CONTACT DERMATITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Contact Dermatitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00295-7 1. Contact Dermatitis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on contact dermatitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONTACT DERMATITIS ............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Contact Dermatitis ....................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 21 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONTACT DERMATITIS ................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding Nutrition Studies on Contact Dermatitis ...................................................................... 63 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 64 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONTACT DERMATITIS ............................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 67 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 88 General References ....................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CONTACT DERMATITIS ......................................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patents on Contact Dermatitis .................................................................................................... 95 Patent Applications on Contact Dermatitis............................................................................... 109 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 114 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CONTACT DERMATITIS ........................................................................... 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 115 Chapters on Contact Dermatitis ................................................................................................ 116 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CONTACT DERMATITIS ............................................. 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 117 Academic Periodicals covering Contact Dermatitis................................................................... 119 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 121 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 122 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 129 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 131 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 133 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 137 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 139 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 139 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 139 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 145 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 148
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CONTACT DERMATITIS DICTIONARY ............................................................................... 149 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 205
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with contact dermatitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about contact dermatitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to contact dermatitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on contact dermatitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to contact dermatitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on contact dermatitis. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CONTACT DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on contact dermatitis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and contact dermatitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Dental Professionals: Effective Diagnosis and Treatment Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 134(2): 185-194. February 2003. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2867. Website: www.ada.org. Summary: Dental professionals are at risk of developing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) after exposure to allergenic chemicals. Common allergens include antimicrobials, preservatives, rubber additives, and methacrylates. In this article, the authors describe an orthodontic assistant with severe skin disease, whose symptoms included redness,
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Contact Dermatitis
cracking and bleeding that persisted for 10 years. The patient had previously received an incomplete diagnosis. After performing patch testing, assessing symptoms, and evaluating the patient's medical history, the authors diagnosed ACD resulting from exposure to several dental allergens. The patient received appropriate treatment and counseling to better manage her allergies; this resulted in resolution of all symptoms and averted permanent occupational disability. The authors conclude that not all skin reactions are related to gloves or natural rubber latex. Dental professionals should be aware of common chemical allergens, symptoms of ACD, and the appropriate treatment of occupational skin disease. 3 figures. 3 tables. 26 references.
Federally Funded Research on Contact Dermatitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to contact dermatitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to contact dermatitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore contact dermatitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for contact dermatitis: •
Project Title: ELICITATION
ALLERGIC
CONTACT
DERMATITIS:
MECHANISMS
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Xu, Hui; Research Assistant Professor; Dermatology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 30-APR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Allergic contact dermatitis is a T-cell mediated cutaneous inflammatory disease caused by epicutaneous exposure to reactive haptens. It is a common human experience; the inflammatory reaction to urushiol, the reactive agent of poison ivy, is one such example. In mice several methods have been identified that will inhibit the immune response to contact allergens if applied prior to initial sensitization (i. e. antigen specific tolerance). However, antigen specific down-regulation of allergic contact dermatitis in animals that are already sensitized (desensitization) has been much harder to achieve and remains one of the major challenges in contact hypersensitivity research. Our recent studies indicate that B7H1 can inactivate the function of allergen specific T cells and can curtail elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis in mice that have already been sensitized. B7H1 is a ligand for the inhibitory molecule PD-1 expressed on allergen activated T cells. The interaction of B7H1 with PD1 can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of T cells. In this proposal, we 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
5
hypothesize that B7H1 co-stimulation can inactivate allergen specific T cells and mediate both tolerance and desensitization of allergic contact dermatitis. To examine this hypothesis, four specific aims are proposed. (1) To examine the role of B7H1 in the development of contact allergen specific T cells. (2) To assess whether B7H1 positive dendritic cells and/or keratinocytes are effective at inducing desensitization to a contact allergen in mice that have already been sensitized to it. (3) To determine whether the mechanism by which B7H1 inhibits the function of allergen specific T cells is due to depletion, anergy or suppression of allergen specific T cells. (4) To identify the ligand for B7H1 that is responsible for inhibition of T-cell function. On a basic level, the results will provide critical information concerning the role of B7H1 co-stimulation in the induction and elicitation of immune responses and will add new information about the mechanism by which specific ligands for B7H1 regulate cytokine production, proliferation and apoptosis of activated T cells. On a clinical level, the outcome of the proposal may lead to development of immunotherapeutic approaches for antigen specific desensitization of allergic contact dermatitis patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTIGEN IMMUNOSUPPRESSION BY KILLER LANGERHANS CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Takashima, Akira; Professor; Dermatology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Langerhans cells (LC) ordinarily deliver activation signals to T cells. We hypothesized that LC genetically modified to over-express CD95L (Fas ligand) termed "killer" LC, would deliver apoptotic signals to T cells upon antigen-specific interaction. To test this, we introduced CD95L cDNA into our LC line XS106 (derived from A/J mice) and selected a stable clone (XS 10-6-CD95L) that expressed abundant surface CD95L. This killer LC clone, when pulsed with ovalbumin (OVA), triggered apoptosis of OVA-reactive CD4+ T cells in vitro by an antigen-specific and CD95L-dependent mechanism. OVA-pulsed killer LC, when injected into A/J mice before or after sensitization, suppressed ear swelling responses to DNFB. Importantly, OVA-pulsed killer LC suppressed OVA responses, but not responses to the irrelevant antigen HEL, whereas HEL- pulsed killer LC inhibited only the HEL responses, establishing antigenspecificity. We will define mechanisms, under the new hypothesis that killer LC suppress diverse immunological responses by triggering apoptosis of putative effector T cells that recognize respective antigens. Specifically, we will study the impact of killer LC using five-established animal models: 1) Delayed type hypersensitivity: We will inject OVA- pulsed killer LC before or after sensitization to study the impact of CD4+ effect T cells and memory T cells, the fate of effector cells (adoptive transfer of OVAreactive, naive CD4+ T cells from the D011.10 transgenic mice), and the critical timing for cytotoxic interaction of killer LC with T cells (drug-inducible suicide system). 2) Contact hypersensitivity. We will inject DNFB-pulsed killer LC before or after sensitization to study the impact of CD8+ effector T cells and on Th2-like regulatory T cells, killer LC interaction with CD8+ T cells and antigen- specificity. 3) Th2-biased immune responses. Mice will be sensitized epicutaneously with an OVA-absorbed "patch" to produce OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies and atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. We will inject OVA-pulsed killer LC to study the impact on Th2-biased effector and helper T cells and "therapeutic" efficacy for skin lesions. 4) Experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Mice will be sensitized with cardiac myosin (CM) to produce autoimmune myocarditis. We will inject CM-pulsed killer LC to study the impact on
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Contact Dermatitis
CD4+ pathogenic T cells that recognize tissue-specific autoantigen, the fate of pathogenic T cells, and therapeutic efficacy and safety. 5) Skin graft rejection. We will study the impact of killer LC and "killer LC hybrids" on allo-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which are ordinary activated via "direct" and "indirect" pathways. These studies will form the framework for establishing an entirely new immunosuppressive therapy for inflammatory skin diseases, the therapy designed to eliminate selectively the effector T cells that recognize pathogenic antigens (e.g., haptens, allergens, autoantigens, and alloantigens). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASSESSMENT NAPTHALENE
OF
DERMAL
EXPOSURE
TO
BENZENE
&
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nylander-French, Leena A.; Assistant Professor; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Dermal exposure to allergenic and carcinogenic agents that may interact directly or indirectly (via electrophilic metabolites) with the skin is poorly understood and investigated. A major limitation to our understanding and development of this area of research has been the absence of non-invasive device and/or associated methodology to determine chemical specific skin exposure. New methods to determine the threshold dose to induce adverse effects under environmental and occupational exposure conditions are needed. We propose to test the hypothesis that very low levels of dermal exposure to benzene and naphthalene can be directly detected using samples of the keratinized epidermis removed by tape stripping. Subsequent extraction of the epithelium removed may then be analyzed for benzene or naphthalene by analytical chemical for recent exposures. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods may be used for quantification for protein adducts as biomarkers for low level chronic exposures and for correlation of dermal and systemic exposure. First, we will develop and use a non-invasive tape-stripping technique coupled with analytical chemistry methods to measure dermal exposure to benzene and naphthalene in two selected populations of workers. Secondly, we will investigate the potential relationship between dermal exposure in systems exposure to benzene and naphtalene in these exposed populations. Finally, we will develop an ELISA method for quantification of dermal exposure to benzene using polyclonal antibodies produced to protein adducts of benzene metabolites. Benzene is metabolized by cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 to benzene oxide and other electrophilic species, which may be used for measuring adduction to keratin (dermal exposure) to human serum albumin (systemic exposure). The results obtained by these proposed studies will increase our knowledge of the significance and the role of dermal exposure and the internal dose received to both the skin and internal tissues. In addition, the potential health effects (allergic contact dermatitis, cancer, etc.) that may result due to dermal exposure can be examined and correlated exposures. Ultimately, the procedures and methods developed in this study may be used as a as a model non-invasive skin-sampling procedure that reliably and reproducibly determines dermal exposure to environmental toxicants. Through reliable exposure assessment, strategies for minimizing exposure and, thus, preventing adverse health effects, can be developed and implemented. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
7
Project Title: CHEMICAL RELEASE & IMMUNE SENSITIZATION BY DENTAL RESINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jewett, Anahid; Assistant Professor; Dental Research Institute; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1993; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's Abstract): This is a competing continuation application whose overall goal is to ensure that resin-based materials which are placed onto teeth as part of dental care can continue to be used safely. Resin based materials which polymerize in the mouth are now used by dentists in many ways to help prevent tooth decay and for tooth repair and replacement. Bonding technologies, which are all based on this class of materials, are used for fissure sealing to help prevent decay, for bonding orthodontic brackets to teeth, and as part of many different types of tooth repair to improve appearance and function. It is very likely that new and modified materials of the same general type will continue to be developed and that the use of this type of material in dentistry will continue to increase in the coming years. The materials are very helpful to patients and have remarkably few negative side effects. However, severe allergic dermatitis in some dentists and other dental workers is linked to the use of the materials, and the incidence of such allergy appears to be increasing. Fortunately, allergic responses are less common in patients, but we do not know why this is so or whether it will continue to be so. Some patients experience pain in the dental pulp after resins are used in deep fillings, for reasons that may be related to direct chemical damage caused by released chemicals, by allergy to them, or to both. It has previously been shown in laboratory studies that two chemicals are released from these materials during the first days after they are placed on teeth. The first aim will be to confirm this release in experimental animals (guinea pigs), and study what happens to the chemicals in the body (their uptake, distribution, time of storage, breakdown and excretion). The second aim will be to study mechanisms of allergic responses to these chemicals at the cellular and molecular level using guinea pigs and mice. The third aim will be to determine whether there are differences between the risk of allergy with skin contact (as can occur in dental workers) relative to contact with the inside of the mouth and through tooth structure to the tooth pulp (as can occur in patients) in the same animals. The fourth aim will be to study allergic responses at the cellular and molecular level using blood and other tissues donated by volunteer dentists and other dental workers, to ensure that the experimental studies of the phenomenon using animal models and animal tissues in culture are valid. The studies described will help to prevent and treat adverse effects of this class of dental materials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CONFOCAL HISTOPATHOLOGY OF CONTACT DERMATITIS IN VIVO Principal Investigator & Institution: Gonzalez, Salvador; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: The overall goal of this work is to establish new criteria to differentiate acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD) from Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) by using a video rate (real-time), near-infrared confocal reflectance microscope (CM). The specific aims are (I) to optimize a video-rate CM for imaging, characterizing and distinguishing acute allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in vivo; (ii) to investigate the kinetic
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Contact Dermatitis
changes of both forms of CD using this non-invasive imaging technique in order to determine their characteristic features versus time to better understand their pathogenesis; and (iii) to measure the sensitivity of patch testing enhanced by noninvasive CM evaluation. Contact Dermatitis affects approximately 20 percent of the population in the US, and is the most common form of occupational dermatosis. It is divided mechanistically into ICD and ACD. The ICD is produced by the toxic effect of certain chemicals on the skin while ACD is induced by a delayed hypersensitivity response of the host to an antigenic chemical. The latter form is characterized by a cascade of immunologic events that occurs mostly in the superficial layers of the skin. Morphologic features of both forms of CD, however, are very similar on gross and microscopic examination and it is difficult to differentiate one from the other. Our realtime CM has been used effectively to non-invasively image normal and diseased skin in vivo. Using near-infrared laser and water immersion objective lenses (NA=0.7-1.2), images can be obtained at high lateral (<1.0 micron) and transverse (virtual section thickness) resolutions down to a depth of 300-400 microns. The use of a non-invasive CM for evaluating the stages of allergic and irritant skin reactions in vivo, as well as to enhance patch testing, may help physicians to improve their diagnostic skills in this area, and may help to have a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these inflammatory skin conditions. The lack of artifacts from conventional histology gives a more realistic picture of pathophysiology. We also expect that our results may ultimately translate into more rational and effective care for patients with this common and frequently disabling problem. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CUTANEOUS BIOLOGY OF KIT LIGAND Principal Investigator & Institution: Longley, B Jack.; Dermatology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Stem Cell Factor (SCF, also known as mast cell growth factor), is the ligand for KIT, a receptor tyrosine kinase. The goal of this proposal is to determine the role of the SCF-KIT signaling pathway in mastocytosis and cutaneous inflammation. Mastocytosis occurring sporadically in adults is caused by somatic mutations affecting the primary sequence of KIT and causing constitutive activation of KIT and its downstream transducing molecule PI3-K, which causes phosphorylation of AKT. Familial and most pediatric cases of mastocytosis cases show normal KIT protein coding sequence but have phosphorylated AKT in lesional mast cells. Our first hypothesis is that familial and sporadic pediatric mastocytosis are caused by mutations affecting the SCF-KIT signaling pathway, or pathways convergent with it at or above AKT. Human epidermal keratincytes produce SCF, and dermal injection of SCF causes inflammation. Trangenic mice which express epidermal SCF, like humans, show an exaggerated ear swelling response to allergic and irritant contactants. Our second hypothesis is that SCF-KIT signaling plays an active role in the cutaneous inflammatory response. Our specific aims are: 1. To determine the mechanism(s) of oncogenesis in c-KIT mutation negative pediatric mastocytosis, mRNA from lesional mast cells will be RT-PCR amplified and sequenced to detect mutations in genes encoding molecules which may affect AKT phosphorylation including AKT, PTEN, Lyn and PI3-K. Since loss of PTEN could result in increased PI3-K signaling, lesional mast cell DNAk will also be tested for loss of heterozygosity in region 10q23 by microsatellite analysis. The functional effects of mutations or gene loss will be determined in cultured bone marrow derived mast cells an mast cell lines by retroviral expression of mutant
Studies
9
activating or dominant negative proteins, or by anti-sense suppression. 2. To determine the genetic basis of familial mastocytosis, two separate kindreds with dominantly inherited mastocytosis will be tested for linkage to genes known to affect the KIT-P13-K signaling pathway using microsatellite analysis. If necessary, a genome-wide screen of affected and genetically relevant unaffected individuals will be performed using loci at 10 cM intervals followed by positional cloning and gene identification. 3. To test the hypothesis that SCF-KIT signaling is actively involved in the afferent, efferent, or both arms of the cutaneous immune response, we will use adoptive transfer of immune lymphocytes, KIT blocking antibodies, and small molecule inhibitors of KIT in a series of DNFGB sensitivity studies in normal mice, and in a proven transgenic model of SCFKIT mediated cutaneous inflammation. These studies will determine specific contributions of SCF-KIT signaling to contact dermatitis, an provide support for the hypothesis that inhibitors of KIT may be novel therapeutic agents for human cutaneous inflammation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INHIBITORS
DEVELOPMENT
OF
TOPICAL
NEUROINFLAMMATORY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sachdeva, Mandip S.; Professor; Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Scis; Florida Agricultural and Mechanical Univ 400 Foote Hilyer Administration Center Tallahassee, Fl 32307 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (taken from the application?s abstract): There is increasing evidence that through the release of neuropeptides the cutaneous sensory neurological system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disorders. Certain skin diseases such as psoriasis, contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis may have a significant neurogenic component. The hypothesis to be tested by the proposed research is that certain topically-delivered neuromodulators will prove to be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory skin diseases. Thus, the longterm objective is to develop topical agents with novel anti-inflammatory activities. Specifically, agents such as calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP), alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), substance P receptor (SPR) antagonists such as spantide II (peptide molecule) and SR 140333 (a non-peptide), which have antiinflammation properties or inhibit various aspects of neurogenic inflammation will be utilized as topical compounds to treat well-defined models of cutaneous inflammation. The specific aims of this research proposal are: Aim #1) The preparation of topical formulations (gels, creams and lotions) of neuromodulatory agents using prototype topical vehicles and screening these formulations for antiinflammatory effects in an animal model of cutaneous inflammation. Studies designed under this aim include formulation of topical agents (gels, creams and lotions) of neuromodulators and screening of these formulations for anti-inflammatory activity in a murine contact hypersensitivity model; Aim #2) The development, evaluation and optimization of various topical neuromodulatory formulations, which have shown promise in Specific Aim #1) Development of topical formulations includes compatibility and stability of neuromodulators in topical vehicles. The stable formulations will be optimized by ex vivo skin absorption and distribution studies in hairless mouse skin using Franz diffusion cells and; Aim #3) To determine the effectiveness of topically applied neuromodulatory agents to inhibit cutaneous inflammation. This will be accomplished by utilizing well-defined murine models of cutaneous inflammation such as allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis and acute photodermatitis. The effect of
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Contact Dermatitis
topical formulations on cutaneous inflammation will be compared with that of intravenous administration of these peptides. The results of these studies are intended to provide the basic information required for the development of novel skin disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENHANCED LOCAL LYMPH NODE ASSAY USING FLOW CYTOMETRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Degeorge, George L.; Mb Research Laboratories, Inc. Box 178, 1756 Wentz Rd Spinnerstown, Pa 18968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 30-SEP-2004 Summary: (Applicant?s abstract): Although the murine Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) is effective at detecting potential irritants/sensitizers, this assay, in its current standard form: 1) cannot readily differentiate some types of irritants from respiratory and contact sensitizers; 2) utilizes moderate amounts of radioactive material and; 3) requires increased numbers of animals to determine the different endpoints (i.e., proliferation, immunophenotype) to fully characterize the response of an animal to a topically-applied chemical. To enhance and improve this important test, our company has implemented several innovative modifications to the standard LLNA. We have applied flow cytometric techniques to this assay to increase the sensitivity/specificity of the assay, eliminate the use of radioactive material and decrease the number of animals used for screening. It has been determined by the results of SBIR Phase I studies that the proposed enhanced flow cytometry-based LLNA is technically and commercially feasible. However, to develop this assay to its full commercial potential, which our company would provide to the chemical, pharmaceutical and consumer products industries, our group must: 1) validate the enhanced version of the LLNA; 2) establish the cytometry-based LLNA as a GLP compliant assay at our company and; 3) develop and provide various versions of the enhanced LLNA for our clients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MEETINGS
EXPERIMENTAL
AND
CLINICAL
CONTACT
DERMATITIS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Cooper, Kevin D.; Professor; University Hospitals of Cleveland Lksd 1400 Cleveland, Oh 441065000 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal requests support for the third meeting of the Experimental Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ECDRG). The ECDRG was founded in 1997 to provide a forum for North American scientists and physicians to discuss issues concerning irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. The first meeting was held in Cincinnati in May 1999 and the second in Dallas in Nov. 2000. The first two meetings have been useful in bringing together parties from academic medicine, university and research institute labs, industry, and government. This will be the second meeting held in conjunction with the American Contact Dermatitis Society (ACDS). The inclusion of the ACDS at the Dallas meeting brought together for the first time on a large scale a coalition of basic scientists and clinicians who have special expertise in contact dermatitis, which helped provide a translational research element in each segment of the meeting. This format was popular with the attendees and the meeting in Cleveland will follow the same combined format. In addition, a satellite meeting will be held on Skin Equivalents immediately prior to the ECDRG, which will help bring in scientists who use such technology to predict contact dermatitis, further enriching the
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meeting interactions. Three goals of the meeting are to provide an interdisciplinary forum: 1) To discuss: a) predictive methods that identify irritants and sensitizers before human exposure, b) methods to distinguish irritants from allergic responses with current tests, c) pathogenic mechanisms of dermatitis and possible interventions, d) factors that modify expression of dermatitis e) variables in sensitization that affect tolerance and disease expression, and translating these concepts into interventions that reduce or modify sensitization and elicitation and to induce tolerance. 2) To update attendees regarding: a) allergens that are newly recognized or increasingly recognized in clinical practice b) new technology as it applies to data analysis and epidemiology of dermatitis and c) opportunities arising from patient--centered interactions between clinicians, industry and government colleagues. 3) To enable participants to plan collaborative research projects and to introduce young scientists to the field. The proposed meeting will allow exchange not only among researchers in the various lab and clinical research settings, and clinicians but also between researchers interested in this field who see the practical outcomes in patients with diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENERATION AND ANALYSIS OF LANGERHANS CELL NULL MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaplan, Daniel H.; Dermatology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 16-MAR-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dendritic cells (DCs) are heterogeneous APCs that are pivotal regulators of T cell immunity--they both prime T cells against pathogens and prevent autoimmune responses against self antigens. One DC subset, Langerhans cells (LCs), resides in the epidermis and has been proposed to be the primary DC subtype involved in presentation of cutaneous antigen to naive T cells. However, the specific contributions that LCs and other DC subsets make in initiation, effector phase and regulation of immune responses has not been deciphered due to the absence of a mice lacking specific dendritic cells subsets in the setting of an otherwise normal immune system. We hypothesize that LCs are unique in their ability to present cutaneous antigens and are functionally required for the initiation of contact hypersensitivity and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to cutaneous antigens. To test this hypothesis we have undertaken the generation of mice with a selective absence or functional impairment of Langerhans cells. We have generated BAC transgenic mice that specifically express human Langerin in LCs. We plan to 1) generate new transgenic lines using the human Langerin promoter to express Diphtheria toxin to ablate LCs and Cre which will be bred to floxed I-Abeta mice to eliminate MHC-II expression in LCs; 2) test our hypothesis on the functional roles of LCs by examining contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and maintenance of peripheral tolerance in LC-deficient animals; and 3) extend our transgenic approach to target other DC subsets. My immediate career goal is to continue basic science investigation as a junior faculty member in the Department of Dermatology at the Yale School of Medicine. This proposed 5 year mentored program will allow me to develop a unique model system that will provide the basis for many long term projects and collaborations and further my development into an independent investigator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF HEPARAN SULFATE IN VASCULAR BIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Esko, Jeffrey D.; Professor; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: Endothelial cells express heparan sulfate proteoglycans that bind to plasma and extracellular matrix proteins through carbohydrate-protein interactions. These interactions have led to the hypothesis that endothelial cell proteoglycans play important roles in vascular biology and hemostasis. The objective of this project is to test this idea by genetically altering endothelial HS in mice. The specific genes that will be studied include two N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase isozymes (NDST1 and NDST2) that initiate the modification reactions, the uronosyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS2OST) and glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (HS6OST1), which generate the binding sites for ligands on the chains. Systemic inactivation of NDST1 and HS2OST in mice have shown that they are essential for early development, making it difficult to assess their role in physiology in adult animals. Therefore, our plan consists of examining mutant mice with selective endothelial-cell null mutations in these genes, using the Cre-loxP recombination system. Mutant alleles of NDST1 have already been made, and targeting of HS2OST and HS6OST1 are in different stages of development. Targeted deletion of these genes in endothelial cells and leukocytes will be accomplished by breeding to Tie2Cre mice. For each mutant, the degree of penetrance of the mutations will be assessed in isolated cells, and the proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan composition will be analyzed. Bone marrow transplantation and adoptive transfer experiments will allow us to study heparan sulfate in both the endothelium and in leukocytes. To examine the role of heparan sulfate in hemostasis, blood coagulation, thrombus formation and fibrinolysis will be examined, with particular emphasis on heparin-binding proteinases (Protein C and tissue plasminogen activator) and serpins (antithrombin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-I). Initial experiments indicate that the bleeding time is altered in NDST1 deficient mice, which may reflect alterations in one or more of these factors. Inflammatory responses appear to be depressed in the mutant as well, in models of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, oxazolone-induced allergic contact dermatitis, and excisional wound healing. To study these systems further, the effect of altering heparan sulfate on P- and Lselectin and neutrophil chemokines KC and MIP-2 will be examined. The long range goal of these studies is to determine the role of heparan sulfate in vascular biology, with the purpose of defining potential targets for pharmaceutical intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IL-3 AND IL-4R IN MAST CELL GROWTH AND HYPERSENSITIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lantz, Chris S.; Biology; James Madison University Harrisonburg, Va 22801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 21-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Mast cells are of hematopoietic origin but complete their differentiation in peripheral connective tissues where they are thought to function as important effector cells in IgE-associated immune responses. Indeed, a large body of evidence indicates that mast cell mediator secretion significantly contributes to both allergic disorders, such as anaphylaxis and asthma, and to host resistance to certain parasites. The long-term objectives of this project are to understand to what extent the production of interleukin (IL)-3, and interactions between IL-3 and IL-4 receptor a chain
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(IL-4R alpha) signaling pathways, regulate the development and function of mast cells, and hypersensitivity responses in vivo. Studies using IL-3-deficient mice indicate that IL-3 contributes to increased numbers of tissue mast cells and immunity in mice infected with certain parasites. However, the ability of IL-3 to influence IgE- and mast cellassociated immune responses has not yet been examined in these mice. Therefore, we wish to employ IL-3-deficient mice to test the hypotheses that IL-3 is required for the full expression of local and systemic anaphylactic responses in vivo. Because mast cellderived chemokines represent potentially important mediators in allergic inflammation, we also wish to test the hypothesis that exogenous IL-3 can regulate mast cell chemokine production either in the absence or presence of IgE and specific antigen. Numerous in vitro studies have suggested that IL-4 may act in concert with IL-3 to control mast cell development and function in vivo, and recent evidence suggests that IL-3 and IL-4, and perhaps IL-l3, are involved in regulating contact hypersensitivity. It would be advantageous to study mouse lines in which the expression of all of these cytokines is disrupted. Unfortunately, the close linkage of these genes precludes the generation by simple interbreeding of mouse lines that simultaneously lack these cytokines. To circumvent this difficulty we will take advantage of an exciting new opportunity to develop and analyze mice with a combined deficiency of IL-3 and IL-4Ra (IL-4Ra is also a component of IL-13R), thereby allowing us to investigate the potential compensatory roles of these cytokines in vivo. Specifically, we will use mice deficient in both IL-3 and IL-4Ra to analyze the requirement of IL-3, IL-4, and IL-13 for: 1) generating physiological levels of tissue mast cells, 2) gastrointestinal parasite-induced mast cell hyperplasia, and 3) regulating the expression of contact hypersensitivity reactions to haptens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPLANTABLE ELECTRICAL CABLING AND INTERCONNECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ketterl, Joseph R.; Microconnex Corporation 34935 Se Douglas St, Ste 200 Snoqualmie, Wa 980659228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: In this Phase II SBIR effort, MicroSound Systems proposes to develop flexible implantable electrode and interconnect structures based on flexible printed wiring technology and Liquid Crystal Polymer dielectric materials. Implants for biological monitoring and neurological stimulation could potentially benefit millions of people suffering from a wide range of physiological conditions, including impaired hearing or vision, diabetes, and epilepsy. Additional applications include intracranial pressure and cerebral blood gas monitoring, and patient monitoring, for tracking parameters such as heart rate. This new technology utilizes leading-edge multi-layer flexible printed wiring fabrication techniques, including laser micromachining, thin films, plasma processing, and advanced photolithography techniques. In the Phase I effort, Liquid Crystal Polymer multi-layer high density interconnect flexible circuits with fine-scale features were fabricated. And MicroSound is now closer to demonstrating that the technology is capable of producing an "implant ready" circuit. In the Phase II effort, MicroSound will continue to aggressively push the development of this technology. Development of a fabrication process for making a prototype electrode array for a cochlear implant will continue, and our efforts will be expanded to include a retinal implant, patient monitoring, and some non-implant medical applications such as ultrasound imaging. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: MicroSound's enabling implant cabling technology is seen as being essential for cochlear and retinal implants and similar devices, which together represent a market exceeding $200 million annually. This
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Contact Dermatitis
