary Fat In order to find chapters that specifically relate to dietary fat, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and dietary fat using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on dietary fat: •

Intestinal Lipid Absorption Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 413-437. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: Dietary lipid (fat) represents a major caloric source in most Western cultures. In addition to the 120 to 150 grams of lipid consumed each day, the small intestine processes 40 to 50 grams of biliary lipid, together with small amounts of lipid contributed by sloughed mucosal cells and bacteria. Tremendous advances have been made in understanding how this process is efficiently coordinated, and the widespread attention given the issues of diet and cardiovascular health has renewed investigation of the role of the small intestine as an active participant in systemic lipoprotein metabolism. This chapter on intestinal lipid absorption is from a lengthy, two-volume textbook that integrates the various demands of science, technology, expanding information, good judgment, and common sense into the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal patients. Topics include intestinal lipid balance, intraluminal lipid digestion, intracellular events in lipid reassembly, intestinal lipoprotein assembly and secretion, and lipid absorption in malabsorptive states. 5 figures. 2 tables. 279 references.

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Food Fats and Dyslipidemia Source: in Franz, M.J. and Bantle, J.P., eds. American Diabetes Association Guide to Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. p. 126-147.

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Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $39.95 for members; $49.95 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040006X. Order number 561601. Summary: This chapter discusses the controversy over recommending a low fat, high carbohydrate diet to centrally obese patients who have type 1 diabetes and to those who have type 2 diabetes. The lipid abnormalities that characterize central obesity and type 2 diabetes include increased triglyceride levels, increased secretion of small, very low density lipoprotein particles, decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased small, dense low density lipoprotein particles. Restricting saturated fat has a beneficial effect on lipid levels and insulin sensitivity in people who have diabetes. In patients whose triglyceride levels exceed 1,000 milligrams per deciliter, dietary fat should be acutely restricted. In people without such high levels of triglyceride, nutritional recommendations about dietary fat content should emphasize restricting saturated fat to less than 10 percent of total daily energy needs to optimize lipid levels and glycemic control. Both low fat, high carbohydrate and low saturated fat, high monosaturated fat diets improve glucose tolerance and lipid levels compared with diets high in saturated fat. Restricting total fat to less than or equal to 30 percent of daily calories is also desirable to optimize weight management. However, dietary advice should be given within the context of a patient's cultural background. Although consuming fish as part of a balanced meal plan is advisable, a definitive role for supplemental fish oil in managing hyperlipidemic people who have diabetes remains to be determined. 114 references. •

Lipid Metabolism and Choices for Persons with Diabetes Source: in Powers, M.A., ed. Handbook of Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1996. p. 336-359. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers. P.O. Box 990, Frederick, MD 21705-9727. (800) 638-8437. Fax (301) 695-7931. PRICE: $89.00. ISBN: 0834206315. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook of diabetes medical nutrition therapy (MNT), addresses lipid metabolism and choices for persons with diabetes. Topics include typical levels of blood lipids in populations with diabetes, epidemiologic considerations, defining risk status, insulin resistance, factors in lipid metabolism (cholesterol, lipoproteins, chylomicrons, VLDL and triglyceride, and the role of dietary fat), dietary and nutritional considerations, and the need for a unified approach to prevention and treatment. The author notes that gradual replacement of foods known to increase serum cholesterol with other foods that lower serum cholesterol and do not increase plasma glucose or interfere with insulin regulation is the goal. The author concludes that, with time and skillful dietary counseling, such dietary modifications can be successfully adapted to individual needs and taste preferences, regardless of age, sex, or cultural influences. 5 figures. 6 tables. 90 references.

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Control of Human Appetite: Implications for the Intake of Dietary Fat Source: in McCormick, D.B., Bier, D.M., and Goodridge, A.G., eds. Annual Review of Nutrition. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc. 1996. Volume 16: 285-319. Contact: Available from Annual Reviews Inc. 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139. (800) 523-8635. Fax (415) 424-0910. PRICE: $53.00. ISBN: 0824328167. ISSN: 01999885. Individual article reprints available from Annual Reviews

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Preprints and Reprints. (800) 347-8007 or (415) 259-5017. E-mail: [email protected]. Base price $13.50 per article. Summary: This review article explores the implications of dietary fat intake in the control of human appetite. The authors note that foods varying in nutrient composition exert different physiologic effects, some of which function as satiety signals. High-fat diets (low food quotient) lead to high levels of energy intake. This effect is termed passive overconsumption and overcomes fat-induced physiological satiety signals. The frequency of obesity is greater among high-fat than low-fat consumers. However, the development of obesity on a high-fat diet is not a biological inevitability. The investigation of people who resist the weight inducing properties of high-fat diets is a key research strategy. The authors conclude that understanding the appetite control system suggests behavioral, nutritional, and pharmacologic strategies for modifying dietary fat intake. 3 figures. 2 tables. 117 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON DIETARY FAT Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on dietary fat. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on dietary fat is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “dietary fat” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on dietary fat: •

Living Without Dieting Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1992, 60 minutes. Contact: WIN, 1 WIN WAY, Bethesda, MD 20892-3665. Summary: Dr. Foreyt opens his lecture with the case of Linda, who has maintained a weight loss of 100 pounds for more than 8 years, and who works at maintaining her weight every minute of every day. Is Linda, he asks, a success or a failure? Dr. Foreyt's next question " It is OK to be fat?," leads into a discussion of the emotional problems and discrimination that people may face because of their weight. The question also leads into a survey of the changes in perceptions of ideal body weight from the Neolithic period through Reubens, Renoir, and Marilyn Monroe to Twiggy and "Playboy" centerfolds. Dr. Foreyt emphasizes that the current belief that it is better to be lean and fit (to be more like Twiggy) often leads to unnecessary dieting as well as to unrealistic expectations. Dr. Foreyt discusses the absence of data on results of treatment except

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from university-based programs. These data indicate that behavioral self-management, very-low-calorie diets, pharmacotherapy, and surgery are all effective, with two-thirds maintaining their new weight at 1 year. However, for nearly all subjects, weight has been regained within 3 to 5 years. Dr. Foreyt discusses the reasons for this regained weight. He explains that the traditional weight loss diets will not achieve success. He points to fat as the culprit and discusses fat reduction versus calorie reduction (the relation of body fat to dietary fat, the need to avoid deprivation and to reduce fat intake). He then discusses the importance of normalized eating (three meals a day with low-fat snacks between), very gradual changes (losing 1 pound a week), realistic weight goals (possible, reasonable), and support from family and friends. He concludes the lecture with a strong statement on the need for healthy eating and no dieting, with a return to the question of Linda's success or failure. •

Physical Activity, Diet Composition, and Obesity Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1992, 60 minutes. Contact: WIN, 1 WIN WAY, Bethesda, MD 20892-3665. Summary: Dr. Hill's research involves manipulating diet composition and physical activity and observing the effect on body composition and body weight. In this lecture, Dr. Hill discusses recent research results and their implications for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Dr. Hill describes his laboratory's "whole room calorimeter," which provides a controlled environment for the accurate measure of energy intake and expenditure in human subjects. A limitation of the calorimeter is that most study subjects do not attain their usual levels of energy expenditure while confined to the room. Subjects nonetheless show wide variation in energy expenditure, from a low of 200 kcal/day to a high of 1,000kcal/day. This suggests, according to Dr. Hill, that differences in the amount of energy expended in exercise are very important in body weight regulation. More research is needed to identify why some people engage in more physical activity that others and whether some people are more efficient exercisers than others. Dr. Hill goes on to discuss studies on the effect of exercise on body composition. He notes that in short-term studies (less than 20 weeks), the effect of exercise as a treatment for obesity is modest. However, in studies where the subjects were followed up a year later, exercise was the best predictor of successful weight loss. Also discussed is a recent diet composition study conducted in Dr. Hill's laboratory. Investigators manipulated subjects' intake of fats and carbohydrates to observe the effect on body composition and energy expenditure. More than 80 percent of the excess fat consumed was stored as adipose (fat) tissue, and less than 5 percent was burned through increased energy expenditure. Excess carbohydrate was directed more into energy expenditure and less into storage; however, over time, the amount of excess carbohydrate stored as adipose tissue increased. There were striking differences between individuals' responses to this dietary manipulation. Dr. Hill concludes that, calorie for calorie, while dietary fat is more likely to lead to obesity than carbohydrate, some people remain susceptible to obesity even on a high-carbohydrate diet. "The idea that all obesity is due to a high-fat diet is probably naive," he says. He further concludes that a low-fat diet and increased physical activity may be an effective strategy for preventing or treating obesity in some subjects, and that more research is needed to identify subjects who will respond to this regimen.

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Cut the Fat in Your Diet: Following the Food Guide Pyramid Source: Huntsville, TX: Educational Video Network, 28 min., 1994.

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Summary: This video explains the effects of dietary fats on the body. It also includes some practical suggestions on healthy eating and cooking. •

Everything You've Always Wanted to Know About Fat Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, 16 min., 1995. Contact: National Health Video, 12021 Wilshire Blvd., #550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Summary: This videotape explains the various kinds of fat or "lipids," why some dietary fat is needed, what Olestrarochure is and how it is used, and how to reduce dietary fat.

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The Real Scoop About Diet and Exercise Source: Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest, Nutrition Action Healthletter, 13 minutes, N.D. Contact: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1875 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009. (202) 332-9110. Summary: This videotape is designed to communicate the basics of healthy eating for children and adolescents. While investigating a newspaper story, the teenage reporter learns about the dangers of dietary fat and excessive calories and sodium, and the importance of a regular program of exercise. The reporter tours a supermarket to emphasize which food choices are healthy ones. The Food Guide Pyramid is also reviewed.

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Digestion Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126 or (609) 275-1400. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.films.com. PRICE: $99.00; plus shipping and handling. Order number BVL5986. Summary: This videotape program provides a thorough introduction to the structure and functions of the digestive tract. Using current body imaging techniques, the program explores where fat is located and how its distribution within the body differs from person to person. The program also explains how dietary fat is digested and assimilated by the body, how food becomes body fat, and how lifestyles dictate both body shape and overall health. Designed to help young people understand the vital importance of diet and exercise, the program covers the locations and functions of fat in the body, healthy diets, the structure and functions of the digestive tract and associated organs, the process of digestion, fat metabolism, regulation of adipose tissue, and the role of the liver in fat metabolism. The accompanying instructor's guide briefly reviews the content of the video, and offers activities and discussion points for previewing and postviewing instructional sessions. The guide emphasizes that while the program helps young viewers understand the need for good nutrition and exercise, at the same time they must not be seen to encourage further the already unhealthy obsession with body shape that is evident, particularly among girls, which can lead to illnesses such as anorexia.

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DIETARY FAT Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover dietary fat.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on dietary fat is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to dietary fat. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “dietary fat” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for dietary fat: •

Risk of stroke not affected by dietary fat intake Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 02, 2003

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Flawed research methods may mask a link between dietary fat and breast cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 17, 2003

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Dietary fat prevents brain damage during neonatal seizures Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 28, 2003

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High intake of unsaturated fats may protect against Alzheimer's disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 18, 2003

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Dietary fat does not appear to increase risk of dementia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 03, 2003

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Dietary fat intake determines effects of hepatic lipase gene mutation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 21, 2002

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Dietary fat restriction in children with hyperlipidemia may be overzealous Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 14, 2001

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Trans fat worse for heart than saturated fat Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 12, 2001

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Cardiovascular benefits of dietary fat reduction may require 2 years or more Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 29, 2001

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Dietary fat not associated with gastroesophageal reflux Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 12, 2001

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Dietary fat reduction of no use in managing HIV-related lipodystrophy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 12, 2000

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Dietary advice to reduce CHD often results in unwanted changes in lipid profiles Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 12, 2000

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Association between dietary fat, kidney stones refuted Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 07, 2000

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Dietary fat modification rather than reduction may help prevent diabetes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 08, 2000

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A little dietary fat may boost runners' endurance Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 28, 2000

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Red meat, trans unsaturated fat linked to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 05, 1999

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Female athletes benefit from more dietary fat Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 19, 1999

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Dietary fat, breast cancer debate continues Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 16, 1999

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Gene influences response to dietary fat Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 15, 1998

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Prostate Cancer Progression May Be Linked To Saturated Fat Intake Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 23, 1998

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Dietary Fat Linked To Prostate Cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 19, 1998

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Dietary Fat Not Linked To Breast Cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 19, 1998

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Monounsaturated Fats Cut Breast Cancer Risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 12, 1998

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Monounsaturated Fat May Be Protective Against Breast Cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 12, 1998

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Type of Dietary Fat Key to Heart Risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 19, 1997

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Dietary Fat And Cholesterol Major Factors In Ischemic Heart Disease Aetiology Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 19, 1997

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Dietary Fat Affects Testosterone Levels Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 26, 1997

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Dietary Fat Proportionate To Body Fat Percentage Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 04, 1996

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Dietary Fat Intake Not A Risk Factor For Breast Cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 08, 1996

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Dietary Fat Influences Prostate Tumor Growth In Mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 04, 1995

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Lowering Dietary Fat Intake Is Safe And Effective For Children With Elevated LDL Cholesterol Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 10, 1995

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “dietary fat” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to dietary fat, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “dietary fat” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Dietary Fat Find newsletters on dietary fat using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following

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hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “dietary fat.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Alagille Syndrome and Nutrition Source: Liver Link. 1(2): 3. Spring 1994. Contact: Available from Alagille Syndrome Alliance. 10630 S.W. Garden Park Place, Tigard, OR 97223. (503) 639-6217. Summary: This newsletter article examines Alagille syndrome and nutrition. The author notes that one of the most serious features of Alagille syndrome is impaired liver function resulting from a scarcity of bile ducts in the liver and, consequently, reduced bile production. Topics include bile flow; blood cholesterol levels; the digestion of dietary fat; and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. The author focuses primarily on the effects of Alagille syndrome in children and dietary recommendations to offset potential problems. One sidebar summarizes the functions of the liver.

