Atopic Dermatitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ATOPIC DERMATITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J ...

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ATOPIC

DERMATITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AM ES N. P ARK ER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Atopic Dermatitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83564-0 1. Atopic Dermatitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on atopic dermatitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS ................................................................................ 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Atopic Dermatitis ......................................................................... 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 13 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ATOPIC DERMATITIS .................................................................... 243 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 243 Finding Nutrition Studies on Atopic Dermatitis...................................................................... 243 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................. 250 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 251 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ATOPIC DERMATITIS .............................................. 255 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 255 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ............................................... 255 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 272 General References..................................................................................................................... 283 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS ................................................................ 285 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 285 Dissertations on Atopic Dermatitis........................................................................................... 285 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 285 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ATOPIC DERMATITIS ........................................................... 287 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 287 Recent Trials on Atopic Dermatitis........................................................................................... 287 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 289 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS ........................................................................... 291 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 291 Patents on Atopic Dermatitis.................................................................................................... 291 Patent Applications on Atopic Dermatits ................................................................................. 302 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 307 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS .............................................................................. 309 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 309 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ........................................................................................... 309 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................ 310 The National Library of Medicine Book Index........................................................................... 310 Chapters on Atopic Dermatitis.................................................................................................. 311 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS .................................................................... 313 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 313 Bibliography: Multimedia on Atopic Dermatitis ...................................................................... 313 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS ................................................. 315 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 315 News Services and Press Releases ............................................................................................. 315 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 321 Academic Periodicals covering Atopic Dermatitis .................................................................... 324 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 327 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 327 NIH Guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 327 NIH Databases .......................................................................................................................... 329 Other Commercial Databases .................................................................................................... 331 The Genome Project and Atopic Dermatitis.............................................................................. 331 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 337

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Contents Overview ....................................................................................................................................337 Patient Guideline Sources ..........................................................................................................337 Associations and Atopic Dermatits............................................................................................345 Finding Associations ..................................................................................................................347 APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................349 Overview ....................................................................................................................................349 U.S. Pharmacopeia .....................................................................................................................349 Commercial Databases ...............................................................................................................351 APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................353 Overview ....................................................................................................................................353 Preparation.................................................................................................................................353 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................353 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................353

ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................359 Online Dictionary Directories ...................................................................................................361 ATOPIC DERMATITIS DICTIONARY ....................................................................................363 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................430

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with atopic dermatitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about atopic dermatitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to atopic dermatitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on atopic dermatitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to atopic dermatitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on atopic dermatitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on atopic dermatitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and atopic dermatitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Topical Tacrolimus: A New Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis Source: American Family Physician. 66(10): 1899-1902. November 15, 2002. Summary: This journal article discusses the use of the drug tacrolimus, a medication derived from macrolides that suppresses the immune system, in treating atopic dermatitis. Used topically it has been found to be effective in treating moderate to severe atopic dermatitis without causing the atrophy that might occur with prolonged use of topical corticosteroids. Tacrolimus works equally well in children and adults, with more than two-thirds of both groups having an improvement of greater than 50 percent. Despite its potency, very little of the medication is systemically absorbed, and absorption decreases as the atopic dermatitis resolves. The main side effects are burning and itching, but these also decrease with improvement of the atopic dermatitis. 20 references. (AAM).

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Atopic Dermatitis: How To Incorporate Advances in Management Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 109(6): 119-121,123-127. June 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of atopic dermatitis. This genetically determined, distinctive eczematous condition usually occurs in people who have a personal or family history of asthma or seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis. The condition is becoming increasingly common in northern, industrialized, temperate countries. Factors implicated in the increased prevalence of the disorder include environmental pollutants, food additives, a decrease in breast feeding, and lifestyles involving primarily indoor living. The rash of atopic dermatitis consists of red, elevated, scaly, and often excoriated and oozing plaques. Scratching and rubbing act as triggers that cause flare, spread the skin disease, and account for papular eruptions. The pattern of the rash can be helpful in making the diagnosis, and age of onset is a key factor when evaluating a patient who may have atopic dermatitis. Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis published by the United Kingdom Working Party in 1994 require a pruritic skin condition and three additional criteria, including a history of flexural dermatitis or dermatitis on the cheeks of children under 10 years old, a personal history of asthma or hay fever or atopy in a first degree relative if the patient is less than 4 years old, generalized xerosis in the last year, and visible flexural eczema or eczema on the cheek or forehead, or both, and on the extensor extremities if the patient is less than 4 years old. The final criterion is onset before 2 years of age. Although positive radioallergosorbent or prick tests to various foodstuffs can be documented for the majority of patients with atopic dermatitis, very few of these reactions appear to be relevant. Treatment of atopic dermatitis consists of using proper bathing techniques and applying topical corticosteroids. Antihistamines may be useful in promoting sleep in some patients. Patients who have a widespread or severe rash may need systemic corticosteroids. A new drug, tacrolimus ointment, was recently approved for treatment of atopic eczema. Other alternatives for severe cases of the disease include ultraviolet B, psoralen plus ultraviolet A, cyclosporine, azathioprine, and methotrexate. 2 figures, 2 tables, and 12 references.

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Managing Atopic Dermatitis in Children and Adults Source: Nurse Practitioner. 25(4): 58-59,63-64,69-70,73,76,79-81. April 2000. Summary: This journal article provides nurse practitioners with information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, and treatment of atopic dermatitis. This common skin inflammation, which is characterized by intense pruritus, is most common in children. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis has tripled in the past 30 years, and the condition affects about 10 percent of the U.S. population at some point in their lifetime. Although the etiology of atopic dermatitis is not well understood, it appears to be linked to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and it is usually associated with other atopic diseases such as asthma and hay fever. The initial clinical feature of atopic dermatitis is skin dryness and roughness. Erythema, papules, and pruritus may develop after additional irritation. The pattern of atopic dermatitis lesions varies by age. A definitive diagnosis in children and adults depends on identifying the nature and distribution of the lesions and on eliciting a personal or family history of the disease. Although no cure exists, atopic dermatitis often resolves spontaneously and can be controlled through proper management. Avoiding factors that precipitate or exacerbate inflammation, including aeroallergens, food allergens, and irritants, is key to preventing disease flares. In children and adults, hydration and topical corticosteroids are the mainstays of therapy. Recalcitrant disease

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may be treated with ultraviolet light therapy or psoralen phototherapy and cyclosporin. Current advances in understanding the immunologic basis of the disease have led to the development of highly effective new treatments. Using patient education and support, the clinician can help adults and children successfully manage their disease. The article includes a continuing education test. 2 figures, 4 tables, and 42 references. (AA-M). •

Atopic Dermatitis: How To Recognize, How To Treat Source: Consultant. 40(13): 2220s-2220t,2221-2222,2224-2226,2228-2230, 2232-2233. November 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). This chronic, relapsing, pruritic skin disease is caused by immune system and environmental factors. The prevalence of AD has been increasing since the 1940s. Although the pathogenesis of AD is multifactorial, recent research emphasizes an immunologic component in its origin. The pathogenesis of AD appears to be similar to that of asthma. Another etiologic factor is that more than 90 percent of AD skin lesions are supercolonized with Staphylococcus aureus. Three of five major criteria--pruritus, a history of atopy, characteristic eczematous changes, early age of onset, and chronic or chronically relapsing dermatitis--are essential for a diagnosis of AD. Associated features include xerosis, allergic shiners, keratosis pilaris, palmar and plantar hyperlinearity, anterior neck fold, Dennie-Morgan lines, periorbital milia, anterior capsular cataracts, keratoconus, white dermatographism, thermal sweating abnormalities, and facial pallor. AD is a clinical diagnosis, so a complete skin assessment is crucial. Skin biopsy and laboratory tests may only help to rule out look alike disorders such as seborrheic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, dermatophytosis, immunodeficiency syndromes, neoplastic disease, nummular dermatitis, and scabies. Hydration, avoidance of irritants, and topical corticosteroids are standard therapies. AD response to cyclosporine is rapid, but the drug's side effect profile is significant. Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive agent used in liver and kidney transplantation, has shown promise in the treatment of AD. 10 figures, 4 tables, and 15 references. (AA-M).

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Atopic Dermatitis: A Review of Diagnosis and Treatment Source: American Family Physician. 60(4): 1191-1198. September 15, 1999. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. This chronic inflammation of the skin occurs in people of all ages but is more common in children. The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but the disease seems to result from genetic susceptibility, immune dysfunction, and epidermal barrier dysfunction. Foods, irritating chemicals, and aeroallergens may play a role in the pathogenesis and exacerbation of the disease. Diagnosis is based on the findings of the medical history and the physical examination. No specific laboratory findings or histologic features define the disease. The diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis include pruritus and xerosis. Attempts to relieve the itch by scratching simply worsen the rash, creating a vicious cycle. Staphylococcal and streptococcal infections are common complications of atopic lesions. Treatment should be directed at limiting itching, repairing the skin, and decreasing inflammation when necessary. Lubricants, antihistamines, and topical corticosteroids are the mainstays of

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therapy. When required, oral corticosteroids can be used. Tar preparations have antiinflammatory and antipruritic effects on the lesions of atopic dermatitis; however, the disadvantages of tars are their odor and dark, staining color. If pruritus does not respond to treatment, other diagnoses, such as bacterial overgrowth or viral infections, should be considered. Treatment options are available for refractory atopic dermatitis, but these measures should be reserved for use in unique situations and typically require consultation with a dermatologist or an allergist. These options include phototherapy, leukotriene inhibitors, and immunosuppressants and antineoplastics. 5 figures, 2 tables, and 29 references. (AA-M). •

Atopic Dermatitis: Perspectives on a Manageable Disease Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 106(4): 49-55. October 1, 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on atopic dermatitis, including its pathogenesis, aggravating factors, clinical features, and treatment. Atopic dermatitis, which is a form of eczema, is characterized by itchy, dry, inflamed skin. Immune dysregulation appears to have an important role in the etiology of this skin disease. Several aggravating factors have been identified, including food allergens, airborne allergens, irritants, microbes, and stress. Food challenge is the most reliable method for determining food hypersensitivity in patients who have atopic dermatitis. The most common foods that cause hypersensitivity are eggs, milk, fish, shellfish, cornstarch, peanuts, and soybeans. Eliminating airborne allergens such as dust mites, animal dander, and pollen may dramatically improve the clinical condition of some patients. Skin irritants, particularly detergents, wool, synthetic fabrics, solvents, and perspiration, may exacerbate atopic dermatitis. Agents that promote drying of the skin should be minimized. People who have atopic dermatitis are prone to skin infection, so some clinicians occasionally prescribe an empirical course of systemic antibiotics. Although emotional stressors do not cause atopic dermatitis, they may exacerbate symptoms. The earliest clinical features of atopic dermatitis are dryness and roughness of the skin. Lesions typically show papulation rather than exudation. Diagnosis is based on a physical examination of the lesions. Options for treating atopic dermatitis include applying emollients; using topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunosuppressive drugs; and undergoing ultraviolet light therapy and psoralen phototherapy. Treatment of atopic dermatitis should be tailored to the individual according to the severity of the disease. 3 figures, 2 tables, and 20 references.

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Managing Atopic Dermatitis Source: Dermatology Nursing. 11(3): 171-176,179-187. June 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the natural history and management of atopic dermatitis (AD). Atopy, pruritus, and eczema are the three essential features required to fulfill the criteria for a diagnosis of AD. The nurse can assume an important role in managing AD after the diagnosis has been made. The main goals in managing AD are to prevent scratching and to suppress the resulting eczematous inflammation. Education on and reinforcement of these goals can be assigned to environmental, personal, and pharmacotherapy considerations. Environmental considerations focus on ambient temperature and humidity, and allergen, irritant, and work or hobby exposures. Personal considerations involve reviewing bathing habits, dealing with emotional stress, detecting and treating Staphylococcus aureus infections, avoiding exposure to people who have viral infections, identifying and treating seborrhea and chronic dermatophytic or yeast infections, and avoiding food triggers. Pharmacotherapy considerations focus on all

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prescribed and nonprescribed medications applied to the skin, all systemic medications being taken, and the proper use of topical and systemic medications. A multiple choice examination following the article tests the reader's achievement of the objectives outlined at the beginning of the article. 2 tables and 92 references. •

Atopic Dermatitis in Childhood Source: Dermatology Nursing. 10(1): 30-33. February 1998. Summary: This journal article provides nurses with information on the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), commonly called eczema, in childhood. AD is a genetically determined disorder affecting 10 percent of the U.S. pediatric population. Although the exact cause of AD is unknown, it most likely results from an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. AD is a therapeutic challenge because it involves identifying flare and trigger factors, such as irritants, reduced humidity, excessive sweating, allergies, infections, and emotional stress. Topical or systemic antibiotics may be used to suppress the heavy colonies of noninvasive staphylococci present on atopic skin. Emotional stress must be addressed when a child's disease is severe and difficult to control. Treatment involves using emollients, topical steroids, and oral antihistamines. Hospitalization is indicated if the child has a severe recalcitrant flare, eczema herpeticum, or exfoliate dermatitis. Families of children who have AD may benefit from attending a support group. The article includes a handout that may be reproduced for patient education. 4 figures, 1 table, and 5 references.

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Atopic Dermatitis: An Update Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 35(1):1-15; July 1996. Summary: This journal article for health professionals reviews clinically relevant literature published since 1991 concerning atopic dermatitis (AD). The review focuses on the following aspects of AD: diagnosis; prevalence and incidence; racial and ethnic variations; genetics; provocative factors such as house dust mites and food allergy or intolerance; predictors of disease and markers of disease severity; immunomodulating therapy such as cyclosporine, interferon, and thymopentin; and prognosis. For example, the frequency of AD appears to be increasing, perhaps in response to provocative factors such as food allergens and house dust mites. Determination of reliable markers for disease development may identify susceptible newborns and facilitate avoidance of relevant triggers. Immunomodulating therapy holds promise in the treatment of refractory AD, and new investigation has led to refinements in conventional modalities such as antihistamines and phototherapy. A continuing medical education examination is also included. 123 references and 4 tables. (AA-M).

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Recent Developments in the Treatment of Atopic Eczema Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 36(6):983-994; June 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals reports on recent developments in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) or eczema, which is a common, chronically relapsing skin disease with a genetic predisposition and unknown cause. Recent progress in the understanding of the pathophysiologic characteristics of AD has prompted new therapeutic strategies. The article evaluates the effectiveness of phototherapy, cytokines such as interferons and interleukins, and immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and FK506. In addition, some new and promising but still experimental approaches are discussed, including experimental immunotherapies, Chinese herbal therapy, essential fatty acid supplementation, mast cell stabilizing

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agents, and topical immunoglobulin G preparations. 154 references and 6 tables. (AAM). •

Eczematous Dermatitis: A Practical Review Source: American Family Physician. 54(4):1243-1250. September 5, 1996. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article for dermatologists discusses various types eczematous dermatitis and their treatment. Eczematous dermatitis can interfere with social function, sleep, and employment, and that its persistence and accompanying pruritus may be stressful and frustrating for patients. The most common and best characterized type of eczema, atopic dermatitis, appears to be increasing in incidence. The authors suggest that other common eczematous dermatoses, particularly allergic dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis, must be accurately diagnosed, since improvement and resolution rely on appropriate diagnosis and avoidance of pertinent triggering factors. Principles of treatment include general skin care, patient education about avoidance of irritants, skin hydration and the use of topical corticosteroids when necessary. Use of systemic corticosteroids is not generally recommended for the treatment of chronic eczematous dermatitis. (AA-M).

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Living With Eczema: The Dermatology Patient Source: British Journal of Nursing. 5(10):600-604,606-609; 1996. Summary: This journal article for health professionals presents an overview of eczema. The prevalence of all forms of eczema is unknown, but there is evidence that atopic eczema is increasing. Types of eczema are identified, including exogenous forms such as contact irritant eczema, contact allergic eczema, and photosensitive eczema; endogenous forms such as atopic eczema, seborrhoeic eczema, discoid eczema, gravitational eczema, and pompholyx; and unclassified or mixed forms such as asteototic eczema, lichen simplex, and juvenile plantar dermatosis. The clinical and histological features of eczema are described. The role of nursing care in the management of eczema is discussed in terms of the nursing assessment; the needs of children, young adults, adults, and the elderly with eczema; and the management of eczema. First-line treatments are discussed, including avoiding provoking factors, bathing, applying emollients, treating bacterial infections, and using topical corticosteroids and occlusive techniques. Other treatment considerations that nurses should discuss with patients are highlighted, including sensitivity to house dust mites, the role of diet in initiating or perpetuating atopic eczema, and the use of systemic treatments. 12 references, 6 figures, and 4 tables. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Atopic Dermatitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to atopic dermatitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration

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database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to atopic dermatitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore atopic dermatitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for atopic dermatitis: •

Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ANIMAL MODEL OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chan, Lawrence S. Assistant Professor; Dermatology; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-MAR-2001; Project End 8-FEB-2002 Summary: (Taken from the application): Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that affects about 20% children between ages 3 and 11. The prevalence of atopic, dermatitis is increasing, particularly in the industrialized nations. Atopic dermatitis is characterized by pruritic skin rash clinically, T lymphocyte and mast cell infiltration histopathologically, and elevation of total serum IgE serologically. Although usually non-fatal, atopic dermatitis can cause significant morbidity. Clinical and laboratory data from studying of human patients suggests that atopic dermatitis may be caused by an imbalance of excessive activation of Th2-type lymphocytes over Thl-type lymphocytes, resulting in a Th2-biased immune response. However, the step-by-step immunological sequence of events accounting for the initiation, progression, and maintenance of the disease remain unclear. Furthermore, currently there is no available experimental animal model of atopic derrnatitis for dissecting these step-by-step events. The PI, Lawrence S. Chan, M.D., was trained as a fellow in Immuno-dermatology under Dr. Kevin D. Cooper, a cellular immunologist at the Univ. of Michigan. For the current proposal, the PI aims at characterizing a transgenic (Tg) mouse model that the PI has recently created. This experimental mouse model was generated by transgenically introduced critical Th2 cytokine IL-4 to the basal epidermis of Tg mice and the affected Tg mice has identical clinical, histopathological, microbiological, and serological characteristics as human atopic dermatitis. With the availability of this newly created mouse disease model, the PI can now move forward to further characterize this experimental model of atopic dermatitis with the following specific aims: 1). Determining the correlation of epidermal IL-4 in vivo protein expression and total serum IgE levels with clinical phenotype. 2). Determining the inflammatory cell types of skin lesions. 3). Characterizing the cytokine profiles of skin lesions. By parallel studying the natural history of atopic dermatitis and the immunological parameters, including lesional inflammatory cell and T cell subsets, lesional T cell cytokines, adhesion molecules, and total serum IgE, the PI aims at delineating the step-by-step immune events accounting for the initiation, progression, and maintenance of the disease. The likelihood of achieving these aims is supported by the PI's past experience in these areas of investigation and the assistance of Dr. Stephen D. Miller, an experienced cellular immunologist and the coinvestigator of the project. Delineating the characteristics of

(FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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atopic dermatitis in this mouse disease model may shed light to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in human patients, thereby lead to eventual target-specific immunological treatments for human patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPING AN ANIMAL MODEL FOR ATOPIC DERMATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Liu, Fu-Tong; Professor and Chair; Scripps Research Institute 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd San Diego, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HOUSE DUST MITE ANTIGEN ON SKIN OF PATIENTS WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Platts-Mills, Thomas A.; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IGE ISOFORMS IN FOOD INDUCED ATOPIC DERMATITIS IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Liu, Andy;; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr Uchsc at Fitzsimons Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Geha, Raif S. Professor; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-MAR-2001; Project End 8-FEB-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract): Atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma are common allergic inflammatory diseases that affect the airways and the skin. Although much information has been gained on the mechanism of allergic asthma, little is known about allergen-induced dermatitis, in part because of the lack of an animal model. We recently developed a mouse model of allergic dermatitis using repeated epicutaneous (EC) sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA). This model is unique because it elicits a predominantly Th2 response and generates skin lesions characterized by infiltration of CD4+ T cells and eosinophils and by expression of mRNA for the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and, to a lesser extent, for IFN-gamma. EC sensitized mice exhibit bronchial hyper-responsiveness to inhalation of a single dose of OVA. Thus, our model has histologic, immunologic and clinical features of human AD. EC sensitization requires tape stripping which results in skin injury. We found that tape stripping induces rapid expression of mRNA for IL-10, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and for the Th2 selective chemokine TARC in the skin. Moreover, IL-10 deficient mice have a severe reduction in IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA expression and decreased eosinophil influx in

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sensitized skin. We propose to apply state of the art knowledge and techniques to our unique model of allergen induced skin inflammation to gain better insight into the pathogenesis of AD. We plan to address three important questions: 1. What is the role of T cell subsets and Thl and Th2 cytokines in skin infiltration by CD4+ cells and eosinophils? We will characterize in detail the T cells that infiltrate the skin and we will assess the role of T cell subsets and T cell cytokines in our model, using genetically manipulated mice, B.M. chimeras and adoptive transfer experiments. 2. What is the mechanism(s) by which EC sensitization skews the response of Th-cells to Th2? We will examine the role of skin injury, IL-10, prostaglandin E2 and histamine in skewing the Th-cell response towards Th2 and investigate. In addition, dendritic cells from lymph nodes that drain EC sensitized skin of wild type and genetically manipulated mice will be examined for their capacity to skew the Th response. 3. What is the role of chemokines in the recruitment of Th2 cells to the skin? We will examine chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in injured and inflamed skin and assess their role in our model using neutralizing antibodies and chemokine receptor deficient mice. We will determine whether Th2 cells induced by immunization at other anatomical sites are recruited to the skin. Finally, we will examine the effects of inducible expression of chemokines in keratinocytes on Th2 cell recruitment to skin. The proposed studies should provide a better understanding of AD and help devise novel therapies for this disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hanifin, Jon M. Professor; National Eczema Assn for Science & Educ for Science and Education Portland, or 97205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAY-2001; Project End 0-APR-2002 Summary: This conference is being convened to bring together an international group of investigators in the field of atopic dermatitis. The objectives of the Symposium are to: 1) Provide a forum for presenting and discussing important research on atopic dermatitis (AD); 2) Assemble a cadre of recognized international experts from the fields of dermatology, allergy, molecular genetics, epidemiology and immunobiology to develop a comprehensive overview of the condition at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and population levels; 3) Encourage agreement on definitions and criteria for future genetic, epidemiologic and clinical investigations; 4) Identify a list of key research topics that deserve priority consideration by NIH Institutes, investigators. and public/ private sector funders; 5) Examine the impact of atopic disease on the prevalence, incidence, and costs of occupational dermatoses, specifically allergic contact dermatitis/hand eczema; 6) Improve the public awareness regarding the scope and prevalence of AD and the range of therapeutic options that are currently available to treat the condition in all of its clinical manifestations. Provide particular emphasis on the special problems faced by non-Caucasian populations with eczema/atopic dermatitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sampson, Hugh A. Professor; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Cuny New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-DEC-1999; Project End 8-FEB-2001 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PILOT--INTRINSIC PROPERITES PRECURSORS IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS

OF

LANGERHANS

CELL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gruchalla, Rebecca S. Assistant Professor; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-JUN-2002; Project End 1-MAY-2006 Summary: The development of atopic dermatitis (AD), a common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, is thought to be influenced by both environmental factors (allergens) and by genetic factors that control immunological responsiveness to the relevant allergens. Because of their remarkable ability to initiate and regulate cutaneous immune responses, epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), the principal antigen presenting cells (APC) in skin, are thought to play a pivotal role in both the induction and amplification of the inflammation in AD. Moreover, recent evidence show that LC from AD skin differ, both phenotypically and functionally, from those isolated from the skin of normal individuals. These differences may exist at the level of LC precursors as well, since LClike DC precursor CD14+ cells of AD patients are phenotypically and functionally different from LC-like DC generated from counterpart precursors of healthy individuals. The goal of this pilot and feasibility (P&F) study is to characterize the intrinsic properties of LC precursors that govern their differentiation towards the abnormal phenotype characteristic of that seen in patients with AD. The proposed studies are related to, but nonetheless a distinct departure from the PI's previous research focus. The specific aims are: Aim 1. To determine whether phenotypic abnormalities exist at the level of DD14+ LC precursors in AD. Aim 2. To determine whether genetic polymorphisms reported for AD are present in CD14+ LC precursors of AD patients. Aim 3. To determine whether CD14+ precursors from AD patients vs. normal controls are differentially regulated by specific cytokines. Aim 4. To examine whether drugs used for treatment of AD modulate properties of LC CD14+ precursors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF SUPERANTIGENS IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Leung, Donald Y.; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr Uchsc at Fitzsimons Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRIAL OF PAROXETINE AS ADJUVANT TREATMENT FOR ATOPIC DERMATITIS SYMPTOMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccall, Calvin;; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-MAY-2002; Project End 0-APR-2004 Summary: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common dermatologic condition often associated with significant pruritus. The pruritus and associated scratching can be the most debilitating aspects of AD and exacerbate the dermatitis. Patients often report that current treatments for pruritus in AD are ineffective. An agent that would provide relief of the pruritus associated with AD would be very important in the control of the disease. Recent studies suggest that serotonin has a role in causing pruritus, and that

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serotonin antagonists may be beneficial in the treatment of pruritus. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may also prove to be effective in the treatment of pruritus. The goals of this investigation are to determine if 12 weeks of paroxetine will 1a) diminish the pruritus associated with moderate to severe AD, 1b) diminish AD associated skin severity, 1c) diminish AD-associated impairment of quality of life, 2a) diminish ADassociated potential co-morbid depression and anxiety, 2b) diminish AD- associated specific neuropsychiatric and bodily symptoms related to imbalances in cytokines that are modulated by anti-depressant therapy, 2c) reduce excessive, habitual, or obsessivecompulsive traits of scratching associated with moderate to severe AD. The study will be a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, single-site study of 40-60 adult subjects with moderate-to severe AD. Patients will receive paroxetine or placebo for 12 weeks followed by a two-week dose taper. Efficiency of treatment will be assessed based on the improvement in itching as measured by the pruritus Visual Analog Scale, improvement in the Physician's Global Assessment of skin symptoms, improvement in the Eczema Area and Severity Index, serial photography, improvement in the subject's Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis survey, improvement in the Atopic DermatitisInventory Trait for Compulsive, Habitual, and Excessive Scratching survey, improvement in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Beck's Depression and Speilberger State- Trait Anxiety Inventory scales, and improvement in the Neurotoxicity Rating Scale of neuro-psychiatric and bodily symptoms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for atopic dermatitis in the PubMed Central database: •

Atopic eczema in children. by Hoey J. 2002 Jun 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=116161

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Ceramidase Activity in Bacterial Skin Flora as a Possible Cause of Ceramide Deficiency in Atopic Dermatitis. by Ohnishi Y, Okino N, Ito M, Imayama S. 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=95668

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Fever associated with cyclosporin for treating atopic dermatitis. by Thomas MD, Cook LJ. 1998 Nov 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28712

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 3 4

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IL-18 contributes to the spontaneous development of atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory skin lesion independently of IgE /stat6 under specific pathogen-free conditions. by Konishi H, Tsutsui H, Murakami T, Yumikura-Futatsugi S, Yamanaka KI, Tanaka M, Iwakura Y, Suzuki N, Takeda K, Akira S, Nakanishi K, Mizutani H. 2002 Aug 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123258

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Modulation of cathepsin G expression in severe atopic dermatitis following mediumdose UVA1 phototherapy. by Breuckmann F, von Kobyletzki G, Avermaete A, Kreuter A, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126230

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Molecular Analysis of Malassezia Microflora on the Skin of Atopic Dermatitis Patients and Healthy Subjects. by Sugita T, Suto H, Unno T, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H, Shinoda T, Nishikawa A. 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88376

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New Yeast Species, Malassezia dermatis, Isolated from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. by Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, Suto H, Unno T, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H, Nishikawa A. 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=140359

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Prevalence of self-reported eczema in relation to living environment, socio-economic status and respiratory symptoms assessed in a questionnaire study. by Montnemery P, Nihlen U, Goran Lofdahl C, Nyberg P, Svensson A. 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=183835

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Randomised controlled trial of short bursts of a potent topical corticosteroid versus prolonged use of a mild preparation for children with mild or moderate atopic eczema. by Thomas KS, Armstrong S, Avery A, Po AL, O'Neill C, Young S, Williams HC. 2002 Mar 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100318

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Twice weekly fluticasone propionate added to emollient maintenance treatment to reduce risk of relapse in atopic dermatitis: randomised, double blind, parallel group study. by Berth-Jones J, Damstra RJ, Golsch S, Livden JK, Van Hooteghem O, Allegra F, Parker CA. 2003 Jun 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=162129

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Studies 15

sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with atopic dermatitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for atopic dermatitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in urine as an index of oxidative damage to DNA in the evaluation of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tsuboi H, Kouda K, Takeuchi H, Takigawa M, Masamoto Y, Takeuchi M, Ochi H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 June; 138(6): 1033-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9747368&dopt=Abstract

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A 12-week study of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients. Author(s): Paller A, Eichenfield LF, Leung DY, Stewart D, Appell M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1 Suppl): S47-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145795&dopt=Abstract

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A 3-day rate of efficacy of a moderate potency topical steroid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infancy and childhood. Author(s): Schachner LA. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1996 November-December; 13(6): 513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8987066&dopt=Abstract

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A 7-month outbreak of relapsing postpartum group A streptococcal infections linked to a nurse with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ejlertsen T, Prag J, Pettersson E, Holmskov A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(10): 734-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728037&dopt=Abstract

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A body-weight-independent dosing regimen of cyclosporine microemulsion is effective in severe atopic dermatitis and improves the quality of life. Author(s): Czech W, Brautigam M, Weidinger G, Schopf E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 April; 42(4): 653-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10727313&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of dermatologists and generalists. Management of childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Resnick SD, Hornung R, Konrad TR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 September; 132(9): 1047-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8795544&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of once-daily application of mometasone furoate 0.1% cream compared with twice-daily hydrocortisone valerate 0.2% cream in pediatric atopic dermatitis patients who failed to respond to hydrocortisone: mometasone furoate study group. Author(s): Lebwohl M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 38(8): 604-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10487451&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled trial of traditional Chinese herbal medicine in Chinese patients with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Fung AY, Look PC, Chong LY, But PP, Wong E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 38(5): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369553&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of thymopentin as an adjunctive treatment in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Stiller MJ, Shupack JL, Kenny C, Jondreau L, Cohen DE, Soter NA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 April; 30(4): 597-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8157786&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of n-3 versus n-6 fatty acidbased lipid infusion in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Mayser P, Mayer K, Mahloudjian M, Benzing S, Kramer HJ, Schill WB, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 May-June; 26(3): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005454&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cetirizine in preventing the onset of asthma in children with atopic dermatitis: 18 months' treatment and 18 months' posttreatment follow-up. Author(s): Warner JO; ETAC Study Group. Early Treatment of the Atopic Child. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 108(6): 929-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742270&dopt=Abstract

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A high incidence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the external eyes of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nakata K, Inoue Y, Harada J, Maeda N, Watanabe H, Tano Y, Shimomura Y, Harino S, Sawa M. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 December; 107(12): 2167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097590&dopt=Abstract

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A highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of tacrolimus in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Alak AM, Cook M, Bekersky I. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1997 February; 19(1): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9029754&dopt=Abstract

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A major susceptibility locus for atopic dermatitis maps to chromosome 3q21. Author(s): Lee YA, Wahn U, Kehrt R, Tarani L, Businco L, Gustafsson D, Andersson F, Oranje AP, Wolkertstorfer A, v Berg A, Hoffmann U, Kuster W, Wienker T, Ruschendorf F, Reis A. Source: Nature Genetics. 2000 December; 26(4): 470-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11101848&dopt=Abstract

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A new patch test preparation of dust mites for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Gaddoni G, Baldassari L, Zucchini A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1994 August; 31(2): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7750269&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot study examining the role of zileuton in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Woodmansee DP, Simon RA. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 December; 83(6 Pt 1): 548-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10619348&dopt=Abstract

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A possible explanation for the increased referral of atopic dermatitis from the Asian community in Leicester. Author(s): George S, Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 April; 136(4): 494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155946&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled evaluator-blinded trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in adults with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Paul C, Lahfa M, Bachelez H, Chevret S, Dubertret L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 147(3): 518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207594&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast in moderate-tosevere atopic dermatitis of adults. Author(s): Capella GL, Grigerio E, Altomare G. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2001 May-June; 11(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358726&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, vehicle-controlled trial of tacrolimus ointment for treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatric Tacrolimus Study Group. Author(s): Boguniewicz M, Fiedler VC, Raimer S, Lawrence ID, Leung DY, Hanifin JM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 October; 102(4 Pt 1): 63744. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802373&dopt=Abstract

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A rapid flow cytometric assay to detect CD4+ and CD8+ T-helper (Th) 0, Th1 and Th2 cells in whole blood and its application to study cytokine levels in atopic dermatitis before and after cyclosporin therapy. Author(s): Farrell AM, Antrobus P, Simpson D, Powell S, Chapel HM, Ferry BL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 144(1): 24-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167679&dopt=Abstract

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A review of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jolles S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 January; 27(1): 3-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952659&dopt=Abstract

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A role for eosinophils in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Leiferman KM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423867&dopt=Abstract

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A role for eosinophils in the pathogenesis of skin lesions in patients with foodsensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Magnarin M, Knowles A, Ventura A, Vita F, Fanti L, Zabucchi G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 August; 96(2): 200-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7636058&dopt=Abstract

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A role for leukotriene antagonists in atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Chari S, Clark-Loeser L, Shupack J, Washenik K. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2001; 2(1): 1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702615&dopt=Abstract

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A role for Th1 and Th2 cells in the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Grewe M, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Schopf E, Thepen T, Langeveld-Wildschut AG, Ruzicka T, Krutmann J. Source: Immunology Today. 1998 August; 19(8): 359-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9709503&dopt=Abstract

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A rosacea-like granulomatous eruption in a patient using tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bernard LA, Cunningham BB, Al-Suwaidan S, Friedlander SF, Eichenfield LF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 February; 139(2): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588240&dopt=Abstract

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A short-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. European Tacrolimus Multicenter Atopic Dermatitis Study Group. Author(s): Ruzicka T, Bieber T, Schopf E, Rubins A, Dobozy A, Bos JD, Jablonska S, Ahmed I, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Daniel F, Finzi A, Reitamo S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 September 18; 337(12): 816-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9295241&dopt=Abstract

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A speculative view of atopic dermatitis: barrier dysfunction in pathogenesis. Author(s): Ogawa H, Yoshiike T. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1993 June; 5(3): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241074&dopt=Abstract

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A study of white dermographism in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wong SS, Edwards C, Marks R. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1996 February; 11(2): 148-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8869036&dopt=Abstract

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A Th2 chemokine, TARC, produced by keratinocytes may recruit CLA+CCR4+ lymphocytes into lesional atopic dermatitis skin. Author(s): Vestergaard C, Bang K, Gesser B, Yoneyama H, Matsushima K, Larsen CG. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 October; 115(4): 640-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10998136&dopt=Abstract

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A trial of oolong tea in the management of recalcitrant atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Uehara M, Sugiura H, Sakurai K. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 January; 137(1): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176659&dopt=Abstract

20 Atopic Dermatitis

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A twenty-four-hour occlusive exposure to 1% sodium lauryl sulfate induces a unique histopathologic inflammatory response in the xerotic skin of atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Tabata N, Tagami H, Kligman AM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 July; 78(4): 244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689289&dopt=Abstract

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A UVB phototherapy protocol with very low dose increments as a treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wulf HC, Bech-Thomsen N. Source: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 1998 February; 14(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9582079&dopt=Abstract

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A variety of skin responses to ultraviolet irradiation in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tajima T, Ibe M, Matsushita T, Kamide R. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1998 June; 17(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9673891&dopt=Abstract

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Aberrant lipid organization in stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis and lamellar ichthyosis. Author(s): Pilgram GS, Vissers DC, van der Meulen H, Pavel S, Lavrijsen SP, Bouwstra JA, Koerten HK. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 September; 117(3): 710-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564181&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal expression of sphingomyelin acylase in atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor for ceramide deficiency? Author(s): Murata Y, Ogata J, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Yada Y, Higuchi K, Tsuchiya T, Kawainami S, Imokawa G. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 June; 106(6): 1242-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8752664&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal expression of the novel epidermal enzyme, glucosylceramide deacylase, and the accumulation of its enzymatic reaction product, glucosylsphingosine, in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ishibashi M, Arikawa J, Okamoto R, Kawashima M, Takagi Y, Ohguchi K, Imokawa G. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2003 March; 83(3): 397-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649340&dopt=Abstract

Studies 21

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Abnormal IL-4 gene expression by atopic dermatitis T lymphocytes is reflected in altered nuclear protein interactions with IL-4 transcriptional regulatory element. Author(s): Chan SC, Brown MA, Willcox TM, Li SH, Stevens SR, Tara D, Hanifin JM. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 May; 106(5): 1131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8618052&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal skin irritancy in atopic dermatitis and in atopy without dermatitis. Author(s): Nassif A, Chan SC, Storrs FJ, Hanifin JM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 November; 130(11): 1402-7. Erratum In: Arch Dermatol 1995 April; 131(4): 464. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7979441&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal steroid responsiveness in atopic dermatitis patients: therapeutic implications. Author(s): Charlesworth EN. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 July; 85(1): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923597&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormalities in serum lipids and leukocyte superoxide dismutase and associated cataract formation in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niwa Y, Iizawa O. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 November; 130(11): 1387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7979439&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of association between a variant of the mast cell chymase gene and atopic dermatitis in an Italian population. Author(s): Pascale E, Tarani L, Meglio P, Businco L, Battiloro E, Cimino-Reale G, Verna R, D'Ambrosio E. Source: Human Heredity. 2001; 51(3): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173969&dopt=Abstract

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Acanthosis nigricans: a new cutaneous sign in severe atopic dermatitis and Down syndrome. Author(s): Munoz-Perez MA, Camacho F. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 July; 15(4): 325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730043&dopt=Abstract

22 Atopic Dermatitis

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Actigraphy assessment of sleep disturbance in patients with atopic dermatitis: an objective life quality measure. Author(s): Bender BG, Leung SB, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 March; 111(3): 598-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642843&dopt=Abstract

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Activation markers in severe atopic dermatitis following extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Author(s): Radenhausen M, von Kobyletzki G, Hoxtermann S, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636023&dopt=Abstract

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Acute infection with Trichophyton rubrum associated with flares of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Klein PA, Clark RA, Nicol NH. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 March; 63(3): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10190071&dopt=Abstract

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Acute infections in atopic dermatitis: a clue for a pathogenic role of a Th1/Th2 imbalance? Author(s): Lacour M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 188(4): 255-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7514908&dopt=Abstract

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Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy associated with hyperIgEemia and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ikeda K, Hatanaka N, Iwasaki Y, Kinoshita M, Wakata N, Toyohara S, Segawa F. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1998 March 5; 155(2): 222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9562273&dopt=Abstract

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Acute myelitis associated with hyperIgEemia and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kira J, Yamasaki K, Kawano Y, Kobayashi T. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1997 May 29; 148(2): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129117&dopt=Abstract

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Acute myocarditis with transient eosinophilia and serum hyper-IgE-emia in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ito T, Ohata T. Source: Heart and Vessels. 2001 December; 16(1): 28-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11829216&dopt=Abstract

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Adherence characteristics and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from skin infections and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Akiyama H, Yamasaki O, Tada J, Arata J. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2000 August; 23(3): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10959040&dopt=Abstract

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Adhesion molecule expression on skin endothelia in atopic dermatitis: effects of TNF-alpha and IL-4. Author(s): de Vries IJ, Langeveld-Wildschut EG, van Reijsen FC, Dubois GR, van den Hoek JA, Bihari IC, van Wichen D, de Weger RA, Knol EF, Thepen T, BruijnzeelKoomen CA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 September; 102(3): 461-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9768589&dopt=Abstract

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Adhesion molecule profiles in atopic dermatitis vs. allergic contact dermatitis: pharmacological modulation by cetirizine. Author(s): Boone M, Lespagnard L, Renard N, Song M, Rihoux JP. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 July; 14(4): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204513&dopt=Abstract

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Adhesion molecules in atopic dermatitis: patch tests elicited by house dust mite. Author(s): Jung K, Linse F, Pals ST, Heller R, Moths C, Neumann C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 October; 37(4): 163-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385511&dopt=Abstract

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Adhesion molecules in atopic dermatitis: upregulation of alpha6 integrin expression in spontaneous lesional skin as well as in atopen, antigen and irritative induced patch test reactions. Author(s): Jung K, Imhof BA, Linse R, Wollina U, Neumann C. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1997 August; 113(4): 495504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9250597&dopt=Abstract

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Adhesion molecules in atopic dermatitis: VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression is increased in healthy-appearing skin. Author(s): Jung K, Linse F, Heller R, Moths C, Goebel R, Neumann C. Source: Allergy. 1996 July; 51(7): 452-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863922&dopt=Abstract

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Adrenal function following topical steroid treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Patel L, Clayton PE, Addison GM, Price DA, David TJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 June; 132(6): 950-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7662574&dopt=Abstract

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Adrenocortical function in patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Matsuda K, Katsunuma T, Iikura Y, Kato H, Saito H, Akasawa A. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 July; 85(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923602&dopt=Abstract

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Adult height in patients with childhood onset atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Patel L, Clayton PE, Jenney ME, Ferguson JE, David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1997 June; 76(6): 505-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9245847&dopt=Abstract

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Adult-onset atopic dermatitis in a patch test population. Author(s): Ingordo V, D'Andria G, D'Andria C. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 206(3): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673075&dopt=Abstract

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Adult-onset atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bannister MJ, Freeman S. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 41(4): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105366&dopt=Abstract

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Adults with atopic dermatitis and herpes simplex and topical therapy with tacrolimus: what kind of prevention? Author(s): Lubbe J, Sanchez-Politta S, Tschanz C, Saurat JH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 May; 139(5): 670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756112&dopt=Abstract

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Advances in the treatment of atopic dermatitis with special regard to children. Author(s): Oranje AP, Wolkerstorfer A. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 28: 56-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374051&dopt=Abstract

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Advances in the understanding and treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Boguniewicz M. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 1997 December; 9(6): 577-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9425590&dopt=Abstract

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Affinity-purified Dermatophagoides farinae antigen induces CD23 on T and B lymphocytes and monocytes specifically in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Zhang HM, Tanaka Y, Maeda K, Anan S, Yoshida H. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1996 March; 11(3): 202-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8785171&dopt=Abstract

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Age-related prevalence and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic staphylococci and streptococci in children with infected atopic dermatitis at a single-specialty center. Author(s): Arkwright PD, Daniel TO, Sanyal D, David TJ, Patel L. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 July; 138(7): 939-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071821&dopt=Abstract

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Allergen specificity and endothelial transmigration of T cells in allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis are associated with the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. Author(s): Santamaria LF, Perez Soler MT, Hauser C, Blaser K. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 May-June; 107(1-3): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613172&dopt=Abstract

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Allergen specificity of skin-infiltrating T cells is not restricted to a type-2 cytokine pattern in chronic skin lesions of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Werfel T, Morita A, Grewe M, Renz H, Wahn U, Krutmann J, Kapp A. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 December; 107(6): 871-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8941677&dopt=Abstract

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Allergen-sensitive atopic dermatitis is improved by injections of allergen combined with F(ab')2 fragments of specific antibodies. Author(s): Leroy BP, Jacquemin MG, Lachapelle JM, Saint-Remy JM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 April; 132(4): 599-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7748752&dopt=Abstract

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Allergic cycle: relationships between asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Umeki S. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1994; 31(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8175621&dopt=Abstract

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Allergic hyperreactivity to microbial components: a trigger factor of “intrinsic” atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Novak N, Allam JP, Bieber T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 July; 112(1): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847506&dopt=Abstract

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Allergic skin disease: atopic dermatitis as a prototype. Author(s): Charlesworth EN. Source: Primary Care. 1998 December; 25(4): 775-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9735118&dopt=Abstract

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Allergy and intolerance to flavouring agents in atopic dermatitis in young children. Author(s): Kanny G, Hatahet R, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kohler C, Bellut A. Source: Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1994 June; 26(6): 204-6, 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7945786&dopt=Abstract

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Allergy in early and late onset of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kjellman B, Hattevig G. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1994 February; 83(2): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8193509&dopt=Abstract

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Alpha interferon treatment in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jullien D, Nicolas JF, Frappaz A, Thivolet J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1993 April; 73(2): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103259&dopt=Abstract

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Alpha-subunit of beta-conglycinin, an allergenic protein recognized by IgE antibodies of soybean-sensitive patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ogawa T, Bando N, Tsuji H, Nishikawa K, Kitamura K. Source: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995 May; 59(5): 831-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7787297&dopt=Abstract

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Altered expression of IgG and complement receptors indicates a significant role of phagocytes in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Isolauri E, Pelto L, Nuutila J, Majamaa H, Lilius EM, Salminen S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 May; 99(5): 707-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155839&dopt=Abstract

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Altered glucocorticoid receptor binding in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Clayton MH, Leung DY, Surs W, Szefler SJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 September; 96(3): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7560645&dopt=Abstract

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Altered prostaglandin E2 regulation of cytokine production in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Chan SC, Kim JW, Henderson WR Jr, Hanifin JM. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1993 September 15; 151(6): 334552. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8397256&dopt=Abstract

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Altered reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with atopic dermatitis: pathologic factor or symptom? Author(s): Buske-Kirschbaum A, Jobst S, Hellhammer DH. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1998 May 1; 840: 747-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9629301&dopt=Abstract

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Altered responsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic adrenomedullary system to stress in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Buske-Kirschbaum A, Geiben A, Hollig H, Morschhauser E, Hellhammer D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 September; 87(9): 4245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213879&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative treatments for atopic dermatitis: a selected review. Author(s): Vender RB. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2002 February; 7(2): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007013&dopt=Abstract

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An application of the United Kingdom Working Party diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis in Scottish infants. Author(s): Fleming S, Bodner C, Devereux G, Russell G, Campbell D, Godden D, Seaton A. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 December; 117(6): 1526-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886518&dopt=Abstract

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An assessment of anxiety and dermatology life quality in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Linnet J, Jemec GB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 February; 140(2): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233221&dopt=Abstract

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An assessment of the role of Candida albicans antigen in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Morita E, Hide M, Yoneya Y, Kannbe M, Tanaka A, Yamamoto S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 26(5): 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10380428&dopt=Abstract

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An evidence-based review of the efficacy of antihistamines in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Klein PA, Clark RA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 December; 135(12): 1522-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606058&dopt=Abstract

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An IL13 coding region variant is associated with a high total serum IgE level and atopic dermatitis in the German multicenter atopy study (MAS-90). Author(s): Liu X, Nickel R, Beyer K, Wahn U, Ehrlich E, Freidhoff LR, Bjorksten B, Beaty TH, Huang SK. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 July; 106(1 Pt 1): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10887320&dopt=Abstract

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An infant with severe atopic dermatitis and progressive hepatomegaly due to fatty liver. Author(s): Kurimasa H, Suehiro Y, Morita H, Sawada Y, Fujita K, Sako M, Hosoi G, Miyagi N, Ozaki H, Murata R, Inoue T, Kobayashi Y. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 1999 October; 41(5): 575-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10530077&dopt=Abstract

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An infrared video camera system to observe nocturnal scratching in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Ebata T, Aizawa H, Kamide R. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1996 March; 23(3): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8935624&dopt=Abstract

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An integrative approach to eczema (atopic dermatitis). Author(s): Ross SM. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 2003 January-February; 17(1): 56-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597676&dopt=Abstract

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An open study of a lotion formulation to improve tolerance of tacrolimus in facial atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sugiura H, Uehara M, Hoshino N, Yamaji A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 November; 145(5): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11736904&dopt=Abstract

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An open study of efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with mometasone furoate fatty cream in the treatment of adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Faergemann J, Christensen O, Sjovall P, Johnsson A, Hersle K, Nordin P, Edmar B, Svensson A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 September; 14(5): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305382&dopt=Abstract

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An open-label study of the safety and efficacy of limited application of fluticasone propionate ointment, 0.005%, in patients with atopic dermatitis of the face and intertriginous areas. Author(s): Tan MH, Meador SL, Singer G, Lebwohl MG. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 41(11): 804-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453011&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of association and linkage for the interleukin-4 and interleukin-4 receptor b;alpha; regions in Swedish atopic dermatitis families. Author(s): Soderhall C, Bradley M, Kockum I, Luthman H, Wahlgren CF, Nordenskjold M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 August; 32(8): 1199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190659&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of disease-associated amino acid epitopes on HLA class II molecules in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Saeki H, Kuwata S, Nakagawa H, Etoh T, Yanagisawa M, Miyamoto M, Tokunaga K, Juji T, Shibata Y. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 December; 96(6 Pt 2): 1061-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8543763&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of gene expression in peripheral blood eosinophils from patients with atopic dermatitis and in vitro cytokine-stimulated blood eosinophils. Author(s): Ogawa K, Hashida R, Miyagawa M, Kagaya S, Sugita Y, Matsumoto K, Katsunuma T, Akasawa A, Tsujimoto G, Saito H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003 March; 131(3): 436-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605696&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of gene expression in peripheral blood eosinophils from patients with atopic dermatitis by differential display. Author(s): Hashida R, Ogawa K, Miyagawa M, Sugita Y, Takahashi E, Nagasu T, Katsunuma T, Akasawa A, Tsujimoto G, Matsumoto K, Saito H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 June; 131 Suppl 1: 2633. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771546&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of IgE antibodies from a patient with atopic dermatitis: biased V gene usage and evidence for polyreactive IgE heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3. Author(s): Edwards MR, Brouwer W, Choi CH, Ruhno J, Ward RL, Collins AM. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 June 15; 168(12): 6305-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055246&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of the cytokine pattern expressed in situ in inhalant allergen patch test reactions of atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Grewe M, Walther S, Gyufko K, Czech W, Schopf E, Krutmann J. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 September; 105(3): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7665922&dopt=Abstract

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Animal models of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Marsella R, Olivry T. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 122-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706330&dopt=Abstract

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Antibacterial effect of beta-thujaplicin on staphylococci isolated from atopic dermatitis: relationship between changes in the number of viable bacterial cells and clinical improvement in an eczematous lesion of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Arima Y, Nakai Y, Hayakawa R, Nishino T. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 January; 51(1): 113-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493795&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein I antibodies in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ambrozic A, Avicin T, Ichikawa K, Kveder T, Matsuura E, Hojnik M, Atsumi T, Rozman B, Koike T. Source: International Immunology. 2002 July; 14(7): 823-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096042&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-elongation factor-1alpha autoantibody in adult atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Ohkouchi K, Mizutani H, Tanaka M, Takahashi M, Nakashima K, Shimizu M. Source: International Immunology. 1999 October; 11(10): 1635-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10508181&dopt=Abstract

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Antigen presenting cell-independent cytokine and spontaneous in vitro IgE production in patients with atopic dermatitis: increased interferon-gamma production and lack of effects of in vivo low-dose interferon-gamma treatment. Author(s): Simon MR, Cooper KD, Norris RB, Blok B, King CL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 July; 96(1): 84-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7622767&dopt=Abstract

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Antigenic components of Malassezia species for immunoglobulin E antibodies in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Koyama T, Kanbe T, Ishiguro A, Kikuchi A, Tomita Y. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 July; 26(3): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11390205&dopt=Abstract

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Antigliadin IgE--indicator of wheat allergy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Varjonen E, Vainio E, Kalimo K. Source: Allergy. 2000 April; 55(4): 386-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782525&dopt=Abstract

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Antihistamines for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Phillips RL Jr, Koenig CJ. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2000 March; 49(3): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735488&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-mycotics suppress interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 production in anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28-stimulated T cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kanda N, Enomoto U, Watanabe S. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 December; 117(6): 1635-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886533&dopt=Abstract

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Antinuclear antibodies in patients with atopic dermatitis and severe facial lesions. Author(s): Tada J, Toi Y, Yoshioka T, Fujiwara H, Arata J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189(1): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8003783&dopt=Abstract

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Anxiety level and severity of skin condition predicts outcome of psychotherapy in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Linnet J, Jemec GB. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 October; 40(10): 632-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737422&dopt=Abstract

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Anxiety, depression and psychosomatic symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis: comparison with normal controls and among groups of different degrees of severity. Author(s): Hashiro M, Okumura M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1997 January; 14(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9049809&dopt=Abstract

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Are infantile seborrheic and atopic dermatitis clinical variants of the same disease? Author(s): Moises-Alfaro CB, Caceres-Rios HW, Rueda M, Velazquez-Acosta A, RuizMaldonado R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 41(6): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100690&dopt=Abstract

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Are quality of family life and disease severity related in childhood atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Ben-Gashir MA, Seed PT, Hay RJ. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 September; 16(5): 455-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428837&dopt=Abstract

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Are respiratory allergic diseases related to atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Lugovic L, Lipozencic J. Source: Coll Antropol. 2000 December; 24(2): 335-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216401&dopt=Abstract

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Ascomycin: an advance in the management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Griffiths CE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 April; 144(4): 679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298524&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of eosinophil and neutrophil participation in atopic dermatitis: comparison with the IgE-mediated late-phase reaction. Author(s): Ott NL, Gleich GJ, Peterson EA, Fujisawa T, Sur S, Leiferman KM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 July; 94(1): 120-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8027490&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of epidermal barrier function by photoacoustic spectrometry in relation to its importance in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hata M, Tokura Y, Takigawa M, Sato M, Shioya Y, Fujikura Y, Imokawa G. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2002 November; 82(11): 1451-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429806&dopt=Abstract

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Association and linkage of atopic dermatitis with chromosome 13q12-14 and 5q31-33 markers. Author(s): Beyer K, Nickel R, Freidhoff L, Bjorksten B, Huang SK, Barnes KC, MacDonald S, Forster J, Zepp F, Wahn V, Beaty TH, Marsh DG, Wahn U. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 November; 115(5): 906-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069631&dopt=Abstract

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Association between atopic dermatitis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Author(s): Olesen AB, Juul S, Birkebaek N, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 2; 357(9270): 1749-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403811&dopt=Abstract

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Association of a new-type prostaglandin D2 receptor CRTH2 with circulating T helper 2 cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Iwasaki M, Nagata K, Takano S, Takahashi K, Ishii N, Ikezawa Z. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 September; 119(3): 609-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230502&dopt=Abstract

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Association of atopic dermatitis to the beta subunit of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor. Author(s): Cox HE, Moffatt MF, Faux JA, Walley AJ, Coleman R, Trembath RC, Cookson WO, Harper JI. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 January; 138(1): 182-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9536245&dopt=Abstract

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Association of birch pollen-related food-responsive atopic dermatitis with birch pollen allergen-specific T-cell reactions. Author(s): Werfel T, Reekers R, Busche M, Schmidt P, Constien A, Wittmann M, Kapp A. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 28: 18-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374046&dopt=Abstract

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Association of increased CD4+ T-cell infiltration with increased IL-16 gene expression in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Laberge S, Ghaffar O, Boguniewicz M, Center DM, Leung DY, Hamid Q. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 October; 102(4 Pt 1): 64550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802374&dopt=Abstract

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Association of SPINK5 gene polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis in the Japanese population. Author(s): Kato A, Fukai K, Oiso N, Hosomi N, Murakami T, Ishii M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 April; 148(4): 665-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752122&dopt=Abstract

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Asymptomatic shedding of herpes simplex virus into the oral cavity of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yoshida M, Amatsu A. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2000 February; 16(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10680743&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic cataracts in a child with atopic dermatitis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Chen CC, Huang JL, Yang KD, Chen HJ. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2000 March; 18(1): 69-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546060&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis - a simple entity? Author(s): Pearson IC, Holden CA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 January; 27(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952688&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and allergic diseases with thrombocytosis: a possible link. Author(s): Randi ML, Rossi C, Fabris F, Zerbinati P, Girolami A. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1995 December; 75(6 Pt 1): 530-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8603285&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and asthma: parallels in the evolution of treatment. Author(s): Eichenfield LF, Hanifin JM, Beck LA, Lemanske RF Jr, Sampson HA, Weiss ST, Leung DY. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 March; 111(3): 608-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612244&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and birth factors: historical follow up by record linkage. Author(s): Olesen AB, Ellingsen AR, Olesen H, Juul S, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 April 5; 314(7086): 1003-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9112844&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and concomitant disease patterns in children up to two years of age. Author(s): Bohme M, Lannero E, Wickman M, Nordvall SL, Wahlgren CF. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(2): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125961&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and delayed hypersensitivity to dust mites. Author(s): Castelain M. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 1995 Summer; 13(2): 161-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489262&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and diet. Author(s): Oranje AP, de Waard-van der Spek FB. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 November; 14(6): 437-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444260&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and food allergy in Europe--prevalence and risk factors. Author(s): Businco L, Bartolucci M. Source: Allergy. 1998; 53(46 Suppl): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9826021&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Author(s): Resano A, Crespo E, Fernandez Benitez M, Sanz ML, Oehling A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1998 September-October; 8(5): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9827421&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and food hypersensitivity reactions. Author(s): Burks AW, James JM, Hiegel A, Wilson G, Wheeler JG, Jones SM, Zuerlein N. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 January; 132(1): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9470014&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and fungi. Author(s): Faergemann J. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2002 October; 15(4): 545-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364369&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and house dust mite control measures. Author(s): Taskapan O, Dogan B, Harmanyeri Y. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 147(1): 191; Author Reply 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100208&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy: associated or coincidental disorders? Author(s): Shohat M, Ben Amitai D, Shohat B, Mosberg R, Narinski R, Klein T, Okon E, Roizman P, Cowan EP, Alexander R, David M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(4): 356-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640850&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and ichthyosis vulgaris. Author(s): Rabinowitz LG, Esterly NB. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1994 June; 15(6): 220-6; Quiz 226. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8066010&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and melanocytic naevi. Author(s): Broberg A, Augustsson A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 February; 142(2): 306-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730765&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and staphylococcal superantigens. Author(s): Michie CA, Davis T. Source: Lancet. 1996 February 3; 347(8997): 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8569377&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis--a peculiar association in a case. Author(s): Sharma AK. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1997 November-December; 14(6): 453-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9436843&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and the clinical effect of house dust mite avoidance. Author(s): Gutgesell C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 January; 111(1): 202-3; Author Reply 203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532125&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and the immune system: the role of superantigens and bacteria. Author(s): Leung DY. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423865&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis apparently caused by type 2 CD8+ T cells in an AIDS patient. Author(s): Ishii N, Takahashi K, Sugita Y, Nakajima H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1998 May; 23(3): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861741&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis as a risk factor for acute native valve endocarditis. Author(s): Onoda K, Mizutan H, Komada T, Kanemitsu S, Shimono T, Shimpo H, Yada I. Source: J Heart Valve Dis. 2000 May; 9(3): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888108&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis in 5-6-year-old Swedish children: cumulative incidence, point prevalence, and severity scoring. Author(s): Broberg A, Svensson A, Borres MP, Berg R. Source: Allergy. 2000 November; 55(11): 1025-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097311&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis in a child due to cow dander. Author(s): Szczepanski R, von Muhlendahl KE. Source: Lancet. 1997 July 12; 350(9071): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228970&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis in childhood. Author(s): Lewis-Jones S. Source: Hosp Med. 2001 March; 62(3): 136-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11291461&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis in childhood. Author(s): Laude TA. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1998 February; 10(1): 30-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9526320&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis in children: who cares? Who pays? Author(s): Lapidus CS, Schwarz DF, Honig PJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 May; 28(5 Pt 1): 699703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8496413&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis in early infancy predicts allergic airway disease at 5 years. Author(s): Bergmann RL, Edenharter G, Bergmann KE, Forster J, Bauer CP, Wahn V, Zepp F, Wahn U. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 August; 28(8): 965-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9756200&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis in infancy and childhood: an ongoing challenge. Author(s): Wahn U. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 60-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380902&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis in infants and children. An update. Author(s): Kristal L, Klein PA. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2000 August; 47(4): 877-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943263&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis is associated with a decrement in health-related quality of life. Author(s): Kiebert G, Sorensen SV, Revicki D, Fagan SC, Doyle JJ, Cohen J, Fivenson D. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 March; 41(3): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010340&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis is associated with a functional mutation in the promoter of the C-C chemokine RANTES. Author(s): Nickel RG, Casolaro V, Wahn U, Beyer K, Barnes KC, Plunkett BS, Freidhoff LR, Sengler C, Plitt JR, Schleimer RP, Caraballo L, Naidu RP, Levett PN, Beaty TH, Huang SK. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2000 February 1; 164(3): 1612-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640782&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis is associated with a low-producer transforming growth factor beta(1) cytokine genotype. Author(s): Arkwright PD, Chase JM, Babbage S, Pravica V, David TJ, Hutchinson IV. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 August; 108(2): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496247&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis management: comparing the treatment patterns of dermatologists in Japan, U.S.A. and U.K. Author(s): Baron ED, Barzilai D, Johnston G, Kawashima M, Takigawa M, Nakagawa H, Graham-Brown RA, Stevens SR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 147(4): 710-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12366417&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis may be a genetically determined dysmaturation of ectodermal tissue, resulting in disturbed T-lymphocyte maturation. A hypothesis. Author(s): Thestrup-Pedersen K, Ellingsen AR, Olesen AB, Lund M, Kaltoft K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 January; 77(1): 20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9059670&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis may be linked to whether a child is first- or second-born and/or the age of the mother. Author(s): Olesen AB, Ellingsen AR, Larsen FS, Larsen PO, Veien NK, ThestrupPedersen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 November; 76(6): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8982411&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis of infancy and urinary tract infections. Author(s): Oggero R, Monti G, Fiz A, Tonetto P, Mostert M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189(2): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8075440&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis successfully treated by eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Murakami K, Fujioka T, Nishizono A, Nagai J, Tokieda M, Kodama R, Kubota T, Nasu M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 November; 31 Suppl 9: 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8959527&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis symptoms decreased in children following massage therapy. Author(s): Schachner L, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Duarte AM, Krasnegor J. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 September-October; 15(5): 390-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9796594&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis today. Author(s): Nevot S, Lleonart R, Casas R. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1997 July-August; 25(4): 203-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9269511&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis versus infantile eczema. Author(s): Christophers E, Folster-Holst R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423861&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis with mononuclear phagocytic activity deficiency. Author(s): Forte WC, Santos de Menezes MC, Cipolli Guerra de Oliveira SM, Bruno S. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2002 September-October; 30(5): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396960&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis with severe facial lesions exacerbated by contact dermatitis from topical medicaments. Author(s): Tada J, Toi Y, Arata J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1994 October; 31(4): 261-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7842686&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and hand dermatitis among Swedish dental personnel, including use of personal protective devices. Author(s): Lonnroth E, Shahnavaz H. Source: Swed Dent J. 1998; 22(3): 105-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9768458&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis, eczema herpeticum, infectious mononucleosis, and depressed cellmediated immunity. Author(s): Marks JG Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1978 March; 71(3): 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=204057&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis, house-dust mite, and the placebo effect. Author(s): Gutgesell C, Heise S, Seubert S, Seubert A, Domhof S, Brunner E, Neumann C. Source: Allergy. 2001 December; 56(12): 1226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11736756&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis, nickel sensitivity and xerosis as risk factors for hand eczema in women. Author(s): Nilsson EJ, Knutsson A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 December; 33(6): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8706398&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis, non-immunologic factors in this frequent skin disease. Author(s): Haneke E. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 March; 289(4): 238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9143741&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Beltrani VS, Boguneiwicz M. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2003 March; 9(2): 1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639454&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Leung DY, Bieber T. Source: Lancet. 2003 January 11; 361(9352): 151-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531593&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sarkar R, Kanwar AJ. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 October; 39(10): 922-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428037&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Knoell KA, Greer KE. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1999 February; 20(2): 46-51; Quiz 52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989110&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ong PY, Leung DY. Source: Clin Allergy Immunol. 2002; 16: 355-79. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577548&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Borirakchanyavat K, Kurban AK. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2000 November-December; 18(6): 649-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173199&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rupp NT. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 2000 May; 96(5): 213-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10850022&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jaffe R. Source: Primary Care. 2000 June; 27(2): 503-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10815058&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Woodmansee D, Christiansen S. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1998 November; 27(11): 710-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9826876&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kim HJ, Honig PJ. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 1998 August; 10(4): 387-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9757363&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rudikoff D, Lebwohl M. Source: Lancet. 1998 June 6; 351(9117): 1715-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9734903&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hogan PA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1996 June 17; 164(12): 736-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8668082&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lapidus CS, Honig PJ. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1994 August; 15(8): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937394&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Friedmann PS. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189 Suppl 2: 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841554&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Current concepts support old therapies and spur new ones. Author(s): Landow K. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1997 March; 101(3): 101-4, 107-8, 111-2 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9074553&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. How to incorporate advances in management. Author(s): Leicht S, Hanggi M. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 June; 109(6): 119-27; Quiz 11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424341&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Perspectives on a manageable disease. Author(s): Fleischer AB Jr. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 October 1; 106(4): 49-55; Quiz 246. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10533507&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: a case report and current clinical review of systemic and ocular manifestations. Author(s): Brandonisio TM, Bachman JA, Sears JM. Source: Optometry. 2001 February; 72(2): 94-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11243436&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: a clinical review for the primary care physician. Author(s): Walker C, Craig TJ. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999 March; 99(3 Suppl): S5-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10217915&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: a genetic-epidemiologic study in a population-based twin sample. Author(s): Schultz Larsen F. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 May; 28(5 Pt 1): 719-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8496415&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: a new treatment paradigm using pimecrolimus. Author(s): Weinberg JM, Bowerman JG, Brown SM, Gerstein D, Kane KS, Selevan J, Virdee S. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 April; 2(2): 131-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852364&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: a paradigmatic allergic skin disease. Author(s): Bieber T. Source: Mediators of Inflammation. 2001 December; 10(6): 291-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817663&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: a question of balance. Author(s): Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 July; 134(7): 870-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681355&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: a review of diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Correale CE, Walker C, Murphy L, Craig TJ. Source: American Family Physician. 1999 September 15; 60(4): 1191-8, 1209-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10507748&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: an increasing problem. Author(s): Schultz Larsen F. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1996; 7(9 Suppl): 51-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156729&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: An update. Author(s): Beltrani VS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 September; 104(3 Pt 2): S85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482858&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: an update. Author(s): Rothe MJ, Grant-Kels JM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 July; 35(1): 1-13; Quiz 14-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8682941&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: clinical criteria. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Jain S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 September; 32(9): 628-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8407087&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: from the genes to skin lesions. Author(s): Wollenberg A, Bieber T. Source: Allergy. 2000 March; 55(3): 205-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10753009&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: immunobiology and treatment with immune modulators. Author(s): Leung DY. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1997 January; 107 Suppl 1: 25-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9020932&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: immunological mechanisms in relation to phenotype. Author(s): Sampson HA. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 62-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380903&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: immunophenotyping of inflammatory cells in skin lesions. Author(s): Lugovic L, Lipozenocic J, Jakic-Razumovic J. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 August; 40(8): 489-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703518&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: increased prevalence and the influence of birth, siblings and maternal factors. Author(s): Palacios-Lopez CG, Orozco-Covarrubias L, Tamayo-Sanchez L, DuranMcKinster C, Ruiz-Maldonado R. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 May; 81(2): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501658&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: introduction and overview. Author(s): Stevens SR, Kang K, Cooper KD. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999 February; 3 Suppl 2: S2-2-S27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071359&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: is it an allergic disease? Author(s): Halbert AR, Weston WL, Morelli JG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 December; 33(6): 100818. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7490346&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: molecular mechanisms, clinical aspects and new therapeutical approaches. Author(s): Galli E, Cicconi R, Rossi P, Casati A, Brunetti E, Mancino G. Source: Current Molecular Medicine. 2003 March; 3(2): 127-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630559&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: new information from epidemiological studies. Author(s): Williams HC. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1994 October 19-November 1; 52(8): 409-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7858831&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: new insights and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Author(s): Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 May; 105(5): 860-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10808164&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: new knowledge and new approaches. Author(s): Kolmer HL, Platts-Mills TA. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1995 October 15; 30(10): 63-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7593390&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: nomenclature. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Jain S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 August; 32(8): 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8407071&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: ocular changes. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Jain S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 January; 33(1): 11-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8112931&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: pathogenetic mechanisms. Author(s): Wollenberg A, Kraft S, Oppel T, Bieber T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 October; 25(7): 530-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122224&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: predictions, expectations, and outcomes. Author(s): Graham-Brown RA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423878&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: recent trends in pathogenesis and therapy. Author(s): Cooper KD. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994 January; 102(1): 128-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8288906&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: review 2000 to January 2001. Author(s): Oranje AP, de Waard-van der Spek FB. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2002 August; 14(4): 410-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12130903&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: review of immunopathogenesis and advances in immunosuppressive therapy. Author(s): Meagher LJ, Wines NY, Cooper AJ. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 43(4): 247-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423430&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: role of food and house dust mite allergens. Author(s): Casimir GJ, Duchateau J, Gossart B, Cuvelier P, Vandaele F, Vis HL. Source: Pediatrics. 1993 August; 92(2): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8337025&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: summary of the 1st Georg Rajka Symposium 1998 and a literature review. Author(s): Thestrup-Pedersen K, Ring J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 July; 79(4): 257-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10429979&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: the itch that rashes. Author(s): Romeo SP. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1995 March-April; 21(2): 157-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7746680&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: the role of environmental and social factors, the European experience. Author(s): Diepgen TL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423873&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: the role of Pityrosporum ovale. Author(s): Brehler RB, Luger TA. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 January; 15(1): 5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451324&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: the role of recombinant interferon-gamma therapy. Author(s): Chang TT, Stevens SR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(3): 175-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978138&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: the skin as a window into the pathogenesis of chronic allergic diseases. Author(s): Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 September; 96(3): 302-18; Quiz 319. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7560632&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: the spectrum of disease. Author(s): Beltrani VS. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999 February; 3 Suppl 2: S2-8-S215. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071360&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: therapeutic challenge in an infant with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Author(s): Sibaud V, Roul S, Leaute-Labreze C, Memeguzi G, Taieb A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 147(2): 350-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174110&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: triggering factors. Author(s): Morren MA, Przybilla B, Bamelis M, Heykants B, Reynaers A, Degreef H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 September; 31(3 Pt 1): 467-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8077475&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: unapproved treatments or indications. Author(s): Graham-Brown R. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2000 March-April; 18(2): 153-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742623&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis--immunological abnormality and its background. Author(s): Furue M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1994 June; 7(3): 159-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7918234&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis-like eruption precipitated by infliximab. Author(s): Wright RC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 July; 49(1): 160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833036&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions induced by topical application of mite antigens in NC/Nga mice. Author(s): Sasakawa T, Higashi Y, Sakuma S, Hirayama Y, Sasakawa Y, Ohkubo Y, Goto T, Matsumoto M, Matsuda H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 November; 126(3): 23947. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752882&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis--messengers, second messengers and cytokines. Author(s): Holden CA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 May; 18(3): 201-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8394231&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis--new perspectives in clinical assessment. Author(s): Cilliers J. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 December; 32(12): 860-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8125683&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis--the skin manifestation of atopy. Author(s): Kapp A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 March; 25(3): 210-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788567&dopt=Abstract