technology is also important for implantable and non-implanted patient monitoring products (for tracking pressure, gases, or fluids), and other medical non-implant applications such as ultrasound imaging, for which the total of the aggregate markets is in the billions of dollars. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IN VITRO ASSAY FOR CHEMICAL ALLERGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ayehunie, Seyoum; Mattek Corporation 200 Homer Ave Ashland, Ma 01721 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-2004; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is one of the most common and costly health problems in industrialized countries. Currently more than 100,000 chemicals are in commercial use and another 2,000 new chemicals and numerous new-product formulations are tested or marketed every year. Epicutaneous exposure to these chemicals could induce undesirable immunological skin reactions such as ACD. Although various in vivo animal models are used to evaluate potential allergenicity, these tests are subjective, time-consuming, and expensive. Therefore, an economic, in vitro predictive assay system that utilizes cells of human origin would find broad commercial utility. Various researchers have shown the critical role of dendritic cells (DC) in the initial steps of ACD such as priming naive T-cells (TC) to allergens. Here we propose an in vitro assay that utilizes a subset of dendritic cells to induce TC proliferation in predictive tests for ACD as a replacement for the local lymph node assay (LLNA). Versus the LLNA, the proposed assay is advantageous in that it utilizes cells of human origin and it eliminates the use of radioisotopes to model the primary and secondary immune responses involved in ACD. This research will develop a highly sensitive, nonanimal assay, which will be a cost-effective and accurate means of identifying contact allergens. Allergic contact dermatitis, in vitro allergenicity testing, plasmacytoid DC, myeloid DC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IRRITANTS EFFECTS ON EPIDERMAL ANTIGEN PRESENTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Gaspari, Anthony A.; Professor; Dermatology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is a common and clinically important type of inflammatory skin disorder, and is thought to be the result of non-immunologic inflammation resulting from chemical injury to the skin. This is in contrast to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), in which hapten specific CD4+ T-lymphocytes are thought to be critical in the immunopathogenesis of this type of dermatitis. However, previous clinical, histologic and immunologic research studies comparing irritant to allergic contact dermatitis indicated that in most assays, these two types of dermatitis are similar, if not identical. We hypothesize that irritant and allergic contact dermatitis share common pathways of immune-mediated skin damage, resulting in the common phenotype of the two kinds of contact dermatitis. Irritants and allergens damage the epidermis, resulting in the release of self-antigens. We hypothesize that these self-antigens are presented to auto-reactive T-lymphocytes by epidermal antigen presenting cells (APC), which are central to the pathogenesis of both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. To test our hypothesis, we will study the direct effects of irritants on human keratinocytes (KC) and Langerhans cell (LC)-like dendritic cells (DC)
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in their expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines that are known to be critical for regulating APC-functions or T-lymphocyte growth. Antigen presentation by normal or irritant-treated epidermal KC or LC-like DC cells to skin homing T-lymphocyte populations will be studied. The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction will be used a model for presentation of self-antigens to autoreactive T-lymphocytes by irritantstressed epidermal APC. The following T-lymphocyte populations will be studied for autoreactivity against irritant-treated APC: Skin homing T-cell populations (Cutaneous leukocyte antigen+) (CLA) derived from the peripheral blood; T-lymphocytes that infiltrate into irritant skin challenge sites; or non-classical T-lymphocytes (CD4-CD8-, Tcell receptor y/8 bearing) derived from normal human epidermis. These studies will define novel immunologic mechanisms of ICD, and will lead to a better understanding of the effects of irritants on the regulation of APC function and the subsequent interactions with skin homing T-lymphocytes. Some of these assays may be useful as an in vitro to identify individuals at risk for irritancy. Since ICD can be a debilitating skin problem that potentially affects millions of Americans, the identification of individuals at risk for irritancy using in vitro tests would be of utility in preventing this common and potentially disabling condition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NK T CELL DERIVED IL-4 ACTIVATES B-1 CELLS IN CONTACT SENSITIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Askenase, Philip W.; Professor of Medicine and Pathology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Contact sensitivity (CS) responses are very common allergic disorders of the skin. Elicitation of the late T cell 24 hr phase of CS in immunized mice requires an early antigen-specific initiating phase. This peaks 2 hr after challenge and depends on local complement activation to elaborate C5a due to antigen binding IgM antibodies produced by B- I cells, leading to vascular activation for local T cell recruitment. We hypothesize that NK T cell derived IL-4 activates the B-1 cells to mediate this CSinitiation. Aim #1: Determine the role of IL-4 in the early CS response. CS responses in IL- 4-/- vs. wild type mice will be investigated. If IL-4-/- mice show an impaired early response, the deficient mice will be injected with different doses of IL-4. Activated immune B-1 cells from contact sensitized wild type mice will be transferred into sensitized IL-4 deficient mice and test for elicitation of CS. Mice with defective IL-4 signaling (Stat-6-/-) will also be evaluated similarly. Aim #2: Evaluate contact sensitivity in NK T cell- deficient mice. If IL-4 is found involved in CS-initiation, NK T cell deficient mice will be evaluated. Two strains of NK T cell deficient mice will be employed: CDld-/- and Jalpha281-/-. If there is deficient CS, then adoptive cell transfers of FACS purified NK T cells (using CD1d fluorescent tetramers) and B-1 cells (CD 19+ CD5+) will be performed, as well as treatment with different doses of IL-4. Aim #3: Analysis of the effects of IL-4 on activation of B-1 cells. The phenotype of the B-1 cells will be analyzed for evidence of activation induced by IL-4. The surface marker Thy-1, expressed in vitro on B cells after IL-4 treatment, and on activated CS-initiating cells, will be analyzed on B-1 cells in CS of wild type mice, as well as in CDld-/- and J281-/mice. CD23 expression, generally associated with IL-4 activation will be investigated similarly. Further the effect of the NK T cell non-specific activator alpha-GalCer, on activation of B-1 cells also will be evaluated. Summary: The current proposal will investigate the role of IL-4 produced by NK T cells in initiating CS responses. We hypothesize that NK T cellderived IL-4 activates B-1 cells to secrete specific IgM, lading
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Contact Dermatitis
to subsequent Ag- dependent elaboration of C5a to initiate CS. Recognized only a few years ago, NK T cells have not been associated with contact dermatitis, nor with the initiating phase of in vivo T cell mediated immunity, nor with allergies. Furthermore, our studies may have the important result of identifying a physiological ligand for the semi-invariant alpha/beta-TCR on regulatory NK T cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL ANGIOGENIC CYTOKINE INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL ANTIGEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Koch, Alisa E.; Gallagher Research Professor; Medicine; Northwestern University 633 Clark Street Evanston, Il 60208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Angiogenesis, or new blood vessel growth, is an important process in conditions such as atherosclerosis, tumor growth, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have shown previously that interleukin-8 is a potent macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis (Koch, et al, Science 258: 1798, 1992). We have also shown that soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecules soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 can function in a manner similar to cytokines in inducing angiogenesis (Koch, et al, Nature 376:517, 1995). We demonstrated that the mechanism by which sE-selectin mediates angiogenesis is via its endothelial ligand sialyl-Lewis (sialyl-Lex). Currently, we focus on a novel endothelial (EC) molecule, 4A11, detected by monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4A11 produced in our laboratory. This antigen is virtually endothelial-specific, as well as endothelial selective, being expressed mainly on EC in normal synovium, lymphoid tissues, thymus, and skin, suggesting a possible role in cell homing to these areas. The 4A11 antigen is cytokine-inducible in vitro and is upregulated in human RA synovial tissue lining affected joints and in a human poison ivy model of contact dermatitis. Moreover, the antigen detected by monoclonal antibody 4A11 is contained in both Lewisy-6 (Ley) and H-5-2 (H-2). Ley is within the new family of carbohydrates which includes sialyl-Lex, the sE-selectin ligand through which the sE- selectin mediates angiogenesis. We have recently found that the soluble 4A11 antigen mediates angiogenesis. The aim of this proposal is to determine the mechanism by which the 4A11 antigen mediates angiogenesis and participates in cell adhesion, and the role of the 4A11 antigen in disease. We propose to confirm the angiogenic activity of the 4A11 antigen using in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays. We will determine whether the 4A11 antigen mediates upregulation of EC adhesion molecules and EC or leukocyte adhesion. We will characterize the role of this antigen in disease. Since the synthesis of the 4A11 antigen is regulated by fucosyltransferases, we will examine whether a defect in angiogenesis occurs in "knockout" mice deficient in fucosyltransferase. We will determine whether these mice have decreased corneal angiogenesis, wound repair, expression of other angiogenic mediators, or angiogenic arthritic responses compared to parental controls. These studies should broaden our understanding of the mode of action of this novel angiogenic mediator which may increase our ability to curb angiogenesis in conditions characterized by persistent neovascularization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OPIOID-INDUCED IMMUNE ALTERATIONS: SEX DIFFERENCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Lysle, Donald T.; Professor; Psychology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent research has produced a wealth of information on the immunomodulatory effects of opioids, but little is known about how the sex of the individual impacts opioid-induced immunomodulation. Given the widespread clinical use of opioids and their high abuse potential, an understanding of the interaction of sex with opioid-induced immune alterations is critical. Specific Aim I provides a pharmacological analysis of the effects of morphine on the contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response in males and females, with an emphasis on clinical outcome measures (i.e., swelling), as well as the immunological and receptor mechanisms that mediate these effects. Our initial findings indicate that morphine enhances CHS in both males and females, but in females, morphine is more than twice as potent, has a greater maximal effect, and the effects persist for a longer period of time. The proposed studies will determine the specific immune mechanisms that account for these dramatic sex differences by evaluating the role of immunologic mediators at the site of CHS, including IL-1-beta, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and nitric oxide expression. Studies will also test hypotheses that morphine activates different central and peripheral opioid receptor types in males and females. Specific Aim II will determine if the gonadal (or sex) hormones mediate sex differences in morphineinduced alterations of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Given the ample evidence that gonadal hormones contribute to observed sex differences in both immune function and opioid sensitivity, depleting these hormones represents a logical and critical first step in the analysis of the hormonal mechanisms underlying the profound sex differences in opioid-induced immunomodulation. The proposed studies test if gonadal hormone depletion in males and females impacts morphine-induced alterations of CHS and the specific immunologic mediators of this sexually differentiated response. Specific Aim III determines the generality of sex differences across clinically relevant opioids, and whether the magnitude of the sex differences is related to the relative efficacy (i.e., ability to stimulate the mu opioid receptor) of the opioid. Our plan is to evaluate sex differences in opioid-immunomodulation with a series of clinically important opioids that differ along a continuum of efficacy. Our hypothesis is that the sex differences will be apparent with opioids other than morphine, and that the magnitude of the sexrelated differences will be inversely related to their ability to stimulate the mu opioid receptor. Given that virtually nothing is known about how the sex of the individual interacts with the immunomodulatory actions of opioids, the proposed studies are the first to advance our understanding of the regulatory role of sex in opioid-induced immunomodulation. These studies have clinical importance and will influence the selection of opioids for patient care, as well as enhance our understanding of potential sex differences in the adverse consequences of opioid use and abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ORAL PATHOGENS AND DENDRITIC CELL SUBSETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cutler, Christopher W.; Associate Professor; Periodontics; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): The Principal Investigator has proposed a novel overall hypothesis and approach to understanding the pathophysiology of adult periodontitis (AP), one of the most common of diseases that afflict the US population. While mortality of the dentition is the most familiar outcome of AP, its links with other more severe diseases, including coronary artery disease, respiratory diseases and pre-term labor cannot be ignored. These investigators have
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Contact Dermatitis
called attention to the many intriguing parallels between AP and contact hypersensitivity (CHS). CHS is among the most common of dermatoses that afflicts mankind and one of the most intensively studied of in vivo immune responses. Both AP and CHS target the host integument (gingiva or skin) and appear to involve the activation and sensitization of similar subsets of antigen capture and presenting cells, the dendritic cells. Dendritic cells have been termed "Nature's adjuvant," being more efficient at antigen-presentation than macrophages or B cells and the only antigenpresenting cells (APCs) than can stimulate naive T cells to proliferate. This immunostimulatory capacity can also have detrimental effects for the host, as typified by contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses. Both AP and CHS involve a predominantly destructive T cell response mediated by both regulatory and effector T cells. These investigators have shown that Porphyromonas gingivalis is a unique pathogen in this regard, able to infect, sensitize, and activate dendritic cells in vitro and likely, in situ. Many questions about the role of P. gingivalis-sensitized dendritic cells in AP, however, remain unanswered. The present proposal will definitively establish, using in situ, ex vivo and in vitro approaches, the role of dendritic cells in adult periodontitis, particularly that induced by P. gingivalis. Moreover, these studies will characterize the interactions of P. gingivalis with dendritic cells and will further our knowledge of the pathophysiology of AP as it relates to CHS. Future studies, outside the purview of this proposal, will involve understanding the T cell response to P. gingivalis-activated dendritic cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PILOT--LASER ASSISTED THROUGH STRATUM CORNEUM
PENETRATION
OF
ALLERGENS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nedorost, Susan T.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: Clinical diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis has historically utilized patch testing. This involves applying suspected allergens to the intact skin of a patient's back for 48 hours under occlusion with tape, and then observing the back at intervals for one week after application. Patch testing has good sensitivity and specificity, but there are a number of difficulties with this testing modality. Many patients find it inconvenient or impossible to keep their backs dry for the week-long testing procedure; this is especially difficult for patients whose occupation involves manual labor or those who live in a humid climate. Children find it particularly difficult to tolerate patches on the back due to their high activity levels, and, in young children, the temptation to prematurely remove the patches due to mild itching. Atopy patch testing has been utilized to study allergy to proteins such as dust mite in atopic patients. These proteins are larger molecules that poorly penetrate intact stratum corneum; but may be very relevant to patients with atopic dermatitis who often have non-intact skin barrier due to scratching. Technology that would allow allergens to move through the stratum corneum without prolonged occlusion are desirable. Removal of the stratum corneum with a laser prior to application of test allergens could preclude the need for tape occlusion of the test sites, thus avoiding many of the logistical problems with the current testing methods. Use of the laser may also allow a standardized way to facilitate introduction of protein allergens for atopy patch testing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the utility, safety, and patient satisfaction of laser assisted penetration of allergens in the investigation of contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SEX DIFFERENCES IN OPIOID-INDUCED IMMUNOMODULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Elliott, Jay C.; Psychology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): There is little extant data concerning how sex may modulate the magnitude of opioid-induced immunomodulation. The present proposal addresses this important issue by extending the recently-identified finding that morphine and other mu-opioids produce significantly greater enhancement in female than male rats, of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), a cutaneous form of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Specific Aim I tests the hypothesis that morphine administered prior to the challenge phase of CHS induces sexually dimorphic effects on key mediators of CHS, including cytokine expression and T-lymphocyte infiltration. To that end, animals will be sacrificed at selected times following antigen challenge and the extent of CD4( and CD8( T-lymphocyte infiltration will be quantified by immunohistochemistry. To assess which molecular mediators are differentially expressed in males and females, cytokine levels will be quantified by Real-Time RT-PCR. Specific Aim II tests the hypothesis that kappa and delta opioids also produce differential effects on CHS in males and females through their activity at CNS opioid receptors. This aim will employ intracranial cannulation, drug microinjection techniques, and receptor antagonism to address this important issue. Specific Aim III will assess the role of a putative key hormonal determinant of observed sex differences by determining the effect of estradiol replacement in ovariectomized female rats on morphine's modulation of the CHS response. Together, these investigations will provide novel data concerning mechanisms of sexually dimorphic modulation of the clinically-relevant CHS response by a range of opioid drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SKIN DISEASES RESEARCH CORE CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Bergstresser, Paul R.; Professor and Chairman; Dermatology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: This application requests competitive renewal of the UT Southwestern SDRC. It is supported by a record of achievement over the past 4 years that includes: (1) 2-fold expansion in the number of research-funded, full- time faculty members in the Department of Dermatology; (2) parallel 2- fold rise in annual competitive funding of dermatology faculty members (from $1.4 to $2.8 M); (3) stable number of active members comprised of a new mix of basic scientists, clinical investigators, and technology experts (achieved in the face of passage of several previous members to the helm of prestigious facilities in other major institutions); (4) 2-fold increase in annual competitive funding for skin disease-related research by SDRC investigators (from $3.5 to $7.4 M); (5) highly successful Core Laboratory Program with 3 components graduating into self-sustained status (Patient Access and Data Management, Photobiology, and Protein Chemistry), 1 component expanded (Tissue Culture and Phenotype), and 3 new components created (Bioinformatics, Skin Engineering and Cutting-Edge Technology); (6) 36-fold return on investment in P&F Projects in just the first half of the current funding period (from $319,253 to $11,488,650); (7) outstanding record of training 28 research fellows (many of whom have become faculty members of academic departments in the U.S. and the world); (8) large number of high quality publications(at least 236 published or in press as a direct result of SDRC funding); (9)
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enrichment program that has brought distinguished scientists to provide seminars, and co-sponsored an international symposium on contact dermatitis; and (1) endowment that has supplemental SDRC funds, thus partially achieving self-sustenance and greater allocations for Core and P&F Programs, respectively. The SDRC has been the key force in advancing skin and skin disease- related research in the Dept. of NIH funding coupled with proceeds from private benefaction should consolidate the Center into an increasingly effective, fully-sustained unit of biomedical excellence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: YALE SKIN DISEASES RESEARCH CORE CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Tigelaar, Robert E.; Professor; Dermatology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application seeks competitive renewal of funding for the Yale Skin Diseases Research Core Center (YSDRCC), consisting of a multidisciplinary, collaborative, highly group of 74 investigators (52 established independent investigators) representing 24 different departments/divisions at this institution. These investigators share a commitment to advancing understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of skin diseases through investigation of both normal and pathologic structure and function of skin. YSDRCC research activities center around two major themes: 1) Cutaneous Immunobiology/Immunopathology/vaccine development with emphasis on both normal T cell : skin interactions as well as those interactions in diseases including atopic and contact dermatitis, lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, cutaneous T cell lymphoma and bacterial (strep, Borrelia), papillomavirus and helminth infections; and 2) Epidermal Biology/Photobiology including studies of normal keratinocyte, keratinocyte/mesenchymal interactions, gene therapy and carcinoma, as well as of normal melanocytes and melanoma. Three Core units (Scid Mouse : Human Xenograft; Cell Culture; and Tissue Acquisition & Analysis) have been established to provide reagents and/or services to multiple YSDRCC investigators. The YSDRCC Pilot/Feasibility Program should continue to enhance the development of new interdisciplinary skin-related investigation by preferentially funding projects involving substantive multidisciplinary collaboration between investigators with complementary interests. The YSDRCC Enrichment Program should continue to provide numerous opportunities for developing new institutional and national collaborative studies. These component parts should each contribute to achieving the YSDRCC's continuing long range goal of creating an environment capable of greatly amplifying understanding of basic cutaneous biology and of a broad variety of skin diseases. To achieve that goal, the YSDRCC's continuing aims are to: 1) stimulate new multidisciplinary interactions; 2) stimulate new investigators to become involved in one or more areas of YSDRCC research; 3) capitalize on potentially important and innovative research opportunities via interdisciplinary pilot/feasibility studies; 4) organize time-consuming techniques, services and/or expensive reagents into cost-efficient core facilities used by multiple investigators; 5) provide a rich training environment; and 6) foster national and international collaborations. A new YSDRCC specific aim will be to facilitate the expansion of imaging capabilities at Yale to include multimodality imaging of skin in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for contact dermatitis in the PubMed Central database: •
In Vitro Studies of Poison Oak Immunity II. EFFECT OF URUSHIOL ANALOGUES ON THE HUMAN IN VITRO RESPONSE. by Byers VS, Castagnoli N Jr, Epstein WL.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=371294
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In vitro studies of poison oak immunity. I. In vitro reaction of human lymphocytes to urushiol. by Byers VS, Epstein WL, Castagnoli N, Baer H.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=371293
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Oral corticosteroids for poison ivy dermatitis. by Goodall J.; 2002 Feb 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99302
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Two cases of occupational allergic contact dermatitis from a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin in a neat oil: Case Report. by Jensen CD, Andersen KE.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153490
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with contact dermatitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “contact dermatitis”
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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(or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for contact dermatitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
Airborne contact dermatitis due to chloroacetamide in wall paint. Author(s): Bogenrieder T, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422280
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Allergic contact dermatitis due to thiuram exposure from a fungicide. Author(s): Saunders H, Watkins F. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2001 August; 42(3): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488721
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Allergic contact dermatitis from colophonium in the sawdust of Asturian cider-bars. Author(s): Alvarez-Cuesta CC, Vazquez Lopez F, Raya Aguado C, Gonzalez Lopez MA, Perez Oliva N. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422282
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Allergic contact dermatitis from cycloaliphatic epoxide in jet aviation hydraulic fluid. Author(s): Maibach HI, Mathias CT. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422281
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Allergic contact dermatitis from laureth-9 and polyquaternium-7 in a skin-care product. Author(s): Gallo R, Basso M, Voltolini S, Guarrera M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 December; 45(6): 356-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846753
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Allergic contact dermatitis from local anaesthetic on peristomal skin. Author(s): Fernandez-Redondo V, Leon A, Santiago T, Toribio J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 December; 45(6): 358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846754
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Allergic contact dermatitis from mercury antiseptics and derivatives: study protocol of tolerance to intramuscular injections of thimerosal. Author(s): Audicana MT, Munoz D, del Pozo MD, Fernandez E, Gastaminza G, Fernandez de Corres L. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 March; 13(1): 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11887097
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Allergic contact dermatitis from rubber bands in 3 postal workers. Author(s): Ellison JM, Kapur N, Yu RC, Goldmith PC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 December; 49(6): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025711
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Allergic contact dermatitis from sodium pyrithione in metalworking fluid. Author(s): le Coz CJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422283
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Allergic contact dermatitis in hairdressers: frequency and source of sensitisation. Author(s): Iorizzo M, Parente G, Vincenzi C, Pazzaglia M, Tosti A. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 March-April; 12(2): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11872418
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Allergic contact dermatitis to detergents: a multicenter study to assess prevalence. Author(s): Belsito DV, Fransway AF, Fowler JF Jr, Sherertz EF, Maibach HI, Mark JG Jr, Mathias CG, Rietschel RL, Storrs FJ, Nethercott JR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 February; 46(2): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11807430
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Allergic contact dermatitis to topical minoxidil solution: etiology and treatment. Author(s): Friedman ES, Friedman PM, Cohen DE, Washenik K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 February; 46(2): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11807448
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Allergic contact dermatitis to white petrolatum. Author(s): Kang H, Choi J, Lee AY. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2004 May; 31(5): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15187314
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Allergic contact dermatitis with spreading over extensive regions due to topical use of 5% bufexamac ointment. Author(s): Arikawa J, Okabe S, Kaneko T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2004 February; 31(2): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15160871
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Allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Zeller S, Warshaw E. Source: Minn Med. 2004 March; 87(3): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15080293
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Allergy to lichens. Allergic contact dermatitis from usnic acid produced by lichenized fungi. Author(s): Mitchell JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1965 August; 92(2): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11850913
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An epidemic of allergic contact dermatitis from epilating products. Author(s): Goossens A, Milpied-Homsi B, Le Coz C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 December; 45(6): 360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846756
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Are certain genetic patterns more common in persons with irritant contact dermatitis? A study in metal worker trainees. Author(s): Iliev D, Elsner P, Tuor C, Hinnen U. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 December; 12(4): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11783427
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Bank clerk's occupational allergic nickel and cobalt contact dermatitis from coins. Author(s): Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 April; 38(4): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9565299
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Baseline transepidermal water loss in patients with acute and healed irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Effendy I, Loeffler H, Maibach HI. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 December; 33(6): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8706392
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Basic science answers to questions in clinical contact dermatitis. Author(s): Cruz PD Jr. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1996 March; 7(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8796742
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Beneficial effects of a skin tolerance-tested moisturizing cream on the barrier function in experimentally-elicited irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): De Paepe K, Hachem JP, Vanpee E, Goossens A, Germaux MA, Lachapelle JM, Lambert J, Matthieu L, Roseeuw D, Suys E, Van Hecke E, Rogiers V. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 June; 44(6): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380543
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Benzoyl peroxide as a cause of airborne contact dermatitis in an orthopaedic technician. Author(s): Forschner K, Zuberbier T, Worm M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 October; 47(4): 241. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492531
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Betaxolol-associated hyperpigmentation of the fingers in a patient with unrelated contact dermatitis. Author(s): Adams DR, Marks JG Jr. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 September; 8(3): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9249294
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Beyond poison ivy: understanding allergic contact dermatitis in children. Author(s): Bruckner AL, Weston WL. Source: Pediatric Annals. 2001 April; 30(4): 203-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11303435
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Bingo-hall worker's occupational copper contact dermatitis from coins. Author(s): Suarez CP, Fernandez-Redondo V, Toribio J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 September; 47(3): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492566
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Biochemist's occupational allergic contact dermatitis from iodoacetamide and acrylamide. Author(s): Aalto-Korte K, Jolanki R, Suuronen K, Estlander T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 December; 47(6): 361-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581285
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Bullous contact dermatitis caused by self-applied crushed Paederus fuscipes for the treatment of vitiligo. Author(s): You DO, Kang JD, Youn NH, Park SD. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 November; 72(5): 385-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14655779
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Bullous contact dermatitis from nasturtium. Author(s): Wetzig T, Kleine-Tebbe J, Rytter M, Haustein UF. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 February; 42(2): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10703641
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Bullous pemphigoid mimicking contact dermatitis. Author(s): Soni BP, McAlvany JP, Fleischer AB, Sherertz EF. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 November; 35(5): 314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007389
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Clinical review: thioureas and allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): McCleskey PE, Swerlick RA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 December; 68(6): 387-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11775771
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Contact dermatitis after temporary henna tattoos--an increasing phenomenon. Author(s): Lauchli S, Lautenschlager S, Lauchl S. Source: Swiss Med Wkly. 2001 April 7;131(13-14):199-202. Erratum In: Swiss Med Wkly 2001 September 22;131(37-38):561. Lauchl S [corrected to Lauchli S]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11345811
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Contact dermatitis and other skin conditions in instrumental musicians. Author(s): Gambichler T, Boms S, Freitag M. Source: Bmc Dermatology [electronic Resource]. 2004 April 16; 4(1): 3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15090069
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Contact dermatitis caused by pesticides among banana plantation workers in Panama. Author(s): Penagos HG. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2002 January-March; 8(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843435
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Contact dermatitis due to cyclohexanone: a further case. Author(s): Pazzaglia M, Tullo S, Voudouris S, Tosti A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 December; 49(6): 313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025713
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Contact dermatitis due to para-tertiary-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin in a wetsuit. Author(s): Nagashima C, Tomitaka-Yagami A, Matsunaga K. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 November; 49(5): 267-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996059
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Contact dermatitis due to printer's ink in a milk industry employee: case report and review of the allergen paraphenylenediamine. Author(s): Shapiro M, Mowad C, James WD. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 June; 12(2): 109-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11381347
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Contact dermatitis from Cnidoscolus angustidens. Author(s): Scheman AJ, Conde A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422268
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Contact dermatitis from lacquer in a 'Go' player. Author(s): Kabashima K, Arima Y, Miyachi Y. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 December; 49(6): 306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025706
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Contact dermatitis from red tattoo pigment (quinacridone) with secondary spread. Author(s): Greve B, Chytry R, Raulin C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 November; 49(5): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996056
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Contact dermatitis in a bagpipes maker. Author(s): Wong YW, Powell SM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 December; 49(6): 310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025709
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Contact dermatitis in Korean dental technicians. Author(s): Lee JY, Yoo JM, Cho BK, Kim HO. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422261
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Contact dermatitis of the vulva. Author(s): Margesson LJ. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2004; 17(1): 20-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756887
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Contact dermatitis to a limb prosthesis. Author(s): Sood A, Taylor JS, Billock JN. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2003 September; 14(3): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744411
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Contact dermatitis to alcohol swabs masquerading as vaccine allergy. Author(s): Storer E, Marshman G, Kupa A. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2004 May; 45(2): 149-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15068469
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Contact dermatitis to phenylephrine hydrochloride eyedrops. Author(s): Yamamoto A, Harada S, Nakada T, Iijima M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2004 March; 29(2): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14987285
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Contact dermatitis to topical drugs for glaucoma. Author(s): Holdiness MR. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 December; 12(4): 217-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11753897
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Contact urticaria, allergic contact dermatitis, and photoallergic contact dermatitis from oxybenzone. Author(s): Landers M, Law S, Storrs FJ. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2003 March; 14(1): 33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744420
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Decreasing allergic contact dermatitis frequency through dermatotoxicologic and epidemiologic based intervention? Author(s): Wesley NO, Maibach HI. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2003 June; 41(6): 857-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738190