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National Women's Health Report: Weight Reduction and Management Long-Term Strategies for Success Source: National Women's Health Report, 16(1): January/February 1994. Contact: National Women's Health Resource Center, 2440 M Street, NW, Suite 325, Washington, DC 20037. (202) 293-6045. Summary: This newsletter provides health information for women interested in preventive care and making informed decisions on their health. This issue discusses a variety of topics, including weight reduction; weight management; exercise; the facts about commercial diets; dietary guidelines for good health; and information on mammograms, health risks, and dietary fat.

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on dietary fat: •

Dietary Fat Levels Dropping, Yet Americans Continue to Struggle with Weight Control Source: Calorie Control Commentary. 16(1):5-6; Spring 1994. Contact: Calorie Control Council, Suite 500-G, 5775 Peachtree-Dunwoody Road, Atlanta, GA 30342. (404) 252-3663.

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Summary: This newsletter article summarizes the results of a National Center for Health Statistics survey showing that Americans are making some efforts to reduce dietary fat intake. This survey shows that in 1990 the average American diet contained 34 percent total calories from fat, down 2 percent from 36 percent in 1978. What is not encouraging from the survey, however, is the finding that many Americans are becoming heavier. A number of factors are contributing to the increase in body weight, including intake of excess calories, consumers underestimating their calorie intake, and lack of physical activity. Consumers also seem to be moving from the "dieting" and deprivation era, and towards moderation and balance.

Academic Periodicals covering Dietary Fat Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to dietary fat. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering dietary fat that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for dietary fat. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with dietary fat. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to dietary fat: Amphotericin B Lipid Complex •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: ABELCET http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203506.html

Atorvastatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lipitor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203635.html

Cerivastatin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Baycol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203060.html

Cholestyramine •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Questran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202137.html

Clofibrate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Abitrate; Atromid-S http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202150.html

Colesevelam •

Oral-Local - U.S. Brands: Welchol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500157.html

Colestipol •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Colestid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202161.html

Fenofibrate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tricor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203516.html

Gemfibrozil •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lopid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202256.html

Hmg-Coa Reductase Inhibitors •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Baycol; Lescol; Lipitor; Mevacor; Pravachol; Zocor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202284.html

Laxatives •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Afko-Lube; Afko-Lube Lax 40; Agoral Marshmallow; Agoral Raspberry; Alaxin; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bilagog; Bilax; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Chronulac; Cillium; Cit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html

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Niacin for High Cholesterol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Endur-Acin; Nia-Bid; Niac; Niacels; Niacor; Nico-400; Nicolar; Slo-Niacin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202404.html

Vitamin E •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; E-Complex-600; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “dietary fat” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Simple Strategies for Reducing Fat: Put Fun Back Into Food Source: Food Insight. 2p. January/February 1992. Contact: International Food Information Council Foundation, 1100 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 430, Washington, DC 20036. Summary: This article reports the results of a study conducted at Penn State University to find simple and practical ways for consumers to reduce dietary fat. The researchers incorporated common higher-fat foods in 7-day menus. The menus were modified so that dietary fat would meet recommended levels. The most significant strategies included replacing higher fat selections with lean meats and low fat cheeses. These modest changes were more effective in achieving dietary goals than totally giving up chips, cookies, and occasional treats. The findings indicate that the most successful lowfat eating programs are ones that offer consumers flexibility and choices.

•

Healthy lifestyles: Nutrition and physical activity Source: Washington, DC: International Life Science Institute. 1998. 59 pp. Contact: Available from ILSI Press, 1126 16th Street, N.W, Washington, DC 20036-4810. Telephone: (202) 659-0074 / fax: (202) 659-8654. Summary: This report provides current information on the relationship between nutrition and a healthy lifestyle. It includes an overview of concepts that play a role in health status. Individual chapters based on research studies cover the following topics: dietary fat and energy balance; dietary fat and coronary heart disease; antioxidant nutrients; dietary fiber; fluid intake; alcohol consumption and health; physical activity; and oral health. A glossary of dietary and health terms is included.

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The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 44399 252 627 9 7 45294

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “dietary fat” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI 15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

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staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

21

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on dietary fat can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to dietary fat. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to dietary fat. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “dietary fat”:

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•

Other guides Child Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Dietary Fats http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfats.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Stroke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to dietary fat, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Fats: The Good and the Bad Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=NU00262 Know Your Fats Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=532

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Lipid Profile Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/lipid/glance.html Triglycerides Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/triglycerides/test.html

•

Nutrition Fat Free and Lite: What Do They Really Mean? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01126 Canola Oil: Is It Bad for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00481

Patient Resources

Fat in Your Diet: Grams vs. Percentages Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00671 Fat in Your Diet: How Low Should You Go? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00670 Fat Substitutes Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4633 Fats & Cholesterol -- The Good, The Bad, and The Healthy Diet Source: Harvard School of Public Health http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/fats.html Fats and Oils to Choose Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbisupport.com/chd1/Tipsheets/tipsheet-satfat.htm Flax: What Are the Health Benefits? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00653 Low-Fat Foods: Not Always Low in Calories Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01663 New Guidelines Focus on Fish, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3006624 Seafood: Take It to Heart Source: American Dietetic Association http://www.eatright.org/Public/NutritionInformation/92_nfs0999.cfm •

Specific Conditions/Aspects Elevated Triglycerides and Diet Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00252 Examples of Revised Nutrition Facts Panel Listing Trans Fat Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/labtr.html Questions and Answers about Trans Fat Nutrition Labeling Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/qatrans2.html Revealing Trans Fats Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2003/503_fats.html Trans Fats: What's All the Fuss? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00634

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Trans Fatty Acids Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4776 Triglycerides Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4778 What Every Consumer Should Know about Trans Fatty Acids Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/transfat/q_a.html •

Children Caffeine, Sugar, Fat and Your Child Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_fit/nutrition/caffeine.html Fat on Formula: The Story Behind Infant Formula Supplemented With Lipids and Mental Development Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZR6XA6J3D&s ub_cat=110 Learning about Proteins, Carbohydrates, Calories, and Fat Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/stay_healthy/food/protein_carb_fat.html

•

Latest New Right Cooking Oil Key to Avoiding Trans Fats Source: 11/20/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14772 .html

•

Organizations American Dietetic Association http://webdietitians.org/Public/index.cfm American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200000 Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening Lipid Panel Test: Gauging Your Heart Disease Risk Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00006

Patient Resources

•

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Research American Heart Association Weighs In On Fat Substitutes Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3002947

•

Teenager Figuring Out Fat and Calories Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/nutrition/fat_calories.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on dietary fat. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Sane Talk About Healthy Eating for the '90's the Dietary Guidelines Way. Choose a Diet Low in Fat, Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Source: Memphis, TN: Kraft Food Ingredients Corporation, 8 p., N.D. Contact: Kraft Food Ingredients Corporation, 6410 Poplar Avenue, Memphis, TN 38119. Summary: This brochure is one of a series of booklets designed to help consumers follow the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Dietary Guidelines. This brochure focuses on the third guideline, choosing a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. It explains the health risks of a diet high in cholesterol, fat, and saturated fats, offering easy-to-understand definitions for the terms associated with dietary fats. The brochure also explains the link between heart disease and a diet high in fat and cholesterol. Some of the myths and misconceptions about dietary fats are sets straight, and there are four low-fat recipe cards included.

•

Blood Lipid Abnormalities Source: Clinical Diabetes. 14(5): 129. September-October 1996. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This patient information sheet familiarizes people with diabetes with blood lipid abnormalities. The author stresses that blood lipid abnormalities, obesity, and

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noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are often associated. The fact sheet lists ways that readers can lower high levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Simple steps are noted for keeping dietary fat and cholesterol in check. Readers are encouraged to have any potential lipid disorders evaluated and treated. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “dietary fat” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

AACE medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherogenesis Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 Mar-April; 52 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2199&nbr=1425&a mp;string=dietary+AND+fat

•

Hyperlipidemia Source: University of Texas Medical Branch Correctional Managed Care - Academic Institution; 1998 February (revised 2002 Jul); 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3552&nbr=2778&a mp;string=lipids

•

Hyperlipidemia medical nutrition therapy protocol Source: American Dietetic Association - Professional Association; 2001 June; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3295&nbr=2521&a mp;string=dietary+AND+fat

•

Lipid management in adults Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1997 October (revised 2002 Jul); 61 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3410&nbr=2636&a mp;string=dietary+AND+fat

•

Lipids Source: National Committee on Cardiac Care (Singapore) - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001 July; 52 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3075&nbr=2301&a mp;string=dietary+AND+fat

Patient Resources

•

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Lipids and the primary prevention of coronary heart disease. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1999 September; 60 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2909&nbr=2135&a mp;string=dietary+AND+fat

•

Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes Source: American Diabetes Association - Professional Association; 1997 November (reviewed 2000; republished 2003 Jan); 4 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3574&nbr=2800&a mp;string=dietary+AND+fat

•

Screening and management of lipids Source: University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution; 2000 May; 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2590&nbr=1816&a mp;string=dietary+AND+fat

•

Screening for lipid disorders in adults: recommendations and rationale Source: United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel; 1996 (revised 2001 Apr); 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2661&nbr=1887&a mp;string=dietary+AND+fat

•

Treatment of hyperlipidaemia: aims and selection Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 January 4 (revised 2001 November 4); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3380&nbr=2606&a mp;string=lipids

•

VHA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of dyslipidemia in primary care Source: Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2001 December; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3187&nbr=2413&a mp;string=dietary+AND+fat

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to dietary fat. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Dietary Fat The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to dietary fat: •

National Lipid Diseases Foundation Telephone: (908) 527-8000 Toll-free: (800) 527-8005 TTY: Fax: (908) 527-8004 Background: Established in 1965, the National Lipid Diseases Foundation is a voluntary not-for-profit organization dedicated to raising research funds for lipid storage diseases. Lipid storage diseases are a group of rare inherited metabolic disorders characterized by an abnormal accumulation of lipids (fatty or fatty-like substances) in different tissues of the body. Symptoms may vary greatly and depend on the affected organ system(s). The Foundation s funds currently go to Columbia Presbyterian Hospital to purchase research equipment and to Massachusetts General Hospital to support clinical research on Gaucher s Disease. The National Lipid Diseases Foundation provides referrals to those who are interested in receiving genetic counseling and/or educational materials concerning lipid storage diseases.

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to dietary fat. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with dietary fat. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about dietary fat. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “dietary fat” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “dietary fat”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “dietary fat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “dietary fat” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

289

DIETARY FAT DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal fat: Fat (adipose tissue) that is centrally distributed between the thorax and pelvis and that induces greater health risk. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acanthosis Nigricans: A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of carnitine that facilitates movement of acetyl CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue.