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Atopiform dermatitis: do we need another confusing name for atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Hanifin JM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 147(3): 430-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207580&dopt=Abstract

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Atopy Patch Test (APT)--its role in diagnosis of food allergy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niggemann B. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 January; 69(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876122&dopt=Abstract

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Atopy patch test reactions are associated with T lymphocyte-mediated allergenspecific immune responses in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wistokat-Wulfing A, Schmidt P, Darsow U, Ring J, Kapp A, Werfel T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 April; 29(4): 513-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202366&dopt=Abstract

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Atopy patch test reactions show a rapid influx of inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells in patients with extrinsic atopic dermatitis and patients with intrinsic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kerschenlohr K, Decard S, Przybilla B, Wollenberg A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 111(4): 869-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12704371&dopt=Abstract

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Atopy patch test reactions to Malassezia allergens differentiate subgroups of atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Johansson C, Sandstrom MH, Bartosik J, Sarnhult T, Christiansen J, Zargari A, Back O, Wahlgren CF, Faergemann J, Scheynius A, Tengvall Linder M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 148(3): 479-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653739&dopt=Abstract

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Atopy patch tests in young adult patients with atopic dermatitis and controls: doseresponse relationship, objective reading, reproducibility and clinical interpretation. Author(s): Bygum A, Mortz CG, Andersen KE. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636017&dopt=Abstract

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Atopy patch tests, together with determination of specific IgE levels, reduce the need for oral food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Roehr CC, Reibel S, Ziegert M, Sommerfeld C, Wahn U, Niggemann B. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 March; 107(3): 548-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240959&dopt=Abstract

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Attenuated free cortisol response to psychosocial stress in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Buske-Kirschbaum A, Jobst S, Psych D, Wustmans A, Kirschbaum C, Rauh W, Hellhammer D. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1997 July-August; 59(4): 419-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9251162&dopt=Abstract

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Auranofin is ineffective in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Piletta P, Vollenweider S, Saurat JH, Hauser C. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1994 May; 74(3): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7915475&dopt=Abstract

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Autoallergy: a pathogenetic factor in atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Valenta R, Seiberler S, Natter S, Mahler V, Mossabeb R, Ring J, Stingl G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 March; 105(3): 432-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10719290&dopt=Abstract

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Autoallergy: a pathogenetic factor in atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Valenta R, Natter S, Seiberler S, Roschanak M, Mothes N, Mahler V, Eibensteiner P. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 28: 45-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374049&dopt=Abstract

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Autoantibodies in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Muro Y. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 April; 25(3): 171-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240264&dopt=Abstract

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Autoantibodies to DFS 70 kd/transcription coactivator p75 in atopic dermatitis and other conditions. Author(s): Ochs RL, Muro Y, Si Y, Ge H, Chan EK, Tan EM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 June; 105(6 Pt 1): 1211-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856157&dopt=Abstract

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Azathioprine for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Meggitt SJ, Reynolds NJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 July; 26(5): 369-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488818&dopt=Abstract

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Azathioprine in severe adult atopic dermatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Author(s): Berth-Jones J, Takwale A, Tan E, Barclay G, Agarwal S, Ahmed I, Hotchkiss K, Graham-Brown RA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 147(2): 324-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174106&dopt=Abstract

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Azone enhances clinical effectiveness of an optimized formulation of triamcinolone acetonide in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Cato A, Swinehart JM, Griffin EI, Sutton L, Kaplan AS. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 March; 40(3): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422533&dopt=Abstract

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Bacterial infections and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Breuer K, Kapp A, Werfel T. Source: Allergy. 2001 November; 56(11): 1034-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703215&dopt=Abstract

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Bactericidal activity of manganese and iodide ions against Staphylococcus aureus: a possible treatment for acute atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Inoue T, Inoue S, Kubota K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 September; 79(5): 360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10494711&dopt=Abstract

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Balneophototherapy--combined treatment of psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis with salt water baths and artificial ultraviolet radiation. Author(s): Gambichler T, Kuster W, Kreuter A, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 September; 14(5): 425-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305394&dopt=Abstract

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Basophil histamine release and leukotriene production in response to anti-IgE and anti-IgE receptor antibodies. Comparison of normal subjects and patients with urticaria, atopic dermatitis or bronchial asthma. Author(s): Bischoff SC, Zwahlen R, Stucki M, Mullner G, de Weck AL, Stadler BM, Dahinden CA. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1996 July; 110(3): 261-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8688673&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical and immunologic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis: new targets for emerging therapies. Author(s): Hanifin JM, Chan S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 July; 41(1): 72-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10411415&dopt=Abstract

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Biomolecular regulation of the IgE immune response III. Cytokine profiles in atopic dermatitis, inhalant allergy and non-allergic donors. Author(s): Poulsen LK, Bindslev-Jensen C, Diamant M, Hansen MB, Jepsen KF, Reimert CM, Bendtzen K. Source: Cytokine. 1996 August; 8(8): 651-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8894441&dopt=Abstract

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Biophysical characteristics of healthy skin and nonlesional skin in atopic dermatitis: short-term effects of ultraviolet A and B irradiation. Author(s): Habig J, Vocks E, Kautzky F, Ring J. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2000 May-August; 13(3-4): 174-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10859536&dopt=Abstract

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Biphasic cytokine expression by T cell clones from patients with atopic dermatitis with different incubation periods and strengths of stimuli. Author(s): Kanek R, Matsu T, Iwatsuki K, Motok Y, Oyama, Kaneko F. Source: Fukushima J Med Sci. 2001 December; 47(2): 51-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989619&dopt=Abstract

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Biphasic response against aeroallergen in atopic dermatitis showing a switch from an initial TH2 response to a TH1 response in situ: an immunocytochemical study. Author(s): Thepen T, Langeveld-Wildschut EG, Bihari IC, van Wichen DF, van Reijsen FC, Mudde GC, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 March; 97(3): 828-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8613640&dopt=Abstract

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Birch pollen-related foods trigger atopic dermatitis in patients with specific cutaneous T-cell responses to birch pollen antigens. Author(s): Reekers R, Busche M, Wittmann M, Kapp A, Werfel T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 104(2 Pt 1): 46672. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452773&dopt=Abstract

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Blood eosinophils and serum IgE as predictors for prognosis of interferon-gamma therapy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Noh GW, Lee KY. Source: Allergy. 1998 December; 53(12): 1202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9930598&dopt=Abstract

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Blood eosinophils, eosinophil-derived proteins, and leukotriene C4 generation in relation to bronchial hyperreactivity in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Schauer U, Trube M, Jager R, Gieler U, Rieger CH. Source: Allergy. 1995 February; 50(2): 126-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7604934&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Aalto-Korte K, Turpeinen M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 February; 136(2): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9068726&dopt=Abstract

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Breast-feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Author(s): Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, David M, Mimouni M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 October; 45(4): 520-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568741&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchial and cutaneous responses in atopic dermatitis patients after allergen inhalation challenge. Author(s): Brinkman L, Aslander MM, Raaijmakers JA, Lammers JW, Koenderman L, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 September; 27(9): 1043-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9678836&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchial and skin reactivity in asthmatic patients with and without atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Brinkman L, Raaijmakers JA, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Koenderman L, Lammers JW. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1997 May; 10(5): 1033-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9163643&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchial hyper-responsiveness in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Miyabayashi Y. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1997 April; 39(2): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9141255&dopt=Abstract

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C1q nephropathy: a case with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ekim M, Ikinciogullari A, Berberoglu M, Tulunay O, Sencer H, Ozkaya N, Reisli I, Tumer N. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2002 July; 17(7): 547-9. Epub 2002 June 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172773&dopt=Abstract

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Can house dust mite-triggered atopic dermatitis be alleviated using acaricides? Author(s): Cameron MM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 July; 137(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9274618&dopt=Abstract

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Candida albicans and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Savolainen J, Lammintausta K, Kalimo K, Viander M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 April; 23(4): 332-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8319131&dopt=Abstract

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Candida albicans mannan- and protein-induced humoral, cellular and cytokine responses in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Savolainen J, Kosonen J, Lintu P, Viander M, Pene J, Kalimo K, Terho EO, Bousquet J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 June; 29(6): 824-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10336600&dopt=Abstract

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Carbamazepine induced eczematous eruption-clinically resembling atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ozkaya-Bayazit E, Gungor H. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 March; 12(2): 182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343956&dopt=Abstract

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Case report: retinal detachment associated with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Geyer O, Pianka P, Goldstein M, Ben-nun Y. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1998 March; 44: 576-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9559198&dopt=Abstract

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Cataract and aqueous flare levels in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Matsuo T, Saito H, Matsuo N. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 July; 124(1): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9222230&dopt=Abstract

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Cataract and retinal detachment in patients with severe atopic dermatitis who were withdrawn from the use of topical corticosteroid. Author(s): Taniguchi H, Ohki O, Yokozeki H, Katayama I, Tanaka A, Kiyosawa M, Nishioka K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 October; 26(10): 658-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10554432&dopt=Abstract

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Cataract progression in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nagaki Y, Hayasaka S, Kadoi C. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 January; 25(1): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9888084&dopt=Abstract

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CC chemokine receptor 4 expression on peripheral blood CD4+ T cells reflects disease activity of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wakugawa M, Nakamura K, Kakinuma T, Onai N, Matsushima K, Tamaki K. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 August; 117(2): 188-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511293&dopt=Abstract

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CCR4 memory CD4+ T lymphocytes are increased in peripheral blood and lesional skin from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nakatani T, Kaburagi Y, Shimada Y, Inaoki M, Takehara K, Mukaida N, Sato S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 February; 107(2): 353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174204&dopt=Abstract

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CD30 expression on circulating memory CD4+ T cells as a Th2-dominated situation in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yamamoto J, Adachi Y, Onoue Y, Kanegane H, Miyawaki T, Toyoda M, Seki T, Morohashi M. Source: Allergy. 2000 November; 55(11): 1011-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097309&dopt=Abstract

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CD35 expression on peripheral blood granulocytes of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yoshida T, Kubota Y, Nishimoto M, Okada H, Hirashima M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2002 January; 28(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916129&dopt=Abstract

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CD4 monoclonal antibody administration in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Robinet E, Stamm C, Nicolas JF, Faure M, Mercatello A, Coronel B, Wijdenes J, Bienvenu J, Revillard JP, Claudy A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 April; 36(4): 582-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9092745&dopt=Abstract

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CD4+ CD8+ (thymocyte-like) T lymphocytes present in blood and skin from patients with atopic dermatitis suggest immune dysregulation. Author(s): Bang K, Lund M, Wu K, Mogensen SC, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 144(6): 1140-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422033&dopt=Abstract

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CD4+ cells proliferate after peanut-extract-specific and CD8+ cells proliferate after polyclonal stimulation of PBMC of children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Laan MP, Tibbe GJ, Oranje AP, Bosmans EP, Neijens HJ, Savelkoul HF. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 January; 28(1): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9537777&dopt=Abstract

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Cell wall components of Staphylococcus aureus induce interleukin-5 production in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Matsui K, Motohashi R, Nishikawa A. Source: Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 2000 March; 20(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10762080&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular and immunologic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Leung DY, Soter NA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1 Suppl): S1-S12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145790&dopt=Abstract

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Central nervous system involvement in a child with polyarteritis nodosa and severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Morfin-Maciel B, Medina A, Espinosa Rosales F, Berron R, Huerta Lopez J. Source: Rev Alerg Mex. 2002 November-December; 49(6): 189-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561651&dopt=Abstract

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Ceramidase activity in bacterial skin flora as a possible cause of ceramide deficiency in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ohnishi Y, Okino N, Ito M, Imayama S. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1999 January; 6(1): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9874672&dopt=Abstract

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Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Di Nardo A, Wertz P, Giannetti A, Seidenari S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 January; 78(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9498022&dopt=Abstract

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Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis: changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indicator of disease activity. Author(s): Chamlin SL, Kao J, Frieden IJ, Sheu MY, Fowler AJ, Fluhr JW, Williams ML, Elias PM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 August; 47(2): 198-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140465&dopt=Abstract

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Ceramide-dominant, barrier-repair lipids improve childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Chamlin SL, Frieden IJ, Fowler A, Williams M, Kao J, Sheu M, Elias PM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 August; 137(8): 1110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493117&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in blood leukocyte distribution during double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis and suspected food allergy. Author(s): Beyer K, Renz H, Wahn U, Niggemann B. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1998 June; 116(2): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9652303&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in eosinophil and leukocyte infiltration and expression of IL-6 and IL-7 messenger RNA in mite allergen patch test reactions in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yamada N, Wakugawa M, Kuwata S, Nakagawa H, Tamaki K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 December; 98(6 Pt 2): S201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8977528&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in Staphylococcus aureus density and lesion severity after topical application of povidone-iodine in cases of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Akiyama H, Tada J, Toi J, Kanzaki H, Arata J. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1997 November; 16(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438904&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in the seasonal dependence of atopic dermatitis in Japan. Author(s): Uenishi T, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 28(5): 244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436360&dopt=Abstract

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Changes of serum levels of interleukin-2, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and Th1 and Th2 cell in severe atopic dermatitis after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Author(s): Huang JL, Lee WY, Chen LC, Kuo ML, Hsieh KH. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 March; 84(3): 345-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752921&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from atopic dermatitis with reference to proteolytic activity. Author(s): Baran-Raunstrup K, Miedzobrodzki J, Ternowitz T. Source: Acta Microbiol Pol. 1998; 47(2): 167-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9839375&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization by phenotype of families with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bradley M, Kockum I, Soderhall C, Van Hage-Hamsten M, Luthman H, Nordenskjold M, Wahlgren CF. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 March-April; 80(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10877129&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of chemokine receptor expression and cytokine production in circulating CD4+ T cells from patients with atopic dermatitis: up-regulation of C-C chemokine receptor 4 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Okazaki H, Kakurai M, Hirata D, Sato H, Kamimura T, Onai N, Matsushima K, Nakagawa H, Kano S, Minota S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 August; 32(8): 1236-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190665&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of dermatitis arising spontaneously in DS-Nh mice maintained under conventional conditions: another possible model for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hikita I, Yoshioka T, Mizoguchi T, Tsukahara K, Tsuru K, Nagai H, Hirasawa T, Tsuruta Y, Suzuki R, Ichihashi M, Horikawa T. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2002 November; 30(2): 142-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413770&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of IgE-reactive autoantigens in atopic dermatitis. 1. Subcellular distribution and tissue-specific expression. Author(s): Seiberler S, Bugajska-Schretter A, Hufnagl P, Binder BR, Stockl J, Spitzauer S, Valent P, Valenta R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 October; 120(2): 108-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10545764&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of IgE-reactive autoantigens in atopic dermatitis. 2. A pilot study on IgE versus IgG subclass response and seasonal variation of IgE autoreactivity. Author(s): Seiberler S, Natter S, Hufnagl P, Binder BR, Valenta R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 October; 120(2): 117-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10545765&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of infiltrating CD4+ cells in atopic dermatitis using CD45R and CD29 monoclonal antibodies. Author(s): Watanabe K, Kondo N, Fukutomi O, Takami T, Agata H, Orii T. Source: Ann Allergy. 1994 January; 72(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7507305&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of the cutaneous inflammatory infiltrate in canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Olivry T, Naydan DK, Moore PF. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1997 October; 19(5): 477-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9335242&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical mediators in atopic dermatitis: involvement of leukotriene B4 released by a type I allergic reaction in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Koro O, Furutani K, Hide M, Yamada S, Yamamoto S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 April; 103(4): 663-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10200017&dopt=Abstract

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Chemokine RANTES in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Gluck J, Rogala B. Source: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1999; 47(6): 367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10608293&dopt=Abstract

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Chemokines and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Parnia S, Frew AJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 May; 105(5): 892-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10808167&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood atopic dermatitis treated with specific food elimination. Author(s): Verma KK, Khaitan BK, Ramam M. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 November; 14(6): 520-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444284&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood atopic dermatitis: a measurement of quality of life and family impact. Author(s): Aziah MS, Rosnah T, Mardziah A, Norzila MZ. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2002 September; 57(3): 329-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12440273&dopt=Abstract

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Children with atopic dermatitis who carry toxin-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains have an expansion of blood CD5- B lymphocytes without an increase in disease severity. Author(s): Arkwright PD, Cookson BD, Haeney MR, Sanyal D, Potter MR, David TJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 August; 125(2): 184-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529907&dopt=Abstract

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Children with food allergy presenting as atopic dermatitis (AD) were compared with patients with food allergy and gastrointestinal symptoms. Author(s): Roehr CC, Reibel S, Niggemann B. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 April; 12(2): 112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338285&dopt=Abstract

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Chinese herbs and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Liu HN, Jaw SK, Wong CK. Source: Lancet. 1993 November 6; 342(8880): 1175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7901499&dopt=Abstract

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Chinese herbs and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rustin MH, Atherton DJ. Source: Lancet. 1994 February 19; 343(8895): 489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7905996&dopt=Abstract

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Chlorpheniramine is no more effective than placebo in relieving the symptoms of childhood atopic dermatitis with a nocturnal itching and scratching component. Author(s): Munday J, Bloomfield R, Goldman M, Robey H, Kitowska GJ, Gwiezdziski Z, Wankiewicz A, Marks R, Protas-Drozd F, Mikaszewska M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145433&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic actinic dermatitis in a young patient with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kurumaji Y, Kondo S, Fukuro S, Keong CH, Nishioka K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 October; 31(4): 667-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8089296&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic actinic dermatitis in young atopic dermatitis sufferers. Author(s): Ogboli MI, Rhodes LE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 April; 142(4): 845. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792263&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic actinic dermatitis occurring in young patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Creamer D, McGregor JM, Hawk JL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 December; 139(6): 1112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9990386&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette smoking is not a risk factor in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Mills CM, Srivastava ED, Harvey IM, Swift GL, Newcombe RG, Holt PJ, Rhodes J. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 January; 33(1): 33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8112936&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating activation markers of severe atopic dermatitis following ultraviolet A1 cold light phototherapy: eosinophil cationic protein, soluble interleukin-2 receptor and soluble interleukin-4 receptor. Author(s): von Kobyletzki G, Pieck C, Hoxtermann S, Freitag M, Altmeyer P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 140(5): 966-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354046&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating allergen-reactive T cells from patients with atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis express the skin-selective homing receptor, the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen. Author(s): Santamaria Babi LF, Picker LJ, Perez Soler MT, Drzimalla K, Flohr P, Blaser K, Hauser C. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1995 May 1; 181(5): 1935-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7722470&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating CLA+ lymphocytes from children with atopic dermatitis contain an increased percentage of cells bearing staphylococcal-related T-cell receptor variable segments. Author(s): Torres MJ, Gonzalez FJ, Corzo JL, Giron MD, Carvajal MJ, Garcia V, Pinedo A, Martinez-Valverde A, Blanca M, Santamaria LF. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 October; 28(10): 1264-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9824394&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating ICAM-1 levels in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kojima T, Ono A, Aoki T, Kameda-Hayashi N, Kobayashi Y. Source: Ann Allergy. 1994 October; 73(4): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7944004&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating skin-homing T cells in atopic dermatitis. Selective up-regulation of HLADR, interleukin-2R, and CD30 and decrease after combined UV-A and UV-B phototherapy. Author(s): Piletta PA, Wirth S, Hommel L, Saurat JH, Hauser C. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 October; 132(10): 1171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8859027&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating soluble CD5 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Noh GW, Lee KY. Source: Molecules and Cells. 1998 October 31; 8(5): 618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856351&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating soluble L-selectin in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Buhrer C, Beyer K, Niggemann B. Source: Allergy. 1999 December; 54(12): 1328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10688439&dopt=Abstract

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Climatotherapy of atopic dermatitis at the Dead Sea: demographic evaluation and cost-effectiveness. Author(s): Harari M, Shani J, Seidl V, Hristakieva E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 39(1): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651969&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and immunologic reactivity to aeroallergens in “intrinsic” atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Kerschenlohr K, Decard S, Darsow U, Ollert M, Wollenberg A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 January; 111(1): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532120&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical application of histamine prick test for food challenge in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lee S, Noh GW, Lee KY. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 June; 16(3): 276-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410686&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical application of low reactive level laser therapy (LLLT) for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Morita H, Kohno J, Hori M, Kitano Y. Source: Keio J Med. 1993 December; 42(4): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7907380&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical application of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Morita H, Semma M, Hori M, Kitano Y. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 April; 34(4): 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7540600&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical aspects of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 October; 25(7): 535-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122225&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical aspects, epidemiology, and prognosis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wuthrich B. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 November; 83(5): 464-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10582732&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical characteristics of mite allergen specific-lymphocytes stimulation test-positive Japanese cases with adult type atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ohki O, Yokozeki H, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 May; 26(1): 25-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323218&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical course of atopic dermatitis in Japanese patients. Author(s): Hirai S, Shin Y, Kageshita T, Syono M, Maekawa Y, Ono T. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1998 November; 18(2): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9833979&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical dose and adverse effects of topical steroids in daily management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Furue M, Terao H, Rikihisa W, Urabe K, Kinukawa N, Nose Y, Koga T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 148(1): 128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534606&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical effects of specific immunotheraphy in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Trofimowicz A, Rzepecka E, Hofman J. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1995; 40(2): 414-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8834626&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical efficacy and immunoregulatory and neurohumoral effects of MM therapy in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Adaskevich VP. Source: Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2000; 28(5-6): 11-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211977&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features and diagnostic criteria of atopic dermatitis in relation to age. Author(s): Eigenmann PA. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 69-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380904&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features of atopic dermatitis at two years of age: a prospective, populationbased case-control study. Author(s): Bohme M, Svensson A, Kull I, Nordvall SL, Wahlgren CF. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 June-July; 81(3): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558876&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical improvement after unusual avoidance measures in the home of an atopic dermatitis patient. Author(s): Kort HS, Koers WJ, van Nes AM, Young E, Vorenkamp J, Wolfs BG, van Bronswijk JE. Source: Allergy. 1993 August; 48(6): 468-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8238805&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical improvement and immunohistochemical findings in severe atopic dermatitis treated with interferon gamma. Author(s): Jang IG, Yang JK, Lee HJ, Yi JY, Kim HO, Kim CW, Kim TY. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 June; 42(6): 1033-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10827410&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical improvement and significant reduction of total serum IgE in patients suffering from severe atopic dermatitis treated with oral azathioprine. Author(s): Kuanprasert N, Herbert O, Barnetson RS. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 43(2): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982569&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical presentation of atopic dermatitis in Negroid children. Author(s): Macharia WM, Anabwani GM, Owili DM. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1993 December; 22(4): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7839928&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical relevance of contact sensitization in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ingordo V, D'Andria G, D'Andria C, Cusano F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 October; 45(4): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683840&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical relevance of food additives in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Worm M, Ehlers I, Sterry W, Zuberbier T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 March; 30(3): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10691900&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical validation and guidelines for the SCORAD index: consensus report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Author(s): Kunz B, Oranje AP, Labreze L, Stalder JF, Ring J, Taieb A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(1): 10-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9267730&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical, immunological and MRI features of myelitis with atopic dermatitis (atopic myelitis). Author(s): Kira J, Kawano Y, Horiuchi I, Yamada T, Imayama S, Furue M, Yamasaki K. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1999 January 1; 162(1): 56-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10064169&dopt=Abstract

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Clobetasol propionate emollient 0.05% in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Maloney JM, Morman MR, Stewart DM, Tharp MD, Brown JJ, Rajagopalan R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 February; 37(2): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542676&dopt=Abstract

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Clocortolone pivalate: a paired comparison clinical trial of a new topical steroid in eczema/atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rosenthal AL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1980 January; 25(1): 96-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6986236&dopt=Abstract

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Cloning and characterization of the highly expressed ETEA gene from blood cells of atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Imai Y, Nakada A, Hashida R, Sugita Y, Tanaka T, Tsujimoto G, Matsumoto K, Akasawa A, Saito H, Oshida T. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 October 11; 297(5): 1282-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372427&dopt=Abstract

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Clonotypic analysis of T cells infiltrating the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis: evidence for antigen-driven accumulation of T cells. Author(s): Tanaka A, Takahama H, Kato T, Kubota Y, Kurokawa K, Nishioka K, Mizoguchi M, Yamamoto K. Source: Human Immunology. 1996 June-July; 48(1-2): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824579&dopt=Abstract

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CM3, one of the wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor subunits, and binding of IgE in sera from Japanese with atopic dermatitis related to wheat. Author(s): Kusaba-Nakayama M, Ki M, Iwamoto M, Shibata R, Sato M, Imaizumi K. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2000 February-March; 38(2-3): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717358&dopt=Abstract

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Coccidioidomycosis in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ohashi DK, Ruppe JP, Courrege ML, Kletter GG. Source: N C Med J. 1998 March-April; 59(2): 76-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9558891&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of atopic dermatitis and lichen nitidus in three patients. Author(s): Lestringant GG, Piletta P, Feldmann R, Galadari I, Frossard PM, Saurat JH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(2): 171-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8829506&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of contact urticaria and contact dermatitis due to pearl oysters in an atopic dermatitis patient. Author(s): Nakamori M, Matsuo I, Ohkido M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 June; 34(6): 438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8879940&dopt=Abstract

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Colonization with superantigen-producing Staphylococcus aureus is associated with increased severity of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Zollner TM, Wichelhaus TA, Hartung A, Von Mallinckrodt C, Wagner TO, Brade V, Kaufmann R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 July; 30(7): 994-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10848922&dopt=Abstract

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Combination therapy and new directions for managing atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Boguniewicz M. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2002 July-August; 23(4): 243-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221893&dopt=Abstract

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Combinations of IgE values and lymphocyte proliferative responses for consideration of the clinical course of infantile hen's-egg-sensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Shinoda S, Agata H, Fukutomi O, Kondo N. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1997 February; 112(2): 1638. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9030097&dopt=Abstract

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Combined skin prick and patch testing enhances identification of food allergy in infants with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Isolauri E, Turjanmaa K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 January; 97(1 Pt 1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8568142&dopt=Abstract

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Commentary on Nagaraja, Kanwar, Dhar, and Singh: frequency and significance of minor clinical features in various age-related subgroups of atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Krafchik BR. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1996 January-February; 13(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8919530&dopt=Abstract

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Common respiratory infections early in life may reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kilpi T, Kero J, Jokinen J, Syrjanen R, Takala AK, Hovi T, Isolauri E. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 March 1; 34(5): 620-6. Epub 2002 January 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810601&dopt=Abstract

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Community validation of the United Kingdom diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis in Romanian schoolchildren. Author(s): Popescu CM, Popescu R, Williams H, Forsea D. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 March; 138(3): 436-42. Erratum In: Br J Dermatol 1998 September; 139(3): 564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9580796&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative analysis of the frequency of house dust mite specific and nonspecific Th1 and Th2 cells in skin lesions and peripheral blood of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Neumann C, Gutgesell C, Fliegert F, Bonifer R, Herrmann F. Source: Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany). 1996 July; 74(7): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8841952&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of staphylococcal flora on the skin surface of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects. Author(s): Ogawa T, Katsuoka K, Kawano K, Nishiyama S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 July; 21(7): 453-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8089363&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of staphylococci from the skin of atopic dermatitis patients and from healthy subjects. Author(s): Higaki S, Morohashi M, Yamagishi T, Hasegawa Y. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 April; 38(4): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321941&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from lesional and non-lesional skin of atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Matsui K, Nishikawa A, Suto H, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. Source: Microbiol Immunol. 2000; 44(11): 945-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145276&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of cyclosporin and UVAB phototherapy for intermittent one-year treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Granlund H, Erkko P, Remitz A, Langeland T, Helsing P, Nuutinen M, Reitamo S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 January-February; 81(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411908&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of different activity parameters in atopic dermatitis: correlation with clinical scores. Author(s): Gutgesell C, Heise S, Seubert A, Stichtenoth DO, Frolich JC, Neumann C. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 914-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410700&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of epidermal hydration and skin surface lipids in healthy individuals and in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sator PG, Schmidt JB, Honigsmann H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 March; 48(3): 352-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637914&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of immune reactivity profiles against various environmental allergens between adult patients with atopic dermatitis and patients with allergic respiratory diseases. Author(s): Matsumura N, Aiba S, Tanaka M, Aoyama H, Tabata N, Tamura G, Tagami H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 September; 77(5): 388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9298135&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of serum specific IgE antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins between atopic children with and without atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lin YT, Shau WY, Wang LF, Yang YH, Hwang YW, Tsai MJ, Tsao PN, Chiang BL. Source: Allergy. 2000 July; 55(7): 641-6. Erratum In: Allergy 2001 February; 56(2): 190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10921463&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of severity scoring of atopic dermatitis values and serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein and mast cell tryptase for routine evaluation of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Amon U, Memmel U, Stoll R, Amon S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 July-August; 80(4): 284-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028863&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of skin prick test results between crude allergen extracts from foods and commercial allergen extracts in atopic dermatitis by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge for milk, egg, and soybean. Author(s): Kim TE, Park SW, Noh G, Lee S. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2002 October; 43(5): 613-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12402374&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the steady state pharmacokinetics of two formulations of cyclosporin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Chawla M, Ali M, Marks R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 September; 135 Suppl 48: 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881898&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of two formulations of cyclosporin A in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis. Aa double-blind, single-centre, cross-over pilot study. Author(s): Zurbriggen B, Wuthrich B, Cachelin AB, Wili PB, Kagi MK. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(1): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10026403&dopt=Abstract

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Comprehensive management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Urash JJ, Bahna SL. Source: Compr Ther. 1996 July; 22(7): 429-33. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8866194&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitance of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nanda A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 191(1): 72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8589492&dopt=Abstract

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Condition of microcephaly, growth retardation, joint contractures, atopic dermatitis, and mental retardation in two Japanese sisters: a new autosomal recessive MCA/MR syndrome? Author(s): Kondoh T, Yamamoto T, Kono Y, Matsumoto T, Sugawara H, Matsumoto N, Moriuchi H. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 July 22; 102(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11471174&dopt=Abstract

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Confocal laser scanning microscopic observation of glycocalyx production by Staphylococcus aureus in skin lesions of bullous impetigo, atopic dermatitis and pemphigus foliaceus. Author(s): Akiyama H, Hamada T, Huh WK, Yamasaki O, Oono T, Fujimoto W, Iwatsuki K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 148(3): 526-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653745&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergy to aeroallergens in children with atopic dermatitis: comparison with allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Cabon N, Ducombs G, Mortureux P, Perromat M, Taieb A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 July; 35(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8896951&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergy to Dermatophagoides in atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects. Author(s): Manzini BM, Motolese A, Donini M, Seidenari S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 October; 33(4): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8654075&dopt=Abstract

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Contact hypersensitivity in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lugovic L, Lipozencic J. Source: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1997 September; 48(3): 287-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501631&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of bacterial superantigens to atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Herz U, Bunikowski R, Mielke M, Renz H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 February-April; 118(24): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224396&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of selectin ligands to eosinophil recruitment into the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Satoh T, Kaneko M, Wu MH, Yokozeki H, Nishioka K. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2002 May; 32(5): 1274-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981814&dopt=Abstract

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Controlled trial of a few foods diet in severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Mabin DC, Sykes AE, David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1995 September; 73(3): 202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7492155&dopt=Abstract

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Conversion of the CD4+ T cell profile from T(H2)-dominant type to T(H1)-dominant type after varicella-zoster virus infection in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Fujimura T, Yamanashi R, Masuzawa M, Fujita Y, Katsuoka K, Nishiyama S, Mitsuyama M, Nomoto K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 August; 100(2): 274-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9275152&dopt=Abstract

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Coprinus comatus (shaggy cap) is a potential source of aeroallergen that may provoke atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Fischer B, Yawalkar N, Brander KA, Pichler WJ, Helbling A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 October; 104(4 Pt 1): 83641. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10518829&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between antigen-specific IL-2 response test and provocation test for egg allergy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Noma T, Yoshizawa I, Aoki K, Sugawara Y, Odajima H, Kabasawa Y, Matsui T, Yata J, Yamaguchi K, Mukouyama T, Baba M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 September; 28(9): 1120-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9761016&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of house dust mite-specific lymphocyte proliferation with IL-5 production, eosinophilia, and the severity of symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kimura M, Tsuruta S, Yoshida T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 January; 101(1 Pt 1): 84-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9449505&dopt=Abstract

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Corticosteroid-induced apoptosis of eosinophils in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Matsukura M, Yamada H, Yudate T, Tezuka T, Chihara J. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1996; 48(3): 109-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10036642&dopt=Abstract

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Cost of atopic dermatitis and eczema in the United States. Author(s): Ellis CN, Drake LA, Prendergast MM, Abramovits W, Boguniewicz M, Daniel CR, Lebwohl M, Stevens SR, Whitaker-Worth DL, Cheng JW, Tong KB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 March; 46(3): 361-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862170&dopt=Abstract

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Cost of illness of atopic dermatitis in children: a societal perspective. Author(s): Kemp AS. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2003; 21(2): 105-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515572&dopt=Abstract

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of tacrolimus ointment versus high-potency topical corticosteroids in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ellis CN, Drake LA, Prendergast MM, Abramovits W, Boguniewicz M, Daniel CR, Lebwohl M, Paller AS, Stevens SR, Whitaker-Worth DL, Tong KB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 April; 48(4): 553-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664019&dopt=Abstract

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Cowpox infection causing a generalized eruption in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Blackford S, Roberts DL, Thomas PD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 November; 129(5): 628-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8251367&dopt=Abstract

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Critical evaluation of food and mite allergy in the management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hanifin JM. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 August; 24(8): 495-503. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9301142&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-reacting IgE and IgG antibodies to Pityrosporum ovale mannan and other yeasts in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lintu P, Savolainen J, Kalimo K, Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Nermes M, Terho EO. Source: Allergy. 1999 October; 54(10): 1067-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10536885&dopt=Abstract

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Current management and therapy of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tofte SJ, Hanifin JM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1 Suppl): S13-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145791&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous CD30+ cells in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Cavagni G, Caffarelli C, Facchetti F, Brugnoni D, Notarangelo LD, Tosoni C, Altobelli R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2000 March; 121(3): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10729781&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous late phase reaction in adult atopic dermatitis patients with high serum IgE antibody to Dermatophagoides farinae: correlation with IL-5 production by allergenstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Okada M, Terui T, Honda M, Tanaka M, Chikama R, Tabata N, Takahashi K, Tagami H. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2002 August; 29(2): 73-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088607&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous late-phase response in food-allergic children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Marinkovich VA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 October; 23(10): 878. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10780898&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous late-phase response in food-allergic children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Charlesworth EN, Kagey-Sobotka A, Norman PS, Lichtenstein LM, Sampson HA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 May; 23(5): 391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7687509&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen expression in children with atopic dermatitis and non-atopic healthy children. Author(s): Campbell DE, Kemp AS. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1999 November; 10(4): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678721&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous nerves in atopic dermatitis. A histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Author(s): Urashima R, Mihara M. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 1998 April; 432(4): 36370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9565347&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous tolerance of baby wipes by infants with atopic dermatitis, and comparison of the mildness of baby wipe and water in infant skin. Author(s): Ehretsmann C, Schaefer P, Adam R. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 September; 15 Suppl 1: 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720073&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis: correlation with respiratory atopy. Author(s): Sawai T, Ikai K, Uehara M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 May; 138(5): 846-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9666832&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin A (CyA) reduces sCD30 serum levels in atopic dermatitis: a possible new immune intervention. Author(s): Bottari V, Frezzolini A, Ruffelli M, Puddu P, Fontana L, De Pita O. Source: Allergy. 1999 May; 54(5): 507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10380784&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin A in severe, therapy-resistant atopic dermatitis: report of an international workshop, April 1993. Author(s): Camp RD, Reitamo S, Friedmann PS, Ho V, Heule F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 August; 129(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7654593&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin A treatment of severe atopic dermatitis in a child. Author(s): Guarneri B, Califano L, Cannavo SP, Vaccaro M. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 June; 11(2): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8041666&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin for atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Harper JI, Berth-Jones J, Camp RD, Dillon MJ, Finlay AY, Holden CA, O'Sullivan D, Veys PA. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(1): 3-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549791&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin for severe childhood atopic dermatitis: short course versus continuous therapy. Author(s): Harper JI, Ahmed I, Barclay G, Lacour M, Hoeger P, Cork MJ, Finlay AY, Wilson NJ, Graham-Brown RA, Sowden JM, Beard AL, Sumner MJ, Berth-Jones J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 142(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651694&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin greatly improves the quality of life of adults with severe atopic dermatitis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Salek MS, Finlay AY, Luscombe DK, Allen BR, Berth-Jones J, Camp RD, Graham-Brown RA, Khan GK, Marks R, Motley RJ, et al. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 October; 129(4): 422-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8217757&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin in atopic dermatitis: a multicentre placebo-controlled study. Author(s): van Joost T, Heule F, Korstanje M, van den Broek MJ, Stenveld HJ, van Vloten WA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 May; 130(5): 634-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8204472&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin in atopic dermatitis: review of the literature and outline of a Belgian consensus. Author(s): Naeyaert JM, Lachapelle JM, Degreef H, de la Brassinne M, Heenen M, Lambert J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(2): 145-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10325461&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin in atopic dermatitis: time to relapse and effect of intermittent therapy. Author(s): Granlund H, Erkko P, Sinisalo M, Reitamo S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 January; 132(1): 106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7756119&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporin treatment of atopic dermatitis: five case studies and literature review. Author(s): Stephens RB, Lee ML, Cooper A. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1994; 35(2): 55-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7702488&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporine A in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Gaig P, Alijotas J, Lopez A, Valencia M, Cistero A. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1993 September-October; 21(5): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8160560&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporine in children with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Gonzalez-Otero F. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 June; 36(6 Pt 1): 102930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204080&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporine in severe childhood atopic dermatitis: a multicenter study. Author(s): Berth-Jones J, Finlay AY, Zaki I, Tan B, Goodyear H, Lewis-Jones S, Cork MJ, Bleehen SS, Salek MS, Allen BR, Smith S, Graham-Brown RA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 June; 34(6): 1016-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8647967&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporine restores cytokine imbalance in childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Campbell DE, Kemp AS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 June; 99(6 Pt 1): 857-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9215259&dopt=Abstract

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Cytokine expression of skin T-lymphocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Higashi N, Bang K, Gesser B, Lund M, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 January-February; 81(1): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411910&dopt=Abstract

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Cytokine network and dysregulated apoptosis in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Akdis M, Trautmann A, Klunker S, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2001 June; 59(3): 178-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501888&dopt=Abstract

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Dead Sea treatment - principle for outpatient use in atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy of synchronous balneophototherapy using narrowband UVB and bathing in Dead Sea salt solution. Author(s): Schiffner R, Schiffner-Rohe J, Gerstenhauer M, Landthaler M, Hofstadter F, Stolz W. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2002 November-December; 12(6): 543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459524&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased frequency of interferon-gamma-producing CD4+ cells in the peripheral blood of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nakagawa S, Aiba S, Tagami H. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1998 April-June; 7(2-3): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9583750&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased frequency of intracellular IFN-gamma producing T cells in whole blood preparations from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kallstrom E, Roscher I, Andreasson A, Back O, van Hage-Hamsten M. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2002 December; 11(6): 556-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473063&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased IL-15 may contribute to elevated IgE and acute inflammation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ong PY, Hamid QA, Travers JB, Strickland I, Al Kerithy M, Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 January 1; 168(1): 505-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11751999&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased levels of CXCR3 transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis and with cutaneous diseases associated with eosinophilia. Author(s): Hatano Y, Katagiri K, Takayasu S. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2001 June; 293(6): 319-22. Erratum In: Arch Dermatol Res. 2002 July; 294(4): 203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480592&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased levels of sphingosine, a natural antimicrobial agent, may be associated with vulnerability of the stratum corneum from patients with atopic dermatitis to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Arikawa J, Ishibashi M, Kawashima M, Takagi Y, Ichikawa Y, Imokawa G. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 August; 119(2): 433-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190867&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased oxidative state in non-lesional skin of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Antille C, Sorg O, Lubbe J, Saurat JH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834854&dopt=Abstract

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Deficiency of epidermal protein-bound omega-hydroxyceramides in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Macheleidt O, Kaiser HW, Sandhoff K. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 July; 119(1): 166-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164940&dopt=Abstract

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Dehydroepiandrosterone may be one of the regulators of cytokine production in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tabata N, Tagami H, Terui T. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 June; 289(7): 410-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248620&dopt=Abstract

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Delay of growth and development in children with bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Baum WF, Schneyer U, Lantzsch AM, Kloditz E. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2002 April; 110(2): 53-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11928066&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed eosinophil programmed cell death in vitro: a common feature of inhalant allergy and extrinsic and intrinsic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wedi B, Raap U, Lewrick H, Kapp A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 October; 100(4): 536-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9338549&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of TARC and CCR4 mRNA expression and distribution using in situ RT-PCR in the lesional skin of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Zheng X, Nakamura K, Furukawa H, Nishibu A, Takahashi M, Tojo M, Kaneko F, Kakinuma T, Tamaki K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 30(1): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598706&dopt=Abstract

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Density and fine structure of peripheral nerves in various skin lesions of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sugiura H, Omoto M, Hirota Y, Danno K, Uehara M. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 February; 289(3): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9128759&dopt=Abstract

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Dependence on very hot hot-spring bathing in a refractory case of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kubota K, Tamura K, Take H, Kurabayashi H, Mori M, Shirakura T. Source: J Med. 1994; 25(5): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7730738&dopt=Abstract

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Depression and suicidal ideation in dermatology patients with acne, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Author(s): Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 139(5): 846-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892952&dopt=Abstract

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Depression modulates pruritus perception. A study of pruritus in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Author(s): Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1999 October 20; 885: 394-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10816673&dopt=Abstract

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Depression modulates pruritus perception: a study of pruritus in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Author(s): Gupta MA, Gupta AK, Schork NJ, Ellis CN. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1994 January-February; 56(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8197313&dopt=Abstract

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Dermacase. Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Enta T. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1993 July; 39: 1568, 1674. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348018&dopt=Abstract

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Dermal eosinophils in atopic dermatitis undergo cytolytic degeneration. Author(s): Cheng JF, Ott NL, Peterson EA, George TJ, Hukee MJ, Gleich GJ, Leiferman KM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 May; 99(5): 683-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155836&dopt=Abstract

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Dermatologists and allergists have far more experience and use more complex treatment regimens in the treatment of atopic dermatitis than other physicians. Author(s): Henderson RL, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2001 May-June; 5(3): 211-6. Epub 2001 May 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11685667&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of a kappa-casein-specific lymphocyte response in milk-responsive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Werfel T, Ahlers G, Schmidt P, Boeker M, Kapp A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 December; 26(12): 1380-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9027438&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of cytotoxic anti-LEDGF autoantibodies in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ayaki M, Ohoguro N, Azuma N, Majima Y, Yata K, Ibaraki N, Singh DP, Ko V, Shinohara T. Source: Autoimmunity. 2002 August; 35(5): 319-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515286&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Pityrosporum orbiculare reactive T cells from skin and blood in atopic dermatitis and characterization of their cytokine profiles. Author(s): Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, Zargari A, Bengtsson A, van der Ploeg I, Jones I, Harfast B, Scheynius A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 November; 26(11): 1286-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8955578&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of plasma interleukin-8 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kimata H, Lindley I. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1994 February; 70(2): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8129432&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of Blomia tropicalis-specific IgE and IgG subclasses in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Mori JC, Pires MC, Galvao CE, Ferreira de Mello J, Golcher FM, Montealegre F. Source: Allergy. 2001 February; 56(2): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167381&dopt=Abstract

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Development and validation of a questionnaire for diagnosing atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Braae Olesen A, Bang K, Juul S, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 August-September; 81(4): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720176&dopt=Abstract

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Development and validation of diagnostic scores for atopic dermatitis incorporating criteria of data quality and practical usefulness. Author(s): Diepgen TL, Sauerbrei W, Fartasch M. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1996 September; 49(9): 1031-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8780613&dopt=Abstract

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Development of allergies and asthma in infants and young children with atopic dermatitis--a prospective follow-up to 7 years of age. Author(s): Gustafsson D, Sjoberg O, Foucard T. Source: Allergy. 2000 March; 55(3): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10753014&dopt=Abstract

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Development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion with IgE hyperproduction in NC/Nga mice. Author(s): Matsuda H, Watanabe N, Geba GP, Sperl J, Tsudzuki M, Hiroi J, Matsumoto M, Ushio H, Saito S, Askenase PW, Ra C. Source: International Immunology. 1997 March; 9(3): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9088984&dopt=Abstract

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Development of the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to produce IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma upon stimulation with house dust mite in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kimura M, Yamaide A, Tsuruta S, Okafuji I, Yoshida T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 March; 127(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979044&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yetman RJ, Parks D; University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, USA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2002 May-June; 16(3): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015674&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy among Swiss children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Eigenmann PA, Calza AM. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2000 May; 11(2): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893011&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Dhar S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 September-October; 16(5): 413-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10627224&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Williams HC. Source: Lancet. 1996 November 16; 348(9038): 1391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8918311&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rothe MJ, Grant-Kels JM. Source: Lancet. 1996 September 21; 348(9030): 769-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8813980&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis: consider the context. Author(s): Hanifin JM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 December; 135(12): 1551. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606074&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis: where do we go from here? Author(s): Williams HC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 May; 135(5): 583-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328200&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic tests in children with atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Author(s): de Waard-van der Spek FB, Elst EF, Mulder PG, Munte K, Devillers AC, Oranje AP. Source: Allergy. 1998 November; 53(11): 1087-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860243&dopt=Abstract

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Dichotomic nature of atopic dermatitis reflected by combined analysis of monocyte immunophenotyping and single nucleotide polymorphisms of the interleukin4/interleukin-13 receptor gene: the dichotomy of extrinsic and intrinsic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Novak N, Kruse S, Kraft S, Geiger E, Kluken H, Fimmers R, Deichmann KA, Bieber T. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 October; 119(4): 870-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406333&dopt=Abstract

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Diet and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Getmetti C. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 November; 14(6): 439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444261&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary habits among patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Solvoll K, Soyland E, Sandstad B, Drevon CA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 54(2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694778&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary regimens for atopic dermatitis in childhood. Author(s): David TJ, Patel L, Ewing CI, Stanton RH. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1997; 90 Suppl 30: 9-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9176123&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary supplementation with very long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with atopic dermatitis. A double-blind, multicentre study. Author(s): Soyland E, Funk J, Rajka G, Sandberg M, Thune P, Rustad L, Helland S, Middelfart K, Odu S, Falk ES, et al. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 June; 130(6): 757-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8011502&dopt=Abstract

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Difference in ceramide composition between “dry” and “normal” skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Matsumoto M, Umemoto N, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 May; 79(3): 246-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10384938&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in antigen-specific T-cell responses between infants with atopic dermatitis with and without cow's milk allergy: relevance of TH2 cytokines. Author(s): Schade RP, Van Ieperen-Van Dijk AG, Van Reijsen FC, Versluis C, Kimpen JL, Knol EF, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Van Hoffen E. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 December; 106(6): 115562. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112900&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) between patients with atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kimura M, Tsuruta S, Yoshida T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1999 November; 118(2): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10540178&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in efficacy between intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses for patients with psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis: clinical and pharmacoeconomic implications. Author(s): Schiffner R, Schiffner-Rohe J, Gerstenhauer M, Hofstadter F, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 144(6): 1154-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422035&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in fecal microflora between patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy control subjects. Author(s): Watanabe S, Narisawa Y, Arase S, Okamatsu H, Ikenaga T, Tajiri Y, Kumemura M. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 March; 111(3): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642841&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in lymphocyte proliferative responses to food antigens and specific IgE antibodies to foods with age among food-sensitive patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Iida S, Kondo N, Agata H, Shinoda S, Shinbara M, Nishida T, Fukutomi O, Orii T. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1995 April; 74(4): 334-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7719895&dopt=Abstract

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Different expression of cytokine and membrane molecules by circulating lymphocytes on acute mental stress in patients with atopic dermatitis in comparison with healthy controls. Author(s): Schmid-Ott G, Jaeger B, Meyer S, Stephan E, Kapp A, Werfel T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 September; 108(3): 45562. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544468&dopt=Abstract

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Different reactivity to recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergen I/a in patients with atopic dermatitis or allergic asthma sensitised to Aspergillus fumigatus. Author(s): Disch R, Menz G, Blaser K, Crameri R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 September; 108(1): 8994. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7647590&dopt=Abstract

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Differential cytokine profiles in peripheral blood lymphocyte supernatants and skin biopsies from patients with different forms of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and normal individuals. Author(s): Kagi MK, Wuthrich B, Montano E, Barandun J, Blaser K, Walker C. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1994; 103(4): 332-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8130648&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effect of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors on the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normals and subjects with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Banner KH, Roberts NM, Page CP. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1995 December; 116(8): 3169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8719792&dopt=Abstract

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Differential gene expression for interleukin-13 and other cytokines in the skin of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects. Author(s): Van der Ploeg I, Tengvall Linder M, Hagermark O, Wahlgren CF, Scheynius A. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1996; 409: 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9095273&dopt=Abstract

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Differential in situ cytokine gene expression in acute versus chronic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hamid Q, Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1994 August; 94(2): 870-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8040343&dopt=Abstract

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Differential modulation of T cell functions by soluble IL-4R (s1L-4R) in two cases of severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nasert S, Millner M, Enssle KH, Wahn U, Renz H. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1996 May; 7(2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8902859&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiation and CD23 expression of peripheral blood monocytes in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Buckley C, Rustin MH, Ivison C, Poulter LW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 November; 133(5): 757-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8555029&dopt=Abstract

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Direct and sequential switching from mu to epsilon in patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Baskin B, Islam KB, Evengard B, Emtestam L, Smith CI. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 1997 January; 27(1): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022009&dopt=Abstract

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Disaggregation of corneocytes from surfactant-treated sheets of stratum corneum in hyperkeratosis on psoriasis, ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Shukuwa T, Kligman AM. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 June; 24(6): 361-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241964&dopt=Abstract

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Disease management of atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Work Group on Atopic Dermatitis. Author(s): Leung DY, Hanifin JM, Charlesworth EN, Li JT, Bernstein IL, Berger WE, Blessing-Moore J, Fineman S, Lee FE, Nicklas RA, Spector SL. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 September; 79(3): 197-211. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9305225&dopt=Abstract

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Disease severity and associated family impact in childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Balkrishnan R, Housman TS, Carroll C, Feldman SR, Fleischer AB. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 May; 88(5): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716715&dopt=Abstract

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Distinct amplification of the C5a-receptor pathways in normodense and hypodense eosinophils of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Czech W, Dichmann S, Herouy Y, Rheinen H, Elsner J, Kapp A, Norgauer J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 2001 March; 53(3): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251879&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of HLA-A, B alleles and polymorphisms of TAP and LMP genes in Korean patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lee HJ, Ha SJ, Han H, Kim JW. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 31(12): 1867-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737038&dopt=Abstract

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Do some patients with atopic dermatitis require long-term oral steroid therapy? Author(s): Sonenthal KR, Grammer LC, Patterson R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 May; 91(5): 971-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8491946&dopt=Abstract

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Do topical steroids reduce relapses in adults with atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Williams HC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 December; 135(12): 1530-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606062&dopt=Abstract

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Do urea and sodium chloride together increase the efficacy of moisturisers for atopic dermatitis Skin? A comparative, double-blind and randomised study. Author(s): Hagstromer L, Nyren M, Emtestam L. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2001 January-February; 14(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174088&dopt=Abstract

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Does atopic dermatitis result from cytokine dysregulation? Author(s): Dupuy P. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994 November; 103(5): 741. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7963665&dopt=Abstract

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Dohi Memorial Lecture. New therapeutic rewards from clinical research in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hanifin JM. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 October; 21(10): 705-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7798424&dopt=Abstract

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Dose-response in double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sicherer SH, Morrow EH, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 March; 105(3): 582-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10719311&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind controlled trial of effect of housedust-mite allergen avoidance on atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tan BB, Weald D, Strickland I, Friedmann PS. Source: Lancet. 1996 January 6; 347(8993): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8531541&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind placebo-controlled house dust mite control measures in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Gutgesell C, Heise S, Seubert S, Seubert A, Domhof S, Brunner E, Neumann C. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 145(1): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453909&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind study of prednicarbate versus fluocortin butyl ester in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Aliaga A, Rodriguez M, Armijo M, Bravo J, Avila AL, Mascaro JM, Ferrando J, Del Rio R, Lozano R, Balaguer A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 February; 35(2): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8850046&dopt=Abstract

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Down-regulating effects of IL-4 and IL-10 on the IFN-gamma response in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lester MR, Hofer MF, Gately M, Trumble A, Leung DY. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1995 June 1; 154(11): 6174-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751657&dopt=Abstract

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Down-regulation of IL-12 by topical corticosteroids in chronic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yawalkar N, Karlen S, Egli F, Brand CU, Graber HU, Pichler WJ, Braathen LR. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 November; 106(5): 941-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11080718&dopt=Abstract

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Down-regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor expression in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Groneberg DA, Welker P, Fischer TC, Dinh QT, Grutzkau A, Peiser C, Wahn U, Henz BM, Fischer A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 May; 111(5): 1099-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743576&dopt=Abstract

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Duodenal IgE-positive cells and elimination diet responsiveness in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Caffarelli C, Cavagni G, Romanini E, Caruana P, de Angelis G. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 June; 86(6): 665-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11428740&dopt=Abstract

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Dust mite avoidance in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Friedmann PS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 November; 24(6): 433-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606941&dopt=Abstract

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Dysregulated activation of activator protein 1 in keratinocytes of atopic dermatitis patients with enhanced expression of granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Author(s): Pastore S, Giustizieri ML, Mascia F, Giannetti A, Kaushansky K, Girolomoni G. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 December; 115(6): 1134-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121152&dopt=Abstract

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Early intervention for the prevention of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hide DW. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1997 February; 8(1): 7-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9260212&dopt=Abstract

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Early lens changes seen in patients with atopic dermatitis applying image analysis processing of Scheimpflug and specular microscopic images. Author(s): Sasaki K, Kojima M, Nakaizumi H, Kitagawa K, Yamada Y, Ishizaki H. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1998; 212(2): 88-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9486546&dopt=Abstract

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Early sensitization to house dust mite is a major risk factor for subsequent development of bronchial asthma in Japanese infants with atopic dermatitis: results of a 4-year followup study. Author(s): Ohshima Y, Yamada A, Hiraoka M, Katamura K, Ito S, Hirao T, Akutagawa H, Kondo N, Morikawa A, Mayumi M. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 September; 89(3): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269646&dopt=Abstract

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Eczema herpeticum during treatment of atopic dermatitis with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Author(s): Lubbe J, Pournaras CC, Saurat JH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 201(3): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096198&dopt=Abstract

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Eczema herpeticum in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lai YC, Shyur SD, Fu JL. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 1999 September-October; 40(5): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10910542&dopt=Abstract

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Eczema herpeticum: atopic dermatitis complicated by primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Author(s): Terezhalmy GT, Tyler MT, Ross GR. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1979 December; 48(6): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=292955&dopt=Abstract

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Eczema in primary immune-deficiencies. Clues to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis with special reference to the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Author(s): Saurat JH. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1985; 114: 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3890446&dopt=Abstract

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Eczematous skin reaction from patch testing with aeroallergens in atopic children with and without atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wananukul S, Huiprasert P, Pongprasit P. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1993 September; 10(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8415296&dopt=Abstract

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Editorial: Atopic dermatitis and eczema. Author(s): Hale R. Source: Ann Allergy. 1974 June; 32(6): 336-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4829396&dopt=Abstract