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Delayed diagnosis of occupational contact dermatitis from sodium pyrithione in a metalworking fluid. Author(s): Isaksson M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 October; 47(4): 248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492539
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Dental nurse's occupational allergic contact dermatitis from eugenol used as a restorative dental material with polymethylmethacrylate. Author(s): Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 June; 38(6): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9687036
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Dentist's occupational asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and allergic contact dermatitis from methacrylates. Author(s): Lindstrom M, Alanko K, Keskinen H, Kanerva L. Source: Allergy. 2002 June; 57(6): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12028121
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Dermacase. Allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Kalia S, Adams SP. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2004 April; 50: 553, 557. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15116799
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Dermacase. Irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Enta T. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1998 September; 44: 1829, 1836. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9789663
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Dermal contact dermatitis caused by allergy to palladium. Author(s): Katoh N, Hirano S, Kishimoto S, Yasuno H. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 April; 40(4): 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10208524
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Descriptive comparison of isolated hand dermatitis and other populations at St. John's Contact Dermatitis Clinic. Author(s): Smith HR, White IR, Rycroft RJ, McFadden JP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 July; 43(1): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10902597
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Descriptive epidemiology of hand dermatitis at the St John's contact dermatitis clinic 1983-97. Author(s): Smith HR, Armstrong DK, Wakelin SH, Rycroft RJ, White IR, McFadden JP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 February; 142(2): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10730762
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Detection of occupational allergic contact dermatitis by patch testing. Author(s): Li LF, Sujan SA, Wang J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 October; 49(4): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996066
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Differential epidermal expression of the invariant chain in allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Emilson A, Lindberg M, Scheynius A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 November; 78(6): 402-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9833035
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Diffuse erythema multiforme-like contact dermatitis caused by disperse blue 124 in a 2 year old child. Author(s): Baldari U, Alessandrini F, Raccagni AA. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 March; 12(2): 180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10343954
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Direct release of the allergen tulipalin A from Alstroemeria cut flowers: a possible source of airborne contact dermatitis? Author(s): Christensen LP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 December; 41(6): 320-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617212
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Dithiocarbamate-induced allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Campbell FA, Forsyth A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 December; 49(6): 305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025705
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Do barrier creams and gloves prevent or provoke contact dermatitis? Author(s): Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1998 June; 9(2): 100-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9601897
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Do cool water or physiologic saline compresses enhance resolution of experimentallyinduced irritant contact dermatitis? Author(s): Levin CY, Maibach HI. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 September; 45(3): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11553140
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Dual effects of CGRP-antagonist on allergic contact dermatitis in human skin. Author(s): Wallengren J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 September; 43(3): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10985629
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Early inflammatory markers in elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Martin A, Gallino N, Gagliardi J, Ortiz S, Lascano AR, Diller A, Daraio MC, Kahn A, Mariani AL, Serra HM. Source: Bmc Dermatology [electronic Resource]. 2002 August 7; 2(1): 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12167174
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Effector and regulatory T cells in allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Cavani A, Albanesi C, Traidl C, Sebastiani S, Girolomoni G. Source: Trends in Immunology. 2001 March; 22(3): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11286716
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Efficacy of a new class of perfluoropolyethers in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Schliemann-Willers S, Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 November-December; 81(6): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11859938
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Efficacy of corticosteroids in acute experimental irritant contact dermatitis? Author(s): Levin C, Zhai H, Bashir S, Chew AL, Anigbogu A, Stern R, Maibach H. Source: Skin Res Technol. 2001 November; 7(4): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737815
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Electrical impedance as a potential tool to distinguish between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Nyren M, Kuzmina N, Emtestam L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 March; 48(3): 394-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12637919
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EMLA cream-induced irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Dong H, Kerl H, Cerroni L. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2002 March; 29(3): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972719
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Epoxy contact dermatitis due to pacemaker compounds. Author(s): Skoet R, Tollund C, Bloch-Thomsen PE. Source: Cardiology. 2003; 99(2): 112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12711888
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Erythema multiforme-like eruption associated with contact dermatitis to cutting oil. Author(s): Hata M, Tokura Y, Takigawa M. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2001 May-June; 11(3): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358734
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Erythema-multiforme-like eruption and depigmentation following allergic contact dermatitis from a paint-on henna tattoo, due to para-phenylenediamine contact hypersensitivity. Author(s): Jappe U, Hausen BM, Petzoldt D. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 October; 45(4): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683847
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Erythema-multiforme-like occupational contact dermatitis due to bisphenol A. Author(s): Akita H, Washimi Y, Akamatsu H, Fukui Y, Matsunaga K. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 November; 45(5): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722497
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Ethnicity as a possible endogenous factor in irritant contact dermatitis: comparing the irritant response among Caucasians, blacks, and Asians. Author(s): Modjtahedi SP, Maibach HI. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 November; 47(5): 272-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534531
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Eumovate (clobetasone butyrate) 0.05% cream with its moisturizing emollient base has better healing properties than hydrocortisone 1% cream: a study in nickelinduced contact dermatitis. Author(s): Parneix-Spake A, Goustas P, Green R. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2001 December; 12(4): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241627
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Evaluation of skin barrier function in allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis using method of the continuous TEWL measurement. Author(s): Laudanska H, Reduta T, Szmitkowska D. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2003; 48: 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14737957
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Evaluation of the histologic characteristics of patch test confirmed allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Wildemore JK, Junkins-Hopkins JM, James WD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 August; 49(2): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894072
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Evaluation of the Skin and Cancer Foundation standard series in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Ciconte A, Mar A, Horton JJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 December; 45(6): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846747
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Exacerbation of allergic contact dermatitis from amcinonide triggered by patch testing. Author(s): Sasseville D. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 October; 45(4): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683835
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Experimental systemic contact dermatitis from nickel: a dose-response study. Author(s): Jensen CS, Menne T, Lisby S, Kristiansen J, Veien NK. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 September; 49(3): 124-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678208
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Expression of CS-1 fibronectin precedes monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production during elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Martin AP, Gagliardi J, Baena-Cagnani CE, Eberhard Y, Uguccioni M, Gallino N, Mariani AL, Serra HM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 August; 33(8): 1118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911787
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Extensive allergic contact dermatitis from a topical enzymatic preparation (Noruxol). Author(s): Lisi P, Brunelli L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 September; 45(3): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11553160
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Eyelid allergic contact dermatitis to black iron oxide. Author(s): Saxena M, Warshaw E, Ahmed DD. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 March; 12(1): 38-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11244140
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Facial contact dermatitis due to metronidazole. Author(s): Vincenzi C, Lucente P, Ricci C, Tosti A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 February; 36(2): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9062758
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Facial contact dermatitis from chloramphenicol with cross-sensitivity to thiamphenicol. Author(s): Le Coz CJ, Santinelli F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 February; 38(2): 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506227
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Factors affecting thresholds in allergic contact dermatitis: safety and regulatory considerations. Author(s): Basketter DA, Evans P, Gerberick GF, Kimber IA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 July; 47(1): 1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225405
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Fingertip paresthesia and occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by acrylics in a dental nurse. Author(s): Kanerva L, Mikola H, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Jolanki R, Estlander T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 February; 38(2): 114-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506232
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Follicular contact dermatitis due to polyoxyethylene laurylether. Author(s): Kimura M, Kawada A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 May; 42(5 Pt 2): 879-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10767693
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Footwear contact dermatitis in children. Author(s): Roul S, Ducombs G, Leaute-Labreze C, Labbe L, Taieb A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 December; 35(6): 334-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9118627
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Formaldehyde-negative allergic contact dermatitis from melamine-formaldehyde resin. Author(s): Aalto-Korte K, Jolanki R, Estlander T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 October; 49(4): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996067
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Fragrance contact dermatitis - a worldwide multicenter investigation (Part III). Author(s): Larsen W, Nakayama H, Fischer T, Elsner P, Frosch P, Burrows D, Jordan W, Shaw S, Wilkinson J, Marks J, Sugawara M, Nethercott M, Nethercott J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 March; 46(3): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000321
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Fragrance contact dermatitis: a worldwide multicenter investigation (Part I). Author(s): Larsen W, Nakayama H, Lindberg M, Fischer T, Elsner P, Burrows D, Jordan W, Shaw S, Wilkinson J, Marks J Jr, Sugawara M, Nethercott J. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1996 June; 7(2): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8796746
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Fragrance contact dermatitis: a worldwide multicenter investigation (Part II). Author(s): Larsen W, Nakayama H, Fischer T, Elsner P, Frosch P, Burrows D, Jordan W, Shaw S, Wilkinson J, Marks J Jr, Sugawara M, Nethercott M, Nethercott J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 June; 44(6): 344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380544
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Frequency and determinants of occupational contact dermatitis in 2793 consecutivelyinvestigated patients. Author(s): Sun CC, Cheng CS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 April; 38(4): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9565310
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Gamma-interferon in evolving allergic contact dermatitis reactions. Author(s): Morton CA, Campbell I, MacKie RM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 November; 135(5): 853-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8977693
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Generalized allergic contact dermatitis from nitroglycerin in a transdermal therapeutic system. Author(s): Perez-Calderon R, Gonzalo-Garijo MA, Rodriguez-Nevado I. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 May; 46(5): 303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084088
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Generalized contact dermatitis from acetarsone. Author(s): Sasseville D, Carey WD, Singer MI. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 December; 33(6): 431-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8706406
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Generalized eczematous contact dermatitis from cocobolo wood. Author(s): Guanche AD, Prawer S. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2003 June; 14(2): 90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749027
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Genital swelling caused by octyldodecanol contact dermatitis. Author(s): Dawn G, Forsyth A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 March; 28(2): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653724
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Glutaraldehyde-induced and formaldehyde-induced allergic contact dermatitis among dental hygienists and assistants. Author(s): Ravis SM, Shaffer MP, Shaffer CL, Dehkhaghani S, Belsito DV. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2003 August; 134(8): 1072-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956347
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Gold--a controversial sensitizer. European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Author(s): Bruze M, Andersen KE. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 June; 40(6): 295-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10385331
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Granulomatous contact dermatitis due to gold earrings. Author(s): Armstrong DK, Walsh MY, Dawson JF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 May; 136(5): 776-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9205517
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Guidelines for care of contact dermatitis. Author(s): Bourke J, Coulson I, English J; British Association of Dermatologists. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 December; 145(6): 877-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11899139
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Guidelines for measurement of skin colour and erythema. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Author(s): Fullerton A, Fischer T, Lahti A, Wilhelm KP, Takiwaki H, Serup J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 July; 35(1): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8896947
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Guidelines for visualization of cutaneous blood flow by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis based upon the HIRELADO European community project. Author(s): Fullerton A, Stucker M, Wilhelm KP, Wardell K, Anderson C, Fischer T, Nilsson GE, Serup J; European Society of Contact Dermatitis Standardization Group. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 March; 46(3): 129-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000320
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Guidelines on sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exposure tests. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Author(s): Tupker RA, Willis C, Berardesca E, Lee CH, Fartasch M, Agner T, Serup J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 August; 37(2): 53-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9285167
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Hand involvement in allergic contact dermatitis from mercaptobenzothiazole in shoes. Author(s): Lear JT, English JS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 June; 34(6): 432. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879935
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Human and economic impact of allergic contact dermatitis and the role of patch testing. Author(s): Rietschel RL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 November; 33(5 Pt 1): 812-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7593782
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Human skin lymph derived from irritant and allergic contact dermatitis: interleukin 10 is increased selectively in elicitation reactions. Author(s): Brand CU, Yawalkar N, Hunziker T, Braathen LR. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194(3): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9187837
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Hydrogel barrier/repair creams and contact dermatitis. Author(s): Draelos ZD. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2000 December; 11(4): 222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123415
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Hyposensitization in nickel allergic contact dermatitis: clinical and immunologic monitoring. Author(s): Troost RJ, Kozel MM, van Helden-Meeuwsen CG, van Joost T, Mulder PG, Benner R, Prens EP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 April; 32(4): 576-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7896945
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Hypothesis: Superoxide scavengers or superoxide dismutase may potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of contact dermatitis against alopecia areata. Author(s): Namazi MR. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 December; 2(6): 616. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711134
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IgE-mediated RAST-negative occupational protein contact dermatitis from taxonomically unrelated fish species. Radioallergosorbent test. Author(s): Kanerva L, Pajari-Backas M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 November; 41(5): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10554071
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Immediate-type hypersensitivity and allergic contact dermatitis due to paraphenylenediamine in hair dye. Author(s): Wong GA, King CM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 March; 48(3): 166. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755736
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Immunopathologic features of allergic contact dermatitis in humans: participation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of the disease? Author(s): Bangert C, Friedl J, Stary G, Stingl G, Kopp T. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003 December; 121(6): 1409-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14675191
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Immunoregulation of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Girolomoni G, Gisondi P, Ottaviani C, Cavani A. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2004 April; 31(4): 264-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15187320
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Impaired responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to nickel in patients with nickel-allergic contact dermatitis and concomitant atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Buchvald D, Lundeberg L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2004 March; 150(3): 484-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15030331
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Importance of irritant contact dermatitis in occupational skin disease. Author(s): Dickel H, Kuss O, Schmidt A, Kretz J, Diepgen TL. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(4): 283-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010073
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Incidence rates of occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by metals. Author(s): Kanerva L, Jolanki R, Estlander T, Alanko K, Savela A. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2000 September; 11(3): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11012003
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Index of suspicion. Case #1. Diagnosis: Allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Gamulka BD. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2000 December; 21(12): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11121500
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Individual variations in allergic contact dermatitis from urushiol. Author(s): Williams JV, Light J, Marks JG Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 August; 135(8): 1002-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10456367
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Irritant contact dermatitis after use of Bispectral Index sensor in prone position. Author(s): Pousman RM, Eilers WA 3rd, Johns B, Jung H. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 November; 95(5): 1337-8, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401622
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Irritant contact dermatitis caused by needle-like calcium oxalate crystals, raphides, in Agave tequilana among workers in tequila distilleries and agave plantations. Author(s): Salinas ML, Ogura T, Soffchi L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 February; 44(2): 94-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205412
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Irritant contact dermatitis complicated by deep-seated staphylococcal infection caused by a hair relaxer. Author(s): Kaur BJ, Singh H, Lin-Greenberg A. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2002 February; 94(2): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11853045
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Irritant contact dermatitis from the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo. Author(s): Kokelj F, Plozzer C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 March; 46(3): 179-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000332
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Irritant contact dermatitis of the hands following thoracic sympathectomy. Author(s): Kao MC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 March; 44(3): 200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11218010
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Irritant contact dermatitis of the hands following thoracic sympathectomy. Author(s): Hofbauer GF, Nestle FO. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 February; 42(2): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10703650
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Irritant contact dermatitis secondary to fiberglass: an unusual presentation. Author(s): Chen JY, Phillips R, Lewis AT, Quan LT, Hsu S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 39(5): 372-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10849131
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Irritant contact dermatitis: is there an immunologic component? Author(s): Levin CY, Maibach HI. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 February; 2(2-3): 183-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11811923
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Irritant dermatitis, irritancy and its role in allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Smith HR, Basketter DA, McFadden JP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 March; 27(2): 138-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952708
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Is occupational irritant contact dermatitis predictable by cutaneous bioengineering methods? Results of the Swiss Metalworkers' Eczema Study (PROMETES). Author(s): Berndt U, Hinnen U, Iliev D, Elsner P. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(4): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10449933
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Keratin 17 is expressed during the course of SLS-induced irritant contact dermatitis, but unlike keratin 16, the degree of expression is unrelated to the density of dividing keratinocytes. Author(s): Willis CM, Reiche L, Wilkinson JD. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 July; 39(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9686973
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Laboratory assistant's occupational allergic airborne contact dermatitis from nickel presenting as rosacea. Author(s): Kanerva L, Alanko K, Jolanki R, Estlander T. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 July-August; 9(5): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10417447
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Lamivudine (3TC)-induced contact dermatitis. Author(s): Smith KJ, Buckley R, Skelton H. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 April; 65(4): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795085
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Lasers and allergic contact dermatitis to topical antibiotics, with particular reference to bacitracin. Author(s): Fisher AA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 October; 58(4): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8894422
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Latent (subclinical) contact dermatitis evolving into occupational allergic contact dermatitis from extremely small amounts of epoxy resin. Author(s): Kanerva L, Jolanki R, Estlander T, Alanko K. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 July; 43(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10902594
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Latex glove facial allergic contact dermatitis without hand manifestations. Author(s): Ng JW, Maibach HI. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 February; 38(2): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506235
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Legislative and preventive measures related to contact dermatitis. Author(s): Liden C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 February; 44(2): 65-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205405
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Leukaemia inhibitory factor: induction in the early phase of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Szepietowski JC, McKenzie RC, Keohane SG, Walker C, Aldridge RD, Hunter JA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 January; 36(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9034683
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Lichen nitidus-like allergic contact dermatitis - a clinicopathological study. Author(s): Panda S, Malakar S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 July; 49(1): 43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641122
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Lichen planus-like contact dermatitis due to methacrylic acid esters. Author(s): Kawamura T, Fukuda S, Ohtake N, Furue M, Tamaki K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 February; 134(2): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8746357
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Localized erythema-multiforme-like contact dermatitis from rubber gloves. Author(s): Lu CY, Sun CC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 November; 45(5): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722502
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Lymphadenosis benigna cutis induced by iatrogenic contact dermatitis from dinitrochlorobenzene. Author(s): Yoshida Y, Duan H, Nakayama J, Furue M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 September; 49(3): 165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678221
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Lymphangioma circumscriptum masquerading as irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Mendiratta V, Sarkar R, Sharma RC. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 July; 26(7): 474-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10458091
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Lymphedema of the hand following recurrent erysipelas secondary to fissured irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Proske S, Uter W, Schwanitz HJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 June; 42(6): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10871118
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Lymphomatoid allergic contact dermatitis from para-phenylenediamine. Author(s): Calzavara-Pinton P, Capezzera R, Zane C, Brezzi A, Pasolini G, Ubiali A, Facchetti F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 September; 47(3): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492559
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Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis caused by isopropyl-diphenylenediamine: two cases. Author(s): Marliere V, Beylot-Barry M, Doutre MS, Furioli M, Vergier B, Dubus P, Merlio JP, Beylot C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 July; 102(1): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9679862
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Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis caused by nickel. Author(s): Houck HE, Wirth FA, Kauffman CL. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 September; 8(3): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9249290
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Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis due to nickel. Author(s): Danese P, Bertazzoni MG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 October; 33(4): 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8654080
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Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis to para-tertyl-butyl phenol resin. Author(s): Evans AV, Banerjee P, McFadden JP, Calonje E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780711
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Lymphomatoid-like contact dermatitis from cobalt naphthenate. Author(s): Schena D, Rosina P, Chieregato C, Colombari R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 September; 33(3): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565464
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Managing gravitational eczema and allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Patel GK, Llewellyn M, Harding KG. Source: British Journal of Community Nursing. 2001 August; 6(8): 394-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11865207
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Mango dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis to Mangifera indica. Author(s): Calvert ML, Robertson I, Samaratunga H. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1996 February; 37(1): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8936077
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Material safety data sheets and allergic contact dermatitis: a misleading case. Author(s): Nixon RL. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1997 August; 38(3): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9293669
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Mechanism of allergic contact dermatitis from propacetamol: sensitization to activated N,N-diethylglycine. Author(s): Berl V, Barbaud A, Lepoittevin JP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 April; 38(4): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9565288
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Mechanisms in irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Rietschel RL. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1997 July-August; 15(4): 557-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9255462
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Mechanisms of drug-induced allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Lebrec H, Bachot N, Gaspard I, Kerdine S, Guinnepain MT, Laurent J, Pallardy M. Source: Cell Biology and Toxicology. 1999 February; 15(1): 57-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10195351
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Mechanisms of resolution of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Gaspari AA. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1996 December; 7(4): 212-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8955483
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Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome associated with allergic contact dermatitis from octyl and dodecyl gallates. Author(s): Wong GA, Shear NH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 November; 49(5): 266-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996058
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Merbromine-induced pustular contact dermatitis. Author(s): Barrazza V, Ollivaud L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 April; 40(4): 219. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10208516
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Metal polisher as a putative cause of allergic contact dermatitis from ethylenediamine. Author(s): Arens A, Hoke A, Maibach HL. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 February; 38(2): 116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506233
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Methyldibromoglutaronitrile in rinse-off products causes allergic contact dermatitis: an experimental study. Author(s): Jensen CD, Johansen JD, Menne T, Andersen KE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2004 January; 150(1): 90-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14746621
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Methylisothiazolinones. Diagnosis and prevention of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Gruvberger B. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1997; 200: 1-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9498043
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Milia as unusual sequelae to allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Ibbotson SH, Taylor WD, Farr PM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 July; 35(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8896959
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Moisturizers in preventing irritant contact dermatitis: an overview. Author(s): Zhai H, Maibach HI. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 May; 38(5): 241-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9667439
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Molecular features determining lymphocyte reactivity in allergic contact dermatitis to chloramphenicol and azidamphenicol. Author(s): Sachs B, Erdmann S, al Masaoudi T, Merk HF. Source: Allergy. 2001 January; 56(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167355
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Mometasone furoate versus betamethasone vale-rate in the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Grandolfo M, Vena GA, Angelini G, Bianchi B. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 March; 12(2): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10343953
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More positive patch test reactions with larger test chambers? Results from a study group of the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Author(s): Brasch J, Szliska C, Grabbe J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 September; 37(3): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9330817
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Multiple chemical sensitivities, including iatrogenic allergic contact dermatitis, in a patient with chronic actinic dermatitis: implications for management. Author(s): Stitt WZ, Scott GA, Martin RE, Gaspari AA. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1996 September; 7(3): 166-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8957333
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Multiple corticosteroid orally elicited allergic contact dermatitis in a patient with multiple topical corticosteroid allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Chew AL, Maibach HI. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 May; 65(5): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10826093
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Multiple sources of allergic contact dermatitis from parabens. Author(s): Verhaeghe I, Dooms-Goossens A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 May; 36(5): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9197968
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Narrowband ultraviolet B in airborne contact dermatitis: a ray of hope! Author(s): Dogra S, Parsad D, Handa S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2004 February; 150(2): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996119
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Natural rubber latex contact dermatitis with features of erythema multiforme. Author(s): Bourrain JL, Woodward C, Dumas V, Caperan D, Beani JC, Amblard P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 July; 35(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8896966
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Natural vegetable fats in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Schliemann-Willers S, Wigger-Alberti W, Kleesz P, Grieshaber R, Elsner P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 January; 46(1): 6-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11918580