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Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60

Dictionary 291

per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-Linolenic Acid: A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by

292 Dietary Fat

organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch. [NIH] Amylose: An unbranched glucan in starch. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU]

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Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Anthracenes: A family of aromatic hydrocarbons derived from coal tar distillation. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a

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specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Apheresis: Components plateletpheresis. [NIH]

being

separated

out,

as

leukapheresis,

plasmapheresis,

Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apolipoproteins A: Lipoproteins found in human blood serum in the high-density and very-high-density lipoprotein fraction (HDL, VHDL). They consist of several different polypeptides, the most important of which are apolipoprotein A-I and A-II. They maintain the structural integrity of the HDL particles and are activators of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Atherosclerotic patients show low apolipoprotein A levels and these apolipoproteins are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in Tangier disease. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH]

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Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arcuate Nucleus: A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH]

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Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binomial Distribution: The probability distribution associated with two mutually exclusive outcomes; used to model cumulative incidence rates and prevalence rates. The Bernoulli distribution is a special case of binomial distribution. [NIH] Bioassays: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the

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target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Circulation Time: Determination of the shortest time interval between the injection of a substance in the vein and its arrival at some distant site in sufficient concentration to produce a recognizable end result. It represents approximately the inverse of the average velocity of blood flow between two points. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Disorders: Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors sych as coagulation protein disorders, blood platelet disorders, blood protein disorders or nutritional conditions. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelet Disorders: Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function. [NIH]

Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found

298 Dietary Fat

in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral infarction), thalami, basal ganglia, brain stem (brain stem infarctions), or cerebellum secondary to an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Brain Stem Infarctions: Infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the

Dictionary 299

midbrain, pons, and medulla. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Calorimeter: Measures the amounts of heat absorbed or given off by a solid, a liquid, or a gas. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH]

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Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardia: That part of the stomach surrounded by the esophagogastric junction, characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH]

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Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Physiology: Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH]

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Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH]

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Cholestenones: Cholestenes with one or more double bonds and substituted by any number of keto groups. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholesterol, Dietary: Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical Protocols: Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

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Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coagulation Protein Disorders: Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders resulting from abnormalities or deficiencies of coagulation proteins. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coal Tar: A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU]

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Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH]

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Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the

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new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH]

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Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie

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too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Deoxyuridine: 2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic

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growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of fenfluramine. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity. [NIH] DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]

Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digital rectal examination: DRE. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops

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(mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease-Free Survival: Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended

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effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dysprosium: Dysprosium. An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ego: The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality. [NIH] Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Electroporation: A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake

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by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endoderm: The inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH]

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Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Endpoint Determination: Establishment of the level of a quantifiable effect indicative of a biologic process. The evaluation is frequently to detect the degree of toxic or therapeutic effect. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Enterovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus". [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Ependyma: A thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH]

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Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidemiology, Molecular: The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations

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as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]

Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expert Systems: Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravascular: Situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Farnesyl: Enzyme which adds 15 carbon atoms to the Ras precursor protein. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including

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modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fever of Unknown Origin: Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so

318 Dietary Fat

that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Exchange: See: Exchange lists. [NIH] Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Free Radical Scavengers: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gamma irradiation: A type of radiation therapy that uses gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is a type of high-energy radiation that is different from x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH]

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Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetic Screening: Searching a population or individuals for persons possessing certain genotypes or karyotypes that: (1) are already associated with disease or predispose to disease; (2) may lead to disease in their descendants; or (3) produce other variations not known to be associated with disease. Genetic screening may be directed toward identifying phenotypic expression of genetic traits. It includes prenatal genetic screening. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH]

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Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germ Layers: The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucosinolates: Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related Cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans. [NIH]

Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH]

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Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

GP41: 41-kD HIV transmembrane envelope glycoprotein which mediates the fusion of the viral membrane with the membrane of the target cell. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Gynecologic cancer: Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage;

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craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatitis Antigens: Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens. [NIH] Hepatitis Viruses: Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.

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2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] High blood cholesterol: Cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in animal tissues, especially in bile and gallstones. The relationship between the intake of cholesterol and its manufacture by the body to its utilization, sequestration, or excretion from the body is called the cholesterol balance. When cholesterol accumulates, the balance is positive; when it declines, the balance is negative. In 1993, the NHLBI National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults issued an updated set of recommendations for monitoring and treatment of blood cholesterol levels. The NCEP guidelines recommended that total cholesterol levels and subfractions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol be measured beginning at age 20 in all adults, with subsequent periodic screenings as needed. Even in the group of patients at lowest risk for coronary heart disease (total cholesterol 200 mg/dL and HDL 35 mg/dL), the NCEP recommended that rescreening take place at least once every 5 years or upon physical examination. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1

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isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidaemia: A general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc. [EU] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hyperphagia: Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to thickening of the heart walls, interfering with the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood. [NIH] Hypobetalipoproteinemia: A disease in which the low density lipoprotein (betalipoprotein) concentrations are far below normal. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH]

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Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune Complex Diseases: Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides serum sickness and the arthus reaction, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other systemic immunologic diseases including glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and polyarteritis nodosa. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]

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In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant Food: Food processed and manufactured for the nutritional health of children in their first year of life. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Information Systems: Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU]

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Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Capsule: White matter pathway, flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU]

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Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irinotecan: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isoprenoids: Molecule that might anchor G protein to the cell membrane as it is hydrophobic. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU]

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Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosteroids: Steroid derivatives formed by oxidation of a methyl group on the side chain or a methylene group in the ring skeleton to form a ketone. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Kink: Deviation from the normal long axis, as in a fractured bone healed out of line. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukapheresis: The preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense

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reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linolenic Acids: Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain three double bonds. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipid Peroxides: Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH]

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Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH]

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Low-calorie diet: Caloric restriction of about 800 to 1,500 calories (approximately 12 to 15 kcal/kg of body weight) per day. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lycopene: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into

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computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological

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color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of

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the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Micelles: Electrically charged colloidal particles or ions consisting of oriented molecules; aggregates of a number of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microsome: One of the specific metabolic pathways of the liver. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Microvilli: Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell. [NIH] Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues. [NIH] Midaxillary line: An imaginary vertical line that passes midway between the anterior and posterior axillary (armpit) folds. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which

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the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monounsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat that is found primarily in plant foods, including olive and canola oils. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the

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coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers

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or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Matrix: The fibrogranular network of residual structural elements within which are immersed both chromatin and ribonucleoproteins. It extends throughout the nuclear interior from the nucleolus to the nuclear pore complexes along the nuclear periphery. [NIH] Nuclear Medicine: A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form. [NIH] Nuclear Pore: An opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the cell nucleus and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the

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chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oleic Acids: A group of fatty acids that contain 16 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Unsaturated fatty acids required for the growth of mammals. They are constituents of phospholipids and glycerides in cell membranes. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opalescent: Showing a milky iridescence, like an opal. [EU] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organ Preservation: The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism). [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH]

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Orlistat: A lipase inhibitor used for weight loss. Lipase is an enzyme found in the bowel that assists in lipid absorption by the body. Orlistat blocks this enzyme, reducing the amount of fat the body absorbs by about 30 percent. It is known colloquially as a "fat blocker." Because more oily fat is left in the bowel to be excreted, Orlistat can cause an oily anal leakage and fecal incontinence. Orlistat may not be suitable for people with bowel conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome or Crohn's disease. [NIH] Osmolality: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overall survival: The percentage of subjects in a study who have survived for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. Often called the survival rate. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress,

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1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatin: A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction. [NIH] Paneth Cells: Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural

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and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perimenopausal: The time of a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers to the time near menopause. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH]

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Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylate: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light.

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These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Phototransduction: The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pineal Body: A small conical midline body attached to the posterior part of the third ventricle and lying between the superior colliculi, below the splenium of the corpus callosum. [NIH] Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant sterols: Plant-based compounds that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines. This results in lower blood cholesterol levels. They may have some effect in cancer prevention. Also known as phytosterols. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH]

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Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Plateletpheresis: The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Plethysmography: Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Polioviruses: Species of enterovirus causing acute infection in humans and leading to nervous system damage in a minority of cases. Humans are the only natural host, but infection can also occur in non-human primates and experimentally in rodents. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Poly U: A group of uridine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each uridine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component

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in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Portal System: A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postprandial Blood Glucose: Blood taken 1-2 hours after eating to see the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases

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in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the

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prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostaglandins F: (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostate-Specific Antigen: Kallikrein-like serine proteinase produced by epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. EC 3.4.21.77. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine

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residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of

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pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyrogenic: Inducing fever. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radical prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the entire prostate. The two types of radical prostatectomy are retropubic prostatectomy and perineal prostatectomy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to

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separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU]

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Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Resting metabolic rate: RMR accounts for 65 to 75 percent of daily energy expenditure and represents the minimum energy needed to maintain all physiological cell functions in the resting state. The principal determinant of RMR is lean body mass (LBM). Obese subjects have a higher RMR in absolute terms than lean individuals, an equivalent RMR when corrected for LBM and per unit surface area, and a lower RMR when expressed per kilogram of body weight. Obese persons require more energy for any given activity because of a larger mass, but they tend to be more sedentary than lean subjects. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an

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uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Retropubic prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the prostate through an incision made in the abdominal wall. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribonucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with ribonucleic acids (RNA) or specific RNA. Many viruses are ribonucleoproteins. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rosiglitazone: A drug taken to help reduce the amount of sugar in the blood. Rosiglitazone helps make insulin more effective and improves regulation of blood sugar. It belongs to the family of drugs called thiazolidinediones. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories

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should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light,

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magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH]

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Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silicone Oils: Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. [NIH] Siloxanes: Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a

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neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Count: A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body,

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especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Steatorrhea: A condition in which the body cannot absorb fat. Causes a buildup of fat in the stool and loose, greasy, and foul bowel movements. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striate: Recurrent branch of the anterior cerebral artery which supplies the anterior limb of the internal capsule. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH]

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Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU]

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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]

Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Thinness: A state of insufficient flesh on the body usually defined as having a body weight less than skeletal and physical standards. [NIH] Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are antithryoid agents and/or free radical scavengers. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH]

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Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or

362 Dietary Fat

animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]

Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transrectal ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the prostate. An instrument is inserted into the rectum, and sound waves bounce off the prostate. These sound waves create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts. [NIH] Truncal: The bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body.

Dictionary 363

Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconditioned: An inborn reflex common to all members of a species. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH]

364 Dietary Fat

Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasectomy: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles. [NIH]

Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virosomes: Semi-synthetic complex derived from nucleic-acid free viral particles. They are essentially reconstituted viral coats, where the infectious nucleocapsid is replaced by a compound of choice. Virosomes retain their fusogenic activity and thus deliver the incorporated compound (antigens, drugs, genes) inside the target cell. They can be used for vaccines (vaccines, virosome), drug delivery, or gene transfer. [NIH]

Dictionary 365

Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Waist circumference: To define the level at which the waist circumference is measured, a bony landmark is first located and marked. The subject stands, and the technician, positioned to the right of the subject, palpates the upper hip bone to locate the right ileum. Just above the uppermost lateral border of the right ileum, a horizontal mark is drawn and then crossed with a vertical mark on the midaxillary line. The measuring tape is then placed around the trunk, at the level of the mark on the right side, making sure that it is on a level horizontal plane on all sides. The tape is then tightened slightly without compressing the skin and underlying subcutaneous tissues. The measure is recorded in centimeters to the nearest millimeter. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment

366 Dietary Fat

is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

367

INDEX A Abdomen, 162, 289, 297, 298, 315, 327, 331, 342, 357, 358, 360, 364, 365 Abdominal, 62, 85, 115, 116, 133, 289, 328, 330, 333, 341, 342, 353, 362, 363 Abdominal fat, 85, 115, 116, 289 Abdominal Pain, 289, 328, 333, 363 Aberrant, 22, 189, 289 Acanthosis Nigricans, 41, 289 Acceptor, 289, 330, 340 Acetone, 73, 192, 289, 329 Acetylcarnitine, 44, 289 Acetylcholine, 289, 303 Acne, 133, 220, 289 Acyl, 88, 177, 187, 190, 227, 228, 289, 315 Adaptation, 44, 208, 289 Adduct, 21, 289 Adenocarcinoma, 86, 289 Adenosine, 289, 299, 324, 343 Adipocytes, 22, 289, 329 Adipose Tissue, 13, 33, 38, 62, 84, 114, 116, 250, 251, 289, 290, 331 Adjustment, 5, 7, 17, 289, 290 Adjuvant, 45, 77, 170, 171, 290, 319 Adrenal Cortex, 290, 307, 315, 347 Adverse Effect, 30, 32, 37, 290, 355 Aerobic, 27, 158, 207, 290, 335 Aerobic Exercise, 27, 290 Aerosol, 182, 183, 290 Afferent, 290, 327, 329, 344 Affinity, 213, 290, 330, 356 Agar, 290, 307, 344 Age of Onset, 290, 363 Agonist, 24, 290, 310, 311 Air Sacs, 290, 291 Airway, 182, 290 Albumin, 173, 218, 290, 344 Aldehydes, 291, 365 Alertness, 291, 299 Algorithms, 291, 297 Alimentary, 291, 310, 341 Alkaline, 30, 291, 292, 299, 341, 343 Alkaline Phosphatase, 30, 291 Alkaloid, 291, 299 Alleles, 291, 331 Allergen, 19, 291, 309 Allergic Rhinitis, 19, 133, 291 Allylamine, 291, 292