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Effect and correlation of serum total IgE, eosinophil granule cationic proteins and sensitized allergens in atopic dermatitis patients with or without rhinitis. Author(s): Wu CS, Yu CL, Chang CH, Kuo WR, Lin HJ, Yu HS. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2002 May; 18(5): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197429&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of combined antibacterial and antifungal treatment in severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kolmer HL, Taketomi EA, Hazen KC, Hughs E, Wilson BB, Platts-Mills TA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 September; 98(3): 702-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8828550&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of desonide ointment, 0.05%, on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lucky AW, Grote GD, Williams JL, Tuley MR, Czernielewski JM, Dolak TM, Herndon JH, Baker MD. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 March; 59(3): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9071556&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of exclusive breast-feeding and early solid food avoidance on the incidence of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants at 1 year of age. Author(s): Schoetzau A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Franke K, Koletzko S, Von Berg A, Gruebl A, Bauer CP, Berdel D, Reinhardt D, Wichmann HE; German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study Group. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 August; 13(4): 234-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390439&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of house dust mite avoidance measures in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Palmer RA, Friedmann PS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 April; 144(4): 912-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298567&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of house dust mite avoidance measures in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ricci G, Patrizi A, Specchia F, Menna L, Bottau P, D'Angelo V, Masi M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 August; 143(2): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951149&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of low-dose cyclosporin a microemulsion on disease severity, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha production in severe pediatric atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bunikowski R, Gerhold K, Brautigam M, Hamelmann E, Renz H, Wahn U. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 August; 125(4): 344-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11574757&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of mattress encasings on atopic dermatitis outcome measures in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study: the Dutch mite avoidance study. Author(s): Oosting AJ, de Bruin-Weller MS, Terreehorst I, Tempels-Pavlica Z, Aalberse RC, de Monchy JG, van Wijk RG, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 September; 110(3): 500-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209102&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of nadifloxacin on atopic dermatitis with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in young children. Author(s): Kimata H. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 November; 158(11): 949. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10541958&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral cyclosporin A in children with Staphylococcus aureus-colonized vs S aureus-infected severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bunikowski R, Mielke M, Brautigam M, Renz H, Wahn U. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2003 February; 14(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603712&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rosenfeldt V, Benfeldt E, Nielsen SD, Michaelsen KF, Jeppesen DL, Valerius NH, Paerregaard A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 111(2): 389-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589361&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin B on specific antibody production in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sohn MH, Kim CH, Kim WK, Jang GC, Kim KE. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2003 January-February; 24(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635580&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of stress on atopic dermatitis: investigation in patients after the great hanshin earthquake. Author(s): Kodama A, Horikawa T, Suzuki T, Ajiki W, Takashima T, Harada S, Ichihashi M. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 July; 104(1): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10400856&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of topical cromoglycate solution on atopic dermatitis: combined treatment of sodium cromoglycate solution with the oral anti-allergic medication, oxatomide. Author(s): Kimata H, Hiratsuka S. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 February; 153(2): 66-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7908877&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of topically applied evening primrose oil on epidermal barrier function in atopic dermatitis as a function of vehicle. Author(s): Gehring W, Bopp R, Rippke F, Gloor M. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1999 July; 49(7): 635-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442214&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of a home-made meat based formula (the Rezza-Cardi diet) as a diagnostic tool in children with food-induced atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Martino F, Bruno G, Aprigliano D, Agolini D, Guido F, Giardini O, Businco L. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1998 November; 9(4): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9920217&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of occlusive bedding in the treatment of atopic dermatitis--a placebocontrolled trial of 12 months' duration. Author(s): Holm L, Bengtsson A, van Hage-Hamsten M, Ohman S, Scheynius A. Source: Allergy. 2001 February; 56(2): 152-8. Erratum In: Allergy 2001 May; 56(5): 451. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167376&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of the ascomycin macrolactam SDZ ASM 981 in the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Van Leent EJ, Graber M, Thurston M, Wagenaar A, Spuls PI, Bos JD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 July; 134(7): 805-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681343&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of an episode of specialist care on the impact of childhood atopic dermatitis on the child's family. Author(s): Balkrishnan R, Manuel J, Clarke J, Carroll CL, Housman TS, Fleischer AB Jr. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2003 July-August; 17(4): 184-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847428&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of cefuroxime axetil on Staphylococcus aureus colonization and superantigen production in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Boguniewicz M, Sampson H, Leung SB, Harbeck R, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 October; 108(4): 651-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590398&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of linoleic acid supplements on atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Gimenez-Arnau A, Barranco C, Alberola M, Wale C, Serrano S, Buchanan MR, Camarasa JG. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 433: 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9561153&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of nitrazepam on nocturnal scratching in adults with atopic dermatitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Author(s): Ebata T, Izumi H, Aizawa H, Kamide R, Niimura M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 April; 138(4): 631-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640368&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide on interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 production in severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kang H, Byun DG, Kim JW. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 September; 85(3): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11030278&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the antiallergic drug azelastine hydrochloride on proliferative responses of lymphocytes to food antigens in patients with food-sensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kondo N, Agata H, Fukutomi O, Kameyama T, Suzuki Y, Shimozawa N, Tomatsu S, Nakashima Y, Hori T, Yamagishi A, et al. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1994 March-April; 4(2): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921329&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of two novel cationic staphylococcal proteins (NP-tase and p70)and enterotoxin B on IgE synthesis and interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma production in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jahreis A, Beckheinrich P, Haustein UF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 April; 142(4): 680-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792217&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of hydrocortisone buteprate 0.1% cream in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sears HW, Bailer JW, Yeadon A. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1997 July-August; 19(4): 710-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9377615&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Wahn U, Bos JD, Goodfield M, Caputo R, Papp K, Manjra A, Dobozy A, Paul C, Molloy S, Hultsch T, Graeber M, Cherill R, de Prost Y; Flare Reduction in Eczema with Elidel (Children) Multicenter Investigator Study Group. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 July; 110(1 Pt 1): E2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093983&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment compared with that of hydrocortisone acetate ointment in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Reitamo S, Van Leent EJ, Ho V, Harper J, Ruzicka T, Kalimo K, Cambazard F, Rustin M, Taieb A, Gratton D, Sauder D, Sharpe G, Smith C, Junger M, de Prost Y; European /Canadian Tacrolimus Ointment Study Group. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 March; 109(3): 539-46. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898004&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment compared with that of hydrocortisone butyrate ointment in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Reitamo S, Rustin M, Ruzicka T, Cambazard F, Kalimo K, Friedmann PS, Schoepf E, Lahfa M, Diepgen TL, Judodihardjo H, Wollenberg A, Berth-Jones J, Bieber T; European Tacrolimus Ointment Study Group. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 March; 109(3): 547-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898005&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of wet-wrap dressings in children with severe atopic dermatitis: influence of corticosteroid dilution. Author(s): Wolkerstorfer A, Visser RL, De Waard van der Spek FB, Mulder PG, Oranje AP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 143(5): 999-1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069509&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of montelukast as a therapeutic agent for severe atopic dermatitis in adults. Author(s): Nettis E, Pannofino A, Fanelli M, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(4): 297-8. Erratum In: Acta Derm Venereol. 2003; 83(1): 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361137&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy evaluation of an oil-in-water emulsion (Dermoflan) in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Peris K, Valeri P, Altobelli E, Fargnoli MC, Carrozzo AM, Chimenti S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(6): 465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12575858&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of basiliximab, a chimeric anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody, in a patient with severe chronic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kagi MK, Heyer G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 August; 145(2): 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531809&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of gamma-linolenic acid in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Andreassi M, Forleo P, Di Lorio A, Masci S, Abate G, Amerio P. Source: J Int Med Res. 1997 September-October; 25(5): 266-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9364289&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of Shiunko for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Higaki S, Kitagawa T, Morohashi M, Yamagishi T. Source: J Int Med Res. 1999 May-June; 27(3): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10505304&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of ultraviolet A1 phototherapy on the expression of bcl-2 in atopic dermatitis and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in vivo: a comparison study. Author(s): Breuckmann F, von Kobyletzki G, Avermaete A, Kreuter A, Altmeyer P. Source: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 2002 October; 18(5): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390661&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy trial of bioresonance in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Schoni MH, Nikolaizik WH, Schoni-Affolter F. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1997 March; 112(3): 238-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9066509&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes from children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sawai T, Ikai K, Uehara M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 January; 132(1): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7756148&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated levels of soluble HLA class I (sHLA-I) in children with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Moore C, Ehlayel M, Inostroza J, Leiva LE, Sorensen RU. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 August; 79(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9291414&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated RANTES levels in plasma or skin and decreased plasma IL-10 levels in subsets of patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niwa Y. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 January; 136(1): 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10632223&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated serum levels of soluble CD30 are associated with atopic dermatitis, but not with respiratory atopic disorders and allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Dummer W, Brocker EB, Bastian BC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 August; 137(2): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292064&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated serum levels of soluble CD30 in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Author(s): Bengtsson A, Holm L, Back O, Fransson J, Scheynius A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1997 September; 109(3): 533-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9328133&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated serum L-selectin levels and abnormal regulation of L-selectin expression on leukocytes in atopic dermatitis: soluble L-selectin levels indicate disease severity. Author(s): Shimada Y, Sato S, Hasegawa M, Tedder TF, Takehara K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 July; 104(1): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10400854&dopt=Abstract

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Elevation of serum major basic protein in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Morita H, Yamamoto K, Kitano Y. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1995 May; 9(3): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8664213&dopt=Abstract

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Elevation of serum-soluble E-selectin in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Morita H, Kitano Y, Kawasaki N. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1995 September; 10(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8534613&dopt=Abstract

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Elidel (pimecrolimus) cream 1%: a nonsteroidal topical agent for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Eichenfield LF, Beck L. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 May; 111(5): 1153-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743593&dopt=Abstract

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EMLA cream provides rapid pain relief for the curettage of molluscum contagiosum in children with atopic dermatitis without causing serious application-site reactions. Author(s): Ronnerfalt L, Fransson J, Wahlgren CF. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 July-August; 15(4): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9720701&dopt=Abstract

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Emotional dysfunction, child-family relationships and childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Howlett S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 March; 140(3): 381-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233254&dopt=Abstract

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Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ong PY, Ohtake T, Brandt C, Strickland I, Boguniewicz M, Ganz T, Gallo RL, Leung DY. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 10; 347(15): 1151-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374875&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced expression of B7.2 (CD86) in patients with atopic dermatitis: a potential role in the modulation of IgE synthesis. Author(s): Jirapongsananuruk O, Hofer MF, Trumble AE, Norris DA, Leung DY. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1998 May 1; 160(9): 4622-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9574570&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced expression of eotaxin and CCR3 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yawalkar N, Uguccioni M, Scharer J, Braunwalder J, Karlen S, Dewald B, Braathen LR, Baggiolini M. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999 July; 113(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417617&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced expression of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc(epsilon)RI) associated with decreased numbers of Langerhans cells in the lesional epidermis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Goto T, Soma Y, Ra C, Kawa Y, Kubota Y, Mizoguchi M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 November; 27(3): 156-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641054&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced production of CC-chemokines (RANTES, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and eotaxin) in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kaburagi Y, Shimada Y, Nagaoka T, Hasegawa M, Takehara K, Sato S. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2001 July; 293(7): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11550808&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced prostaglandin E2 production by monocytes in atopic dermatitis (AD) is not accompanied by enhanced production of IL-6, IL-10 or IL-12. Author(s): Snijders A, Van der Pouw Kraan TC, Engel M, Wormmeester J, Widjaja P, Zonneveld IM, Bos JD, Kapsenberg ML. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1998 March; 111(3): 472-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9528885&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Fauler J, Neumann C, Tsikas D, Frolich J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 June; 128(6): 627-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8393333&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancement of allergic skin wheal responses and in vitro allergen-specific IgE production by computer-induced stress in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kimata H. Source: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2003 April; 17(2): 134-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676575&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancement of IgE production by anti-CD40 antibody in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Renz H, Brodie C, Bradley K, Leung DY, Gelfand EW. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 March; 93(3): 658-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7512104&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancement of in vitro spontaneous IgE production by topical steroids in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hiratsuka S, Yoshida A, Ishioka C, Kimata H. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 July; 98(1): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8765824&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental and other major provocation factors in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Werfel T, Kapp A. Source: Allergy. 1998 August; 53(8): 731-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9722221&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophil cationic protein, myeloperoxidase and tryptase in children with asthma and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kristjansson S, Shimizu T, Strannegard IL, Wennergren G. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1994 November; 5(4): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7894629&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophil chemiluminescence response to cytokines and opsonized zymosans in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Miyasato M, Taguchi K, Tsuda S, Kitamura N, Kato K. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1994; 104 Suppl 1(1): 24-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8155999&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophil granule proteins in serum and urine of patients with helminth infections and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tischendorf FW, Brattig NW, Lintzel M, Buttner DW, Burchard GD, Bork K, Muller M. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2000 December; 5(12): 898905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169280&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophils are neither migrated nor activated in the skin lesions of atopic dermatitis in infants. Author(s): Kondo N, Shinoda S, Fukutomi O, Agata H, Terada T, Shikano H, Montano AM, Sakaguchi H, Watanabe M, Komiyama K, Yokoyama Y, Morimoto N. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000 January-February; 10(1): 11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10780793&dopt=Abstract

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Eosinophils in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Leiferman KM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 December; 94(6 Pt 2): 1310-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7798571&dopt=Abstract

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Eotaxin gene single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter and exon regions are not associated with susceptibility to atopic dermatitis, but two of them in the promoter region are associated with serum IgE levels in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tsunemi Y, Saeki H, Nakamura K, Sekiya T, Hirai K, Fujita H, Asano N, Tanida Y, Kakinuma T, Wakugawa M, Torii H, Tamaki K. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2002 September; 29(3): 222-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12234713&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology and clinical pattern of atopic dermatitis in a North Indian pediatric population. Author(s): Dhar S, Kanwar AJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 September-October; 15(5): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9796582&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Williams HC. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 October; 25(7): 522-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122223&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis: recent advances and future predictions. Author(s): Williams HC. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 28: 9-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374045&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology, clinical features, and immunology of the “intrinsic” (non-IgEmediated) type of atopic dermatitis (constitutional dermatitis). Author(s): Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Simon D, Simon HU, Akdis CA, Wuthrich B. Source: Allergy. 2001 September; 56(9): 841-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11551248&dopt=Abstract

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Epidermal cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 in patients with atopic dermatitis: response to application of house dust mite antigens. Author(s): Junghans V, Gutgesell C, Jung T, Neumann C. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 December; 111(6): 1184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856837&dopt=Abstract

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Epidermal mast cells in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Imayama S, Shibata Y, Hori Y. Source: Lancet. 1995 December 9; 346(8989): 1559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7491066&dopt=Abstract

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Epogam evening primrose oil treatment in atopic dermatitis and asthma. Author(s): Hederos CA, Berg A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1996 December; 75(6): 494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9014601&dopt=Abstract

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Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition in children with atopic dermatitis compared to age-matched controls. Author(s): Biagi PL, Hrelia S, Celadon M, Turchetto E, Masi M, Ricci G, Specchia F, Cannella MV, Horrobin DF, Bordoni A. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1993 September; 82(9): 789-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241678&dopt=Abstract

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E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as critical adhesion molecules for infiltration of T lymphocytes and eosinophils in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wakita H, Sakamoto T, Tokura Y, Takigawa M. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1994 February; 21(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7514618&dopt=Abstract

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Essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Shield MJ, Wilson AM, Horrobin DF, Morse PF. Source: Lancet. 1993 August 7; 342(8867): 377-8. Erratum In: Lancet 1993 September 18; 342(8873): 752. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8101623&dopt=Abstract

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Establishment and characterization of a novel human cell line exhibiting both immunophenotypic markers of monocyte/macrophage and natural killer cell lineages from peripheral blood of a patient with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hamamoto Y, Nagai K, Muto M, Nakamura K, Yasui H, Asagami C. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1997 February; 6(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9067707&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a parental training program for the management of childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Staab D, von Rueden U, Kehrt R, Erhart M, Wenninger K, Kamtsiuris P, Wahn U. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 April; 13(2): 84-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000479&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis: validity of the criteria of Williams et al. in a hospital-based setting. Author(s): Gu H, Chen XS, Chen K, Yan Y, Jing H, Chen XQ, Shao CG, Ye GY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 145(3): 428-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531832&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of dietary intake of vitamin E in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a study of the clinical course and evaluation of the immunoglobulin E serum levels. Author(s): Tsoureli-Nikita E, Hercogova J, Lotti T, Menchini G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 March; 41(3): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010339&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of efficacy of a skin lipid mixture in patients with irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis or atopic dermatitis: a multicenter study. Author(s): Berardesca E, Barbareschi M, Veraldi S, Pimpinelli N. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 November; 45(5): 280-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722487&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of lymphocyte proliferative responses to food antigens with regard to age and food-specific IgE antibodies in food-sensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Agata H, Kondo N, Fukutomi O, Shinoda S, Nishida T, Orii T. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1993 July-August; 3(4): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8281349&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of mite allergen-induced Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atopic dermatitis patients: association between IL-13 and mite-specific IgE levels. Author(s): Wakugawa M, Hayashi K, Nakamura K, Tamaki K. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 February; 25(2): 116-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164708&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of non-steroidal ointment therapy for adult type atopic dermatitis: inquiry analysis on clinical effect. Author(s): Katayama I, Taniguchi H, Matsunaga T, Yokozeki H, Nishioka K. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1997 January; 14(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9049806&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of scratch movements by a new scratch-monitor to analyze nocturnal itching in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Endo K, Sumitsuji H, Fukuzumi T, Adachi J, Aoki T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 November; 77(6): 432-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394975&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of soluble cell adhesion molecules in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Koide M, Furukawa F, Tokura Y, Shirahama S, Takigawa M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 February; 24(2): 88-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9065702&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the efficacy of oral cromolyn sodium or an oligoantigenic diet in children with atopic dermatitis: a multicenter study of 1085 patients. Author(s): Businco L, Meglio P, Amato G, Balsamo V, Cainelli T, Cantone P, Castro M, Coletta A, Corrias A, Giorgi PL, Grazioli I, Longo-Papadia L, Marcucci F, Masi M, Pavesio D, Scotta S, Seidenari S, Vierucci A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1996 March-April; 6(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8727267&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the staphylococcal exotoxins and their specific IgE in childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nomura I, Tanaka K, Tomita H, Katsunuma T, Ohya Y, Ikeda N, Takeda T, Saito H, Akasawa A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 104(2 Pt 1): 4416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452768&dopt=Abstract

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Evening primrose oil. Does not show promise in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 November 26; 309(6966): 1437. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7819863&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a birch pollen-specific cutaneous T-cell response in food-responsive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Werfel T, Reekers R, Busche M, Schmidt P, Constien A, Wittmann M, Kapp A. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 February-April; 118(24): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224392&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a disease-promoting effect of Staphylococcus aureus-derived exotoxins in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bunikowski R, Mielke ME, Skarabis H, Worm M, Anagnostopoulos I, Kolde G, Wahn U, Renz H. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 April; 105(4): 814-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10756234&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a role of Langerhans cell-derived IL-16 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Reich K, Hugo S, Middel P, Blaschke V, Heine A, Gutgesell C, Williams R, Neumann C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 April; 109(4): 681-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11941319&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for degradation of cytokines in the serum of patients with atopic dermatitis by calcium-dependent protease. Author(s): Niwa Y, Akamatsu H, Sumi H, Ozaki Y, Abe A. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2000 August; 292(8): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10994773&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for increased expression of eotaxin and monocyte chemotactic protein-4 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Taha RA, Minshall EM, Leung DY, Boguniewicz M, Luster A, Muro S, Toda M, Hamid QA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 May; 105(5): 1002-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10808183&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for superantigen involvement in skin homing of T cells in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Strickland I, Hauk PJ, Trumble AE, Picker LJ, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999 February; 112(2): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989804&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for the involvement of bacterial superantigens in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and Kawasaki syndrome. Author(s): Yarwood JM, Leung DY, Schlievert PM. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2000 November 1; 192(1): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11040420&dopt=Abstract

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Exacerbation of atopic dermatitis after bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination. Author(s): Dalton SJ, Haeney MR, Patel L, David TJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1998 March; 91(3): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9659324&dopt=Abstract

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Expansion and proliferation of skin-homing T cells in atopic dermatitis as assessed at the single cell level. Author(s): Jung T, Schulz S, Zachmann K, Neumann C. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 February; 130(2): 1439. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673068&dopt=Abstract

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Experiences with the severity scoring of atopic dermatitis in a population of German pre-school children. Author(s): Schafer T, Dockery D, Kramer U, Behrendt H, Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 October; 137(4): 558-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9390331&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to a high concentration of mite allergen in early infancy is a risk factor for developing atopic dermatitis: a 3-year follow-up study. Author(s): Huang JL, Chen CC, Kuo ML, Hsieh KH. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 February; 12(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251859&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to pets and atopic dermatitis during the first two years of life. A cohort study. Author(s): Zirngibl A, Franke K, Gehring U, von Berg A, Berdel D, Bauer CP, Reinhardt D, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J; GINI study group. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 December; 13(6): 394-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485314&dopt=Abstract

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Expression and function of CD43 and CDw60 on T cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Higashi N, Wu K, Gronhoj Larsen C, Deleuran M, Kawana S, Yamamoto K, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 August-September; 81(4): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720173&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of 27 KD, 65 KD and 72/73 KD heat shock protein in atopic dermatitis: comparison with those in normal skin and contact dermatitis. Author(s): Ghoreishi M, Yokozeki H, Hua WM, Nishioka K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 June; 27(6): 370-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10920582&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of and responses to CD2 and CD3 in 18-month-old children with and without atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jenmalm MC, Aniansson-Zdolsek H, Holt PG, Bjorksten B. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2000 August; 11(3): 175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981527&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of CD30 on T helper cells in the inflammatory infiltrate of acute atopic dermatitis but not of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Dummer W, Rose C, Brocker EB. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1998 November; 290(11): 598-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860279&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26) on CD8+ T cells is significantly decreased in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bock O, Kreiselmeyer I, Mrowietz U. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2001 December; 10(6): 414-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737260&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of Fc receptors for IgG during acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kiekens RC, Thepen T, Bihari IC, Knol EF, Van De Winkel JG, BruijnzeelKoomen CA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 June; 142(6): 1106-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10848732&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of IL-18 mRNA and secretion of IL-18 are reduced in monocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Higashi N, Gesser B, Kawana S, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 October; 108(4): 607-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590389&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of T cell receptor V beta chain in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ha SJ, Lee HJ, Byun DG, Kim JW. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 November; 78(6): 424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9833040&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of Th1, Th2 and immunosuppressive cytokine gene transcripts in canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nuttall TJ, Knight PA, McAleese SM, Lamb JR, Hill PB. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 May; 32(5): 789-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994107&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of T-lineage early developmental markers by cells establishing atopic dermatitis skin infiltrates. Author(s): Mastrandrea F, Cadario G, Bedello PG, Nicotra MR, Natali PG. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1998 November-December; 8(6): 359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10028483&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin on endothelium in situ in patients with erythroderma, mycosis fungoides and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sigurdsson V, de Vries IJ, Toonstra J, Bihari IC, Thepen T, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, van Vloten WA. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2000 October; 27(9): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028813&dopt=Abstract

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Extreme rises in serum alkaline phosphatase in children with atopic dermatitis after intervention treatment with cyclosporin A. Author(s): van Meurs T, Wolkerstorfer A, Oranje AP. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 November-December; 15(6): 483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875977&dopt=Abstract

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Exudative retinal detachment due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection after scleral buckling in the treatment of retinal detachment accompanied by atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Osawa S, Sasoh M, Ito K, Matsui K, Yoshida S, Uji Y. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2002 October; 22(5): 649-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441736&dopt=Abstract

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Factors influencing the occurrence of hand eczema in adults with a history of atopic dermatitis in childhood. Author(s): Rystedt I. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1985 April; 12(4): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4017565&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid compositions of plasma lipids in atopic dermatitis/asthma patients. Author(s): Sakai K, Okuyama H, Shimazaki H, Katagiri M, Torii S, Matsushita T, Baba S. Source: Arerugi = [allergy]. 1994 January; 43(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147707&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty liver in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kimata H. Source: Allergy. 2001 May; 56(5): 460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350319&dopt=Abstract

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Fever associated with cyclosporin for treating atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Thomas MD, Cook LJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 November 7; 317(7168): 1291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9867383&dopt=Abstract

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First experience of topical SDZ ASM 981 in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Harper J, Green A, Scott G, Gruendl E, Dorobek B, Cardno M, Burtin P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 April; 144(4): 781-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298537&dopt=Abstract

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Flow cytometric analysis of IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-gamma expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and detection of circulating IL-13 in patients with atopic dermatitis provide evidence for the involvement of type 2 cytokines in the disease. Author(s): Kaminishi K, Soma Y, Kawa Y, Mizoguchi M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2002 May; 29(1): 19-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007717&dopt=Abstract

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Flow cytometric detection of type 1 (IL-2, IFN-gamma) and type 2 (IL-4, IL-5) cytokines in T-helper and T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells in rheumatoid arthritis, allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Schuerwegh AJ, De Clerck LS, De Schutter L, Bridts CH, Verbruggen A, Stevens WJ. Source: Cytokine. 1999 October; 11(10): 783-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10525317&dopt=Abstract

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Flucloxacillin in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ewing CI, Ashcroft C, Gibbs AC, Jones GA, Connor PJ, David TJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 June; 138(6): 1022-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9747366&dopt=Abstract

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Fluocinolone acetonide 0.01% in peanut oil: therapy for childhood atopic dermatitis, even in patients who are peanut sensitive. Author(s): Paller AS, Nimmagadda S, Schachner L, Mallory SB, Kahn T, Willis I, Eichenfield LF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 April; 48(4): 569-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664021&dopt=Abstract

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Fluticasone propionate 0.05% cream once daily versus clobetasone butyrate 0.05% cream twice daily in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wolkerstorfer A, Strobos MA, Glazenburg EJ, Mulder PG, Oranje AP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 August; 39(2 Pt 1): 22631. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9704834&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergy and atopic dermatitis in low birthweight infants during early childhood. Author(s): Hikino S, Nakayama H, Yamamoto J, Kinukawa N, Sakamoto M, Hara T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 August; 90(8): 850-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529529&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergy in adults with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): de Maat-Bleeker F, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C. Source: Monogr Allergy. 1996; 32: 157-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8813194&dopt=Abstract

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Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Author(s): Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 September; 104(3 Pt 2): S114-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482862&dopt=Abstract

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Food hypersensitivity in two groups of children and young adults with atopic dermatitis evaluated a decade apart. Author(s): Ellman LK, Chatchatee P, Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 August; 13(4): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390446&dopt=Abstract

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Food intake of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Barth GA, Weigl L, Boeing H, Disch R, Borelli S. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2001 May-June; 11(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358724&dopt=Abstract

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Food sensitivity and the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sampson HA. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1997; 90 Suppl 30: 2-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9176122&dopt=Abstract

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Food-induced contact urticaria syndrome (CUS) in atopic dermatitis: reproducibility of repeated and duplicate testing with a skin provocation test, the skin application food test (SAFT). Author(s): Oranje AP, Van Gysel D, Mulder PG, Dieges PH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1994 November; 31(5): 314-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7867329&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency and significance of major and minor clinical features of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kanwar AJ, Dhar S. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 190(4): 317. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7503920&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency and significance of minor clinical features in various age-related subgroups of atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Nagaraja, Kanwar AJ, Dhar S, Singh S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1996 January-February; 13(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8919516&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency and significance of the major and minor features of Hanifin and Rajka among patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rudzki E, Samochocki Z, Rebandel P, Saciuk E, Galecki W, Raczka A, Szmurlo A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8003784&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of contact allergy in children with atopic dermatitis: results of a prospective study of 137 cases. Author(s): Giordano-Labadie F, Rance F, Pellegrin F, Bazex J, Dutau G, Schwarze HP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 April; 40(4): 192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208505&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of contact allergy to Compositae extracts in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nettis E, Giordano D, Soccio A, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 September; 47(3): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492554&dopt=Abstract

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From atopic dermatitis to asthma. Author(s): Paul K. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1997; 16: 72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9443209&dopt=Abstract

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From atopic dermatitis to asthma: the risk factors and preventive measures. Author(s): Businco L, Falconieri P, Di Rienzo A, Bruno G. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1997; 16: 19-20. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9443179&dopt=Abstract

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From food allergy and atopic dermatitis to respiratory allergy. Author(s): Kjellman NI, Nilsson L. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1998; 9(11 Suppl): 13-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9723107&dopt=Abstract

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Functional CD86 (B7-2/B70) is predominantly expressed on Langerhans cells in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ohki O, Yokozeki H, Katayama I, Umeda T, Azuma M, Okumura K, Nishioka K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 June; 136(6): 838-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9217814&dopt=Abstract

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Gamma interferon administration to patients with atopic dermatitis inhibits fibrinolysis and elevates C1 inhibitor. Author(s): Musial J, Gluszko P, Undas A, Mahdi F, Kang S, Szczeklik A, Schmaier AH. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1998 March 15; 89(6): 253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9669747&dopt=Abstract

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gamma-interferon production in atopic dermatitis shows differential modification by phosphodiesterase and prostaglandin inhibition. Author(s): Ostlere LS, Mallett RB, Kaminski A, Kaminski ER, Pereira RS, Holden CA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 July; 133(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7669618&dopt=Abstract

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Gamma-interferon therapy for severe cases of atopic dermatitis of the adult type. Author(s): Nishioka K, Matsunaga T, Katayama I. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1995 March; 22(3): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738273&dopt=Abstract

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Gamma-linolenic acid supplementation for prophylaxis of atopic dermatitis--a randomized controlled trial in infants at high familial risk. Author(s): van Gool CJ, Thijs C, Henquet CJ, van Houwelingen AC, Dagnelie PC, Schrander J, Menheere PP, van den brandt PA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 943-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663296&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic and environmental conditions involved in assessment of the immunological state in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kamer B, Raczynska J, Kaczmarek J, Lukamowicz J, Pasowska R, Puchala B. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1995; 40(3): 439-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775287&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic association analysis using microsatellite markers in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Iizuka M, Katsuyama Y, Mabuchi T, Umezawa Y, Matsuyama T, Ozawa A, Kawada H, Inoko H, Morita E, Ota M. Source: Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2002 August; 27(2): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472170&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic linkage of childhood atopic dermatitis to psoriasis susceptibility loci. Author(s): Cookson WO, Ubhi B, Lawrence R, Abecasis GR, Walley AJ, Cox HE, Coleman R, Leaves NI, Trembath RC, Moffatt MF, Harper JI. Source: Nature Genetics. 2001 April; 27(4): 372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279517&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic studies of atopy and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Coleman R, Trembath RC, Harper JI. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 January; 136(1): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9039286&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic variants of the receptors for thromboxane A2 and IL-4 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tanaka K, Roberts MH, Yamamoto N, Sugiura H, Uehara M, Mao XQ, Shirakawa T, Hopkin JM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 April 5; 292(3): 776-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11922633&dopt=Abstract

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Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in subjects with atopic dermatitis. Higher prevalence of exfoliative B toxin production in lesional strains and correlation between the markers of disease intensity and colonization density. Author(s): Capoluongo E, Giglio A A, Lavieri MM, Lesnoni-La Parola I, Ferraro C, Cristaudo A, Belardi M, Leonetti F, Mastroianni A, Cambieri A, Amerio P, Ameglio F. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 June; 26(2): 145-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378332&dopt=Abstract

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Glucocorticoids and Th-1, Th-2 type cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and AIDS. Author(s): Norbiato G, Bevilacqua M, Vago T, Clerici M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1997 May-June; 15(3): 315-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177930&dopt=Abstract

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Glutathione-S-transferase induces murine dermatitis that resembles human atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hsu CH, Chua KY, Huang SK, Chiang IP, Hsieh KH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 November; 26(11): 1329-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8955582&dopt=Abstract

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Gonioscopic detection of a ciliary epithelial tear in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ogawa T, Kitaoka T, So K, Yamashita M, Amemiya T. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2002 April; 22(2): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927870&dopt=Abstract

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Grades of severity and the validation of an atopic dermatitis assessment measure (ADAM). Author(s): Charman DP, Varigos GA. Source: J Outcome Meas. 1999; 3(2): 162-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10204325&dopt=Abstract

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Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor contributes to enhanced monocyte survival in chronic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bratton DL, Hamid Q, Boguniewicz M, Doherty DE, Kailey JM, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995 January; 95(1): 211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7814618&dopt=Abstract

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Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor is overproduced by keratinocytes in atopic dermatitis. Implications for sustained dendritic cell activation in the skin. Author(s): Pastore S, Fanales-Belasio E, Albanesi C, Chinni LM, Giannetti A, Girolomoni G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1997 June 15; 99(12): 3009-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185525&dopt=Abstract

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Growth pattern of breastfed and nonbreastfed infants with atopic dermatitis in the first year of life. Author(s): Agostoni C, Grandi F, Scaglioni S, Gianni ML, Torcoletti M, Radaelli G, Fiocchi A, Riva E. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 November; 106(5): E73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11061810&dopt=Abstract

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Guess what! Acute infectious endocarditis with Janeway lesions in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kobayashi H, Sugiuchi R, Tabata N, Ninomiya M, Oumi M, Sadahiro M, Tagami H. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 1999 April-May; 9(3): 239-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10408921&dopt=Abstract

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Habit reversal: a turning point in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Noren P. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 January; 20(1): 2-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671390&dopt=Abstract

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Half-side comparison study on the efficacy of 8-methoxypsoralen bath-PUVA versus narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in patients with severe chronic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Der-Petrossian M, Seeber A, Honigsmann H, Tanew A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 142(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651692&dopt=Abstract

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Hand eczema and long-term prognosis in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rystedt I. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1985; 117: 1-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2931938&dopt=Abstract

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Hand eczema in children with atopic dermatitis: a low prevalence? Author(s): Effendy I, Maibach HI. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1996 February; 85(2): 157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8640041&dopt=Abstract

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Hand eczema: an evaluation of the frequency of atopic background and the difference in clinical pattern between patients with and without atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Svensson A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1988; 68(6): 509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2467490&dopt=Abstract

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Hanifin's and Rajka's minor criteria for atopic dermatitis: which do 2-year-olds exhibit? Author(s): Bohme M, Svensson A, Kull I, Wahlgren CF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 1): 785-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050581&dopt=Abstract

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Healing of chronic atopic dermatitis lesions in skin areas of paraplegia after trauma. Author(s): Amon U, Wolff HH. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 December; 21(12): 982-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868775&dopt=Abstract

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Health-related quality of life in patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis measured with SF-36, DLQI and a subjective measure of disease activity. Author(s): Lundberg L, Johannesson M, Silverdahl M, Hermansson C, Lindberg M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 November-December; 80(6): 430-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11243637&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in children with atopic dermatitis as sole manifestation of food allergy. Author(s): Corrado G, Luzzi I, Pacchiarotti C, Lucarelli S, Frediani T, Cavaliere M, Rea P, Cardi E. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2000 May; 11(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893012&dopt=Abstract

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Heliotherapy in atopic dermatitis: a prospective study on climatotherapy using the SCORAD index. Author(s): Autio P, Komulainen P, Larni HM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(6): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12575850&dopt=Abstract

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Hemopoietic progenitor cells in atopic dermatitis skin lesions. Author(s): Mastrandrea F, Cadario G, Nicotra MR, Natali PG. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1999 November-December; 9(6): 386-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664934&dopt=Abstract

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Heterogeneity of atopic dermatitis defined by the immune response to inhalant and food allergens. Author(s): Fabrizi G, Romano A, Vultaggio P, Bellegrandi S, Paganelli R, Venuti A. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 1999 July-August; 9(5): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417442&dopt=Abstract

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Heterogeneity of dermal deposition of eosinophil granule major basic protein in acute lesions of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Omoto M, Gu LH, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2000 February-March; 292(2-3): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10749555&dopt=Abstract

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Heterogeneity within tissue-specific macrophage and dendritic cell populations during cutaneous inflammation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kiekens RC, Thepen T, Oosting AJ, Bihari IC, Van De Winkel JG, BruijnzeelKoomen CA, Knol EF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 December; 145(6): 957-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899150&dopt=Abstract

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Heterogeneous chemotactic response of eosinophils from patients with atopic dermatitis to eosinophil chemotactic factors. Author(s): Yoshida T, Fujita K, Nishimoto M, Takaiwa T, Hirashima M. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1996; 111 Suppl 1: 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8906107&dopt=Abstract

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High affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI) expression on eosinophils infiltrating the lesions and mite patch tested sites in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tanaka Y, Takenaka M, Matsunaga Y, Okada S, Anan S, Yoshida H, Ra C. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1995; 287(8): 712-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8554381&dopt=Abstract

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High affinity IgE receptor-mediated prostaglandin E2 production by monocytes in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Takenaka M, Tanaka Y, Anan S, Yoshida H, Ra C. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 November; 108(3): 24753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7580289&dopt=Abstract

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High dose gammaglobulin treatment for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kimata H. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1994 April; 70(4): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8185369&dopt=Abstract

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High dose intravenous immunoglobulin in atopic dermatitis and hyper-IgE syndrome. Author(s): Wakim M, Alazard M, Yajima A, Speights D, Saxon A, Stiehm ER. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 August; 81(2): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9723561&dopt=Abstract

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High incidence of adverse reactions to egg challenge on first known exposure in young atopic dermatitis children: predictive value of skin prick test and radioallergosorbent test to egg proteins. Author(s): Monti G, Muratore MC, Peltran A, Bonfante G, Silvestro L, Oggero R, Mussa GC. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 October; 32(10): 1515-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372134&dopt=Abstract

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High serum levels of additional IL-18 forms may be reciprocally correlated with IgE levels in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Shida K, Koizumi H, Shiratori I, Matsumoto M, Kikkawa S, Tsuji S, Begum NA, Fukumori Y, Toyoshima K, Seya T. Source: Immunology Letters. 2001 December 3; 79(3): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600194&dopt=Abstract

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High-density oligonucleotide array analysis of mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood cells of severe atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Heishi M, Kagaya S, Katsunuma T, Nakajima T, Yuki K, Akasawa A, Maeda M, Gunji S, Sugita Y, Tsujimoto G, Saito H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 September; 129(1): 5766. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372999&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose UVA1 therapy for atopic dermatitis: results of a multicenter trial. Author(s): Krutmann J, Diepgen TL, Luger TA, Grabbe S, Meffert H, Sonnichsen N, Czech W, Kapp A, Stege H, Grewe M, Schopf E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 April; 38(4): 589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555799&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose versus medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy for patients with severe generalized atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tzaneva S, Seeber A, Schwaiger M, Honigsmann H, Tanew A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 October; 45(4): 503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568738&dopt=Abstract

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Higher frequency of atopic dermatitis and decrease in viral warts among children exposed to chemicals liberated in a chemical accident in Frankfurt, Germany. Author(s): Traupe H, Menge G, Kandt I, Karmaus W. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(2): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9310715&dopt=Abstract

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High-expression of sphingomyelin deacylase is an important determinant of ceramide deficiency leading to barrier disruption in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hara J, Higuchi K, Okamoto R, Kawashima M, Imokawa G. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 September; 115(3): 406-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951276&dopt=Abstract

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Highly increased urinary 1-hydroxypyrene excretion rate in patients with atopic dermatitis treated with topical coal tar. Author(s): Veenhuis RT, van Horssen J, Bos RP, Anzion RB, Van Der Valk PG. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2002 July; 294(4): 168-71. Epub 2002 June 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111346&dopt=Abstract

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Histopathological features of recalcitrant erythema of the face in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Omoto M, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 February; 21(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8182217&dopt=Abstract

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HLA and atopic dermatitis with high serum IgE levels. Author(s): Saeki H, Kuwata S, Nakagawa H, Etoh T, Yanagisawa M, Miyamoto M, Tokunaga K, Juji T, Shibata Y. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 September; 94(3 Pt 2): 575-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7916023&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-DM gene polymorphisms in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kuwata S, Yanagisawa M, Nakagawa H, Saeki H, Etoh T, Miyamoto M, Juji T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 December; 98(6 Pt 2): S192-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8977527&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-G expression in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Khosrotehrani K, Le Danff C, Reynaud-Mendel B, Dubertret L, Carosella ED, Aractingi S. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 September; 117(3): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564188&dopt=Abstract

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Homeopathic treatment of Japanese patients with intractable atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Itamura R, Hosoya R. Source: Homeopathy. 2003 April; 92(2): 108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725253&dopt=Abstract

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House dust mite antigen exposure of patients with atopic dermatitis of psoriasis. Author(s): Hansen SK, Deleuran M, Johnke H, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 March; 78(2): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534894&dopt=Abstract

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House dust mites in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Fitzharris P, Riley G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 March; 38(3): 173-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208609&dopt=Abstract

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How specific are major criteria for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Kanwar AJ, Dhar S. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189(1): 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8003777&dopt=Abstract

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Hypertrichosis with pseudoacanthosis nigricans over the nape: a new “minor clinical feature” of atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Dhar S, Malakar S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 July-August; 15(4): 327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9720708&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnotherapy as a treatment for atopic dermatitis in adults and children. Author(s): Stewart AC, Thomas SE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 May; 132(5): 778-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7772485&dopt=Abstract

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Hypoalbuminemia, oliguria and peripheral cyanosis in an infant with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Capulong MC, Kimura K, Sakaguchi N, Kawahara H, Matsubara K, Iikura Y. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1996 May; 7(2): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8902861&dopt=Abstract

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Hypopigmented skin lesions associated with atopic dermatitis in asthma. Author(s): Nader-Djalal N, Ansarin K. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1996; 33(4): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8707778&dopt=Abstract

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Hypoproteinemia in severe childhood atopic dermatitis: a serious complication. Author(s): Nomura I, Katsunuma T, Tomikawa M, Shibata A, Kawahara H, Ohya Y, Abe J, Saito H, Akasawa A. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 August; 13(4): 287-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390445&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and glucocorticoid sensitivity in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ellison JA, Patel L, Ray DW, David TJ, Clayton PE. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 April; 105(4 Pt 1): 794-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742322&dopt=Abstract

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ICAM-1 expression on keratinocytes in mechanically-injured skin of a patient with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Matsunaga T, Katayama I, Yokozeki H, Nishioka K. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1996 September; 12(3): 219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8884526&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of highly expressed genes in peripheral blood T cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Matsumoto Y, Oshida T, Obayashi I, Imai Y, Matsui K, Yoshida NL, Nagata N, Ogawa K, Obayashi M, Kashiwabara T, Gunji S, Nagasu T, Sugita Y, Tanaka T, Tsujimoto G, Katsunuma T, Akasawa A, Saito H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 December; 129(4): 32740. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483038&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of Malassezia species isolated from patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor and normal subjects. Author(s): Nakabayashi A, Sei Y, Guillot J. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2000 October; 38(5): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092380&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of monocyte chemotactic factors in supernatants of ovalbuminstimulated lymphocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis who are sensitive to hen's egg. Author(s): Fukutomi O, Kondo N, Agata H, Shinoda S, Kuwabara N, Shinbara M, Inoue R, Orii T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 April; 24(4): 359-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8039022&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocyte deficiency. Report of an unusual case associated with atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis and review of the literature. Author(s): Goodrich AL, Tigelaar RE, Watsky KL, Heald PW. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 July; 129(7): 876-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8100699&dopt=Abstract

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IFN-gamma plays a dominant role in upregulation of Candida-specific IgE synthesis in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kimura M, Tsuruta S, Yoshida T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2000 July; 122(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10899763&dopt=Abstract

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IFN-gamma-inducible expression of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17 and macrophage-derived chemokine/CCL22 in epidermal keratinocytes and their roles in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Horikawa T, Nakayama T, Hikita I, Yamada H, Fujisawa R, Bito T, Harada S, Fukunaga A, Chantry D, Gray PW, Morita A, Suzuki R, Tezuka T, Ichihashi M, Yoshie O. Source: International Immunology. 2002 July; 14(7): 767-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096036&dopt=Abstract

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IgA and IgG binding components of wheat, rye, barley and oats recognized by immunoblotting analysis with sera from adult atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Varjonen E, Kalimo K, Savolainen J, Vainio E. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1996 September; 111(1): 5563. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8753845&dopt=Abstract

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IgE and IgG antibody responses to recombinant Alt a 1 as a marker of sensitization to Alternaria in asthma and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Vailes LD, Perzanowski MS, Wheatley LM, Platts-Mills TA, Chapman MD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 31(12): 1891-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737041&dopt=Abstract

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IgE antibodies to Malassezia furfur, M. sympodialis and Pityrosporum orbiculare in patients with atopic dermatitis, seborrheic eczema or pityriasis versicolor, and identification of respective allergens. Author(s): Mayser P, Gross A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 September-October; 80(5): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200834&dopt=Abstract

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IgE antibodies to protein and mannan antigens of pityrosporum ovale in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Lintu P, Savolainen J, Kalimo K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 January; 27(1): 87-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9117887&dopt=Abstract

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IgE autoantibodies in atopic dermatitis--occurrence of different antibodies against the CH3 and the CH4 epitopes of IgE. Author(s): Czech W, Stadler BM, Schopf E, Kapp A. Source: Allergy. 1995 March; 50(3): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7545880&dopt=Abstract

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IgE autoantibodies monitored in a patient with atopic dermatitis under cyclosporin A treatment reflect tissue damage. Author(s): Kinaciyan T, Natter S, Kraft D, Stingl G, Valenta R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 April; 109(4): 717-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11941327&dopt=Abstract

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IgE hyperproduction through enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinase 3 in NC/Nga mice, a model for human atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Matsumoto M, Ra C, Kawamoto K, Sato H, Itakura A, Sawada J, Ushio H, Suto H, Mitsuishi K, Hikasa Y, Matsuda H. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1999 January 15; 162(2): 1056-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9916733&dopt=Abstract

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IgE level and the validation of the diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Fisher DA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 December; 135(12): 1550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606073&dopt=Abstract

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IgE responsiveness to Dermatophagoides farinae in asthma and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Noguchi E, Shibasaki M. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1997 August; 113(4): 489-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9250595&dopt=Abstract

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IgE-binding components of staphylococcal enterotoxins in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nissen D, Pedersen LJ, Skov PS, Vejlsgaard GL, Poulsen LK, Jarlov JO, Karlsmark T, Nolte H. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 November; 79(5): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9396971&dopt=Abstract

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IgE-binding components of wheat, rye, barley and oats recognized by immunoblotting analysis with sera from adult atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Varjonen E, Savolainen J, Mattila L, Kalimo K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 May; 24(5): 481-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8087661&dopt=Abstract

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IgE-mediated hypersensitivity against human sweat antigen in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hide M, Tanaka T, Yamamura Y, Koro O, Yamamoto S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(5): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430731&dopt=Abstract

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IgE-mediated hypersensitivity and contact sensitivity to multiple environmental allergens in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tanaka M, Aiba S, Matsumura N, Aoyama H, Tabata N, Sekita Y, Tagami H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 November; 130(11): 1393-401. Erratum In: Arch Dermatol 1995 June; 131(6): 660. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7979440&dopt=Abstract

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IgE-mediated, Fc(epsilon)RI-dependent allergen presentation: a pathogenetic factor in atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Stingl G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S1720. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423866&dopt=Abstract

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IgE-sensitization to cellular and culture filtrates of fungal extracts in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nissen D, Petersen LJ, Esch R, Svejgaard E, Skov PS, Poulsen LK, Nolte H. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 September; 81(3): 247-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9759803&dopt=Abstract

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IgG and IgE immune response against the surface glycoprotein gp200 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nenoff P, Muller B, Sander U, Kunze G, Broker M, Haustein UF. Source: Mycopathologia. 2001; 152(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694091&dopt=Abstract

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IL-10 augments the IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha induced TARC production in HaCaT cells: a possible mechanism in the inflammatory reaction of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Vestergaard C, Kirstejn N, Gesser B, Mortensen JT, Matsushima K, Larsen CG. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 May; 26(1): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323220&dopt=Abstract

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IL-13 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Takamatsu Y, Hasegawa M, Sato S, Takehara K. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 196(4): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9669111&dopt=Abstract

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IL-18 contributes to the spontaneous development of atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory skin lesion independently of IgE/stat6 under specific pathogen-free conditions. Author(s): Konishi H, Tsutsui H, Murakami T, Yumikura-Futatsugi S, Yamanaka K, Tanaka M, Iwakura Y, Suzuki N, Takeda K, Akira S, Nakanishi K, Mizutani H. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 August 20; 99(17): 11340-5. Epub 2002 July 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151598&dopt=Abstract

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IL-4 and SCD23 in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hatzistilianou M, Aggouridaki C, Catriu D, Athanassiadou F. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 June; 155(6): 521-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8789774&dopt=Abstract

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IL-4 induces chemotaxis of blood eosinophils from atopic dermatitis patients, but not from normal individuals. Author(s): Dubois GR, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Bruijnzeel PL. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994 June; 102(6): 843-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8006446&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to mite antigens in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Varela P, Selores M, Gomes E, Silva E, Matos E, dos Santos L, Amado J, Massa A. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 16(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027989&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate- and delayed-type contact hypersensitivity in children older than 5 years with atopic dermatitis: a pilot study comparing different tests. Author(s): Oranje AP, Bruynzeel DP, Stenveld HJ, Dieges PH. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 September; 11(3): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971554&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate hypersensitivity to bakery, brewery and wine products in yeast-sensitive atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Savolainen J, Lantto R, Kalimo K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 September; 24(9): 836-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7812885&dopt=Abstract

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Immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sinke JD, Rutten VP, Willemse T. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2002 September 10; 87(3-4): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072258&dopt=Abstract

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Immune regulation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Akdis CA, Akdis M, Trautmann A, Blaser K. Source: Current Opinion in Immunology. 2000 December; 12(6): 641-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11102766&dopt=Abstract

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Immunochemical characterization of the distinct monocyte cyclic AMPphosphodiesterase from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Chan SC, Reifsnyder D, Beavo JA, Hanifin JM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 June; 91(6): 1179-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8389777&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin- and complement-bearing lymphocytes in allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis (eczema). Author(s): Cormane RH, Husz S, Hamerlinck F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1974 June; 90(6): 597-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4604569&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulins and their receptors on epidermal Langerhans cells in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Okada S, Maeda K, Tanaka Y, Anan S, Yoshida H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1996 April; 23(4): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8935339&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulins in patients with atopic dermatitis due to mites infestation in Qualyobia Governorate, Egypt. Author(s): Morsy TA, Zohdi HW, Abdalla KF, Nasr ME, Ibrahim AA, el Said AM, Khalil HT. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1994 December; 24(3): 495-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7844414&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulins in tears and sera in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Somos S, Schneider I, Farkas B. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2001 March-April; 22(2): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11332296&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemical studies on NAP-1/IL-8 in contact eczema and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sticherling M, Bornscheuer E, Schroder JM, Christophers E. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1992; 284(2): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1610217&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistological analysis of 'negative' patch test sites in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Buckley C, Poulter LW, Rustin MH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 September; 26(9): 1057-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8889261&dopt=Abstract

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Immunomodulation induced by Avene spring water on Th1- and Th2-dependent cytokine production in healthy subjects and atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Portales P, Aries MF, Licu D, Pinton J, Hernandez-Pion C, Gall Y, Dupuy P, Charveron M, Clot J. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2001 July-August; 14(4): 23442. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464106&dopt=Abstract

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Immunophenotyping of skin-infiltrating T-cell subsets in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sinke JD, Thepen T, Bihari IC, Rutten VP, Willemse T. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1997 June; 57(1-2): 13-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9239834&dopt=Abstract

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Immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Mastrandrea F. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2001 January; 10(1): 49-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11116280&dopt=Abstract

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Impaired responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to staphylococcal superantigen in patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a role of T cell apoptosis. Author(s): Yoshino T, Asada H, Sano S, Nakamura T, Itami S, Tamura M, Yoshikawa K. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 February; 114(2): 281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651987&dopt=Abstract

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Impaired sweating function in adult atopic dermatitis: results of the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test. Author(s): Eishi K, Lee JB, Bae SJ, Takenaka M, Katayama I. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 147(4): 683-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12366413&dopt=Abstract

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Impairment of ocular surface epithelium barrier function in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yokoi K, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 July; 82(7): 797-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924375&dopt=Abstract

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Importance of chamber size for the outcome of atopy patch testing in children with atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Author(s): Niggemann B, Ziegert M, Reibel S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 September; 110(3): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209104&dopt=Abstract

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Importance of food allergy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Oehling A, Resano A, Sanz ML, Fernandez Benitez M. Source: Allergy. 1998; 53(46 Suppl): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9826022&dopt=Abstract

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Impression cytology in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Dogru M, Katakami C, Nakagawa N, Tetsumoto K, Yamamoto M. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 August; 105(8): 1478-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9709761&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement in atopic dermatitis in infants with the introduction of an elemental formula. Author(s): Woodmansee DP, Christiansen SC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 August; 108(2): 309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496254&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement in atopic dermatitis with change to low-salt table water. Author(s): Barthel HR, Stuhlmuller B. Source: Lancet. 1994 October 15; 344(8929): 1089. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7934470&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement in skin barrier function in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with a moisturizing cream (Canoderm). Author(s): Loden M, Andersson AC, Lindberg M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 February; 140(2): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233220&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of atopic dermatitis after discontinuation of topical corticosteroid treatment. Author(s): Fukaya M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 May; 136(5): 679-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10815874&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of atopic dermatitis by reduced salt intake. Author(s): Bohles H. Source: Lancet. 1994 November 26; 344(8935): 1516. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7968156&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of skin barrier function during treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Aalto-Korte K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 December; 33(6): 96972. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7490367&dopt=Abstract

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In situ expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on langerhans cells and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDEC) in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Schuller E, Teichmann B, Haberstok J, Moderer M, Bieber T, Wollenberg A. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2001 September; 293(9): 448-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758787&dopt=Abstract

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In the United States, blacks and Asian/Pacific Islanders are more likely than whites to seek medical care for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Janumpally SR, Feldman SR, Gupta AK, Fleischer AB Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 May; 138(5): 634-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020225&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro genetically aberrant T-cell clones with continuous growth are associated with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kaltoft K, Pedersen CB, Hansen BH, Lemonidis AS, Frydenberg J, ThestrupPedersen K. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1994; 287(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726635&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro release of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of atopic dermatitis patients in response to stimulation with dust mite antigen. Author(s): Kubota Y, Koga T, Imayama S, Hori Y. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 January; 130(1): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305305&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo expression of cytokine receptor mRNA in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Taha RA, Leung DY, Ghaffar O, Boguniewicz M, Hamid Q. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 August; 102(2): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9723668&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo expression of IL-12 and IL-13 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hamid Q, Naseer T, Minshall EM, Song YL, Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 July; 98(1): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8765838&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo formation of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Leonhardt A, Krauss M, Gieler U, Schweer H, Happle R, Seyberth HW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 March; 136(3): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9115911&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo relevance of CD30 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Caproni M, Bianchi B, D'Elios MM, De Carli M, Amedei A, Fabbri P. Source: Allergy. 1997 November; 52(11): 1063-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9404557&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and predictors of atopic dermatitis in an open birth cohort in Sisimiut, Greenland. Author(s): Tamsmark TH, Koch A, Melbye M, Molbak K. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 September; 90(9): 982-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683210&dopt=Abstract

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Increased acetylcholine levels in skin biopsies of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wessler I, Reinheimer T, Kilbinger H, Bittinger F, Kirkpatrick CJ, Saloga J, Knop J. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 March 28; 72(18-19): 2169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628475&dopt=Abstract

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Increased circulating skin-homing cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA)+ type 2 cytokine-producing cells, and decreased CLA+ type 1 cytokine-producing cells in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Teraki Y, Hotta T, Shiohara T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 August; 143(2): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951148&dopt=Abstract

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Increased concentration of beta-endorphin in the sera of patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Glinski W, Brodecka H, Glinska-Ferenz M, Kowalski D. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 January; 75(1): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7747553&dopt=Abstract

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Increased frequency of intracellular interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-10, but not IL-4, expressing CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral T cells of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Aleksza M, Lukacs A, Antal-Szalmas P, Hunyadi J, Szegedi A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 147(6): 1135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452862&dopt=Abstract

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Increased leukotriene production by food additives in patients with atopic dermatitis and proven food intolerance. Author(s): Worm M, Vieth W, Ehlers I, Sterry W, Zuberbier T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 February; 31(2): 265-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251628&dopt=Abstract

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Increased levels in vivo of mRNAs for IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), but not of RANTES mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Author(s): Hatano Y, Katagiri K, Takayasu S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1999 August; 117(2): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10444253&dopt=Abstract

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Increased levels of IL-13 mRNA, but not IL-4 mRNA, are found in vivo in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Author(s): Katagiri K, Itami S, Hatano Y, Takayasu S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1997 May; 108(2): 289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9158100&dopt=Abstract

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Increased levels of serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 but not metalloproteinase-3 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Katoh N, Hirano S, Suehiro M, Ikenaga K, Yasuno H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002 February; 127(2): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876751&dopt=Abstract

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Increased number of IgE positive Langerhans cells in the conjunctiva of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yoshida A, Imayama S, Sugai S, Kawano Y, Ishibashi T. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 May; 81(5): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9227207&dopt=Abstract

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Increased oxidative stress in childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Omata N, Tsukahara H, Ito S, Ohshima Y, Yasutomi M, Yamada A, Jiang M, Hiraoka M, Nambu M, Deguchi Y, Mayumi M. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 June 1; 69(2): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11441912&dopt=Abstract

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Increased plasma eotaxin in atopic dermatitis and acute urticaria in infants and children. Author(s): Hossny E, Aboul-Magd M, Bakr S. Source: Allergy. 2001 October; 56(10): 996-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576081&dopt=Abstract

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Increased production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by PBMCs of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Shimizu T, Abe R, Ohkawara A, Nishihira J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 September; 104(3 Pt 1): 659-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482843&dopt=Abstract

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Increased secretion of IL-18 in vitro by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): El-Mezzein RE, Matsumoto T, Nomiyama H, Miike T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 November; 126(2): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703360&dopt=Abstract

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Increased sensitivity of eosinophils for eosinophilopoietic cytokines in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kato K. Source: Kurume Med J. 1995; 42(4): 187-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8667590&dopt=Abstract

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Increased serum cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CCL27) levels in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. Author(s): Kakinuma T, Saeki H, Tsunemi Y, Fujita H, Asano N, Mitsui H, Tada Y, Wakugawa M, Watanabe T, Torii H, Komine M, Asahina A, Nakamura K, Tamaki K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 March; 111(3): 592-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642842&dopt=Abstract

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Increased serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules in young children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kimata H. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 June; 158(6): 529-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10378409&dopt=Abstract

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Increased serum nitrate levels in infants with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Taniuchi S, Kojima T, Hara Mt K, Yamamoto A, Sasai M, Takahashi H, Kobayashi Y. Source: Allergy. 2001 July; 56(7): 693-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421931&dopt=Abstract

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Increased type 2 cytokine expression by both CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells and CD8+ CD45RO+ T cells in blood circulation is associated with high serum IgE but not with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sato A, Tsuji K, Yamamura M, Morita Y, Kanzaki H, Tada J, Makino H, Arata J. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 December; 111(6): 1079-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856820&dopt=Abstract

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Increased urinary leukotriene E4 excretion in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hishinuma T, Suzuki N, Aiba S, Tagami H, Mizugaki M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 144(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167678&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing incidence of streptococcal impetigo in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Adachi J, Endo K, Fukuzumi T, Tanigawa N, Aoki T. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1998 May; 17(1): 45-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9651828&dopt=Abstract

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Inducible expression of a CC chemokine liver- and activation-regulated chemokine (LARC)/macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3 alpha/CCL20 by epidermal keratinocytes and its role in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nakayama T, Fujisawa R, Yamada H, Horikawa T, Kawasaki H, Hieshima K, Izawa D, Fujiie S, Tezuka T, Yoshie O. Source: International Immunology. 2001 January; 13(1): 95-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11133838&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of atopic dermatitis by inhalation of house dust mite. Author(s): Tupker RA, De Monchy JG, Coenraads PJ, Homan A, van der Meer JB. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 May; 97(5): 1064-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8626983&dopt=Abstract

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Infantile and childhood types of atopic dermatitis--a clinical comparison. Author(s): Kumar P, Pai GS. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1998 July; 52(7): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9847473&dopt=Abstract

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Infants with atopic dermatitis: maternal hopelessness, child-rearing attitudes and perceived infant temperament. Author(s): Pauli-Pott U, Darui A, Beckmann D. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1999; 68(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9873241&dopt=Abstract

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Infiltration of activated eosinophils in the skin lesions of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Katane M, Akiyama M, Hatanaka K, Kawada A, Matsuo I. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 January-February; 81(1): 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411919&dopt=Abstract

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Infra-auricular fissures in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tada J, Toi Y, Akiyama H, Arata J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1994 March; 74(2): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7911619&dopt=Abstract

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Infraorbital crease and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Singh I, Kanwar AJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1997 September-October; 14(5): 344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9336801&dopt=Abstract

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Infraorbital crease, ethnic group, and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Williams HC, Pembroke AC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 January; 132(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8546483&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 production from lymphocytes stimulated with food antigens by an anti-allergic drug, Tranilast, in patients with food-sensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kondo N, Fukutomi O, Shinbara M, Orii T. Source: Biotherapy (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1994; 8(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7547077&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of interferon-gamma production from lymphocytes stimulated with food antigens by a beta 2-agonist, procaterol, in patients with food-sensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kondo N, Shinbara M, Inoue R, Fukao T, Kaneko H, Teramoto T, Tashita H. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1997 July-August; 7(4): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9330185&dopt=Abstract