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Neonatal orbital irritant contact dermatitis caused by gentamicin ointment. Author(s): Merlob P, Metzker A. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 June; 57(6): 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8804846
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New insights into the pathomechanisms of contact dermatitis by the use of transgenic mouse models. Author(s): Traidl C, Merk HF, Cavani A, Hunzelmann N. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2000 November-December; 13(6): 300-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11096372
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New insights into the role of T cells in atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Trautmann A, Akdis M, Brocker EB, Blaser K, Akdis CA. Source: Trends in Immunology. 2001 October; 22(10): 530-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11574260
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Nickel and gold in skin lesions of pierced earlobes with contact dermatitis. A study using scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. Author(s): Suzuki H. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1998 October; 290(10): 523-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9836501
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Nickel contact dermatitis due to the needle of an infusion pump, confirmed by microanalysis. Author(s): Corazza M, Maranini C, Aleotti A, Virgili A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 September; 39(3): 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9772000
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Nickel contact dermatitis in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil (1993-1994). Author(s): Diogenes MJ, de Morais RM, Carvalho FF, Veras OB, Meireles TE. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1997 SeptemberOctober; 39(5): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661308
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Nickel-elicited systemic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Dou X, Liu LL, Zhu XJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 March; 48(3): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755723
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Nickel-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells display distinct migratory responses to chemokines produced during allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Sebastiani S, Albanesi C, Nasorri F, Girolomoni G, Cavani A. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 June; 118(6): 1052-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12060402
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Non-eczematous urticarioid allergic contact dermatitis due to Eumulgin L in a deodorant. Author(s): Corazza M, Lombardi AR, Virgili A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 March; 36(3): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145268
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Nonoccupational contact dermatitis. Author(s): Goh CL. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1998 January-February; 16(1): 119-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9472442
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Non-occupational protein contact dermatitis due to crayfish. Author(s): Perez-Carral C, Garcia-Abujeta JL, Vidal C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 January; 44(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156025
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North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch test results for the detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity to topical allergens. Author(s): Marks JG, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF Jr, Fransway AF, Maibach HI, Mathias CG, Nethercott JR, Rietschel RL, Sherertz EF, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 June; 38(6 Pt 1): 911-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9631997
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North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch-test results, 1996-1998. Author(s): Marks JG Jr, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF Jr, Fransway AF, Maibach HI, Mathias CG, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sherertz EF, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 February; 136(2): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10677115
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North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch-test results, 1998 to 2000. Author(s): Marks JG Jr, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF Jr, Fransway AF, Maibach HI, Mathias CG, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sherertz EF, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS; North American Contact Dermatitis Group. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2003 June; 14(2): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749021
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Novel causes of contact dermatitis from offshore oil-based drilling muds. Author(s): Ormerod AD, Dwyer CM, Goodfield MJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 November; 39(5): 262-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840270
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Nummular allergic contact dermatitis after scabies treatment. Author(s): Kaminska R, Mortenhumer M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 June; 48(6): 337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531873
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Occupational airborne allergic contact dermatitis from succinimidyl carbonates. Author(s): Fowler JF Jr, Edge JC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422267
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from alkylammonium amidobenzoate. Author(s): Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2001 May-June; 11(3): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358732
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from bisphenol A in vinyl gloves. Author(s): Matthieu L, Godoi AF, Lambert J, Van Grieken R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 December; 49(6): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025698
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from meropenem. Author(s): Yesudian PD, King CM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422278
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine and dimethyldidecylammonium chloride in 2 hospital staff. Author(s): Dibo M, Brasch J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422269
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate in a medical-device adhesive. Author(s): Moffitt DL, Sansom JE. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422279
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in carpenters. Author(s): Kanerva L, Leino T, Estlander T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422285
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Occupational contact dermatitis due to the epoxy hardener m-xylylenediamine. Author(s): Sommer S, Wilkinson SM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 June; 44(6): 374. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11417528
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Occupational contact dermatitis has an appreciable impact on quality of life. Author(s): Hutchings CV, Shum KW, Gawkrodger DJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 July; 45(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422262
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Occupational contact dermatitis I: incidence and return to work pressures. Author(s): Emmett EA. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 March; 13(1): 30-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11887102
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Occupational contact dermatitis to textile dyes in airline personnel. Author(s): Khanna M, Sasseville D. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 December; 12(4): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11753894
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Occupational contact dermatitis. Recognition and management. Author(s): Koch P. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2001; 2(6): 353-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770390
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Occupational erythema-multiforme-like dermatitis from sensitization to costus resinoid, followed by flare-up and systemic contact dermatitis from betacyclocostunolide in a chemistry student. Author(s): Le Coz CJ, Lepoittevin JP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 May; 44(5): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11379984
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Occupational photoallergic contact dermatitis to olaquindox. Author(s): Sanchez-Pedreno P, Frias J, Martinez-Escribano J, Rodriguez M, HernandezCarrasco S. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 December; 12(4): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11783430
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Occupational protein contact dermatitis and paronychia from natural rubber latex. Author(s): Kanerva L. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 November; 14(6): 504-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11444276
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Occupational protein contact dermatitis from coriander. Author(s): Kanerva L, Soini M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 December; 45(6): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846752
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Occupational protein contact dermatitis from flour and cuttlefish. Author(s): Llombart B, Revert MA, Sastre A, Dura M, Pelaez A, Jorda E. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 November; 49(5): 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996060
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Occupational risk assessment on allergic contact dermatitis in a resin model making process. Author(s): Chang TY, Lee LJ, Wang JD, Shie RH, Chan CC. Source: Journal of Occupational Health. 2004 March; 46(2): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15090690
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Orally elicited allergic contact dermatitis to tetraethylthiuramdisulfide. Author(s): Gutgesell C, Fuchs T. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 December; 12(4): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11783429
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Outbreak of rove beetle (Staphylinid) pustular contact dermatitis in Pakistan among deployed U.S. personnel. Author(s): Dursteler BB, Nyquist RA. Source: Military Medicine. 2004 January; 169(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964503
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Palladium allergy in an Israeli contact dermatitis clinic. Author(s): Orion E, Matz H, Wolf R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 October; 49(4): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996075
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Patch testing for allergic contact dermatitis in the allergist office. Author(s): Fonacier L, Charlesworth EN. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2003 July; 3(4): 283-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12791205
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Patch testing with zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate. A multicentre study of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Author(s): Geier J, Lessmann H, Rothe A, Uter W, Brasch J, Schnuch A; Network of Departments of Dermatology and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 April; 48(4): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12786726
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Patch-testing practices of American Contact Dermatitis Society members: a crosssectional survey. Author(s): Warshaw EM, Moore JB, Nelson D. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2003 March; 14(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744415
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Patients with allergic and irritant contact dermatitis are characterized by striking change of iron and oxidized glutathione status in nonlesional area of the skin. Author(s): Kaur S, Zilmer M, Eisen M, Kullisaar T, Rehema A, Vihalemm T. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 June; 116(6): 886-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11407976
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Photoaggravated allergic contact dermatitis due to Rosmarinus officinalis crossreactive with Thymus vulgaris. Author(s): Armisen M, Rodriguez V, Vidal C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 January; 48(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12641580
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Photoallergic contact dermatitis due to diclofenac. Author(s): Montoro J, Rodriguez M, Diaz M, Bertomeu F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 February; 48(2): 115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12694217
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Photoallergic contact dermatitis from ketoprofen induced by drug-contaminated personal objects. Author(s): Hindsen M, Isaksson M, Persson L, Zimersson E, Bruze M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2004 February; 50(2): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14726875
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Photoallergic contact dermatitis from the sunscreen octyl triazone. Author(s): Sommer S, Wilkinson SM, English JS, Ferguson J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 May; 46(5): 304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084089
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Photosensitivity: the 9-year experience at a Sydney contact dermatitis clinic. Author(s): Lee PA, Freeman S. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 43(4): 289-92. Erratum In: Australas J Dermatol. 2003 May; 44(2): 158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423437
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Pigmented contact dermatitis from topical minoxidil 5%. Author(s): Trattner A, David M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 April; 46(4): 246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12081710
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Positive use test in contact dermatitis from betaxolol hydrochloride. Author(s): Sanchez-Perez J, Jesus Del Rio M, Fernandez-Villalta MJ, Garcia-Diez A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 May; 46(5): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084095
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Post-inflammatory depigmentation following allergic contact dermatitis to chloroxylenol. Author(s): Malakar S, Panda S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 144(6): 1275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422065
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Prevalence of contact dermatitis among dental personnel in a Swedish rural county. Author(s): Ohlson CG, Svensson L, Mossberg B, Hok M. Source: Swed Dent J. 2001; 25(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11392602
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Prevention of irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Loffler H, Effendy I. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 January-February; 12(1): 4-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11809588
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Prognosis and work absence due to occupational contact dermatitis. Author(s): Adisesh A, Meyer JD, Cherry NM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 May; 46(5): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084080
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Protein contact dermatitis to asparagus. Author(s): Rieker J, Ruzicka T, Neumann NJ, Homey B. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 February; 113(2): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14767455
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Quality of life in patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Kadyk DL, McCarter K, Achen F, Belsito DV. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 December; 49(6): 103748. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14639382
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Quantitative risk assessment for the induction of allergic contact dermatitis: uncertainty factors for mucosal exposures. Author(s): Farage MA, Bjerke DL, Mahony C, Blackburn KL, Gerberick GF. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 September; 49(3): 140-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678210
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Ratio of irritant contact dermatitis to allergic contact dermatitis in occupational skin disease. Author(s): Dickel H, John SM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 August; 49(2): 360-1; Author Reply 361-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894103
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Recurrence of pemphigus foliaceus after allergic contact dermatitis from triple antibiotic ointment. Author(s): Guin JD. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 August; 49(2): 115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641372
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Reflectance confocal microscopy may differentiate acute allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in vivo. Author(s): Swindells K, Burnett N, Rius-Diaz F, Gonzalez E, Mihm MC, Gonzalez S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2004 February; 50(2): 220-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14726876
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Regional variation in prevalence and etiology of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Thompson TR, Belsito DV. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 December; 13(4): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12478532
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Reimbursement for patch testing at academic centers: the Achilles' heel of academic contact dermatitis specialists. Author(s): Warshaw EM. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2003 December; 14(4): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738724
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Re-patch testing patients with long-term contact dermatitis. Author(s): Rebandel P, Rudzki E. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 October; 47(4): 234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492524
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Repetitive usage testing with budesonide in experimental nickel--allergic contact dermatitis in individuals hypersensitive to budesonide. Author(s): Isaksson M, Bruze M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 145(1): 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11453905
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Results of standard series patch testing in patients with occupational allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Nettis E, Marcandrea M, Colanardi MC, Paradiso MT, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Source: Allergy. 2003 December; 58(12): 1304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616107
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Return-to-work barriers for workers with contact dermatitis. Author(s): Holness DL. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 December; 49(6): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025696
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Role of different valence states of chromium in the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Iyer VJ, Banerjee G, Govindram CB, Kamath V, Shinde S, Gaikwad A, Jerajani HR, Raman G, Cherian KM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 December; 47(6): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581283
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Routine patch testing with frullanolide mix: an European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group multicentre study. Author(s): Ducombs G, Lepoittevin JP, Berl V, Andersen KE, Brandao FM, Bruynzeel DP, Bruze M, Camarasa JG, Frosch PJ, Goossens A, Lachapelle JM, Lahti A, Le Coz CJ, Maibach HI, Menne T, Seidenari S, Shaw S, Tosti A, Wilkinson JD; European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group multicentre Study. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 March; 48(3): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755731
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Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (CCL21) is upregulated in allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Serra HM, Eberhard Y, Martin AP, Gallino N, Gagliardi J, Baena-Cagnani CE, Lascano AR, Ortiz S, Mariani AL, Uguccioni M. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2004 January; 133(1): 64-71. Epub 2004 January 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14726633
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Shoe contact dermatitis in Israel. Author(s): Trattner A, Farchi Y, David M. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2003 March; 14(1): 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744416
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Still elusive relationship between atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Wolf R, Orion E, Matz H, Lipozencic J. Source: Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2003 December; 11(4): 247-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14670226
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Systemic allergic contact dermatitis due to ethylenediamine following administration of oral aminophylline. Author(s): Walker SL, Ferguson JE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2004 March; 150(3): 594. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15030349
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Systemic contact dermatitis due to captopril without cross-sensitivity to fosinopril, quinapril and benazepril. Author(s): Pfutzner W, Rueff F, Przybilla B. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2004; 84(1): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15040496
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Systemic contact dermatitis from tamsulosin. Author(s): Lijnen RL, de Graff L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 July; 49(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641131
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Systemic contact dermatitis of the eyelids caused by formaldehyde derived from aspartame? Author(s): Hill AM, Belsito DV. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 November; 49(5): 258-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996049
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Systemic contact dermatitis to doxepin. Author(s): Brancaccio RR, Weinstein S. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 August; 2(4): 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884464
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Systemic contact dermatitis to zinc in dental fillings. Author(s): Shimizu T, Kobayashi S, Tanaka M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28(6): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616846
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Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% in the treatment of nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Saripalli YV, Gadzia JE, Belsito DV. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 September; 49(3): 47782. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12963912
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Taxi driver's occupational allergic contact dermatitis from nickel in euro coins. Author(s): Sanchez-Perez J, Ruiz-Genao D, Garcia Del Rio I, Garcia Diez A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 June; 48(6): 340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531877
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The effect of the PDE-4 inhibitor (cipamfylline) in two human models of irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Kucharekova M, Hornix M, Ashikaga T, T'kint S, de Jongh GJ, Schalkwijk J, van de Kerkhof PC, van der Valk PG. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2003 April; 295(1): 29-32. Epub 2003 March 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12709818
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The effect of two moisturisers on skin barrier damage in allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Hachem JP, De Paepe K, Vanpee E, Kaufman L, Rogiers V, Roseeuw D. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 March-April; 12(2): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11872408
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The fragrance hand immersion study - an experimental model simulating real-life exposure for allergic contact dermatitis on the hands. Author(s): Heydorn S, Menne T, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Svedman C, Basketter D, Johansen JD. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 June; 48(6): 324-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531871
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The role of chemokines in allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Sebastiani S, Albanesi C, De PO, Puddu P, Cavani A, Girolomoni G. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2002 January; 293(11): 552-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11876523
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The role of nitric oxide in allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Sahin S, Onder M, Sancak B, Bukan N, Gurer MA. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2001 April; 293(4): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380155
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Topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of human allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Amrol D, Keitel D, Hagaman D, Murray J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 December; 91(6): 563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14700441
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Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment (protopic) reverses nickel contact dermatitis elicited by allergen challenge to a similar degree to mometasone furoate 0.1% with greater suppression of late erythema. Author(s): Alomar A, Puig L, Gallardo CM, Valenzuela N. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 October; 49(4): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996065
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Trends in allergic contact dermatitis and preventive measures among cement workers (1985-1999). Author(s): Katsarou-Katsari A, Bankovska E, Lambrinopoulou K, Davou E, Bolbasis A, Papakonstantinou A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 March; 48(3): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755745
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Unusual clinical presentation in a case of contact dermatitis due to corticosteroids diagnosed by ROAT. Author(s): Weber F, Barbaud A, Reichert-Penetrat S, Danchin A, Schmutz JL. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 February; 44(2): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205384
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Unusual suction-like contact dermatitis due to ECG electrodes. Author(s): Corazza M, Maranini C, La Malfa W, Virgili A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 March; 78(2): 145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9534896
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Update on contact dermatitis. Author(s): Mowad CM. Source: Adv Dermatol. 1999; 14: 61-86; Discussion 87. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10643495
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Usefulness of titanium implants for systemic contact dermatitis due to orthopaedic prostheses. Author(s): Tan M, Suzuki H. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 September; 33(3): 202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565469
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Utility of a standard allergen series alone in the evaluation of allergic contact dermatitis: a retrospective study of 732 patients. Author(s): Cohen DE, Brancaccio R, Andersen D, Belsito DV. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 June; 36(6 Pt 1): 914-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9204054
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Vascular endothelium express CS-1 fibronectin in allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Martin AP, Ortiz S, Cabalier ME, Frede S, Burgos E, Hliba E, Serra H. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2002 July; 29(6): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12135465
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Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in allergic contact dermatitis: an immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay study. Author(s): Lundeberg L, Nordlind K. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1999 April; 291(4): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10335916
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Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide inhibits the established allergic contact dermatitis in humans. Author(s): Bondesson L, Nordlind K, Mutt V, Liden S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1996 December 26; 805: 702-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8993464
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Venison contact dermatitis. Author(s): Reiche L. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 43(1): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11869215
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Vesicular dermatitis of the hands secondary to perianal allergic contact dermatitis caused by preservatives in moistened toilet tissues. Author(s): de Groot AC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 March; 36(3): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145280
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Vesicular eczema and systemic contact dermatitis from sorbic acid. Author(s): Dejobert Y, Delaporte E, Piette F, Thomas P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 November; 45(5): 291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722489
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Vulvodynia: a dermatologist's perspective with emphasis on an irritant contact dermatitis component. Author(s): O'Hare PM, Sherertz EF. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2000 June; 9(5): 565-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10883949
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What is new in clinical research in contact dermatitis. Author(s): Cohen DE, Brancaccio RR. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1997 January; 15(1): 137-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9001867
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What is your diagnosis? Allergic contact dermatitis to paraphenylenediamin in a temporary henna tattoo. Author(s): Kulkarni PD, Herron JB, Moores WB, Hahn HB. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 September; 68(3): 187, 22930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11579782
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What's new in contact dermatitis: allergy to topical steroids in Israeli patients with contact dermatitis. Author(s): Ingber A. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 November; 4(11 Suppl): 867. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12455163
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What's your assessment? Allergic contact dermatitis to hair dye. Author(s): Bielan B. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1995 December; 7(6): 352-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8703605
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What's your assessment? Contact dermatitis. Author(s): Bielan B. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1996 August; 8(4): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8900786
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Widespread contact dermatitis due to methyl glucose dioleate. Author(s): Schianchi S, Calista D, Landi G. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 October; 35(4): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8957657
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Workshop on irritant contact dermatitis. Author(s): Moshell AN. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 June; 8(2): 79-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9153341
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Xanthelasma palpebrarum following allergic contact dermatitis from paraphenylenediamine in a black eyelash-tinting product. Author(s): Bhat J, Smith AG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 December; 49(6): 311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025710
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Xanthomatous reaction following contact dermatitis from vitamin E. Author(s): Parsad D, Saini R, Verma N. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 December; 37(6): 294. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9455633
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CONTACT DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and contact dermatitis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Contact Dermatitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “contact dermatitis” (or a synonym): •
Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis to calcipotriol. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Krayenbuhl, B H Elsner, P Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 1999 June; 10(2): 78-80 1046199X
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Allergic contact dermatitis following exposure to essential oils. Author(s): Skin and Cancer Foundation, Carlton, Victoria, Australia, and Health Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Source: Bleasel, N Tate, B Rademaker, M Australas-J-Dermatol. 2002 August; 43(3): 211-3 0004-8380
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An unexpected occurrence of acute contact dermatitis during rhinoplasty. Author(s): Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md., USA. Source: Mabrie, D C Papel, I D Arch-Facial-Plast-Surg. 1999 Oct-December; 1(4): 320-1 1521-2491
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Dioxopromethazine-induced photoallergic contact dermatitis followed by persistent light reaction. Author(s): From the Department of Dermatology, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. Source: Schauder, S Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 1998 September; 9(3): 182-7 1046-199X
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Liver X receptor activators display anti-inflammatory activity in irritant and allergic contact dermatitis models: liver-X-receptor-specific inhibition of inflammation and primary cytokine production. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA. Source: Fowler, A J Sheu, M Y Schmuth, M Kao, J Fluhr, J W Rhein, L Collins, J L Willson, T M Mangelsdorf, D J Elias, P M Feingold, K R J-Invest-Dermatol. 2003 February; 120(2): 246-55 0022-202X
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to silver and colophonium in a jeweler. Author(s): Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, England. Source: Agarwal, S Gawkrodger, D J Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 2002 June; 13(2): 74 1046199X
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Occupational protein contact dermatitis to cornstarch in a paper adhesive. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. Source: Guin, J D Westfall, C Ruddell, D Caplinger, K Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 1999 June; 10(2): 83-8 1046-199X
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to contact dermatitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Food and Diet Cashews Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CONTACT DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to contact dermatitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to contact dermatitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to contact dermatitis: •
A clinical and patch test study of contact dermatitis from traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Author(s): Li LF. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 December; 33(6): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8706396
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Accelerated allergic contact dermatitis to a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device. Author(s): Corazza M, Maranini C, Bacilieri S, Virgili A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(3): 281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10592420
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Accuracy of questions related to allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Fleming CJ, Burden AD, Forsyth A. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2000 December; 11(4): 218-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123414
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Active sensitization and occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by paratertiary-butylcatechol. Author(s): Estlander T, Kostiainen M, Jolanki R, Kanerva L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 February; 38(2): 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506222
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Acute contact dermatitis from a popular psoriasis remedy in Bulgaria. Author(s): Stransky L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 June; 38(6): 343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9687040
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Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from colophony in a car. Author(s): Danielsen H. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 July; 41(1): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416717
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Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from pine dust. Author(s): Watsky KL. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 June; 8(2): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9153335
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Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil. Author(s): De Groot AC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 November; 35(5): 304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007380
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Airborne contact dermatitis from Ambrosia deltoidea (triangle-leaf bursage). Author(s): Schumacher MJ, Silvis NG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 April; 48(4): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12786727
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Airborne contact dermatitis from unexpected exposure to rosin (colophony). Rosin sources revealed with chemical analyses. Author(s): Karlberg AT, Gafvert E, Meding B, Stenberg B.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 November; 35(5): 272-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007371 •
Allergic and irritant occupational contact dermatitis from Alstroemeria. Author(s): Mascarenhas R, Robalo-Cordeiro M, Fernandes B, Oliveira HS, Goncalo M, Figueiredo A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 March; 44(3): 196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11218006
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Allergic and systemic contact dermatitis from Matricaria chamomilla tea. Author(s): Rodriguez-Serna M, Sanchez-Motilla JM, Ramon R, Aliaga A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 October; 39(4): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9817225
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Allergic contact dermatitis at the application site of an electrosurgical earthing plate occurring in a windscreen repairer. Author(s): Banerjee P, White IR. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 February; 44(2): 97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205413
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Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Lithraea molleoides and Lithraea brasiliensis: identification and characterization of the responsible allergens. Author(s): Ale SI, Ferreira F, Gonzalez G, Epstein W. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 September; 8(3): 144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9249282