Alpha Particles, 291, 350 Alpha-Linolenic Acid, 126, 127, 291 Alternative medicine, 256, 291 Alum, 175, 209, 291 Aluminum, 291 Alveoli, 183, 291 Ameliorating, 202, 291 Amine, 170, 227, 291 Amino Acid Sequence, 292, 293, 319 Amino Acids, 177, 200, 292, 319, 342, 345, 348, 353, 355, 359, 362, 363 Ammonia, 184, 291, 292, 363 Ampulla, 292, 313, 316 Amputation, 232, 292 Amylase, 292, 341 Amyloid, 89, 126, 292 Amylopectin, 26, 292 Amylose, 26, 292 Anabolic, 13, 292, 310 Anaesthesia, 292, 326 Anal, 92, 292, 314, 317, 340 Analgesic, 292, 359 Analogous, 292, 345, 362 Analytes, 272, 292 Anaphylatoxins, 292, 305 Anaphylaxis, 208, 292 Anatomical, 25, 220, 292, 310, 325, 354 Androgens, 55, 184, 290, 293, 295 Anesthesia, 131, 220, 290, 293 Aneurysm, 293, 294, 364 Angina, 134, 186, 187, 222, 293 Angina Pectoris, 186, 187, 222, 293 Animal model, 10, 12, 33, 39, 49, 50, 60, 61, 293 Anionic, 173, 201, 293 Anions, 291, 293, 328, 355 Anorexia, 134, 251, 293 Antagonism, 293, 299 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 293, 302, 358 Anthracenes, 231, 293 Antiarrhythmic, 67, 293 Antibacterial, 293, 357 Antibiotic, 65, 293, 342, 357 Antibodies, 189, 213, 293, 321, 323, 325, 332, 344 Anticoagulant, 293, 348

368 Dietary Fat

Antigen, 38, 39, 170, 171, 175, 203, 209, 290, 292, 293, 294, 305, 323, 324, 325, 326, 333 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 203, 294, 305 Anti-inflammatory, 60, 191, 294, 341, 359 Antimetabolite, 294, 309 Antimicrobial, 203, 294, 309 Antioxidant, 17, 30, 67, 125, 199, 227, 231, 268, 294, 295, 340 Antiproliferative, 231, 294 Antiseptic, 289, 294 Antithrombotic, 294, 348 Anus, 292, 294, 298, 351 Aorta, 294, 364 Aortic Aneurysm, 222, 294 Apheresis, 38, 294 Apolipoproteins, 67, 164, 189, 226, 294, 331 Apolipoproteins A, 189, 294 Apoptosis, 39, 174, 242, 294 Applicability, 233, 294 Aqueous, 170, 171, 180, 181, 190, 205, 206, 210, 214, 221, 225, 295, 296, 308, 313, 324, 331 Arachidonic Acid, 61, 191, 194, 295, 312, 329, 347 Arcuate Nucleus, 13, 295 Aromatase, 85, 295 Aromatic, 21, 198, 293, 295, 343 Arrhythmia, 293, 295 Arterial, 29, 45, 89, 163, 176, 184, 239, 291, 295, 298, 302, 303, 324, 348, 360 Arteries, 6, 163, 164, 294, 295, 298, 307, 328, 332, 335, 336, 337, 360 Arterioles, 295, 298, 299, 337 Arteriolosclerosis, 295 Arteriosclerosis, 73, 90, 94, 134, 186, 187, 197, 208, 221, 228, 232, 295, 324, 337 Ascites, 91, 295 Ascorbic Acid, 89, 126, 295, 324 Aspirate, 53, 295 Assay, 211, 295 Atherogenic, 30, 35, 130, 176, 201, 295 Atopic, 19, 130, 295 Atrophy, 295, 330 Attenuated, 170, 171, 175, 209, 295 Auditory, 165, 296, 333, 364 Autoimmune disease, 213, 296 Autologous, 38, 296 Azoxymethane, 59, 61, 296

B Bacteria, 201, 245, 289, 293, 294, 296, 306, 314, 315, 316, 321, 335, 345, 357, 362, 363 Bacterial Physiology, 289, 296 Bactericidal, 296, 315 Bacteriophage, 296, 344, 362 Bacterium, 200, 296, 306 Base, 199, 219, 247, 296, 309, 317, 319, 329, 343, 360 Benign, 134, 295, 296, 321, 337, 348, 350 Beta-pleated, 292, 296 Bilateral, 296, 362 Bile, 45, 46, 49, 61, 70, 83, 114, 116, 145, 201, 244, 257, 296, 314, 318, 319, 323, 331, 358 Bile Acids, 45, 61, 83, 296, 319, 358 Bile Acids and Salts, 296 Bile Ducts, 257, 296, 318 Biliary, 245, 296 Bilirubin, 291, 296, 318 Binomial Distribution, 185, 296 Bioassays, 21, 296 Bioavailability, 21, 296 Bioavailable, 22, 39, 297 Biochemical, 38, 44, 47, 56, 61, 84, 85, 92, 162, 183, 187, 200, 228, 242, 291, 294, 297, 355 Biological response modifier, 297, 327 Biological therapy, 297, 321 Biological Transport, 297, 310 Biomarkers, 21, 23, 35, 38, 48, 62, 73, 103, 109, 297 Biopsy, 9, 55, 165, 297 Biosynthesis, 130, 188, 243, 295, 297, 331, 348, 355 Biotechnology, 64, 68, 186, 187, 196, 244, 256, 267, 297 Bladder, 173, 182, 297, 326, 348, 352, 353, 363 Bloating, 297, 328, 333 Blood Circulation Time, 213, 297 Blood Coagulation, 84, 131, 201, 297, 298, 299, 360 Blood Coagulation Disorders, 201, 297 Blood Coagulation Factors, 297 Blood Glucose, 3, 4, 37, 174, 297, 322, 324, 327 Blood Platelet Disorders, 297 Blood Platelets, 297, 355 Blood pressure, 14, 17, 33, 41, 70, 298, 300, 324, 336, 338, 342, 356 Blood-Brain Barrier, 8, 298

Index 369

Body Composition, 20, 26, 53, 77, 84, 158, 250, 298 Body Fluids, 297, 298, 312, 356, 362 Body Mass Index, 5, 7, 17, 36, 51, 54, 62, 298, 340 Bolus, 23, 298 Bolus infusion, 298 Bone Marrow, 30, 38, 183, 298, 325, 332, 356, 358 Bone Resorption, 30, 298 Bone scan, 298, 354 Bowel, 4, 138, 292, 298, 310, 326, 327, 340, 342, 358, 363 Bowel Movement, 298, 310, 358 Brachytherapy, 298, 327, 328, 350, 366 Bradykinin, 298, 344 Brain Infarction, 208, 298 Brain Stem, 298, 302 Brain Stem Infarctions, 298 Branch, 276, 285, 299, 332, 333, 341, 349, 357, 358, 360 Breakdown, 6, 189, 299, 310, 318 Bronchi, 299, 315, 362 Bronchial, 182, 299, 348 Bronchioles, 291, 299 Buccal, 46, 299 Bupivacaine, 131, 299 C Caffeine, 274, 299, 350 Calcification, 295, 299 Calcium, 30, 46, 67, 77, 81, 119, 180, 195, 224, 238, 299, 303, 305, 337, 340, 349, 355 Caloric intake, 10, 13, 24, 39, 42, 299 Calorimeter, 250, 299 Camptothecin, 229, 299, 328 Cannula, 220, 299 Capillary, 198, 298, 299, 320, 331, 346, 353, 364 Capillary Fragility, 299, 353 Capsid, 197, 300, 338 Capsules, 181, 300, 319, 320 Carbon Dioxide, 300, 317, 318, 344, 352, 364 Carcinogen, 84, 289, 296, 300, 360 Carcinogenesis, 17, 21, 38, 46, 60, 61, 78, 83, 84, 99, 105, 238, 244, 300 Carcinogenic, 21, 46, 75, 198, 300, 304, 326, 339, 347, 358 Carcinoma, 17, 55, 231, 300 Cardia, 9, 300

Cardiac, 58, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 108, 131, 276, 291, 293, 299, 300, 307, 312, 315, 336, 337, 358 Cardiomyopathy, 135, 300 Cardiopulmonary, 20, 31, 72, 78, 300 Cardiorespiratory, 290, 300 Carnitine, 114, 116, 119, 120, 127, 173, 289, 300 Carotene, 17, 89, 144, 300, 352 Carotenoids, 16, 24, 145, 300 Carrier Proteins, 300, 344 Case report, 300, 303 Case series, 300, 303 Case-Control Studies, 46, 301, 314 Catabolism, 222, 301 Cataracts, 301, 362 Catecholamine, 301, 310, 311, 343 Cations, 301, 328 Caudal, 301, 310, 324, 346 Causal, 301, 314, 327 Cause of Death, 176, 301 Cell Death, 294, 301, 337 Cell Differentiation, 30, 33, 301, 355 Cell Division, 296, 301, 321, 335, 344 Cell membrane, 28, 197, 200, 297, 300, 301, 309, 312, 328, 335, 339, 343 Cell Physiology, 59, 301 Cell proliferation, 295, 301, 355 Cell Respiration, 301, 335, 352 Cell Size, 26, 301 Cell Survival, 301, 321 Cell Transplantation, 301 Cellulose, 301, 344 Central Nervous System, 8, 24, 289, 299, 302, 318, 322, 330, 355 Centrifugation, 302, 335 Ceramide, 177, 302 Cerebellum, 298, 302 Cerebral, 202, 222, 293, 298, 302, 315, 318, 327, 360 Cerebral hemispheres, 298, 302 Cerebral Infarction, 222, 298, 302 Cerebrospinal, 165, 302, 332, 357 Cerebrospinal fluid, 165, 302, 332, 357 Cerebrovascular, 232, 300, 302 Cerebrum, 302, 344 Cervical, 231, 302 Cervix, 302, 321 Character, 293, 302, 309 Chemokines, 196, 302 Chemotactic Factors, 302, 305 Chemotherapy, 39, 302

370 Dietary Fat

Cholecystokinin, 8, 25, 70, 87, 302 Cholestenones, 184, 303 Cholesterol Esters, 303, 331 Cholesterol, Dietary, 14, 104, 303 Choline, 81, 120, 128, 303 Chromatin, 294, 303, 338 Chromosomal, 210, 303, 345 Chromosome, 11, 183, 303, 306, 321, 330, 331 Chronic Disease, 15, 19, 22, 40, 42, 72, 303 Chronic renal, 68, 303 Chylomicrons, 28, 33, 246, 303, 331 CIS, 58, 192, 207, 303, 352 Citric Acid, 193, 303 Citrus, 295, 303 Clamp, 27, 52, 303 Clear cell carcinoma, 303, 309 Clinical Medicine, 303, 346 Clinical Protocols, 8, 303 Clinical study, 33, 303, 307 Clinical trial, 7, 10, 23, 45, 68, 74, 111, 161, 166, 267, 303, 306, 349, 350 Clone, 38, 304 Cloning, 32, 34, 212, 297, 304 Coagulation, 74, 81, 128, 191, 297, 304, 322, 344, 361 Coagulation Protein Disorders, 297, 304 Coal, 293, 304 Coal Tar, 293, 304 Cod Liver Oil, 304, 313 Coenzyme, 88, 146, 188, 295, 304, 331 Cofactor, 304, 348, 360 Cognitive restructuring, 45, 304 Cohort Studies, 46, 108, 304, 314 Colitis, 142, 304, 328 Collagen, 220, 304, 317, 319, 347 Collapse, 292, 299, 304 Colloidal, 170, 291, 304, 335, 343, 355 Colorectal, 46, 62, 75, 135, 305 Colorectal Cancer, 46, 62, 135, 305 Combination Therapy, 305, 315 Combinatorial, 35, 305 Complement, 32, 51, 172, 203, 292, 305, 319, 333, 344 Complementary and alternative medicine, 125, 156, 305 Complementary medicine, 125, 305 Complete remission, 305, 352 Complete response, 38, 305 Computational Biology, 267, 305 Computed tomography, 195, 217, 306, 354 Computerized axial tomography, 306, 354