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Instrumental and dermatologist evaluation of the effect of glycerine and urea on dry skin in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Loden M, Andersson AC, Andersson C, Frodin T, Oman H, Lindberg M. Source: Skin Res Technol. 2001 November; 7(4): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737814&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin-like growth factor axis, bone and collagen turnover in children with atopic dermatitis treated with topical glucocorticosteroids. Author(s): Wolthers OD, Heuck C, Ternowitz T, Heickendorff L, Nielsen HK, Frystyk J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(4): 337-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864369&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, and arachidonic acid metabolites modulate IL-4-induced IgE synthesis similarly in healthy persons and in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Punnonen J, Punnonen K, Jansen CT, Kalimo K. Source: Allergy. 1993 April; 48(3): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8506987&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon therapy for atopic dermatitis reduces basophil histamine release, but does not reduce serum IgE or eosinophilic proteins. Author(s): Nielsen BW, Reimert CM, Hammer R, Schiotz PO, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Allergy. 1994 February; 49(2): 120-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7513506&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon-alpha treatment decreases the number of blood eosinophils in patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Paukkonen K, Fraki J, Horsmanheimo M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1993 April; 73(2): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103263&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon-alpha treatment for severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kimata H, Akiyama Y, Kubota M, Furusho K. Source: Allergy. 1995 October; 50(10): 837-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8607568&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon-gamma in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: influence on T-cell activation. Author(s): Musial J, Milewski M, Undas A, Kopinski P, Duplaga M, Szczeklik A. Source: Allergy. 1995 June; 50(6): 520-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7573848&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon-gamma pretreatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells partially restores defective cytokine production in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Papadopoulos NG, Bossios A, Syrigou EI, Gourgiotis D, SaxoniPapageorgiou P. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1998 August; 9(3): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9814725&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon-gamma promotes exaggerated cytokine production in keratinocytes cultured from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Pastore S, Corinti S, La Placa M, Didona B, Girolomoni G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 April; 101(4 Pt 1): 538-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564808&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon-gamma therapy reduces blood leukocyte levels in patients with atopic dermatitis: correlation with clinical improvement. Author(s): Ellis CN, Stevens SR, Blok BK, Taylor RS, Cooper KD. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 1999 July; 92(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10413652&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin 4 receptor alpha chain polymorphism Gln551Arg is associated with adult atopic dermatitis in Japan. Author(s): Oiso N, Fukai K, Ishii M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 142(5): 1003-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809862&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-10 is a predominant cytokine in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kallmann BA, Kolb H, Huther M, Martin S, Hellermann M, Lampeter EF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 September; 132(9): 1133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8795564&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-12 p40 gene (IL12B) 3'-untranslated region polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. Author(s): Tsunemi Y, Saeki H, Nakamura K, Sekiya T, Hirai K, Fujita H, Asano N, Kishimoto M, Tanida Y, Kakinuma T, Mitsui H, Tada Y, Wakugawa M, Torii H, Komine M, Asahina A, Tamaki K. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2002 November; 30(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413772&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-13 gene polymorphism G4257A is associated with atopic dermatitis in Japanese patients. Author(s): Tsunemi Y, Saeki H, Nakamura K, Sekiya T, Hirai K, Kakinuma T, Fujita H, Asano N, Tanida Y, Wakugawa M, Torii H, Tamaki K. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2002 November; 30(2): 100-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413765&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-18 is elevated in the sera from patients with atopic dermatitis and from atopic dermatitis model mice, NC/Nga. Author(s): Tanaka T, Tsutsui H, Yoshimoto T, Kotani M, Matsumoto M, Fujita A, Wang W, Higa S, Koshimoto T, Nakanishi K, Suemura M. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 July; 125(3): 236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11490156&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-4 production in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell lines from peripheral mononuclear cells of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ohnishi E, Iwata T, Inouye S, Kurata T, Sairenji T. Source: Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 1997 October; 17(10): 597602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9355960&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-5 messenger RNA and immunoreactive protein expression by activated eosinophils in lesional atopic dermatitis skin. Author(s): Tanaka Y, Delaporte E, Dubucquoi S, Gounni AS, Porchet E, Capron A, Capron M. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994 October; 103(4): 589-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7523534&dopt=Abstract

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Intermittent dosing of fluticasone propionate cream for reducing the risk of relapse in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Hanifin J, Gupta AK, Rajagopalan R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 147(3): 528-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207596&dopt=Abstract

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Interrelationship between biliary dyskinesia and chronic urticaria, chronic eczema and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nishimura T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1986 August; 13(4): 250-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3540052&dopt=Abstract

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Intracellular 3',5'-adenosine cyclic monophosphate level regulates house dust miteinduced interleukin-13 production by T cells from mite-sensitive patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kanda N, Watanabe S. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 January; 116(1): 3-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168792&dopt=Abstract

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Intracellular cytokine expression in whole blood preparations from normals and patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ferry B, Antrobus P, Huzicka I, Farrell A, Lane A, Chapel H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1997 December; 110(3): 410-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9409644&dopt=Abstract

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Intracellular interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production in normal children and children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Campbell DE, Fryga AS, Bol S, Kemp AS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1999 March; 115(3): 377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10193405&dopt=Abstract

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Intracellular interleukin-4 profiles during high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of therapy-resistant atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jolles S, Hughes J, Rustin M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 January; 40(1): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9922029&dopt=Abstract

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Intradermal administration of a killed Mycobacterium vaccae suspension (SRL 172) is associated with improvement in atopic dermatitis in children with moderate-tosevere disease. Author(s): Arkwright PD, David TJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 March; 107(3): 531-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240956&dopt=Abstract

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Intraocular lens subluxation in a patient with facial atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yamazaki S, Nakamura K, Kurosaka D. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 February; 27(2): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226805&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative observation of the vitreous base in patients with atopic dermatitis and retinal detachment. Author(s): Matsuo T, Shiraga F, Matsuo N. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 1995; 15(4): 286-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8545572&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous immune globulin (i.v.IG) therapy in steroid-resistant atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Noh G, Lee KY. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1999 February; 14(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102526&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous immune globulin effects on serum-soluble CD5 levels in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Noh G, Lozano F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 31(12): 1932-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737046&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lamb SR, Rademaker M. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2001 January; 2(1): 67-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11336569&dopt=Abstract

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Inverse correlation of domestic exposure to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen patch test reactivity in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Gutgesell C, Seubert A, Junghans V, Neumann C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 July; 29(7): 920-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10383592&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation of antinuclear antibodies in canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ginel PJ, Lucena R. Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine. 2001 May; 48(4): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413978&dopt=Abstract

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Investigations on plasma levels of mast cell mediators in acute atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Amon U, Menz U, Wolff HH. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1994 February; 7(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8193085&dopt=Abstract

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IP-10 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yamashita T, Akamatsu H, Tomitaka A, Ogawa Y, Sugawara N, Matsunaga K. Source: Allergy. 2003 March; 58(3): 261. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653804&dopt=Abstract

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Irritant susceptibility and weal and flare reactions to bioactive agents in atopic dermatitis. I. Influence of disease severity. Author(s): Tupker RA, Coenraads PJ, Fidler V, De Jong MC, Van der Meer JB, De Monchy JG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 September; 133(3): 358-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8546988&dopt=Abstract

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Irritant susceptibility and weal and flare reactions to bioactive agents in atopic dermatitis. II. Influence of season. Author(s): Tupker RA, Coenraads PJ, Fidler V, De Jong MC, Van der Meer JB, De Monchy JG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 September; 133(3): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8546989&dopt=Abstract

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Is atopic dermatitis a predisposing factor for experimental acute irritant contact dermatitis? Author(s): Gallacher G, Maibach HI. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 January; 38(1): 1-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9504238&dopt=Abstract

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Is atopic dermatitis a risk factor for intervertebral disc degeneration? A preliminary clinical and MRI study. Author(s): Ito S, Hattori T, Fukutake T, Sugimoto K. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 January 15; 206(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480083&dopt=Abstract

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Is atopic dermatitis predictable? Author(s): Beyer K, Wahn U. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1999; 10(12 Suppl): 7-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392487&dopt=Abstract

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Is tacrolimus the best therapy for atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Mcauliffe EP. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 May 1; 67(9): 1874. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751651&dopt=Abstract

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Is the face and neck pattern of atopic dermatitis in Japan a special variant? Author(s): Tada J, Yamasaki H, Toi Y, Akiyama H, Arata J. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1999 March; 10(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10072348&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of a major antigenic component of Malassezia globosa to IgE antibodies in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Koyama T, Kanbe T, Ishiguro A, Kikuchi A, Tomita Y. Source: Microbiol Immunol. 2000; 44(5): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888355&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of cDNA clones coding for IgE autoantigens with serum IgE from atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Natter S, Seiberler S, Hufnagl P, Binder BR, Hirschl AM, Ring J, Abeck D, Schmidt T, Valent P, Valenta R. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1998 November; 12(14): 1559-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9806765&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of three species of mites from house dust of atopic dermatitis patients in Qualyobia Governorate, Egypt. Author(s): Morsy TA, Zohdi HW, Abdalla KF, el Fakahani AF, Ibrahim AA, Khalil HT. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1994 August; 24(2): 323-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8077751&dopt=Abstract

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Itch and atopic dermatitis: an overview. Author(s): Wahlgren CF. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 November; 26(11): 770-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10635621&dopt=Abstract

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Itch and inflammation induced by intradermally injected interleukin-2 in atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects. Author(s): Wahlgren CF, Tengvall Linder M, Hagermark O, Scheynius A. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1995; 287(6): 572-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7487145&dopt=Abstract

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Itch characteristics in Chinese patients with atopic dermatitis using a new questionnaire for the assessment of pruritus. Author(s): Yosipovitch G, Goon AT, Wee J, Chan YH, Zucker I, Goh CL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 41(4): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031029&dopt=Abstract

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Itch in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Reitamo S, Ansel JC, Luger TA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423876&dopt=Abstract

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Kaposi's sarcoma during immunosuppressive therapy for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Vandercam B, Lachapelle JM, Janssens P, Tennstedt D, Lambert M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194(2): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9094472&dopt=Abstract

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Keratinocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis show a distinct chemokine production profile in response to T cell-derived cytokines. Author(s): Giustizieri ML, Mascia F, Frezzolini A, De Pita O, Chinni LM, Giannetti A, Girolomoni G, Pastore S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 May; 107(5): 871-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344355&dopt=Abstract

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Ketoconazole in atopic dermatitis: therapeutic response is correlated with decrease in serum IgE. Author(s): Back O, Scheynius A, Johansson SG. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1995; 287(5): 448-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7625855&dopt=Abstract

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Ketoconazole suppresses interleukin-4 plus anti-CD40-induced IgE class switching in surface IgE negative B cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kanda N, Watanabe S. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 September; 119(3): 590-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230500&dopt=Abstract

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Knemometry in children with atopic dermatitis treated with topical glucocorticoids. Author(s): Heuck C, Ternowitz T, Herlin T, Wolthers OD. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 January-February; 15(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9496795&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effect of cyclosporine in lichen amyloidosis associated with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Akar A, Tastan HB, Demiriz M, Erbil H. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2002 November-December; 12(6): 612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459544&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effect of the abnormal fatty acid metabolism in NC/Nga mice on their atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kawamoto S, Kita M, Hamada M, Aki T, Shigeta S, Suzuki O, Ono K. Source: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 February; 65(2): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11302182&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of primary association between transporter associated with antigen processing genes and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kuwata S, Yanagisawa M, Saeki H, Nakagawa H, Etoh T, Tokunaga K, Juji T, Shibata Y. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 December; 96(6 Pt 2): 1051-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8543762&dopt=Abstract

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Late onset reactions to oral food challenge are linked to low serum interleukin-10 concentrations in patients with atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Author(s): Sutas Y, Kekki OM, Isolauri E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 August; 30(8): 1121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10931119&dopt=Abstract

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Late-onset atopic dermatitis in complex glycerol kinase deficiency with chromosome Xp21 region deletion: is there a pathogenic relationship? Author(s): Sueyoshi F, Abe Y, Katayama I, Baba T, Yoshimoto M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(1): 98-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10026415&dopt=Abstract

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Latex type I sensitization and allergy in children with atopic dermatitis. Evaluation of cross-reactivity to some foods. Author(s): Tucke J, Posch A, Baur X, Rieger C, Raulf-Heimsoth M. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1999 August; 10(3): 160-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565556&dopt=Abstract

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Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in peripheral leukocytes of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Okano-Mitani H, Ikai K, Imamura S. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1996 April; 288(4): 168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8967787&dopt=Abstract

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Leukotriene B4 and C4 generation by blood leukocytes after ex vivo stimulation by Ca-ionophore and opsonized zymosan in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Shimizu T, Kristjansson S, Wennergren G, Strannegard IL, Strandvik B. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1994 May; 5(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8087194&dopt=Abstract

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Leukotriene receptor antagonists--a novel therapeutic approach in atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Kagi MK. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(4): 280-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752812&dopt=Abstract

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Levels of circulating CD8(+) T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and eosinophils increase upon acute psychosocial stress in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Schmid-Ott G, Jaeger B, Adamek C, Koch H, Lamprecht F, Kapp A, Werfel T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 January; 107(1): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150008&dopt=Abstract

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Levels of soluble ICAM-1 are slightly elevated in the serum of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wuthrich B, Joller-Jemelka HJ, Kagi M. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1996 July; 110(3): 298. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8688678&dopt=Abstract

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Levels of soluble ICAM-1 in atopic dermatitis. A new marker for monitoring the clinical activity? Author(s): Wuthrich B, Joller-Jemelka H, Kagi MK. Source: Allergy. 1995 January; 50(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7741194&dopt=Abstract

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Lichen amyloidosis associated with atopic dermatitis: clinical resolution with cyclosporine. Author(s): Behr FD, Levine N, Bangert J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 May; 137(5): 553-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346332&dopt=Abstract

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Linear atopic dermatitis ('naevus atopicus'): a pathogenetic clue? Author(s): Taieb A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 July; 131(1): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8043408&dopt=Abstract

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Linear growth in prepubertal children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Patel L, Clayton PE, Addison GM, Price DA, David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998 August; 79(2): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797602&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage and association of an interleukin 4 gene polymorphism with atopic dermatitis in Japanese families. Author(s): Kawashima T, Noguchi E, Arinami T, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Nakagawa H, Otsuka F, Hamaguchi H. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 June; 35(6): 502-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643293&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage and association to candidate regions in Swedish atopic dermatitis families. Author(s): Soderhall C, Bradley M, Kockum I, Wahlgren CF, Luthman H, Nordenskjold M. Source: Human Genetics. 2001 August; 109(2): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511916&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage between atopy and the IgE high-affinity receptor gene at 11q13 in atopic dermatitis families. Author(s): Folster-Holst R, Moises HW, Yang L, Fritsch W, Weissenbach J, Christophers E. Source: Human Genetics. 1998 February; 102(2): 236-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9521597&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid abnormalities in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Imokawa G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S2932. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423869&dopt=Abstract

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Local steroid therapy and bacterial skin flora in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Stalder JF, Fleury M, Sourisse M, Rostin M, Pheline F, Litoux P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 October; 131(4): 536-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7947206&dopt=Abstract

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Localization of interleukin-13 gene-expressing cells in tuberculin reactions and lesional skin from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): van der Ploeg I, Matuseviciene G, Fransson J, Wahlgren CF, Olsson T, Scheynius A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1999 April; 49(4): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10219773&dopt=Abstract

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Localization of sphingomyelinase in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Kusuda S, Cui CY, Takahashi M, Tezuka T. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 November; 111(5): 733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9804330&dopt=Abstract

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London-born black Caribbean children are at increased risk of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Williams HC, Pembroke AC, Forsdyke H, Boodoo G, Hay RJ, Burney PG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 February; 32(2 Pt 1): 212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7829705&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal case analysis in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Helmbold P, Gaisbauer G, Kupfer J, Haustein UF. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 September-October; 80(5): 348-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200832&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term application of extracorporeal photochemotherapy in severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Prinz B, Michelsen S, Pfeiffer C, Plewig G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 April; 40(4): 577-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10188677&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effectiveness and safety of recombinant human interferon gamma therapy for atopic dermatitis despite unchanged serum IgE levels. Author(s): Stevens SR, Hanifin JM, Hamilton T, Tofte SJ, Cooper KD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 July; 134(7): 799-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681342&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term efficacy and safety of cyclosporin in severe adult atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA, Marks R, Camp RD, English JS, Freeman K, Holden CA, Rogers SC, Oliwiecki S, Friedmann PS, Lewis-Jones MS, Archer CB, Adriaans B, Douglas WS, Allen BR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 January; 136(1): 76-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9039299&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term efficacy of medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Abeck D, Schmidt T, Fesq H, Strom K, Mempel M, Brockow K, Ring J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 February; 42(2 Pt 1): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10642681&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for recalcitrant facial erythema resistant to topical corticosteroids in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sugiura H, Uehara M, Hoshino N, Yamaji A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 August; 136(8): 1062-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10926750&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term evaluation of the impact of the h1-receptor antagonist cetirizine on the behavioral, cognitive, and psychomotor development of very young children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Stevenson J, Cornah D, Evrard P, Vanderheyden V, Billard C, Bax M, Van Hout A; ETAC Study Group. Source: Pediatric Research. 2002 August; 52(2): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149503&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term management of atopic dermatitis in infants with topical pimecrolimus, a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug. Author(s): Kapp A, Papp K, Bingham A, Folster-Holst R, Ortonne JP, Potter PC, Gulliver W, Paul C, Molloy S, Barbier N, Thurston M, de Prost Y; Flare Reduction in Eczema with Elidel (infants) multicenter investigator study group. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 August; 110(2): 277-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170269&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Kang S, Lucky AW, Pariser D, Lawrence I, Hanifin JM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1 Suppl): S58-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145796&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term therapy with recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Schneider LC, Baz Z, Zarcone C, Zurakowski D. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 March; 80(3): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9532976&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term treatment with cetirizine of infants with atopic dermatitis: a multi-country, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (the ETAC trial) over 18 months. Author(s): Diepgen TL; Early Treatment of the Atopic Child Study Group. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 August; 13(4): 278-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390444&dopt=Abstract

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Low birth weight and preterm delivery as risk factors for asthma and atopic dermatitis in young adult males. Author(s): Steffensen FH, Sorensen HT, Gillman MW, Rothman KJ, Sabroe S, Fischer P, Olsen J. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2000 March; 11(2): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11021618&dopt=Abstract

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Low systemic exposure after repeated topical application of Pimecrolimus (Elidel), SD Z ASM 981) in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Van Leent EJ, Ebelin ME, Burtin P, Dorobek B, Spuls PI, Bos JD. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834853&dopt=Abstract

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Low-dose cyclosporin A microemulsion in children with severe atopic dermatitis: clinical and immunological effects. Author(s): Bunikowski R, Staab D, Kussebi F, Brautigam M, Weidinger G, Renz H, Wahn U. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 August; 12(4): 216-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11555319&dopt=Abstract

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Low-energy diet in atopic dermatitis patients: clinical findings and DNA damage. Author(s): Kouda K, Tanaka T, Kouda M, Takeuchi H, Takeuchi A, Nakamura H, Takigawa M. Source: Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science. 2000 September; 19(5): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11155351&dopt=Abstract

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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is an essential immunoregulatory cytokine in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Shimizu T, Abe R, Ohkawara A, Mizue Y, Nishihira J. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1997 November 7; 240(1): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9367905&dopt=Abstract

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Management of severe atopic dermatitis with thymostimulin. Author(s): Wisuthsarewong W, Viravan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 August; 85 Suppl 2: S749-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403256&dopt=Abstract

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Managing a common disorder in children: Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Cheigh NH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2003 March-April; 17(2): 84-8; Quiz 89-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12665731&dopt=Abstract

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Managing adults with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Graham-Brown R. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 July; 14(3): 531-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8818563&dopt=Abstract

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Managing atopic dermatitis in children and adults. Author(s): Nicol NH. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 2000 April; 25(4): 58-9, 63-4, 69-70 Passim; Quiz 80-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10790798&dopt=Abstract

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Managing atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Beltrani VS. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1999 June; 11(3): 1716, 179-85; Quiz 186-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670333&dopt=Abstract

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Managing pediatric atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Raimer SS. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2000 January; 39(1): 1-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10660813&dopt=Abstract

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Mannan-binding lectin deficiency associated with recurrent cutaneous abscesses, prurigo and possibly atopic dermatitis. A family study. Author(s): Brandrup F, Homburg KM, Wang P, Garred P, Madsen HO. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 January; 140(1): 180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215800&dopt=Abstract

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Mast cell mediators other than histamine induce pruritus in atopic dermatitis patients: a dermal microdialysis study. Author(s): Rukwied R, Lischetzki G, McGlone F, Heyer G, Schmelz M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 June; 142(6): 1114-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10848733&dopt=Abstract

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Mast cell mediators other than histamine induced pruritus in atopic dermatitis patients - a dermal microdialysis study. Author(s): Greaves M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 June; 142(6): 1079-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10848727&dopt=Abstract

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Mast cell quantification in the skin of children with atopic dermatitis: its value in diagnosis and in assessing the effectiveness of therapy. Author(s): Guerra Junior G, de Luca IM, Leonardo MB, Vilela MM. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1995 July-August; 23(4): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8553990&dopt=Abstract

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Mast cells and atopic dermatitis. Stereological quantification of mast cells in atopic dermatitis and normal human skin. Author(s): Damsgaard TE, Olesen AB, Sorensen FB, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Schiotz PO. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 April; 289(5): 256-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9164634&dopt=Abstract

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Mast cells are one major source of interleukin-4 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Horsmanheimo L, Harvima IT, Jarvikallio A, Harvima RJ, Naukkarinen A, Horsmanheimo M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 September; 131(3): 348-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7918008&dopt=Abstract

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Mast cells of psoriatic and atopic dermatitis skin are positive for TNF-alpha and their degranulation is associated with expression of ICAM-1 in the epidermis. Author(s): Ackermann L, Harvima IT. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1998 July; 290(7): 353-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9749989&dopt=Abstract

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Measles vaccination in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Cherian T, John TJ. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1997 June; 34(6): 555. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9357215&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of disease activity and outcome in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Finlay AY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 October; 135(4): 509-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8915137&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of electrical current perception threshold of sensory nerves for pruritus in atopic dermatitis patients and normal individuals with various degrees of mild damage to the stratum corneum. Author(s): Kobayashi H, Kikuchi K, Tsubono Y, Tagami H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 206(3): 204-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673076&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of quality of life in atopic dermatitis: correlation and validation of two different methods. Author(s): Herd RM, Tidman MJ, Ruta DA, Hunter JA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 April; 136(4): 502-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155948&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring atopic dermatitis severity in randomized controlled clinical trials: what exactly are we measuring? Author(s): Charman C, Chambers C, Williams H. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003 June; 120(6): 932-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787117&dopt=Abstract

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Medium-dose UVA1 cold-light phototherapy in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): von Kobyletzki G, Pieck C, Hoffmann K, Freitag M, Altmeyer P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 December; 41(6): 931-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570376&dopt=Abstract

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Menarche precipitating the onset of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Johr RH, Schachner LA, Huneiti A. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 March-April; 16(2): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337686&dopt=Abstract

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Menarche precipitating the onset of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Malakar S, Dhar S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 January-February; 15(1): 74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9496819&dopt=Abstract

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections after scleral buckling procedures for retinal detachments associated with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Oshima Y, Ohji M, Inoue Y, Harada J, Motokura M, Saito Y, Emi K, Tano Y. Source: Ophthalmology. 1999 January; 106(1): 142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9917795&dopt=Abstract

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Methylprednisolone bolus: a novel therapy for severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Galli E, Chini L, Moschese V, Paone F, Menichelli A, Fraioli G, Rossi P. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1994 March; 83(3): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8038536&dopt=Abstract

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Mice lacking the transcription factor RelB develop T cell-dependent skin lesions similar to human atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Barton D, HogenEsch H, Weih F. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2000 August; 30(8): 2323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10940923&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiology of infected atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Brook I, Frazier EH, Yeager JK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 November; 35(11): 791-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8915731&dopt=Abstract

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Milk allergy/intolerance and atopic dermatitis in infancy and childhood. Author(s): Novembre E, Vierucci A. Source: Allergy. 2001; 56 Suppl 67: 105-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298023&dopt=Abstract

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Milk-responsive atopic dermatitis is associated with a casein-specific lymphocyte response in adolescent and adult patients. Author(s): Werfel T, Ahlers G, Schmidt P, Boeker M, Kapp A, Neumann C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 January; 99(1 Pt 1): 12433. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9003220&dopt=Abstract

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Minor cutaneous features of atopic dermatitis in South Korea. Author(s): Lee HJ, Cho SH, Ha SJ, Ahn WK, Park YM, Byun DG, Kim JW. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 39(5): 337-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849122&dopt=Abstract

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Mite allergen (Der p 1) levels in houses of children with atopic dermatitis: the relationship with allergometric tests. Author(s): Ricci G, Patrizi A, Specchia F, Menna L, Bottau P, D'Angelo V, Masi M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 April; 140(4): 651-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233315&dopt=Abstract

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Mite-antigen-stimulated cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of atopic dermatitis patients with positive mite patch tests. Author(s): Kubota Y, Koga T, Imayama S, Hori Y. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1994 October; 31(4): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7842675&dopt=Abstract

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Mitosis of mast cells in skin lesions of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1993 August; 73(4): 296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7904105&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of CD3-dependent lymphocyte proliferation by extracellular matrix proteins in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Glinski W, Stepien-Sopniewska B, Korczak-Kowalska G, Glinska-Ferenz M, Gorski A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 September; 75(5): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8615050&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of cutaneous SP receptors in atopic dermatitis after UVA irradiation. Author(s): Staniek V, Liebich C, Vocks E, Odia SG, Doutremepuich JD, Ring J, Claudy A, Schmitt D, Misery L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 March; 78(2): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534883&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of serum eosinophil cationic protein levels by cyclosporin in severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Caproni M, D'Agata A, Cappelli G, Fabbri P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 August; 135(2): 336-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881695&dopt=Abstract

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Modulatory effects of staphylococcal superantigen TSST-1 on IgE synthesis in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lester MR, Hofer MF, Renz H, Trumble AE, Gelfand EW, Leung DY. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1995 December; 77(3): 332-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7586744&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular analysis of Malassezia microflora on the skin of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects. Author(s): Sugita T, Suto H, Unno T, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H, Shinoda T, Nishikawa A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 October; 39(10): 3486-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11574560&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular characterization of an autoallergen, Hom s 1, identified by serum IgE from atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Valenta R, Natter S, Seiberler S, Wichlas S, Maurer D, Hess M, Pavelka M, Grote M, Ferreira F, Szepfalusi Z, Valent P, Stingl G. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 December; 111(6): 1178-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856836&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring of disease activity by measurement of inflammatory markers in atopic dermatitis in childhood. Author(s): Halmerbauer G, Frischer T, Koller DY. Source: Allergy. 1997 July; 52(7): 765-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9265994&dopt=Abstract

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Monocyte phosphodiesterase abnormalities and dysregulation of lymphocyte function in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hanifin JM, Chan SC. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1995 July; 105(1 Suppl): 84S-88S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7616004&dopt=Abstract

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Mononuclear cells in atopic dermatitis in vivo: immunomodulation of the cutaneous infiltrate by medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy. Author(s): Breuckmann F, von Kobyletzki G, Avermaete A, Pieck C, Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 2002 July 24; 7(7): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12176681&dopt=Abstract

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Montelukast in the treatment of children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a pilot study. Author(s): Pei AY, Chan HH, Leung TF. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 June; 12(3): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473680&dopt=Abstract

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Month of birth and prevalence of atopic dermatitis in schoolchildren: dry skin in early infancy as a possible etiologic factor. Author(s): Kusunoki T, Asai K, Harazaki M, Korematsu S, Hosoi S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 June; 103(6): 1148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10359898&dopt=Abstract

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Morphological assessment of the effects of cyclosporin A on mast cell--nerve relationship in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Toyoda M, Morohashi M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 September; 78(5): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9779245&dopt=Abstract

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Multicenter retrospective study of retinal detachment associated with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hida T, Tano Y, Okinami S, Ogino N, Inoue M. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 July-August; 44(4): 407-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10974298&dopt=Abstract

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Multicenter trial for long-term safety and efficacy comparison of 0.05% desonide and 1% hydrocortisone ointments in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients. Author(s): Jorizzo J, Levy M, Lucky A, Shavin J, Goldberg G, Dunlap F, Hinds A, Strelka L, Baker M, Tuley M, et al. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 July; 33(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7601950&dopt=Abstract

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Multifocal relapsing-remitting myelitis in a patient with atopic dermatitis: multiple sclerosis or atopic myelitis? Author(s): Itoh K, Umehara F, Osame M. Source: Intern Med. 2002 June; 41(6): 495-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135187&dopt=Abstract

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Mutation and association analysis of the interferon regulatory factor 2 gene (IRF2) with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nishio Y, Noguchi E, Ito S, Ichikawa E, Umebayashi Y, Otsuka F, Arinami T. Source: Journal of Human Genetics. 2001; 46(11): 664-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721886&dopt=Abstract

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Mycophenolate mofetil is effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Grundmann-Kollmann M, Podda M, Ochsendorf F, Boehncke WH, Kaufmann R, Zollner TM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 July; 137(7): 870-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453805&dopt=Abstract

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Narrow-band UVB phototherapy for severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hudson-Peacock MJ, Diffey BL, Farr PM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 August; 135(2): 332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881690&dopt=Abstract

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Narrow-band UVB treatment in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hjerppe M, Hasan T, Saksala I, Reunala T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 November-December; 81(6): 439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859955&dopt=Abstract

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Narrowband UV-B vs medium-dose UV-A1 phototherapy in chronic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Legat FJ, Hofer A, Brabek E, Quehenberger F, Kerl H, Wolf P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 February; 139(2): 223-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588233&dopt=Abstract

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Nasal vaccination induces the ability to eliminate Candida colonization without influencing the pre-existing antigen-specific IgE Abs: a possibility for the control of Candida-related atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Suenobu N, Kweon MN, Kiyono H. Source: Vaccine. 2002 July 26; 20(23-24): 2972-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126910&dopt=Abstract

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Natural course of sensitization to cow's milk and hen's egg in childhood atopic dermatitis: ETAC study group. Author(s): Wolkerstorfer A, Wahn U, Kjellman NI, Diepgen TL, De Longueville M, Oranje AP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 January; 32(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002740&dopt=Abstract

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Natural history of “intrinsic” atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Novembre E, Cianferoni A, Lombardi E, Bernardini R, Pucci N, Vierucci A. Source: Allergy. 2001 May; 56(5): 452-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350313&dopt=Abstract

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Natural killer and dendritic cell contact in lesional atopic dermatitis skin-Malassezia-influenced cell interaction. Author(s): Buentke E, Heffler LC, Wilson JL, Wallin RP, Lofman C, Chambers BJ, Ljunggren HG, Scheynius A. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 October; 119(4): 850-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406330&dopt=Abstract

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NC/Nga mice: a mouse model for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Suto H, Matsuda H, Mitsuishi K, Hira K, Uchida T, Unno T, Ogawa H, Ra C. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999; 120 Suppl 1: 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529609&dopt=Abstract

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Negative patch test reactions to sweat in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Adachi J, Endo K, Fukuzumi T, Kojima M, Aoki T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 September; 76(5): 410-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891027&dopt=Abstract

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Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Hino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 147(1): 71-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100187&dopt=Abstract

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Neurobiology of sleep disturbances in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Friedman EH. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1996 March; 150(3): 329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8603234&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropeptide modulation of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes in atopic dermatitis and non-atopic controls. Author(s): Gordon DJ, Ostlere LS, Holden CA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 December; 137(6): 921-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9470908&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropeptides in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Giannetti A. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 28: 51-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374050&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropeptides in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ostlere LS, Cowen T, Rustin MH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 November; 20(6): 462-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8857337&dopt=Abstract

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Neurotrophin-4 production by human epidermal keratinocytes: increased expression in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Grewe M, Vogelsang K, Ruzicka T, Stege H, Krutmann J. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 June; 114(6): 1108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10844552&dopt=Abstract

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New concepts in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Source: Compr Ther. 1996 March; 22(3): 144-51. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8706383&dopt=Abstract

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New insights into the role of T cells in atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Trautmann A, Akdis M, Brocker EB, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Source: Trends in Immunology. 2001 October; 22(10): 530-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11574260&dopt=Abstract

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New perspectives on inflammation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kemp AS, Campbell DE. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1996 February; 32(1): 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8652212&dopt=Abstract

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New successful treatment with disinfectant for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sugimoto K, Kuroki H, Kanazawa M, Kurosaki T, Abe H, Takahashi Y, Ishiwada N, Nezu Y, Hoshioka A, Toba T. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195 Suppl 2: 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9403258&dopt=Abstract

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New treatments for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Williams H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 June 29; 324(7353): 1533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089073&dopt=Abstract

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New treatments for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jung T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 March; 32(3): 347-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11940062&dopt=Abstract

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New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, Suto H, Unno T, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H, Nishikawa A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 40(4): 1363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923357&dopt=Abstract

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Nickel allergy and its relationship with local nickel pollution, ear piercing, and atopic dermatitis: a population-based study from Norway. Author(s): Smith-Sivertsen T, Dotterud LK, Lund E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(5 Pt 1): 726-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321601&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence for an association between a variant of the mast cell chymase gene and atopic dermatitis based on case-control and haplotype-relative-risk analyses. Author(s): Kawashima T, Noguchi E, Arinami T, Kobayashi K, Otsuka F, Hamaguchi H. Source: Human Heredity. 1998 September-October; 48(5): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9748697&dopt=Abstract

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No modulation of circulating natural killer cell and natural killer receptor bearing memory T cell subsets in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bouloc A, Charue D, Nikolova M, Bensussan A. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 December; 115(6): 1160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121159&dopt=Abstract

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No relationship between skin-infiltrating TH2-like cells and allergen-specific IgE response in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Virtanen T, Maggi E, Manetti R, Piccinni MP, Sampognaro S, Parronchi P, De Carli M, Zuccati G, Romognani S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 September; 96(3): 411-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7560644&dopt=Abstract

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Nonclinical and early clinical development of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bekersky I, Fitzsimmons W, Tanase A, Maher RM, Hodosh E, Lawrence I. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1 Suppl): S17-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145792&dopt=Abstract

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Noninvasive characterization of human stratum corneum of undiseased skin of patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis as studied by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. Author(s): Wohlrab J, Vollmann A, Wartewig S, Marsch WC, Neubert R. Source: Biopolymers. 2001; 62(3): 141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11343282&dopt=Abstract

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Noninvasive measuring methods for the investigation of irritant patch test reactions. A study of patients with hand eczema, atopic dermatitis and controls. Author(s): Agner T. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1992; 173: 1-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1636360&dopt=Abstract

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Non-lethal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: atopic dermatitis-like lesions persist after splenectomy. Author(s): Feliciani C, Castellaneta M, Amatetti M, Morelli F, Toto P, Coscione G, Pour Mohammad S, Amerio P. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 39(5): 398-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849137&dopt=Abstract

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Nonspecific T-cell homing during inflammation in atopic dermatitis: expression of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen and integrin alphaE beta7 on skininfiltrating T cells. Author(s): de Vries IJ, Langeveld-Wildschut EG, van Reijsen FC, Bihari IC, BruijnzeelKoomen CA, Thepen T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 November; 100(5): 694701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9389301&dopt=Abstract

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Normal recovery of the stratum corneum barrier function following damage induced by tape stripping in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tanaka M, Zhen YX, Tagami H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 June; 136(6): 966-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9217838&dopt=Abstract

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Normolipemic papular xanthomatosis in erythrodermic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Goerdt S, Kretzschmar L, Bonsmann G, Luger T, Kolde G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 February; 32(2 Pt 2): 326-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7829734&dopt=Abstract

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Nucleotide sequence comparison of the IgE constant region in patients with atopic dermatitis and non-atopic individuals. Author(s): Rutz S, Siegel P, Muche M, Sterry W, Jahn S. Source: Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 1997; 14(2): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9395893&dopt=Abstract

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Numerous hypopigmented patches associated with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ichimiya M, Ohmura A, Muto M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 25(11): 759-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9863292&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional content of few foods diet in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Mabin DC, Sykes AE, David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1995 September; 73(3): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7492156&dopt=Abstract

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Objective assessment of the skin of children affected by atopic dermatitis: a study of pH, capacitance and TEWL in eczematous and clinically uninvolved skin. Author(s): Seidenari S, Giusti G. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 November; 75(6): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8651017&dopt=Abstract

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Objective scratch monitor evaluation of the effect of an antihistamine on nocturnal scratching in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Endo K, Sano H, Fukuzumi T, Adachi J, Aoki T. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1999 December; 22(1): 54-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651230&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational UVC-induced exacerbation of atopic dermatitis in a welder. Author(s): Elsner P, Hassam S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 September; 35(3): 180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8930485&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence and clinical features of sensitization to Pityrosporum orbiculare and other allergens in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lindgren L, Wahlgren CF, Johansson SG, Wiklund I, Nordvall SL. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 July; 75(4): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8578954&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of patchy parakeratosis in normal-appearing skin in patients with active atopic dermatitis and in patients with healed atopic dermatitis: a cause of impaired barrier function of the atopic skin. Author(s): Sakurai K, Sugiura H, Matsumoto M, Uehara M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2002 October; 30(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354418&dopt=Abstract

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Ocular infections in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Inoue Y. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2002 Winter; 42(1): 55-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189616&dopt=Abstract

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Ocular surface disease in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Dogru M, Nakagawa N, Tetsumoto K, Katakami C, Yamamoto M. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 January-February; 43(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10197744&dopt=Abstract

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Old, new, and emerging therapies for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sidbury R, Hanifin JM. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2000 January; 18(1): 1-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10626106&dopt=Abstract

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Olecranon and pretibial bursitis in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hu SL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 June; 32(6): 1061-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751458&dopt=Abstract

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Olecranon and pretibial bursitis in atopic dermatitis: coincidence or association? Author(s): Nassif A, Smith DL, Hanifin JM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 May; 30(5 Pt 1): 737-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8176013&dopt=Abstract

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On the definition and epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Williams HC. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1995 July; 13(3): 649-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7554512&dopt=Abstract

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Opposing effects of UVA1 phototherapy on the expression of bcl-2 and p53 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Breuckmann F, Pieck C, Kreuter A, Bacharach-Buhles M, Mannherz HG, Altmeyer P, von Kobyletzki G. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2001 April; 293(4): 178-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380150&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal management of atopic dermatitis in infancy. Author(s): Moneret-Vautrin DA. Source: Allerg Immunol (Paris). 2002 November; 34(9): 325-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512191&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Abeck D, Strom K. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2000 January-February; 1(1): 41-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702304&dopt=Abstract

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Oral cow milk challenge abolishes antigen-specific interferon-gamma production in the peripheral blood of children with atopic dermatitis and cow milk allergy. Author(s): Sutas Y, Hurme M, Isolauri E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 March; 27(3): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9088654&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge tests in 107 children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niggemann B, Sielaff B, Beyer K, Binder C, Wahn U. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 January; 29(1): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10051707&dopt=Abstract

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Out-patient treatment of atopic dermatitis with crude coal tar. Author(s): van der Valk PG, Snater E, Verbeek-Gijsbers W, Duller P, van de Kerkhof PC. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 193(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864617&dopt=Abstract

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Overactivation of IL-4-induced activator protein-1 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yamazaki F, Aragane Y, Maeda A, Matsushita K, Ueno K, Yudate T, Kawada A, Tezuka T. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2002 April; 28(3): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912010&dopt=Abstract

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Overexpression of CD11b on eosinophils in atopic dermatitis: downregulation by cyclosporin A and upregulation by interleukin 5. Author(s): Yamada H, Kurashimo S, Chihara J, Matsukura M, Yudate T, Tezuka T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999; 120 Suppl 1: 100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529615&dopt=Abstract

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Overexpression of IL-10 in atopic dermatitis. Contrasting cytokine patterns with delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Author(s): Ohmen JD, Hanifin JM, Nickoloff BJ, Rea TH, Wyzykowski R, Kim J, Jullien D, McHugh T, Nassif AS, Chan SC, et al. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1995 February 15; 154(4): 195663. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7836775&dopt=Abstract

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Oxatomide in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in breast-fed and very young infants. Author(s): Boccazzi A, Pugni L, Cesuti R, Rapuzzi S. Source: Minerva Pediatr. 2001 August; 53(4): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11573062&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative stress and altered antioxidant defenses in children with acute exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tsukahara H, Shibata R, Ohshima Y, Todoroki Y, Sato S, Ohta N, Hiraoka M, Yoshida A, Nishima S, Mayumi M. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 April 18; 72(22): 2509-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650859&dopt=Abstract

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Oxygen consumption during sleep in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jenney ME, Childs C, Mabin D, Beswick MV, David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1995 February; 72(2): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7702378&dopt=Abstract

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Paediatric atopic dermatitis in Perth general practice. Author(s): Thom GA, Halbert AR. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 44(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581078&dopt=Abstract

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Paradoxical normalization of blood pressure in a child with atopic dermatitis treated with cyclosporin. Author(s): Ahmed I, Milford DV, Moss C. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 147(1): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100214&dopt=Abstract

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Patch test reactions to the acetone-soluble fraction of human dander in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sasaki K, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8003789&dopt=Abstract

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Patch test response to house dust mites is positive in children with atopic dermatitis and in their parents. Author(s): Meglio P, Milita O, Businco L. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1996 May-June; 6(3): 190-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807510&dopt=Abstract

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Paternal and maternal atopic dermatitis have the same influence on development of the disease in children. Author(s): Uehara M, Sugiura H, Omoto M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 May; 79(3): 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10384928&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenesis and management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Friedmann PS, Tan BB, Musaba E, Strickland I. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 September; 25(9): 799-806. Review. Erratum In: Clin Exp Allergy 1996 April; 26(4): 479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8564717&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) and the role of allergic factors. Author(s): Cantani A. Source: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2001 May-June; 5(3): 95-117. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12004919&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 September; 104(3 Pt 2): S99-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482860&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenetic mechanisms of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Pastore S, Mascia F, Giustizieri ML, Giannetti A, Girolomoni G. Source: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2000; 48(6): 497-504. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197604&dopt=Abstract

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Pathophysiologic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001 December; 20(4): 217-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11770908&dopt=Abstract

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Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kang K, Stevens SR. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 116-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706329&dopt=Abstract

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Pathophysiology of pruritus in atopic dermatitis: an overview. Author(s): Stander S, Steinhoff M. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2002 February; 11(1): 12-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952824&dopt=Abstract

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Patient and physician perspectives vary on atopic dermatitis. Author(s): McAlister RO, Tofte SJ, Doyle JJ, Jackson A, Hanifin JM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2002 June; 69(6): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078849&dopt=Abstract

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Patient education in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hanifin JM, Tofte SJ. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1999 August; 11(4): 284-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670359&dopt=Abstract

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Patients with severe atopic dermatitis have activated circulating basophils. Author(s): James JM, Kagey-Sobotka A, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 June; 91(6): 1155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7685363&dopt=Abstract

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Penetrating keratoplasty in patients with atopic dermatitis with and without systemic cyclosporin A. Author(s): Reinhard T, Moller M, Sundmacher R. Source: Cornea. 1999 November; 18(6): 645-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10571292&dopt=Abstract

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Perceptions of physicians and pediatric patients about atopic dermatitis, its impact, and its treatment. Author(s): Paller AS, McAlister RO, Doyle JJ, Jackson A. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2002 June; 41(5): 323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086198&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous absorption of biotin in healthy subjects and in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Makino Y, Osada K, Sone H, Sugiyama K, Komai M, Ito M, Tsunoda K, Furukawa Y. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1999 June; 45(3): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524353&dopt=Abstract

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Perforin and granzyme B may contribute to skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Author(s): Yawalkar N, Schmid S, Braathen LR, Pichler WJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 144(6): 1133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422032&dopt=Abstract

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Perforin hyperreleasability and depletion in cytotoxic T cells from patients with exacerbated atopic dermatitis and asymptomatic rhinoconjunctivitis allergica. Author(s): Ambach A, Bonnekoh B, Gollnick H. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 May; 107(5): 878-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344356&dopt=Abstract

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Periauricular eczematization in childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kim KH, Hwang JH, Park KC. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1996 July-August; 13(4): 278-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8844743&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to major and minor Dermatophagoides allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nuttall TJ, Pemberton AD, Lamb JR, Hill PB. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2002 January 15; 84(3-4): 14350. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777530&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral blood T-cell receptor beta-chain V-repertoire in atopic dermatitis patients after in vitro exposure to Pityrosporum orbiculare extract. Author(s): Johansson C, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Grunewald J, Tengvall Linder M, Bengtsson A, Hallden G, Scheynius A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1999 March; 49(3): 293-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102647&dopt=Abstract

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Permanent remission of severe atopic dermatitis in a Chinese patient after cyclosporin A therapy. Author(s): Wong SS. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 March; 75(2): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7604659&dopt=Abstract

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Personality characteristics and serum IgE level in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Scheich G, Florin I, Rudolph R, Wilhelm S. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1993 September; 37(6): 637-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8410749&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacoeconomics of drug therapy for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lamb SR, Rademaker M. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 March; 3(3): 249-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866675&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of doxepin in subjects with pruritic atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Drake LA, Cohen L, Gillies R, Flood JG, Riordan AT, Phillips SB, Stiller MJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 August; 41(2 Pt 1): 20914. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426891&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacologic alternatives for severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Dicarlo JB, McCall CO. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 40(2): 82-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11328387&dopt=Abstract

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Phenotypic differences between human blood monocyte subpopulations in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Zheng M, Mrowietz U. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 June; 24(6): 370-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241965&dopt=Abstract

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Phenotyping of epidermal dendritic cells allows the differentiation between extrinsic and intrinsic forms of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Oppel T, Schuller E, Gunther S, Moderer M, Haberstok J, Bieber T, Wollenberg A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 December; 143(6): 1193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122020&dopt=Abstract

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Phototherapy for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Krutmann J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 October; 25(7): 552-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122227&dopt=Abstract

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Physiological sleep disturbance in children with atopic dermatitis: a case control study. Author(s): Stores G, Burrows A, Crawford C. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 July-August; 15(4): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9720687&dopt=Abstract

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Pigmentation on anterior chamber angle in eyes of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Maruyama I, Katsushima H, Suzuki J, Nakagawa T. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 November-December; 43(6): 535-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10672885&dopt=Abstract

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Pilocarpine-induced cholinergic sweat secretion compared with emotional sweat secretion in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kato F, Saga K, Morimoto Y, Kaneko R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 140(6): 1110-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354079&dopt=Abstract

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Pilot study of IFN-gamma-induced specific hyposensitization for house dust mites in atopic dermatitis: IFN-gamma-induced immune deviation as a new therapeutic concept for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Noh G, Lee KY. Source: Cytokine. 2000 May; 12(5): 472-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857761&dopt=Abstract

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Pimecrolimus 1% cream (Elidel) for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bernard LA, Bergman JN, Eichenfield LF. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2002 April; 7(4): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097994&dopt=Abstract

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Pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in adults: a six-month study. Author(s): Meurer M, Folster-Holst R, Wozel G, Weidinger G, Junger M, Brautigam M; CASM-DE-01 study group. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(3): 271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399676&dopt=Abstract

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Pityrosporum and Candida specific and non-specific humoral, cellular and cytokine responses in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Savolainen J, Lintu P, Kosonen J, Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Viander M, Pene J, Kalimo K, Terho EO, Bousquet J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 January; 31(1): 125-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167960&dopt=Abstract

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Pityrosporum orbiculare-reactive T-cell lines in atopic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals. Author(s): Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, Bengtsson A, Holm L, Harfast B, Scheynius A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1998 February; 47(2): 152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9496691&dopt=Abstract

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Pityrosporum ovale in healthy children, infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Broberg A. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1995; 191: 1-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7537004&dopt=Abstract

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Placebo-controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA. Source: Lancet. 1993 June 19; 341(8860): 1557-60. Erratum In: Lancet 1993 August 28; 342(8870): 564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8099640&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma IL-13 levels in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Terao H, Koga T, Urabe K, Moroi Y, Furue M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 30(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598715&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma thrombomodulin levels in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yoshijima S, Kojima T, Sasai M, Hattori K, Taniuchi S, Kobayashi Y. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 February; 90(2): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236039&dopt=Abstract

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Platelets, thrombospondin, and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rossi EC. Source: Allergy Proc. 1993 September-October; 14(5): 369-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8288121&dopt=Abstract

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Point-counterpoint: “Allergy in atopic dermatitis: more harm than good?”. Author(s): Weston WL. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999 April; 3(4): 199-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10366395&dopt=Abstract

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Point-counterpoint: “Allergy” in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Beltrani VS. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999 April; 3(4): 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10366394&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphisms of transporter associated with antigen processing genes in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kuwata S, Yanagisawa M, Saeki H, Nakagawa H, Etoh T, Tokunaga K, Juji T, Shibata Y. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 September; 94(3 Pt 2): 565-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7916022&dopt=Abstract

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Positive atopy patch test reaction to Malassezia furfur in atopic dermatitis correlates with a T helper 2-like peripheral blood mononuclear cells response. Author(s): Johansson C, Eshaghi H, Linder MT, Jakobson E, Scheynius A. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 June; 118(6): 1044-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12060401&dopt=Abstract

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Positive atopy patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, Scheynius A, Wahlgren C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 January; 30(1): 122-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606939&dopt=Abstract

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Positive skin and oral challenge responses to potato and occurrence of immunoglobulin E antibodies to patatin (Sol t 1) in infants with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Majamaa H, Seppala U, Palosuo T, Turjanmaa K, Kalkkinen N, Reunala T. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 October; 12(5): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737675&dopt=Abstract

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Possible influences of Staphylococcus aureus on atopic dermatitis-- the colonizing features and the effects of staphylococcal enterotoxins. Author(s): Morishita Y, Tada J, Sato A, Toi Y, Kanzaki H, Akiyama H, Arata J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 29(8): 1110-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10457116&dopt=Abstract

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Potential efficacy of low metal diets and dental metal elimination in the management of atopic dermatitis: an open clinical study. Author(s): Adachi A, Horikawa T, Takashima T, Komura T, Komura A, Tani M, Ichihashi M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 January; 24(1): 12-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9046735&dopt=Abstract

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Practical approaches to the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Charlesworth EN. Source: Allergy Proc. 1994 November-December; 15(6): 269-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7721074&dopt=Abstract

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Prediction of sensitization to inhalant allergens in childhood: evaluating family history, atopic dermatitis and sensitization to food allergens. The MAS Study Group. Multicentre Allergy Study. Author(s): Kulig M, Bergmann R, Niggemann B, Burow G, Wahn U. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 November; 28(11): 1397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9824413&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of atopic dermatitis in Leicester children. Author(s): Berth-Jones J, George S, Graham-Brown RA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 April; 136(4): 498-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155947&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of positive food challenge outcome in non-IgE-mediated reactions to food in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niggemann B, Reibel S, Roehr CC, Felger D, Ziegert M, Sommerfeld C, Wahn U. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 108(6): 1053-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742288&dopt=Abstract

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Prednicarbate emollient cream 0.1% in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Moshang T. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 July; 68(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480151&dopt=Abstract

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Predominance of type 2 cytokine-producing CD4+ and CD8+ cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nakazawa M, Sugi N, Kawaguchi H, Ishii N, Nakajima H, Minami M. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 May; 99(5): 673-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155835&dopt=Abstract

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Premenstrual deterioration of skin symptoms in female patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kiriyama K, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 206(2): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592076&dopt=Abstract

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Presence of high contents of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in platelets and elevated plasma levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine and macrophage-derived chemokine in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Fujisawa T, Fujisawa R, Kato Y, Nakayama T, Morita A, Katsumata H, Nishimori H, Iguchi K, Kamiya H, Gray PW, Chantry D, Suzuki R, Yoshie O. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 July; 110(1): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110833&dopt=Abstract

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Presence of IgE antibodies to staphylococcal exotoxins on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Evidence for a new group of allergens. Author(s): Leung DY, Harbeck R, Bina P, Reiser RF, Yang E, Norris DA, Hanifin JM, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993 September; 92(3): 1374-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7690780&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and role of serum IgE antibodies to the Staphylococcus aureus-derived superantigens SEA and SEB in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bunikowski R, Mielke M, Skarabis H, Herz U, Bergmann RL, Wahn U, Renz H. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 January; 103(1 Pt 1): 11924. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9893195&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and severity of allergic rhinitis in house dust mite-allergic patients with bronchial asthma or atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Terreehorst I, Oosting AJ, Tempels-Pavlica Z, de Monchy JG, BruijnzeelKoomen CA, Hak E, van Wijk RG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 August; 32(8): 1160-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190652&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and some clinical aspects of atopic dermatitis in the community of SorVaranger. Author(s): Dotterud LK, Kvammen B, Lund E, Falk ES. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 January; 75(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7747535&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis among children in four regions of Finland. Author(s): Remes ST, Korppi M, Kajosaari M, Koivikko A, Soininen L, Pekkanen J. Source: Allergy. 1998 July; 53(7): 682-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9700037&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Japanese adults. Author(s): Muto T, Hsieh SD, Sakurai Y, Yoshinaga H, Suto H, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 148(1): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534604&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Korea. Author(s): Kim CW, Park CJ, Kim JW, Koo DW, Kim KW, Kim TY. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 September-October; 80(5): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200833&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Leicester: a study of methodology and examination of possible ethnic variation. Author(s): Neame RL, Berth-Jones J, Kurinczuk JJ, Graham-Brown RA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 May; 132(5): 772-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7772484&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of atopic dermatitis in patients with Down syndrome: a clinical survey. Author(s): Schepis C, Barone C, Siragusa M, Romano C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 June; 36(6 Pt 1): 101921. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204075&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hand and contact dermatitis in adolescents. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis. Author(s): Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen KE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 March; 144(3): 523-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260009&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of atopic eczema in the community: the Lothian Atopic Dermatitis study. Author(s): Herd RM, Tidman MJ, Prescott RJ, Hunter JA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 July; 135(1): 18-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8776352&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of childhood and adolescent atopic dermatitis in a Japanese population: comparison with the disease frequency examined 20 years ago. Author(s): Sugiura H, Umemoto N, Deguchi H, Murata Y, Tanaka K, Sawai T, Omoto M, Uchiyama M, Kiriyama T, Uehara M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 July; 78(4): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689299&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of hypertension among patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Abramovits W, Stevenson L, Prendergast MM, Tong K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 148(2): 380; Author Reply 380. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588411&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy among children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Eigenmann PA, Sicherer SH, Borkowski TA, Cohen BA, Sampson HA. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 March; 101(3): E8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9481027&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in outpatients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, or HIV infection. Author(s): Klein PA, Greene WH, Fuhrer J, Clark RA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 November; 133(11): 1463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9371040&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of producers of enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 among Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from atopic dermatitis lesions. Author(s): Akiyama H, Toi Y, Kanzaki H, Tada J, Arata J. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1996 June; 288(7): 418-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8818194&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of acute urticaria in young children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Simons FE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 April; 107(4): 703-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11295661&dopt=Abstract

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Probable decompression sickness in a trainee with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yoneda I. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1998 July; 69(7): 693-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681378&dopt=Abstract

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Probiotics and atopic dermatitis. A new strategy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Miraglia del Giudice M Jr, De Luca MG, Capristo C. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408445&dopt=Abstract

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Producibility of exfoliative toxin and staphylococcal coagulase types of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from skin infections and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kanzaki H, Ueda M, Morishita Y, Akiyama H, Arata J, Kanzaki S. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(1): 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9267729&dopt=Abstract

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Production and secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tang M, Kemp A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1994 January; 95(1): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8287610&dopt=Abstract

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Production of antibodies to staphylococcal superantigens in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Campbell DE, Kemp AS. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998 November; 79(5): 400-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10193251&dopt=Abstract

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Production of interleukin-5 and the suppressive effect of cyclosporin A in childhood severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ishii E, Yamamoto S, Sakai R, Hamasaki Y, Miyazaki S. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 January; 128(1): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8551410&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic value of Hanifin and Rajka's feature sets in adult atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Samochocki Z, Paulochowska E, Zabielski S. Source: J Med. 2000; 31(3-4): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280449&dopt=Abstract

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Proliferation and production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-4 in response to Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal superantigen in childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Campbell DE, Kemp AS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1997 February; 107(2): 392-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9030880&dopt=Abstract

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Proliferation of T lymphocytes from atopic dermatitis skin is enhanced upon antiCD3, reduced upon mitogen and superantigen, and negligible upon tuberculin stimulation. Author(s): Volke A, Bang K, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 November-December; 80(6): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11243631&dopt=Abstract

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Proliferative processes in the epidermis of patients with atopic dermatitis treated with thymodepressin. Author(s): Sapuntsova SG, Mel'nikova NP, Deigin VI, Kozulin EA, Timoshin SS. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002 May; 133(5): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420069&dopt=Abstract

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Proliferative responses towards native, heat-denatured and pepsin-treated ovalbumin by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with hen's egg-sensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nishida T, Kondo N, Agata H, Fukutomi O, Shinoda S, Suzuki Y, Shimozawa N, Tomatsu S, Orii T. Source: Biotherapy (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1994; 8(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7547079&dopt=Abstract

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Prominent pruritic periumbilical papules: A diagnostic sign in pediatric atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rencic A, Cohen BA. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 November-December; 16(6): 436-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10632939&dopt=Abstract

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Promoting health in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wieland S. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1998 April; 23(4): 86-90, 96-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9579351&dopt=Abstract

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Propylthiouracil therapy reduces the clinical severity of atopic dermatitis: results of an open trial. Author(s): Chung JH, Bang HD, Moon SH, Cho KH, Kim KH, Youn JI. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1998 November; 23(6): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233629&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective, controlled, multi-center study on the effect of an amino-acid-based formula in infants with cow's milk allergy/intolerance and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niggemann B, Binder C, Dupont C, Hadji S, Arvola T, Isolauri E. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 April; 12(2): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338290&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective, long-term safety evaluation of the H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine in very young children with atopic dermatitis. ETAC Study Group. Early Treatment of the Atopic Child. Author(s): Simons FE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 104(2 Pt 1): 43340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452767&dopt=Abstract

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Prostaglandin E2 control of T cell cytokine production is functionally related to the reduced lymphocyte proliferation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Chan S, Henderson WR Jr, Li SH, Hanifin JM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 January; 97(1 Pt 1): 85-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8568141&dopt=Abstract

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Prostaglandin E2 induces vasodilation and pruritus, but no protein extravasation in atopic dermatitis and controls. Author(s): Neisius U, Olsson R, Rukwied R, Lischetzki G, Schmelz M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 July; 47(1): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12077577&dopt=Abstract

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Proteolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the colonized skin of patients with acute-phase atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Miedzobrodzki J, Kaszycki P, Bialecka A, Kasprowicz A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 21(4): 269-76. Epub 2002 April 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072937&dopt=Abstract

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Psychobiological aspects of atopic dermatitis: an overview. Author(s): Buske-Kirschbaum A, Geiben A, Hellhammer D. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001 January-February; 70(1): 6-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150933&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial characterization of patients with atopic dermatitis in conventional versus alternative-medical therapy. Author(s): Zschocke I, Stein B, Tanno S, Beckmann S, Augustin M. Source: Forschende Komplementarmedizin. 1999 April; 6 Suppl 2: 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10352378&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial factors and adherence to treatment advice in childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ohya Y, Williams H, Steptoe A, Saito H, Iikura Y, Anderson R, Akasawa A. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 October; 117(4): 852-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676822&dopt=Abstract

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Publication bias with cetirizine in atopic dermatitis: safe but ineffective? Author(s): Hrachovec J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 November; 110(5): 818; Author Reply 818. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417898&dopt=Abstract

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Purified Der p1 and p2 patch tests in patients with atopic dermatitis: evidence for both allergenicity and proteolytic irritancy. Author(s): Deleuran M, Ellingsen AR, Paludan K, Schou C, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 July; 78(4): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689288&dopt=Abstract

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Pyridoxine in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Mabin DC, Hollis S, Lockwood J, David TJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 November; 133(5): 764-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8555030&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life improvement in a patient with severe atopic dermatitis treated with photopheresis. Author(s): Mohla G, Horvath N, Stevens S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(5 Pt 1): 780-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321614&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Finlay AY. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423879&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative analysis of bikunin-laden mast cells in follicular eruptions and chronic skin lesions of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Isogai R, Matsukura A, Aragane Y, Maeda A, Matsukura M, Yudate T, Sugihara K, Takahashi M, Aisu K, Tezuka T. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2002 December; 294(9): 387-92. Epub 2002 October 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522575&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative analysis of tryptase- and chymase-containing mast cells in atopic dermatitis and nummular eczema. Author(s): Jarvikallio A, Naukkarinen A, Harvima IT, Aalto ML, Horsmanheimo M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 June; 136(6): 871-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9217819&dopt=Abstract

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Raised beta-endorphin serum levels in children with atopic dermatitis and pruritus. Author(s): Georgala S, Schulpis KH, Papaconstantinou ED, Stratigos J. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1994 October; 8(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841155&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized comparison of the type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor cipamfylline cream, cream vehicle and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Griffiths CE, Van Leent EJ, Gilbert M, Traulsen J; Cipamyflline Study Group. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 147(2): 299-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174103&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of autologous blood therapy for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Pittler MH, Armstrong NC, Cox A, Collier PM, Hart A, Ernst E. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 148(2): 307-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588384&dopt=Abstract

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Ranitidine treatment of hand eczema in patients with atopic dermatitis: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Veien NK, Kaaber K, Larsen PO, Nielsen AO, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 June; 32(6): 1056-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751455&dopt=Abstract

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RANTES mRNA expression in skin and colon of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yamada H, Izutani R, Chihara J, Yudate T, Matsukura M, Tezuka T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1996; 111 Suppl 1: 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8906106&dopt=Abstract

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Rarity of hypertension in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Uehara M, Sugiura H, Tanaka K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 146(4): 631-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966695&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivity of anti-Blomia tropicalis IgG and IgE in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Pires MC, Calux MJ, Mori JC, Montealegre F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 June; 27(4): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139678&dopt=Abstract

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Recalcitrant atopic dermatitis due to allergy to Compositae. Author(s): Wintzen M, Donker AS, van Zuuren EJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 February; 48(2): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694211&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Reynolds NJ. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1997 May-June; 31(3): 2415. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9192321&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hunter JA, Herd RM. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1994 June; 87(6): 323-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8041864&dopt=Abstract

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Recognition of pathogenically relevant house dust mite hypersensitivity in adults with atopic dermatitis: a new approach? Author(s): Shah D, Hales J, Cooper D, Camp R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 109(6): 1012-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063533&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced amount of secretory component of IgA secretion in tears of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Toshitani A, Imayama S, Shimozono Y, Yoshinaga T, Furue M, Hori Y. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1999 February; 19(2): 134-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10098705&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced cytokine production in response to stimulation with dust mite antigen after cyclosporin A treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kubota Y, Imayama S, Koga T, Hori Y. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1995 April; 4(2): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640876&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion with increased IFN-gamma mRNA expression in atopic dermatitis: evidence for a post-transcriptional defect. Author(s): Tang ML, Varigos G, Kemp AS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1994 September; 97(3): 483-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8082304&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced level of soluble ICAM-1 in the serum of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yamada H, Chihara J, Tezuka T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 October; 108(2): 203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7549511&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced plasma c-AMP levels in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Salpietro DC, Naccari F, Polimeni I, Pellegrino C. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1998 August; 9(3): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9814726&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced production of both Th1 and Tc1 lymphocyte subsets in atopic dermatitis (AD). Author(s): Lonati A, Licenziati S, Canaris AD, Fiorentini S, Pasolini G, Marcelli M, Seidenari S, Caruso A, De Panfilis G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1999 January; 115(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9933413&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells specifically to Candida albicans antigen in patients with atopic dermatitis--comparison with their normal reactivity to bacterial superantigens. Author(s): Tanaka M, Aiba S, Takahashi K, Tagami H. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1996 August; 288(9): 495-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8874741&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to heat-denatured food antigens in food-sensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kondo N, Agata H, Fukutomi O, Nishida T, Kameyama T, Fujii H, Hayashi T, Shinbara M, Yamasaki M, Utsumi M, et al. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 June; 70(6): 467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8507040&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced secretion of IgA to skin surface of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Imayama S, Shimozono Y, Hoashi M, Yasumoto S, Ohta S, Yoneyama K, Hori Y. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 August; 94(2 Pt 1): 195200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8064071&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of serum interleukin-5 levels reflect clinical improvement in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kondo S, Yazawa H, Jimbow K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 28(5): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436359&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic skin lesions with acid electrolytic water--a new therapeutic strategy for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sasai-Takedatsu M, Kojima T, Yamamoto A, Hattori K, Yoshijima S, Taniuchi S, Namura S, Akamatsu H, Horio T, Kobayashi Y. Source: Allergy. 1997 October; 52(10): 1012-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9360754&dopt=Abstract

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Refractory atopic dermatitis treated with low dose cyclosporin. Author(s): Yu FC, Gibbon GW, Klaustermeyer WB. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 August; 89(2): 127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197567&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to Dermatophagoides farinae by substance P in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yokote R, Yagi H, Furukawa F, Takigawa M. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1998 April; 290(4): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9617438&dopt=Abstract