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Allergic contact dermatitis due to avena extract. Author(s): Pazzaglia M, Jorizzo M, Parente G, Tosti A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 June; 42(6): 364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10871113
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Allergic contact dermatitis due to burdock (Arctium lappa). Author(s): Rodriguez P, Blanco J, Juste S, Garces M, Perez R, Alonso L, Marcos M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 August; 33(2): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549139
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Allergic contact dermatitis due to Centella asiatica: a new case. Author(s): Gonzalo Garijo MA, Revenga Arranz F, Bobadilla Gonzalez P. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1996 May-June; 24(3): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8766746
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Allergic contact dermatitis due to glycyrrhizic acid as an ingredient of a hair restorer. Author(s): Cabrita SF, Silva R, Correia MP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 July; 49(1): 46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641126
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Allergic contact dermatitis due to Icelandic poppy (Papaver nudicaule). Author(s): Jury CS, Lever R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 May; 42(5): 300-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10789861
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Allergic contact dermatitis due to pine wood. Author(s): Miranda-Romero A, Gonzalez-Lopez A, Esquivias JI, Bajo C, Garcia-Munoz M. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 January; 12(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10188158
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Allergic contact dermatitis elicitation thresholds of potent allergens in humans. Author(s): Jerschow E, Hostynek JJ, Maibach HI. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2001 November; 39(11): 1095-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11527569
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Allergic contact dermatitis following exposure to essential oils. Author(s): Bleasel N, Tate B, Rademaker M. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 43(3): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12121401
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Allergic contact dermatitis following use of a tea tree oil hand-wash not due to tea tree oil. Author(s): Greig JE, Thoo SL, Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 December; 41(6): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617229
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Allergic contact dermatitis from a beeswax nipple-protective. Author(s): Garcia M, del Pozo MD, Diez J, Munoz D, de Corres LF. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 December; 33(6): 440-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8706416
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Allergic contact dermatitis from a boxwood recorder. Author(s): van Neer FJ, van Ginkel CJ.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 June; 36(6): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9237010 •
Allergic contact dermatitis from a wooden necklace. Author(s): Hausen BM. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 September; 8(3): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9249295
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Allergic contact dermatitis from acrylic resin repair of windscreens. Author(s): Bang Pedersen N. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 August; 39(2): 99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9746203
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Allergic contact dermatitis from anthrarobin. Author(s): Keller-Melchior R, Brauninger W. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 November; 33(5): 361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565505
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Allergic contact dermatitis from aromatherapy. Author(s): Weiss RR, James WD. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 December; 8(4): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9358122
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Allergic contact dermatitis from black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil after topical use. Author(s): Steinmann A, Schatzle M, Agathos M, Breit R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 May; 36(5): 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9197967
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Allergic contact dermatitis from butoxyethyl nicotinic acid and Centella asiatica extract. Author(s): Bilbao I, Aguirre A, Zabala R, Gonzalez R, Raton J, Diaz Perez JL. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 December; 33(6): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8706410
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Allergic contact dermatitis from camomile used in phytotherapy. Author(s): Giordano-Labadie F, Schwarze HP, Bazex J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 April; 42(4): 247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10750867
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Allergic contact dermatitis from colophony and Compositae in a violinist. Author(s): Murphy J, Clark C, Kenicer K, Green C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 June; 40(6): 334. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10385344
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Allergic contact dermatitis from colophony in lipsticks. Author(s): Batta K, Bourke JF, Foulds IS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 March; 36(3): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145278
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Allergic contact dermatitis from common ivy confirmed with stored allergens. Author(s): Sanchez-Perez J, Cordoba S, Hausen BM, De Vega MJ, Aragues M, GarciaDiez A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 November; 39(5): 259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840266
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Allergic contact dermatitis from curcumin (turmeric). Author(s): Hata M, Sasaki E, Ota M, Fujimoto K, Yajima J, Shichida T, Honda M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 February; 36(2): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9062750
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Allergic contact dermatitis from diallyl disulfide. Author(s): Fernandez-Vozmediano JM, Armario-Hita JC, Manrique-Plaza A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 February; 42(2): 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10703639
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Allergic contact dermatitis from dipentene in wax polish. Author(s): Martins C, Goncalo M, Goncalo S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 August; 33(2): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549131
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Allergic contact dermatitis from disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) in a local anaesthetic. Author(s): Bhushan M, Beck MH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 March; 38(3): 183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9536427
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Allergic contact dermatitis from d-limonene in a laboratory technician. Author(s): Wakelin SH, McFadden JP, Leonard JN, Rycroft RJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 March; 38(3): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9536411
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Allergic contact dermatitis from goldenrod (Herba solidaginis) after systemic administration. Author(s): Schatzle M, Agathos M, Breit R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 November; 39(5): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840279
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Allergic contact dermatitis from hydrocolloid dressings. Author(s): Sasseville D, Tennstedt D, Lachapelle JM. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 December; 8(4): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9358118
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Allergic contact dermatitis from krameria triandra extract. Author(s): Goday Bujan JJ, Oleaga Morante JM, Yanguas Bayona I, Gonzalez Guemes M, Soloeta Arechavala R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 February; 38(2): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506237
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Allergic contact dermatitis from mastic in compound mastic paint. Author(s): Wakelin SH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 August; 45(2): 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11553130
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Allergic contact dermatitis from Mentha spicata (spearmint). Author(s): Bonamonte D, Mundo L, Daddabbo M, Foti C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 November; 45(5): 298. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722493
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Allergic contact dermatitis from myrrh, a topical herbal medicine used to promote healing. Author(s): Al-Suwaidan SN, Gad el Rab MO, Al-Fakhiry S, Al Hoqail IA, Al-Maziad A, Sherif AB. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 September; 39(3): 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9771992
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Allergic contact dermatitis from oxidized d-limonene. Author(s): Chang YC, Karlberg AT, Maibach HI. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 December; 37(6): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9455646
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Allergic contact dermatitis from pentylene glycol in an emollient cream, with possible co-sensitization to resveratrol. Author(s): Gallo R, Viglizzo G, Vecchio F, Parodi A.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 March; 48(3): 176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755747 •
Allergic contact dermatitis from pine tar. Author(s): Iorizzo M, Lucente P, Pazzaglia M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 August; 43(2): 125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10945763
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Allergic contact dermatitis from plant extracts in a cosmetic. Author(s): Wilkinson SM, Hausen BM, Beck MH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 July; 33(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7493472
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Allergic contact dermatitis from red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus). Author(s): Sandra A, Shenoi SD, Srinivas CR. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 January; 34(1): 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8789238
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Allergic contact dermatitis from shellac in mascara. Author(s): Le Coz CJ, Leclere JM, Arnoult E, Raison-Peyron N, Pons-Guiraud A, Vigan M; Members of Revidal-Gerda. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 March; 46(3): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000323
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Allergic contact dermatitis from sodium dihydroxycetyl phosphate, a new cosmetic allergen? Author(s): Lomholt H, Rastogi SC, Andersen KE. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 September; 45(3): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11553139
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Allergic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil in a wart paint. Author(s): Bhushan M, Beck MH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 February; 36(2): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9062759
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Allergic contact dermatitis in children: a practical approach to management. Author(s): Bruckner AL, Weston WL. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2002 October; 7(8): 3-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548328
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Allergic contact dermatitis in children: strategies of prevention and risk management. Author(s): Kutting B, Brehler R, Traupe H.
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Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2004 March-April; 14(2): 80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15196996 •
Allergic contact dermatitis in food handlers, with patch tests positive to Compositae mix but negative to sesquiterpene lactone mix. Author(s): Shum KW, English JS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 October; 39(4): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9817239
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Allergic contact dermatitis to plant extracts in patients with cosmetic dermatitis. Author(s): Thomson KF, Wilkinson SM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 142(1): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651699
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Allergic contact dermatitis to propolis in a violin maker. Author(s): Lieberman HD, Fogelman JP, Ramsay DL, Cohen DE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 February; 46(2 Suppl Case Reports): S30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11807465
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Allergic contact dermatitis to tea tree oil with erythema multiforme-like id reaction. Author(s): Khanna M, Qasem K, Sasseville D. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2000 December; 11(4): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123417
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Allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Kimbe I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Dearman RJ. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 February; 2(2-3): 201-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11811925
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An evaluation of the allergic contact dermatitis potential of colloidal grain suspensions. Author(s): Pigatto P, Bigardi A, Caputo R, Angelini G, Foti C, Grandolfo M, Rizer RL. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 December; 8(4): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9358111
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An in vitro study of the use of chelating agents in cleaning nickel-contaminated human skin: an alternative approach to preventing nickel allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Healy J, Johnson S, Little MC, MacNeil S.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 October; 39(4): 171-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9817222 •
An unexpected occurrence of acute contact dermatitis during rhinoplasty. Author(s): Mabrie DC, Papel ID. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 1999 October-December; 1(4): 320-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10937124
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Balsam-related systemic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Salam TN, Fowler JF Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 September; 45(3): 37781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11511833
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Clinical features of 31 patients with systemic contact dermatitis due to the ingestion of Rhus (lacquer). Author(s): Park SD, Lee SW, Chun JH, Cha SH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 142(5): 937-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10809851
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Contact dermatitis associated with an erythema multiforme-like eruption. Author(s): Veien NK, Hausen BM. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2000 December; 11(4): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11187214
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Contact dermatitis caused by benzoyl peroxide in podiatrists. Author(s): Dejobert Y, Martin P, Piette F, Thomas P, Bergoend H. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 March; 40(3): 163. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10073449
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Contact dermatitis caused by sesquiterpene lactones. Author(s): Spettoli E, Silvani S, Lucente P, Guerra L, Vincenzi C. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1998 March; 9(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9471988
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Contact dermatitis due to a massage liniment containing Inula helenium extract. Author(s): Pazzaglia M, Venturo N, Borda G, Tosti A.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 October; 33(4): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8654079 •
Contact dermatitis due to BCDMH in a hydrotherapy pool. Author(s): Penny PT. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 1999 May; 49(4): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10474922
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Contact dermatitis due to disodium ethylenediamine- tetraacetic acid in cosmetics and shampoo. Author(s): Soga F, Izawa K, Inoue T, Katoh N, Kishimoto S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 August; 49(2): 105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641362
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Contact dermatitis due to Edding 3000. Author(s): Martin-Garcia C, Conde Salazar L, Gonzalez-Mendioca R, Hinojosa M, Sanchez-Cano H. Source: Allergy. 2004 February; 59(2): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763946
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Contact dermatitis due to Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd, simulating a phototoxic reaction. Author(s): Massmanian A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 February; 38(2): 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506231
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Contact dermatitis due to oil of turpentine in a porcelain painter. Author(s): Vente C, Fuchs T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 October; 37(4): 187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9385522
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Contact dermatitis due to tea tree oil. Author(s): Bruynzeel DP. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1999 September; 4(9): 630. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10540304
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Contact dermatitis due to topical traditional Chinese medication. Author(s): Leow YH. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1997 July-August; 15(4): 601-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9255470
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Contact dermatitis due to trisodium ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) in a cosmetic lotion. Author(s): Kimura M, Kawada A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 December; 41(6): 341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617216
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Contact dermatitis due to urea-formaldehyde resin in shin-pads. Author(s): Sommer S, Wilkinson SM, Dodman B. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 March; 40(3): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10073446
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Contact dermatitis from Chelidonium majus (greater celandine). Author(s): Etxenagusia MA, Anda M, Gonzalez-Mahave I, Fernandez E, Fernandez de Corres L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 July; 43(1): 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10902593
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Contact dermatitis from cotoneaster. Author(s): Weller R, Ormerod A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 June; 34(6): 433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879937
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Contact dermatitis from modified rosin in footwear. Author(s): Lyon CC, Tucker SC, Gafvert E, Karlberg AT, Beck MH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 August; 41(2): 102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445693
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Contact dermatitis from peppermint and menthol in a local action transcutaneous patch. Author(s): Foti C, Conserva A, Antelmi A, Lospalluti L, Angelini G. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 December; 49(6): 312-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025712
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Contact dermatitis from Rhus toxicodendron in a homeopathic remedy. Author(s): Cardinali C, Francalanci S, Giomi B, Caproni M, Sertoli A, Fabbri P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2004 January; 50(1): 150-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14699391
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Contact dermatitis from soybean extract in a cosmetic cream. Author(s): Shaffrali FC, Gawkrodger DJ.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 January; 44(1): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156026 •
Contact dermatitis from tosylamide/formaldehyde resin with photosensitivity. Author(s): Vilaplana J, Romaguera C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 May; 42(5): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10789873
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Contact dermatitis from white flower embrocation. Author(s): Saary MJ, Holness DL. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 February; 44(2): 100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205379
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Contact dermatitis in psoriasis due to propolis. Author(s): Silvani S, Spettoli E, Stacul F, Tosti A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 July; 37(1): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9255499
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Contact dermatitis in students practicing sports: incidence of rubber sensitisation. Author(s): Ventura MT, Dagnello M, Matino MG, Di Corato R, Giuliano G, Tursi A. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 April; 35(2): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273970
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Contact dermatitis to Asparagus officinalis. Author(s): Rademaker M, Yung A. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 41(4): 262-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11105376
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Contact dermatitis to botanical extracts. Author(s): Kiken DA, Cohen DE. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 September; 13(3): 148-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165936
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Contact dermatitis to cosmetics, fragrances, and botanicals. Author(s): Ortiz KJ, Yiannias JA. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2004; 17(3): 264-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15186372
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Contact dermatitis to Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat). Author(s): Goncalo S, Goncalo M, Sequeira J.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 November; 35(5): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007385 •
Contact dermatitis. Author(s): Beltrani VS, Beltrani VP. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 February; 78(2): 160-73; Quiz 174-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9048524
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Dermatitis in a musician. Part I: Allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Fisher AA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 October; 62(4): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798102
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Dioxopromethazine-induced photoallergic contact dermatitis followed by persistent light reaction. Author(s): Schauder S. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1998 September; 9(3): 182-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9744913
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D-Limonene contact dermatitis from hand cleansers. Author(s): Topham EJ, Wakelin SH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 August; 49(2): 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641365
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Erythema-multiforme-like contact dermatitis due to capsicum. Author(s): Raccagni AA, Bardazzi F, Baldari U, Righini MG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 November; 33(5): 353-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565498
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Erythema-multiforme-like eruption following allergic contact dermatitis from sesquiterpene lactones in herbal medicine. Author(s): Mateo MP, Velasco M, Miquel FJ, de la Cuadra J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 December; 33(6): 449-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8706423
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Esoteric contact dermatitis. Part IV: Devastating contact dermatitis in India produced by American parthenium weed (the scourge of India). Author(s): Fisher AA.
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Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 May; 57(5): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8726707 •
Fragrance sensitivity in allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Gupta N, Shenoi SD, Balachandran C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 January; 40(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9928812
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Frequency of textile dye and resin sensitization in patients with contact dermatitis in Israel. Author(s): Lazarov A, Trattner A, Abraham D, David M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 February; 46(2): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11918613
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Histological distinction between early allergic and irritant patch test reactions: follicular spongiosis may be characteristic of early allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Vestergaard L, Clemmensen OJ, Sorensen FB, Andersen KE. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 October; 41(4): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10515099
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Hyperpigmentation and contact dermatitis due to Juglans regia. Author(s): Bonamonte D, Foti C, Angelini G. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 February; 44(2): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205381
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Irritant contact dermatitis due to 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in a hydrotherapy pool. Risk assessments: the need for continuous evidence-based assessments. Author(s): Loughney E, Harrison J. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 1998 October; 48(7): 461-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10024746
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Irritant contact dermatitis due to Indian God lotion. Author(s): Lee TY, Lam TH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 October; 45(4): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683838
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Leukoderma following occupational allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Kumar A, Freeman S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 August; 41(2): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445689
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Nonoccupational allergic contact dermatitis to cashew nut simulating photosensitivity eczema. Author(s): Criado RF, Criado PR, Malaman F, Ensina LF, Vasconcellos C, Aun WT, Mello JF, Pires MC. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 June; 13(2): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12053904
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Occupational airborne allergic contact dermatitis from garlic with concurrent Type I allergy. Author(s): Bassioukas K, Orton D, Cerio R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2004 January; 50(1): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15059102
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Occupational airborne allergic contact dermatitis from sawdust in livestock sheds. Author(s): de Cock P, van Ginkel CJ, Faber WR, Bruynzeel DP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 February; 42(2): 113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10703644
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by decorative plants. Author(s): Lamminpaa A, Estlander T, Jolanki R, Kanerva L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 May; 34(5): 330-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8807225
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to curcumin food colour in a pasta factory worker. Author(s): Kiec-Swierczynska M, Krecisz B. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 July; 39(1): 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9686976
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to formaldehyde and textile finish resins. Author(s): Garcia Bracamonte B, Ortiz de Frutos FJ, Iglesias Diez L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 August; 33(2): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549144
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from carnosol, a naturally-occurring compound present in rosemary. Author(s): Hjorther AB, Christophersen C, Hausen BM, Menne T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 September; 37(3): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9330813
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from cassia (Chinese cinnamon) as a flavouring agent in coffee. Author(s): De Benito V, Alzaga R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 March; 40(3): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10073451
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from colophony in 2 dental nurses. Author(s): Kanerva L, Estlander T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 December; 41(6): 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617217
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from colophony in depilatory wax. Author(s): de Argila D, Ortiz-Frutos J, Iglesias L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 May; 34(5): 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8807238
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from eugenol, oil of cinnamon and oil of cloves in a physiotherapist. Author(s): Sanchez-Perez J, Garcia-Diez A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 December; 41(6): 346-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617221
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde resin in clothing. Author(s): Cockayne SE, McDonagh AJ, Gawkrodger DJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 February; 44(2): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205387
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from olive oil in a masseur. Author(s): Isaksson M, Bruze M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 August; 41(2 Pt 2): 3125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10426917
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from PEG-4 rapeseed amide in a massage oil. Author(s): Isaksson M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 September; 47(3): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492561
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Author(s): Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 September; 35(3): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8930476 •
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from unsaturated polyester resin in a car repair putty. Author(s): Kanerva L, Estlander T, Alanko K, Pfaffli P, Jolanki R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 38(6): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10397585
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in two aromatherapists. Author(s): Keane FM, Smith HR, White IR, Rycroft RJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 July; 43(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10902596
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to silver and colophonium in a jeweler. Author(s): Agarwal S, Gawkrodger DJ. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 June; 13(2): 74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12022124
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Occupational contact dermatitis due to propolis. Author(s): Downs AM, Sansom JE. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 June; 38(6): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9687055
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Occupational contact dermatitis from a garlic and herb mixture. Author(s): Hughes TM, Varma S, Stone NM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 July; 47(1): 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225414
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Occupational contact dermatitis from colophonium in a dental technician. Author(s): Cockayne SE, Murphy R, Gawkrodger DJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 January; 44(1): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156017
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Occupational contact dermatitis from colophony and formaldehyde in banknote paper. Author(s): Koch P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 June; 32(6): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554896
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Occupational contact dermatitis from propolis. Author(s): Henschel R, Agathos M, Breit R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 July; 47(1): 52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225418
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Occupational contact dermatitis from ylang-ylang oil. Author(s): Romaguera C, Vilaplana J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 October; 43(4): 251. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11011949
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Occupational contact dermatitis in a beautician. Author(s): O'Reilly FM, Murphy GM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 July; 35(1): 47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8896956
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Occupational contact dermatitis in an aromatherapist. Author(s): Cockayne SE, Gawkrodger DJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 December; 37(6): 306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9455643
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Occupational contact dermatitis to Phaseolus vulgaris in a farmer - a case report. Author(s): Spiewak R, Dutkiewicz J. Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 2000; 7(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10865246
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Oral hyposensitization in patients with contact dermatitis from Parthenium hysterophorus. Author(s): Handa S, Sahoo B, Sharma VK. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 May; 44(5): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298693
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Patch test reactions in children, adults and the elderly. A comparative study in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Wantke F, Hemmer W, Jarisch R, Gotz M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 May; 34(5): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8807222
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Patch testing in allergic contact dermatitis caused by topical Chinese herbal medicine. Author(s): Li LF, Wang J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 September; 47(3): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492552
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Patch testing with fragrances: results of a multicenter study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes. Author(s): Frosch PJ, Pilz B, Andersen KE, Burrows D, Camarasa JG, Dooms-Goossens A, Ducombs G, Fuchs T, Hannuksela M, Lachapelle JM, et al. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 November; 33(5): 333-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565489
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Patch testing with the European standard series and Compositae extracts in patients with airborne contact dermatitis. Author(s): Sharma VK. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 January; 44(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156024
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Perianal contact dermatitis caused by nail lacquer allergy. Author(s): Lazarov A. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1999 March; 10(1): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10072340
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Perioral contact dermatitis caused by L-carvone in toothpaste. Author(s): Worm M, Jeep S, Sterry W, Zuberbier T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 June; 38(6): 338. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9687035
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Peristomal allergic contact dermatitis caused by Stomahesive paste: An additional case. Author(s): Gallo R, Ciambellotti A, Cozzani E, Parodi A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4): 633. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271318
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Peristomal allergic contact dermatitis due to Gantrez in Stomahesive paste. Author(s): Scalf LA, Fowler JF Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 February; 42(2 Pt 2): 355-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10640932
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Photocontact dermatitis and chloracne: two major occupational and environmental skin diseases induced by different actions of halogenated chemicals. Author(s): Yamamoto O, Tokura Y. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2003 August; 32(2): 85-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12850300
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Phototoxic contact dermatitis from 5-methoxypsoralen in aromatherapy oil. Author(s): Clark SM, Wilkinson SM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 May; 38(5): 289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9667455
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Pigmented contact dermatitis due to Plathymenia foliosa dust. Author(s): Pires MC, Manoel Silva dos Reis V, Mitelmann R, Moreira F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 June; 40(6): 339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10385351
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Pretreatment of skin with a Ginkgo biloba extract/sodium carboxymethyl-beta-1,3glucan formulation appears to inhibit the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis in man. Author(s): Castelli D, Colin L, Camel E, Ries G. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 March; 38(3): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9536401
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Prevention of experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis by extracts of Isatis tinctoria compared to pure tryptanthrin and its impact on UVB-induced erythema. Author(s): Heinemann C, Schliemann-Willers S, Oberthur C, Hamburger M, Elsner P. Source: Planta Medica. 2004 May; 70(5): 385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15124080
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Propolis-induced allergic contact dermatitis mimicking pemphigus vulgaris. Author(s): Thomas P, Korting HC, Przybilla B. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 April; 134(4): 511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9554312
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Propolis-induced granulomatous contact dermatitis accompanied by marked lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Teraki Y, Shiohara T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 144(6): 1277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422066
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Purpuric contact dermatitis in patients with allergic reaction to textile dyes and resins. Author(s): Lazarov A, Cordoba M. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 March; 14(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10972094
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Severe toxic contact dermatitis caused by garlic. Author(s): Eming SA, Piontek JO, Hunzelmann N, Rasokat H, Scharffetter-Kachanek K.