Computerized tomography, 306 Conception, 306, 317, 358 Concomitant, 192, 306 Confounding, 10, 25, 306 Conjugated, 146, 173, 179, 195, 213, 218, 296, 306, 308, 337, 353 Conjugation, 229, 306 Connective Tissue, 295, 298, 304, 306, 317, 318, 319, 332, 334 Consciousness, 292, 306, 309, 311 Constriction, 306, 328 Consultation, 306, 316 Contamination, 306, 322, 339 Contraceptive, 70, 306 Contraindications, ii, 306 Control group, 16, 41, 45, 54, 63, 306 Controlled clinical trial, 63, 307 Corn Oil, 61, 209, 225, 307 Corneum, 177, 307, 315 Coronary Circulation, 293, 307 Coronary Disease, 13, 307 Coronary Thrombosis, 307, 335, 336, 337 Coronary Vessels, 307 Corpus, 307, 332, 344, 347, 360 Corpus Luteum, 307, 332, 347 Cortex, 145, 307, 327 Cortical, 307, 354 Cortisol, 81, 291, 307 Cranial, 302, 307, 321, 342, 364 Criterion, 14, 32, 307 Cross-Sectional Studies, 307, 314 Cues, 47, 307 Culture Media, 202, 206, 290, 307 Cultured cells, 130, 307 Curative, 308, 338, 360 Cutaneous, 198, 308 Cyclic, 82, 135, 299, 308, 344, 345, 348, 354, 356 Cyst, 295, 308 Cysteine, 146, 302, 308, 313, 359 Cytochrome, 295, 308 Cytokine, 19, 308 Cytomegalovirus, 210, 308 Cytoplasm, 181, 294, 301, 308, 321, 353 Cytotoxic, 38, 171, 231, 308, 350, 355 Cytotoxicity, 38, 229, 233, 291, 308 D Dairy Products, 103, 176, 212, 236, 308, 353 Data Collection, 308, 318 Databases, Bibliographic, 267, 308 Day Care, 20, 308

Index 371

De novo, 27, 308 Deamination, 308, 363 Decubitus, 308, 356 Decubitus Ulcer, 308, 356 Degenerative, 196, 309, 322, 332, 352 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 147, 184, 309, 310 Deletion, 183, 189, 294, 309, 331 Dementia, 46, 254, 309 Dendrites, 309, 338 Deoxyribonucleic, 195, 309, 353 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 195, 309, 353 Deoxyribonucleotides, 309 Deoxyuridine, 24, 309 Depolarization, 309, 355 Deprivation, 12, 250, 258, 309 Dermatitis, 19, 309 Dermatologic Agents, 309 DES, 192, 292, 309 Desensitization, 174, 309 Detergents, 309, 317, 356 Deuterium, 110, 309, 324 Developing Countries, 228, 309 Dexfenfluramine, 103, 310 DHEA, 147, 309, 310 Diabetes Mellitus, 6, 102, 127, 136, 276, 310, 320, 322 Diagnostic Imaging, 195, 310 Diagnostic procedure, 169, 256, 310 Diarrhea, 189, 310, 328, 333 Diastole, 310 Diastolic, 37, 310, 324 Diastolic blood pressure, 37, 310 Diencephalon, 310, 324, 360 Dietary Fats, 9, 34, 50, 52, 61, 129, 236, 238, 239, 243, 251, 272, 275, 310, 330 Dietary Fiber, 20, 54, 63, 268, 310 Dietitian, 60, 69, 310 Diffusion, 21, 297, 310, 321 Digestion, 49, 97, 245, 251, 257, 291, 296, 298, 310, 327, 330, 331, 358, 363 Digestive system, 166, 310, 336 Digestive tract, 251, 310, 356, 357 Digital rectal examination, 55, 310 Dihydrotestosterone, 310, 351 Dihydroxy, 229, 310, 316, 353 Dilatation, 293, 310, 347, 364 Dilatation, Pathologic, 310, 364 Dilation, 298, 310, 364 Dimethyl, 224, 227, 311 Diploid, 311, 344

Direct, iii, 11, 26, 30, 31, 59, 127, 163, 172, 178, 180, 181, 183, 207, 211, 259, 303, 311, 351 Discrimination, 249, 311 Disease-Free Survival, 46, 311 Disinfectant, 311, 315 Disposition, 21, 311 Dissection, 66, 311, 362 Dissociation, 290, 311, 328 Distal, 48, 232, 311, 312, 319, 349 Diuresis, 299, 311 Diverticulum, 189, 311 Dopamine, 311, 343 Dorsal, 24, 34, 311, 346 Dorsum, 311 Drug Delivery Systems, 216, 218, 311 Drug Interactions, 261, 311 Drug Tolerance, 311, 361 Duct, 292, 299, 312, 316, 353 Duodenum, 50, 296, 312, 313, 328, 341, 358 Dyes, 292, 312, 359 Dyslipidemia, 6, 59, 65, 114, 115, 131, 245, 276, 277, 312 Dyspareunia, 312, 315 Dysplasia, 75, 312 Dysprosium, 8, 312 E Effector, 13, 178, 289, 305, 312 Efficacy, 9, 17, 21, 23, 38, 40, 76, 102, 107, 108, 163, 312 Ego, 312, 339 Eicosanoids, 191, 239, 242, 312 Elasticity, 295, 312 Elastin, 304, 312 Electrocoagulation, 304, 312 Electrode, 179, 312 Electrolyte, 312, 346, 356 Electrons, 294, 296, 312, 328, 340, 350 Electroplating, 312, 359 Electroporation, 180, 224, 312 Embryo, 202, 203, 301, 313, 317, 320, 326, 334, 345 Emollient, 313, 320, 339 Emulsion, 64, 131, 163, 190, 214, 219, 221, 225, 313, 318 Encapsulated, 179, 183, 195, 210, 213, 224, 313, 331 Endocrine System, 313 Endocrinology, 52, 107, 114, 115, 116, 313 Endocytosis, 181, 313 Endoderm, 189, 313 Endometrial, 51, 71, 106, 313

372 Dietary Fat

Endometrium, 313, 321, 334 Endopeptidases, 313, 348 Endoscope, 313 Endoscopic, 9, 313 Endothelial cell, 29, 131, 298, 313, 360 Endothelium, 28, 158, 313 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 313 Endothelium, Vascular, 313 Endotoxic, 132, 196, 314, 330 Endotoxin, 314, 363 Endpoint Determination, 46, 314 End-stage renal, 303, 314 Energetic, 31, 314 Energy balance, 18, 27, 30, 52, 63, 77, 268, 314, 329 Energy Intake, 5, 11, 17, 18, 25, 26, 31, 36, 41, 51, 52, 53, 68, 78, 88, 100, 162, 247, 250, 314 Enhancers, 216, 314 Enterocytes, 12, 314 Enterohepatic, 314, 359 Enterohepatic Circulation, 314, 359 Enterovirus, 314, 345 Environmental Health, 266, 268, 314 Environmental tobacco smoke, 20, 314 Enzymatic, 180, 299, 300, 305, 314, 315, 317, 352 Enzyme Inhibitors, 314, 344 Ependyma, 295, 314, 360 Epidemic, 18, 314 Epidemiologic Studies, 38, 110, 314 Epidemiological, 4, 21, 34, 39, 45, 157, 315 Epidemiology, Molecular, 51, 315 Epidermis, 204, 219, 307, 315, 323 Epidermoid carcinoma, 231, 315, 357 Epigastric, 315, 341 Epinephrine, 311, 315, 363 Epithelial, 33, 39, 51, 59, 189, 289, 297, 315, 321, 322, 341, 348 Epithelial Cells, 39, 315, 322, 348 Epithelium, 9, 222, 313, 314, 315, 352 Erythrocytes, 38, 298, 315 Esophageal, 315, 319 Esophagitis, 315, 319 Esophagus, 9, 182, 310, 315, 319, 332, 343, 351, 357, 358 Esterification, 12, 187, 195, 315 Estradiol, 53, 63, 315 Estrogen, 43, 51, 52, 79, 92, 100, 101, 108, 295, 315, 347 Estrogen receptor, 43, 108, 315 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 51, 315

Ethanol, 225, 315, 317 Ethylene Glycol, 190, 316 Eukaryotic Cells, 205, 206, 316, 338, 339 Excitation, 185, 316 Exocrine, 183, 302, 316, 341 Exogenous, 89, 174, 316, 348, 363 Expert Systems, 50, 316 Extensor, 316, 349 External-beam radiation, 316, 328, 350, 365 Extracellular, 197, 216, 217, 292, 306, 313, 316, 317, 340, 356 Extracellular Matrix, 306, 316, 317, 340 Extraction, 173, 192, 223, 224, 232, 316, 353 Extravascular, 180, 316 Extremity, 232, 316 F Failure to Thrive, 189, 316 Fallopian Tubes, 316, 321 Family Planning, 267, 316 Farnesyl, 61, 316 Fatty Liver, 100, 187, 316 Feces, 316, 358 Feeding Behavior, 11, 50, 316 Fenfluramine, 24, 310, 317 Fermentation, 92, 191, 195, 317 Fertilizers, 317, 359 Fetal Development, 50, 317 Fetus, 317, 344, 346, 363 Fever of Unknown Origin, 67, 317 Fibrin, 297, 317, 360, 361 Fibrinogen, 37, 317, 344, 360 Fibrinolysis, 84, 317 Fibrinolytic, 131, 317 Fibroblasts, 317, 327 Fibrosis, 8, 64, 129, 135, 136, 183, 291, 317, 354 Fish Oils, 90, 317 Fish Products, 317, 354 Fistula, 48, 317 Fixation, 215, 317 Flatus, 318 Foam Cells, 187, 228, 318 Focus Groups, 43, 318 Folate, 309, 318 Fold, 52, 318 Food Exchange, 236, 318 Food Preferences, 11, 12, 318 Foramen, 318, 333, 342 Forearm, 298, 318 Fovea, 318 Fractionation, 193, 318

Index 373

Free Radical Scavengers, 318, 360 Frontal Lobe, 293, 302, 318 Fructose, 225, 318, 328 Fungi, 306, 318, 335, 366 G Gallbladder, 85, 136, 289, 296, 302, 310, 318 Gallstones, 85, 137, 296, 318, 323 Gamma irradiation, 206, 318 Ganglia, 289, 298, 318, 337, 342 Gangrene, 232, 318 Gas, 24, 38, 184, 195, 292, 299, 300, 310, 318, 323, 328, 333, 338, 352, 359, 364 Gas exchange, 318, 352, 364 Gastric, 9, 90, 102, 300, 319 Gastric Acid, 90, 102, 319 Gastrin, 90, 319, 323 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 9, 96, 137, 254, 319 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 9, 96, 137, 319 Gastrointestinal, 4, 12, 21, 189, 245, 298, 302, 315, 319, 330, 355, 356, 359, 363 Gastrointestinal tract, 21, 189, 315, 319, 330, 355, 356, 363 Gelatin, 307, 319 Gels, 181, 319 Gene Expression, 11, 22, 30, 35, 58, 60, 65, 67, 101, 177, 319 Genetic Code, 319, 338 Genetic Counseling, 278, 319 Genetic Engineering, 297, 304, 319 Genetic Markers, 48, 319 Genetic Screening, 51, 211, 319 Genetics, 33, 51, 107, 111, 189, 241, 306, 319, 336 Genomics, 11, 212, 319 Genotype, 46, 71, 80, 90, 319, 343 Germ Cells, 320, 340, 360 Germ Layers, 211, 313, 320 Gestation, 320, 342, 344 Ginseng, 147, 153, 320 Gland, 64, 290, 320, 332, 341, 348, 354, 358, 361 Glomerular, 93, 320, 328 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 93, 320 Glomerulus, 320 Glucose Intolerance, 310, 320 Glucose tolerance, 27, 70, 101, 106, 246, 320 Glucose Tolerance Test, 320 Glucosinolates, 17, 320