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Relapsing Kaposi's varicelliform eruption and herpes simplex following facial tacrolimus treatment for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ambo M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(3): 224-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353724&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between breast milk feeding and atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Nakamura Y, Oki I, Tanihara S, Ojima T, Ito Y, Yamazaki O, Iwama M, Tabata Y, Katsuyama K, Sasai Y, Nakagawa M, Matsushita A, Hossaka K, Sato J, Hidaka Y, Uda H, Nakamata K, Yanagawa H, Hosaka K. Source: J Epidemiol. 2000 March; 10(2): 74-8. Erratum In: J Epidemiol 2000 May; 10(3): 199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778030&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between histamine release and leukotrienes production from human basophils derived from atopic dermatitis donors. Author(s): Shichijo M, Ebisawa M, Miura K, Toida Y, Onda T, Saito H, Nagai H, Iikura Y. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 August; 107(4): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7542518&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships between eosinophil-associated parameters and disease severity in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nakama T. Source: Kurume Med J. 1995; 42(2): 95-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7564170&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability testing of the Six Area, Six Sign Atopic Dermatitis severity score. Author(s): Charman CR, Venn AJ, Williams HC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 146(6): 1057-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072077&dopt=Abstract

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Reliance on erythema scores may mask severe atopic dermatitis in black children compared with their white counterparts. Author(s): Ben-Gashir MA, Hay RJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 920-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410701&dopt=Abstract

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Relief of pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with topical doxepin cream. The Doxepin Study Group. Author(s): Drake LA, Fallon JD, Sober A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 October; 31(4): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8089287&dopt=Abstract

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Reproducibility of the atopy patch test with whole house dust mite bodies in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ingordo V, D'Andria G, Cannata AT. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 March; 42(3): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10727176&dopt=Abstract

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Results of atopy patch tests with house dust mites in adults with 'intrinsic' and'extrinsic' atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ingordo V, D'Andria G, D'Andria C, Tortora A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 September; 16(5): 450-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428836&dopt=Abstract

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Retention of long-lived, allergen-specific T cells in atopic dermatitis skin -letter-. Author(s): van Reijsen FC, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, de Weger RA, Mudde GC. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1997 April; 108(4): 530. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9077487&dopt=Abstract

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Retinal breaks in patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Higaki Y, Ogawa Y, Takamura E, Kawashima M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 March; 30(3): 502-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8113471&dopt=Abstract

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Retinal detachment associated with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Takahashi M, Suzuma K, Inaba I, Ogura Y, Yoneda K, Okamoto H. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 January; 80(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8664234&dopt=Abstract

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Retinal detachment in patients with atopic dermatitis. 5-year retrospective survey. Author(s): Nakatsu A, Wada Y, Kondo T. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1995; 209(3): 160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7630624&dopt=Abstract

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Retinal detachment with atopic dermatitis similar to traumatic retinal detachment. Author(s): Oka C, Ideta H, Nagasaki H, Watanabe K, Shinagawa K. Source: Ophthalmology. 1994 June; 101(6): 1050-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8008346&dopt=Abstract

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Retinal detachments with crescent-shaped retinal breaks in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kusaka S, Ohashi Y. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 1996; 16(4): 312-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865391&dopt=Abstract

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Retrospective review of the use of azathioprine in severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lear JT, English JS, Jones P, Smith AG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 October; 35(4): 642-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8859304&dopt=Abstract

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Retrospective survey of surgical outcomes on rhegmatogenous retinal detachments associated with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Azuma N, Hida T, Katsura H, Takeuchi S, Danjo S, Tano Y. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1996 March; 114(3): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8600887&dopt=Abstract

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Risk for hand eczema in employees with past or present atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Coenraads PJ, Diepgen TL. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1998 February; 71(1): 7-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9523243&dopt=Abstract

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Risk: benefit ratio is important in treating atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Allen BR, Luger TA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 26; 325(7370): 970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399360&dopt=Abstract

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Risks of infantile atopic dermatitis from parental atopy. Author(s): Cantani A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 June; 23(6): 533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8369982&dopt=Abstract

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Risks of milk formulas containing peanut oil contaminated with peanut allergens in infants with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Moneret-Vautrin DA, Hatahet R, Kanny G. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1994 August; 5(3): 184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7951761&dopt=Abstract

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Role of apoptosis in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Trautmann A, Akdis M, Klunker S, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 January-March; 124(13): 230-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306978&dopt=Abstract

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Role of dysregulated apoptosis in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Trautmann A, Akdis M, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Source: Apoptosis : an International Journal on Programmed Cell Death. 2000 November; 5(5): 425-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256884&dopt=Abstract

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Role of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ikai K, Imamura S. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1993 June; 48(6): 409-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8341717&dopt=Abstract

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Role of emotional factors in adults with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ginsburg IH, Prystowsky JH, Kornfeld DS, Wolland H. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 September; 32(9): 656-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8407093&dopt=Abstract

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Role of foods in irregular aggravation of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Uenishi T, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 30(2): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692374&dopt=Abstract

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Role of IgE in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Leung DY. Source: Current Opinion in Immunology. 1993 December; 5(6): 956-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8297530&dopt=Abstract

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Role of social factors in atopic dermatitis: the US perspective. Author(s): Lapidus CS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423872&dopt=Abstract

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Role of staphylococcal enterotoxins in pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: growth and expression of T cell receptor V beta of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by enterotoxins A and B. Author(s): Yudate T, Yamada H, Tezuka T. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1996 October; 13(1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8902655&dopt=Abstract

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Role of staphylococcal superantigens in atopic dermatitis: from colonization to inflammation. Author(s): Taskapan MO, Kumar P. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 January; 84(1): 3-10; Quiz 11-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674558&dopt=Abstract

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Role of T cells and cytokines in the intrinsic form of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Akdis CA, Akdis M, Simon D, Dibbert B, Weber M, Gratzl S, Kreyden O, Disch R, Wuthrich B, Blaser K, Simon HU. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 28: 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374048&dopt=Abstract

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Role of T cells in atopic dermatitis. New aspects on the dynamics of cytokine production and the contribution of bacterial superantigens. Author(s): Herz U, Bunikowski R, Renz H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1998 March; 115(3): 179-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9531159&dopt=Abstract

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Role of the early environment for expression of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Olesen AB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S3740. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423871&dopt=Abstract

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Rosacea and atopic dermatitis. Two common oculocutaneous disorders. Author(s): Barankin B, Guenther L. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2002 April; 48: 721-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046367&dopt=Abstract

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S. aureus isolation from the lesions, the hands, and the anterior nares of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Williams JV, Vowels BR, Honig PJ, Leyden JJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 May-June; 15(3): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9655314&dopt=Abstract

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Safe and effective treatment of refractory facial lesions in atopic dermatitis using topical tacrolimus following corticosteroid discontinuation. Author(s): Kawakami T, Soma Y, Morita E, Koro O, Yamamoto S, Nakamura K, Tamaki K, Yajima K, Imaizumi A, Matsunaga R, Murakami N, Kashima M, Mizoguchi M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549797&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and efficacy of 1 year of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in adults with atopic dermatitis. The European Tacrolimus Ointment Study Group. Author(s): Reitamo S, Wollenberg A, Schopf E, Perrot JL, Marks R, Ruzicka T, Christophers E, Kapp A, Lahfa M, Rubins A, Jablonska S, Rustin M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 August; 136(8): 999-1006. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10926735&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and efficacy of nonsteroid pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants. Author(s): Ho VC, Gupta A, Kaufmann R, Todd G, Vanaclocha F, Takaoka R, FolsterHolst R, Potter P, Marshall K, Thurston M, Bush C, Cherill R. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 February; 142(2): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584537&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus (ASM 981) cream 1% in the treatment of mild and moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents. Author(s): Eichenfield LF, Lucky AW, Boguniewicz M, Langley RG, Cherill R, Marshall K, Bush C, Graeber M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 April; 46(4): 495-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907497&dopt=Abstract

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Safety of fluticasone propionate cream 0.05% for the treatment of severe and extensive atopic dermatitis in children as young as 3 months. Author(s): Friedlander SF, Hebert AA, Allen DB; Fluticasone Pediatrics Safety Study Group. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 March; 46(3): 387-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862174&dopt=Abstract

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Sanichlor-induced atopic dermatitis and asthma in ophthalmologists. Author(s): Goverdhan S, Gaston H. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 January; 17(1): 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579187&dopt=Abstract

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Scarring molluscum contagiosum in patients with severe atopic dermatitis: report of two cases. Author(s): Ghura HS, Camp RD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 144(5): 1094-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359410&dopt=Abstract

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Scoring of atopic dermatitis by SCORAD using a training atlas by investigators from different disciplines. ETAC Study Group. Early Treatment of the Atopic Child. Author(s): Oranje AP, Stalder JF, Taieb A, Tasset C, de Longueville M. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1997 February; 8(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9260216&dopt=Abstract

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Scoring the severity of atopic dermatitis: three item severity score as a rough system for daily practice and as a pre-screening tool for studies. Author(s): Wolkerstorfer A, de Waard van der Spek FB, Glazenburg EJ, Mulder PG, Oranje AP. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 September; 79(5): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10494710&dopt=Abstract

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SDZ ASM 981: an emerging safe and effective treatment for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Luger T, Van Leent EJ, Graeber M, Hedgecock S, Thurston M, Kandra A, Berth-Jones J, Bjerke J, Christophers E, Knop J, Knulst AC, Morren M, Morris A, Reitamo S, Roed-Petersen J, Schoepf E, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Van Der Valk PG, Bos JD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 April; 144(4): 788-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298538&dopt=Abstract

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Selective enhancement of production of IgE, IgG4, and Th2-cell cytokine during the rebound phenomenon in atopic dermatitis and prevention by suplatast tosilate. Author(s): Kimata H. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 March; 82(3): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094221&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitization to allergens of house-dust mite in adults with atopic dermatitis in a cold temperature region. Author(s): Holm L, van Hage-Hamsten M, Ohman S, Scheynius A. Source: Allergy. 1999 July; 54(7): 708-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442526&dopt=Abstract

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Septic arthritis of the hip associated with atopic dermatitis. A case report. Author(s): Kitamura S, Nakayama Y, Shirai Y, Hashiguchi H, Kim R. Source: Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 2000 December; 67(6): 464-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11116243&dopt=Abstract

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Sequential treatment of severe atopic dermatitis with cyclosporin A and low-dose narrow-band UVB phototherapy. Author(s): Brazzelli V, Prestinari F, Chiesa MG, Borroni RG, Ardigo M, Borroni G. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(3): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037459&dopt=Abstract

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Serum cytokine levels in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yoshizawa Y, Nomaguchi H, Izaki S, Kitamura K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 May; 27(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072014&dopt=Abstract

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Serum eosinophil derived neurotoxin may reflect more strongly disease severity in childhood atopic dermatitis than eosinophil cationic protein. Author(s): Taniuchi S, Chihara J, Kojima T, Yamamoto A, Sasai M, Kobayashi Y. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2001 May; 26(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323224&dopt=Abstract

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Serum IgE reactivity to Malassezia furfur extract and recombinant M. furfur allergens in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Zargari A, Eshaghi H, Back O, Johansson S, Scheynius A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 November-December; 81(6): 418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859945&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of anti-Staphylococcus aureus-specific IgE in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yamada H, Yudate T, Orita T, Tezuka T. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1996; 48(4): 167-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9819668&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein reflect the state of in vitro degranulation of blood hypodense eosinophils in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Miyasato M, Tsuda S, Nakama T, Kato K, Kitamura N, Nagaji J, Sasai Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1996 June; 23(6): 382-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8708149&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of soluble stem cell factor and soluble KIT are elevated in patients with atopic dermatitis and correlate with the disease severity. Author(s): Kanbe T, Soma Y, Kawa Y, Kashima M, Mizoguchi M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 144(6): 1148-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422034&dopt=Abstract

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Serum macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) levels are closely related with the disease activity of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kakinuma T, Nakamura K, Wakugawa M, Mitsui H, Tada Y, Saeki H, Torii H, Komine M, Asahina A, Tamaki K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002 February; 127(2): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876749&dopt=Abstract

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Serum sex hormone levels in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ebata T, Itamura R, Aizawa H, Niimura M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1996 September; 23(9): 603-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916659&dopt=Abstract

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Serum soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Furue M, Sugiyama H, Tsukamoto K, Ohtake N, Tamaki K. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1994 April; 7(2): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8060919&dopt=Abstract

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Severe atopic dermatitis is associated with sensitization to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Author(s): Breuer K, Wittmann M, Bosche B, Kapp A, Werfel T. Source: Allergy. 2000 June; 55(6): 551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858986&dopt=Abstract

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Severe infectious complications in a girl suffering from atopic dermatitis were found to be due to chronic granulomatous disease. Author(s): Jung K, Elsner J, Emmendorffer A, Bittrich A, Lohmann-Matthes ML, Roesler J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1993 December; 73(6): 433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7906455&dopt=Abstract

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Severe skin pain after combined ultraviolet B and ultraviolet A phototherapy for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hanada K, Hashimoto I. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 April; 138(4): 721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640398&dopt=Abstract

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Severity distribution of atopic dermatitis in the community and its relationship to secondary referral. Author(s): Emerson RM, Williams HC, Allen BR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 July; 139(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764151&dopt=Abstract

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Severity of atopic dermatitis in India. Author(s): Singh S, Singh G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 April; 134(4): 808-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733399&dopt=Abstract

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Severity of atopic dermatitis in India. Author(s): Kanwar AJ, Dhar S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 November; 131(5): 733-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999617&dopt=Abstract

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Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: a comparison of three scoring systems. Author(s): Sprikkelman AB, Tupker RA, Burgerhof H, Schouten JP, Brand PL, Heymans HS, van Aalderen WM. Source: Allergy. 1997 September; 52(9): 944-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9298180&dopt=Abstract

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Sezary syndrome in a young man with severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Van Haselen CW, Toonstra J, Preesman AH, Van Der Putte SC, BruijnzeelKoomen CA, Van Vloten WA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 April; 140(4): 704-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233326&dopt=Abstract

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Side to side comparison of topical treatment in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ainley-Walker PF, Patel L, David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998 August; 79(2): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797597&dopt=Abstract

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Significant delay of apoptosis and Fas resistance in eosinophils of subjects with intrinsic and extrinsic type of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wedi B, Raap U, Kapp A. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 February-April; 118(24): 234-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224394&dopt=Abstract

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Six area, six sign atopic dermatitis (SASSAD) severity score: a simple system for monitoring disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Berth-Jones J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 September; 135 Suppl 48: 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881901&dopt=Abstract

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Skin barrier defect in atopic dermatitis: increased permeability of the stratum corneum using dimethyl sulfoxide and theophylline. Author(s): Yoshiike T, Aikawa Y, Sindhvananda J, Suto H, Nishimura K, Kawamoto T, Ogawa H. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1993 April; 5(2): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8357787&dopt=Abstract

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Skin barrier function in patients with completely healed atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Matsumoto M, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2000 August; 23(3): 178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10959043&dopt=Abstract

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Skin colonization of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis patients seen at the National Skin Centre, Singapore. Author(s): Goh CL, Wong JS, Giam YC. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 September; 36(9): 653-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352404&dopt=Abstract

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Skin homing (cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen-positive) CD8+ T cells respond to superantigen and contribute to eosinophilia and IgE production in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Akdis M, Simon HU, Weigl L, Kreyden O, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1999 July 1; 163(1): 466-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10384150&dopt=Abstract

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Skin lipids and epidermal differentiation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Proksch E, Jensen JM, Elias PM. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 134-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706331&dopt=Abstract

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Skin prick test reactions to brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in adult atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Lammintausta K, Kalimo K. Source: Allergy. 1993 April; 48(3): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8506979&dopt=Abstract

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Skin symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis using enzyme-containing detergents. A placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Andersen PH, Bindslev-Jensen C, Mosbech H, Zachariae H, Andersen KE. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 January; 78(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9498031&dopt=Abstract

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Skin-associated lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with atopic dermatitis: signs of subset expansion and stimulation. Author(s): Dworzak MN, Froschl G, Printz D, Fleischer C, Potschger U, Fritsch G, Gadner H, Emminger W. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 May; 103(5 Pt 1): 901-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10329826&dopt=Abstract

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Skin-homing, CLA+ memory T cells are activated in atopic dermatitis and regulate IgE by an IL-13-dominated cytokine pattern: IgG4 counter-regulation by CLAmemory T cells. Author(s): Akdis M, Akdis CA, Weigl L, Disch R, Blaser K. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1997 November 1; 159(9): 46119. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9379063&dopt=Abstract

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Skin-prick test and RAST responses to cereals in children with atopic dermatitis. Characterization of IgE-binding components in wheat and oats by an immunoblotting method. Author(s): Varjonen E, Vainio E, Kalimo K, Juntunen-Backman K, Savolainen J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 November; 25(11): 1100-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8581843&dopt=Abstract

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Sleep disturbances in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Dahl RE, Bernhisel-Broadbent J, Scanlon-Holdford S, Sampson HA, Lupo M. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1995 August; 149(8): 856-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7633537&dopt=Abstract

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Sleep fragmentation in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Reuveni H, Chapnick G, Tal A, Tarasiuk A. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 March; 153(3): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10086401&dopt=Abstract

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Smallpox vaccination: Risk considerations for patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Engler RJ, Kenner J, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 September; 110(3): 35765. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209080&dopt=Abstract

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Social impact of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lapidus CS, Kerr PE. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2001 September; 84(9): 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11565277&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble CD30 and cyclosporine in severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Caproni M, Salvatore E, Cardinali C, Brazzini B, Fabbri P. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2000 April; 121(4): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828723&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble CD30 in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Frezzolini A, Paradisi M, Ruffelli M, Cadoni S, De Pita O. Source: Allergy. 1997 January; 52(1): 106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062638&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble CD30 is more relevant to disease activity of atopic dermatitis than soluble CD26. Author(s): Katoh N, Hirano S, Suehiro M, Ikenaga K, Yamashita T, Sugawara N, Yasuno H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2000 August; 121(2): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10931130&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble CD30 plasma concentrations correlate with disease activity in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Folster-Holst R, Henseler T, Wehde J, Lemke H, Weichenthal M, Christophers E, Hansen HP. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(4): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361126&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble E-selectin and eosinophil cationic protein are distinct serum markers that differentially represent clinical features of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Furue M, Koga T, Yamashita N. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 January; 140(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215770&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble E-selectin as a marker of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yamashita N, Kaneko S, Kouro O, Furue M, Yamamoto S, Sakane T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 March; 99(3): 410-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9058698&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble E-selectin correlates with disease activity in cyclosporin A-treated patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kagi MK, Joller-Jemelka H, Wuthrich B. Source: Allergy. 1999 January; 54(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10195358&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble E-selectin in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis--correlation with disease activity. Author(s): Czech W, Schopf E, Kapp A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 January; 134(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8745880&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble E-selectin, other markers of inflammation and disease severity in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wolkerstorfer A, Laan MP, Savelkoul HF, Neijens HJ, Mulder PG, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Sukhai RN, Oranje AP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 March; 138(3): 431-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9580795&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Koide M, Tokura Y, Furukawa F, Takigawa M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1994 October; 8(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841158&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble E-selectin levels in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hirai S, Kageshita T, Kimura T, Tsujisaki M, Okajima K, Imai K, Ono T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 April; 134(4): 657-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733366&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the serum of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Chun WH, Lee HJ, Lee KH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 January; 136(1): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9039316&dopt=Abstract

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Specific IgE antibodies and serum eosinophil cationic protein in children with atopic dermatitis alone. Author(s): Urisu A, Kondo Y, Wada E, Horiba F, Tsuruta M, Yasaki T. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1994 April; 36(2): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8203257&dopt=Abstract

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Specific patterns of responsiveness to microbial antigens staphylococcal enterotoxin B and purified protein derivative by cord blood mononuclear cells are predictive of risk for development of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sharp MJ, Rowe J, Kusel M, Sly PD, Holt PG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 33(4): 435-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680857&dopt=Abstract

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Specific sublingual immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis. Results of a 6-year followup of 35 consecutive patients. Author(s): Mastrandrea F, Serio G, Minelli M, Minardi A, Scarcia G, Coradduzza G, Parmiani S. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2000 March-April; 28(2): 54-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10804094&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous expression of IL-4 mRNA in lymphocytes from children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tang ML, Kemp AS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1994 September; 97(3): 491-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8082305&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous expression of mRNA for IL-10, GM-CSF, TGF-beta, TGF-alpha, and IL-6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lee HJ, Lee HP, Ha SJ, Byun DG, Kim JW. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 May; 84(5): 553-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831012&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous resolution of chronic actinic dermatitis in a young patient with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bryden AM, Ibbotson SH, Ferguson J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 March; 27(2): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952714&dopt=Abstract

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Sporadic dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa with concomitant atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lapinski P, Lapiere JC, Traczyk T, Chan LS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 February; 138(2): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9602882&dopt=Abstract

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Spotlight on topical pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wellington K, Jarvis B. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(6): 435-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113651&dopt=Abstract

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Squamometry in rating the efficacy of topical corticosteroids in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Letawe C, Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 51(3-4): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9010694&dopt=Abstract

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Squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kawashima H, Nishimata S, Kashiwagi Y, Numabe H, Sasamoto M, Iwatsubo H, Takekuma K, Hoshika A. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2000 August; 42(4): 448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10986885&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcal colonization in atopic dermatitis treatment with topical tacrolimus (Fk506). Author(s): Pournaras CC, Lubbe J, Saurat JH. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 March; 116(3): 480-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231333&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcal septicaemia complicating treatment of atopic dermatitis with mycophenolate. Author(s): Satchell AC, Barnetson RS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 July; 143(1): 202-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10886168&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcal septicemia in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hoeger PH, Ganschow R, Finger G. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 March-April; 17(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792798&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis and its therapeutic implications. Author(s): Abeck D, Mempel M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 December; 139 Suppl 53: 13-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9990408&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcus aureus in the anterior nares and subungual spaces of the hands in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nishijima S, Namura S, Higashida T, Kawai S. Source: J Int Med Res. 1997 May-June; 25(3): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9178147&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcus aureus isolation from the lesions, the hands, and anterior nares of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Williams JV, Vowels B, Honig P, Leyden JJ. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9950411&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcus aureus on hand surface and nasal carriage in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nishijima S, Namura S, Kawai S, Hosokawa H, Asada Y. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 April; 32(4): 677-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7896966&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization in infants with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Monti G, Tonetto P, Mostert M, Oggero R. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 193(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8884140&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcus aureus: colonizing features and influence of an antibacterial treatment in adults with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Breuer K, HAussler S, Kapp A, Werfel T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 147(1): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100185&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcus species on the skin surface of infant atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Higaki S, Morimatsu S, Morohashi M, Yamagishi T, Hasegawa Y. Source: J Int Med Res. 1998 March-April; 26(2): 98-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9602989&dopt=Abstract

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Stereological quantification of lymphocytes in skin biopsies from atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Ellingsen AR, Sorensen FB, Larsen JO, Deleuran MS, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 August-September; 81(4): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720172&dopt=Abstract

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Steroid-induced changes of eosinophils in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Matsukura M, Yamada H, Yudate T, Tezuka T, Chihara J. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1997 October; 114 Suppl 1: 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9363926&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal impetigo induces Th1-preponderant activation of T lymphocytes with subsequent anergy to superantigenic exotoxins in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tokura Y, Ishii-Ginoza M, Seo N, Ito T, Sakurai M, Furukawa F, Takigawa M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 February; 138(2): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9602892&dopt=Abstract

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Stress-induced immunomodulation is altered in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Buske-Kirschbaum A, Gierens A, Hollig H, Hellhammer DH. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2002 August; 129(1-2): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161032&dopt=Abstract

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Structured parent education in the management of childhood atopic dermatitis: the Berlin model. Author(s): Wenninger K, Kehrt R, von Ruden U, Lehmann C, Binder C, Wahn U, Staab D. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2000 June; 40(3): 253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10838004&dopt=Abstract

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Study of liver function in infants with atopic dermatitis using the 13C-methacetin breath test. Author(s): Iikura Y, Iwasaki A, Tsubaki T, Akasawa A, Onda T, Katsunuma T, Miura K, Ebisawa M, Saito H, Koya N, et al. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 May-June; 107(1-3): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613128&dopt=Abstract

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Study on the mental health of patients with atopic dermatitis in adults. Author(s): Shirata K, Nishitani Y, Kawahira K, Kiriike N. Source: Osaka City Med J. 1995 December; 41(2): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8778648&dopt=Abstract

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Substance P binding to peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ostlere LS, Gordon DJ, Ayliffe MJ, Rustin MH, Pereira RS, Holden CA. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 July; 77(4): 260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228214&dopt=Abstract

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Successful interferon alpha therapy in atopic dermatitis of Besnier's prurigo pattern with normal serum IgE and blood eosinophil fraction: randomized case-controlled study. Author(s): Noh G, Lee KY. Source: Cytokine. 2001 January 21; 13(2): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145854&dopt=Abstract

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Successful long-term treatment of severe atopic dermatitis with mycophenolate mofetil. Author(s): Benez A, Fierlbeck G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 March; 144(3): 638-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260038&dopt=Abstract

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Successful monotherapy of severe and intractable atopic dermatitis by photopheresis. Author(s): Richter HI, Billmann-Eberwein C, Grewe M, Stege H, Berneburg M, Ruzicka T, Krutmann J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 April; 38(4): 585-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555798&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of resistant facial lesions of atopic dermatitis with 0.1% FK506 ointment. Author(s): Aoyama H, Tabata N, Tanaka M, Uesugi Y, Tagami H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 September; 133(3): 494-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8547017&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of severe atopic dermatitis-complicated cataract and male infertility with a natural product antioxidant. Author(s): Niwa Y, Tominaga K, Yoshida K. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1998; 20(2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9638503&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of severe refractory atopic dermatitis with mycophenolate mofetil. Author(s): Grundmann-Kollmann M, Korting HC, Behrens S, Leiter U, Krahn G, Kaufmann R, Peter RU, Kerscher M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 July; 141(1): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417549&dopt=Abstract

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Sugar is not an aggravating factor in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ehlers I, Worm M, Sterry W, Zuberbier T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 August-September; 81(4): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720177&dopt=Abstract

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Sun exposure is an aggravating factor responsible for the recalcitrant facial erythema in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Deguchi H, Danno K, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834845&dopt=Abstract

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Superantigen production by Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis: no more than a coincidence? Author(s): Jappe U, Heuck D, Witte W, Gollnick H. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 May; 110(5): 844-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9579559&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of proliferative responses of lymphocytes to food antigens by an antiallergic drug, ketotifen fumarate, in patients with food-sensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kondo N, Fukutomi O, Kameyama T, Nishida T, Li GP, Agata H, Shinbara M, Shinoda S, Yano M, Orii T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1994; 103(3): 234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7509219&dopt=Abstract

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Suppressive effects of elimination diets on T cell responses to ovalbumin in hen's egg-sensitive atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Shinoda S, Kondo N, Fukutomi O, Agata H, Suzuki Y, Shimozawa N, Tomatsu S, Yamada Y, Takemura M, Noma A, et al. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 August; 23(8): 689-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8106132&dopt=Abstract

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Surface expression of Fc epsilon RI on Langerhans' cells of clinically uninvolved skin is associated with disease activity in atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and rhinitis. Author(s): Semper AE, Heron K, Woollard AC, Kochan JP, Friedmann PS, Church MK, Reischl IG. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 August; 112(2): 411-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897750&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis on chromosomes 3, 13, 15, 17 and 18 in a Swedish population. Author(s): Bradley M, Soderhall C, Luthman H, Wahlgren CF, Kockum I, Nordenskjold M. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 2002 June 15; 11(13): 1539-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045207&dopt=Abstract

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Sustained benefit of interferon-alpha therapy and oral hyposensitization in severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Michils A, Farber CM, Van Vooren JP, Yernault JC, Duchateau J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 January; 130(1): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305310&dopt=Abstract

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Sweat electrolyte concentrations in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Liebke C, Wahn U, Niggemann B. Source: Lancet. 1997 December 6; 350(9092): 1678-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9400519&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic and local immunological features of atopic dermatitis patients with ocular complications. Author(s): Uchio E, Miyakawa K, Ikezawa Z, Ohno S. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 January; 82(1): 82-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9536888&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic interferon gamma treatment in severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Reinhold U, Kukel S, Brzoska J, Kreysel HW. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 July; 29(1): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8315079&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic ketoconazole for yeast allergic patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Back, Bartosik J. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 January; 15(1): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451319&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic ketoconazole is an effective treatment of atopic dermatitis with IgEmediated hypersensitivity to yeasts. Author(s): Lintu P, Savolainen J, Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Kalimo K. Source: Allergy. 2001 June; 56(6): 512-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421895&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic therapy of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sidbury R, Hanifin JM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 October; 25(7): 559-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122228&dopt=Abstract

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T cells and effector mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Akdis M, Trautmann A, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2002 January; 2(1): 1-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895619&dopt=Abstract

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T cells and mast cells as a major source of interleukin-13 in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Obara W, Kawa Y, Ra C, Nishioka K, Soma Y, Mizoguchi M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145428&dopt=Abstract

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T cells and T cell-derived cytokines as pathogenic factors in the nonallergic form of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Akdis CA, Akdis M, Simon D, Dibbert B, Weber M, Gratzl S, Kreyden O, Disch R, Wuthrich B, Blaser K, Simon HU. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999 October; 113(4): 628-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10504452&dopt=Abstract

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T cells in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Cooper KD, Stevens SR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423864&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus (FK506) ointment for atopic dermatitis: a phase I study in adults and children. Author(s): Alaiti S, Kang S, Fiedler VC, Ellis CN, Spurlin DV, Fader D, Ulyanov G, Gadgil SD, Tanase A, Lawrence I, Scotellaro P, Raye K, Bekersky I. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 January; 38(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448208&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus (FK506): new treatment approach in superantigen-associated diseases like atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Hauk PJ, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 February; 107(2): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174211&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus: from clever prokaryotes to inhibiting calcineurin and treating atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nghiem P, Pearson G, Langley RG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 February; 46(2): 228-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807435&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus clinical studies for atopic dermatitis and other conditions. Author(s): Bergman J, Rico MJ. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001 December; 20(4): 250-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11770912&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus concentrations in blood during topical treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kawashima M, Nakagawa H, Ohtsuki M, Tamaki K, Ishibashi Y. Source: Lancet. 1996 November 2; 348(9036): 1240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8898050&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ong CS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998 December 10; 339(24): 1788-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9867560&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Marone G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998 December 10; 339(24): 1788; Author Reply 1788-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9867559&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nakagawa H, Etoh T, Ishibashi Y, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Torii H, Harada S. Source: Lancet. 1994 September 24; 344(8926): 883. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7522297&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment for the management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rustin M. Source: Hosp Med. 2003 April; 64(4): 214-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12731133&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part I, efficacy. Author(s): Hanifin JM, Ling MR, Langley R, Breneman D, Rafal E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1 Suppl): S28-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145793&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part II, safety. Author(s): Soter NA, Fleischer AB Jr, Webster GF, Monroe E, Lawrence I. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1 Suppl): S39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145794&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis is not associated with an increase in cutaneous infections. Author(s): Fleischer AB Jr, Ling M, Eichenfield L, Satoi Y, Jaracz E, Rico MJ, Maher RM; Tacrolimus Ointment Study Group. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4): 562-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271302&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Boucher M. Source: Issues Emerg Health Technol. 2001 July; (19): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776288&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: clinical and pharmacologic effects. Author(s): Rico MJ, Lawrence I. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2002 May-June; 23(3): 191-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125507&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment reduces staphylococcal colonization of atopic dermatitis lesions. Author(s): Remitz A, Kyllonen H, Granlund H, Reitamo S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 January; 107(1): 196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150013&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment. A review of its therapeutic potential as a topical therapy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Cheer SM, Plosker GL. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2001; 2(6): 389-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11770393&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment: a new therapy for atopic dermatitis--review of the literature. Author(s): Pustisek N, Lipozencic J, Ljubojevic S. Source: Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2002 March; 10(1): 25-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12137728&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment: advancing the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Beltrani VS. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 July; 1(4): 307-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11892051&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus ointment: its place in the therapy of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2002 Jul;2(4):273-4 Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 March; 109(3): 401-3. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12044259

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Tacrolimus suppressed the production of cytokines involved in atopic dermatitis by direct stimulation of human PBMC system. (Comparison with steroids). Author(s): Sakuma S, Higashi Y, Sato N, Sasakawa T, Sengoku T, Ohkubo Y, Amaya T, Goto T. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2001 June; 1(6): 1219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407316&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus: a new topical immunomodulatory therapy for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Reitamo S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 March; 107(3): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240943&dopt=Abstract

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Tar compounds and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Zimmerman R. Source: American Family Physician. 2000 June 1; 61(11): 3252. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10865924&dopt=Abstract

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TARC and MDC are produced by CD40 activated human B cells and are elevated in the sera of infantile atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Lin L, Nonoyama S, Oshiba A, Kabasawa Y, Mizutani S. Source: J Med Dent Sci. 2003 March; 50(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715916&dopt=Abstract

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Targeting keratinocyte apoptosis in the treatment of atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Trautmann A, Akdis M, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Disch R, Brocker EB, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 November; 108(5): 83946. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692113&dopt=Abstract

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T-cell clonotypes specific for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in the skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Takahama H, Masuko-hongo K, Tanaka A, Kawa Y, Ohta N, Yamamoto K, Mizoguchi M, Nishioka K, Kato T. Source: Human Immunology. 2002 July; 63(7): 558-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072191&dopt=Abstract

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T-cell reactivity for a peanut-derived epitope in the skin of a young infant with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): van Reijsen FC, Felius A, Wauters EA, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Koppelman SJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 February; 101(2 Pt 1): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9500753&dopt=Abstract

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Telomerase activity is increased and telomere length shortened in T cells from blood of patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Author(s): Wu K, Higashi N, Hansen ER, Lund M, Bang K, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2000 October 15; 165(8): 4742-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11035119&dopt=Abstract

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Telomerase activity is spontaneously increased in lymphocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis and correlates with cellular proliferation. Author(s): Wu K, Volke A, Lund M, Bang K, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1999 December; 22(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651226&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (I): incidence and prevalence. Author(s): Hillier A, Griffin CE. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 147-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553375&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (III): the role of antibodies in canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Halliwell RE, DeBoer DJ. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 159-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553377&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (IV): environmental allergens. Author(s): Hill PB, DeBoer DJ. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 169-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553378&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (IX): the controversy surrounding the route of allergen challenge in canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Olivry T, Hill PB. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 219-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553383&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (VIII): is the epidermal lipid barrier defective? Author(s): Olivry T, Hill PB. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 215-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553382&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (X): is there a relationship between canine atopic dermatitis and cutaneous adverse food reactions? Author(s): Hillier A, Griffin CE. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 227-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553384&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XI): the relationship between arthropod hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis in the dog. Author(s): Sousa CA, Halliwell RE. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 233-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553385&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XII): the relationship of cutaneous infections to the pathogenesis and clinical course of canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): DeBoer DJ, Marsella R. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 239-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553386&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XIV): clinical manifestations of canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Griffin CE, DeBoer DJ. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 255-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553388&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XV): fundamental concepts in clinical diagnosis. Author(s): DeBoer DJ, Hillier A. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 271-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553389&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XX): glucocorticoid pharmacotherapy. Author(s): Olivry T, Sousa CA. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 317-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553394&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XXI): antihistamine pharmacotherapy. Author(s): DeBoer DJ, Griffin CE. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 323-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553395&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XXIII): are essential fatty acids effective? Author(s): Olivry T, Marsella R, Hillier A. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 347-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553397&dopt=Abstract

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The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XXIV): allergen-specific immunotherapy. Author(s): Griffin CE, Hillier A. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001 September 20; 81(3-4): 363-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553398&dopt=Abstract

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The addition of topical doxepin to corticosteroid therapy: an improved treatment regimen for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Berberian BJ, Breneman DL, Drake LA, Gratton D, Raimir SS, Phillips S, Sulica VI, Bernstein JE. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 February; 38(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192169&dopt=Abstract

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The antibacterial activity of plaunotol against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Matsumoto Y, Hamashima H, Masuda K, Shiojima K, Sasatsu M, Arai T. Source: Microbios. 1998; 96(385): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10399344&dopt=Abstract

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The antibacterial-corticosteroid combination. What is its role in atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Williams RE. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2000 July-August; 1(4): 211-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702365&dopt=Abstract

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The antistaphylococcal effect of nisin in a suitable vehicle: a potential therapy for atopic dermatitis in man. Author(s): Valenta C, Bernkop-Schnurch A, Rigler HP. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1996 September; 48(9): 988-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8910870&dopt=Abstract

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The applicability of clinical scoring systems: SCORAD and PASI in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jemec GB, Wulf HC. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 September; 77(5): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9298136&dopt=Abstract

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The association of atopic dermatitis in infancy with immunoglobulin E food sensitization. Author(s): Hill DJ, Sporik R, Thorburn J, Hosking CS. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2000 October; 137(4): 475-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11035824&dopt=Abstract

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The atopy patch test (APT)-- a useful tool for the diagnosis of food allergy in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niggemann B, Reibel S, Wahn U. Source: Allergy. 2000 March; 55(3): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10753020&dopt=Abstract

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The benefit of pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) on parents' quality of life in the treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Whalley D, Huels J, McKenna SP, Van Assche D. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 December; 110(6): 1133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12456910&dopt=Abstract

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The beta subunit of the high-affinity IgE receptor, a candidate for atopic dermatitis, is not imprinted. Author(s): Yotsumoto S, Kanzaki T, Ko MS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 February; 142(2): 370-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730778&dopt=Abstract

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The caseload, assessment and treatment of atopic dermatitis: a survey of Australian dermatologists. Author(s): Stephens RB, Cooper A. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1999 November; 40(4): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570552&dopt=Abstract

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The C-C chemokines, RANTES and eotaxin, in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Morita E, Kameyoshi Y, Hiragun T, Mihara S, Yamamoto S. Source: Allergy. 2001 February; 56(2): 194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167388&dopt=Abstract

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The changes of lymphocyte membrane receptors in bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients receiving treatment with polyenic fatty acids. Author(s): Gorelova JYu, Semikina EM. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1998; 37 Suppl 1: 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9558750&dopt=Abstract

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The characteristics of nocturnal scratching in adults with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ebata T, Aizawa H, Kamide R, Niimura M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 July; 141(1): 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417519&dopt=Abstract

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The chemokine receptor CCR6 identifies interferon-gamma expressing T cells and is decreased in atopic dermatitis as compared with psoriasis. Author(s): Ong PY, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 December; 119(6): 1463-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485455&dopt=Abstract

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The chemotactic activity of T-lymphocytes in response to interleukin 8 is significantly decreased in patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Zheng M, Sun G, Mrowietz U. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1996 December; 5(6): 334-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9028795&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical spectrum of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Beltrani VS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 September; 104(3 Pt 2): S87-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482859&dopt=Abstract

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The cost of atopic dermatitis in the Netherlands: an international comparison. Author(s): Verboom P, Hakkaart-Van L, Sturkenboom M, De Zeeuw R, Menke H, Rutten F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 147(4): 716-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12366418&dopt=Abstract

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The cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis in the first 12 months among Chinese, Vietnamese, and Caucasian infants born in Melbourne, Australia. Author(s): Mar A, Tam M, Jolley D, Marks R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 April; 40(4): 597-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10188680&dopt=Abstract

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The descriptive epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in the community. Author(s): Mar A, Marks R. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(2): 73-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333616&dopt=Abstract

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The development of a practical and reliable assessment measure for atopic dermatitis (ADAM). Author(s): Charman D, Varigos G, Horne DJ, Oberklaid F. Source: J Outcome Meas. 1999; 3(1): 21-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10063770&dopt=Abstract

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The eczema area and severity index (EASI): assessment of reliability in atopic dermatitis. EASI Evaluator Group. Author(s): Hanifin JM, Thurston M, Omoto M, Cherill R, Tofte SJ, Graeber M. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2001 February; 10(1): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168575&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a newly developed ointment containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Watanabe T, Kuroda Y. Source: J Med Invest. 1999 August; 46(3-4): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10687312&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of antibacterial soap with 1.5% triclocarban on Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Breneman DL, Hanifin JM, Berge CA, Keswick BH, Neumann PB. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 October; 66(4): 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11109156&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of antibiotics on the production of superantigen from Staphylococcus aureus isolated from atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Adachi Y, Akamatsu H, Horio T. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2002 January; 28(1): 76-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916133&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of gamma-linolenic acid on clinical status, red cell fatty acid composition and membrane microviscosity in infants with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Biagi PL, Bordoni A, Hrelia S, Celadon M, Ricci GP, Cannella V, Patrizi A, Specchia F, Masi M. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1994; 20(2): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7924900&dopt=Abstract

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The effectiveness of wet wrap dressings using 0.1% mometasone furoate and 0.005% fluticasone proprionate ointments in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Pei AY, Chan HH, Ho KM. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 July-August; 18(4): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576413&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy and safety of gamma-linolenic acid in the treatment of infantile atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Fiocchi A, Sala M, Signoroni P, Banderali G, Agostoni C, Riva E. Source: J Int Med Res. 1994 January-February; 22(1): 24-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7910570&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy, tolerability and safety of a new oral formulation of Sandimmun-Sandimmun Neoral in severe refractory atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Atakan N, Erdem C. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1998 November; 11(3): 240-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9883436&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis at a tertiary referral skin center in Singapore. Author(s): Tay YK, Khoo BP, Goh CL. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1999 September; 17(3): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697251&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Levy RM, Gelfand JM, Yan AC. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 109-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706328&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Daniels J, Harper J. Source: Hosp Med. 2002 November; 63(11): 649-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474607&dopt=Abstract

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The family impact of atopic dermatitis in children: the role of the parent caregiver. Author(s): Balkrishnan R, Housman TS, Grummer S, Rapp SR, Clarke J, Feldman SR, Fleischer AB Jr. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558838&dopt=Abstract

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The family impact of childhood atopic dermatitis: the Dermatitis Family Impact Questionnaire. Author(s): Lawson V, Lewis-Jones MS, Finlay AY, Reid P, Owens RG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 January; 138(1): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9536231&dopt=Abstract

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The financial impact on families of children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Herd RM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 June; 138(6): 819-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056965&dopt=Abstract

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The frequency of common skin conditions in preschool-age children in Australia: atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Foley P, Zuo Y, Plunkett A, Marks R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 March; 137(3): 293-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11255327&dopt=Abstract

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The genetics of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Cookson WO, Moffatt MF. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 October; 2(5): 383-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582320&dopt=Abstract

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The genetics of atopic dermatitis: strategies, candidate genes, and genome screens. Author(s): Cookson WO. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423863&dopt=Abstract

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The high-affinity receptor for IgE is the predominant IgE-binding structure in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Klubal R, Osterhoff B, Wang B, Kinet JP, Maurer D, Stingl G. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1997 March; 108(3): 336-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9036935&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of tacrolimus ointment on health-related quality of life of adult and pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Drake L, Prendergast M, Maher R, Breneman D, Korman N, Satoi Y, Beusterien KM, Lawrence I. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1 Suppl): S65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145797&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of CD54 and CD86 costimulation in T cells stimulated with Candida albicans and Dermatophagoides farinae antigens in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kawamura MS, Aiba S, Tagami H. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1998 November; 290(11): 603-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860280&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of disinfection therapy using povidone-iodine solution in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sugimoto K, Ishikawa N, Sugioka T, Koseki H, Kubosawa H, Kagawa S, Shimojo N, Ito S, Hattori T. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204 Suppl 1: 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011524&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of mental support to the patients with adult atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Shirata K, Nishitani Y, Fujino Y, Takano N, Kiriike N. Source: Osaka City Med J. 1996 July; 42(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8909056&dopt=Abstract

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The incidence of atopic dermatitis in school entrants is associated with individual life-style factors but not with local environmental factors in Hannover, Germany. Author(s): Werner S, Buser K, Kapp A, Werfel T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 147(1): 95-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100190&dopt=Abstract

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The leukotriene antagonist montelukast as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yanase DJ, David-Bajar K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148482&dopt=Abstract

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The leukotriene antagonist zafirlukast as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Carucci JA, Washenik K, Weinstein A, Shupack J, Cohen DE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 July; 134(7): 785-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681340&dopt=Abstract

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The level of interleukine-2 (IL-2) in blood serum in children with food sensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Szczepanski M, Kaczmarski M. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1995; 40(3): 692-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775328&dopt=Abstract

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The long-term safety and efficacy of cyclosporin in severe refractory atopic dermatitis: a comparison of two dosage regimens. Author(s): Zonneveld IM, De Rie MA, Beljaards RC, Van Der Rhee HJ, Wuite J, Zeegelaar J, Bos JD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 September; 135 Suppl 48: 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881899&dopt=Abstract

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The management of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in adults with topical fluticasone propionate. The Netherlands Adult Atopic DermatitisStudy Group. Author(s): Van Der Meer JB, Glazenburg EJ, Mulder PG, Eggink HF, Coenraads PJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 140(6): 1114-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354080&dopt=Abstract

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The mechanism of a defective IFN-gamma response to bacterial toxins in an atopic dermatitis model, NC/Nga mice, and the therapeutic effect of IFN-gamma, IL-12, or IL-18 on dermatitis. Author(s): Habu Y, Seki S, Takayama E, Ohkawa T, Koike Y, Ami K, Majima T, Hiraide H. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2001 May 1; 166(9): 5439-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313381&dopt=Abstract

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The millennium criteria for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bos JD, Van Leent EJ, Sillevis Smitt JH. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1998 August; 7(4): 132-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9758407&dopt=Abstract

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The modulation of cytokine and IgE production by tumor necrosis factor-beta in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jirapongsananuruk O, Donahue HL, Trumble AE, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000 January; 114(1): 200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620139&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Taieb A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S4-5; Discussion S5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423862&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of sensitizations to food and aeroallergens in atopic dermatitis: a 4-year follow-Up. Author(s): Patrizi A, Guerrini V, Ricci G, Neri I, Specchia F, Masi M. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 July-August; 17(4): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10990572&dopt=Abstract

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The NC/Nga mouse: a model for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Vestergaard C, Yoneyama H, Matsushima K. Source: Molecular Medicine Today. 2000 May; 6(5): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782068&dopt=Abstract

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The necessity of diet therapy for successful interferon-gamma therapy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lee SS, Lee KY, Noh G. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2001 April; 42(2): 161-71. Erratum In: Yonsei Med J 2001 June; 42(3): 367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11371102&dopt=Abstract

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The number of diagnostic features in patients with atopic dermatitis correlates with dryness severity. Author(s): Loden M, Andersson AC, Lindberg M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 September; 78(5): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9779267&dopt=Abstract

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The occurrence of atopic dermatitis in north Europe: an international questionnaire study. Author(s): Schultz Larsen F, Diepgen T, Svensson A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 May; 34(5 Pt 1): 760-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8632070&dopt=Abstract

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The occurrence of hybrids between contact allergic eczema and atopic dermatitis (and vice versa) and their significance. Author(s): Malten KE. Source: Dermatologica. 1968; 136(5): 404-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5662285&dopt=Abstract

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The photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome (chronic actinic dermatitis) occurring in seven young atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Russell SC, Dawe RS, Collins P, Man I, Ferguson J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 March; 138(3): 496-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9580807&dopt=Abstract

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The practical management of atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Halbert AR. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1996 February; 25(2): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822030&dopt=Abstract

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The precipitation of symptoms by common foods in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Steinman HA, Potter PC. Source: Allergy Proc. 1994 July-August; 15(4): 203-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7806078&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in Singapore school children. Author(s): Tay YK, Kong KH, Khoo L, Goh CL, Giam YC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 January; 146(1): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841373&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence and incidence of atopic dermatitis in a birth cohort: the importance of a family history of atopy. Author(s): Bleiker TO, Shahidullah H, Dutton E, Graham-Brown RA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 February; 136(2): 274. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10677116&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Oregon schoolchildren. Author(s): Laughter D, Istvan JA, Tofte SJ, Hanifin JM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 October; 43(4): 649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11004621&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of common skin conditions in Australian school students: 2. Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Marks R, Kilkenny M, Plunkett A, Merlin K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 March; 140(3): 468-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233268&dopt=Abstract

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The profile of atopic dermatitis in a tertiary dermatology outpatient clinic in Singapore. Author(s): Tay YK, Khoo BP, Goh CL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 September; 38(9): 689-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10517686&dopt=Abstract

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The quantitative and qualitative defect of CD4+ CD45RO+ memory-type T cells are involved in the abnormality of TH1 immunity in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Matsuyama T, Urano K, Ohkido M, Ozawa H, Ohta A, Kaneko S, Yahata T, Takita C, Nishimura T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 May; 29(5): 687-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10231330&dopt=Abstract

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The red face: atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Mirensky YM. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1993 April-June; 11(2): 235-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348437&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis. Author(s): Akhavan A, Cohen SR. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 158-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706333&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between HIV infection and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rudikoff D. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2002 July; 2(4): 275-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044260&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between plasma thrombospondin level and the clinical course of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Huang SW, Kao KJ. Source: Allergy Proc. 1993 September-October; 14(5): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8288118&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between the psychological and immunological state in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hashiro M, Okumura M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1998 March; 16(3): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9651821&dopt=Abstract

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The role of allergy in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Langeveld-Wildschut A, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 February; 36(2 Pt 1): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9039192&dopt=Abstract

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The role of circulating food antigen-specific lymphocytes in food allergic children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Reekers R, Beyer K, Niggemann B, Wahn U, Freihorst J, Kapp A, Werfel T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 December; 135(6): 935-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8977715&dopt=Abstract

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The role of cutaneous dendritic cells in the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Banfield CC, Callard RE, Harper JI. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 144(5): 940-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359378&dopt=Abstract

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The role of dust mite antigen sensitization and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Friedmann PS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 July; 29(7): 869-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10383586&dopt=Abstract

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The role of eosinophils and eosinophil cationic protein in monitoring oral challenge tests in children with food-sensitive atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niggemann B, Beyer K, Wahn U. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 December; 94(6 Pt 1): 963-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7798544&dopt=Abstract

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The role of food allergy and other allergic disease in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jones SM. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 1999 Fall; 17(3): 293-321. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597369&dopt=Abstract

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The role of food and inhaled allergens in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Grunebaum E, Lavi S. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999 February; 3 Suppl 2: S2-24-S228. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071362&dopt=Abstract

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The role of IgE in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bruijnzeel-Koomen C. Source: Allergy. 1998; 53(46 Suppl): 29-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9825993&dopt=Abstract

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The role of infection in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kanani AS, Sussman GL. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999 February; 3 Suppl 2: S2-29-S232. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071363&dopt=Abstract

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The role of keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Girolomoni G, Pastore S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423868&dopt=Abstract

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The role of monocytes in atopic dermatitis immunopathology. Author(s): Chan SC, Shen K, Gebhardt M, Hanifin JM. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 27(11): 696-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138533&dopt=Abstract

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The role of patch testing for chemical and protein allergens in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nedorost ST, Cooper KD. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 July; 1(4): 323-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11892054&dopt=Abstract

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The role of the atopy patch test (APT) in diagnosis of food allergy in infants and children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niggemann B. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 37-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380896&dopt=Abstract

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The skin barrier and use of Moisturizers in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Loden M. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 145-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706332&dopt=Abstract

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The skin fungus-induced Th1- and Th2-related cytokine, chemokine and prostaglandin E2 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. Author(s): Kanda N, Tani K, Enomoto U, Nakai K, Watanabe S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 August; 32(8): 1243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190666&dopt=Abstract

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The skin of atopic dermatitis patients contains a novel enzyme, glucosylceramide sphingomyelin deacylase, which cleaves the N-acyl linkage of sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide. Author(s): Higuchi K, Hara J, Okamoto R, Kawashima M, Imokawa G. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2000 September 15; 350 Pt 3: 747-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10970788&dopt=Abstract

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The spectrum of cutaneous patch-test reactions in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hanifin JM, Klas PA. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 1996 Summer; 14(2): 225-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8727025&dopt=Abstract

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The sweat of patients with atopic dermatitis contains specific IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens. Author(s): Jung K, Schlenvoigt G, Ladwig K, Herrmann D, Moths C, Linse R, Neumann C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1996 September; 21(5): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9136153&dopt=Abstract

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The therapeutic effect of evening primrose oil in atopic dermatitis patients with dry scaly skin lesions is associated with the normalization of serum gamma-interferon levels. Author(s): Yoon S, Lee J, Lee S. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2002 January-February; 15(1): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803254&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of atopic dermatitis with adjunctive high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin: a report of three patients and review of the literature. Author(s): Jolles S, Hughes J, Rustin M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 March; 142(3): 551-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735971&dopt=Abstract

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The U.K. Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. I. Derivation of a minimum set of discriminators for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Williams HC, Burney PG, Hay RJ, Archer CB, Shipley MJ, Hunter JJ, Bingham EA, Finlay AY, Pembroke AC, Graham-Brown RA, et al. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 September; 131(3): 383-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7918015&dopt=Abstract

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The U.K. Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. II. Observer variation of clinical diagnosis and signs of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Williams HC, Burney PG, Strachan D, Hay RJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 September; 131(3): 397-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7918016&dopt=Abstract

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The U.K. Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. III. Independent hospital validation. Author(s): Williams HC, Burney PG, Pembroke AC, Hay RJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 September; 131(3): 406-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7918017&dopt=Abstract

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The utility of patch testing children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Vender RB. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2002 June; 7(6): 4-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12223977&dopt=Abstract

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The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene as a candidate gene for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bradley M, Soderhall C, Wahlgren CF, Luthman H, Nordenskjold M, Kockum I. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 October-November; 81(5): 340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800140&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic effect of loratadine on pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis. A multi-crossover-designed study. Author(s): Langeland T, Fagertun HE, Larsen S. Source: Allergy. 1994 January; 49(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8198236&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic effectiveness of treatment with an elimination diet in children with atopic dermatitis of different ages. Author(s): Olendzka-Rzepecka E, Kaczmarski M, Lebensztejn D. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1995; 40(3): 602-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775313&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic efficacy and safety of loratadine syrup in childhood atopic dermatitis treated with mometasone furoate 0.1 per cent cream. Author(s): Chunharas A, Wisuthsarewong W, Wananukul S, Viravan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 April; 85(4): 482-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118496&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic perspectives in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Leung DY. Source: Allergy. 1999; 54 Suppl 58: 39-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735649&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutics in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Graham-Brown RA. Source: Adv Dermatol. 1997; 13: 3-31. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9551139&dopt=Abstract

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Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in atopic dermatitis: Serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine level is closely related with disease activity. Author(s): Kakinuma T, Nakamura K, Wakugawa M, Mitsui H, Tada Y, Saeki H, Torii H, Asahina A, Onai N, Matsushima K, Tamaki K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 March; 107(3): 535-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240957&dopt=Abstract

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Tissue eosinophilia in acute and chronic atopic dermatitis: a morphometric approach using quantitative image analysis of immunostaining. Author(s): Kiehl P, Falkenberg K, Vogelbruch M, Kapp A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 November; 145(5): 720-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11736895&dopt=Abstract

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T-lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4, CD8), IL-4 and IFN-gamma concentration in stimulated cell culture (PBMC) in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Boznanski A, Machnicki M. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1995; 40(3): 474-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775293&dopt=Abstract

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Topical antimycotic treatment of atopic dermatitis in the head/neck area. A doubleblind randomised study. Author(s): Broberg A, Faergemann J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 January; 75(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7747534&dopt=Abstract

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Topical application of a platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Abeck D, Andersson T, Grosshans E, Jablonska S, Kragballe K, Vahlquist A, Schmidt T, Dupuy P, Ring J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 November; 77(6): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394979&dopt=Abstract

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Topical dinitrochlorobenzene therapy in the treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis: systemic immunotherapy. Author(s): Yoshizawa Y, Matsui H, Izaki S, Kitamura K, Maibach HI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 February; 42(2 Pt 1): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10642682&dopt=Abstract

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Topical immunoglobulin G in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Burek-Kozlowska A, Morell A, Hunziker T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1994 May; 104(1): 104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7950401&dopt=Abstract

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Topical immunomodulators for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bernard LA, Eichenfield LF. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2002 August; 14(4): 414-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12130904&dopt=Abstract

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Topical noncorticosteroid immunomodulation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Reitamo S, Remitz A, Kyllonen H, Saarikko J. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(6): 381-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113647&dopt=Abstract

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Topical pimecrolimus: a review of its clinical potential in the management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wellington K, Jarvis B. Source: Drugs. 2002; 62(5): 817-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929333&dopt=Abstract

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Topical sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Moore C, Ehlayel MS, Junprasert J, Sorensen RU. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 November; 81(5 Pt 1): 452-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860040&dopt=Abstract

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Topical steroids under wet-wrap dressings in atopic dermatitis--a vehicle-controlled trial. Author(s): Schnopp C, Holtmann C, Stock S, Remling R, Folster-Holst R, Ring J, Abeck D. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(1): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834851&dopt=Abstract

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Topical tacrolimus (FK 506): a new milestone in the management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bieber T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 October; 102(4 Pt 1): 5557. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802361&dopt=Abstract

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Topical tacrolimus (FK506) leads to profound phenotypic and functional alterations of epidermal antigen-presenting dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wollenberg A, Sharma S, von Bubnoff D, Geiger E, Haberstok J, Bieber T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 March; 107(3): 519-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240954&dopt=Abstract

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Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis: euphoria and vigilance. Author(s): Lubbe J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549790&dopt=Abstract

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Topical tacrolimus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Gianni LM, Sulli MM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 July-August; 35(7-8): 943-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11485148&dopt=Abstract

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Topical tacrolimus: a new therapy for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Russell JJ. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 November 15; 66(10): 1899-902. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12469964&dopt=Abstract

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Topical therapy with fluorinated and non-fluorinated corticosteroids in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Gregurek-Novak T. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 January; 15(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451336&dopt=Abstract

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Topical treatment of atopic dermatitis with St. John's wort cream--a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind half-side comparison. Author(s): Schempp CM, Windeck T, Hezel S, Simon JC. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807340&dopt=Abstract

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Topical triclosan treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sporik R, Kemp AS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 June; 99(6 Pt 1): 861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9215263&dopt=Abstract

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Transepidermal water loss predicts systemic absorption of topical hydrocortisone in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Aalto-Korte K, Turpeinen M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 September; 135(3): 497-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8949461&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis and impact on quality of life: a review with emphasis on topical non-corticosteroids. Author(s): Schiffner R, Schiffner-Rohe J, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2003; 21(3): 159-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558467&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris with bupropion-SR: a pilot study. Author(s): Modell JG, Boyce S, Taylor E, Katholi C. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2002 September-October; 64(5): 835-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271115&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis in children: the importance of skin care and environmental control. Author(s): Ganir EM, Capulong MC, Tahara K, Akasawa A, Iikura Y. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 December; 38(6): 702-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9002315&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis with mycophenolate mofetil. Author(s): Grundmann-Kollmann M, Kaufmann R, Zollner TM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 August; 145(2): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531810&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis with mycophenolate mofetil. Author(s): Hansen ER, Buus S, Deleuran M, Andersen KE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 December; 143(6): 1324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122047&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis with zafirlukast. Author(s): Zabawski EJ Jr, Kahn MA, Gregg LJ. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 1999 November; 5(2): 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10673463&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Krafchik BR. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999 February; 3 Suppl 2: S2-16-S223. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071361&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis: a comparison of psychological and dermatological approaches to relapse prevention. Author(s): Ehlers A, Stangier U, Gieler U. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1995 August; 63(4): 624-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673540&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis: role of tacrolimus ointment as a topical noncorticosteroidal therapy. Author(s): Fleischer AB Jr. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 September; 104(3 Pt 2): S126-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482864&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of labial lentigos in atopic dermatitis with the frequency-doubled Qswitched Nd:YAG laser. Author(s): Akita H, Matsunaga K, Fujisawa Y, Ueda H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 July; 136(7): 936-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10891005&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis using 'wet-wrap' dressings and diluted corticosteroids: results of standardized treatment in both children and adults. Author(s): Devillers AC, de Waard-van der Spek FB, Mulder PG, Oranje AP. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(1): 50-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834850&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of refractory cases of atopic dermatitis with acidic hot-spring bathing. Author(s): Kubota K, Machida I, Tamura K, Take H, Kurabayashi H, Akiba T, Tamura J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 November; 77(6): 452-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394980&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of severe atopic dermatitis by topical immune modulation using dinitrochlorobenzene. Author(s): Mills LB, Mordan LJ, Roth HL, Winger EE, Epstein WL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 April; 42(4): 687-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10727322&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of severe atopic dermatitis in childhood with cyclosporin. Author(s): Zaki I, Emerson R, Allen BR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 September; 135 Suppl 48: 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881900&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of severe atopic dermatitis with extracorporeal photopheresis. Author(s): Prinz B, Nachbar F, Plewig G. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1994; 287(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726636&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment principles of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 January; 16(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952283&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment-resistant atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wergowske GL. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2001 July; 49(7): 1008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527503&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in school children: longitudinal study in Osaka Prefecture, Japan, from 1985 to 1997. Author(s): Yura A, Shimizu T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 December; 145(6): 966-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899151&dopt=Abstract

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Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand expression in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Warnnissorn P, Nakao A, Suto H, Ushio H, Yamaguchi N, Yagita H, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 April; 148(4): 829-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752156&dopt=Abstract

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Twice weekly fluticasone propionate added to emollient maintenance treatment to reduce risk of relapse in atopic dermatitis: randomised, double blind, parallel group study. Author(s): Berth-Jones J, Damstra RJ, Golsch S, Livden JK, Van Hooteghem O, Allegra F, Parker CA; Multinational Study Group. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 21; 326(7403): 1367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816824&dopt=Abstract

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Two cases of atopic dermatitis associated with autoimmune abnormalities. Author(s): Sekigawa I, Yoshiike T, Iida N, Hashimoto H, Ogawa H. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 January; 42(1): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509635&dopt=Abstract

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Two-dimensional electrophoresis of Malassezia allergens for atopic dermatitis and isolation of Mal f 4 homologs with mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Author(s): Onishi Y, Kuroda M, Yasueda H, Saito A, Sono-Koyama E, Tunasawa S, Hashida-Okado T, Yagihara T, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H, Akiyama K, Kato I, Takesako K. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1999 April; 261(1): 148-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10103045&dopt=Abstract

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Two-point discrimination of itch in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects. Author(s): Wahlgren CF, Ekblom A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 January; 76(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8721493&dopt=Abstract

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Type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors have clinical and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hanifin JM, Chan SC, Cheng JB, Tofte SJ, Henderson WR Jr, Kirby DS, Weiner ES. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 July; 107(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8752839&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound biomicroscopic view of detachment of the ciliary epithelium in retinal detachment with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yoshida S, Sasoh M, Arima M, Uji Y. Source: Ophthalmology. 1997 February; 104(2): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9052633&dopt=Abstract

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Ultraviolet A-1 irradiation as a tool to study the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Krutmann J. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2000; 319: 296-302. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907521&dopt=Abstract

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Ultraviolet light is an environmental factor aggravating facial lesions of adult atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Deguchi H, Umemoto N, Sugiura H, Danno K, Uehara M. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 1998 October; 4(1): 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10217747&dopt=Abstract

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Unbalanced production of interleukin-5 and interleukin-2 in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Yamamoto S, Hamasaki Y, Ishii E, Ichimaru T, Miyazaki S. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 May; 78(5): 517-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9164367&dopt=Abstract