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Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 141(2): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468845 •
Structure-activity relationships in allergic contact dermatitis. Part III. The sensitizing capacity of substituted phenanthrenequinones: a quantum-mechanical approach. Author(s): Hausen BM, Elsasser B, Krohn K, Loock U. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2003 June; 14(2): 82-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749026
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Systemic contact dermatitis elicited by oral intake of Balsam of Peru. Author(s): Pfutzner W, Thomas P, Niedermeier A, Pfeiffer C, Sander C, Przybilla B. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(4): 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12926805
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Systemic contact dermatitis from herbal and homeopathic preparations used for herpes virus treatment. Author(s): Cardinali C, Francalanci S, Giomi B, Caproni M, Sertoli A, Fabbri P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2004; 84(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15202840
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Treatment of poison ivy/oak allergic contact dermatitis with an extract of jewelweed. Author(s): Long D, Ballentine NH, Marks JG Jr. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1997 September; 8(3): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9249283
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Vitamin E ointment at high dose levels suppresses contact dermatitis in rats by stabilizing keratinocytes. Author(s): Kuriyama K, Shimizu T, Horiguchi T, Watabe M, Abe Y. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 2002 October; 51(10): 483-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477076
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to contact dermatitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Alternative Therapy Aromatherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arctium Alternative names: Burdock, Gobo; Arctium lappa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,753,00.html Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Chamomile Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cynara C Alternative names: Cardoon; Cynara cardunculus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Greater Celandine Alternative names: Chelidonium majus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grindelia Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ivy Leaf Alternative names: Hedera helix Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ivy Leaf Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10112,00.html Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Mentha X Piperita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Peppermint Alternative names: Mentha x piperita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantago Major Alternative names: Plantain; Plantago major/lanceolata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Psyllium Alternative names: Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Royal Jelly Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Taraxacum Alternative names: Dandelion; Taraxacum officinale (Dhudhal) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Taraxacum Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Yerba Santa Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CONTACT DERMATITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “contact dermatitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on contact dermatitis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Contact Dermatitis By performing a patent search focusing on contact dermatitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on contact dermatitis: •
Allergic contact dermatitis treatment and composition therefor Inventor(s): Goldman; Gavriel (Dingmans Ferry, PA), Lapidus; Mitchell (Whippany, NJ) Assignee(s): Pocono Falls, Inc. (Whippany, NJ) Patent Number: 6,667,026 Date filed: March 15, 2002 Abstract: A topical composition is disclosed for reducing a urushiol-induced allergic response and the dermatitis associated therewith. The composition is a preparation having an acorn derivative and a nontoxic dermatologically acceptable aqueous dispersion material. The acorn derivative is acorn ash, acorn mash, roasted acorn, or acorn extract and comprises about 0.1 to 50 percent by weight of the treating preparation. After the initial preparation, preservatives are then added. Optionally, additional ingredients such as surfactants and emulsifying agents, antihistamines, topical anesthetics, colloidal oatmeal, topical antipruritics, astringents, and emollients may be added to the aqueous acorn dispersion. With processing varied according the examples provided, the ingredients are combined so as to create sprays, creams, gels, ointments, and lotions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a treatment for allergic contact dermatitis. More particularly, the invention relates to a dermatitis treatment with a topical composition having an active ingredient of an acorn derivative, namely, a powdered acorn or an acorn extract from acorn ash, acorn mash, or roasted acorn. Poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac dermatitis is often referred to as rhus dermatitis and is a common, seasonal, allergic contact dermatitis. In the United States, poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum or quercifolium) are the main causes of rhus dermatitis. Poison ivy, which is particularly abundant in eastern United States and southeastern Canada, is found as either a shrub or a vine. Before contact dermatitis develops, sensitization is experienced whereby, upon exposure to the toxic agent, toxicodendrol, the individual acquires hypersensitivity thereto. Therefore, not everyone who is exposed to the plants has an allergic reaction. However, it is estimated that at least 70% of the U.S. population could react after casual exposure to the plants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06667026__
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Antihistamine sprays and ointments for relief of delayed contact dermatitis Inventor(s): Dugger, III; Harry A. (Flemington, NJ) Assignee(s): Flemington Pharmaceutical Corp. (Flemington, NJ) Patent Number: 6,391,282 Date filed: November 10, 1997 Abstract: It has been found that certain antihistamines can mediate the delayed dermatitis and in particular that caused by poison ivy and poison sumac or poison oak. Especially useful are antihistamines having a high degree of intrinsic activity as shown by their low oral dosage as antihistamine (0.1-10, suitably 1-2 mg), which can be topically administered at a sufficiently high active concentration to be effective in the
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treatment of allergic reactions. Compositions and methods of utilizing such compositions for these purposes are disclosed. Excerpt(s): Allergic responses have been divided into four general categories, based on the mechanism of immunological involvement (Coombs and Gell, in Gell, Coombs and Lachmann, eds., Clinical Aspects of Immunology, Blackwell, Oxford, p 761, 1975). Type I, or anaphylactic, reactions in human beings are mediated by IgE antibodies. The Fc portion of IgE can bind to receptors on mast cells and basophils. If the Fab portion of the antibody molecule then binds antigen, various mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins) are released and cause vasodilatation, edema, and an inflammatory response. The main targets of this type of reaction are the gastrointestinal tract (food allergies), the skin (urticaria and a topic dermatitis), the respiratory system (rhinitis and asthma), and the vasculature (anaphylactic shock). These responses tend to occur quickly after challenge with an antigen to which the individual has been sensitized and are termed immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Type II, or cytolytic, reactions are mediated by both IgG and IgM antibodies and usually are attributed to their ability to activate the complement system. The major target tissues for cytolytic reactions are the cells in the circulatory system. Examples of type II allergic responses include penicillininduced hemolytic anemia, methyldopa-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia, quinidine-induced thrombocytopenic purpura, sulfonamide-induced granulocytopenia, and hydralazine- or procainamide-induced systemic lupus erythematosus. Fortunately, these autoimmune reactions to drugs usually subside within several months after removal of the offending agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06391282__ •
Article for the delivery to animal tissue of a pharmacologically active agent Inventor(s): Franz; Thomas J. (Watchung, NJ), Kydonieus; Agis (Kendall Park, NJ), Shah; Kishore R. (Bridgewater, NJ) Assignee(s): Hercon Laboratories Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,028,431 Date filed: September 13, 1989 Abstract: Described is an article for the controlled release and delivery to animal tissue of a pharmacologically active agent with or without an excipient and/or enhances which may be a causative factor in the occurrence of non-allergic or allergic contact dermatitis comprising an anti-dermatitis substance. Excerpt(s): This invention relates broadly to articles of manufacture for administration of pharmacologically active substances, transdermally and by means of implant (e.g., subdermal implant). More specifically, this invention relates to articles for the controlled release and delivery to animal tissue (including but not limited to epidermal tissue) of a composition of matter comprising at least one pharmacologically active agent with or without one or more excipients therefor and/or one or more enhancers therefor at least one of said pharmacologically active agents, excipients therefor and enhancers therefor being a causative factor in the occurrence of non-allergic or allergic contact dermatitis comprising an anti-dermatitic substance having a chemical constituency different from that of the chemical constituency of any of said pharmacologically active agents, any of said excipients therefor, or any of said enhancers therefor. (d) clonidine. Relatively intensive efforts are currently being expended in the pharmaceutical industry to provide for the delivery, in a controlled release manner, of pharmacologically active agents to
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the skin, and to mucous membranes of animals without the causation of allergic or nonallergic contact dermatitis and without the causation of subdermal inflammation of the tissues being treated by the pharmacologically active agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05028431__ •
Composition for the topical treatment of poison ivy and other forms of contact dermatitis Inventor(s): McCadden; Michael E. (121 Whitebridge Meadows La., St. Louis, MO 63141) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,479,058 Date filed: August 31, 2000 Abstract: Composition for topical administration comprising (a) a corticosteroid, and (b) a drying agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for the treatment of rashes, dermatoses or skin eruptions, which are known to be treated topically to improve or favorably alter the disease condition. Such rashes, dermatoses or skin eruptions include acute, inflammatory reactions of the skin caused by an allergic or irritant reaction (such as that caused by poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac, or other forms of allergic or irritant contact dermatitis), other forms of eczema, lichen simplex chronicus, rashes, dermatoses or skin eruptions of a chronic nature (e.g. seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis) or caused by infection, irritation or aggravation of another condition such as occurs with acne, and other rashes, dermatoses or skin eruptions. Contact dermatitis may be produced by primary irritants or allergic sensitizes. Irritant contact dermatitis is a nonallergic reaction of the skin caused by exposure to irritating substances. Any person would react to an irritant if the concentration and duration of contact were sufficient. Most primary irritants are chemical substances, although physical and biologic (infectious) agents may produce the same reaction. Irritants account for 80% of occupational contact dermatitis and also cause the most frequent type of nonindustrial contact reaction. Allergic contact dermatitis is a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity and results from the exposure of sensitized individuals to contact allergens. Poison ivy and poison oak induce sensitization in more than 70% of the population, thereby causing allergic contact dermatitis (Arndt, Kenneth A., Manual of Dermatologic Therapeutics, 5.sup.th edition, 1995, Little, Brown and Co., page 49). Irritants will cause an inelastic and stiff-feeling skin, discomfort due to dryness, pruritus secondary to inflammation, and pain due to fissures, blisters, and ulcers. Mild irritants produce erythema, microvesiculation, and oozing that may be indistinguishable from allergic contact dermatitis. Chronic exposure to mild irritants or allergens results in dry, thickened, and fissured skin. Strong irritants cause blistering, erosion, and ulcers of the skin. Allergic contact dermatitis, in its mild form, is similar in appearance to the irritant eruption. A more typical allergic contact reaction will consist of grouped or linear tense vesicles and blisters. If involvement is severe there may be marked edema, particularly of the face and in the periorbital and genital areas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479058__
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Composition of matter and method for treating poison ivy Inventor(s): Misenko; T. Paul (1093 Barbe La., Bristolville, OH 44402) Assignee(s): Misenko; T. Paul (Bristolville, OH) Patent Number: 5,011,689 Date filed: December 11, 1989 Abstract: The invention comprises a method of reducing rash formation and itching of skin caused by poison ivy. The method comprises breaking up a plant of the genus Plantago, preferably broadleaf Plantain, to release the sap therein and to form a fibrous pulp containing sap and applying an effective amount of the sap-containing pulp to the affected area of the skin. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method and composition of matter for reducing the inching, rash formation and redness of skin associated with an allergic response to poison ivy, poison oak and the like. Poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac each has a sap that is composed of substances that provoke a sensitizing reaction in most people the first time contact with the sap occurs. After a person has become sensitized, subsequent contact with the sap produces an allergic reaction. First, the skin reddens and begins to itch. Small watery blisters appear and the inching becomes worse. Persons with poison ivy commonly scratch which slows healing and may spread the active substances from the plant's sap to other locations on the body. Boric acid solutions or calamine lotion have been used to relieve itching with only limited success. It is fairly common for a person, when partaking in an outdoor activity, to come into contact with poison ivy and plants that cause an allergic response. Similarly, some people have an allergic response to insect bites, foods and other agents that result in the formation of itchy watery blisters like those caused by an allergic response to poison ivy. Substances that cause allergic reactions such as those described above are referred to herein as "allergens". A remedy that reduces rash formation and itching of the skin caused by these types of allergic reactions is desirable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05011689__
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Composition, barrier film, and method for preventing contact dermatitis Inventor(s): Karl; Curtis L. (Somerset, NJ), Toma; Joan Dalla Riva (Piscataway, NJ) Assignee(s): Hydromer, Inc. (Branchburg, NJ) Patent Number: 5,837,266 Date filed: April 30, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition, and a method for preventing or reducing contact dermatitis. The composition contains a polysaccharide; a low molecular weight, synergistic saccharide; a solvent; and optionally one or more additives.The present invention is further a dermatologically-compatible barrier film for preventing and reducing contact dermatitis which contains a polysaccharide; a low molecular weight, synergistic saccharide; and optionally one or more additives. The dermatologically-compatible barrier film is formed of a composition containing a polysaccharide; a low molecular weight, synergistic saccharide; a solvent; and optional additives. The composition is a skin care product in a form of a lotion, a gel or a cream that is applied to skin of mammals. Once applied, the solvent in the composition
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evaporates, and thereby leaving behind a dermatologically-compatible barrier film containing polysaccharide and low molecular weight, synergistic saccharide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and a method for preventing or reducing contact dermatitis. A dermatologically-compatible barrier film for preventing contact dermatitis is also included in the invention. Contact dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin and is an acute or chronic condition resulting from irritation by, or sensitization to, some substance in the environment. In mild cases, the symptoms are itching, burning, or reddening of the skin. In more severe cases, vesiculation and edema may be present and may be followed by weeping and crusting. The most severe cases may be accompanied by bleeding vesicles and gross edema. Contact dermatitis is typically classified as primary irritant dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis. Primary irritant dermatitis is the more common form of contact dermatitis. It is normally caused by irritating agents that will cause dermatitis in all persons upon sufficient exposure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837266__ •
Contact dermatitis pharmaceutical preparation with anti-histamine and antiinflammatory Inventor(s): Santa; James E. (Greeley, CO) Assignee(s): Millenium Pharmaceutical Technologies, Inc. (Greeley, CO) Patent Number: 5,989,571 Date filed: July 23, 1997 Abstract: A pharmaceutical preparation, and treatment method using the same, for contact dermatitis and particularly for canine contact dermatitis. The preparation has as active ingredients an anti-histamine and an anti-inflammatory. The anti-histamine is preferably diphenhydramine. The anti-inflammatory is preferably triamcinolone. The preparation is a liquid mixture and is sprayed or otherwise applied onto an affected area. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations useful for treating contact dermatitis having both an anti-histamine and an anti-inflammatory and methods of using said compounds. In one embodiment, the preparation is a composition of diphenhydramine and triamcinolone for treating canine contact dermatitis. Human beings and most animals may suffer from a variety of skin irritations and inflammations generally known as dermatitis. Dogs in particular are prone to contact dermatitis caused by flea or other insect bites, allergies, external stimulation such as from prickly plants, and for other reasons. The condition has been notoriously difficult to treat. Veterinarians occasionally resort to injections of various medicines in an attempt to alleviate the symptoms and cure the dermatitis. A number of topical compounds have been used for the treatment of skin conditions for many years. Such compounds have had only limited success in the treatment of canine contact dermatitis. Moreover, such compounds may be messy and/or noxious either to a dog or to a person applying the medicine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05989571__
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Golden decorative part Inventor(s): Ikeda; Shinji (Tokyo, JP), Kurakata; Ryo (Sayama, JP), Takahashi; Shigeyuki (Kokubunji, JP) Assignee(s): Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,299,987 Date filed: June 6, 1997 Abstract: The golden decorative part of the present invention comprises a substrate and, formed thereon according to a dry plating process, an outermost coating, which coating comprises gold and titanium or iron together with inevitable ingredients in specific proportions. A Ti coating formed in an inert gas other than nitrogen, containing inevitable ingredients may be disposed on the substrate, and a TiN coating may be disposed on the substrate or the Ti coating. The above golden decorative part having the outermost coating containing titanium does not cause allergic dermatitis, such as contact dermatitis, even if used in contact with the skin, and exhibits a uniform golden tone. Further, the above golden decorative part having the outermost coating containing iron is strikingly less likely to cause allergic dermatitis, such as contact dermatitis, even if used in contact with the skin, and exhibits a uniform golden tone. The golden decorative part having these advantages can be obtained by the process for producing a golden decorative part according to the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a golden decorative part having no danger of causing dermatitis attributed to allergy to metals, such as contact dermatitis, and to a process for producing the same. Conventionally, the decorative parts, such as a wristwatch band and other wristwatch parts, a finger ring, a necklace and an earring, have been provided with a high quality appearance and an excellent corrosion resistance by composing its outermost layer of a gold coating formed according to a wet or dry plating process. The respective outermost layers of such decorative parts are now increasingly composed of a coating of a gold alloy, such as gold-nickel and goldpalladium alloys, rather than of that of pure gold, because the pure gold coating is so soft as to have less wear resistance, and because the color of the pure gold is not favored due to its extremely deep golden tone and rather there is an inclination that light golden color is preferred. However, in recent years, a marked increase is observed in the occurrence of allergic dermatitis in which contact dermatitis is caused by the contact of the skin with a decorative part, such as a necklace or an earring, made of a precious metal. Such allergic dermatitis cases are reported with respect to almost all types of metals. Especially, the occurrence of allergic dermatitis attributed to gold-nickel and gold-palladium alloys is described in many reports. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06299987__
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Hyaluronic acid and its salt for treating skin diseases Inventor(s): Ikeya; Hitoshi (Machida, JP), Kitagawa; Hironoshin (Machida, JP) Assignee(s): Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,728,391 Date filed: December 5, 1995 Abstract: An agent for treating a skin disease selected from the group consisting of a contact dermatitis treating agent, a xerosis senilis treating agent, an asteatosis treating
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agent, a housewives eczema treating agent, a keratosis treating agent, an eczema chronicum treating agent, a miliaria treating agent and a diaper rash treating agent, which contains hyaluronic acid and/or its salt having an average molecular weight of from 800,000 to 4,000,000, as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to agents for treating skin diseases. More particularly, it relates to agents for treating skin diseases, which contain hyaluronic acid and/or its salt (hereinafter generally referred to as the hyaluronic acid) as an active ingredient and which have excellent moisturizing effects, skin-forming effects, antiinflammatory effects, dry skin treating effects and irritation-relief effects. Heretofore, for the treatment of skin diseases such as xerosis senilis and miliaria, an adrenocortical steroid agent, an urea ointment, a heparinoid from animal organs, or a vaselin-base ointment such as an azulene ointment, has been used. The adrenocortical steroid agent has strong pharmaceutical effects, but is likely to bring about various side effects. The urea ointment is excellent in the moisturizing effects, but sometimes brings about side effects such as irritation or smarting. The heparinoid from animal organs sometimes brings about a contact dermatitis as a side effect. Therefore, theses agents have had problems from the viewpoint of safety. On the other hand, the vaselin-base ointment such as an azulene ointment presents an unpleasant feeling such as a sticky feeling, upon application, and at the same time, a foreign matter such as dust is likely to deposit thereon. Thus, such an ointment has had a problem with respect to the feeling upon application. From these viewpoints, there has been no treating agent for skin diseases, which is capable of presenting fully satisfactory curing effects against the abovementioned diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05728391__ •
Method for detecting exposure to poison ivy and the like Inventor(s): Pluim, Jr.; Arthur W. (602 W. Hickory, Stillwater, MN 55082) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,472,507 Date filed: June 4, 1981 Abstract: An indicator (10) for detecting contact with a naturally occurring polyhydroxyaromatic skin irritant or toxin like that found in poison ivy and the like comprises a carrier (12) treated with a reactant, such as ferric nitrate which reacts with the toxin and produces a distinct color change indicative of such contact. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a technique for detecting exposure to toxins, and particularly to a method and product for detecting contact with toxins of the type naturally present in the sap of poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac and the like, whereby a chemically treated indicator is worn which changes color to signal such contact so that preventative measures can be undertaken promptly to minimize any allergic reaction stemming from contact with plants of this type. A hazard traditionally associated with outdoor activities such as hiking and camping has been the possibility of exposure to poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac and the like, which plants are in the rhus toxicodendron family. The sap of such plants contains a toxin which can cause an allergic reaction upon contact with the skin, despite the fact that the toxic substance naturally occurs in low concentrations (e.g., 2-5% of the sap) and the contact is usually brief and incidental. The extent of reaction varies from individual to individual. Some individuals may experience little or no reaction or simply some itching which
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disappears after a few days, while other develop a severe skin rash which may require treatment with antibiotics and may need several weeks or even months fully to heal. Unfortunately, one typically does not realize he has been exposed to poison ivy and the like until the symptoms develop some time after contact. The most common approach to this problem has been to avoid any contact with such plants, which approach is extremely practical but not always workable under the circumstances. The leaves of poison ivy, for example, are similar to the foliage of other harmless plants and thus may not be readily distinguishable. Various medications are available for treating the effects of contact with these plants. In addition, techniques like that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,451,955 have been developed for determining in advance the sensitivity of individuals to poison ivy and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04472507__ •
Method for suppressing immune response associated with psoriasis, contact dermatitis and diabetes mellitus Inventor(s): Dwyer; Donard S. (Shreveport, LA), Esenther; Kristin (Ashland, MA) Assignee(s): Procept, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 5,489,441 Date filed: August 19, 1993 Abstract: This invention relates to the use of Ruthenium Red as an immunosuppressive agent to prevent or significantly reduce graft rejection in organ and bone marrow transplantation. Ruthenium Red can also be used as an immunosuppressant drug for T lymphocyte mediated autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes. Furthermore, Ruthenium Red may be useful in alleviating psoriasis and contact dermatitis. Excerpt(s): Replacement of defective or severely injured tissues and organs has been a medical objective as long as medicine has been practiced. Grafts from an individual to himself almost invariably succeed, and are especially important in the treatment of burn patients. Likewise, grafts between two genetically identical individuals almost invariably succeed. However, grafts between two genetically dissimilar individuals would not succeed without immunosuppressive drug therapies. The major reason for their failure is a T cell mediated immune response to cell-surface antigens that distinguish donor from host. Immunosuppressive agents are also indicated in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or type I diabetes mellitus. One particular condition worth mentioning here is psoriasis. This disease is characterized by erythematous patches of skin accompanied by discomfort and itching. Hyperplasia of the epidermis involving proliferation of keratinocytes is also a hallmark feature of psoriasis. An inflammatory component is suggested by: (i) the finding of lymphocytic infiltration of epidermis, and (ii) the fact that immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin and corticosteriods have beneficial effect on the disease. A number of drugs are currently being used or investigated for their immunosuppressive properties. Among these drugs, the most commonly used immunosuppressant is cyclosporin A. However, usage of cyclosporin has numerous side effects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and other central nervous system disorders. Thus, there is presently a need to investigate new immunosuppressive agents that are less toxic but equally as effective as those currently available. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05489441__
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Phenyl acetylenic acetals Inventor(s): Friary; Richard J. (West Orange, NJ), Green; Michael J. (Skillman, NJ), Saksena; Anil K. (Upper Montclair, NJ), Seidl; Vera A. (Wayne, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 5,371,284 Date filed: July 23, 1993 Abstract: Phenyl acetylenic acetals and thioacetals and their use in the treatment of allergy, asthma, inflammation, arthritis, hyperproliferative skin disease, psoriasis or contact dermatitis are disclosed. Also disclosed are intermediates useful for producing said phenyl acetylenic acetals and thioacetals. Excerpt(s): Certain sulfidopeptide leukotrienes have been recognized as composing the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. During anaphylaxis these leukotrienes, which are potent bronchoconstrictive agents, are released by the tissues of the lung. These same leukotrienes play a role in allergic, inflammatory and other pathologic conditions. Various structurally diverse compounds such as oxarbazole, rotenone, nitrocoumarins, pyridoquinazoline carboxylic acids and imidosulfamides have been reported to possess leukotriene antagonist activity. EPO Application 85304967.4 was published on Jan. 22, 1986 which discloses similar compounds. m and n may be the same or different and each independently represents an integer from 0 to 5. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05371284__
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Poison ivy treatment composition and method of use Inventor(s): Stewart; Ulvert H. (10577 Daly Rd., Brooksville, FL 34601) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,686,074 Date filed: August 7, 1996 Abstract: A composition and method are described for the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. The composition includes linseed oil, an astringent such as alum powder, a starch such as cornstarch, an essential oil such as eucalyptus oil, and a citrus oil such as orange oil. The method includes applying the treatment composition to an affected area of skin, preferably once to twice per day. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for the treatment of skin rashes, and, more particularly, to compositions for the treatment of poison ivy and related kinds of allergic contact dermatitis. A poison ivy rash, which falls under the medical descriptor rhus dermatitis, is an allergic contact dermatitis caused by an exposure to plants of the genus Rhus (poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac). These plants contain urushiol, a potent skin-sensitizing agent. Several over-the-counter treatments are available to treat a poison ivy rash, including those containing calamine, which is a mixture of zinc oxide or zinc carbonate with a small amount of ferric oxide. Calamine is known to be an astringent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05686074__