Glutamate, 25, 320 Glycerol, 8, 172, 192, 209, 219, 224, 320, 343 Glycerophospholipids, 320, 343 Glycoprotein, 197, 317, 320, 321, 360, 363 Glycosidic, 171, 320, 339 Goats, 308, 321 Goblet Cells, 314, 321 Gonadal, 321, 358 Governing Board, 321, 346 Government Agencies, 57, 321, 346 Gp120, 197, 321 GP41, 197, 321 Graft, 321, 323, 325, 337 Grafting, 321, 325 Gram-negative, 314, 321 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 314, 321 Granulocytes, 321, 355, 365 Growth factors, 29, 30, 53, 206, 321 Gynecologic cancer, 182, 321 H Habitual, 98, 184, 302, 321 Haemodialysis, 88, 321 Haploid, 321, 344 Haplotypes, 35, 321 Haptens, 290, 321 Headache, 299, 321 Health Behavior, 55, 322 Health Education, 42, 322 Health Status, 15, 268, 322 Heart attack, 163, 232, 300, 322 Heme, 296, 308, 322, 337, 345 Hemoglobin, 4, 20, 36, 315, 322, 346 Hemoglobin A, 36, 322, 346 Hemorrhage, 312, 321, 322, 337, 358 Hemostasis, 322, 355 Hepatic, 22, 49, 59, 174, 186, 187, 254, 291, 320, 322, 346 Hepatitis, 137, 142, 175, 188, 209, 322 Hepatitis A, 175, 209, 322 Hepatitis Antigens, 175, 209, 322 Hepatitis Viruses, 175, 209, 322 Hepatocytes, 58, 59, 128, 322 Hepatovirus, 322 Heredity, 220, 319, 322 Heterogeneity, 86, 197, 290, 323 Heterogenic, 323 Heterogenous, 183, 323 High blood cholesterol, 104, 323 Histology, 323, 341 Homeostasis, 56, 86, 323 Homogeneous, 35, 295, 323

374 Dietary Fat

Homologous, 35, 291, 323, 359 Hormonal, 22, 63, 97, 158, 295, 315, 323 Horny layer, 193, 315, 323 Host, 19, 180, 183, 231, 296, 323, 325, 329, 345, 363, 365 Humoral, 171, 203, 323 Humour, 323 Hybrid, 304, 323 Hybridomas, 313, 323, 327 Hydrogen, 190, 209, 228, 289, 291, 296, 300, 309, 323, 324, 330, 336, 338, 340, 349 Hydrogen Peroxide, 324, 330 Hydrolysis, 87, 172, 205, 324, 330, 343, 345, 349 Hydrophilic, 180, 190, 205, 213, 214, 225, 309, 324 Hydrophobic, 21, 170, 171, 180, 190, 200, 205, 225, 309, 320, 324, 328, 331 Hydroxylysine, 304, 324 Hydroxyproline, 304, 324 Hygienic, 324, 356 Hypercholesterolemia, 6, 58, 87, 93, 138, 187, 189, 208, 312, 324 Hyperglycemia, 174, 324 Hyperlipidaemia, 115, 117, 277, 324 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 44, 163, 197, 324, 331 Hyperphagia, 10, 184, 324 Hypersensitivity, 19, 291, 292, 309, 324, 330 Hypertension, 15, 22, 31, 58, 70, 88, 137, 138, 295, 300, 322, 324 Hypertriglyceridemia, 6, 33, 35, 312, 324 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 12, 324 Hypobetalipoproteinemia, 189, 324 Hypoglycemia, 56, 174, 324 Hypoglycemic, 174, 324 Hypothalamic, 13, 324 Hypothalamus, 11, 295, 310, 324, 356, 360 Hypoxanthine, 324, 365 I Ice Cream, 229, 325 Id, 117, 132, 189, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 284, 286, 312, 325 Ileal, 48, 325 Ileum, 48, 65, 325, 328, 365 Imaging procedures, 217, 325, 362 Immune adjuvant, 291, 325 Immune Complex Diseases, 294, 325 Immune function, 19, 20, 23, 194, 203, 325 Immune response, 19, 170, 171, 290, 291, 294, 296, 321, 325, 333, 359, 363, 364, 365

Immune system, 93, 196, 203, 297, 325, 330, 332, 337, 363, 365 Immunity, 175, 209, 221, 233, 325, 339 Immunization, 325, 347 Immunodeficiency, 196, 325 Immunogenic, 170, 325, 330 Immunoglobulins, 325, 344 Immunohistochemistry, 32, 35, 325 Immunologic, 171, 302, 325, 350 Immunology, 34, 94, 129, 213, 239, 240, 290, 325 Immunotherapy, 297, 309, 325 Impairment, 208, 325, 334 Implant radiation, 325, 327, 328, 350, 366 Implantation, 183, 306, 325 In vitro, 21, 28, 30, 39, 114, 116, 172, 178, 180, 181, 183, 202, 203, 206, 210, 223, 325, 326, 361 In vivo, 12, 28, 38, 59, 178, 180, 181, 183, 200, 201, 210, 211, 213, 223, 325, 326, 330, 359, 360 Incision, 326, 328, 348, 353 Incompetence, 197, 319, 326 Incontinence, 326, 340 Indicative, 23, 237, 314, 326, 341, 364 Induction, 59, 66, 85, 94, 196, 222, 231, 293, 326, 347 Infant Food, 194, 326 Infantile, 326, 330 Infarction, 139, 302, 326, 352 Infection, 142, 183, 196, 220, 297, 302, 308, 325, 326, 332, 339, 342, 345, 359, 363, 365 Infertility, 139, 203, 326 Inflammatory bowel disease, 4, 326 Information Systems, 55, 326 Infusion, 24, 39, 131, 326, 337 Ingestion, 44, 75, 96, 187, 188, 222, 320, 324, 326 Inhalation, 173, 218, 290, 326 Initiation, 15, 34, 326, 362 Initiator, 221, 326 Inlay, 326, 352 Innervation, 48, 326 Inorganic, 177, 206, 214, 215, 327, 336, 343, 359 Inositol, 174, 177, 178, 240, 327, 354 Insight, 13, 52, 231, 268, 327 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 327 Interferon, 19, 81, 327 Interferon-alpha, 327 Interleukin-6, 37, 126, 327 Intermittent, 327, 331

Index 375

Internal Capsule, 293, 327, 358 Internal Medicine, 23, 28, 62, 75, 194, 208, 313, 327 Internal radiation, 327, 328, 350, 366 Interstitial, 298, 327, 328, 366 Intervention Studies, 18, 125, 327 Intestinal, 12, 46, 48, 61, 65, 81, 88, 93, 95, 189, 222, 245, 300, 302, 314, 320, 327, 333, 341 Intestine, 12, 48, 56, 189, 222, 245, 296, 298, 305, 314, 327, 329 Intracellular, 58, 59, 93, 177, 204, 243, 245, 299, 326, 327, 346, 348, 351, 354, 355 Intramuscular, 164, 184, 327, 341 Intraocular, 182, 327 Intravascular, 201, 327 Intravenous, 183, 326, 328, 341 Intrinsic, 56, 290, 328 Inulin, 320, 328 Invasive, 220, 325, 328, 332 Involuntary, 314, 328, 337, 351 Ionization, 328 Ionizing, 195, 291, 328, 350 Ions, 177, 296, 311, 312, 323, 328, 335, 336, 349 Irinotecan, 229, 328 Irradiation, 217, 220, 328, 366 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 328, 340 Ischemia, 127, 163, 232, 295, 309, 328, 337, 352 Ischemic stroke, 90, 328 Islet, 89, 114, 115, 116, 174, 328 Isoprenoids, 188, 328 Isozymes, 61, 328 J Jejunum, 12, 48, 328 Joint, 9, 142, 245, 329, 359 K Kb, 58, 266, 329 Keto, 184, 303, 329 Ketone Bodies, 44, 289, 329 Ketosteroids, 184, 329 Kidney stone, 254, 329 Kinetic, 328, 329 Kink, 192, 329 L Labile, 188, 305, 329 Lactation, 329, 347 Large Intestine, 305, 310, 327, 329, 351, 356 Larynx, 329, 362, 364 Latent, 329, 346 Least-Squares Analysis, 329, 351

Leptin, 8, 13, 27, 70, 107, 222, 329 Lesion, 62, 183, 329, 331 Leukapheresis, 294, 329 Leukocytes, 298, 302, 321, 327, 329, 363 Leukotrienes, 131, 240, 295, 312, 329 Libido, 293, 330 Library Services, 284, 330 Ligament, 330, 348 Ligands, 33, 60, 330 Likelihood Functions, 330, 351 Linear Models, 330, 351 Linkage, 11, 35, 39, 42, 49, 171, 319, 330 Linolenic Acids, 209, 330 Lipase, 33, 49, 87, 97, 151, 254, 330, 340, 341 Lipid Bilayers, 178, 200, 223, 330 Lipid Peroxidation, 66, 67, 83, 130, 132, 194, 231, 239, 330, 340 Lipid Peroxides, 81, 126, 330 Lipodystrophy, 162, 254, 330 Lipolysis, 29, 44, 52, 330 Lipophilic, 21, 69, 214, 330 Lipopolysaccharide, 170, 171, 196, 321, 330 Lipoprotein Lipase, 30, 33, 66, 331 Liposomal, 213, 331 Liposome, 179, 213, 331 Liver cancer, 175, 209, 331 Liver scan, 331, 354 Lobe, 34, 293, 302, 331 Localization, 58, 325, 331 Localized, 12, 45, 183, 232, 313, 317, 326, 330, 331, 344, 363 Locomotion, 331, 344 Logistic Models, 331, 351 Long-Term Care, 55, 331 Loss of Heterozygosity, 48, 331 Lovastatin, 120, 128, 331 Low-calorie diet, 250, 332 Low-density lipoprotein, 4, 129, 312, 331, 332 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 319, 332 Lubricants, 199, 332, 343 Lumbar, 165, 332, 357 Lumbar puncture, 165, 332, 357 Lumen, 299, 313, 332 Lutein Cells, 332, 347 Lycopene, 17, 39, 151, 332 Lymph, 38, 203, 302, 313, 323, 332 Lymph node, 38, 302, 332 Lymphatic, 172, 313, 326, 332, 334, 356, 357, 361

376 Dietary Fat

Lymphatic system, 172, 332, 356, 357, 361 Lymphocyte, 19, 171, 197, 294, 332, 333 Lymphoid, 293, 332 Lymphoma, 38, 138, 254, 332 Lymphoproliferative, 20, 332 M Macula, 318, 332 Macula Lutea, 332 Macular Degeneration, 99, 138, 332 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 185, 195, 332, 354 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 321, 333 Malabsorption, 56, 92, 173, 333 Malabsorption syndrome, 56, 333 Malignancy, 289, 333 Malignant, 33, 64, 289, 295, 331, 333, 337, 348, 350 Malnutrition, 291, 295, 333 Mammary, 53, 64, 65, 87, 92, 108, 331, 333 Mammogram, 41, 299, 333 Mammography, 51, 333 Manifest, 56, 174, 333 Meat, 5, 62, 86, 89, 103, 245, 254, 310, 333, 353 Meat Products, 310, 333 Meatus, 333, 364 Medial, 295, 333, 339 Mediate, 24, 189, 311, 312, 333 Mediator, 48, 126, 302, 333, 355 Medical Records, 333, 353 Medicament, 184, 214, 333 MEDLINE, 267, 333 Megaloblastic, 309, 333 Melanin, 333, 334, 343, 363 Melanocytes, 333, 334 Melanoma, 178, 334 Melanosis, 289, 334 Memory, 293, 309, 334 Meninges, 302, 334 Menopause, 62, 63, 77, 139, 334, 342, 346 Menstrual Cycle, 334, 347 Menstruation, 136, 334 Mental Disorders, 167, 334, 347, 349 Mental Health, iv, 7, 167, 266, 269, 334, 347, 349 Mentors, 52, 334 Mesenchymal, 30, 334 Mesoderm, 189, 334 Meta-Analysis, 69, 94, 98, 109, 334 Metabolic disorder, 184, 197, 278, 334 Metabolite, 229, 311, 331, 334