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Underlying disease specificity of genetic loci in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Becker KG, Barnes KC. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 November; 117(5): 1325-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11710954&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding and treating atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nicol NH, Boguniewicz M. Source: Nurse Pract Forum. 1999 June; 10(2): 48-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10542581&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology and etiology. Conclusion. Author(s): Saurat JH, Hanifin JM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423880&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology and etiology. Introduction. Author(s): Hanifin J, Saurat JH. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423860&dopt=Abstract

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Undetectable interferon-alpha serum levels in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Dolen JG, Mathur A. Source: Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 1995 November; 15(11): 9735. Erratum In: J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996 January; 16(1): 92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8590309&dopt=Abstract

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Unique profile of IL-4 and IFN-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in infants with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kimura M, Tsuruta S, Yoshida T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 August; 102(2): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9723667&dopt=Abstract

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Update on therapy of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hanifin JM, Tofte SJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 September; 104(3 Pt 2): S123-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482863&dopt=Abstract

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Upregulated IFN-gamma production in hen's egg-induced atopic dermatitis in remission. Author(s): Noma T, Yoshizawa I. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 March; 154(3): 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7758529&dopt=Abstract

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Upregulation of IgE synthesis by staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hofer MF, Lester MR, Schlievert PM, Leung DY. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 December; 25(12): 1218-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8821303&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-ketosteroid sulfates in normal children and in children with atopic dermatitis or renal disease. Author(s): Kano K, Yamada Y, Arisaka O. Source: Rinsho Byori. 2001 August; 49(8): 807-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11573292&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary eosinophil protein X and serum eosinophil cationic protein in infants and young children with atopic dermatitis: correlation with disease activity. Author(s): Pucci N, Lombardi E, Novembre E, Farina S, Bernardini R, Rossi E, Favilli T, Vierucci A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 February; 105(2 Pt 1): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10669858&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary eosinophil protein X in children with atopic dermatitis: relation to atopy and disease activity. Author(s): Oymar K, Bjerknes R. Source: Allergy. 2000 October; 55(10): 964-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11030379&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary leukotriene E4 levels in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sansom JE, Taylor GW, Dollery CT, Archer CB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 May; 136(5): 790-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9205521&dopt=Abstract

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Urine eosinophil protein X (EPX) is an in vitro parameter of inflammation in atopic dermatitis of the adult age. Author(s): Breuer K, Kapp A, Werfel T. Source: Allergy. 2001 August; 56(8): 780-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488674&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a specific oral hyposensitization therapy to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Galli E, Chini L, Nardi S, Benincori N, Panei P, Fraioli G, Moschese V, Rossi P. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1994 January-February; 22(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8030579&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a wrist activity monitor for the measurement of nocturnal scratching in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Ebata T, Iwasaki S, Kamide R, Niimura M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 144(2): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251563&dopt=Abstract

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Use of an emollient as a steroid-sparing agent in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Lucky AW, Leach AD, Laskarzewski P, Wenck H. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1997 July-August; 14(4): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9263319&dopt=Abstract

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Use of specific IgE in assessing the relevance of fungal and dust mite allergens to atopic dermatitis: a comparison with asthmatic and nonasthmatic control subjects. Author(s): Scalabrin DM, Bavbek S, Perzanowski MS, Wilson BB, Platts-Mills TA, Wheatley LM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 December; 104(6): 1273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589012&dopt=Abstract

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Use of thrombospondin level to predict the clinical course of atopic dermatitis associated with food hypersensitivity or skin infection. Author(s): Huang SW, Kao KJ. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1996 January; 11(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8867768&dopt=Abstract

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UVA1 for atopic dermatitis: medium dose superior to low dose. Author(s): Kowalzick L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 March; 44(3): 548. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209141&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of the diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Firooz A, Davoudi SM, Farahmand AN, Majdzadeh R, Kashani N, Dowlati Y. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 May; 135(5): 514-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328189&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of the U.K. diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis in a population setting. U.K. Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis Working Party. Author(s): Williams HC, Burney PG, Pembroke AC, Hay RJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 July; 135(1): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8776351&dopt=Abstract

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Validity study for the stigmatization experience in atopic dermatitis and psoriatic patients. Author(s): Schmid-Ott G, Kuensebeck HW, Jaeger B, Werfel T, Frahm K, Ruitman J, Kapp A, Lamprecht F. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 November; 79(6): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10598757&dopt=Abstract

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Value of patch testing in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): el Samahy MH, el-Kerdani T. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 September; 8(3): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9249284&dopt=Abstract

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Variability of enzyme markers during clinical regression of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tarroux R, Assalit MF, Licu D, Perie JJ, Redoules D. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2002 January-February; 15(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803258&dopt=Abstract

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Vegetarian diet ameliorates symptoms of atopic dermatitis through reduction of the number of peripheral eosinophils and of PGE2 synthesis by monocytes. Author(s): Tanaka T, Kouda K, Kotani M, Takeuchi A, Tabei T, Masamoto Y, Nakamura H, Takigawa M, Suemura M, Takeuchi H, Kouda M. Source: Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science. 2001 November; 20(6): 353-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840688&dopt=Abstract

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VH genes expressed in peripheral blood IgE-producing B cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tilgner J, Golembowski S, Kersten B, Sterry W, Jahn S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1997 March; 107(3): 528-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9067528&dopt=Abstract

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What do we know about the etiopathology of the intrinsic type of atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Werfel T, Kapp A. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 28: 29-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374047&dopt=Abstract

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What is the cost of atopic dermatitis in preschool children? Author(s): Emerson RM, Williams HC, Allen BR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 March; 144(3): 514-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260008&dopt=Abstract

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What's new in atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Eedy DJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 145(3): 380-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531827&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ATOPIC DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and atopic dermatitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Atopic Dermatitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on atopic dermatitis: •

Diet and eczema. Source: Graham, P. Nutr-Food-Sci. London, Eng. : Forbes Publications. Mar/April 1987. (105) page 6-8. ill. 0034-6659

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “atopic dermatitis” (or a synonym): •

Intestinal involvement in atopic disease. Author(s): Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku (Finland) Source: Isolauri, E. Journal-of-the-Royal-Society-of-Medicine,-Supplement (United Kingdom). (1997). volume 90(30) page 15-20. mankind eczema skin diseases intestines microbial flora probiotics therapy food allergies immunoglobulins antigens immunological diseases atopy Summary: genre humain eczema maladie de la peau intestin flore microbienne probiotique therapeutique allergie alimentaire immunoglobuline antigene maladie immunologique atopie

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Advances in the treatment of atopic dermatitis with special regard to children. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands. [email protected]/[email protected] Source: Oranje, A P Wolkerstorfer, A Curr-Probl-Dermatol. 1999; 2856-63 0070-2064

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Aero-allergens in canine atopic dermatitis in southeastern Australia based on 1000 intradermal skin tests. Author(s): Animal Skin & Allergy Clinic, Mount Waverley, Victoria. [email protected] Source: Mueller, R S Bettenay, S V Tideman, L Aust-Vet-J. 2000 June; 78(6): 392-9 00050423

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Alternative treatments for atopic dermatitis: a selected review. Author(s): Dept. of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Source: Vender, R B Skin-Therapy-Lett. 2002 February; 7(2): 1-5 1201-5989

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An integrative approach to eczema (atopic dermatitis). Author(s): Certified Nutritional Consultant Faculty, Drexel University Nursing and Health Professions CE, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Source: Ross, S M Holist-Nurs-Pract. 2003 Jan-February; 17(1): 56-62 0887-9311

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Antihistamines in the management of canine atopic dermatitis: a retrospective study of 171 dogs (1992-1998). Author(s): Koret Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. Source: Zur, Gila Ihrke, Peter J White, Stephen D Kass, Philip H Vet-Ther. 2002 Spring; 3(1): 88-96 1528-3593

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Association of a new-type prostaglandin D2 receptor CRTH2 with circulating T helper 2 cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Molecular Biology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

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Source: Iwasaki, M Nagata, K Takano, S Takahashi, K Ishii, N Ikezawa, Z J-InvestDermatol. 2002 September; 119(3): 609-16 0022-202X •

Association of birch pollen-related food-responsive atopic dermatitis with birch pollen allergen-specific T-cell reactions. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hannover Medical University, Germany. Source: Werfel, T Reekers, R Busche, M Schmidt, P Constien, A Wittmann, M Kapp, A Curr-Probl-Dermatol. 1999; 2818-28 0070-2064

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Asymptomatic shedding of herpes simplex virus into the oral cavity of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan. Source: Yoshida, M Amatsu, A J-Clin-Virol. 2000 February; 16(1): 65-9 1386-6532

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Atopic dermatitis and essential fatty acid metabolism. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Dusseldorf, FRG. Source: Melnik, B C Curr-Probl-Dermatol. 1991; 20215-27 0070-2064

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Atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Author(s): Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Source: Resano, A Crespo, E Fernandez Benitez, M Sanz, M L Oehling, A J-InvestigAllergol-Clin-Immunol. 1998 Sep-October; 8(5): 271-6 1018-9068

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Atopic dermatitis in NC/Jic mice associated with Myobia musculi infestation. Author(s): Kampo & Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan. Source: Iijima, O T Takeda, H Komatsu, Y Matsumiya, T Takahashi, H Comp-Med. 2000 April; 50(2): 225-8

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Atopic eczema and the allergist. Author(s): Department of Allergy, University of Texas School of Medicine at Houston, USA. Source: Charlesworth, E N Allergy-Asthma-Proc. 1999 Sep-October; 20(5): 305-10 10885412

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Atopic eczema. Author(s): Department of Evidence-based Dermatology, Nottingham, UK. Source: Smethurst, D Clin-Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1467-82 1462-3846

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Atopic eczema: how to tackle the most common atopic symptom. Author(s): Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charite-Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Germany. Source: Wahn, U Staab, D Nilsson, L Pediatr-Allergy-Immunol. 1999; 10(12 Suppl): 19-23 0905-6157

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Biphasic cytokine expression by T cell clones from patients with atopic dermatitis with different incubation periods and strengths of stimuli. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan. Source: Kanek, R Matsu, T Iwatsuki, K Motok, Y Oyama Kaneko, F Fukushima-J-MedSci. 2001 December; 47(2): 51-62 0016-2590

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Cataract and retinal detachment in patients with severe atopic dermatitis who were withdrawn from the use of topical corticosteroid. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine, Japan.

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Source: Taniguchi, H Ohki, O Yokozeki, H Katayama, I Tanaka, A Kiyosawa, M Nishioka, K J-Dermatol. 1999 October; 26(10): 658-65 0385-2407 •

Clinical application of histamine prick test for food challenge in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea. Source: Lee, S Noh, G W Lee, K Y J-Korean-Med-Sci. 2001 June; 16(3): 276-82 1011-8934

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Clinical manifestations of hand eczema compared by etiologic classification and irritation reactivity to SLS. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Korea. Source: Kang, Y C Lee, S Ahn, S K Choi, E H J-Dermatol. 2002 August; 29(8): 477-83 0385-2407

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Comparison of immunopharmacological actions of 8 kinds of kampo-hozais clinically used in atopic dermatitis on delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. Author(s): Department of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan. Source: Nose, M Sakushima, J Harada, D Ogihara, Y Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1999 January; 22(1): 48-54 0918-6158

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Cost of illness of atopic dermatitis in children: a societal perspective. Author(s): Department of Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. [email protected] Source: Kemp, A S Pharmacoeconomics. 2003; 21(2): 105-13 1170-7690

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Current management of atopic eczema. Author(s): Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham. Source: Ravenscroft, J C Thomas, K S Williams, H C Practitioner. 2002 October; 246(1639): 690-5 0032-6518

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Cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen expression in children with atopic dermatitis and non-atopic healthy children. Author(s): Department of Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Source: Campbell, D E Kemp, A S Pediatr-Allergy-Immunol. 1999 November; 10(4): 2537 0905-6157

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Cutaneous reactions and sensations after intracutaneous injection of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine in atopic eczema patients and healthy controls. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany. Source: Rukwied, R Heyer, G Arch-Dermatol-Res. 1998 April; 290(4): 198-204 0340-3696

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Cytokine network and dysregulated apoptosis in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland. [email protected] Source: Akdis, M Trautmann, A Klunker, S Blaser, K Akdis, C A Acta-Odontol-Scand. 2001 June; 59(3): 178-82 0001-6357

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Deficiency of epidermal protein-bound omega-hydroxyceramides in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kekule-Institut fur Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universitaet Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.

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Source: Macheleidt, O Kaiser, H W Sandhoff, K J-Invest-Dermatol. 2002 July; 119(1): 16673 0022-202X •

Dietary management of atopic eczema: is this justified? Author(s): University Department of Child Health, Booth Hall Children's Hospital, Blackley, Manchester. Source: Arkwright, P D Patel, L David, T J Hosp-Med. 1998 September; 59(9): 690-2 14623935

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Effect and correlation of serum total IgE, eosinophil granule cationic proteins and sensitized allergens in atopic dermatitis patients with or without rhinitis. Author(s): School of Medical Technology, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, ShihChuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 80708. Source: Wu, C S Yu, C L Chang, C H Kuo, W R Lin, H J Yu, H S Kaohsiung-J-Med-Sci. 2002 May; 18(5): 229-35 1607-551X

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Effect of topical capsaicin on the cutaneous reactions and itching to histamine in atopic eczema compared to healthy skin. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. [email protected] Source: Weisshaar, E Heyer, G Forster, C Handwerker, H O Arch-Dermatol-Res. 1998 June; 290(6): 306-11 0340-3696

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Effectiveness of a home-made meat based formula (the Rezza-Cardi diet) as a diagnostic tool in children with food-induced atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. Source: Martino, F Bruno, G Aprigliano, D Agolini, D Guido, F Giardini, O Businco, L Pediatr-Allergy-Immunol. 1998 November; 9(4): 192-6 0905-6157

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Efficacy and safety of a soy-protein-formula for feeding babies with atopic dermatitis and cow's milk hypersensitivity. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Roma La Sapienza Medical School, Italy. Source: Cantani, A Ferrara, M Ragno, V Businco, L Riv-Eur-Sci-Med-Farmacol. 1990 December; 12(6): 311-8 0392-291X

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Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Nutrition Research Centre, University of Bologna, Italy. Source: Bordoni, A Biagi, P L Masi, M Ricci, G Fanelli, C Patrizi, A Ceccolini, E DrugsExp-Clin-Res. 1988; 14(4): 291-7 0378-6501

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Food allergy and atopic eczema. Author(s): Dermatology Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, West Germany. Source: Przybilla, B Ring, J Semin-Dermatol. 1990 September; 9(3): 220-5 0278-145X

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Gamolenic acid in atopic eczema: Epogam. Source: Anonymous Drug-Ther-Bull. 1990 September 3; 28(18): 69-70 0012-6543

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Immediate reactions following challenge-tests in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. Source: Meglio, P Farinella, F Trogolo, E Giampietro, P G Cantani, A Businco, L AllergImmunol-(Paris). 1988 February; 20(2): 57-62 0397-9148

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Improvement of skin symptoms and mineral imbalance by drinking deep sea water in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). Author(s): Department of Allergy, Unitika Central Hospital, Uji-City, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. [email protected]

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Source: Kimata, H Tai, H Nakagawa, K Yokoyama, Y Nakajima, H Ikegami, Y ActaMedica-(Hradec-Kralove). 2002; 45(2): 83-4 1211-4286 •

Is the face and neck pattern of atopic dermatitis in Japan a special variant? Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan. Source: Tada, J Yamasaki, H Toi, Y Akiyama, H Arata, J Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 1999 March; 10(1): 7-11 1046-199X

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Lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and experimental arthritis. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Marselisborg Hospital, Aarhus. Source: Fogh, K Dan-Med-Bull. 1990 August; 37(4): 289-308 0907-8916

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Low breast milk IgA and high blood eosinophil count in breast-fed newborns determine higher risk for developing atopic eczema after an 18-month follow-up. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Villa Bianca Hospital, Naples, Italy. Source: Calbi, M Giacchetti, L J-Investig-Allergol-Clin-Immunol. 1998 May-June; 8(3): 161-4 1018-9068

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Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic eczema in infants. Author(s): Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1A2. [email protected] Source: Kramer, M S Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD000131 1469-493X

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Optimal management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Biederstein, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. [email protected] Source: Abeck, D Strom, K Am-J-Clin-Dermatol. 2000 Jan-February; 1(1): 41-6 1175-0561

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Oral sodium cromoglycate in the management of atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Roma La Sapienza Medical School. Source: Businco, L Cantani, A Allergy-Proc. 1991 Sep-October; 12(5): 333-8 1046-9354

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Peanut protein as a major cause of adverse food reactions in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics and Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Source: Burks, A W Williams, L W Mallory, S B Shirrell, M A Williams, C Allergy-Proc. 1989 Jul-August; 10(4): 265-9 1046-9354

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Positive skin and oral challenge responses to potato and occurrence of immunoglobulin E antibodies to patatin (Sol t 1) in infants with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland. [email protected] Source: Majamaa, H Seppala, U Palosuo, T Turjanmaa, K Kalkkinen, N Reunala, T Pediatr-Allergy-Immunol. 2001 October; 12(5): 283-8 0905-6157

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Post-viral fatigue syndrome, viral infections in atopic eczema, and essential fatty acids. Author(s): Efamol Research Institute, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada. Source: Horrobin, D F Med-Hypotheses. 1990 July; 32(3): 211-7 0306-9877

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Probiotics and atopic dermatitis. A new strategy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Paediatrics, Second University, Naples, Italy. [email protected] Source: Miraglia del Giudice, M Jr De Luca, M G Capristo, C Dig-Liver-Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S68-71 1590-8658

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Proof of efficacy of Kamillosan(R) cream in atopic eczema. Author(s): ASTA Medica AG, Weismullerstr. 45, D-60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. [email protected] Source: Patzelt Wenczler, R Ponce Poschl, E Eur-J-Med-Res. 2000 April 19; 5(4): 171-5 0949-2321

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Prospective, controlled, multi-center study on the effect of an amino-acid-based formula in infants with cow's milk allergy/intolerance and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Children's Hospital Charite, Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany. [email protected] Source: Niggemann, B Binder, C Dupont, C Hadji, S Arvola, T Isolauri, E PediatrAllergy-Immunol. 2001 April; 12(2): 78-82 0905-6157

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Proteolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the colonized skin of patients with acute-phase atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland. [email protected] Source: Miedzobrodzki, J Kaszycki, P Bialecka, A Kasprowicz, A Eur-J-Clin-MicrobiolInfect-Dis. 2002 April; 21(4): 269-76 0934-9723

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Psychosocial characterization of patients with atopic dermatitis in conventional versus alternative-medical therapy. Author(s): Universitats-Hautklinik Freiburg, Freiburg. [email protected] Source: Zschocke, I Stein, B Tanno, S Beckmann, S Augustin, M ForschKomplementarmed. 1999 April; 6 Suppl 222-5 1021-7096

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Randomised controlled trial of advice on an egg exclusion diet in young children with atopic eczema and sensitivity to eggs. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom. Source: Lever, R MacDonald, C Waugh, P Aitchison, T Pediatr-Allergy-Immunol. 1998 February; 9(1): 13-9 0905-6157

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The antibacterial-corticosteroid combination. What is its role in atopic dermatitis? Author(s): Glan Clwyd Hospital, Bodelwyddan, Rhyl, Wales. Source: Williams, R E Am-J-Clin-Dermatol. 2000 Jul-August; 1(4): 211-5 1175-0561

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The effect of a newly developed ointment containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Kagawa Prefectural Tsuda Hospital, Japan. Source: Watanabe, T Kuroda, Y J-Med-Invest. 1999 August; 46(3-4): 173-7 1343-1420

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The NC/Nga mouse: a model for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Research Laboratory B, Marselisborg Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Vestergaard, C Yoneyama, H Matsushima, K Mol-Med-Today. 2000 May; 6(5): 209-10 1357-4310

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The relationship between HIV infection and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1048, New York, NY 10029, USA. [email protected] Source: Rudikoff, D Curr-Allergy-Asthma-Repage 2002 July; 2(4): 275-81 1529-7322

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Treatment of atopic eczema with evening primrose oil: rationale and clinical results. Author(s): Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen. Source: Kerscher, M J Korting, H C Clin-Investig. 1992 February; 70(2): 167-71 0941-0198

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Treatment principles of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Aarhus, Marselisborg Hospital, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Thestrup Pedersen, K J-Eur-Acad-Dermatol-Venereol. 2002 January; 16(1): 1-9 0926-9959

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Vegetarian diet ameliorates symptoms of atopic dermatitis through reduction of the number of peripheral eosinophils and of PGE2 synthesis by monocytes. Author(s): Department III of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School. [email protected] Source: Tanaka, T Kouda, K Kotani, M Takeuchi, A Tabei, T Masamoto, Y Nakamura, H Takigawa, M Suemura, M Takeuchi, H Kouda, M J-Physiol-Anthropol-Appl-HumanSci. 2001 November; 20(6): 353-61 1345-3475

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to atopic dermatitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •

Vitamins Provitamin A Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.; www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html

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Vitamin E Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,906,00.html •

Minerals Bromelain/quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,941,00.html Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Selenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html Sulfur Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html Zinc/copper Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,938,00.html

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Food and Diet Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Burdock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Burdock Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,235,00.html Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oats Alternative names: Avena sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Omega-6 fatty acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1037,00.html Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ATOPIC DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to atopic dermatitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to atopic dermatitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to atopic dermatitis: •

A controlled trial of traditional Chinese herbal medicine in Chinese patients with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Fung AY, Look PC, Chong LY, But PP, Wong E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 38(5): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369553&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of n-3 versus n-6 fatty acidbased lipid infusion in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Mayser P, Mayer K, Mahloudjian M, Benzing S, Kramer HJ, Schill WB, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 May-June; 26(3): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005454&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of a Chinese herbal product (P07P) for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nagle TM, Torres SM, Horne KL, Grover R, Stevens MT. Source: Veterinary Dermatology. 2001 October; 12(5): 265-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906651&dopt=Abstract

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A trial of oolong tea in the management of recalcitrant atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Uehara M, Sugiura H, Sakurai K. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 January; 137(1): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176659&dopt=Abstract

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Advances in nondietary management of children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rasmussen JE. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1989 September; 6(3): 210-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2552424&dopt=Abstract

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Advances in the treatment of atopic dermatitis with special regard to children. Author(s): Oranje AP, Wolkerstorfer A. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 28: 56-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374051&dopt=Abstract

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Allergenicity of peanut and soybean extracts altered by chemical or thermal denaturation in patients with atopic dermatitis and positive food challenges. Author(s): Burks AW, Williams LW, Thresher W, Connaughton C, Cockrell G, Helm RM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1992 December; 90(6 Pt 1): 889-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1460196&dopt=Abstract

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Allergy and intolerance to flavouring agents in atopic dermatitis in young children. Author(s): Kanny G, Hatahet R, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kohler C, Bellut A. Source: Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1994 June; 26(6): 204-6, 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7945786&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative therapy for atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: patient-reported motivation, information source and effect. Author(s): Jensen P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1990; 70(5): 425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1980978&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative treatments for atopic dermatitis: a selected review. Author(s): Vender RB.

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Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2002 February; 7(2): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007013&dopt=Abstract •

An integrative approach to eczema (atopic dermatitis). Author(s): Ross SM. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 2003 January-February; 17(1): 56-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597676&dopt=Abstract

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An overview of atopic dermatitis: toward a bio-behavioural integration. Author(s): Faulstich ME, Williamson DA. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1985; 29(6): 647-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3910807&dopt=Abstract

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Antimicrobial effects of acidic hot-spring water on Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Akiyama H, Yamasaki O, Tada J, Kubota K, Arata J. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2000 November; 24(2): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11064246&dopt=Abstract

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Antipruritic and antidermatitic effect of extract and compounds of Impatiens balsamina L. in atopic dermatitis model NC mice. Author(s): Oku H, Ishiguro K. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 September; 15(6): 506-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11536380&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis and essential fatty acids: a biochemical basis for atopy? Author(s): Wright S. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1985; 114: 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3890448&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis management: comparing the treatment patterns of dermatologists in Japan, U.S.A. and U.K. Author(s): Baron ED, Barzilai D, Johnston G, Kawashima M, Takigawa M, Nakagawa H, Graham-Brown RA, Stevens SR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 147(4): 710-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12366417&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis symptoms decreased in children following massage therapy. Author(s): Schachner L, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Duarte AM, Krasnegor J. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 September-October; 15(5): 390-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9796594&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis. Special clinical complications. Author(s): Hanifin JM. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1983 September; 74(3): 188-93, 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6193504&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic dermatitis: recent trends in pathogenesis and therapy. Author(s): Cooper KD. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994 January; 102(1): 128-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8288906&dopt=Abstract

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Bactericidal activity of manganese and iodide ions against Staphylococcus aureus: a possible treatment for acute atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Inoue T, Inoue S, Kubota K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 September; 79(5): 360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10494711&dopt=Abstract

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Balneophototherapy--combined treatment of psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis with salt water baths and artificial ultraviolet radiation. Author(s): Gambichler T, Kuster W, Kreuter A, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 September; 14(5): 425-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305394&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical and immunologic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis: new targets for emerging therapies. Author(s): Hanifin JM, Chan S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 July; 41(1): 72-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10411415&dopt=Abstract

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Biofeedback training in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Jaffe P, Haynes S, Wilson C. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1977 October; 70(10): 1249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=910181&dopt=Abstract

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Biofeedback treatment of atopic dermatitis: controlled case studies of eight cases. Author(s): Haynes SN, Wilson CC, Jaffe PG, Britton BT. Source: Biofeedback Self Regul. 1979 September; 4(3): 195-209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=486586&dopt=Abstract

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Cataract progression in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nagaki Y, Hayasaka S, Kadoi C.

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Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 January; 25(1): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9888084&dopt=Abstract •

Chinese herbs and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Liu HN, Jaw SK, Wong CK. Source: Lancet. 1993 November 6; 342(8880): 1175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7901499&dopt=Abstract

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Chinese herbs and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rustin MH, Atherton DJ. Source: Lancet. 1994 February 19; 343(8895): 489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7905996&dopt=Abstract

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Climatotherapy of atopic dermatitis at the Dead Sea: demographic evaluation and cost-effectiveness. Author(s): Harari M, Shani J, Seidl V, Hristakieva E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 39(1): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651969&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical effects of specific immunotheraphy in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Trofimowicz A, Rzepecka E, Hofman J. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1995; 40(2): 414-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8834626&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical efficacy and immunoregulatory and neurohumoral effects of MM therapy in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Adaskevich VP. Source: Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2000; 28(5-6): 11-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211977&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of immunopharmacological actions of 8 kinds of kampo-hozais clinically used in atopic dermatitis on delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. Author(s): Nose M, Sakushima J, Harada D, Ogihara Y. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1999 January; 22(1): 48-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989661&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of skin prick test results between crude allergen extracts from foods and commercial allergen extracts in atopic dermatitis by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge for milk, egg, and soybean. Author(s): Kim TE, Park SW, Noh G, Lee S.

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Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2002 October; 43(5): 613-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12402374&dopt=Abstract •

Cost of illness of atopic dermatitis in children: a societal perspective. Author(s): Kemp AS. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2003; 21(2): 105-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515572&dopt=Abstract

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Dead Sea treatment - principle for outpatient use in atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy of synchronous balneophototherapy using narrowband UVB and bathing in Dead Sea salt solution. Author(s): Schiffner R, Schiffner-Rohe J, Gerstenhauer M, Landthaler M, Hofstadter F, Stolz W. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2002 November-December; 12(6): 543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459524&dopt=Abstract

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Dependence on very hot hot-spring bathing in a refractory case of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kubota K, Tamura K, Take H, Kurabayashi H, Mori M, Shirakura T. Source: J Med. 1994; 25(5): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7730738&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary habits among patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Solvoll K, Soyland E, Sandstad B, Drevon CA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 54(2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694778&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary supplementation with very long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with atopic dermatitis. A double-blind, multicentre study. Author(s): Soyland E, Funk J, Rajka G, Sandberg M, Thune P, Rustad L, Helland S, Middelfart K, Odu S, Falk ES, et al. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 June; 130(6): 757-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8011502&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in efficacy between intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses for patients with psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis: clinical and pharmacoeconomic implications. Author(s): Schiffner R, Schiffner-Rohe J, Gerstenhauer M, Hofstadter F, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 144(6): 1154-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422035&dopt=Abstract

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Disease management of atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and

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Immunology, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Work Group on Atopic Dermatitis. Author(s): Leung DY, Hanifin JM, Charlesworth EN, Li JT, Bernstein IL, Berger WE, Blessing-Moore J, Fineman S, Lee FE, Nicklas RA, Spector SL. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 September; 79(3): 197-211. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9305225&dopt=Abstract •

Dose-response in double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sicherer SH, Morrow EH, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 March; 105(3): 582-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10719311&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bjorneboe A, Soyland E, Bjorneboe GE, Rajka G, Drevon CA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 October; 117(4): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2823859&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of n-3 fatty acid supplement to patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Bjorneboe A, Soyland E, Bjorneboe GE, Rajka G, Drevon CA. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. Supplement. 1989; 225(731): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2650695&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rosenfeldt V, Benfeldt E, Nielsen SD, Michaelsen KF, Jeppesen DL, Valerius NH, Paerregaard A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 111(2): 389-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589361&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of topically applied evening primrose oil on epidermal barrier function in atopic dermatitis as a function of vehicle. Author(s): Gehring W, Bopp R, Rippke F, Gloor M. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1999 July; 49(7): 635-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442214&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of linoleic acid supplements on atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Gimenez-Arnau A, Barranco C, Alberola M, Wale C, Serrano S, Buchanan MR, Camarasa JG.

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Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 433: 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9561153&dopt=Abstract •

Efficacy and safety of a soy-protein-formula for feeding babies with atopic dermatitis and cow's milk hypersensitivity. Author(s): Cantani A, Ferrara M, Ragno V, Businco L. Source: Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol. 1990 December; 12(6): 311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2132284&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy evaluation of an oil-in-water emulsion (Dermoflan) in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Peris K, Valeri P, Altobelli E, Fargnoli MC, Carrozzo AM, Chimenti S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(6): 465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12575858&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of hyperbaric oxygenation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Olszanski R, Pachut M, Sicko Z, Sztaba-Kania M, Wilkowska A. Source: Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia. 1992; 43(1-4): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1345603&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of Shiunko for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Higaki S, Kitagawa T, Morohashi M, Yamagishi T. Source: J Int Med Res. 1999 May-June; 27(3): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10505304&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of traditional Chinese herbal therapy in adult atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sheehan MP, Rustin MH, Atherton DJ, Buckley C, Harris DW, Brostoff J, Ostlere L, Dawson A, Harris DJ. Source: Lancet. 1992 July 4; 340(8810): 13-7. Erratum In: Lancet 1992 Jul 18; 340(8812): 188. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1351600&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy trial of bioresonance in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Schoni MH, Nikolaizik WH, Schoni-Affolter F. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1997 March; 112(3): 238-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9066509&dopt=Abstract

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Emotional dysfunction, child-family relationships and childhood atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Howlett S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 March; 140(3): 381-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233254&dopt=Abstract

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Epogam evening primrose oil treatment in atopic dermatitis and asthma. Author(s): Hederos CA, Berg A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1996 December; 75(6): 494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9014601&dopt=Abstract

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Essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Shield MJ, Wilson AM, Horrobin DF, Morse PF. Source: Lancet. 1993 August 7; 342(8867): 377-8. Erratum In: Lancet 1993 September 18; 342(8873): 752. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8101623&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of dietary intake of vitamin E in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a study of the clinical course and evaluation of the immunoglobulin E serum levels. Author(s): Tsoureli-Nikita E, Hercogova J, Lotti T, Menchini G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 March; 41(3): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010339&dopt=Abstract

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Evening primrose oil. Does not show promise in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 November 26; 309(6966): 1437. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7819863&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence-based veterinary dermatology: a systematic review of the pharmacotherapy of canine atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Olivry T, Mueller RS; The International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Source: Veterinary Dermatology. 2003 June; 14(3): 121-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791047&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to pets and atopic dermatitis during the first two years of life. A cohort study. Author(s): Zirngibl A, Franke K, Gehring U, von Berg A, Berdel D, Bauer CP, Reinhardt D, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J; GINI study group. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 December; 13(6): 394-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485314&dopt=Abstract

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Extreme dietary measures in the management of atopic dermatitis in childhood. Author(s): David TJ. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1992; 176: 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1476021&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid compositions of plasma lipids in atopic dermatitis/asthma patients. Author(s): Sakai K, Okuyama H, Shimazaki H, Katagiri M, Torii S, Matsushita T, Baba S. Source: Arerugi = [allergy]. 1994 January; 43(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147707&dopt=Abstract

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Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Author(s): Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 September; 104(3 Pt 2): S114-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482862&dopt=Abstract

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Food immediate-contact hypersensitivity (FICH) and elimination diet in young children with atopic dermatitis. Preliminary results in 107 children. Author(s): Oranje AP, Aarsen RS, Mulder PG, van Toorenenbergen AW, Liefaard G, Dieges PH. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1992; 176: 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1476034&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of contact allergy to Compositae extracts in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nettis E, Giordano D, Soccio A, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 September; 47(3): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492554&dopt=Abstract

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Gamma-linolenic acid supplementation for prophylaxis of atopic dermatitis--a randomized controlled trial in infants at high familial risk. Author(s): van Gool CJ, Thijs C, Henquet CJ, van Houwelingen AC, Dagnelie PC, Schrander J, Menheere PP, van den brandt PA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 943-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663296&dopt=Abstract

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Heliotherapy in atopic dermatitis: a prospective study on climatotherapy using the SCORAD index. Author(s): Autio P, Komulainen P, Larni HM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(6): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12575850&dopt=Abstract

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Homeopathic treatment of Japanese patients with intractable atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Itamura R, Hosoya R. Source: Homeopathy. 2003 April; 92(2): 108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725253&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnotherapy as a treatment for atopic dermatitis in adults and children. Author(s): Stewart AC, Thomas SE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 May; 132(5): 778-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7772485&dopt=Abstract

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Hyposensitization with alum precipitated extracts in atopic dermatitis: a placebocontrolled study. Author(s): Kaufman HS, Roth HL. Source: Ann Allergy. 1974 June; 32(6): 321-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4597822&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate- and delayed-type contact hypersensitivity in children older than 5 years with atopic dermatitis: a pilot study comparing different tests. Author(s): Oranje AP, Bruynzeel DP, Stenveld HJ, Dieges PH. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 September; 11(3): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971554&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro lymphocyte stimulation by concanavalin A and with histamine as a comitogen in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Wilkie JS. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1991 March; 28(1): 67-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1675821&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory effect of Byakko-ka-ninjin-to on itch in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Tohda C, Sugahara H, Kuraishi Y, Komatsu K. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2000 May; 14(3): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10815013&dopt=Abstract

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Involvement of complement in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kapp A, Schopf E. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1985; 114: 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3923750&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effect of the abnormal fatty acid metabolism in NC/Nga mice on their atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Kawamoto S, Kita M, Hamada M, Aki T, Shigeta S, Suzuki O, Ono K. Source: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 February; 65(2): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11302182&dopt=Abstract

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Management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rasmussen JE.

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Source: Allergy. 1989; 44 Suppl 9: 108-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2554743&dopt=Abstract •

Management of severe atopic dermatitis with thymostimulin. Author(s): Wisuthsarewong W, Viravan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 August; 85 Suppl 2: S749-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403256&dopt=Abstract

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Natural history of food hypersensitivity in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sampson HA, Scanlon SM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 July; 115(1): 23-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2738792&dopt=Abstract

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New successful treatment with disinfectant for atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sugimoto K, Kuroki H, Kanazawa M, Kurosaki T, Abe H, Takahashi Y, Ishiwada N, Nezu Y, Hoshioka A, Toba T. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195 Suppl 2: 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9403258&dopt=Abstract

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New therapeutic approaches in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Cooper KD. Source: Clin Rev Allergy. 1993 Winter; 11(4): 543-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8143265&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal management of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Abeck D, Strom K. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2000 January-February; 1(1): 41-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702304&dopt=Abstract

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Oral administration of persimmon leaf extract ameliorates skin symptoms and transepidermal water loss in atopic dermatitis model mice, NC/Nga. Author(s): Matsumoto M, Kotani M, Fujita A, Higa S, Kishimoto T, Suemura M, Tanaka T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 146(2): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903231&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge tests in 107 children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niggemann B, Sielaff B, Beyer K, Binder C, Wahn U.

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Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 January; 29(1): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10051707&dopt=Abstract •

Paediatric atopic dermatitis in Perth general practice. Author(s): Thom GA, Halbert AR. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 44(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581078&dopt=Abstract

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Patient and physician perspectives vary on atopic dermatitis. Author(s): McAlister RO, Tofte SJ, Doyle JJ, Jackson A, Hanifin JM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2002 June; 69(6): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078849&dopt=Abstract

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Perceptions of physicians and pediatric patients about atopic dermatitis, its impact, and its treatment. Author(s): Paller AS, McAlister RO, Doyle JJ, Jackson A. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2002 June; 41(5): 323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086198&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hanifin JM. Source: Clin Rev Allergy. 1986 February; 4(1): 43-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3008974&dopt=Abstract

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Placebo-controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA. Source: Lancet. 1993 June 19; 341(8860): 1557-60. Erratum In: Lancet 1993 August 28; 342(8870): 564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8099640&dopt=Abstract

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Practical approaches to the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Charlesworth EN. Source: Allergy Proc. 1994 November-December; 15(6): 269-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7721074&dopt=Abstract

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Probiotics and atopic dermatitis. A new strategy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Miraglia del Giudice M Jr, De Luca MG, Capristo C. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408445&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudo-atopic dermatitis. Contact dermatitis due to chrome sensitivity simulating atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Shanon J. Source: Dermatologica. 1965; 131(3): 176-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5866873&dopt=Abstract

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Psychobiological aspects of atopic dermatitis: an overview. Author(s): Buske-Kirschbaum A, Geiben A, Hellhammer D. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001 January-February; 70(1): 6-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150933&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial characterization of patients with atopic dermatitis in conventional versus alternative-medical therapy. Author(s): Zschocke I, Stein B, Tanno S, Beckmann S, Augustin M. Source: Forschende Komplementarmedizin. 1999 April; 6 Suppl 2: 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10352378&dopt=Abstract

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Reactions to intradermally injected substance P and topically applied mustard oil in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Heyer G, Hornstein OP, Handwerker HO. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1991; 71(4): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1718119&dopt=Abstract

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Recent developments in the management of patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rasmussen JE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1984 December; 74(6): 771-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6501746&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of severe atopic dermatitis-complicated cataract and male infertility with a natural product antioxidant. Author(s): Niwa Y, Tominaga K, Yoshida K. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1998; 20(2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9638503&dopt=Abstract

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Supplementation with evening primrose oil in atopic dermatitis: effect on fatty acids in neutrophils and epidermis. Author(s): Schafer L, Kragballe K. Source: Lipids. 1991 July; 26(7): 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1943500&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic therapy of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sidbury R, Hanifin JM.

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Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 October; 25(7): 559-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122228&dopt=Abstract •

The effect of a newly developed ointment containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Watanabe T, Kuroda Y. Source: J Med Invest. 1999 August; 46(3-4): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10687312&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of antibacterial soap with 1.5% triclocarban on Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Breneman DL, Hanifin JM, Berge CA, Keswick BH, Neumann PB. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 October; 66(4): 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11109156&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. A clinical study. Author(s): Soyland E, Rajka G, Bjorneboe A, Bjorneboe GE, Drevon CA. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989; 144: 139. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2552721&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of gamma-linolenic acid on clinical status, red cell fatty acid composition and membrane microviscosity in infants with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Biagi PL, Bordoni A, Hrelia S, Celadon M, Ricci GP, Cannella V, Patrizi A, Specchia F, Masi M. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1994; 20(2): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7924900&dopt=Abstract

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The effect on atopic dermatitis of supplementation with selenium and vitamin E. Author(s): Fairris GM, Perkins PJ, Lloyd B, Hinks L, Clayton BE. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(4): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2568065&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of rice bran broth bathing in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Fujiwaki T, Furusho K. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1992 October; 34(5): 505-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1442022&dopt=Abstract

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The practical management of atopic dermatitis in children. Author(s): Halbert AR.

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Source: Pediatric Annals. 1996 February; 25(2): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822030&dopt=Abstract •

The prevalence of common skin conditions in Australian school students: 2. Atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Marks R, Kilkenny M, Plunkett A, Merlin K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 March; 140(3): 468-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233268&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between the psychological and immunological state in patients with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Hashiro M, Okumura M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1998 March; 16(3): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9651821&dopt=Abstract

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The therapeutic effect of evening primrose oil in atopic dermatitis patients with dry scaly skin lesions is associated with the normalization of serum gamma-interferon levels. Author(s): Yoon S, Lee J, Lee S. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2002 January-February; 15(1): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803254&dopt=Abstract

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Time-course studies of immediate and delayed immune reactivity in patients with atopic dermatitis treated with herbal drugs. Author(s): Soderberg U, Windelborg Nielsen B, Schade Larsen C, Schiotz PO, ThestrupPedersen K. Source: Allergy. 1990 November; 45(8): 559-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1705106&dopt=Abstract

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Topical treatment of atopic dermatitis with St. John's wort cream--a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind half-side comparison. Author(s): Schempp CM, Windeck T, Hezel S, Simon JC. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807340&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis and impact on quality of life: a review with emphasis on topical non-corticosteroids. Author(s): Schiffner R, Schiffner-Rohe J, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2003; 21(3): 159-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558467&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis in children: the importance of skin care and environmental control. Author(s): Ganir EM, Capulong MC, Tahara K, Akasawa A, Iikura Y. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 December; 38(6): 702-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9002315&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis: a comparison of psychological and dermatological approaches to relapse prevention. Author(s): Ehlers A, Stangier U, Gieler U. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1995 August; 63(4): 624-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673540&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis with a commercial homeopathic remedy: a single-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Scott DW, Miller WH Jr, Senter DA, Cook CP, Kirker JE, Cobb SM. Source: Can Vet J. 2002 August; 43(8): 601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170834&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of refractory cases of atopic dermatitis with acidic hot-spring bathing. Author(s): Kubota K, Machida I, Tamura K, Take H, Kurabayashi H, Akiba T, Tamura J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 November; 77(6): 452-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394980&dopt=Abstract

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Use of alternative medicine by patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Author(s): Jensen P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1990; 70(5): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1980977&dopt=Abstract

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Value of patch testing in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): el Samahy MH, el-Kerdani T. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 September; 8(3): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9249284&dopt=Abstract

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Vegetarian diet ameliorates symptoms of atopic dermatitis through reduction of the number of peripheral eosinophils and of PGE2 synthesis by monocytes. Author(s): Tanaka T, Kouda K, Kotani M, Takeuchi A, Tabei T, Masamoto Y, Nakamura H, Takigawa M, Suemura M, Takeuchi H, Kouda M. Source: Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science. 2001 November; 20(6): 353-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840688&dopt=Abstract

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What is the cost of atopic dermatitis in preschool children? Author(s): Emerson RM, Williams HC, Allen BR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 March; 144(3): 514-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260008&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to atopic dermatitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •

General Overview Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Indigestion, Heartburn, and Low Stomach Acidity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phenylketonuria Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Acupuncture Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,663,00.html Homeopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Massage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mind&Body Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Raktamoksha Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Traditional Chinese medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10085,00.html •

Chinese Medicine Baifan Alternative names: Alum; Baifan (Bai Fan); Alumen Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baixianpi Alternative names: Densefruit Pittany Root-bark; Cortex Dictamni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bianxu Alternative names: Common Knotgrass Herb; Herba Polygoni Avicularis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chishizhi Alternative names: Red Halloysite; Halloysitum Rubrum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Difuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duanshigao Alternative names: Calcined Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fangji Alternative names: Fourstamen Stephania Root; Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Fuling Alternative names: Indian Bread; Poria Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Difuzi; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Geqiao Alternative names: Clam Shell; Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaijiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Huajiao; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huajiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangbo Alternative names: Amur Cork-tree; Cortex Phellodendri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huanglian Alternative names: Golden Thread; Rhizoma Coptidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huashi Alternative names: Talc; Talcum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jindengiong Alternative names: Franchet Groundcherry Fruit; Calyx seu Fructus Physalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kumu Alternative names: Indian Quassiawood; Ramulus et Folium Picrasmae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kushen Alternative names: Lightyellow Sophora Root; Radix Sophorae Flavescentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Longdan Alternative names: Chinese Gentian; Radix Gentianae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luhui Alternative names: Aloes; Luhui (Lu Hui); Aloe Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Machixian Alternative names: Purslane Herb; Herba Portulacae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mubiezi Alternative names: Cochinchina Momordica Seed; Semen Momordicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingfen Alternative names: Calomel; Calomelas Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sanbaicao Alternative names: Chinese Lizardtail Rhizome or Herb; Rhizoma seu Herba Saururi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shechuangzi Alternative names: Common Cnidium Fruit; Fructus Cnidii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shigao Alternative names: Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Songhuafen Alternative names: Pine Pollen; Pollen Pini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tufuling Alternative names: Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome; Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuchangqing Alternative names: Paniculate Swallowwort Root; Radix Cynanchi Paniculati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zicao Alternative names: Arnebia Root Gromwell Root; Radix Arnebiae Radix Lithospermi Source: Chinese Materia Medica •

Homeopathy Antimonium crudum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Arsenicum album Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Arum triphyllum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcarea carbonica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calendula Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Graphites Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hepar sulphuris calcareum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mezereum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Petroleum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rhus toxicodendron Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sulphur Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com •

Herbs and Supplements Adrenal Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com ALA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arnica Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,753,00.html Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Barberry Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca B-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Carotene Alternative names: b-carotene, Trans-beta Carotene; Provitamin A, Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Black cohosh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10009,00.html Blue Flag Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Blue-green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html Burdock Blend Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Calendula Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chamomile Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chamomile Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,766,00.html Chickweed Alternative names: Stellaria media Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coleus forskohlii Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colloidal oatmeal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10107,00.html Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,775,00.html English Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Evening Primrose Alternative names: Oenothera biennis, Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Forskolin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10025,00.html French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com German Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GLA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutathione Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,854,00.html Goldenrod Alternative names: Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Grape seed extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Grapefruit Seed Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hydroxyzine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html

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Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Lavandula angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavender Alternative names: Lavandula angustifolia, English Lavendar, French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Licorice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nettle Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Oak Alternative names: Quercus spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oak bark Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10108,00.html Oenothera biennis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Organ Mountain Crape Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca

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Plantago psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Plantain Alternative names: Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Clover Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sarsaparilla Alternative names: Smilax spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spirulina Alternative names: Blue-green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thymus Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Topical Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Trans-Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Walnut leaf Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10110,00.html Witch Hazel Alternative names: Hamamelis virginiana Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yellow Dock Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Zanthoxylum Alternative names: Prickly Ash; Zanthoxylum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to atopic dermatitis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “atopic dermatitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on atopic dermatitis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Atopic Dermatitis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to atopic dermatitis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Art Therapy and Atopic Dermatitis: Making the Invisible Visible by Marchand, Sylvie; Ma from Concordia University (canada), 2002, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ72968

•

Studies on Cell-mediated Immune Function in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis by Nimmo Wilkie, Judith Stephanie; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL35109

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ATOPIC DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning atopic dermatitis.

Recent Trials on Atopic Dermatitis The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to atopic dermatitis.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Cytokine Production Patterns in Patients with Systemic Mastocytosis Compared with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Individuals Condition(s): Atopic Dermatitis; Healthy; Mastocytosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: Cytokine Production Patterns in Patients with Systemic Mastocytosis Compared with atopic dermatitis and Healthy Individuals Summary: This study will examine how mast cells (cells involved in allergic reactions) migrate and multiply in the skin of patients with mastocytosis, a condition characterized by too many mast cells in the body. The mast cells tend to multiply in the skin, causing dark, itchy skin spots known as urticaria pigmentosa. This study will determine if the skin of patients with mastocytosis produces chemicals called cytokines that cause mast cells to migrate to the skin and multiply. The findings will be compared with those from normal volunteers and patients with atopic dermatitis, a skin disease characterized by recurrent itchy rash usually seen in people with a family history of allergies. Healthy volunteers, patients with mastocytosis and patients with atopic dermatitis 18 years of age and older may be eligible for this study. Participants will have the following tests and procedures: Suction blisters - Two to eight small blisters will be raised on the forearm using gentle suction. The fluid in the blisters will be collected with a syringe to study the chemicals produced by the skin. The tops of the blisters may be removed for research. - Template study - Patients with high cytokine content in the blister fluid may have a template

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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study. For this procedure, a plastic block (template) with holes matching the blister sites is placed over the blistered area. The wells of the template are filled with salt water and the fluid is removed with a syringe at 3, 8 and/or 24 hours. Patients are hospitalized for 24 hours for this study. - Skin biopsy - A skin biopsy will be done to correlate cytokine levels with the number of mast cells in the skin. An area of skin is numbed with an anesthetic and a small circular area about the size of a pencil eraser is removed, using a sharp cookie cutter-type instrument. - Blood draw - About 4 tablespoons of blood will be drawn to compare the chemicals in the blood with those in the blister fluid. The blood will also be analyzed for a complete blood count, clotting factors and substances that may be elevated in people with allergies. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001760 •

Study of T Cell Genes in Patients with Sezary Syndrome and Mycosis Fungoides Condition(s): Mycosis Fungoides; Sezary Syndrome; T Cell Lymphoma Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: This study is aimed at learning more about the genetic properties of malignant T cells in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome in order to develop better methods of diagnosing and treating these diseases. The study will use a new technology called the "gene array," or "gene chip," which permits simultaneous analysis of thousands of genes from a single tissue specimen. Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome are two forms of T cell lymphomas-a group of cancers in which malignant cells of the immune system, called T cells, migrate to the skin. In mycosis fungoides, early-stage lesions resemble benign skin conditions such as eczema, often making early diagnosis difficult. Tumors may develop later and internal organs may also be affected. Sezary syndrome-a leukemic form of the lymphoma-is characterized by skin redness and malignant T cells in the blood. Patients 18 years and older with tumor-stage mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome may be eligible for this study. All participants will have a medical history and physical examination, including blood tests. Patients with Sezary syndrome will undergo apheresis to collect white blood cells. For this procedure, blood is withdrawn through a needle placed in an arm vein, similar to donating whole blood. The blood then flows into a machine that spins it to separate the different components. The white cells are removed for study, and the red cells are returned to the patient through the same vein. Patients with mycosis fungoides will undergo a skin biopsy. In this procedure, a small portion of a skin lesion (about 1 X 1 1/3 inches) is removed under local anesthesia for examination. A researcher will contact the patient's primary physician every year for up to 5 years to obtain follow-up information on the patient's medical progress. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004546

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “atopic dermatitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on atopic dermatitis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Atopic Dermatitis By performing a patent search focusing on atopic dermatits, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on atopic dermatits: •

Anti-atopic dermatitis composition Inventor(s): Sayama; Kouji (Obihiro, JP), Aritsuka; Tsutomu (Obihiro, JP), Nagura; Taizo (Obihiro, JP), Takeuchi; Sechiko (Hiroshima, JP), Matsuda; Michio (Kushiro, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Tensaiseito Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,994,326 Date filed: August 11, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to an anti-atopic dermatitis composition containing raffinose as the effective ingredient that can be satisfactorily administered to babies and infants for a long term. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-atopic dermatitis composition; more specifically, the present invention relates to a composition for preventing or therapeutically treating atopic dermatitis, the composition containing raffinose an (oligosaccharide) as the effective ingredient. ... A concept has been presented in recent years such that various symptoms and diseases are triggered through canditoxin by the over growth of candida which is a fungus commonly present in gastro-intestinal tract such as intestinal tract. It has also been reported that these symptoms and diseases are ameliorated by the combination treatment of oral administration of anti-fungal agents and the elimination of candida growth factors (sugar, fruits, and alcohol). The condition is variously is called chronic candidiasis (C. O. Truss, 1983), yeast connection (W. G. Crook, 1984), chronic candidiasis sensitivity syndrome (G. F. Krocker, 1987) and the like. ... Since Matsuda et al. have reported domestically in Japan that the above noted combination treatment is also effective for 70 to 80% of relatively severe patients with atopic dermatitis (Michio Matsuda and Makoto Takahashi, Allergy in Clinics, Vol.56, pp.768-772, 1991), such combination treatment has been introduced into the Guideline for Treatment of Allergic Diseases (Michio Matsuda, Guideline for Treatment of Allergic Diseases, edited by Souhei Makino, Life Science Medica, Tokyo, 1993). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05994326__

•

Antifungal agent for the treatment of skin disease caused by trichophyton, eczema or various fungi, and also for activating the recovery of the skin and burns Inventor(s): Uehara; Kazutoyo (Zama, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Lotion Company (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 5,472,715 Date filed: December 29, 1994 Abstract: An antifungal agent for the treatment of skin disease such as athlete's foot, ringworm and tinea caused by dermatophytes, eczema, tinea or various fungi, which comprises a 100 weight % of detergent solution including 0.01-40 weight % of sodium hypochlorite, 0.01-30 weight % of sodium sulfite, 0.01-40 weight % of sodium nitrite, 0.01-40 weight % of sodium chlorate, 0.01-40 weight % of potassium chlorate, 0.001-35 weight % of hydrogen peroxide, 0.01-40 weight % of ozone water, 0.01-40 weight % of sodium nitrite, 0.01-40 weight % of potassium nitrite, 0.001-1 weight % of nonionic surface active agent and 1-90 weight % of water.It is characterized in that trichophyton,

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eczema or various fungi in the dermis or deep layer are allured by oxygen contained in the antifungal agent to or near the surface of the skin for easy sterilization by oxidation, reduction, bleaching and fungicidal activity.A liquid agent is also efficacious for the treatment of a burn of the skin and of stiffness in the shoulders. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an antifungal agent for the treatment of skin disease (infecticosa eczematoides or Engmaris disease) caused by trichophyton, eczema or various fungi, and also for activating the recovery of the skin disease and burns. ... More particularly, this invention relates to an antifungal agent for the treatment of skin disease such as athlete's foot, ringworm and tinea by oxidation, reduction, bleaching and fungicidal activity of the antifungal agent, which is characterized in that trichophytons or various fungi in a deep layer of the skin are allured by oxygen contained in the antifungal agent to or near the surface of the skin for easy sterilization, and also for activating the early recovery of the skin diseases and burns. ... In case trichophyton causing athlete's foot or ringworm are in the epidermis of the skin, it is comparatively easy to sterilize them. When they are in a deep layer such as keratin or dermis of the skin, complete sterilization of trichophytons cannot be expected, thus leaving the skin disease beyond medical treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05472715__ •

Composition for topical treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis comprising a xanthine derivative Inventor(s): Cohen; Sasson (Tel-Aviv, IL), Nachman; Rachel (Tel-Aviv, IL), Eitan; Anat (Even Yehuah, IL) Assignee(s): Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (Jerusalem, IL), Ramot University for Applied Research and Industrial Development, Ltd. (Tel-Aviv, IL) Patent Number: 5,565,462 Date filed: June 21, 1994 Abstract: Use of a compound selected from the group consisting of pentoxifylline, propentofylline and torbafylline for topical treatment of psoriasis or atopic dermatitis and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to topical pharmaceutical compositions for and a method of treating inflammatory and proliferative skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. ... Psoriasis is a common chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease which affects 1-3% of the population. It is characterised by the circumscribed scaling erythematous plaques of various sizes and forms which in some cases may extend to more than 50% of the skin area. The psoriatic condition is composed of two main processes: cellular hyperproliferation and inflammation. Despite extensive research the etiology of the disease is still unknown. ... Psoriasis is currently treated by a number of methods which include topical applications consisting of tar derivatives, steroids, vitamin D and its derivatives or vitamin A and its derivatives (J. P. Callen, Drug Therapy, April 1987, pp. 29-35). These therapies are only partially successful and may be accompanied by undesired side affects. Thus although steroids can be very effective, they are also frequently associated with side effects. Other therapies include phototherapy with or without concomitant systemic administration of psoralen derivatives. Additionally, systemic administration of steroids, methotrexate and cyclosporine have been used for treatment of severe cases of psoriasis. All of these

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therapies are associated with side effects. There is thus an urgent need for new effective, non-toxic therapeutics for psoriasis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05565462__ •

Composition for treating and/or ameliorating the diseases of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis and eczema and symptoms thereof Inventor(s): Baker; Rex J. (Shanghai, CN), Manigbas; Noel D. (Muntinlupa, PH), Khaiat; Alain (Singapore, SG), Hopkins; John (Newbury, GB), Ping; Elizabeth Wen (Shanghai, CN) Assignee(s): Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Inc. (Skillman, NJ) Patent Number: 6,333,027 Date filed: April 21, 2000 Abstract: A composition that is useful for treating and/or ameliorating the diseases of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema and/or the symptoms associated therewith, and is non-stinging to the eyes is disclosed. The composition contains from about 0.5 weight percent to about 16 weight percent of at least one amphoteric surfactant; from about 1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of at least one anionic surfactant; from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of at least one non-ionic surfactant; and from about 0.1 percent to about 15 percent active ingredient selected from Undecylenamidopropylbetaine, Undecylenic Acid, and mixtures thereof. A method for treating and/or ameliorating the diseases of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema and/or the symptoms associated therewith including topically applying an effective amount of the composition to the area desired is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition that is useful for treating and/or ameliorating the disease of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis And eczema and/or the symptoms associated therewith and has a low degree of ocular and skin irritation. More specifically, this invention is related to such compositions comprised of undecylenamidopropylbetaine and mixtures thereof with undecylenic acid which are suitable for such uses. ... It is well known that many surfactants used in shampoos are irritating to the eyes, which is of particular concern in shampoos used on infants and children. As a result, several less irritating surfactants have been developed. ... However, as children approach the age of puberty, hormonal changes associated with the development of scalp conditions normally associated with dandruff, such as scalp irritation and scaling, often occur. Unfortunately the active ingredients that are effective in treating such conditions are irritating to the eyes. For example, Undecylenic Acid, which is commercially available from Elf Atochem of France, and its betaine derivative, Undecylenamidopropylbetaine, which is commercially available from CECA-ATO of France under the tradename, "Amphoram U," are known as being useful for antidandruff properties in shampoos, but not without the disadvantage of eye irritancy. Therefore, there is a need for a shampoo formulation, which is not only suitable for use by children to effectively treat the skin conditions cited above, but also possesses a low degree of ocular and skin irritation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06333027__

Patents 295

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Method and composition for treating psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis and eczema Inventor(s): Smith; Steven A. (5801 E. 41st St., Suite 420, Tulsa, OK 74135), Smith; Lorraine J. (5801 E. 41st St., Suite 420, Tulsa, OK 74135) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,681,593 Date filed: July 18, 1995 Abstract: Psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis and eczema are treated by oral administration of inorganic nickel compound(s), with or without inorganic bromide(s). In an especially preferred embodiment, the nickel compound used to treat these diseases is NiBr.sub.2. Excerpt(s): Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that is proliferative in nature and widespread throughout the world, afflicting millions of humans and even domesticated animals having similar proliferative integument problems. The skin disorder is characterized by recurrent, elevated red lesions, plaques or rarely pustules on the skin. These plaques are the results of an excessively rapid growth and shedding of epidermal (skin) cells. ... No one knows what causes this abnormal cell proliferation. Its severity and course vary greatly from case to case, and also in the individual afflicted with the disease. Recurrences are almost the rule with intervals varying from one month to many years. One person may go through life with a single patch on the elbow, knee or scalp, while another will have repeated attacks of a generalized eruption or widespread chronic lesions lasting for years without remission. As discouraging as it may be, medical science and literature are replete with indications that patients exhibiting such lesions are destined for life to be "psoriatic." With all of the advances in medical science, no one knows what causes this abnormal cell proliferation. With some of it, it is felt that some type of biochemical stimulus triggers this abnormal cell growth. It is still unknown whether the origin of this biochemical malfunction resides in the skin, in the immune system, in the white blood cells, or is possibly psycho-neural. It is known that certain environmental factors can "trigger" the initial appearance or worsening of psoriasis. Conversely, the symptoms can spontaneously clear for reasons scientists do not understand. Treatment of the psoriasis is aimed at clearing the lesions for as long as possible. This is what is meant by the term "remission" or "clearance." In any event, medical science has fairly well agreed that psoriasis is an heritable disease in which the specific defect seems to be unknown. ... For years there have been many attempts to treat the disease, and several topical and systemic treatments for psoriasis which inhibit cell division have been with limited success in clearing the skin for short periods of time. Yet, the reason why these treatments work is not yet clearly understood. Treatments which have been suggested in the art appear to be symptomatic and palliative. Lesions may disappear spontaneously or as a result of the therapy, but recurrences are likely. There is a tendency for each remedy gradually to lose its effectiveness or develop dangerous accumulative toxicity. Rarely, however, is the disease apparently cured, showing no evidence for years. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05681593__

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Method and compositions for treating psoriasis, eczema, seborrhea and arthritis Inventor(s): Smith; Steven A. (5801 E. 41st, Ste 200, Tulsa, OK 74135) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,613,800 Date filed: December 3, 2001 Abstract: A method and composition for treating psoriasis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and possibly arthritis. The present invention involves treatment of these conditions with an oral administration of a mixture comprised of three primary ingredients: fumaric acid and/or fumarate compounds, inorganic nickel compound(s) such as nickel sulfate, and inorganic bromide compound(s) such as potassium bromide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and composition for treating psoriasis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and possibly arthritis. More specifically, the present invention involves treatment of these conditions with an oral administration of a mixture of fumaric acid, inorganic nickel compound(s), and inorganic bromide(s). ... Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that proliferates in nature and is widespread throughout the world, afflicting millions of humans and even afflicting domesticated animals having similar proliferative integument problems. The skin disorder is characterized by recurrent, elevated red lesions, plaques and on rarely pustules on the skin. These plaques are the result of an excessively rapid growth and shedding of epidermal or skin cells. ... No one knows what causes this abnormal cell proliferation. Its severity and course vary greatly from case to case, and also vary in the individual afflicted with the disease. Recurrences are almost the rule with intervals varying from one month to many years. One person may go through life with a single patch on the elbow, knee or scalp, while another will have repeated attacks of a generalized eruption or widespread chronic lesions lasting for years without remission. As discouraging as it may be, medical science and literature are replete with indications that patients exhibiting such lesions are destined for life to be "psoriatic". With all of the advances in medical science, no one knows what causes this abnormal cell growth. With some of it, it is felt that some type of biochemical stimulus triggers this abnormal cell growth. It is still unknown whether the origin of this biochemical malfunction resides in the skin, in the immune system, in the white blood cells, or is possibly psycho-neural. It is know that certain environmental factors can "trigger" the initial appearance or worsening of psoriasis. Conversely, the symptoms can spontaneously clear for reasons scientists do not understand. Treatment of the psoriasis is aimed at clearing the lesions for as long as possible. This is what is meant by the term `remission" or "clearance". In any event, medical science has fairly well agreed that psoriasis is a heritable disease in which the specific defect seems to be unknown. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06613800__

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Method for combating summer eczema and malanders Inventor(s): Koniger; Helmut (Dresselstrasse 33, Munchen, DE 81827) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,589,571 Date filed: September 20, 2001