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Prophylactic treatment of allergic contact dermatitis Inventor(s): Castellana; Frank S. (Princeton, NJ), Kydonieus; Agis (Kendall Park, NJ), Wille; John J. (Trenton, NJ) Assignee(s): E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 5,618,557 Date filed: November 22, 1994 Abstract: Methods and devices for preventing an adverse reaction of the skin to the presence of a skin-sensitizing agent by administering an effective amount of a potassium-sparing diuretic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and compositions for preventing adverse reactions of the skin in general to skin-sensitizing agents and especially adverse reactions occasioned by the cutaneous administration of a therapeutic agent for transdermal applications. Allergic reactions of the skin to various agents known as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), is an immune response that occurs in the skin. The response is the result of the penetration of the skin by a foreign substance (e.g. hapten or antigen) that provokes a skin sensitization reaction. ACD is a two phase process involving an initial induction phase followed by an elicitation phase. The induction phase occurs immediately after first time exposure of the skin to the hapten or antigen and is characterized by the formation of immune memory cells that can subsequently recognize the specific hapten or antigen which previously entered the skin for the first time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05618557__
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Suppression of eczematous dermatitis by calcium transport inhibition Inventor(s): Grant; Anhalt (Towson, MD), Wolfgang; Diezel (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): The Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 5,202,130 Date filed: August 31, 1989 Abstract: Treatment of an animal with calcium flux inhibitors results in a decrease in the number of epidermal Langerhans cells and a simultaneous decrease in the ability to respond to contact sensitizing agents. Also, topical application of calcium flux inhibitors will reduce inflammation in patients experiencing delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction or atopic eczema. Thus, calcium flux inhibitors represent a new class of therapeutic agents in the treatment of contact dermatitis and eczema. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns calcium flux inhibitors which represent a novel class of therapeutic agents in the treatment of contact dermatitis and eczema. Eczematous dermatitis is a characteristic inflammatory response of the skin due to both endogenous and exogenous factors. Eczematous dermatitis is sufficiently serious to account for the highest incidence of skin disease, being response for incalculable loss of time and productivity in industry. Approximately one-third of all patients in the United States seen by dermatologists have eczema. In particular, classic delayed-type hypersensitivity and allergic contact dermatitis represent common clinical problems. The potential contact sensitizing antigens to which humans are exposed are multitudinous and include drugs, dyes, plant oleo resins, preservatives, and metals. The five most common contact sensitizing agents encountered in clinical practice are Rhus species of plants
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(poison ivy, oak, or sumac), paraphenylenediamine, nickel compounds, rubber compounds, and the dichromates. They can lead to delayed hypersensitivity responses, which may represent significant medical problems. Thus a great deal of study has focused on pharmacological ways to modulate this type of immune response. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05202130__ •
Treatment of allergic contact dermatitis Inventor(s): Chung; Lip Y. (Cardiff, GB), Schmidt; Richard J. (Penarth, GB) Assignee(s): University College Cardiff Consultants Limited (Cardiff, GB) Patent Number: 5,578,300 Date filed: June 1, 1993 Abstract: A method of treatment of allergic contact dermatitis, which comprises treating a patient with a formulation capable of inducing oxidative stress and a heat shock response so as to convert the allergic reaction of the allergic contact dermatitis to an irritant reaction. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with a method of treatment of allergic contact dermatitis. Mild heat shock may be induced in skin as a result of the skin temperature rising to about 45.degree. C. and during conditions of oxidative stress and leads to induction of heat shock protein (or stress protein) formation. The heat shock response is regarded as a survival strategy which serves to protect living cells against temperature and other stresses. It is known that hydrogen peroxide is able to induce the heat shock response (Burdon R H, Gill V, & Rice Evans C. Active oxygen species and heat shock protein induction. In: Stress Proteins. Induction and function. pp. 19-25. Schlesinger M J, Santoro M G, & Garaci E (Eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990) and also to generate oxidative stress. It is also known that prostaglandins can induce heat shock protein formation (Santoro M G, Garaci E, & Amici C. Induction of HSP70 by prostaglandins. In: Stress Proteins. Induction and function. pp. 27-44. Schlesinger M J, Santoro M G, & Garaci E (Eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990). Oxidative stress is a perturbation of redox homeostasis in favor of higher levels of oxidizing species relative to reducing species and is essentially a shift in the thiol/disulfide status of tissue biochemistry in favor of higher levels of disulfides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05578300__
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Treatment of inflamed skin conditions including poison ivy and poison sumac, insect bites and acne Inventor(s): Crouthamel; Gary (Freeport, NY) Assignee(s): Total Leather Care, Inc. (Oceanside, NY) Patent Number: 5,049,580 Date filed: August 13, 1990 Abstract: Inflamed skin conditions caused by plants belonging to the same genus, namely, Toxicodendron and in particular, poison ivy or poison oak (T. radicans), poison sumac (T. vernix), insect bites and acne, all of which are characterized by the presence of an oily exudate of either external or bodily origin are treated by the topical applications of N-methylpyrrolidone to affected areas of the body. The N-
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methylpyrrolidone can be applied per se, or in a solution or dispersion thereof in one or more pharmacologically compatible carriers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the treatment of numerous skin inflammation diseases which are characterized, or have associated therewith, an oily exudate of either external or bodily origin. The method comprises topically treating the affected skin area with N-methylpyrrolidone, also known as N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone. Nmethylpyrrolidone is a known commercially available substance sold e.g., under the brand name M-Pyrol.RTM. (GAF Corporation). It is not considered, under the Federal Hazardous Substance Act to be a toxic substance. The discomfort of persons who have contacted poison ivy, oak or any of the poison sumacs is well known. Many topical treatment methods have heretofore been used, the most common method being treatment with calamine lotion or the like. However, to date, there has been no really satisfactory topical treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05049580__ •
Treatment of skin damage using olive oil polyphenols Inventor(s): Perricone; Nicholas V. (27 Coginchaug Ct., Guilford, CT 06437) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,437,004 Date filed: May 7, 2001 Abstract: Free radical-scavenging olive oil polyphenols are topically applied to treat skin damage, such as contact dermatitis (particularly diaper area dermatitis), atopic dermatitis, xerosis, eczema (including severe hand and foot eczema), rosacea, seborrhea, psoriasis, thermal and radiation burns, other types of skin inflammation, and aging. Typical compositions contain from about 0.25% to about 10% of a polyphenol preparation obtained from olive oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the topical application of free radical-scavenging olive oil phenols such as hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein for the treatment of acute and chronic skin damage. Therapies according to the invention are particularly efficacious for treating a variety of skin conditions including contact dermatitis (particularly diaper area dermatitis), atopic dermatitis, xerosis, eczema, rosacea, seborrhea, psoriasis, thermal and radiation burns, other types of skin inflammation, and the tissue degerative effects of aging. Skin inflammation and aging are closely related phenomena. So similar are the processes involved with both, that aging is sometimes described dermatologically as a chronic low grade inflammatory condition. In acute inflammation, there is typically a respiratory burst of neutrophil activity that initiates cascades that typically involve a change in the oxidation state of the cell. Acute inflammation is also characterized by mast cell degranulation wherein serotonin is produced, which acts as a signal transduction factor. Following that, excited oxygen species are generated, e.g., superoxide anion, and these damage the lipid-rich membranes and activate the chemical mediators of proinflammation and inflammation. Alteration in the redox state of the cell activates transcription factors such as NF.kappa.B as well as AP1, which then causes production of proinflammation mediators. These mediators, such as TF.alpha. and various interleukins, cause a burst of cytokines. Arachadonic acid is released, which is oxidized to biologically active mediators. When arachadonic acid is oxidized via the cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathways, for example, prostaglandins, leukotrines, and hyroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) are produced, which cause erythma, edema,
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and free radical production. Transcription factors such as NF.kappa.B and AP1 alter DNA expression in the cell and produce cytokines and proteinases such as collagenase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06437004__ •
Treatment of skin damage using polyenylphosphatidylcholine Inventor(s): Perricone; Nicholas V. (27 Coginchaug Ct., Guilford, CT 06437) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,191,121 Date filed: April 6, 2000 Abstract: Polyenylphosphatidylcholine is topically applied to treat skin damage, such as contact dermatitis (particularly diaper area dermatitis), atopic dermatitis, xerosis, eczema (including severe hand and foot eczema), rosacea, seborrhea, psoriasis, thermal and radiation burns, other types of skin inflammation, and aging. Typical compositions contain from about 0.25% to about 10% of a polyenylphosphatidylcholine preparation obtained from natural sources such as soybean oil which contains at least about 25% by weight, preferably about 40% or more, dilinoeoylphosphatidylcholine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the topical application of polyenylphosphatidyl choline for the treatment of acute and chronic skin damage. Therapies according to the invention are particularly efficacious for treating a variety of skin conditions including contact dermatitis (particularly diaper area dermatitis), atopic dermatitis, xerosis, eczema, rosacea, seborrhea, psoriasis, thermal and radiation burns, other types of skin inflammation, and the tissue degerative effects of aging. Skin inflammation and aging are closely related phenomena. So similar are the processes involved with both, that aging is sometimes described dermatologically as a chronic low grade inflammatory condition. In acute inflammation, there is typically a respiratory burst of neutrophil activity that initiates cascades that typically involve a change in the oxidation state of the cell. Acute inflammation is also characterized by mast cell degranulation wherein serotonin is produced, which acts as a signal transduction factor. Following that, excited oxygen species are generated, e.g., superoxide anion, and these damage the lipid-rich membranes and activate the chemical mediators of proinflammation and inflammation. Alteration in the redox state of the cell activates transcription factors such as NF.kappa.B as well as AP1, which then causes production of proinflammation mediators. These mediators, such as TF.alpha. and various interleukins, cause a burst of cytokines. Arachadonic acid is released, which is oxidized to biologically active mediators. When arachadonic acid is oxidized via the cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathways, for example, prostaglandins, leukotrines, and hyroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) are produced, which cause erythma, edema, and free radical production. Transcription factors such as NF.kappa.B and AP1 alter DNA expression in the cell and produce cytokines and proteinases such as collagenase. Similar metabolic events are observed in skin aging. Cell age is due in part to free radical damage, which takes place mostly within the cell membrane. The cell membrane is most susceptible to attack by free radicals because of its dense molecular structure largely comprising lipids and lipoproteins, which are easily oxidized by reactive oxygen species. In skin, reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, the superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as other free radicals, are generated in normal metabolism, as well as through ultraviolet sun exposure, other forms of radiation, other environmental factors such as pollution or exposure to chemicals in the home or workplace, and the like, active in the
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arachidonic acid cascade. As in inflammation, free radicals activate chemical mediators that produce prostaglandins and/or leukotrines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06191121__ •
Urushiol induced contact dermatitis and method of use Inventor(s): Yarbrough; William M. (Peoria, IL), Schroeter; Corey (East Peoria, IL) Assignee(s): The William M. Yarbrough Foundation (Peoria, IL) Patent Number: 6,423,746 Date filed: July 3, 1999 Abstract: A treatment for urushiol induced contact dermatitis is provided for in a topical treatment. According to the invention, a method is provided for applying a composition of substances to the effected area, working the composition into the effected area, and removing the composition from the effected area. The composition comprises at least one ethoxylate in combination with Sodium Lauryl Sarcosininate (or "SLS"). It is believed that this combination binds to the available urushiol receptors rendering it inactive. The affinity of the receptors for the ethoxylates also appears to cause a release of the urushiol from its epidermal bonds for bonding to the composition. An inert scrubbing agent, such as polyethylene beads, can also be included to assist in the release of the urushiol. Acetylated lanolin alcohol, sodium lauroyl sarconinate, EDTA, a foam stabilizer, and water can also be added to the composition without effecting performance. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to treatments for allergic dermatitis and, more particularly, to a treatment for Toxicodendron dermatitis, which results from contact with the Rhus oleoresin urushiol. Urushiol is the toxin responsible for the allergic dermatitis caused by contact with the sap of commonly encountered noxious plants such as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, and related plants found throughout the world. Urushiol or related chemicals are also found in the Anacardiaceae group, which includes, among others, the lacquer tree of Asia, mango tree, cashew shell oil, and in certain nut shells, such as the walnut. The American Academy of Dermatology estimates that there are up to 50 million cases of urushiol induced contact dermatitis annually in the United States alone. No one is sure of the number of world wide annual exposures but some experts estimate that the number could be double that of the United States. Accordingly, urushiol induced contact dermatitis is a world wide problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06423746__
Patent Applications on Contact Dermatitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to contact dermatitis:
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Diagnosis and treatment of inflammation and hyperactive immune conditions Inventor(s): Kumamoto, Tadashi; (Tsu, JP), Mizumoto, Norikatsu; (Irving, TX), Takashima, Akira; (Coppell, TX) Correspondence: Fulbright & Jaworski L.L.P.; A Registered Limited Liability Partnership; Suite 2400; 600 Congress Avenue; Austin; TX; 78701; US Patent Application Number: 20030087247 Date filed: February 12, 2002 Abstract: Ecto-NTPDase function on Langerhans cells is demonstrated to counteract the nucleotide inflammatory response caused by certain types of chemical irritants. The present invention takes advantage of this observation by, first, providing methods for screening of chemicals for irritant potential based on their ability to induce nucleotide release from keratinocytes. Second, methods are provided for the prevention and treatment of inflammation using NTPDase protein or gene therapy. And third, there also are provided methods for screening candidate compounds for NTPDase modulatory activity, thereby identifying possible pro- and anti-inflammatory agents. Additionally, the role of NTPDases and P2 receptors in hyperactive immune conditions such as autoimmune diseases and allergic reactions such as allergic contact dermatitis has been demonstrated. Therefore, the invention also provides methods for the prevention and treatment of hyperactive immune conditions by using NTPDase inhibitors and/or P2 receptor inhibitors. Further provided are methods for screening candidate compounds for modulatory activity of NTPDase-mediated immune conditions, thereby identifying other possible immunotherapeutic agents. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Applications Serial No. 60/273,212 filed Mar. 1, 2001 and 60/334,618 filed Nov. 1, 2001. The entire text of the above-referenced disclosures are specifically incorporated by reference herein without disclaimer. The government owns rights in the present invention pursuant to grant numbers R01 AR43777 from the National Institutes of Health. The present invention relates to the fields of cell biology and biochemistry generally, and more specifically to the use nucleotide release as a measure of inflammatory action of a chemical. In addition, the present invention relates to the prevention and treatment of inflammation using nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) activity, and includes protein-based and gene-based therapies. The invention also provides methods for screening candidate compounds for NTPDase modulatory activity. Furthermore, the invention provides methods for treating and/or preventing hyperactive immune disorders using NTPDase inhibitors or P2-receptor inhibitors. Methods for screening for modulators of NTPDase-mediated immune responses are also provided. Irritant contact dermatitis, the most frequent type of skin inflammation, results from contact with a substance that chemically damages the skin. As new chemicals are constantly being developed for use in many commercial products, including cosmetics, drugs, clothes, diapers, paints, soaps, shampoos, cleaning solutions, detergents, adhesives, food and food packaging, contraceptives, household cleaners, automobile interiors and parts, recycled paper, garden chemicals and other household products, cases of irritant contact dermatitis are on an exponential rise. Accidental, occupational or consumer-based exposure to such products can result in acute or chronic irritant contact dermatitis--the most common occupational health problem, and the most common skin disorder, in the United States. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Gel composition for the topical treatment of poison ivy and other forms of contact dermatitis Inventor(s): McCadden, Michael E.; (St. Louis, MO) Correspondence: Senniger Powers Leavitt And Roedel; One Metropolitan Square; 16th Floor; ST Louis; MO; 63102; US Patent Application Number: 20030077304 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: Composition for topical administration comprising (a) a corticosteroid, and (b) a drying agent. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from provisional application Serial No. 60/152,068, filed Sep. 2, 1999. The present invention relates to a composition for the treatment of rashes, dermatoses or skin eruptions, which are known to be treated topically to improve or favorably alter the disease condition. Such rashes, dermatoses or skin eruptions include acute, inflammatory reactions of the skin caused by an allergic or irritant reaction (such as that caused by poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac, or other forms of allergic or irritant contact dermatitis), other forms of eczema, lichen simplex chronicus, rashes, dermatoses or skin eruptions of a chronic nature (e.g. seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis) or caused by infection, irritation or aggravation of another condition such as occurs with acne, and other rashes, dermatoses or skin eruptions. Contact dermatitis may be produced by primary irritants or allergic sensitizes. Irritant contact dermatitis is a nonallergic reaction of the skin caused by exposure to irritating substances. Any person would react to an irritant if the concentration and duration of contact were sufficient. Most primary irritants are chemical substances, although physical and biologic (infectious) agents may produce the same reaction. Irritants account for 80% of occupational contact dermatitis and also cause the most frequent type of nonindustrial contact reaction. Allergic contact dermatitis is a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity and results from the exposure of sensitized individuals to contact allergens. Poison ivy and poison oak induce sensitization in more than 70% of the population, thereby causing allergic contact dermatitis (Arndt, Kenneth A., Manual of Dermatologic Therapeutics, 5.sup.th edition, 1995, Little, Brown and Co., page 49). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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METHODS OF USE OF COMPOUNDS WHICH INHIBIT THE STEM CELL SIGNALING PATHWAY Inventor(s): LONGLEY, B. JACK; (HAMDEN, CT) Correspondence: John P White; Cooper & Dunham Llp; 1185 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036 Patent Application Number: 20020123031 Date filed: December 29, 1999 Abstract: This invention provides a method of preventing or treating in a subject contact dermatitis which comprises administering to the subject an amount of a compound capable of inhibiting the stem cell factor signaling pathway effective to prevent or treat contact dermatitis so as to thereby prevent or treat contact dermatitis in the subject. This invention also provides a methods of preventing or treating in a subject
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hyperpigmentation, asthma, cutaneous inflammation, anaphylaxis and bronchospasm, mastocytosis, tumors which express activated kit, and conception. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/306,143, filed May 6, 1999, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference into this application. Throughout this application, various publications are referenced by arabic numerals within parentheses. Disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more full describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic citations for these references may be found immediately preceding the claims. The use of murine models to investigate human cutaneous oncology, immunology and keratinocyte biology is advantageous over the use of human skin for obvious reasons. However, substantial differences exist between human skin and murine skin. In human skin, Stem Cell Factor is produced by epidermal keratinocytes after birth, unlike in normal murine skin. The result of this, among other things, is that melanocytes are present in the interadnexal epidermis in human skin. In contrast, melanocytes in adult murine skin are generally confined to hair follicles, with the exception of rare epidermal melanocytes found in the ears, footpads, and tail (1). A few dermal melanocytes may also be found in mice, mostly in the ears. These differences have compromised the use of the mice as a model system for investigation of human cutaneous biology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Skin patch for use in contact immunotherapy Inventor(s): Hopp, Robert B.; (Richland, WA) Correspondence: Stephen R. May; 412 Broadmoor ST; Richland; WA; 99352; US Patent Application Number: 20010051182 Date filed: January 25, 2001 Abstract: A device, preferably in the form of a skin patch, is disclosed for usage in the delivery of a contactant to human skin for the purpose of treating medical conditions responsive to contact immunotherapy, without the presence of medication to alleviate contact dermatitis induced by the contactant. The skin patch specifically induces a cellmediated contact dermatitis in the treatment of skin disorders. Its anticipated use pertains to treatment of, for example, human papilloma virus infections, or warts. In a first embodiment, a pressure activated single chambered skin patch is topically applied and used for controlled release of contactant to human skin. In a second embodiment, a pressure activated two-chambered skin patch is topically applied and used for controlled release of a contactant to human skin. Alternatively, a single chambered skin patch is topically applied and hydrated by the contacted skin for release of contactant. In an additional embodiment, the contactant may be applied separately of the skin patch portion, in a manner that maintains the contactant in contact with the patient's skin for the predetermined period of time necessary to cause sufficient contact dermatitis to effect resolution of the medical condition. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation n-Part application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/095,700, which was a Continuation-In-Part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/717,108 which has now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,559. This disclosure pertains to a skin patch for delivery of an active contactant that induces a contact dermatitis for treatment of medical conditions responsive to contact immunotherapy. An example of the medical condition treated by the present
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invention is human papilloma viral infections, more commonly known as warts. While not limited in its specific medical application, the contactant delivery system described herein was developed as an effective means for treating human papilloma viral infections, or warts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Therapeutic composition for allergic dermatitis Inventor(s): Kosaka, Yasuo; (Matudo-city, JP), Mizushima, Yutaka; (Tokyo, JP), Satoh, Toshio; (Tokushima-city, JP) Correspondence: Price Heneveld Cooper Dewitt & Litton; 695 Kenmoor, S.E.; P O Box 2567; Grand Rapids; MI; 49501; US Patent Application Number: 20010001788 Date filed: December 22, 2000 Abstract: A therapeutic composition for allergic dermatitis or other allergic skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis. The composition contains an aqueous solution of a naturally occurring macromolecular substance which exhibits both antihistaminic activity and anti-allergic activity. Typically, the aqueous solution of a naturally occurring macromolecular substance is an aqueous solution of chitosan, preferably squid chitosan, having a neutral pH. A method for treating allergic dermatitis including applying the above composition to an affected portion of the subject is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a therapeutic composition for allergic dermatitis and other allergic skin disorders comprising a naturally occurring macromolecular substance. Recently, the incidence of allergic dermatitis, typically atopic dermatitis, has dramatically increased not only in infants but also in adults. Such allergic dermatitis has no single cause, and the causes are increasing in number due to antigen diversity and differences in immune responses of individuals. In particular, the incidence of atopic dermatitis, which is markedly affecting the quality of life (QOL) of children and youths, has been increasing steadily. Medical treatments that have been available for such atopic dermatitis and hay fever are summarized under the three headings below. While such ointments have been the first choice of medication used to properly treat these disorders, patients are becoming aware of strong side effects, such as tenderness of the skin and mucous membranes, and increasing numbers of people are abstaining from their use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Urushiol induced contact dermatitis solution Inventor(s): Yarbrough, William M.; (Peoria, IL) Correspondence: Robert L. Knechtel; 1105 Moraine Drive; Woodstock; IL; 60098; US Patent Application Number: 20020183284 Date filed: July 22, 2002 Abstract: A solution for urushiol induced contact dermatitis is provided for in a topical solution. According to the invention, a method is provided for applying a composition of substances to the affected area, working the composition into the affected area, and removing the composition from the affected area. The composition comprises at least
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one ethoxylate in combination with a supporting agent. It is believed that this combination binds to the available urushiol receptors rendering it inactive. The affinity of the receptors for the ethoxylates also appears to cause a release of the urushiol from its epidermal bonds for bonding to the composition. An inert scrubbing agent, such as polyethylene beads, can also be included to assist in the release of the urushiol. Acetylated lanolin alcohol, EDTA, a foam stabilizer, and water can also be added to the composition without effecting performance. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuing Prosecution Application (CIP type) of parent application Ser. No. 09/347,714. The present invention relates to solutions for allergic dermatitis and more particularly to a solution for Toxicodendron dermatitis, which results from contact with the Rhus oleoresin, urushiol. When located inside an unruptured plant, urushiol is a light, colorless oil. When exposed to oxygen, urushiol easily oxidizes and, after polymerizing, turns a blackish color. The slightest contact or even breeze easily damages the leaves. Therefore, it is rare to find a plant that does not have at least some ruptured leaves. Most people believe that poison ivy infection can only result from contact with the leaves of the plant. This is not true. Urushiol is found not only in the leaves but also vines and stem and root systems. The urushiol in the root system and vines is pure and is ten to 100 times more potent than that found in leaves. Accordingly, contact with cut or broken vines, or root systems will almost always result in a reaction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with contact dermatitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on contact dermatitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning contact dermatitis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CONTACT DERMATITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to contact dermatitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on contact dermatitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “contact dermatitis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “contact dermatitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “contact dermatitis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Ingredients Used in Topically Applied Pharmaceutical Products & Cosme by A. Dooms-Goossens; ISBN: 9061861470; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061861470/icongroupinterna
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Allergic contact dermatitis to simple chemicals: A molecular approach (Dermatology) by Gilles Dupuis; ISBN: 0824714687; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824714687/icongroupinterna
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Current Concepts in Contact Dermatitis (New Clinical Applications Series : Dermatology) by Julian L. Verbov; ISBN: 085200687X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085200687X/icongroupinterna
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Chapters on Contact Dermatitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to contact dermatitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and contact dermatitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on contact dermatitis: •
Oral Care for People with Latex Allergies Source: in Sutton, A.L. Dental Care and Oral Health Sourcebook. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. 2003. p. 417-421. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics. 615 Griswold Street, Detroit, MI 48226. (313) 961-1340. Fax: (313) 961-1383. E-mail:
[email protected]. www.omnigraphics.com. PRICE: $78.00; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 780806344. Summary: Since the late 1980s, there has been a significant increase in the number of allergic reactions to natural rubber latex. This chapter on oral care for people with latex allergies is from a book that provides information about dental care and oral health at all stages of life. Three types of reactions can occur with the use of natural rubber latex: irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, and latex allergy (an immediate hypersensitive response). Topics covered include latex allergies and dental procedures and the relationship between latex allergy and endodontic (root canal) procedures. 32 references.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CONTACT DERMATITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover contact dermatitis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on contact dermatitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to contact dermatitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for contact dermatitis: •
New Topical Drug Prevents Contact Dermatitis After Exposure To Poison Ivy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 14, 1995
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to contact dermatitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms).