Metaplasia, 10, 334 Metastasis, 178, 334 Metastatic, 178, 334, 354 Methionine, 152, 311, 334, 359 MI, 5, 7, 17, 36, 72, 77, 102, 106, 182, 287, 334 Mice Minute Virus, 335, 341 Micelles, 190, 225, 335 Microbe, 335, 361 Microbiological, 204, 335 Microbiology, 34, 289, 335 Micronutrients, 24, 335 Microorganism, 191, 304, 335, 341, 365 Microscopy, 44, 335, 338 Microsomal, 22, 335 Microsome, 128, 335 Microspheres, 93, 335 Microvilli, 12, 335 Microwaves, 335, 350 Midaxillary line, 335, 365 Migration, 21, 335 Milliliter, 335, 357 Millimeter, 335, 365 Mitochondria, 44, 289, 335, 337, 339 Mitosis, 294, 335 Mitotic, 183, 335 Modeling, 9, 78, 100, 335 Molecular Probes, 313, 336 Molecular Structure, 179, 336, 356 Monitor, 24, 38, 41, 45, 50, 73, 165, 336, 338 Monoclonal, 323, 328, 336, 350, 366 Monocyte, 29, 336 Mononuclear, 336, 363 Monounsaturated fat, 3, 4, 28, 34, 65, 162, 176, 193, 194, 212, 336 Morphological, 24, 313, 333, 336 Morphology, 24, 26, 44, 336 Motility, 178, 203, 336, 355 Mucins, 314, 321, 336 Mucosa, 61, 84, 302, 314, 336, 347 Mucositis, 336, 361 Mucus, 203, 336, 363 Mutagenesis, 211, 336 Mutagenic, 21, 336 Mutagens, 336 Myocardial infarction, 130, 163, 222, 307, 334, 336, 337 Myocardial Ischemia, 293, 307, 336 Myocardial Reperfusion, 337, 352 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 337, 352 Myocardium, 293, 334, 336, 337 Myoglobin, 337, 346

Index 377

N Naive, 250, 337 NCI, 1, 166, 265, 303, 337 Necrosis, 294, 298, 302, 320, 326, 334, 336, 337, 352 Need, 3, 8, 10, 16, 29, 42, 54, 57, 162, 171, 174, 181, 199, 212, 235, 245, 246, 249, 250, 251, 256, 257, 268, 279, 290, 303, 337, 361 Neonatal, 50, 65, 66, 67, 254, 337 Neoplasia, 34, 65, 337 Neoplasm, 337 Neoplastic, 9, 182, 197, 203, 323, 331, 332, 337 Nerve, 130, 293, 309, 326, 333, 337, 338, 344, 346, 352, 354, 358, 362, 364 Nervous System, 165, 290, 302, 333, 337, 338, 342, 345 Networks, 35, 104, 337 Neural, 12, 35, 290, 292, 323, 338, 352 Neurologic, 165, 338 Neuronal, 233, 338 Neurons, 13, 25, 56, 67, 233, 309, 318, 338, 359 Neurotoxic, 296, 338 Neutrons, 291, 328, 338, 350 Niacin, 118, 261, 338, 362 Nitrogen, 172, 291, 293, 317, 338, 362 Normotensive, 70, 338 Nuclear, 22, 33, 58, 195, 217, 299, 306, 312, 316, 327, 337, 338 Nuclear Matrix, 58, 338 Nuclear Medicine, 195, 338 Nuclear Pore, 338 Nuclei, 217, 291, 293, 306, 312, 319, 332, 335, 338, 349 Nucleocapsid, 338, 364 Nucleolus, 338, 353 Nucleus, 11, 13, 24, 58, 231, 293, 294, 295, 303, 308, 309, 316, 336, 338, 349, 358 Nutritional Status, 165, 339 O Obsession, 251, 339 Odour, 295, 339 Ointments, 339, 341, 356 Oleic Acids, 109, 339 Oligosaccharides, 148, 339 Omega-3 fatty acid, 7, 21, 61, 221, 339 Omega-6 Fatty Acids, 21, 123, 339 Oncogenic, 39, 339 Oncology, 32, 71, 103, 339 On-line, 58, 287, 339

Opacity, 301, 309, 339 Opalescent, 170, 339 Ophthalmic, 339, 362 Ophthalmology, 102, 317, 339, 353 Opportunistic Infections, 197, 339 Optic Chiasm, 324, 339 Oral Health, 268, 339 Organ Culture, 339, 361 Organ Preservation, 6, 339 Organelles, 302, 308, 334, 339 Orlistat, 75, 152, 340 Osmolality, 206, 340 Osmoles, 340 Osmotic, 291, 340, 355 Osteoblasts, 30, 340 Osteocalcin, 30, 340 Osteoporosis, 30, 62, 139, 140, 315, 340 Outpatient, 50, 340 Ovaries, 295, 316, 321, 340, 355 Ovary, 231, 307, 315, 340, 345 Overall survival, 46, 340 Overweight, 12, 15, 16, 20, 27, 28, 54, 62, 96, 110, 117, 340 Ovulation, 203, 340 Ovum, 307, 320, 340, 347, 366 Oxidative Stress, 17, 20, 23, 83, 340 Oxides, 23, 341 Oxygen Consumption, 44, 341, 352 P Palliative, 341, 360 Palmitic Acid, 26, 172, 209, 341 Pancreas, 11, 50, 93, 174, 189, 289, 297, 310, 327, 328, 330, 341, 356, 363 Pancreatic, 49, 87, 96, 97, 114, 116, 140, 300, 302, 318, 319, 341 Pancreatic Juice, 319, 341 Pancreatin, 93, 341 Paneth Cells, 314, 341 Paraffin, 198, 341 Parasite, 341 Parasitic, 207, 341 Parenteral, 66, 173, 218, 314, 341 Paroxysmal, 293, 341 Partial remission, 341, 352 Particle, 35, 45, 91, 197, 331, 341, 357, 362 Parturition, 341, 347 Parvovirus, 188, 335, 341 Patch, 341, 362 Pathogen, 170, 341 Pathogenesis, 33, 341 Pathologic, 294, 297, 307, 324, 341, 342, 349 Pathologic Processes, 294, 342

378 Dietary Fat

Pathologies, 8, 217, 342 Patient Education, 43, 275, 282, 284, 287, 342 Pelvic, 140, 342, 348 Penicillin, 293, 342, 364 Peptide, 32, 48, 50, 59, 90, 102, 200, 302, 313, 329, 342, 345, 348, 349 Perception, 64, 97, 342 Perfusion, 318, 342, 361 Perimenopausal, 62, 342 Perinatal, 20, 237, 342 Perineal, 342, 350 Periodontitis, 131, 342 Peripheral blood, 196, 327, 342 Peripheral Nervous System, 342, 357, 359 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 232, 342 Peritoneal, 192, 295, 342 Peritoneal Cavity, 192, 295, 342 Peritoneum, 342 Petrolatum, 313, 343 Petroleum, 198, 215, 341, 343 Phagocytosis, 181, 343 Phallic, 317, 343 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 199, 301, 315, 319, 343, 347 Pharmacokinetic, 21, 213, 343 Pharmacologic, 247, 293, 343, 361 Pharmacotherapy, 250, 343 Pharynx, 319, 343, 364 Phenolphthalein, 313, 343 Phenotype, 11, 30, 31, 56, 65, 183, 212, 343 Phenylalanine, 183, 343, 363 Phosphates, 177, 188, 343 Phospholipases, 343, 355 Phospholipids, 67, 81, 128, 129, 130, 205, 216, 223, 226, 242, 316, 327, 331, 339, 343 Phosphorus, 299, 343 Phosphorylate, 178, 343 Phosphorylated, 171, 178, 304, 343 Phosphorylation, 343, 348 Photocoagulation, 304, 343 Photodynamic therapy, 182, 343 Phototransduction, 344, 354 Physical Examination, 323, 344 Physiologic, 45, 174, 247, 290, 297, 310, 317, 328, 334, 335, 344, 347, 351 Physiology, 12, 22, 49, 76, 81, 83, 97, 101, 211, 223, 243, 313, 344 Pigment, 296, 332, 333, 334, 337, 344, 352 Pilot study, 15, 20, 63, 65, 97, 131, 164, 344 Pineal Body, 344 Pineal gland, 43, 344

Placenta, 295, 315, 344, 347 Plant sterols, 23, 207, 344 Plants, 198, 208, 215, 230, 291, 300, 303, 320, 328, 336, 344, 345, 353, 361 Plaque, 187, 228, 232, 295, 344 Plasma cells, 293, 344 Plasma protein, 63, 290, 313, 344, 349, 355 Plasmapheresis, 294, 344 Plasmid, 223, 345, 364 Platelet Activation, 345, 355 Plateletpheresis, 294, 345 Platelets, 28, 95, 126, 345, 360, 361 Plethysmography, 27, 345 Policy Making, 321, 345 Polioviruses, 188, 345 Pollen, 345, 350 Poly U, 172, 345 Polyethylene, 190, 213, 345 Polymers, 26, 345, 348, 356 Polymorphism, 49, 53, 80, 81, 106, 107, 111, 240, 345 Polyp, 62, 65, 345 Polypeptide, 175, 209, 233, 292, 304, 317, 337, 345, 347, 356, 366 Polyposis, 305, 345 Polysaccharide, 294, 301, 345, 349 Porphyrins, 182, 345 Portal System, 173, 346 Posterior, 292, 302, 311, 327, 335, 341, 344, 346 Postmenopausal, 29, 37, 62, 63, 69, 71, 72, 102, 315, 340, 346 Postnatal, 346, 358 Postoperative, 6, 346 Postprandial, 10, 26, 28, 29, 35, 37, 70, 80, 81, 89, 94, 98, 107, 115, 117, 128, 346 Postprandial Blood Glucose, 37, 346 Postsynaptic, 346, 355 Potassium, 219, 346, 356 Potassium hydroxide, 219, 346 Potentiation, 99, 346, 355 Practice Guidelines, 269, 276, 346 Precancerous, 346 Precipitation, 180, 224, 346 Preclinical, 38, 45, 346 Precursor, 30, 58, 62, 197, 295, 303, 311, 312, 314, 316, 343, 346, 349, 362, 363, 364 Predisposition, 54, 346 Premalignant, 10, 346 Premenopausal, 29, 63, 70, 98, 101, 109, 346 Prenatal, 313, 319, 346

Index 379

Prevalence, 5, 16, 19, 27, 34, 36, 52, 54, 57, 296, 346 Primary Prevention, 36, 46, 54, 277, 347 Probe, 109, 347 Progeny, 306, 347 Progesterone, 43, 347, 358 Progression, 4, 9, 22, 32, 34, 39, 43, 61, 78, 174, 241, 255, 293, 347 Progressive, 35, 295, 301, 303, 309, 311, 315, 321, 337, 345, 347 Prolactin, 87, 98, 347 Proline, 304, 324, 347 Promoter, 39, 59, 87, 208, 347 Prone, 179, 347 Prophylaxis, 175, 209, 347, 363 Proportional, 340, 347 Propylene Glycol, 219, 347 Prospective study, 69, 99, 347 Prostaglandin, 23, 81, 95, 191, 237, 243, 347, 360 Prostaglandins A, 347, 348 Prostaglandins D, 127, 348 Prostaglandins F, 348 Prostatectomy, 348, 350 Prostate-Specific Antigen, 97, 348 Protease, 161, 162, 197, 305, 341, 348 Protease Inhibitors, 162, 348 Protein Binding, 348, 361 Protein C, 25, 164, 172, 173, 291, 292, 294, 296, 331, 340, 348, 363 Protein S, 173, 218, 244, 297, 319, 340, 348, 353 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 178, 348 Proteoglycans, 45, 349 Proteolytic, 305, 317, 349 Prothrombin, 201, 349, 360 Protocol, 63, 276, 349 Protons, 291, 323, 328, 349, 350 Protozoa, 306, 335, 349 Proximal, 48, 311, 349 Psoriasis, 140, 141, 216, 304, 349 Psychiatric, 181, 334, 349 Psychiatry, 54, 317, 349 Psychic, 330, 349, 354 Psyllium, 153, 349 Puberty, 64, 349 Public Policy, 42, 127, 267, 349 Publishing, 64, 188, 236, 349 Pulmonary, 19, 96, 132, 135, 183, 298, 306, 318, 330, 349, 359, 364 Pulmonary Artery, 298, 349, 364 Pulse, 185, 336, 349