Patents 297

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a method for combating summer eczema caused by gnats of the species Culicoides pulicolaris and malanders in non-human mammals with a composition for external application which contains components of plants of the species Equisetum. Excerpt(s): The invention is concerned with a method for combating summer eczema and malanders (Scurf) caused by the gnats of the species Culicoides pulicularis as well as the cosmetic consequences with an external application of a suitable composition which contains components of plants of the genus Equisetum. ... The so-called summer eczema, which in the case of animals, also incorrectly called summer mange, is due to a hypersensitivity reaction of mammals (for example, horses, cattle, but also humans) to the contents of the saliva of gnats of the species Culicoides pulicularis, which are generally called in the vernacular in Germany "Gnietzen," "Bartmucken" (Bearded gnat), "Sandmucken" (sand flies), or "Kriebelmucken" (Columbatz gnat). These insects, which are only up to 2 mm in size, can be found in all biogeographic regions of the earth and are observed in the Northern Hemisphere, depending upon the weather and sometimes also on the region, from March-April to October-November. The gnats prefer mainly the areas of skin where there is a transition from hairy to less hairy skin. Thus, in the case of humans, it is mostly at the hairline, eyebrows, skin at the collars, sleeves, hosiery that are bitten and, in the case of mammalian animals, especially horses, near the forelock and the crown of the mane, at the croup as well as in skin areas where the hair stands up, such as the cowlick under the abdomen and on the flanks. ... Malanders is a skin disease in the distal area of the limbs, widespread in hoofed animals, especially in horses and quite especially in carthorses. The disease begins as an eczema aquamosum or madidans (eczematous or regular or chapped malanders) in the fetlock joint bend, especially of the hind legs with white markings, produced by moisture, wetness, dirt during thawing, paths with droppings, and can develop to Dermatitis verrucosa with the formation of cauliflower-like growths with foul-smelling secretion. Other symptoms are the development of little blisters and cracks, painful reddening and swelling of the pasterns, strong wetness of the transfer folds which frequently become cracked, sores under sticky hairs, with strong thickening of the skin (callused malanders). After healing of the cracks, welts and ulcers, mostly severe peeling occurs (squamous eczema) and bulging skin sclerosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589571__ •

Method for detection of atopic dermatitis Inventor(s): Ito; Makoto (Fukuoka, JP), Okino; Nozomu (Fukuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd. (Kyoto-fu, JP) Patent Number: 6,043,046 Date filed: July 22, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for detection of atopic dermatitis, and to a kit for use in the detection of atopic dermatitis. The present invention is useful in cases where it is difficult or almost impossible to distinguish atopic dermatitis from other allergoses when detected by the conventional methods, or where it is difficult to macroscopically distinguish atopic dermatitis from other dermatopathies. Moreover, the detection method of the present invention is also useful as a method of primary screening for atopic dermatitis.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a simple method for detection of atopic dermatitis, and to a kit for use in the method. ... Conventionally, atopic dermatitis has been diagnosed macroscopically or through detailed questioning on mainly clinical symptoms, such as morphologic features and distribution of skin rash, because there have been reported no detection methods for this disease. Clinical examination results are only used for references. For example, serum IgE levels are measured in clinical examination, a high IgE level providing a basis for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. It should be noted, however, that elevated IgE levels are observed not only in atopic dermatitis but also in other diseases including allergoses, such as bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis; parasitic diseases; liver diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis and primary hepatoma; and autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, a high IgE value is not always directly associated with atopic dermatitis. On the contrary, there has been reported that a significant ratio of patients with atopic dermatitis have perfectly normal serum IgE levels. ... Other methods of clinical examination include allergen detection tests, such as peripheral blood eosinophilic leukocyte counting, RAST method (antigen-specific IgE quantitation), scratch test, prick test, and patch test, none of which are necessarily specific to atopic dermatitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06043046__ •

Method for treating atopic dermatitis Inventor(s): Rosenthale; Marvin E. (Princeton, NJ), Capetola; Robert J. (Doylestown, PA) Assignee(s): Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation (Raritan, NJ) Patent Number: 4,444,780 Date filed: August 30, 1982 Abstract: A method for treating atopic dermatitis with cyproheptadine or its acid addition salt is described. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new therapeutic method for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. In particular it relates to a method for treating atopic dermatitis by the topical administration of cyproheptadine, a non-steroidal antihistaminic compound. ... Eczematous and immunologic skin diseases are among the most common of all clinical afflictions. They constitute a great physical and economic impact on society and at times these conditions can be devastating to the afflicted individual. Among all dermatological diseases, atopic dermatitis is one of the most common with a prevalence between 2% and 3% in children 1-5 years old and 0.7% for all ages. Approximately 120,000-150,000 new cases of atopic dermatitis occur each year in the United States. More importantly the only effective medications that offer at least partial control of the disease are the steroids. However, widespread use of steroids can lead to skin atrophy. It has been found that cyproheptadine uniquely interrupts the most important pathophysiological events that occur in atopic dermatitis and thus offers a novel and rational approach to the treatment of atopic dermatitis. ... Atopic dermatitis is a chronic disorder that can be thought of as the cutaneous manifestation of the atopic state. Atopy is a generalized term used to describe hypersensitivity diseases such as asthma, eczematous dermatitis and allergic rhinitis. Atopic persons have certain immunologic abnormalities similar to asthmatics. For example, elevated IgE levels are found in most patients with atopic dermatitis and the highest levels have been found in those patients with atopic dermatitis coexisting with allergic respiratory disease. Also patients with atopic dermatitis have elevated numbers of skin mast cells and most of the biochemical events leading to mediator release from IgE-sensitized mast cells are identical to the

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events occurring in the lung. Although the specific antigen necessary for bridging and activating receptive IgE antibodies on the surface of mast cells is not known, the mediators released are responsible for many of the signs and symptoms in atopic dermatitis. The major mediators released are histamine, which causes pruritis, vascular leakage leading to edema and smooth muscle contractions and products of the lipoxygenase pathway such as leukotriene B which specifically attracts inflammatory cells to the injured site and the leukotrienes C and D which can also cause smooth muscle contraction as well as increase vascular permeability. Patients with atopic dermatitis have a lowered threshhold to itch stimuli such as histamine, they have a tendency for vasoconstriction and, as previously mentioned, the disease is a chronic cutaneous inflammatory disorder which propagates the above symptoms. Thus an ideal agent for the treatment of atopic dermatitis would: (1) Be an effective antagonist of skin anaphylactic reactions, such as the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in rats; (2) Block the action of histamine at the receptor level thus relieving the itch stimuli that can lead to scratching and subsequent infection; (3) Block calcium-mediated excitationcontraction coupling on the vasculature which would relieve the vasoconstrictor tendency in atopic patients; and (4) Inhibit the lipoxygenase enzyme and thus prevent the increases in vascular permeability induced by the leukotrienes C and D as well as attenuate the influx of inflammatory cells induced by the chemoattractant, leukotriene B. The methods used to describe the unique topical antiallergic profile of cyproheptadine and the results obtained are described below. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04444780__ •

Therapeutic agent and method for feline AIDS virus infections and feline atopic dermatitis Inventor(s): Suzuki; Makoto (Aichi, JP), Go; Ryougai (Houston, TX), Kajimoto; Tsunesuke (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Toray Industries, Inc. (JP) Patent Number: 6,194,381 Date filed: November 19, 1998 Abstract: A therapeutic agent for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infections, (including the treatment of the anemia and chronic stomatitis caused by infection with a FIV) comprising a feline interferon preparation containing a feline interferon as a principal agent, and a therapeutic method for FIV infections comprising administering a feline interferon preparation containing a feline interferon as a principal agent to a cat every day are disclosed. Furthermore, a therapeutic method and agent for feline atopic dermatitis are disclosed. The preferred feline interferon, is an .omega.-feline interferon. Excerpt(s): Therapeutic agent and method for feline AIDS virus infections and feline atopic dermatitis. ... The present invention relates to a therapeutic agent and method for feline AIDS virus (FIV) infections and feline atopic dermatitis. A FIV belongs to Lentiviridae of Retroviridae, and cats living freely outdoors are often infected with it. ... In the initial stage of infection, fever and lethargy can be observed, and lymphopenia and neutropenia occur. The skin and digestive tracts can become infected with microbes, but these are secondary infections by neutropenia. Vomition and anemia can also be observed. After the symptoms in the acute stage vanish, the latent stage continues for several months to several years. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06194381__

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Therapeutic instrument for treating or relieving psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, articular rheumatism and/or cancer or preventing the progress of these diseases and method of utilization thereof Inventor(s): Morishige; Fukumi (Chiba, JP) Assignee(s): Morishige; Noritsugu (Omura, JP), Morishige; Fumie (Chiba, JP) Patent Number: 6,454,695 Date filed: August 3, 2000 Abstract: A therapeutic instrument for treating psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, articular rheumatism and/or cancer or preventing the progress thereof which includes a solid radiation source having a half-life within a range of from 20 to 1.41.times.10.sup.10 years and a radioactivity corresponding to a decay rate within a range of from 10 to 370 Becquerel/g and a solid material coating the same, characterized in that the solid material has a radiation face for radiating radial rays emitted from the radiation source. As the radiation source, use is made of, for example, monazite, while a cotton bag, Japan wax, etc. are usable as the solid coating material. Excerpt(s): The invention of the present application relates to a therapeutic instrument for treating psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, articular rheumatism and/or cancer or preventing the progress of these diseases. ... There has been at least carried out low dose irradiation of radial rays such as X-rays for treating psoriasis by means of radial rays (Hideo Irie, Radiation therapy respective for diseases, page 61, published by Kokuseido Shuppan K. K. (edition; Feb. 10, 1967)). However, the irradiated doses are divided into several low irradiation doses such as from 100 to 150 R (from 0.91 to 1.37 sieverts (Sv) (from 0.91 to 1.37 grays (Gy)). The total irradiation dose for several low irradiation doses becomes high such as, for example, 200 to 600 R (1.8 to 5.4 Sv (1.8 to 5.4 Gy)). Highly skilled technique is required for administering these radial rays. ... For atopic dermatitis, there is no known therapy that can be carried out safely by means of low dose irradiation of radial rays. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06454695__

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Topical and systemic application of buspirone or derivatives thereof for treating atopic dermatitis Inventor(s): Galli; Stephen J. (Winchester, MA), Sharpe; Richard J. (Gloucester, MA), Arndt; Kenneth A. (Newton Centre, MA) Assignee(s): Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Inc. (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 5,637,314 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: A method for treating atopic dermatitis, hayfever, asthma and pruritis that includes topical or systemic application of an effective amount of buspirone or a buspirone derivative or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, other than a quaternary salt, optionally in a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent or carrier. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the area of the treatment of atopic dermatitis using buspirone or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative. This application claims priority to Ser. No. 08/037,225, filed Mar. 26, 1993, now allowed and Ser. No.

Patents 301

08/037,271, filed on Mar.26, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,788. ... Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder exhibited by individuals with a hereditary predisposition to a lowered cutaneous threshold to pruritis, often accompanied by allergic rhinitis, hay fever, and asthma, and primarily characterized by extreme itching, leading to scratching and rubbing that in turn results in the typical lesions of eczema. In infants (infantile eczema), there is a predilection for occurrence of the cheeks, which may extend to other areas of the body; in children, adolescents and adults, it is found chiefly on the flexural surfaces (flexural eczema), especially on the antecubital and popiteal areas, and on the neck, eyelids, and wrists and behind the ears. ... In atopic dermatitis, and eczema in general, immunologically mediated leukocyte infiltration (particularly infiltration of mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils) into the skin significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Chronic eczema also is associated with significant hyperproliferation of the epidermis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05637314__ •

Use of essential fatty acids for the preparation of a drug for the treatment of infantile seborrheic eczema Inventor(s): Tollesson; Anders (Saltsjovag 15 A, S-181 62 Lidingo, SE), Frithz; Anders (Borjessonsvagen 49, S-161 55 Bromma, SE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,352,700 Date filed: December 9, 1991 Abstract: The use of essential fatty acids having 18-20 carbon atoms for producing a pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of infantile seborrhoeic eczema or asteatotic eczema. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of essential fatty acids having 18-20 carbon atoms in the preparation of a drug for the treatment of infantile seborrhoeic eczema and asteatotic eczema. ... Essential fatty acids are long-chained unsaturated fatty acids acids which cannot be synthetized in the body but must be provided via food. ... Linoleic acid, which is the essential fatty acid having the shortest chain, metabolizes by elongating and desaturating via gammalinolenic acid and dihomogammalinolenic acid to arachidonic acid, which is a precursor for prostaglandin E.sub.2, PGE.sub.2. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05352700__

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Use of G class immunoglobulins for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis Inventor(s): De Simone; Claudio (Ardea, IT), Bruschi; Pietro (Lissone, IT) Assignee(s): Mendes s.u.r.l. (Rome, IT) Patent Number: 6,410,019 Date filed: September 11, 1997 Abstract: The use of G class immunoglobulins, particularly immunoglobulins for intravenous use or for intramuscular use to produce a medicine for the local therapeutic treatment of dermatitis, particularly acne, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, eczema and ichthyosis, psoriasis, papulosquamous dermatopathies (seborrehic dermatitis, erythrodermia, etc.), as well as fungus, parasite, bacterium and virus infection

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dermatitis is disclosed. The pharmaceutical composition containing G class immunoglobulins suitable for topical application for the treatment of dermatitis is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new therapeutic use of G class immunoglobulins, particularly immunoglobulins for intravenous use (IVIG) or for intramuscular use (IMIG). More particularly, the present invention relates to the topical use of G class immunoglobulins which are normally administered intravenously or intramuscularly for the therapeutic treatment of dermatitis, particularly acne, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, eczema and ichthyosis, psoriasis, papulosquamous dermatopathies (seborrheic dermatitis, erythrodermia, etc.), as well as fungus, parasite, bacterium and virus infection dermatitis. ... Therefore, this invention also relates to the pharmaceutical compositions suitable for topical application, which contain G class immunoglobulins, and particularly IVIG or IMIG, as the active ingredient. ... As is well known, the term "immunoglobulins for intravenous use" indicates a human-proteinbased product, at least 90% of which has the electrophoretic mobility of gammaglobulin (IgG), at least 90% of IgG being made up of monomer. Traces of IgA and IgM may also be present. The distribution of the IgG subclasses is similar to that encountered in normal serum. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06410019__

Patent Applications on Atopic Dermatits As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to atopic dermatits: •

Antiallergic agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-atopic dermatitis agent and antipsoriatic agent Inventor(s): Jujii, Wataru ; (Osaka, JP), Yang, Zhibo ; (Shiga-ken, JP), Sugiura, Hisashi ; (Shiga-ken, JP), Uehara, Masami ; (Shiga-ken, JP), Suwa, Yoshihide ; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: MANELLI DENISON & SELTER; 2000 M STREET NW SUITE 700; WASHINGTON; DC; 20036-3307; US Patent Application Number: 20030096025 Date filed: September 30, 2002 Abstract: The antiallergic agent, antiinflammatory agent, anti-atopic dermatitis agent or antipsoriatic agent of the present invention is efficacious in preventing, reducing or relieving symptoms due to inflammation or allergic reactions, and in particular, it is useful in preventing, reducing or relieving the symptoms of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.The agent of the present invention, which contains oolong tea extract as the active ingredient, is excellent in safety and exerts no side-effect even over continuous and prolonged administration. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an agent containing oolong tea extract as the active ingredient. More particularly, it relates to an agent having antiinflammatory, antiallergic, anti-atopic dermatitis or antipsoriatic effects and foods, beverages and

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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cosmetics containing the same. ... Various epidemiological surveys indicate that allergic diseases continue to increase in recent years. In particular, cedar pollen hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis have been on the remarkable increase and thus even brought about a social problem. It is estimated that the increase in these allergic diseases is caused by not only increase in allergens but also changes in our environment such as air pollution, use of food additives and changes in eating habits. It is the fundamental method for treating allergic diseases to eliminate or not take the causative allergens. It has been a practice to administer drugs appropriately selected depending on the severity of the symptoms or the onset mechanism of the disease. ... Allergic reactions are classified into four groups, i.e., the types I to IV depending on the causative immunoglobulins and cells participating therein. The types I to III allergies are immunological reactions in which humoral antibodies participate. They are called immediate-type allergies, since allergic reactions appear quickly therein. On the other hand, the type IV allergy is a cell-mediated immunological reaction in which not any antibody but sensitized lymphocytes participate. It is also called delayed-type allergy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Atopic dermatitis treatment method Inventor(s): Paslin, David A. ; (San Mateo, CA) Correspondence: WILSON SONSINI GOODRICH & ROSATI; 650 PAGE MILL ROAD; PALO ALTO; CA; 943041050 Patent Application Number: 20020009489 Date filed: August 1, 2001 Abstract: Compositions are provided for treating atopic dermatitis, other atopic diseases and other inflammatory or allergic skin disorders. The compositions include proteins from Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV), or fragments, variants, analogs, and derivatives thereof which exhibit AD inhibiting activity. Examples of MCV proteins which exhibit AD inhibiting activity include MC148P1, MC148P2, MC148P3, other MC148P type proteins, and fragments, variants, analogs, and derivatives of MC148P1, MC148P2, MC148P3, and other MC148P type-proteins which possess AD inhibiting activity. The fragments, variants, analogs and derivatives may be less than 100 % homologous to MCV proteings so long as they are sufficiently homologous such that AD inhibiting activity is preserved. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of inflammatory and/or allergic skin disorders and more particularly to the treatment of Atopic Dermatitis using compositions which include a protein derived from Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV). ... Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a genetically determined, reaginically (IgE) associated, chronic disease of the skin affecting approximately 8 million adults and children in the United States. In AD, the skin is dry, easily irritated, subject to immediate hypersensitivity type of allergic responses, typically scaly, often thickened, commonly red, frequently infected, sometimes exudative and above all itchy. Among adults with AD, coexisting respiratory allergy (allergic rhinitis and/or asthma), has been reported to range from 63 % to 85 %. ... Reaginic diseases, i.e. atopic diseases, are characterized by the capacity to form IgE antibodies, on a genetic basis, resulting in immediate hypersensitivity reactions upon exposure to many specific allergens, most prominent among which may be the house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), but which also include pollens, molds and danders. Multiple genetic factors contribute to expression of this phenotype. Atopic susceptibility genes include those making several

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major histocompatibility complex (HLA) class II molecules, IL-4 receptor proteins and IgE high affinity receptor proteins. An atopy susceptibility gene recently identified involves a guanine for adenine substitution at nucleotide 1902 of the IL-4 receptor gene, synthesizing the .alpha. subunit of the IL-4 receptor on the surface of B lymphocytes which results in an arginine for glutamine substitution at peptide position 576 (R576). This substitution was found in 57 % of patients with AD, but in only 17 % of non-atopic controls, p=0.001. A majority of subjects identified as carrying a single copy of the mutant allele had atopy, suggesting a dominant effect, yet penetrance is modified by other factors, since others carrying allele R576 lacked atopy. R576 alters the binding profile of the adjacent phosphorylated tyrosine residue, which impairs enzyme mediated termination of signaling of cytokine receptors, causing sustained or exaggerated receptor signaling. (NEJM 337:172-5, 1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis Inventor(s): Satoh, Hisashi ; (Osaka, JP), Komune, Kunihiko ; (Hyogo, JP), Ohmura, Tsuyoshi ; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM CORPORATION; 900 RIDGEBURY ROAD; P. O. BOX 368; RIDGEFIELD; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20030100565 Date filed: September 6, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis, which comprises the administration of an effective amount of an NK-1 receptor antagonist to a patient in need of such treatment, wherein said NK1 receptor antagonist is effective in inhibiting the substance P (SP-)induced scratching in mice and/or guinea pigs. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit to EP 01 122 730.3 filed Sep. 21, 2001 and U.S. provisional application No. 60/338,416 filed Nov. 15, 2001. ... The invention relates to a method for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis, which comprises the administration of an effective amount of an NK-1 receptor antagonist to a patient in need of such treatment, wherein said NK1 receptor antagonist is effective in inhibiting the substance P (SP-)induced scratching in mice and/or guinea pigs. ... Itch is a sensation that provokes a desire to scratch. It is the most common symptom of cutaneous disease (e.g., atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis) but its underlying mechanisms are far from being understood. This sensation is produced experimentally by several endogenous substances such as histamine, substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide and neurotensin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Treating atopic dermatitis with IgE antagonists Inventor(s): Chang, Tse Wen ; (Hsinchu, TW) Correspondence: TANOX, INC.; 10301 STELLA LINK; HOUSTON; TX; 77025; US Patent Application Number: 20020076404 Date filed: November 19, 2001

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Abstract: The invention relates to a composition for treatment of atopic dermatitis comprising a suitable IgE antagonist that does not induce the release of mediators of allergy; for example, anti-IgE antibodies that bind to secreted IgE, membrane IgE on the surface of IgE-producing B cells, but not to IgE bound to the Fc.epsilon.RI on the surface of basophils or mast cells. Preferably, these antibodies also do not bind to IgE bound to Fc.epsilon.RII receptors. It is also preferable if these antibodies have human IgG1 or IgG3 constant regions, as well as further human portions, if desired. The composition can be administered systemically or topically. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/073,033 filed Jan. 29, 1998, and to U.S. nonprovisional application No. 09/240,476 filed Jan. 29, 1999. ... Immunoglobuin E (IgE) is one class of immunoglobulin (or "antibody") molecules. IgE is present in humans in lower concentrations than the other immunoglobuins: IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgD. IgE is thought to have a role in protection against parasites, but has never been definitively established as playing a necessary, or even a beneficial role, at least in developed countries, where parasite infections are not a significant problem. IgE is well known, however, as the mediator of immediate-type hypersensitivity allergic reactions, including allergic rhinitis ("hay fever"), extrinsic asthma, and food and drug allergies. ... In IgE-mediated allergic reactions, IgE, after it is secreted by B cells, binds, through its Fc portion to the Fc.epsilon.RI receptors, which are present on the surface of basophils, mast cells and Langerhans cells. If the IgE bound to the surface of these cells now contacts and binds an allergen, this causes a cross-linking of the bound IgE molecules and hence the underlying receptors, and triggers the release of pharmacologic mediators, such as histamine, serotonin, leukotrines and the slowreacting substance of anaphylaxis. These mediators cause the pathologic manifestations of allergic reactions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Treating eczema and/or psoriasis Inventor(s): Healtley, Craig Leonard ; (Auckland, NZ), Meakin, Timothy David ; (Auckland, NZ), Cadwallader, Dianne ; (Auckland, NZ) Correspondence: JACOBSON HOLMAN PLLC; 400 SEVENTH STREET N.W.; SUITE 600; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030153620 Date filed: February 12, 2003 Abstract: The treatment of humans or other mammals for eczema and/or psoriasis using dosage forms or compositions that include cetyl myristate alone or (in admixture or serially) both cetyl myristate and cetyl palmitate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of eczema and psoriasis. ... Eczema can be described as an inflammation of the skin where swelling, redness, itching or a burning sensation is present. Sometimes the first inflammation is felt, rather than seen, as it is immediately beneath the skin's surface. Eczema can also be seen as reddened spots, scales, crusts or blisters may also be present, either alone or in combination. It may take a mild form, or be more severe, as in the case of psoriasis. ... The present invention has surprisingly determined that the ingestion of cetyl myristate, and particularly cetyl myristate in conjunction with cetyl palmitate, provides an effective treatment of eczema and/or psoriasis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Use of G class immunoglobulins for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis Inventor(s): Bruschi, Pietro ; (Lissone, IT), Simone, Claudio De ; (Ardea, IT) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE P.C.; 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Road; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20020192276 Date filed: May 20, 2002 Abstract: The use of G class immunoglobulins, particularly immunoglobulins for intravenous use or for intramuscular use to produce a medicine for the local therapeutic treatment of dermatitis, particularly acne, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, eczema and ichthyosis, psoriasis papulosquamous dermatopathies (seborrehic dermatitis, erythrodermia, etc.), as well as fungus, parasite, bacterium and virus infection dermatitis is disclosed. The pharmaceutical composition containing G class immunoglobulins suitable for topical application for the treatment of dermatitis is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new therapeutic use of G class immunoglobulins, particularly immunoglobulins for intravenous use (IVIG) or for intramuscular use (IMIG). More particularly, the present invention relates to the topical use of G class immunoglobulins which are normally administered intravenously or intramuscularly for the therapeutic treatment of dermatitis, particularly acne, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, eczema and ichthyosis, psoriasis, papulosquamous dermatopathies (seborrheic dermatitis, erythrodermia, etc.), as well as fungus, parasite, bacterium and virus infection dermatitis. ... Therefore, this invention also relates to the pharmaceutical compositions suitable for topical application, which contain G class immunoglobulins, and particularly IVIG or IMIG, as the active ingredient. ... As is well known, the term "immunoglobulins for intravenous use" indicates a human-proteinbased product, at least 90% of which has the electrophoretic mobility of gammaglobulin (IgG), at least 90% of IgG being made up of monomer. Traces of IgA and IgM may also be present. The distribution of the IgG subclasses is similar to that encountered in normal serum. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Use of resveratrol for the treatment of exfoliative eczema, acne and psoriasis Inventor(s): Giannella, Jenny ; (Codogno, IT), Giannella, Attilio ; (Codogno, IT), Pelliccia, Maria Teresa ; (Avellino, IT) Correspondence: YOUNG & THOMPSON; 745 SOUTH 23RD STREET 2ND FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20010056071 Date filed: March 22, 2001 Abstract: The use of resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) and derivatives thereof, for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of exfoliative eczema, acne and psoriasis, topical pharmaceutical formulations containing resveratrol or derivatives thereof in combination with other active principles. Treatment consists in topical administrations of resveratrol at concentrations of 0.01 to 20%, in the form of lotions, creams or ointments, optionally in combination with other active principles such as

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melatonin, vitamins D, E and A and derivatives thereof, hormones, vegetable and/or animal extracts. Contrary to current therapies, the use of resveratrol has neither systemic nor topical effects during and after therapy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxytrans-stilbene) and derivatives thereof (esters, glycosides, 3'-oxyresveratrol), for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of exfoliative eczema, acne and psoriasis. ... Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a phytoalexin produced by a number of vegetables under stress conditions, is one of the natural substances of vegetable origin at present arousing great interest in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutritional fields, due to the important, established effects this molecule exerts in humans. ... In vitro and in vivo studies on resveratrol proved that the molecule: a) exerts protective action on the cardiovascular system, (Clin. Chim. Acta, 235:207, 1995) and decreases arteriosclerosis risks (Clin. Chim. Acta, 246:163, 1996); b) has vasal relaxing effect on the arteries (Gen. Pharm. 27:363, 1996); c) has antioxidant action which inhibits LDL cholesterol peroxidation (The Lancet, 341:1103, 1993); reduces oxidative stress (Neuroreport 8:1499, 1997); protects from the radical damage in cerebral ischemia (Chin. Pharm. Bull. 12:128, 1996); prevents the propagation of free radicals responsible for the molecular damage of the biological systems and for cell aging; d) modulates lipid synthesis, preventing the accumulation of cholesterol and fats in the liver, decreases the concentrations of blood triglycerids and of cholesterol in low-density LDL lipoproteins and reduces the atherogenic index (Chem Pharm. Bull. 30:1766, 1982); e) inhibits platelet aggregation, preventing the formation of thrombi (Int. J. Tiss. Reac. XVIII, 1, 1995; Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 76:818, 1996); f) inhibits the production of proatherogenic eicosanoids by platelets and neutrophils, exerting anti-inflammatory action (Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 834:275, 1985); g) inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase which modulates cell proliferation and differentiation and the signaling processes in the immune system cells, biological processes involved in the inflammatory response and in severe pathologies such as cancer, arteriosclerosis and psoriasis (J. Natural Products, 56:1805, 1993, Science 267:1782, 1995); h) has marked antimutagenic action, inhibiting the cell events connected with the initiation, promotion and progression of the tumor (Science 275:218, 1997, Anal. Biochem, 169:328, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 91:3147, 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. USA, 72:1848, 1975, Carcinogenesis, 8:541, 1987). The presence of resveratrol traces in red wines is believed to be the main cause of the beneficial nutritional effects thereof (Am, J. Enol. Vitic. 46:159, 1996, Clin. Chim. Acta, 246:183, 1996, Amer. J. Clin. Nutr., 55:1012, 1992). The poor concentrations of resveratrol in wine and in wine industry by-products have, until some time ago, remarkably restricted a wide use of this molecule in the pharmaceutical and nutritional fields. Recently, rhizomes of the Chinese plant Poligonum cuspidatum have been found to contain high amounts of resveratrol (more than about 400 times those in wine) thus inducing a strong commercial development of this molecule as alimentary supplement, in particular on the U.S. market. Lately, the actions of resveratrol for pharmacological or cosmetic use have been claimed (WO9959561; WO9958119; EP0773020; FR2766176; WO9904747). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with atopic dermatitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search

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Patents.” You will see two broad options: (1) Patent Grants, and (2) Patent Applications. To see a list of granted patents, perform the following steps: Under “Patent Grants,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on atopic dermatitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning atopic dermatitis. Simply go back to the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” Select “Quick Search” under “Patent Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to atopic dermatitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on atopic dermatitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on atopic dermatitis: •

Under My Skin: A Kid's Guide to Atopic Dermatitis Source: Deerfield, IL: Fujisawa Healthcare, Inc. 2000. 48 p. Contact: Available from Fujisawa Healthcare, Inc. Three Parkway North Center, Deerfield, IL. 60015-2548. (800) 727-7003. Website: www.fujisawa.com. Summary: This book presents information about atopic dermatitis (AD), or eczema, to children. The book is divided into four sections discussing the physical and emotional aspects of AD, healing, and common triggers of AD. Topics within these sections include causes of itching; identifying irritants; the role of stress, allergens, and weather in flare-ups; infections; understanding feelings; struggling with scratching; having a healthy attitude; working with a doctor; flare care; and side effects of medications. Tips for controlling and coping with AD from children with the condition are included. A

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place for the child to write down questions for their doctor and a sample daily routine are appended. Numerous illustrations.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “atopic dermatitis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “atopic dermatitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “atopic dermatitis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

An Atlas of Atopic Dermatitis (Encyclopedia of Visual Medicine Series) by Lionel Fry (2003); ISBN: 1842142364; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842142364/icongroupinterna

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Atopic Dermatitis by Kristian Thestrup Pedersen, et al; ISBN: 185317145X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185317145X/icongroupinterna

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Atopic dermatitis by Georg Rajka; ISBN: 0721674488; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721674488/icongroupinterna

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Atopic Dermatitis by Thomas Bieber (Editor), Donald Y. M. Leung (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0824707427; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824707427/icongroupinterna

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Atopic Dermatitis: The Epidemiology, Causes and Prevention of Atopic Eczema by Hywel C. Williams (Editor); ISBN: 0521570751; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521570751/icongroupinterna

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Essential Aspects of Atopic Dermatitis by Georg Rajka; ISBN: 0387511652; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387511652/icongroupinterna

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Textbook of Atopic Dermatitis by Sakari Reitamo, et al; ISBN: 184184246X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/184184246X/icongroupinterna

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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Atopic Dermatitis by Icon Health Publications, et al; ISBN: 0597831599; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597831599/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books

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only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Atopic dermatitis Author: Geha, Raif S.; Year: 1964; New York, NY: Elsevier Science Pub., [c1986]

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Atopic dermatitis Author: Braathen, Lasse R.; Year: 1985; Stockholm, Sweden: Distributed by the Almqvist; Wiksell Periodical Co., [1989]

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Atopic dermatitis: from pathogenesis to treatment Author: Leung, Donald Y. M.,; Year: 1971; New York: Chapman; Hall; Austin: R.G. Landes, c1996; ISBN: 0412101912 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412101912/icongroupinterna

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Atopic dermatitis and hypnosis: an investigation of physiologic stigmata before, during and after hypnosis. Author: West, James Robert,; Year: 1979; [Minneapolis] 1960

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Contact dermatitis and atopic eczema Author: Sauer, Gordon C. (Gordon Chenoweth),; Year: 1971; Kansas City, Mo.: American family physician, 1977

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Hand eczema and long-term prognosis in atopic dermatitis Author: Rystedt, Ingela.; Year: 1975; Stockholm, Sweden: Distributed by Almqvist; Wiksell Periodical Co., 1985; ISBN: 9172228814

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Immunoglobulin E in atopic dermatitis Author: Ohman, Sven,; Year: 1960; Uppsala, Sweden: [s.n.], 1971

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Immunological investigations of patients with atopic dermatitis Author: Hovmark, Anders.; Year: 1978; Stockholm: [s.n.], 1979

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International Symposium on Atopic Dermatitis Author: Rajka, Georg.; Year: 1973; Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, c1992

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Management of atopic dermatitis: current status and future possibilities Author: Hanifin, Jon.; Year: 1981; Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1996

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The vascular effects of parenteral mecholyl (acetyl-beta-methylcholine) in atopic dermatitis. Author: Clark, Lealand L.,; Year: 1977; [Minneapolis] 1960

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Treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author: Norway. Statens legemiddelkontroll.; Year: 1992; Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Medicines Control Authority; Uppsala, Sweden: Medical Products Agency, [1999]

Chapters on Atopic Dermatitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to atopic dermatitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and atopic dermatitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “atopic

11 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on atopic dermatitis: •

Chapter 124: Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema) Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 1. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 1464-1480. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the historical aspects, epidemiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, immunopathogenesis, management, and prognosis of atopic dermatitis (AD). AD is a chronically relapsing skin disease that occurs most often during early infancy and childhood. The increased prevalence of AD is thought to involve factors such as increased exposure to pollutants, indoor allergens, and a decline in breastfeeding. Although the precise means by which AD is familially transmitted remains uncertain, some studies suggest an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The diagnosis of AD is based on a constellation of clinical features, including intensive pruritus, cutaneous reactivity, eye problems, and cutaneous infections. The differential diagnosis of AD involves distinguishing AD from other inflammatory skin diseases, immunodeficiencies, skin malignancies, genetic disorders, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases and infestations. Although serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels are elevated in many patients who have AD, a direct relationship of IgE to implicated allergens and the clinical exacerbation of AD has been difficult to establish. Various studies have investigated the role of foods, aeroallergens, and microbial products in AD. Other studies have examined the immunopathogenesis of AD by investigating peripheral blood cells, T helper cells, cytokine expression, and similarities in the allergic inflammation of asthma and AD. Data suggest that antigen or superantigen exposure, allergen-induced IgE synthesis and T helper 2 cell-like expansion, mast cell degranulation, and keratinocyte injury may contribute to chronic AD skin inflammation and possibly to nonspecific cutaneous hyperresponsiveness. Management of AD involves individualizing a treatment plan to address each patient's skin disease reaction pattern. Options include cutaneous hydration; topical glucocorticoid treatment; identification and elimination of triggering factors such as allergens, emotional stress, and infectious agents; and use of antihistamines and tar preparations. Methods of treating poorly controlled AD include wet dressings and occlusion, systemic glucocorticoids, ultraviolet light, and hospitalization. Unproven or evolving treatments include allergen immunotherapy, interferons, cyclosporine and FK-506, extracorporeal photopheresis, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Factors that correlate with a poor prognosis include widespread AD in childhood, associated allergic rhinitis and asthma, family history of AD in parents or siblings, early age at onset of AD, and female sex. 10 figures, 3 tables, and 178 references.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on atopic dermatitis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Atopic Dermatitis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in atopic dermatitis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on atopic dermatitis (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •

Atopic dermatitis [slide] Source: Marion B. Sulzberger, Rudolf L. Baer; produced by Institute for Dermatologic Communication and Education; Year: 1975; Format: Slide; San Francisco: The Institute, c1975

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Atopic dermatitis [slide] Source: M. Eric Gershwin... [et al.]; Year: 1982; Format: Slide; [New York]: Medcom, c1982

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Atopic dermatitis [videorecording] Source: Marion B. Sulzberger, Rudolf L. Baer; produced by Institute for Dermatologic Communication and Education; Year: 1975; Format: Videorecording; San Francisco: The Institute, c1975

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Psoriasis; Papulosquamous diseases; Atopic dermatitis; Common pediatric skin problems [videorecording] Source: produced for the Canadian Association of Professors of Dermatology by Roberta Ongley; Biomedical Communications, University of British Columbia; Year: 1993; Format: Videorecording; [Vancouver, B.C.]: The University, c1993

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover atopic dermatitis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on atopic dermatitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to atopic dermatitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for atopic dermatitis: •

Novartis withdraws ad for eczema cream Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/05/20/eline/links/20030520elin027.htm l

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Doubts expressed about first-line use of pimecrolimus for eczema Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 16, 2003

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Skin with eczema contains fewer disease fighters Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 09, 2002

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Atopic dermatitis patients deficient in antimicrobial peptides Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 09, 2002

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Early mite sensitization in pediatric eczema signals asthma risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 03, 2002

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Routine smallpox vaccine risky for eczema patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 10, 2002

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Experimental epidermal barrier repair gel promising for childhood atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 02, 2002

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Topical pimecrolimus safe for infants with atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 29, 2002

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Pimecrolimus prevents flares of atopic dermatitis, reduces need for steroids Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 16, 2002

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Pimecrolimus shows promise as maintenance therapy for atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 07, 2002

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Fujisawa says EU approved eczema drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 06, 2002

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FDA approves pimecrolimus for treatment of atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 14, 2001

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Novartis' Elidel eczema treatment approved by FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 13, 2001

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PhotoMedex excimer laser earns FDA clearance for eczema Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 14, 2001

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Mycophenolate mofetil shows promise in treatment of atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 26, 2001

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PhotoMedex seeks FDA approval for laser to treat atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 16, 2001

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Atrix files IND to study Atrisone as atopic dermatitis therapy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 07, 2001

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Topical tacrolimus targets epidermal antigen-presenting cells in atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 06, 2001

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CCR4+ cells increased in blood and lesional skin of atopic dermatitis patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 05, 2001

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Occlusive bedding reduces eczema severity in patients with atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 23, 2001

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Distinct immune effects of psychological stress seen in atopic dermatitis patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 16, 2001

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Oolong tea improves recalcitrant atopic dermatitis in some patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 26, 2001

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Oolong tea may relieve symptoms of atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 25, 2001

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Novartis files new eczema treatment with FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 18, 2000

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Nonsteroid drug promising for treatment of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 16, 2000

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Novartis eczema drug effective in clinical trials Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 13, 2000

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Serum CD30 levels correlate with disease activity in atopic dermatitis patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 05, 2000

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Body-weight-independent use of cyclosporine effective for atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 09, 2000

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Children with atopic dermatitis at high risk of asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 10, 2000

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Birth month affects prevalence of atopic dermatitis during school years Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 19, 1999

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FDA approves cream for infant atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 21, 1999

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Topical sodium cromoglycate therapy effective for atopic dermatitis in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 28, 1998

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Topical tacrolimus may be a "breakthrough" for children with atopic dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 04, 1998

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Asthma risk in children may be predicted by atopic dermatitis in infancy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 02, 1998

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Photopheresis, UVA1 Radiation Effectively Treat Severe Atopic Dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 20, 1998

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Food Hypersensitivity Common In Children With Atopic Dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 18, 1998

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Tacrolimus Ointment Safe, Effective Against Atopic Dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 06, 1998

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Tacrolimus Provides Symptomatic Relief In Atopic Dermatitis Patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 18, 1997

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Thalidomide Effective In Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 17, 1997

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Transplant Rejection Drug Effectively Treats Atopic Dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 22, 1997

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Soluble E-Selectin: A Marker Of Disease Activity In Atopic Dermatitis Patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 21, 1997

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Gamma Interferon For Atopic Dermatitis: Phase II Results Encouraging Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 27, 1997

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Persistent Atopic Dermatitis Improved By Prolonged Antifungal Therapy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 25, 1996

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Connective Therapeutics Plans Interferon Trial For Atopic Dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 05, 1996

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Household Measures Against Dust Mites Reduce Incidence Of Atopic Dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 09, 1996

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New Developments In Atopic Dermatitis A Highlight At Allergy Conference Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 17, 1995

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Atopic Dermatitis Causes Sleep Disturbances In Children That Affect Behavior Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 14, 1995

•

Cytokines Show Promise For Treatment Of Atopic Dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 05, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to atopic dermatitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across

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various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on atopic dermatitis: •

Phototherapy for Atopic Dermatitis Source: The Advocate. 13(2): 1-2. Second Quarter 2001. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.com. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have atopic dermatitis (AD) with information on the use of phototherapy in the treatment of this skin disorder. Ultraviolet (UV) light is useful for treating skin diseases because it causes chemical changes in skin cells. The idea of treatment is to cause controlled damage to these cells so that the skin's natural healing capacities are activated. Short term adverse effects of UV radiation are local inflammation and cell destruction. Long term risks of UV radiation can be cell changes that may cause cancer. Total exposure over time is an important factor. Medical UV therapy is produced by special lamps that emit light of precise wavelengths and energies. People should undergo UV therapy under the close supervision of a physician. Types of UV therapy available include psoralen plus UVA (PUVA) and UVB. Although PUVA or photochemotherapy is very effective for treating psoriasis, it has limited usefulness in treating AD. UVB is shorter than UVA, so it penetrates the skin better and can be used therapeutically without the need for psoralen. Narrow band UVB is the newest approach to UV therapy. Climatotherapy is a special type of phototherapy that uses the natural light of the sun, often in conjunction with special baths and other methods, to treat AD.

•

Allergist's View of Atopic Dermatitis Source: The Advocate. 12(4): 1-2,7. 4th Quarter 2000. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.com.

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Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on atopic dermatitis (AD). This common chronic skin disease, which causes an extremely itchy, red rash, affects 1 in 7 young children. AD and allergy are closely related. Many children first develop AD and then develop asthma and allergic rhinitis. Children with AD frequently develop allergic respiratory disease. About 1 out of 3 children with moderate to severe AD has food allergy. Although some allergic reactions to food, such as hives, wheezing, and vomiting, are obvious, food allergies are usually not easy to detect in most children with AD. Standard allergy tests are only partially helpful. The ultimate confirmation of food allergy is possible only through an oral food challenge. A positive reaction to an oral food challenge usually causes an itchy, raised red rash. More severe reactions, including hives, lip or throat swelling, cough, wheezing, vomiting, or abdominal pain, may also occur. Although eliminating an allergy causing food from a child's diet is preferable, it can be difficult to completely eliminate major foods such as egg, milk, wheat, or soy. The most frequent cause of dietary elimination failures is unknowing exposure to small amounts of the offending ingredient in processed foods. The prognosis for outgrowing food allergies is very good for most children. Environmental allergens such as pollens, animal dander, and dust mites should be suspected in children with asthma or chronic stuffy, itchy, runny nose or eyes. A skin prick test can be used to evaluate allergy to environmental allergens. The identification and removal of specific allergens can improve AD in these patients. Intensive moisturization is also important in the treatment of AD. •

Tacrolimus: A Promising New Therapy for Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis Source: The Advocate. 11(2): 1-2,9. 2nd Quarter 1999. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.com. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have eczema or atopic dermatitis with information on a new agent to treatment atopic dermatitis. This agent, known as tacrolimus, was first isolated from a fungus found in Japanese soil. Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressant, decreases the production and release of cytokines. Atopic dermatitis includes an immune component, so it seems logical that an immunosuppressive drug should help treat this skin condition characterized by pruritus, lichenification, and dry, flaky, red, and swollen skin. Scratching makes the condition worse by releasing increasing amounts of cytokines and antibodies. Traditional therapies for atopic dermatitis include corticosteroids and antihistamines; however, corticosteroids have side effects that increase with chronic use, and antihistamines target only one aspect of the inflammation process. Cyclosporine is another immunosuppressant drug that works similarly to tacrolimus, but its side effects do not justify its systemic use in atopic dermatitis. Clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of topical tacrolimus use in people who have atopic dermatitis. Topical tacrolimus is not commercially available in the United States, but once clinical trials are concluded and the drug is approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration, the drug should become widely used in the therapy of atopic dermatitis. 6 references.

•

Alternative Therapies and Atopic Dermatitis Source: The Advocate. 11(4): 1-2,7. 4th Quarter 1999.

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Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.com. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have atopic dermatitis with information on alternative therapies for this skin condition, including acupuncture, acupressure, chiropractic, Chinese traditional medicine, homeopathic medicine, naturopathic medicine, and dietary supplements. All of these methods seem to have worked for some people who have tried them, and all have failed for some. Currently, there is very little scientific evidence that alternative therapies work for significant numbers of persons. Problems with alternative treatments include lack of knowledge about the conditions of their use, their limitations, and their potential side effects. With nonregulated remedies, the consumer may have little or no recourse if there is a problem. With nonstandard treatments, quality may vary widely from one manufacturer or practitioner to another, and the actual ingredients of a product may be unknown. In addition, few alternative remedies have been tested under conditions that would allow researchers to publish their findings in a reputable scientific journal. This means that direct information on alternative remedies is limited to the testimony of individuals. The article provides guidelines for people who want to try alternative remedies. •

Role of Food Allergy in Eczema, The Source: ISDInformation. 1(1): 2,4. January 2003. Contact: Available from ISDInformation. P.O. Box 1074, Newport News, VA 23601. Summary: This newsletter article discusses the prevalence of food allergy in children with eczema. Eczema (atopic dermatitis) runs in families and affects almost one in seven children. Children with eczema often develop asthma and hayfever as they grow older. The rash of eczema can be reduced or prevented by diet. Studies show that one out of every three children with moderate to severe eczema has food allergy and the more severe the rash, the greater the likelihood a food allergy exists. An IgE antibody test and skin prick (scratch) tests should be performed. The results of these tests in addition to medical history will help the physician determine a diet. A diet that excludes various foods may be suggested. A specialist should be consulted in managing exclusion diets to help interpret ingredient labels and to aid in the management of possible severe allergic reactions when a food is reintroduced into the diet. The majority of children with eczema will outgrow or experience a reduction in their symptoms in the first three to five years of life and most will outgrow their food allergies. However, parents and doctors need to watch for the development of respiratory symptoms.

•

Skin Disease: Eczema Source: Harvard Health Letter. 26(6): 7. April 2001. Contact: Available from Harvard Health Letter. P.O. Box 380, Department BI, Boston, MA 02117. (800) 829-9045 or (617) 432-1485. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have eczema with information on its causes, symptoms, and treatment. The terms eczema and dermatitis are used interchangeably to describe almost any itchy rash. People who go to the doctor for eczema or dermatitis usually do so because they have atopic dermatitis. This chronic, hereditary condition that mainly affects children presents as a red, scaly rash. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in the United States is 12 percent to 15 percent. People

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who have atopic dermatitis often have family members who suffer from asthma or other allergy based atopic disorders. Specific foods and stress can trigger an attack. Self treatment involves using a combination of moisturizers to alleviate dryness and nonprescription steroid creams to reduce itching, avoiding irritants and common allergens, bathing in warm water, and limiting the use of soap. Topical steroids are the mainstay of treatment for difficult cases. Alternatives to steroid treatments are cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Cyclosporine can cause kidney damage and is not as effective as topical cream or ointment. Tacrolimus is more potent than cyclosporine, works when applied topically, and does not have severe adverse effects. 1 figure.

Academic Periodicals covering Atopic Dermatitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to atopic dermatitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering atopic dermatitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 13

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway15

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 9212 117 20 7 1 9357

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 19 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 15 16

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Atopic Dermatitis In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and atopic dermatitis. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).23 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 23 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease. 20 21

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for atopic dermatitis: •

Deafness, Neural, with Atypical Atopic Dermatitis Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?221700

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Dermatitis, Atopic Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603165

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Dermatitis, Atopic, 2; ATOD2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605803

•

Dermatitis, Atopic, 3; ATOD3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605804

•

Dermatitis, Atopic, 4; ATOD4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605805

•

Dermatitis, Atopic, 5; ATOD5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605844

•

Dermatitis, Atopic, 6; ATOD6 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605845 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier

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disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html •

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database24 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database25 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 25 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission. 24

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To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on atopic dermatitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to atopic dermatitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to atopic dermatitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “atopic dermatitis”:

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•

Guides on atopic dermatitis Dermatitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dermatitis.html Eczema http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eczema.html

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Other guides Hepatitis C http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseasesgeneral.html Smallpox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smallpox.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to atopic dermatitis, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews What Is Eczema? Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.skincarephysicians.com/eczemanet/whatIs.html

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Treatment Eczema Treatment Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.skincarephysicians.com/eczemanet/treatment.html Itching for a Little Relief? New Therapies Proving Effective for Millions of Adults and Children with Eczema Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/PressReleases/itchingRelief.html Treating Eczema with Steroids Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.skincarephysicians.com/eczemanet/update_current.html

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Coping Eczema: Tips on How to Care for Your Skin Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/176.html

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Specific Conditions/Aspects Keratosis Pilaris Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00611

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Nummular Eczema Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/nummular_eczema.html People Who Should NOT Get the Smallpox Vaccine (Unless They Are Exposed to Smallpox) Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/contraindications-public.asp •

Children Atopic Eczema: Ditch the Itch! Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/atopiceczema.html Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/skin/eczema_atopic_dermatitis.html Eek! It's Eczema! Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/skin/eczema.html

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From the National Institutes of Health Atopic Dermatitis Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/dermatitis/index.html

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Latest News Skin Allergy Best Treated Before It Flares Up Source: 09/09/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13944 .html

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Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/ EczemaNet Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.skincarephysicians.com/eczemanet/ National Eczema Association for Science and Education http://www.nationaleczema.org/index.html National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/

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Statistics FASTATS: Dermatological Conditions Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/skin.htm

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Teenagers All About Eczema Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/allergies_immune/eczema.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on atopic dermatitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis Source: American Academy of Dermatology. 2001. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology. 930 N. Beacham Rd., P.O. Box 4014, Schaumberg, IL 60168-4014. (888) 462-DERM ext. 22. Website: www.aad.org. PRICE: Single copies free; bulk prices available. Summary: This brochure describes atopic dermatitis (AD), a common, chronic condition of the skin that is characterized by redness, itching, oozing, and crusting. It may be hereditary and can occur at any age. In infancy it is usually referred to as infantile eczema and is characterized by an itchy, oozing, or crusting rash usually on the face and scalp. Most babies improve by the age of 2. In older children with AD, the skin is still itchy but patches are dry and darker in color. The patches usually occur on the hands and feet in teens and young adults. Sometimes AD is associated with food allergies. Creams, ointments, lotions, and tars are used to treat AD. Antihistamines can help with the itching. Ultraviolet light may be recommended in severe cases of AD. Topical immunomodulators are a new class of drugs that may be helpful in treating moderate to severe AD. 3 figures.

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Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 1999. 40 p. Contact: Available from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 1 AMS Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-3675. (877) 226-4267 or (301) 495-4484. Fax (301) 718-6366. TTY (301) 565-2966. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.niams.nih.gov. PRICE: 1 to 25 copies free. Order Number: AR-68 HH (booklet), or AR-68L HH (large print). Summary: This booklet provides people who have atopic dermatitis and their families and caregivers with information on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of this chronic skin disease, which makes the skin extremely itchy and inflamed. Atopic dermatitis most often affects infants and young children, but it can continue into adulthood. It affects males and females equally, and its onset decreases substantially with age. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Although the cause is unknown, the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Symptoms vary from person to person, but the most common symptoms are dry, itchy skin; cracks behind the ears; and rashes on the cheeks, arms, and legs. Other common features of atopic dermatitis include lichenification, papules, ichthyosis, keratosis pilaris, hyperlinear palms, urticaria, cheilitis, atopic pleat, and hyperpigmented eyelids. The features of atopic dermatitis depend on whether an infant, a child, or an adult is affected. Diagnosis involves obtaining a thorough medical history and observing symptoms. Skin scratch/prick tests and blood tests for airborne allergens may occasionally help the doctor rule out or confirm a specific allergen that might be important in diagnosis. Many factors can make atopic dermatitis symptoms worse. These factors can be classified as irritants or allergens. Irritants are substances that directly affect the skin, whereas allergens are substances from foods, plants, or animals that inflame the skin. Other factors, including emotional issues, temperature and climate, and skin infections, also have a role in atopic dermatitis. Treatment involves proper skin care, lifestyle changes, and medications and phototherapy. People who have atopic dermatitis can maintain a high quality of life despite their symptoms. Research supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and other components of the National Institutes of Health focuses on genetics, biochemical abnormalities, faulty regulation of immunoglobulin E, immune system imbalance, and treatment. The booklet also lists additional resources.

•

Atopic Dermatitis in Children Source: Portland, OR: National Eczema Association for Science and Education. 1998. 8 p. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education. 1220 SW Morrison Street, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205-2235. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.org. PRICE: Single copy free; $25.00 per 100, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This pamphlet uses a question and answer format to provide parents of children who have atopic dermatitis, or eczema, with information on this skin condition, which affects up to 10 percent of children. The pamphlet identifies factors that contribute to the diagnosis of eczema, including the time of onset, the presence of itching, the appearance and location of a rash, and hereditary factors. Although the exact cause of eczema is not known, it occurs when certain factors trigger reactive inflammatory cells in the skin. Trigger factors include dry skin, irritants, stress, heat and sweating, infections, and allergens. The pamphlet presents suggestions for avoiding

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these factors and identifies moisturizers, corticosteroids, antibiotics, antihistamines, and tar preparations as medicines that may used to treat eczema. Other topics include whether a child will outgrow eczema and whether it will affect his or her career choice. •

All About Atopic Dermatitis Source: Portland, OR: National Eczema Association for Science and Education. 1998. 8 p. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education. 1220 SW Morrison Street, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205-2235. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.org. PRICE: Single copy free; $25.00 per 100 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This pamphlet uses a question and answer format to provide people who have atopic dermatitis (AD) with information on this disease, which causes itchy, inflamed skin. AD, the most severe and chronic kind of eczema, almost always begins in childhood and is not contagious. Children affected by AD may have asthma and hay fever at the same time, or one or both of these conditions may develop later. Although the problem may fade during childhood, people with AD have a lifelong tendency toward dry skin, occupational skin disease, skin infections, eye problems, disruptions in family and social relationships, and loss of work. The pamphlet identifies the trigger factors for AD, including irritants and other allergens. Food allergies can cause flareups, as can airborne allergens, emotional stress, exposure to extreme cold or hot temperatures, or sudden changes in temperature. The pamphlet offers suggestions for managing flareups, dry skin, and infections. It also provides tips on treating and controlling AD, including establishing a skin care routine, recognizing stressful situations and events, learning stress management techniques, being aware of scratching, and controlling one's environment. 4 figures.

•

Food Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 2000. 12 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $3.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: It is estimated that up to 10 percent of young children have eczema or atopic dermatitis and one in three children with significant atopic dermatitis have food allergies. This booklet discusses food allergies and atopic dermatitis, defined as a nonscarring allergic skin disease caused by a number of factors; food is one factor. This disease is not contagious. With proper management, it can be controlled, and children can grow to be self confident and enjoy the friendship of others. This booklet offers tips and other sources of information to help parents of the child with food allergy and atopic dermatitis. The booklet covers symptoms, causes, drug therapy, complications, prevention strategies, what happens as the child gets older, and tips for keeping atopic dermatitis under control in the areas of general management, school, baths, laundry, and food allergy. Atopic dermatitis is caused by inflammation of the skin and the skin's inability to retain adequate moisture. Certain substances or factors can cause atopic dermatitis to flare, including irritants such as wool, skin infections, dry skin, low humidity, heat, sweating, or emotional stress; and allergens, such as dust mites, pollens and molds, or foods. Atopic dermatitis cannot be cured, but can be controlled with consistent treatment and avoidance of substances or factors that cause it to flare. Prescription antihistamines can be used to help treat the itching that accompanies this

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disease, and steroid ointments can help stop the inflammation in the skin. To keep atopic dermatitis under control it is important to avoid or reduce exposure to irritants and allergens, and to moisturize the skin. The booklet stresses that raising a child with atopic dermatitis and food allergies requires extra time, planning, and the help of a doctor that the parent feels comfortable talking with. The booklet concludes with a list of additional sources of information, including the Food Allergy Network, and organizations through which readers can locate a board certified allergist, find allergy free food products, and get information about other allergy products. •

Atopic Dermatitis Source: American Family Physician. 66(10): 1906. November 15, 2002. Summary: This patient education sheet discusses atopic dermatitis, a chronic skin condition characterized by an itchy rash. To keep this rash from getting worse, patients should keep their skin moist by using mild soaps and lukewarm water when bathing, keeping baths and showers short, and using moisturizing lotions after bathing. Patients should be aware that certain foods may make atopic dermatitis worse. Cortisone creams and ointments may be prescribed for the rash. If the rash is very bad or on the face, tacrolimus or pimecrolinus ointments may be prescribed. Antihistamines can help control itching.

•

Eczema--Atopic Dermatitis Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 4 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people with atopic dermatitis, or eczema, with information on this chronic skin condition, which causes red, itchy skin. In people who have this condition, the skin fails to hold moisture, becomes dry, then inflamed, itchy, and often infected. The most common factors causing this condition are allergies leading to an overactive immune system and hereditary dry skin (ichthyosis vulgaris). Treatment involves hydrating the skin by soaking the affected area in lukewarm water for 15 to 20 minutes, blotting or patting the skin dry, and applying a moisturizing cream. Other therapies for eczema include tars and extracts of crude coal tar, topical steroids such as hydrocortisone ointment or cream, ultraviolet light therapy, antibiotics, antipruritics such as antihistamines, zafirlukast, montelukast, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus. Hospitalization may be suggested for acute flares. 3 figures.

•

Patient Education: A Dozen Ways To Treat Atopic Dermatitis Source: Nurse Practitioner. 25(4): 74. April 2000. Summary: This journal article provides people who have atopic dermatitis with suggestions on treating this skin condition. Tips include taking a daily 15 to 20 minute bath, patting away excess water and applying moisturizer or a prescribed skin medication, using only gentle skin cleansers, using sunscreen to avoid sunburn, and reapplying moisturizer throughout the day. Other suggestions include washing new clothing before wearing it to remove irritating chemicals; wearing clothing that allows air to pass freely to the skin; working and sleeping in comfortable surroundings;

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keeping fingernails short, smooth, and clean; considering the use of antihistamines to reduce the urge to itch; and rinsing the skin off and applying a moisturizer after swimming or using a hot tub. •

FAQs About Eczema, The Source: Newport News, VA: Inflammatory Skin Disease Institute (ISDI). 2002. 8 p. Contact: Available from Inflammatory Skin Disease Institute. P.O. Box 1074, Newport News, VA 23601. (757) 223-0795. Fax (757) 595-1842. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.isdionline.org. PRICE: Contact organization for pricing information. Summary: This brochure uses a question and answer format to provide people who have eczema with information on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of this common noncontagious skin disorder. Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, causes the skin to become dry, itchy, and inflamed. Eczema is most common in infants and young children, but it can occur in older people. Sites commonly affected include the face, scalp, neck, forearms, and legs. Although the exact cause of eczema is unknown, scientists believe it is a genetic disorder involving the immune system and influenced by environmental factors. Although symptoms usually improve as childhood progresses, some people will experience eczema flare ups throughout their lives. Factors that can trigger an eczema flare up include dry skin, irritants, allergens, stress, heat and sweating, and infections. Eating foods such as milk, eggs, peanuts, soy, wheat, and seafood can also cause a flare up of eczema. Keeping the skin moist is important in protecting the skin from invasive agents which may trigger a flare up. Diagnosis is based on the medical history and a physical examination. An eczema flare up can be treated with topical steroid creams and ointments, oral steroids, antihistamines, wet and cool compresses, antibiotics, and tar preparations. There is no cure for eczema, but it can be controlled with proper preventive measures and treatment of flare ups. People who have eczema are prone to developing dry sensitive skin, and they are at risk of developing widespread infections.

•

Eczema in Children: A Guide for Parents Source: San Ramon, CA: Health Information Network (HIN), Inc. 1999. 28 p. Contact: Available from Health Information Network (HIN), Inc. 231 Market Place, No. 331, San Ramon, CA 94583. (800) HIN-1947. Website: HINbooks.com. PRICE: $2.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN 1885274092. Order Number: 1015. Summary: This illustrated booklet helps parents learn about eczema in children. This inflammatory skin condition, also known as atopic dermatitis, causes reddening, scaling, and sometimes intense itching. When eczema is present, the skin may look dry and flaky. Eczema, which tends to run in families, may first appear during infancy or early childhood. The condition most likely affects the skin around the joints. Scratching makes the eczema worse, and the worse the skin becomes, the more it itches. Keeping the skin from drying out will help decrease the itch. The booklet offers tips on avoiding dry skin, such as applying moisturizing creams or ointments, dressing the child in long pants and long sleeved tops to retain moisture, and avoiding skin irritants. In addition, the booklet provides guidelines on reducing scratching and using medications such as antihistamines and ointments for itching. Other topics include the connection between food, medication, and environmental allergies and eczema. The booklet concludes with a glossary of terms.

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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Atopic Dermatitis Summary: Information about atopic dermatitis (or eczema) -- a chronic disease that causes extremely itchy, inflamed skin. Symptoms and treatments are discussed. Source: Federal Citizen Information Center, U.S. General Services Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5978 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to atopic dermatitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Atopic Dermatits The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to atopic dermatits: •

American Skin Association Address:

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Telephone: (212) 753-8260 Toll-free: (800) 499-7546 Fax: (212) 688-6547 Email: [email protected] Background: The American Skin Association (ASA) is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to building a network of lay people to achieve more effective prevention, treatment, and cure of skin disorders. ASA programs include generating support for skin research and providing information and education to the public regarding the skin and its disorders. ASA's mission is to identify, promote, and support research in biology of the skin, stimulate the transfer of advances in the field to clinical care of dermatology patients, and educate the community regarding diseases, symptoms, and care of the skin. To meet this goal, the Association engages in fundraising to support research and develops local chapters throughout the country. Information on a wide spectrum of skin disorders is available including 'Your Newborn s Skin and the Sun,' 'Ultraviolet Index: What You Need To Know,' 'Outdoor Sports and Your Skin,' and 'Proper Skin Care Can Make Gardening a Bed of Roses.' Founded in 1987, ASA also publishes 'SkinFacts,' a quarterly newsletter. Relevant area(s) of interest: Eczema •

National Eczema Association for Science and Education Address: Telephone: (503) 228-4430 Toll-free: (800) 818-7546 TTY: Fax: (503) 273-8778 Background: The National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to informing, educating, and providing resources for individuals affected by eczema; increase public awareness of the disease; support research to discover the cause, treatment, and cure of atopic dermatitis-eczema; and represent individuals with eczema in order to help improve their quality of life. Atopic Dermatitis-Eczema is a disease that causes itchy, inflamed skin that most typically affects the insides of the elbows, backs of the knees and the face, but can cover most of the body. NEA was established in 1988 in Portland, Oregon by a group of affected individuals, nurses, doctors, and others concerned with the enormous social, medical, and economic consequences of this disease. NEA is governed by a Board of Directors. The Association is guided by a Scientific Advisory Committee comprised of physicians and scientists who donate their time and expertise. Consisting of 3,000 members and eight chapters, the Association produces educational materials including a brochure entitled 'All About Atopic Dermatitis,' a video entitled 'Suffering in Silence,' and a newsletter entitled 'The Advocate.' Programs and activities include a support group, patient advocacy, patient networking, education, and the support of research. Relevant area(s) of interest: Eczema

•

National Psoriasis Foundation Address: Telephone: (503) 244-7404 Toll-free: (800) 723-9166 Fax: (503) 245-0626 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.psoriasis.org/

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Background: The National Psoriasis Foundation is a voluntary not-for-profit organization dedicated to providing support to, and improving the quality of life for, individuals with psoriasis, a chronic skin disorder; educating the public; and promoting and supporting research for psoriasis. Established in 1968 by affected individuals, physicians, and researchers, the National Psoriasis Foundation is committed to publishing the most current information on psoriasis and providing a forum for affected individuals to speak out. The organization promotes funding for psoriasis research and seeks to establish an alliance between affected people, the medical and scientific communities, and the pharmaceutical industry. The National Psoriasis Foundation promotes patient advocacy and legislation beneficial to affected individuals; provides appropriate referrals (e.g., to support groups); and offers a variety of educational materials. These materials include a regular newsletter and reports. Relevant area(s) of interest: Eczema

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to atopic dermatitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with atopic dermatitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about atopic dermatitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “atopic dermatitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

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The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “atopic dermatitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “atopic dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “atopic dermatitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

349

APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for atopic dermatitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with atopic dermatitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

350 Atopic Dermatitis

The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to atopic dermatitis: Coal Tar •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Alphosyl; Aquatar; Estar; Fototar; Lavatar; Medotar; Psorigel; Taraphilic; Tarbonis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202158.html

Corticosteroids •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html

•

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Decadron Respihaler; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P. HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred; Ocu-Pr http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html

•

Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html

•

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectosol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html

Doxepin •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Zonalon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202751.html

Methoxsalen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: 8-MOP; Oxsoralen-Ultra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202357.html

Resorcinol •

Topical - U.S. Brands: RA http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202507.html

Tacrolimus •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Protopic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500279.html

Researching Medications 351

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.26

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

26

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)27: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

27

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 355

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

356 Atopic Dermatitis

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 357

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

358 Atopic Dermatitis

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

359

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on atopic dermatitis: •

Basic Guidelines for Atopic Dermatitis Atopic dermatitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000853.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Atopic Dermatitis Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Dry skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003250.htm

360 Atopic Dermatitis

Dry, leathery skin areas Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003250.htm Ear discharges/bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003042.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Itchy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lesions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin redness or inflammation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin, abnormally dark or light Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003242.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Vesicle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Atopic Dermatitis Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Skin lesion biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm

•

Background Topics for Atopic Dermatitis Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm

Online Glossaries 361

Hypersensitivity reaction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

363

ATOPIC DERMATITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids: A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Achievement: Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of

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each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH]

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Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-Amylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides containing 3 or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. EC 3.2.1.1. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile

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sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU]

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Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apheresis: Components being separated out, as leukapheresis, plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH]

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Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH]

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Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU]

Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for

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medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH]

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Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blotting and transferred to strips of nitrocellulose paper. The blots are then detected by radiolabeled antibody probes. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU]

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Bronchial Hyperreactivity: Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and

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circulated through the body. [NIH] Career Choice: Selection of a type of occupation or profession. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Aging: The decrease in the cell's ability to proliferate with the passing of time. Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. The cell enters a quiescent state after which it experiences cell death via the process of apoptosis. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Degranulation: The process of losing secretory granules (secretory vesicles). This occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by exocytosis. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH]

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Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell.