Purines, 350, 355, 365 Putrefaction, 318, 350 Pyrogenic, 196, 350 Q Quality of Life, 51, 64, 350 Quercetin, 120, 186, 187, 350 R Race, 17, 20, 48, 56, 335, 350 Radiation, 141, 182, 195, 217, 220, 221, 239, 243, 293, 316, 318, 327, 328, 350, 354, 365 Radiation therapy, 316, 318, 327, 328, 350, 366 Radical prostatectomy, 21, 350 Radio Waves, 165, 335, 350 Radioactive, 164, 298, 324, 325, 327, 328, 331, 336, 338, 339, 350, 354, 366 Radioisotope, 350, 362 Radiolabeled, 328, 350, 366 Radiology, 338, 350 Radiotherapy, 298, 328, 350, 366 Randomized clinical trial, 16, 75, 100, 132, 350 Receptivity, 17, 351 Receptors, Serotonin, 351, 355 Recombinant, 36, 175, 179, 200, 209, 212, 351, 364 Recombination, 306, 319, 351 Rectal, 141, 351 Rectum, 294, 298, 305, 310, 318, 326, 329, 348, 351, 362 Recurrence, 45, 63, 351 Reductase, 9, 55, 120, 188, 208, 260, 295, 331, 351 Refer, 1, 175, 209, 299, 305, 317, 318, 331, 332, 337, 338, 351 Reflex, 351, 363 Reflux, 9, 319, 351 Refraction, 351, 357 Refractory, 183, 312, 351 Regeneration, 193, 351 Regimen, 20, 174, 250, 303, 312, 343, 351 Regression Analysis, 14, 42, 351 Regurgitation, 319, 351 Rehydration, 206, 351 Reliability, 110, 352 Remission, 38, 71, 351, 352 Renal pelvis, 329, 352 Reperfusion, 127, 337, 352 Reperfusion Injury, 127, 352 Respiration, 300, 336, 352 Respiratory failure, 183, 352 Resting metabolic rate, 20, 62, 352

380 Dietary Fat

Restoration, 97, 337, 351, 352 Retina, 332, 339, 344, 352, 353 Retinal, 339, 344, 352, 356, 365 Retinal Detachment, 352, 356 Retropubic, 348, 350, 353 Retropubic prostatectomy, 350, 353 Retrospective, 71, 353 Retrospective study, 71, 353 Retroviral vector, 183, 353 Rhinitis, 20, 353 Ribonucleic acid, 195, 353 Ribonucleoproteins, 338, 353 Ribose, 289, 345, 353 Ribosome, 353, 362 Rigidity, 344, 353 Rod, 296, 303, 353 Rosiglitazone, 161, 162, 174, 353 Rutin, 186, 187, 350, 353 S Saline, 61, 353 Salivary, 308, 310, 353 Salivary glands, 308, 310, 353 Saponins, 353, 358 Scans, 165, 354 Sclerosis, 94, 139, 184, 295, 354 Screening, 9, 14, 87, 103, 211, 226, 277, 303, 319, 354 Seafood, 5, 223, 273, 354 Sebaceous, 220, 354 Sebaceous gland, 220, 354 Sebum, 354 Second Messenger Systems, 178, 354 Secondary tumor, 334, 354 Secretory, 59, 89, 183, 354 Sedentary, 5, 14, 18, 42, 57, 352, 354 Seizures, 165, 254, 341, 354 Semen, 348, 354 Semisynthetic, 299, 354 Senile, 340, 354 Sensor, 184, 354 Sequencing, 212, 355 Serine, 313, 348, 355 Serotonin, 24, 103, 310, 317, 343, 351, 355, 362 Serous, 51, 313, 355 Serum, 21, 23, 24, 30, 37, 39, 55, 58, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 75, 76, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 92, 93, 94, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 114, 116, 126, 128, 161, 162, 171, 173, 174, 176, 180, 184, 188, 197, 202, 206, 210, 211, 212, 218, 224, 246, 290, 292, 294, 305, 325, 332, 340, 355, 363

Serum Albumin, 173, 218, 355 Sex Characteristics, 293, 349, 355, 360 Sharpness, 355, 365 Shock, 141, 240, 292, 355, 362 Side effect, 4, 174, 182, 208, 259, 290, 297, 355, 359, 361 Signal Transduction, 43, 56, 178, 237, 327, 355 Signs and Symptoms, 352, 355 Silicon, 179, 355, 356 Silicon Dioxide, 355, 356 Silicone Oils, 219, 356 Siloxanes, 356 Skeletal, 6, 33, 59, 84, 158, 239, 293, 303, 356, 360 Skeleton, 329, 347, 356 Skin Care, 193, 227, 356 Skull, 356, 360 Small intestine, 11, 12, 56, 222, 245, 296, 303, 312, 323, 325, 327, 328, 356 Smooth muscle, 45, 228, 291, 292, 299, 318, 348, 356, 359 Soaps, 317, 356 Social Environment, 41, 350, 356 Sodium, 67, 208, 219, 236, 251, 344, 356 Soft tissue, 298, 356 Solid tumor, 182, 356 Solvent, 171, 173, 180, 192, 193, 214, 223, 224, 232, 289, 315, 320, 340, 347, 356 Somatic, 323, 335, 342, 356, 364 Somatostatin, 90, 356 Sonogram, 357, 362 Sound wave, 196, 357, 362 Soybean Oil, 23, 129, 208, 345, 357 Specialist, 279, 311, 357 Specificity, 110, 178, 200, 210, 290, 313, 357, 361 Spectrum, 6, 183, 335, 350, 357 Sperm, 203, 293, 303, 345, 357, 360, 364 Sperm Count, 203, 357 Spinal cord, 165, 298, 302, 303, 314, 334, 337, 342, 351, 357 Spinal tap, 165, 332, 357 Spinous, 315, 357 Spleen, 165, 308, 332, 357 Squamous, 9, 315, 357 Squamous cell carcinoma, 315, 357 Squamous Epithelium, 9, 357 Stabilization, 194, 357 Stabilizer, 195, 357 Staging, 354, 357 Steatorrhea, 8, 50, 358

Index 381

Steatosis, 316, 358 Steel, 303, 358 Stem cell transplantation, 38, 358 Stem Cells, 30, 183, 358 Sterile, 206, 358 Sterility, 326, 358 Sterilization, 206, 358 Steroid, 187, 295, 296, 307, 323, 329, 353, 358 Stimulant, 299, 358, 364 Stimulus, 312, 316, 326, 351, 358, 360 Stomach, 11, 289, 300, 310, 315, 319, 320, 323, 332, 342, 343, 351, 356, 357, 358 Stool, 8, 61, 326, 328, 329, 358 Strand, 49, 229, 358 Stress, 17, 23, 66, 158, 299, 301, 307, 328, 340, 346, 358, 363 Striate, 228, 358 Stroke, 65, 141, 167, 186, 187, 232, 253, 266, 272, 300, 328, 358 Structure-Activity Relationship, 231, 358 Subacute, 326, 359 Subclinical, 326, 354, 359 Subcutaneous, 220, 289, 330, 341, 359, 365 Subspecies, 357, 359 Substance P, 334, 354, 359 Substrate, 77, 92, 106, 178, 314, 359 Substrate Specificity, 178, 359 Suction, 220, 359 Sulfur, 198, 215, 334, 359 Sulfur Compounds, 198, 359 Sulfuric acid, 215, 359 Sulindac, 60, 359 Supplementation, 4, 44, 89, 97, 114, 116, 127, 128, 129, 131, 359 Suppression, 43, 67, 161, 185, 222, 309, 359 Surfactant, 170, 171, 190, 226, 359 Survival Rate, 340, 359 Symphysis, 348, 359 Synaptic, 355, 359 Synergistic, 347, 359 Systolic, 37, 324, 360 T Telecommunications, 14, 360 Temporal, 217, 332, 333, 360 Testicles, 360, 364 Testicular, 55, 295, 360 Testis, 315, 360 Testosterone, 55, 255, 351, 360 Therapeutics, 130, 196, 261, 360 Thermal, 193, 311, 338, 360 Thiamine, 181, 360

Thinness, 30, 360 Thiourea, 199, 360 Third Ventricle, 295, 324, 344, 360 Thorax, 289, 332, 360, 364 Threshold, 18, 324, 360 Thrombin, 317, 348, 349, 360 Thrombocytes, 345, 360 Thrombomodulin, 348, 360 Thrombosis, 73, 74, 83, 86, 89, 90, 94, 115, 117, 176, 222, 238, 239, 348, 358, 360 Thromboxanes, 295, 312, 360 Thrombus, 307, 326, 328, 337, 361 Thymidine, 24, 361 Thymus, 325, 332, 361 Thyroid, 20, 361, 363 Thyroxine, 291, 343, 361 Tin, 182, 361 Tissue Culture, 213, 361 Tissue Distribution, 213, 361 Tolerance, 27, 320, 361 Tomography, 361 Tooth Preparation, 289, 361 Topical, 59, 190, 198, 216, 225, 304, 315, 324, 341, 343, 356, 361 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 328, 361 Toxic, iv, 21, 38, 132, 171, 182, 198, 231, 306, 308, 314, 320, 325, 330, 346, 361 Toxicity, 38, 67, 131, 171, 180, 311, 361, 362 Toxicokinetics, 21, 361 Toxicology, 75, 114, 115, 268, 361 Toxins, 294, 326, 361 Trace element, 355, 361, 362 Tracer, 33, 52, 362 Trachea, 299, 329, 343, 361, 362 Traction, 303, 362 Transcription Factors, 22, 362 Transdermal, 181, 362 Transduction, 43, 233, 355, 362 Transfection, 58, 183, 223, 224, 297, 313, 362 Transgenes, 183, 362 Translation, 210, 362 Translational, 32, 362 Transmitter, 289, 311, 333, 362 Transplantation, 6, 303, 325, 333, 362 Transrectal ultrasound, 55, 362 Trauma, 220, 315, 322, 337, 362 Triglyceride, 8, 23, 29, 33, 37, 50, 59, 67, 97, 198, 202, 207, 227, 246, 324, 362 Triparanol, 244, 362 Truncal, 36, 362 Tryptophan, 304, 355, 362

382 Dietary Fat

Tuberculosis, 142, 306, 362 Tumor marker, 297, 362 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 218, 219, 363 Tumor suppressor gene, 331, 363 Type 2 diabetes, 3, 4, 5, 7, 27, 33, 36, 59, 86, 115, 116, 174, 246, 363 Tyrosine, 48, 311, 348, 363 U Ulcerative colitis, 4, 326, 363 Unconditioned, 12, 363 Unconscious, 325, 363 Unsaturated Fats, 59, 192, 254, 317, 363 Urea, 177, 363 Ureters, 329, 363 Urethra, 348, 363 Urinary, 25, 55, 81, 142, 326, 348, 353, 363, 365 Urine, 55, 164, 165, 297, 311, 326, 329, 352, 363 Urticaria, 292, 363 Uterus, 302, 307, 313, 316, 321, 334, 340, 347, 363 V Vaccination, 203, 363 Vaccine, 170, 171, 175, 209, 290, 291, 349, 363 Vacuoles, 313, 339, 363 Vagal, 24, 48, 363 Vagina, 302, 309, 321, 334, 363, 364 Vaginal, 203, 364 Vagus Nerve, 24, 48, 362, 363, 364 Valine, 202, 364 Vascular, 73, 90, 94, 131, 201, 202, 232, 241, 291, 292, 313, 326, 344, 361, 363, 364 Vasectomy, 72, 364 Vasodilation, 158, 191, 364 Vasomotor, 315, 364 VE, 68, 70, 251, 364 Vector, 205, 233, 362, 364 Vein, 293, 297, 328, 338, 364 Venous, 298, 302, 348, 364

Venous blood, 298, 302, 364 Ventral, 189, 295, 324, 364 Ventricle, 349, 350, 360, 364 Venules, 298, 299, 313, 364 Vertebrae, 165, 357, 364 Vesicular, 335, 364 Veterinary Medicine, 115, 116, 267, 364 Viral, 142, 175, 180, 196, 197, 205, 209, 233, 300, 321, 339, 362, 364 Viral vector, 233, 364 Virosomes, 180, 224, 364 Virulence, 295, 361, 365 Virus, 65, 137, 175, 196, 201, 209, 296, 300, 314, 319, 321, 327, 338, 344, 353, 362, 364, 365 Viscera, 223, 356, 365 Visceral, 62, 342, 364, 365 Visceral Afferents, 364, 365 Viscosity, 193, 199, 365 Visual Acuity, 221, 365 Vitamin A, 327, 365 Vivo, 28, 30, 38, 180, 183, 210, 365 W Waist circumference, 16, 365 Weight Gain, 10, 11, 25, 27, 30, 42, 50, 52, 53, 63, 189, 316, 365 White blood cell, 293, 329, 332, 336, 344, 365 Windpipe, 343, 361, 365 X Xanthine, 221, 365 Xanthine Oxidase, 221, 365 Xenograft, 39, 67, 293, 365 X-ray, 26, 36, 195, 306, 318, 328, 333, 338, 350, 354, 357, 365 X-ray therapy, 328, 365 Y Yeasts, 318, 343, 366 Z Zygote, 306, 366 Zymogen, 348, 366

Index 383

384 Dietary Fat