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[NIH]

Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] C-kit receptor: A protein on the surface of some cells that binds to stem cell factor (a substance that causes certain types of cells to grow). Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coal Tar: A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH]

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Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH]

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Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. [NIH] Croup: A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in

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infants and children. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]

Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU]

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Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis, Allergic Contact: A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure. [NIH] Dermatitis, Atopic: A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema. [NIH] Dermatitis, Seborrheic: A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate erythema, dry, moist, or greasy scaling, and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp. On the scalp, it generally appears first as small patches of scales, progressing to involve the entire scalp with exfoliation of excessive amounts of dry scales (dandruff). [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]

Dermatophytosis: Any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desonide: A nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for dermatoses. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH]

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Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during cryopreservation. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation. [NIH] Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection:

Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics,

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antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH]

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Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Proteins: Proteins which are found in eggs or ova from any species. [NIH] Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH]

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Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Environmental Pollutants: Substances which pollute the environment. Use for environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]

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Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]

Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epidermomycosis: An infection caused by dermatophytes. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH]

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Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Euphoria: An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Exotoxins: Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment. [NIH] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight... used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood... called also extender. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU]

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Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Relations: Behavioral, psychological, and social relations among various members of the nuclear family and the extended family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectins: Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Flow Cytometry:

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and

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displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, antiinfective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH] Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Hypersensitivity: Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens ingested in food. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized

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connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genetics, Biochemical: A branch of genetics which deals with the chemical structure of the genes and with the mechanisms by which the genes control and regulate the structure and synthesis of proteins. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerol Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glycerol 3-phosphate from ATP and glycerol. Dihydroxyacetone and L-glyceraldehyde can also act as acceptors; UTP

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and, in the case of the yeast enzyme, ITP and GTP can act as donors. It provides a way for glycerol derived from fats or glycerides to enter the glycolytic pathway. EC 2.7.1.30. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU]

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Haemophilus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin M: A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes

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simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]

Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive

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isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxycorticosteroids: A group of corticosteroids carrying hydroxy groups, usually in the 11- or 17-positions. They comprise the bulk of the corticosteroids used systemically. As they are relatively insoluble in water, salts of various esterified forms are often used for injections or solutions. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness,

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and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Ichthyosis Vulgaris: Most common form of ichthyosis characterized by prominent scaling especially on the exterior surfaces of the extremities. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]

The activity of the immune system against foreign substances

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunoblotting: Immunologic methods for isolating and quantitatively measuring immunoreactive substances. When used with immune reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, the process is known generically as western blot analysis (blotting, western). [NIH]

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH]

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Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunophenotyping: Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort Tlymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease.

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[EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1: A cell-surface ligand with a role in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH]

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Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-13: T-lymphocyte-derived cytokine that produces proliferation, immunoglobulin isotype switching, and immunoglobulin production by immature Blymphocytes. It appears to play a role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-4: Soluble factor produced by activated T-lymphocytes that causes proliferation and differentiation of B-cells. Interleukin-4 induces the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and Fc receptors on B-cells. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, mast cell lines, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells including granulocyte, megakaryocyte, and erythroid precursors, as well as macrophages. [NIH] Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis. It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]

Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH]

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Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratoconus: A disorder characterized by an irregular corneal surface (cone-shaped) resulting in blurred and distorted images. [NIH]

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Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene that interferes with the release of inflammatory mediators and blocks histamine H1 receptors. It has been proposed as an anti-asthmatic and for the treatment of rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: another. [NIH]

The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to

Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Langerhans Cells: Recirculating, dendritic, antigen-presenting cells containing characteristic racket-shaped granules (Birbeck granules). They are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis and are rich in Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH]

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Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lens Subluxation: Incomplete rupture of the zonule with the displaced lens remaining behind the pupil. In dislocation, or complete rupture, the lens is displaced forward into the anterior chamber or backward into the vitreous body. When congenital, this condition is known as Ectopia lentis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH]

Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukapheresis: The preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotriene Antagonists: A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]

Services offered to the library user. They include reference and

Lichen Nitidus: A chronic inflammatory disease characterized by shiny, flat-topped, usually flesh-colored micropapules no larger than the head of a pin. Lesions are localized in the early stages, found chiefly on the lower abdomen, penis, and inner surface of the thighs. Distribution may become generalized as the disease progresses. [NIH] Lichenification: Hypertrophy of the epidermis, resulting in thickening of the skin with exaggeration of the normal skin markings, giving the skin a leathery barklike appearance, which is caused by prolonged rubbing or scratching. It may arise on seemingly normal skin, or it may develop at the site of another pruritic cutaneous disorder. [EU] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH]

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Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor:

A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating

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factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). [NIH] Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1: A chemokine that is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes, stimulates macrophages, and may play a role in regulating hematopoiesis. Its two variants, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta, are 60% homologous to each other. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mange: Sarcoptic infestation of human skin, particularly a contagious skin disease caused by invasion of the epidermis with Sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mastocytosis: A group of diseases resulting from proliferation of mast cells. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: illnesses. [NIH]

Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or

Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH]

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Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA adducts in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH]

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Milk Hypersensitivity: Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. In infants the hypersensitivity is manifested by colic, vomiting, diarrhea, rhinitis, wheezing, etc. Milk hypersensitivity should be differentiated from lactose intolerance, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multiple sclerosis:

A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness,

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numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Naevus: A circumscribed area of pigmentation or vascularization, usually in the form of a congenital benign neoplasm occurring in the skin or in various ocular tissues. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with

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enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]

Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]

Neurotensin: A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter. [NIH] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are

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unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nisin: A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese. [NIH] Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Family: A family composed of spouses and their children. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nummular: Coin-sized and coin-shaped. [EU] Nurse Practitioners: Nurses who are specially trained to assume an expanded role in providing medical care under the supervision of a physician. [NIH] Nursing Assessment: Evaluation of the nature and extent of nursing problems presented by a patient for the purpose of patient care planning. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria:

Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the

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amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxaloacetate: An anionic form of oxaloacetic acid. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pallor: A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin. [NIH]

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Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patch Tests: Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Planning: Usually a written medical and nursing care program designed for a particular patient. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pemphigus:

Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by

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acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Periorbital: Situated around the orbit, or eye socket. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood

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and appetite. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photoallergy: Sensitization of the skin to light usually due to the action of certain substances or drugs, may occur shortly after exposure to a substance or after a latent period of from days to months. [NIH] Photochemotherapy: Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light. [NIH] Photopheresis: A process in which peripheral blood is exposed in an extracorporeal flow system to photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen (methoxsalen) and ultraviolet light - a procedure known as PUVA therapy. Photopheresis is at present a standard therapy for advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; it shows promise in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Photosensitizing Agents: Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH]

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Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Plateletpheresis: The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ

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system. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyradiculoneuropathy: Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome) and polyradiculoneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots. [NIH] Polyradiculopathy: Disease or injury involving multiple spinal nerve roots. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Povidone: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. [NIH] Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which

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have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Private Sector: That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests. [NIH] Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It is a potent bronchodilator that may be administered orally or by aerosol inhalation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin

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synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Devices: Devices designed to provide personal protection against injury to individuals exposed to hazards in industry, sports, aviation, or daily activities. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH]

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Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH]

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Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioallergosorbent Test: An in vitro allergen radioimmunoassay in which allergens are coupled to an immunosorbent. The coupled allergens bind the IgE in the sera of patients which in turn binds radioisotope-labeled anti-IgE antibodies. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reagin: The antibody-like substances responsible for allergic phenomena; part of the gamma globulin fraction of serum. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]

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Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested

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as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleral Buckling: An operation for retinal detachment which reduces the size of the globe by indenting the sclera so that it approximates the retina. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH]

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Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seborrhea: Hypersecretion of sebum with excessive oily secretion from the sweat glands. [NIH]

Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotonin Agonists: Agents that have an affinity for serotonin receptors and are able to mimic the effects of serotonin by stimulating the physiologic activity at the cell receptors. These compounds are used as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and in the treatment of migraine. [NIH]

Serotonin Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonin agonists. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH]

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Sex Determination: female or male. [NIH]

The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as

Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation,

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maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. Arteriosclerosis, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenectomy: An operation to remove the spleen. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes

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of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stem Cell Factor: Hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the c-kit receptor CD117 (proto-oncogene protein C-kit). It is expressed during embryogenesis and provides a key signal in multiple aspects of mast-cell differentiation and function. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or

Dictionary 423

trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]

Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Subungual: Beneath a nail. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress

424 Atopic Dermatitis

activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH]

Dictionary 425

Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytosis: Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymopentin: N-(N-(N-(N2-L-Arginyl-L-lysyl)-L-alpha-aspartyl)-L-valyl)-L-tyrosine. Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]

Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicodendron: A genus (formerly Rhus) of shrubs, vines, or trees that yields a highly

426 Atopic Dermatitis

allergenic oleoresin which causes a severe contact dermatitis. The most toxic species are Toxicodendron vernix (poison sumac), T. diversilobum (poison oak), and T. radicans (poison ivy). T. vernicifera yields a useful varnish from which certain enzymes (laccases) are obtained. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]

Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of triamcinolone. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. [NIH]

Triclosan: A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculin:

A sterile liquid containing the growth products of, or specific substances

Dictionary 427

extracted from, the tubercle bacillus; used in various forms in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. [NIH]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond

428 Atopic Dermatitis

to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, single-chain polypeptide isolated from the intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It is also found in several parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems and is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH]

Dictionary 429

White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xanthomatosis: A condition of morphologic change in which there is accumulation of lipids in the large foam cells of tissues. It is the cutaneous manifestation of lipidosis in which plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins are quantitatively changed. The xanthomatous eruptions have several different distinct morphologies dependent upon the specific form taken by the disease. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

430

INDEX 1 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids, 238, 363 A Abdomen, 363, 372, 402, 405, 406, 415, 416, 432, 433, 435, 440 Abdominal, 322, 363, 377, 415 Abdominal Pain, 322, 363 Aberrant, 20, 132, 363 Acantholysis, 363, 416 Acetone, 167, 363, 403 Acetylcholine, 133, 246, 363, 376, 413 Achievement, 7, 363, 382 Acne, 80, 363 Acyl, 227, 363, 388 Adaptability, 363, 375 Adenine, 363 Adenosine, 76, 98, 140, 363, 418, 435 Adenosine Monophosphate, 76, 98, 363 Adoptive Transfer, 11, 363 Adrenal Cortex, 363, 379, 396, 422 Adrenal Glands, 363, 365 Adrenergic, 364, 384, 387, 421 Adverse Effect, 64, 321, 324, 364, 430 Aerosol, 364, 421, 422 Affinity, 25, 33, 100, 119, 147, 216, 220, 364, 407, 429, 431 Age of Onset, 4, 5, 364 Agonist, 137, 364, 384, 412, 421 Airway, 38, 364, 373, 440 Albumin, 364, 415, 425 Algorithms, 364, 371 Alkaline, 109, 364, 365, 373, 418 Alkaline Phosphatase, 109, 364 Alkaloid, 364, 373, 435 Alleles, 88, 364 Allergic Rhinitis, 4, 25, 80, 176, 177, 312, 322, 364, 375, 381, 394, 406 Alopecia, 80, 365 Alpha Particles, 365, 425 Alpha-Amylase, 67, 365 Alternative medicine, 255, 271, 283, 320, 365 Alum, 265, 274, 365 Aluminum, 365 Amber, 365, 399 Amine, 365, 395 Amino Acid Sequence, 365, 366, 370, 389 Ammonia, 365, 392, 434, 439 Amplification, 12, 88, 365 Amyloidosis, 145, 147, 365 Anaesthesia, 365, 399 Anal, 366, 390, 406 Analogous, 366, 420, 437

Anaphylaxis, 342, 366, 404 Anatomical, 11, 366, 369, 376, 383, 399, 428 Androgens, 363, 366, 379 Anemia, 333, 366 Anergy, 203, 366, 434 Anesthesia, 288, 364, 366 Aneurysm, 366, 439 Animal model, 9, 10, 30, 366 Anions, 364, 366, 402, 434 Antagonism, 366, 384, 435 Anterior chamber, 171, 366, 402, 404 Antiallergic, 96, 366, 379 Antibacterial, 30, 92, 203, 215, 218, 250, 269, 366, 383, 431 Antibiotic, 25, 366, 374, 413, 431 Antibodies, 11, 25, 26, 30, 31, 52, 70, 74, 86, 104, 124, 125, 142, 143, 174, 175, 176, 179, 200, 212, 227, 249, 322, 366, 369, 394, 396, 398, 406, 410, 419, 425 Anticholinergic, 366, 375, 384 Anticonvulsant, 367, 413 Antidepressant, 367, 373 Antifungal, 92, 319, 367, 403 Antigen-presenting cell, 317, 367, 381, 404 Antihistamine, 163, 214, 367 Anti-infective, 367, 391, 396, 402, 430 Anti-Infective Agents, 367, 391 Anti-inflammatory, 6, 149, 236, 367, 379, 382, 392, 438 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 367, 379 Antimetabolite, 367, 409 Antimicrobial, 23, 30, 79, 99, 257, 316, 367, 382 Antimycotic, 230, 367 Antineoplastic, 367, 379, 391, 409 Antioxidant, 166, 205, 268, 367, 415 Antipruritic, 6, 257, 367, 377 Antiseptic, 363, 367, 421, 438 Antiviral, 367, 391, 401 Anus, 366, 367, 372, 378 Apheresis, 288, 368 Apoptosis, 73, 78, 130, 189, 196, 211, 235, 246, 368, 375, 380 Applicability, 215, 368 Aqueous, 55, 368, 370, 380, 386, 396, 404 Arachidonic Acid, 137, 248, 368, 385, 405, 422 Arginine, 368, 413 Arterial, 368, 397, 423, 435 Arteries, 368, 369, 372, 379, 409, 420, 436 Arterioles, 368, 372 Arteriolosclerosis, 368

Index 431

Arteriosclerosis, 368, 431 Articular, 368, 414, 438 Assay, 18, 368, 398, 425 Asymptomatic, 34, 169, 245, 368 Ataxia, 333, 369, 435 Atherogenic, 369 Atmospheric Pressure, 369, 397 Atopic Eczema, 4, 7, 8, 14, 177, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 310, 311, 312, 339, 369 Atrium, 369 Atrophy, 3, 332, 333, 363, 369 Attenuated, 50, 369, 383 Atypical, 332, 369, 400 Auricular, 136, 369 Autoantibodies, 51, 81, 125, 369 Autoantigens, 59, 60, 143, 369 Autoimmune disease, 369, 410, 411, 418 Autologous, 183, 369 Autonomic, 363, 369, 411, 417, 432 Axons, 369, 417, 420, 421, 432 B Bacillus, 107, 369, 438 Bacteria, 37, 363, 366, 367, 369, 370, 386, 387, 393, 409, 430, 431, 432, 433, 437, 439 Bacterial Infections, 8, 370 Bacterial toxin, 221, 370 Bacteriostatic, 370, 438 Bacterium, 370, 394 Basal Ganglia, 369, 370, 372, 392 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 369, 370 Base, 141, 363, 370, 381, 388, 403, 417, 418, 435 Basement Membrane, 370, 389, 404 Basophil, 52, 138, 370, 395 Baths, 52, 258, 321, 342, 343, 370 Benign, 288, 368, 370, 392, 411, 412, 425 Beta-Endorphin, 133, 182, 370 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 370, 401 Bilateral, 371, 415 Bile, 278, 371, 391, 406, 432 Bile duct, 371 Biliary, 140, 371 Biochemical, 52, 67, 115, 151, 227, 257, 258, 364, 367, 371, 390, 404, 414, 429 Biological response modifier, 371, 401 Biopsy, 5, 288, 360, 371 Biosynthesis, 368, 371, 418 Biotechnology, 13, 14, 249, 311, 320, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 371 Biotin, 169, 371 Biotransformation, 371 Bladder, 371, 399, 410, 423, 439 Blister, 287, 371, 416 Blood Coagulation, 371, 372, 373, 390, 436 Blood Glucose, 371, 394, 400 Blood Platelets, 371, 420, 429

Blood pressure, 167, 372, 397, 410, 431 Blood vessel, 372, 374, 376, 386, 394, 403, 406, 408, 430, 433, 435, 436, 439 Blood Volume, 372, 421 Blot, 372, 398 Blotting, Western, 372, 398 Body Fluids, 372, 431 Bone Marrow, 372, 380, 393, 398, 406 Bowel, 273, 366, 372, 382, 402, 433 Bowel Movement, 372, 382, 433 Brachytherapy, 372, 402, 403, 425, 441 Bradykinin, 372, 413 Brain Diseases, 372, 415 Branch, 357, 372, 392, 406, 416, 431, 435 Breast Feeding, 4, 373 Bronchi, 373, 387, 435 Bronchial, 10, 52, 53, 54, 80, 85, 91, 134, 176, 216, 373, 395, 435 Bronchial Hyperreactivity, 53, 373 Bronchodilator, 373, 421 Buccal, 373, 397 Bullous, 71, 373 Bupropion, 233, 373 Bursitis, 164, 165, 373 C Calcification, 368, 373 Calcium, 106, 373 Callus, 373, 385, 403 Capsaicin, 247, 373 Capsular, 5, 373 Capsules, 373, 384 Carbohydrate, 373, 379, 392, 414, 420 Carcinogenic, 374, 377, 400, 422, 432 Carcinogens, 374, 377, 411, 414 Carcinoma, 202, 374 Cardiac, 374, 386, 388, 411, 432 Cardiovascular, 374, 405, 429, 439 Cardiovascular System, 374 Career Choice, 342, 374 Carotene, 278, 283, 374, 427 Case series, 374, 377 Cataract, 21, 55, 56, 141, 205, 245, 258, 259, 268, 373, 374, 388, 427 Catecholamine, 374, 384, 418 Cations, 374, 402 Caudal, 374, 382, 397, 421 Causal, 374, 429 Caustic, 374, 430 Cefuroxime, 95, 374 Cell Adhesion, 103, 105, 200, 374 Cell Aging, 374 Cell Death, 80, 189, 368, 375, 412 Cell Degranulation, 312, 375 Cell Differentiation, 375, 432 Cell Division, 332, 370, 375, 410, 419 Cell Lineage, 103, 375

432 Atopic Dermatitis

Cell proliferation, 368, 375, 402 Cellulose, 375, 391, 419 Central Nervous System, 363, 372, 375, 391, 392, 405, 406, 410, 413, 429, 435 Ceramide, 13, 20, 57, 58, 85, 120, 375 Cerebellar, 369, 375, 426 Cerebral, 369, 370, 372, 375, 387, 424, 435 Cerebral Cortex, 369, 372, 375 Cerebrum, 375, 438 Cetirizine, 16, 23, 149, 150, 180, 181, 375 Cheilitis, 341, 375 Chemokines, 11, 60, 100, 216, 376 Chemotactic Factors, 119, 123, 376 Chemotaxis, 127, 376 Chimeras, 11, 376 Chin, 376, 408 Chiropractic, 323, 376 Chlorophyll, 376, 391 Cholesterol, 57, 371, 376, 432 Cholinergic, 171, 376 Chromatin, 368, 376 Chromosomal, 365, 376, 435 Chromosome, 17, 33, 146, 376, 394, 405, 435 Chronic Disease, 345, 376, 378 Chronic renal, 376, 420 Ciliary, 115, 236, 376 CIS, 376, 427 C-kit receptor, 377, 432 Claviceps, 377, 428 Clear cell carcinoma, 377, 382 Clinical Medicine, 142, 377, 421 Clinical study, 174, 269, 377, 379 Clinical trial, 9, 66, 287, 289, 318, 322, 329, 377, 379, 380, 384, 410, 423, 425 Cloning, 67, 371, 377 Coal, 121, 166, 343, 350, 377 Coal Tar, 121, 166, 343, 350, 377 Cod Liver Oil, 377, 386 Cofactor, 377, 413, 423, 436 Cognitive restructuring, 377, 433 Colic, 377, 409 Collagen, 137, 365, 370, 377, 378, 389, 390, 396, 420 Collagen disease, 378, 396 Collapse, 366, 378 Colloidal, 279, 364, 378, 385, 389, 417 Colon, 183, 332, 378, 404 Complementary medicine, 255, 378 Complete remission, 378, 426 Computational Biology, 329, 331, 378 Concomitant, 35, 201, 378 Cone, 378, 403 Congestion, 378, 388 Conjunctiva, 134, 378 Conjunctivitis, 40, 378, 394

Connective Tissue, 372, 377, 378, 390, 391, 406, 408, 417, 427, 428, 435 Constitutional, 102, 378 Constriction, 378, 403, 440 Consultation, 6, 379 Consumption, 166, 379, 382, 426 Contraindications, ii, 339, 379 Controlled clinical trial, 16, 153, 379 Controlled study, 77, 93, 197, 204, 265, 271, 379 Coordination, 379, 410 Cornea, 169, 366, 379, 428, 441 Corneum, 20, 79, 87, 153, 162, 163, 196, 379, 382, 387, 397 Coronary, 379, 409 Coronary Thrombosis, 379, 409 Corpus, 379, 416, 422, 435, 440 Cortex, 274, 275, 379, 415, 426 Corticosteroid, 14, 55, 73, 97, 131, 191, 214, 215, 245, 250, 379, 382, 432 Cortisol, 50, 364, 379 Cranial, 379, 417 Criterion, 4, 380 Cromolyn Sodium, 105, 380 Croup, 380 Cryopreservation, 380, 383 Curative, 380, 435 Curettage, 99, 380 Curette, 380 Cyanosis, 122, 380, 394 Cyclic, 76, 98, 128, 140, 380, 394, 413, 418, 422, 435 Cyclosporine, 4, 5, 7, 15, 77, 78, 145, 147, 198, 312, 318, 322, 324, 343, 380 Cysteine, 376, 380, 434 Cysteinyl, 100, 380 Cytoplasm, 368, 380, 387 D Databases, Bibliographic, 329, 380 Decarboxylation, 380, 395 Decompression, 178, 380, 381 Decompression Sickness, 178, 381 Decubitus, 381, 430 Degenerative, 381, 395, 414, 427 Deletion, 146, 368, 381 Denaturation, 256, 381 Dendrites, 381 Dendritic, 11, 50, 116, 118, 131, 159, 171, 225, 231, 381, 404, 408 Dendritic cell, 11, 116, 118, 159, 171, 225, 231, 381 Density, 54, 58, 80, 115, 120, 381, 391, 414 Dermal, 81, 118, 152, 381 Dermatitis, Allergic Contact, 5, 104, 381 Dermatitis, Atopic, 123, 381 Dermatitis, Seborrheic, 124, 381

Index 433

Dermatologist, 6, 137, 382 Dermatophytosis, 5, 382 Dermatosis, 8, 382 DES, 382 Desonide, 92, 157, 382 Detergents, 6, 197, 382, 430 Developed Countries, 382, 391 Diabetes Mellitus, 382, 394 Diagnosis, Differential, 5, 382 Diagnostic procedure, 291, 320, 382 Diarrhea, 382, 387, 404, 409 Diarrhoea, 382, 397 Diastolic, 382, 397 Diencephalon, 382, 397, 435 Diffusion, 382, 383, 400 Digestion, 371, 372, 382, 402, 406, 433 Digestive system, 289, 382 Dilatation, 366, 383, 439 Dilatation, Pathologic, 383, 439 Dilation, 372, 383, 439 Dilution, 97, 383 Dimethyl, 196, 383 Dimethyl Sulfoxide, 196, 383 Dinitrochlorobenzene, 230, 234, 383 Diploid, 383, 419 Direct, iii, 87, 211, 312, 323, 349, 377, 383, 384, 426 Discoid, 8, 383 Discrete, 383, 435, 441 Discrimination, 236, 383 Disinfectant, 161, 266, 383 Disinfection, 220, 383 Dislocation, 383, 404 Disorientation, 381, 383 Disposition, 381, 383 Dissociation, 364, 383 Diuresis, 384, 435 Domesticated, 384, 394 Dopamine, 373, 384, 413, 418 Dosage Forms, 384, 417 Double-blinded, 16, 384 Doxepin, 170, 187, 214, 350, 384 Drug Interactions, 351, 384 Drug Tolerance, 384, 437 Duodenum, 371, 384, 412, 433 Dyskinesia, 140, 385 Dysplasia, 333, 385 Dystrophy, 333, 385 E Edema, 379, 385, 411 Effector, 207, 363, 385, 404, 418 Egg Proteins, 119, 385 Eicosanoids, 189, 385 Elastic, 385, 434 Elasticity, 368, 385 Elastin, 377, 385, 389

Elective, 193, 385 Electrolyte, 207, 379, 385, 409, 421, 431 Electrons, 367, 370, 385, 402, 415, 425 Electrophoresis, 236, 385 Embryo, 375, 385, 399, 420 Embryogenesis, 385, 432 Emollient, 14, 66, 175, 235, 239, 386, 393, 414 Empirical, 6, 386 Emulsion, 97, 262, 386, 390 Endocarditis, 37, 116, 386 Endocardium, 386 Endogenous, 8, 99, 369, 370, 384, 385, 386 Endothelial cell, 386, 401, 436 Endothelium, 109, 386, 413 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 386 Endothelium, Vascular, 386 Endothelium-derived, 386, 413 Endotoxin, 386, 438 End-stage renal, 376, 386, 420 Enkephalin, 370, 386 Enterotoxins, 70, 125, 174, 178, 190, 387 Environmental Exposure, 387, 414 Environmental Health, 189, 328, 330, 387 Environmental Pollutants, 4, 387 Enzymatic, 20, 365, 373, 374, 387, 388, 390, 395, 427 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 17, 387 Eosinophilia, 22, 73, 79, 197, 230, 387 Eosinophilic, 138, 387 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 48, 201, 387 Epidermomycosis, 382, 387 Epinephrine, 364, 384, 387, 413, 438 Epithelial, 115, 388, 404 Epithelial Cells, 388, 404 Epithelium, 130, 236, 370, 386, 388, 402, 427, 441 Epitope, 212, 388 Ergot, 388, 428 Erythema, 4, 121, 149, 187, 205, 379, 381, 388, 434, 439 Erythrocytes, 366, 372, 388, 429 Esophagus, 383, 388, 433 Essential Tremor, 333, 388 Esterification, 363, 388 Ether, 388, 438 Euphoria, 231, 388 Excimer laser, 317, 388 Excipients, 388, 391, 417 Exfoliation, 381, 388 Exocytosis, 375, 388, 395 Exogenous, 8, 371, 385, 386, 388 Exon, 102, 388 Exotoxins, 105, 106, 175, 203, 389 Expander, 389, 421

434 Atopic Dermatitis

Extensor, 4, 389, 423, 440 External-beam radiation, 389, 402, 425, 441 Extracellular, 155, 378, 389, 390, 431 Extracellular Matrix, 155, 378, 389, 390 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 155, 389 Extracellular Space, 389 Extracorporeal, 22, 148, 234, 312, 389, 418 Extraction, 389, 427 Extravasation, 181, 389 Eye socket, 389, 417 F Facial, 5, 28, 31, 40, 141, 149, 186, 191, 205, 236, 389 Family Planning, 329, 389 Family Relations, 99, 262, 389 Fat, 368, 372, 374, 375, 379, 389, 390, 403, 406, 410, 414, 427, 428, 434 Fatigue, 249, 389 Fatty Liver, 28, 390 Fibrin, 371, 390, 436 Fibrinolysis, 114, 390 Fibroblasts, 390, 401 Fibronectins, 389, 390 Fibrosis, 333, 390, 428 Fixation, 390, 429 Flavoring Agents, 390, 391, 417 Flexor, 389, 390 Flow Cytometry, 390, 398 Foam Cells, 391, 440 Fold, 5, 391 Food Additives, 4, 66, 133, 391 Food Coloring Agents, 391 Food Hypersensitivity, 6, 35, 239, 266, 319, 391 Food Preservatives, 391 Forearm, 287, 372, 391 Free Radicals, 367, 383, 391 Fungi, 35, 367, 377, 391, 409, 441 Fungistatic, 391, 438 Fungus, 227, 322, 388, 391, 411, 428 G Gallbladder, 363, 371, 383, 391 Gamma-interferon, 114, 228, 270, 391, 400 Ganglia, 363, 370, 391, 412, 417, 432 Ganglion, 392, 441 Gas, 365, 381, 382, 392, 396, 411, 413, 426, 434 Gastrin, 392, 395 Gastrointestinal tract, 392, 404, 405, 429 Gene Expression, 21, 29, 30, 34, 86, 87, 334, 392 Genetics, 7, 11, 17, 71, 114, 147, 158, 206, 220, 312, 341, 392 Genetics, Biochemical, 341, 392 Genotype, 38, 392, 418

Gland, 363, 392, 406, 415, 419, 423, 428, 429, 433, 434, 436 Glucocorticoid, 27, 123, 214, 312, 392, 396, 438 Glucose, 332, 365, 371, 375, 382, 392, 393, 394, 400, 428 Glutamic Acid, 392, 413 Glutamine, 392 Glutathione Peroxidase, 392, 429 Glycerol, 146, 392, 393 Glycerol Kinase, 146, 393 Glycine, 365, 393, 413 Glycogen, 365, 393 Glycoprotein, 30, 126, 393, 404, 407, 436, 438 Glycosaminoglycans, 389, 393 Glycosidic, 365, 393, 414 Gonadal, 393, 432 Gonorrhea, 374, 393 Governing Board, 393, 421 Graft, 393, 396, 399, 411, 423 Graft Rejection, 393, 399 Graft-versus-host disease, 393, 411, 423 Gram-negative, 374, 393, 394 Gram-positive, 374, 393, 432, 433 Granule, 92, 101, 118, 247, 393 Granulocyte, 90, 116, 132, 393, 401 Guanine, 394 Guanylate Cyclase, 394, 413 Guinea Pigs, 394 H Habitual, 13, 394 Haemophilus, 374, 394 Hair follicles, 394, 432, 440 Haploid, 394, 419 Haptens, 364, 394, 425 Hay Fever, 4, 272, 342, 364, 394 Helminths, 394, 400 Hematopoiesis, 394, 401, 407 Hemoglobin, 366, 380, 388, 394, 405 Hemoglobin M, 380, 394 Hemoglobinuria, 333, 394 Hemolytic, 394, 399 Hemorrhage, 395, 433 Hemostasis, 395, 429 Hepatitis, 338, 395, 400 Hepatomegaly, 28, 395, 400 Hereditary, 323, 340, 341, 343, 381, 395, 427 Heredity, 21, 161, 392, 395 Herpes, 24, 34, 186, 245, 395 Herpes Zoster, 395 Heterogeneity, 118, 364, 395 Heterotrophic, 391, 395 Histamine, 11, 52, 63, 138, 152, 186, 246, 247, 265, 367, 375, 384, 395, 404, 406 Histamine Release, 52, 138, 186, 395

Index 435

Histidine, 395 Hoarseness, 380, 395 Homodimer, 395, 437 Homologous, 364, 395, 407, 429 Hormonal, 369, 379, 395 Hormone, 195, 370, 379, 382, 385, 387, 392, 395, 400, 402, 422, 427, 436, 437 Horny layer, 387, 396 Horseradish Peroxidase, 387, 396 Host, 396, 398, 399, 405, 428, 439 Hybrid, 396, 428 Hybridomas, 396, 401 Hydration, 4, 5, 8, 70, 312, 396 Hydrocortisone, 16, 96, 157, 183, 232, 343, 396 Hydrogen, 365, 370, 373, 381, 389, 392, 396, 406, 410, 413, 415, 423, 434 Hydrogen Peroxide, 392, 396, 406, 434 Hydrolysis, 371, 396, 420, 423 Hydrophilic, 382, 396 Hydrophobic, 382, 396 Hydroxycorticosteroids, 363, 396 Hydroxylysine, 377, 396 Hydroxyproline, 365, 377, 396 Hygienic, 396, 430 Hyperaemia, 378, 396 Hyperbaric, 262, 397 Hyperbaric oxygen, 262, 397 Hyperkeratosis, 87, 397 Hypertension, 177, 183, 368, 397 Hypertrophy, 397, 405 Hypnotic, 397, 413 Hypotension, 397, 412 Hypothalamic, 92, 123, 397 Hypothalamus, 27, 372, 382, 386, 397, 412, 419, 435 I Ichthyosis, 20, 36, 87, 341, 343, 397 Ichthyosis Vulgaris, 36, 87, 343, 397 Id, 251, 272, 338, 345, 356, 358, 397 Idiopathic, 81, 123, 397 Ileum, 397, 412 Imidazole, 371, 395, 397 Immersion, 370, 397 Immune adjuvant, 365, 397 Immune function, 398, 437 Immune response, 9, 12, 49, 52, 118, 126, 365, 366, 367, 369, 379, 393, 394, 398, 399, 401, 407, 429, 430, 434, 439, 440 Immune Sera, 398 Immune system, 3, 5, 37, 288, 341, 343, 344, 367, 397, 398, 399, 405, 406, 407, 410, 417, 439, 440 Immunity, 40, 100, 224, 383, 398, 437 Immunization, 11, 363, 398, 399, 429 Immunoassay, 387, 398

Immunoblotting, 124, 126, 198, 398 Immunodeficiency, 5, 332, 398 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 5, 398 Immunoglobulin, 8, 17, 18, 31, 33, 59, 104, 119, 128, 141, 174, 215, 228, 230, 249, 263, 311, 312, 341, 366, 398, 401, 410 Immunologic, 5, 10, 41, 52, 57, 63, 258, 363, 376, 398, 425 Immunologic Factors, 41, 398 Immunomodulator, 398, 436 Immunophenotyping, 45, 84, 129, 398 Immunosuppressant, 322, 398, 409 Immunosuppressive, 5, 6, 7, 47, 109, 144, 322, 392, 399, 435 Immunosuppressive therapy, 47, 144, 399 Immunotherapy, 129, 201, 214, 230, 312, 363, 399 Impairment, 13, 130, 369, 385, 399, 408 Impetigo, 71, 135, 203, 399 Implant radiation, 399, 402, 403, 425, 441 In situ, 30, 53, 80, 87, 109, 131, 399 In vivo, 9, 31, 97, 132, 133, 134, 157, 399, 435, 436 Incision, 399, 402 Incontinence, 399, 411 Incubation, 53, 245, 399 Incubation period, 53, 245, 399 Indicative, 310, 399, 416, 439 Induction, 12, 136, 366, 399 Infancy, 15, 38, 39, 107, 154, 157, 165, 215, 312, 318, 340, 344, 399 Infantile, 32, 40, 68, 136, 172, 189, 211, 218, 340, 381, 399 Infectious Mononucleosis, 40, 400 Infertility, 205, 268, 400 Infestation, 129, 245, 400, 407 Infiltration, 9, 10, 34, 58, 103, 136, 400, 441 Infusion, 16, 255, 400 Ingestion, 397, 400, 420 Inhalation, 10, 54, 136, 350, 364, 400, 420, 422 Initiation, 9, 400 Innervation, 384, 400 Insight, 11, 400 Insulator, 400, 410 Insulin, 33, 137, 400, 403 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 33, 400 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, 59, 200, 400 Interferon-alpha, 138, 206, 237, 401 Interleukin-1, 84, 86, 139, 140, 145, 148, 208, 401 Interleukin-10, 139, 145, 401 Interleukin-13, 84, 86, 139, 140, 148, 208, 401

436 Atopic Dermatitis

Interleukin-2, 59, 62, 63, 97, 137, 144, 237, 401 Interleukin-4, 29, 31, 62, 84, 95, 96, 139, 141, 145, 152, 401 Interleukin-5, 31, 57, 140, 179, 185, 237, 401 Interleukin-6, 93, 401 Interleukin-8, 82, 93, 401 Interleukins, 7, 401 Intermittent, 69, 77, 140, 402 Internal radiation, 402, 403, 425, 441 Interstitial, 372, 389, 402, 403, 441 Intervertebral, 143, 402 Intestinal, 90, 244, 246, 374, 387, 402, 407, 439 Intestinal Mucosa, 402, 439 Intestine, 372, 402, 404, 433 Intracellular, 78, 133, 140, 141, 399, 402, 413, 421, 422, 426, 429 Intramuscular, 402, 416, 438 Intravenous, 17, 18, 59, 119, 141, 228, 400, 402, 416 Intrinsic, 12, 26, 50, 63, 80, 84, 102, 159, 171, 187, 190, 196, 241, 364, 370, 402 Invasive, 344, 398, 402 Involuntary, 370, 388, 402, 411, 426, 430 Iodine, 402, 421 Ions, 52, 258, 370, 383, 385, 396, 402 Iris, 366, 379, 402, 424 Irradiation, 20, 53, 155, 236, 402, 409, 441 Irritants, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 309, 324, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 403 Ischemia, 369, 403, 411 J Joint, 71, 87, 260, 368, 381, 390, 403, 414 K Kb, 328, 403 Keratin, 403, 428 Keratinocytes, 11, 19, 90, 116, 123, 124, 136, 138, 144, 160, 226, 401, 403 Keratoconus, 5, 403 Keratosis, 5, 338, 341, 363, 403 Ketoacidosis, 363, 403 Ketoconazole, 145, 207, 403 Ketone Bodies, 363, 403 Ketotifen, 206, 404 Kidney Disease, 289, 328, 333, 404 Kidney Transplantation, 5, 404 Killer Cells, 404 Kinetic, 404 L Lactation, 248, 404 Lactose Intolerance, 404, 409 Laminin, 370, 389, 404 Langerhans Cells, 131, 404 Large Intestine, 383, 402, 404, 426, 430 Laser therapy, 64, 404

Latent, 404, 418, 421 Lectin, 152, 404 Lens, 91, 141, 373, 374, 404, 440 Lens Subluxation, 141, 404 Lesion, 14, 30, 58, 83, 127, 288, 360, 405, 430, 436, 438 Lethal, 162, 405, 411 Leucine, 370, 405 Leucocyte, 387, 405 Leukapheresis, 368, 405 Leukemia, 332, 405 Leukocytes, 98, 146, 204, 372, 376, 401, 402, 405, 438 Leukotriene Antagonists, 18, 405 Leukotrienes, 100, 186, 189, 368, 385, 405 Library Services, 356, 405 Lichen Nitidus, 67, 405 Lichenification, 322, 341, 381, 405 Life cycle, 391, 405 Ligament, 405, 423 Ligands, 72, 405 Linkage, 29, 33, 35, 114, 147, 227, 405 Lip, 322, 405 Lipid, 16, 20, 104, 148, 213, 255, 368, 391, 392, 400, 406, 410, 415 Lipid Peroxidation, 406, 415 Lipoxygenase, 248, 405, 406 Localized, 365, 390, 400, 404, 405, 406, 411, 415, 419, 438, 439 Longitudinal study, 235, 406 Loratadine, 229, 406 Lymph, 11, 386, 400, 406, 411 Lymph node, 11, 406, 411 Lymphadenopathy, 400, 406 Lymphatic, 386, 400, 406, 408, 432, 436 Lymphatic system, 406, 432, 436 Lymphocyte Subsets, 185, 406 Lymphoid, 366, 405, 407 Lymphoma, 97, 288, 332, 407, 411, 418 M Macrolides, 3, 407 Macrophage, 90, 103, 116, 118, 124, 132, 133, 134, 136, 151, 175, 194, 401, 407 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, 116, 132, 407 Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1, 133, 407 Maintenance therapy, 316, 407 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 401, 404, 407 Malabsorption, 332, 407 Malate Dehydrogenase, 236, 407 Malignant, 288, 332, 367, 368, 407, 411, 412, 425, 428 Malnutrition, 364, 369, 407, 411 Mange, 407

Index 437

Mannans, 391, 407 Mastocytosis, 287, 407 Meat, 94, 247, 407 Medial, 368, 408, 414 Mediator, 401, 408, 420, 429 Medical Records, 408, 427 Medical Staff, 384, 408 MEDLINE, 329, 331, 333, 408 Melanin, 402, 408, 418, 438 Melanocytes, 408 Melanoma, 332, 408, 438 Membrane, 86, 103, 216, 218, 269, 364, 378, 388, 393, 404, 408, 421, 426, 427, 440 Memory, 56, 161, 198, 224, 408 Mental, v, 8, 71, 86, 204, 220, 290, 328, 330, 334, 375, 376, 383, 384, 389, 408, 424 Mental Disorders, 290, 408, 424 Mental Health, v, 8, 204, 290, 328, 330, 408 Mental Retardation, 71, 334, 408 Mesenchymal, 407, 408 Meta-Analysis, 54, 408 Metabolic disorder, 312, 409 Metabolite, 371, 383, 409, 419 Methionine, 370, 383, 409, 434 Methotrexate, 4, 409 Methoxsalen, 350, 409, 418 MI, 62, 361, 409 Microbiological, 9, 409 Microbiology, 35, 107, 154, 156, 161, 181, 369, 409 Microorganism, 377, 409, 416, 440 Micro-organism, 409, 429 Migration, 134, 151, 401, 409 Milk Hypersensitivity, 247, 262, 409 Mineralocorticoids, 363, 379, 409 Mitochondrial Swelling, 409, 412 Mitosis, 155, 368, 410 Mobility, 410 Modification, 114, 365, 410, 424 Molecule, 23, 59, 103, 200, 367, 370, 383, 385, 386, 388, 393, 396, 404, 410, 415, 420, 425 Monitor, 105, 163, 239, 410, 413 Monoclonal, 56, 60, 97, 396, 398, 403, 410, 425, 441 Monoclonal antibodies, 60, 398, 410 Monocyte, 84, 103, 106, 116, 123, 128, 156, 170, 407, 410 Monophosphate, 140, 410 Monotherapy, 191, 205, 410 Morphological, 157, 385, 391, 408, 410 Morphology, 374, 410 Motility, 410, 429 Mucins, 410, 428 Multicenter study, 78, 104, 105, 410 Multiple sclerosis, 158, 410

Muscle Fibers, 411 Muscular Atrophy, 333, 411 Muscular Diseases, 411, 415 Muscular Dystrophies, 385, 411 Mustard Gas, 403, 411 Mycophenolate mofetil, 158, 205, 233, 317, 411 Mycosis, 109, 288, 411 Mycosis Fungoides, 109, 288, 411 Myelin, 410, 411, 420 Myelitis, 22, 66, 158, 411 Myocarditis, 22, 411 Myocardium, 409, 411 Myopia, 411, 426, 427 Myotonic Dystrophy, 333, 411 Myristate, 411 N Naevus, 147, 411 Naloxone, 370, 412 Natural killer cells, 146, 412 Nausea, 384, 412 NCI, 1, 288, 289, 327, 376, 412 Necrosis, 235, 368, 409, 412 Need, 3, 4, 49, 50, 309, 311, 316, 321, 323, 348, 376, 393, 412, 437 Neoplasia, 332, 412 Neoplasms, 363, 367, 374, 412, 419, 425, 435 Neoplastic, 5, 396, 407, 412 Nephropathy, 54, 404, 412 Nervous System, 57, 333, 375, 408, 412, 417 Neural, 332, 412, 427 Neuromuscular, 363, 412, 415 Neuromuscular Junction, 363, 412 Neuronal, 412, 417 Neurotensin, 412 Neurotoxin, 194, 413 Neurotransmitter, 363, 365, 372, 384, 392, 393, 395, 413, 433, 439 Neutrons, 365, 402, 413, 425 Neutrophil, 32, 400, 413 Nickel, 28, 33, 38, 40, 161, 413 Nisin, 215, 413 Nitrazepam, 95, 413 Nitric Oxide, 64, 413 Nitrogen, 364, 365, 366, 381, 389, 390, 392, 413, 438 Nonverbal Communication, 413, 424 Nuclear, 21, 370, 385, 389, 392, 412, 413 Nuclear Family, 389, 413 Nucleus, 368, 370, 376, 380, 410, 413, 414, 423, 435 Nummular, 5, 182, 339, 414 Nurse Practitioners, 4, 414 Nursing Assessment, 8, 414 Nursing Care, 8, 414, 416 Nutritive Value, 391, 414

438 Atopic Dermatitis

O Ointments, 157, 218, 340, 343, 344, 345, 384, 414, 430, 431 Oligosaccharides, 365, 414 Oliguria, 122, 414 Oncogene, 332, 414, 432 Opacity, 374, 381, 414 Opiate, 370, 386, 412, 414 Opsin, 414, 427 Optic Chiasm, 397, 414 Orbit, 389, 414, 417 Osteoarthritis, 115, 414 Osteomyelitis, 36, 415 Outpatient, 78, 224, 260, 415 Ovalbumin, 10, 123, 180, 206, 415 Ovary, 415, 420 Oxaloacetate, 407, 415 Oxidation, 367, 371, 392, 394, 406, 415 Oxidative metabolism, 405, 415 Oxidative Stress, 134, 415 Oxygenation, 381, 415 P Palliative, 415, 435 Pallor, 5, 415 Pancreas, 363, 371, 383, 400, 415 Pancreatic, 332, 415 Pancreatic cancer, 332, 415 Papillary, 397, 415 Paraplegia, 117, 415 Parasite, 416 Parasitic, 377, 394, 400, 416 Parenteral, 16, 255, 311, 416 Paroxetine, 13, 416 Paroxysmal, 333, 416 Partial remission, 416, 426 Patch Tests, 23, 50, 155, 182, 187, 416 Pathogen, 14, 127, 399, 416 Pathologic, 27, 368, 371, 372, 379, 397, 416, 424, 431 Pathologic Processes, 368, 416 Pathologies, 416 Pathophysiology, 112, 168, 237, 264, 416 Patient Care Planning, 414, 416 Patient Education, 5, 7, 8, 204, 340, 343, 344, 354, 356, 361, 416 Pelvic, 416, 423 Pelvis, 363, 416, 439 Pemphigus, 71, 363, 416 Penis, 405, 416 Pepsin, 180, 417 Peptide, 365, 370, 403, 417, 420, 423, 434 Perception, 81, 153, 378, 417 Perennial, 4, 417, 438 Periorbital, 5, 417 Peripheral Nerves, 80, 417, 420, 432

Peripheral Nervous System, 413, 415, 417, 421, 433, 439 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 415, 417 Perspiration, 6, 417 Petrolatum, 386, 417 Phagocyte, 407, 417 Pharmaceutic Aids, 391, 417 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 384, 417 Pharmacokinetic, 418 Pharmacologic, 170, 210, 366, 418, 437 Pharmacotherapy, 6, 141, 170, 214, 232, 263, 418 Phenolphthalein, 386, 418 Phenotype, 9, 12, 45, 59, 418 Phenylalanine, 418, 438 Phosphodiesterase, 76, 86, 98, 114, 128, 156, 183, 236, 312, 418 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, 236, 312, 418 Phosphorus, 373, 418 Phosphorylated, 418 Phosphorylation, 125, 418, 423 Photoallergy, 418 Photochemotherapy, 22, 148, 321, 418 Photopheresis, 182, 205, 234, 312, 319, 418 Photosensitivity, 223, 418 Photosensitizing Agents, 418, 419 Phototherapy, 5, 6, 7, 14, 20, 62, 63, 69, 97, 117, 120, 149, 153, 157, 158, 165, 171, 193, 195, 321, 341, 419 Physical Examination, 5, 6, 288, 344, 419 Physiologic, 311, 364, 371, 419, 422, 425, 429 Pigment, 408, 419, 427 Pigmentation, 171, 411, 419 Pilot study, 17, 60, 71, 128, 157, 171, 233, 265, 419 Pituitary Gland, 379, 419 Pityriasis, 123, 124, 419 Placebo Effect, 40, 419 Plant Oils, 414, 419 Plants, 341, 364, 392, 404, 409, 410, 419, 420, 428, 437, 438 Plaque, 369, 419 Plasma cells, 366, 419 Plasmapheresis, 368, 419 Platelet Aggregation, 413, 419, 420, 436 Platelet Factor 4, 401, 420 Plateletpheresis, 368, 420 Platelets, 173, 175, 371, 375, 413, 419, 420, 436 Pneumonia, 379, 420 Poisoning, 388, 412, 420, 429 Pollen, 6, 33, 53, 106, 245, 276, 375, 420, 424 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 57, 420 Polycystic, 333, 420

Index 439

Polymorphism, 139, 147, 420 Polypeptide, 90, 246, 365, 377, 413, 420, 439 Polyradiculoneuropathy, 22, 420 Polyradiculopathy, 420 Polysaccharide, 367, 375, 420, 423 Posterior, 366, 369, 402, 415, 421, 428 Potassium, 409, 421, 430 Potentiates, 401, 421 Povidone, 58, 220, 421 Povidone-Iodine, 58, 220, 421 Practice Guidelines, 330, 421 Precipitation, 223, 421 Precursor, 12, 368, 384, 385, 387, 418, 421, 437, 438 Predisposition, 7, 421, 435 Presynaptic, 384, 413, 421 Presynaptic Terminals, 384, 421 Prickle, 363, 403, 421 Private Sector, 11, 421 Procaterol, 137, 421 Progesterone, 422, 432 Progression, 9, 56, 258, 366, 422 Progressive, 28, 368, 375, 376, 384, 393, 411, 412, 414, 422 Promoter, 38, 102, 422 Prone, 6, 344, 422 Prophylaxis, 114, 264, 422, 439 Proportional, 387, 422 Prospective Studies, 54, 422 Prospective study, 113, 118, 264, 406, 422 Prostaglandin, 11, 27, 33, 100, 114, 119, 132, 181, 227, 244, 422, 436 Prostaglandins A, 422 Prostate, 332, 423 Protease, 106, 423 Protective Devices, 40, 423 Protein S, 311, 333, 334, 371, 423 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 423 Proteoglycans, 370, 389, 423 Proteolytic, 59, 181, 182, 249, 423 Protocol, 20, 85, 260, 423 Protons, 365, 396, 423, 425 Protozoa, 409, 423 Pruritic, 4, 5, 9, 170, 180, 385, 405, 423, 428, 436 Pruritus, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 28, 81, 144, 152, 153, 168, 181, 182, 187, 229, 312, 322, 381, 423 Psoralen, 4, 5, 6, 321, 423 Psychiatric, 13, 408, 424 Psychiatry, 390, 424 Psychic, 408, 424, 429 Psychomotor, 149, 424 Psychosomatic, 32, 50, 81, 170, 233, 257, 424 Psychotherapy, 32, 136, 181, 268, 424 Psyllium, 282, 424 Public Policy, 329, 424

Publishing, 13, 424 Pulmonary, 372, 373, 379, 387, 405, 424, 426, 434 Pulmonary Artery, 372, 424 Pulse, 410, 424 Pupil, 379, 383, 404, 424 Pustular, 399, 424 Pyogenic, 415, 424, 429 Q Quality of Life, 13, 15, 38, 61, 77, 117, 153, 215, 220, 232, 270, 341, 424 Quercetin, 252, 424 Quiescent, 375, 424, 440 R Race, 409, 424 Radiation, 319, 321, 387, 389, 391, 397, 402, 425, 438, 440, 441 Radiation therapy, 389, 397, 402, 403, 425, 441 Radioactive, 396, 399, 402, 403, 410, 413, 425, 441 Radioallergosorbent Test, 119, 425 Radioimmunoassay, 371, 425 Radioisotope, 425 Radiolabeled, 372, 403, 421, 425, 441 Radiotherapy, 372, 403, 425, 441 Randomized, 13, 16, 17, 18, 77, 114, 150, 153, 183, 204, 232, 255, 256, 264, 270, 385, 425 Reagent, 383, 425 Reagin, 381, 425 Receptors, Serotonin, 426, 429 Recombinant, 47, 86, 124, 149, 150, 194, 426 Rectum, 367, 372, 378, 383, 392, 399, 404, 423, 426 Red Nucleus, 369, 426 Reductase, 409, 426 Refer, 1, 373, 390, 391, 395, 413, 426, 437 Reflex, 130, 274, 426 Refraction, 411, 426, 431 Refractory, 6, 7, 80, 186, 191, 205, 218, 221, 230, 234, 260, 271, 426 Regimen, 15, 214, 385, 418, 419, 426 Relapse, 14, 77, 140, 233, 235, 271, 426 Reliability, 187, 217, 426 Remission, 170, 238, 407, 426 Respiration, 410, 415, 426 Respiratory System, 426, 439 Retina, 110, 115, 141, 188, 404, 411, 414, 426, 427, 428, 440 Retinal, 55, 110, 141, 154, 157, 188, 236, 245, 378, 414, 426, 427, 428 Retinal Detachment, 55, 110, 141, 154, 157, 188, 236, 245, 427, 428 Retinoblastoma, 332, 427 Retinol, 426, 427

440 Atopic Dermatitis

Retrospective, 157, 188, 244, 427 Retrospective study, 157, 244, 427 Rheumatism, 427 Rheumatoid, 111, 115, 378, 427, 436 Rheumatoid arthritis, 111, 115, 378, 427, 436 Rhinitis, 92, 206, 247, 404, 409, 427 Rhodopsin, 414, 427 Ribose, 363, 427 Rigidity, 419, 427 Risk factor, 35, 37, 40, 62, 91, 107, 113, 143, 150, 422, 427 Rod, 369, 370, 394, 427 Rutin, 424, 427 Rye, 124, 126, 377, 388, 428 S Saliva, 428 Salivary, 382, 415, 428 Salivary glands, 382, 428 Saponins, 428, 432 Sarcoma, 144, 428 Scabies, 5, 428 Scatter, 428, 438 Sclera, 378, 428 Scleral Buckling, 110, 154, 428 Sclerosis, 333, 368, 378, 410, 428 Screening, 193, 377, 428 Seafood, 344, 428 Sebaceous, 403, 428, 440 Sebaceous gland, 403, 428, 440 Seborrhea, 6, 428 Sebum, 428 Secretion, 104, 109, 134, 171, 178, 184, 185, 379, 395, 400, 402, 404, 409, 410, 417, 428, 429, 437 Secretory, 184, 375, 429 Secretory Vesicles, 375, 429 Seizures, 416, 429 Selenium, 252, 269, 429 Semen, 276, 423, 429 Septicaemia, 202, 429 Septicemia, 202, 429 Serotonin, 12, 413, 416, 418, 426, 429, 438 Serotonin Agonists, 429, 430 Serotonin Antagonists, 13, 429 Serous, 386, 430 Sex Determination, 333, 430 Shedding, 34, 245, 430 Shock, 108, 178, 238, 366, 391, 396, 430, 437 Side effect, 3, 5, 309, 322, 323, 349, 364, 375, 430, 437 Signs and Symptoms, 420, 426, 430 Skeleton, 403, 422, 430 Skin Care, 8, 233, 271, 341, 342, 430 Skin test, 244, 416, 430 Small intestine, 384, 396, 397, 402, 430 Smallpox, 198, 316, 338, 339, 430

Smoking Cessation, 373, 430 Smooth muscle, 373, 391, 395, 411, 430, 433 Sneezing, 430 Soaps, 343, 430, 438 Social Environment, 424, 431 Social Support, 431, 433 Sodium, 20, 88, 94, 231, 248, 318, 409, 430, 431, 434 Solvent, 363, 383, 392, 417, 431 Specialist, 95, 323, 347, 383, 431 Specificity, 25, 237, 364, 431 Spectrum, 48, 217, 227, 374, 403, 431 Sperm, 366, 376, 420, 431 Spinal cord, 375, 376, 392, 411, 412, 415, 417, 426, 431, 432 Spinal Cord Diseases, 415, 431 Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases, 411, 431 Spinal Nerve Roots, 420, 431 Spinal Nerves, 417, 431, 432 Spinous, 387, 403, 432 Spleen, 365, 406, 432 Splenectomy, 162, 432 Splenomegaly, 400, 432 Standard therapy, 418, 432 Steady state, 71, 432 Steatosis, 390, 432 Stem Cell Factor, 194, 377, 432 Sterile, 432, 438 Sterility, 400, 432 Steroid, 15, 21, 24, 66, 88, 141, 148, 203, 239, 324, 343, 344, 379, 428, 432 Steroid therapy, 88, 148, 432 Stimulant, 395, 432 Stimulus, 373, 400, 401, 426, 433, 436 Stomach, 273, 363, 383, 388, 392, 396, 412, 417, 430, 432, 433 Stool, 378, 399, 404, 433 Streptococcal, 5, 15, 135, 203, 433 Streptococcal Infections, 5, 15, 433 Streptococci, 25, 399, 433 Streptococcus, 413, 433 Stress management, 342, 433 Stridor, 380, 433 Stroke, 290, 328, 433 Subacute, 400, 433 Subclinical, 400, 429, 433 Sublingual, 201, 433 Subspecies, 431, 433 Substance P, 204, 409, 429, 433 Substrate, 387, 434 Subungual, 202, 434 Suction, 287, 434 Sulfates, 238, 434 Sulfur, 252, 389, 409, 434 Sulfuric acid, 434 Sunburn, 273, 344, 434, 438

Index 441

Superantigens, 36, 37, 72, 107, 176, 179, 185, 190, 191, 434 Superoxide, 21, 434 Superoxide Dismutase, 21, 434 Supplementation, 7, 85, 103, 114, 172, 260, 261, 263, 264, 267, 268, 269, 434 Support group, 7, 434 Suppression, 206, 379, 434 Suppressive, 179, 206, 434 Surfactant, 87, 434 Sweat, 126, 159, 171, 207, 227, 417, 428, 434 Sweat Glands, 428, 434 Symptomatic, 319, 373, 434 Systemic disease, 397, 429, 435 Systolic, 397, 435 T Tear Gases, 403, 435 Telangiectasia, 333, 435 Telomere, 212, 435 Temperament, 136, 435 Tendon, 373, 392, 435 Thalamic, 369, 435 Thalamic Diseases, 369, 435 Theophylline, 196, 435 Therapeutics, 96, 229, 319, 351, 435 Thermal, 5, 256, 383, 413, 435 Third Ventricle, 397, 435 Thorax, 363, 435 Threshold, 153, 381, 397, 436 Thrombin, 390, 420, 436 Thrombocytes, 420, 436 Thrombocytosis, 34, 436 Thrombomodulin, 173, 436 Thrombosis, 114, 371, 423, 433, 436 Thromboxanes, 368, 385, 436 Thrombus, 379, 420, 436 Thymopentin, 7, 16, 436 Thymus, 124, 175, 229, 282, 398, 406, 436 Thyroid, 402, 436, 438 Ticks, 400, 436 Time Management, 433, 436 Tinea Pedis, 382, 436 Tolerance, 28, 75, 363, 436 Toxic, v, 178, 238, 370, 377, 387, 388, 398, 428, 429, 437 Toxicity, 384, 437 Toxicodendron, 277, 437 Toxicology, 67, 330, 437 Toxin, 61, 115, 178, 238, 386, 437 Trace element, 413, 437 Transfection, 371, 437 Transfer Factor, 398, 437 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 38, 437 Translation, 365, 437 Transmitter, 363, 384, 408, 437 Transplantation, 376, 398, 407, 437

Trauma, 117, 370, 412, 435, 437 Trees, 365, 437, 438 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 51, 438 Triclosan, 232, 438 Tricyclic, 384, 438 Tryptophan, 377, 429, 438 Tubercle, 438 Tuberculin, 148, 179, 438 Tuberculosis, 379, 438 Tuberous Sclerosis, 333, 438 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 93, 222, 438 Tyrosine, 125, 384, 423, 436, 438 U Ulcer, 430, 438 Ultraviolet radiation, 52, 258, 419, 434, 438 Unconscious, 397, 438 Urease, 413, 439 Ureters, 439 Urethra, 417, 423, 439 Urinary, 39, 121, 135, 238, 239, 363, 399, 414, 439 Urinary tract, 39, 439 Urinary tract infection, 39, 439 Urine, 15, 101, 239, 371, 384, 394, 399, 403, 414, 439 Urticaria, 52, 67, 81, 112, 134, 140, 178, 287, 341, 366, 375, 406, 439 Uterus, 379, 412, 422, 439 V Vaccination, 107, 153, 158, 198, 339, 439 Vaccine, 158, 316, 339, 365, 423, 439 Vagina, 382, 439 Vascular, 103, 200, 311, 366, 386, 400, 413, 431, 436, 439 Vasculitis, 420, 439 Vasoactive, 90, 95, 246, 439 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, 95, 439 Vasodilation, 181, 439 Vasodilator, 372, 384, 395, 439 Vein, 288, 366, 402, 413, 440 Vertebrae, 402, 431, 440 Vesicular, 369, 395, 430, 440 Viral, 6, 120, 249, 390, 440 Virus, 34, 72, 139, 245, 400, 401, 419, 430, 440, 441 Viscera, 411, 440 Vitiligo, 423, 440 Vitreous, 141, 404, 405, 426, 427, 440 Vitreous Body, 405, 426, 440 Vitreous Humor, 427, 440 Vitro, 29, 31, 80, 100, 101, 132, 134, 170, 194, 236, 239, 265, 399, 425, 435, 440 Vivo, 146, 440 Vulgaris, 52, 85, 108, 135, 139, 227, 233, 258, 260, 363, 440

442 Atopic Dermatitis

W Wart, 403, 440 Wheezing, 322, 409, 440 White blood cell, 288, 366, 370, 393, 400, 405, 406, 407, 410, 412, 413, 419, 440 X Xanthomatosis, 163, 440

Xenograft, 366, 440 X-ray, 402, 413, 425, 440, 441 X-ray therapy, 403, 441 Y Yeasts, 74, 207, 391, 418, 441 Z Zoster, 72, 441

Index 443

444 Atopic Dermatitis

Index 445

446 Atopic Dermatitis

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