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Academic Periodicals covering Contact Dermatitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to contact dermatitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering contact dermatitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for contact dermatitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with contact dermatitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).
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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to contact dermatitis: Anesthetics •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Almay Anti-itch Lotion; Americaine Topical Anesthetic First Aid Ointment; Americaine Topical Anesthetic Spray; Butesin Picrate; DermaFlex; Dermoplast; Lagol; Nupercainal Cream; Nupercainal Ointment; Pontocaine Cream; Pontocaine Ointment; Pramegel; Prax; Tronothane; Xylocaine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202042.html
Bentoquatam •
Topical - U.S. Brands: IvyBlock http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202901.html
Calamine •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Calamox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202748.html
Corticosteroids •
Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html
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Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Qvar; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html
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Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html
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Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P.; HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred; Ocu-Pred Forte; Ocu-PredA; Pred Forte; Pred Mild; Predair; Predair A; Predair Forte; Storz-Dexa; Ultra Pred http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html
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Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html
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Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectasol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
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Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 28655 170 643 3 814 30285
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on contact dermatitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to contact dermatitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to contact dermatitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “contact dermatitis”:
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Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Child Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsafety.html Dermatitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dermatitis.html Eczema http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eczema.html Herpes Simplex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herpessimplex.html Hives http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hives.html Osteoarthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html Safety Issues http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/safetyissues.html Shingles http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shingles.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Smallpox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smallpox.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to contact dermatitis, the following was listed: •
Diagnosis/Symptoms Skin Rashes and Other Changes Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/545.xml
•
Treatment Itching for a Little Relief? New Therapies Proving Effective for Millions of Adults and Children with Eczema Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/PressReleases/itchingRelief.html Poison Ivy: Treatment Options Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00539
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Children Atopic Eczema: Ditch the Itch! Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/atopiceczema.html Diaper Rash: Tips on Prevention and Treatment Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/051.xml Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/skin/eczema_atopic_dermatitis.html Pesky Poisonous Plants Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/plants.html
•
From the National Institutes of Health Atopic Dermatitis Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/dermatitis/index.html
•
Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/
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Pictures/Diagrams Slide Show: Types of Dermatitis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00543
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Research What's Eating You? New Research Finds Link between Diet and Contact Dermatitis Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/PressReleases/eating.html
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Statistics FASTATS: Dermatological Conditions Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/skin.htm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the
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exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on contact dermatitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
About Foot Care Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1994. 15 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373. (800) 628-7733. PRICE: $1; plus $3.75 shipping and handling. Order Number: 12294. Summary: This booklet reviews the importance of foot care. Written in easy-tounderstand language and illustrated with cartoon-like line drawings, the booklet addresses the anatomy of the feet; why foot care is important; common foot problems, including injured toenails, gout, bunions, corns, burning feet; ingrown toenails, calluses, foot cramps, foot strain, flat feet, athlete's foot, contact dermatitis, and plantar warts; foot problems as signs of more serious health problems; basic rules of foot care, including choosing and wearing proper footwear, practicing good foot hygiene, and exercising the feet by walking; and people who must take special care of their feet (people with diabetes, children, older people, and athletes). The section on people with diabetes includes suggestions for footcare. The booklet concludes with a brief section on podiatrists.
•
Discussion of Allergies Source: Los Angeles, CA: House Ear Institute. 1993. 16 p. Contact: Available from House Ear Institute. 2100 West Third Street, Fifth Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90057. Voice (800) 552-HEAR; (213) 483-4431; TTY (213) 484-2642; Fax (213) 483-8789. PRICE: $1.00 per booklet. Order Number BR-16. Summary: This brochure discusses allergies and their impact on the ears and hearing. The booklet begins with a brief outline of the anatomy of the ear and the general symptoms of allergy. Additional topics include allergy and the outer, middle, and inner ear; types of allergy, including inhalant allergy, food allergies, contact dermatitis (skin rash), and autoimmune hearing loss; antihistamines and non-specific treatment; the diagnosis of specific allergies, including skin testing for inhalant allergies, the RAST test, challenge tests for food allergies, and a blood test for autoimmune hearing loss; and treatment options for each type of allergy. 1 figure.
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Gynecologic Problems: Diseases of the Vulva Contact: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, PO Box 96920, Washington, DC, 20090-6920, (202) 638-5577, http://www.acog.com. Summary: This pamphlet describes the various types of diseases that can affect the vulva, the outer part of the female genital area. The pamphlet provides step-by-step instructions for self-examination of the vulva and outlines symptoms and treatment for the most common vulvar diseases including contact dermatitis, yeast infections, neoplasms, genital warts, herpes, vulvodynia, and Paget disease of the vulva. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to contact dermatitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to contact dermatitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with contact dermatitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about contact dermatitis. For more information,
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see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “contact dermatitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “contact dermatitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “contact dermatitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “contact dermatitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on contact dermatitis: •
Basic Guidelines for Contact Dermatitis Contact dermatitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000869.htm Over-treatment dermatitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000869.htm Poison ivy - oak - sumac Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002886.htm Poison ivy - oak - sumac injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000027.htm Poison ivy itchiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002127.htm
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Signs & Symptoms for Contact Dermatitis Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Bullae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003239.htm Coughing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Difficulty breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Itchiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Papule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003233.htm Patches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003231.htm Pruritus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Rashes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lesion or rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin redness or inflammation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm
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Vesicles Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Contact Dermatitis Allergy testing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003519.htm AST Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003472.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Skin lesion biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Skin or mucosal biopsy culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003762.htm
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Nutrition for Contact Dermatitis Bullae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003239.htm
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Background Topics for Contact Dermatitis Allergen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002229.htm Allergic reaction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Antigen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm Burn Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htm Condoms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004001.htm Detergents Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002777.htm Insecticide Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002832.htm Irritant Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002229.htm
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Nail polish Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002722.htm Perfumes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002715.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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CONTACT DERMATITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acrylamide: A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adduction: The rotation of an eye toward the midline (nasally). [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a
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synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH]
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Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin: Glycoprotein found in alpha(1)-globulin region in human serum. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antitrypsin: Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and other proteolytic enzymes. Commonly referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), it exists in over 30 different biochemical variant forms known collectively as the PI (protease inhibitor) system. Hereditary A1PI deficiency is associated with pulmonary emphysema. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH]
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Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another
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living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthraquinones: An anthracene ring which contains two ketone moieties in any position. Can be substituted in any position except on the ketone groups. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are
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split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiplasmin: A member of the serpin superfamily found in human plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots which are induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principal plasmin inactivator in blood, rapidly forming a very stable complex with plasmin. [NIH] Antipruritics: Agents, usually topical, that relieve itching (pruritus). [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Aspartame: Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU]
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Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH]
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Betaxolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity. [NIH]
Betaxolol Hydrochloride: Beta blocker. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the
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heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Breast Self-Examination: The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Bufexamac: An anti-inflammatory analgesic with antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally. [NIH] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in
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many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Camping: Living outdoors as a recreational activity. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH]
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Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cassia: Leguminous plants Cassia senna L. (or C. acutifolia) and C. angustifolia that contain anthraquinones which are used as laxatives. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The
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concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] C-kit receptor: A protein on the surface of some cells that binds to stem cell factor (a substance that causes certain types of cells to grow). Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and
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pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement 1: The first complement component to act in the cytolysis reaction. It is a trimolecular complex held together with Ca ions and, when activated, has esterase activity which initiates the next step in the sequence. [NIH] Complement 1 Inactivators: Compounds which inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate complement 1. A well-known inhibitor is a serum glycoprotein believed to be alpha-2-
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neuroaminoglycoprotein. It inhibits the activated (esterase) form of complement 1 as well as kinin-forming, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. Deficiency of this inactivator has been found in patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. These compounds are members of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]
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Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH]
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Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Dental Materials: Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc. [NIH] Dental Technicians: Individuals responsible for fabrication of dental appliances. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermatitis, Irritant: A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]
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Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or
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in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors. [NIH] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus
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becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said
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especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erysipelas: An acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
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Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feasibility Studies: Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and
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(2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Food Packaging: Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for processed and raw foods and beverages. It includes packaging intended to be used for storage and also used for preparation of foods such as microwave food containers versus cooking and eating utensils. Packaging materials may be intended for food contact or designated non-contact, for example, shipping containers. Food labeling is also available. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or
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suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fucose: Deoxysugar. [NIH] Fucosyltransferases: Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of fucose from a nucleoside diphosphate fucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid molecule. Elevated activity of some fucosyltransferases in human serum may serve as an indicator of malignancy. The class includes EC 2.4.1.65; EC 2.4.1.68; EC 2.4.1.69; EC 2.4.1.89. [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH]
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Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycyrrhizic Acid: A widely used anti-inflammatory agent isolated from the licorice root. It is metabolized to glycyrrhetic acid, which inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids. Therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, which is the main and sweet component of licorice, has been investigated for its ability to cause hypermineralocorticoidism with sodium retention and potassium loss, edema, increased blood pressure, as well as depression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. [NIH]
Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are
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different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]
Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan: A substance released by astrocytes, which is critical in stopping nervous fibers in their tracks. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Heparin-binding: Protein that stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Household Products: Substances or materials used in the course of housekeeping or personal routine. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hydra: A genus of freshwater cnidarians, of interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals. [NIH]
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH]
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Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the
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therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]
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In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incidental: 1. Small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. Accompanying, but not a major part of something; 3. (To something) Liable to occur because of something or in connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, .) [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH]
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Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Iodoacetamide: An alkylating sulfhydryl reagent. Its actions are similar to those of iodoacetate. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Jellyfish: Free swimming marine cnidarians. Most of the large jellyfish are in the class Scyphozoa; the small jellyfish are in the class Hydrozoa (hydra). [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2.
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Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Lanolin: A yellow fat obtained from sheep's wool. It is used as an emollient, cosmetic, and pharmaceutic aid. [NIH] Latex Allergy: Hypersensitivity to products containing processed natural rubber latex such as rubber gloves, condoms, catheters, dental dams, balloons, and sporting equipment. Both T-cell mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) and IgE antibody-mediated (immediate hypersensitivity) allergic responses are possible. Delayed hypersensitivity results from exposure to antioxidants present in the rubber; immediate hypersensitivity results from exposure to a latex protein. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Lichens: Any of a group of plants formed by a mutual combination of an alga and a fungus. [NIH]
Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Local Lymph Node Assay: The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is an alternative method for the identification of chemicals that have the ability to cause skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. Endpoints have been established so fewer animals are required and less painful procedures are used. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to
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humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mastocytosis: A group of diseases resulting from proliferation of mast cells. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH]
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Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]
Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methacrylates: Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group. [NIH] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH]
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Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1: A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for human monocytes and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by leukocytes of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by fibroblasts during tissue injury. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]
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Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurogenic Inflammation: Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
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Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH]
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Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthodontic Brackets: Small metal or ceramic attachments used to fasten an arch wire. These attachments are soldered or welded to an orthodontic band or cemented directly onto the teeth. Bowles brackets, edgewise brackets, multiphase brackets, ribbon arch brackets, twin-wire brackets, and universal brackets are all types of orthodontic brackets. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and
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the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Paronychia: Inflammation involving the folds of tissue surrounding the nail. Called also perionychia. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patch Tests: Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU]
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Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Periorbital: Situated around the orbit, or eye socket. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylephrine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH]
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Photoallergy: Sensitization of the skin to light usually due to the action of certain substances or drugs, may occur shortly after exposure to a substance or after a latent period of from days to months. [NIH] Photodermatitis: Dermatitis caused or elicited by exposure to ultraviolet light, may be phototoxic or photoallergic. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen Inactivators: Important modulators of the activity of plasminogen activators. Four inhibitors, all belonging to the serpin family of proteins, have been implicated in plasminogen activation inhibition. They are PAI-1, PAI-2, protease-nexin, and protein C inhibitor (PAI-3). All inhibit both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to
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the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]
Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the
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release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Procainamide: A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prone Position: The posture of an individual lying face down. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propolis: Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va
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and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]
Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-
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adrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme,
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and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU]
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Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]
Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]
Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seborrhea: Hypersecretion of sebum with excessive oily secretion from the sweat glands. [NIH]
Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Self-Examination: The inspection of one's own body, usually for signs of disease (e.g., breast self-examination, testicular self-examination). [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH]
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Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of endopeptidases containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis. EC 3.4.21. [NIH] Serine Proteinase Inhibitors: Exogenous or endogenous compounds which inhibit serine endopeptidases. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serpins: A family of serine proteinase inhibitors which are similar in amino acid sequence and mechanism of inhibition, but differ in their specificity toward proteolytic enzymes. This family includes alpha 1-antitrypsin, angiotensinogen, ovalbumin, antiplasmin, alpha 1antichymotrypsin, thyroxine-binding protein, complement 1 inactivators, antithrombin III, heparin cofactor II, plasminogen inactivators, gene Y protein, placental plasminogen activator inhibitor, and barley Z protein. Some members of the serpin family may be substrates rather than inhibitors of serine endopeptidases, and some serpins occur in plants where their function is not known. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell
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differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skin Aging: The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]
Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic mutations: Alterations in DNA that occur after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other
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diseases. [NIH] Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spongiosis: Oedema in the epidermis with separation of the prickle cells, and stretching and ultimate rupture of their prickles. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Stem Cell Factor: Hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the c-kit receptor CD117 (proto-oncogene protein C-kit). It is expressed during embryogenesis and provides a key signal in multiple aspects of mast-cell differentiation and function. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or
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tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of
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homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamphenicol: A methylsulfonyl analog of chloramphenicol. It is an antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent. [NIH] Thimerosal: A topical antiseptic used on skin and mucous membranes. It is also used as a preservative in pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and
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multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicodendron: A genus (formerly Rhus) of shrubs, vines, or trees that yields a highly allergenic oleoresin which causes a severe contact dermatitis. The most toxic species are Toxicodendron vernix (poison sumac), T. diversilobum (poison oak), and T. radicans (poison ivy). T. vernicifera yields a useful varnish from which certain enzymes (laccases) are obtained. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case
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of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Turpentine: The concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris Mill. (Pinaceae) and other species of Pinus. It contains a volatile oil, to which its properties are due, and to which form it is generally used. (Dorland, 28th ed) Turpentine is used as a solvent and an experimental irritant in biomedical research. Turpentine toxicity is of medical interest. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the
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deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation
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occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Vulvar Diseases: Diseases of the vulva. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
205
INDEX A Abdominal, 149, 186, 187 Abdominal Pain, 149, 187 Ablate, 11, 149 Acantholysis, 149, 186 Acceptor, 149, 171, 179, 185 Acetylcholine, 149, 160, 183 Acne, 98, 106, 111, 149, 155 Acrylamide, 25, 149 Acrylonitrile, 149, 194 Actin, 149, 183 Acute renal, 149, 173 Adduction, 6, 149 Adhesives, 110, 149 Adjuvant, 18, 149, 185 Adoptive Transfer, 5, 9, 12, 149 Adrenal Cortex, 149, 150, 163, 168, 175, 190, 193 Adrenergic, 149, 156, 166, 168, 181, 187, 192 Adverse Effect, 6, 7, 150, 195 Aerosol, 150, 198 Afferent, 9, 150 Affinity, 109, 114, 150, 155, 196 Aggravation, 98, 111, 150 Agonist, 150, 156, 181, 187 Albumin, 150, 185, 188 Aldosterone, 150, 172 Algorithms, 150, 156 Alkaline, 150, 152, 157 Alkaloid, 150, 158, 182, 191, 192, 199 Alleles, 12, 150, 180 Allergen, 4, 27, 30, 58, 59, 74, 147, 150, 165, 195 Allergic Rhinitis, 150, 157, 173 Allo, 6, 150 Allogeneic, 150, 173 Alopecia, 37, 151 Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin, 151, 195 Alpha 1-Antitrypsin, 151, 195 Alpha Particles, 151, 192 Alpha-helix, 151, 178 Alternative medicine, 118, 151 Alum, 104, 151 Aluminum, 151 Alveoli, 151, 164 Amebiasis, 151, 181 Amine, 151, 174
Amino Acid Sequence, 151, 153, 195 Amino Acids, 151, 152, 154, 158, 186, 189, 191, 195, 198, 200, 202 Aminophylline, 56, 151 Ammonia, 151, 152, 198, 201, 202 Anaesthesia, 152, 177 Anaesthetic, 22, 72, 152 Analgesic, 152, 157, 165, 175, 178, 182, 184, 192 Analog, 152, 199 Anaphylactic, 13, 97, 152 Anaphylatoxins, 152, 161 Anaphylaxis, 12, 104, 112, 152 Anaplasia, 152 Anatomical, 152, 167, 176 Androgens, 149, 152, 163 Anemia, 97, 152, 161 Anergy, 5, 152 Anesthesia, 39, 152, 190 Anesthetics, 96, 122, 152, 168 Angina, 152, 184 Angiotensinogen, 152, 192, 193, 195 Animal model, 5, 7, 9, 14, 152 Anions, 150, 152, 178, 195, 198 Antagonism, 19, 152, 166, 199 Anthraquinones, 153, 159 Antiallergic, 153, 163 Antibiotic, 54, 153, 186, 197, 199 Antibodies, 5, 6, 9, 15, 97, 153, 155, 173, 176, 188 Antibody, 16, 97, 150, 153, 161, 162, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182, 192, 195, 197 Anticholinergic, 153, 166 Anticoagulant, 153, 190 Antiemetic, 153, 165 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 153, 161 Antigen-presenting cell, 18, 153, 164 Antihistamine, 96, 153 Antihypertensive, 153, 174, 181 Anti-infective, 153, 175, 196 Anti-inflammatory, 9, 64, 100, 110, 153, 157, 163, 165, 172, 175, 178 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 110, 153, 163 Antimicrobial, 153, 165, 190, 199 Antimycotic, 153, 190 Antineoplastic, 153, 163 Antioxidant, 153, 185 Antiplasmin, 154, 195
206
Contact Dermatitis
Antipruritics, 96, 154 Antipyretic, 154, 157, 165, 178, 192 Antiseptic, 154, 199, 203 Antitussive, 154, 165, 184 Anus, 154, 178, 186 Apoptosis, 4, 5, 154 Aqueous, 96, 113, 154, 155, 164, 175 Arachidonic Acid, 109, 154, 179, 190 Arginine, 152, 154, 183 Arterial, 154, 158, 175, 184, 191 Arteries, 154, 157, 163, 199 Arterioles, 154, 157, 158 Artery, 17, 154, 156, 194 Articular, 154, 179, 185 Artifacts, 8, 154 Aspartame, 56, 154 Aspartic Acid, 154 Assay, 6, 10, 14, 154, 179, 192 Astringent, 104, 154, 203 Astrocytes, 155, 174 Atopic, 5, 9, 18, 20, 32, 38, 46, 56, 98, 105, 107, 108, 111, 113, 135, 155 Atopic Eczema, 105, 135, 155 Autoantibodies, 155 Autoantigens, 6, 155 Autoimmune disease, 103, 110, 155 Autologous, 15, 155 Autosuggestion, 155, 175 B Bacteria, 153, 155, 169, 173, 181, 192, 197, 200, 201, 202 Bacterial Infections, 155, 173, 193 Bacterium, 155, 173 Base, 10, 32, 102, 155, 178, 187 Basement Membrane, 155, 169, 179 Basophils, 97, 155, 173 Benign, 155, 183, 186 Benzoyl Peroxide, 76, 155 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 155, 177 Betaxolol, 25, 53, 156 Betaxolol Hydrochloride, 53, 156 Bile, 156, 179, 197 Binding Sites, 12, 156 Biochemical, 150, 151, 156, 170, 185, 195 Bioengineering, 40, 128, 156 Biological response modifier, 156, 177 Biological Transport, 156, 165 Biomarkers, 6, 156 Biopsy, 147, 156, 168 Biosynthesis, 154, 156, 195 Biotechnology, 21, 118, 129, 156 Bladder, 156, 183, 190, 202
Blastocyst, 156, 162, 188 Bleeding Time, 12, 156 Blister, 156, 186 Blood Coagulation, 12, 156, 157, 199 Blood Coagulation Factors, 156 Blood Platelets, 156, 189, 195 Blood pressure, 153, 156, 158, 172, 175, 196 Blood vessel, 16, 156, 157, 158, 160, 167, 169, 173, 180, 181, 186, 196, 199, 202 Body Fluids, 156, 157, 166, 196, 201 Bone Marrow, 8, 103, 157, 171, 176, 180 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 103, 157 Boron, 157, 163 Bradykinin, 157, 183, 188 Breast Self-Examination, 157, 194 Breeding, 12, 157 Bronchi, 157, 168, 199 Bronchial, 151, 157, 174, 199 Bronchitis, 157, 168 Bronchospasm, 112, 157 Buccal, 157, 180 Budesonide, 55, 157 Bufexamac, 23, 157 C Calcitonin, 9, 157 Calcium, 39, 105, 157, 158, 161, 196 Calcium Oxalate, 39, 158 Calculi, 158, 172 Callus, 158, 167, 178 Camping, 102, 158 Capillary, 156, 157, 158, 202 Capsaicin, 158 Capsicum, 80, 158 Captopril, 56, 158 Carbohydrate, 12, 158, 163, 171, 189 Carboxy, 158 Carboxylic Acids, 104, 158 Carcinogen, 158, 181, 182 Carcinogenic, 6, 158, 177, 190, 197 Carcinoma, 20, 158 Cardiac, 5, 158, 166, 168, 182, 185, 191, 197 Cardioselective, 156, 158 Cardiotonic, 158, 187 Cardiovascular, 158, 179, 195 Carotene, 158, 193 Carrier Proteins, 158, 188, 192 Case report, 27, 85, 159 Cassia, 83, 159, 195 Catheters, 159, 179 Caustic, 159, 196 Cell Adhesion, 16, 159 Cell Death, 154, 159, 183
207
Cell Differentiation, 159, 196, 197 Cell Division, 155, 159, 164, 182, 188, 194 Cell membrane, 108, 156, 158, 159, 164 Cell proliferation, 159, 178, 196 Cell Size, 159, 170 Central Nervous System, 103, 149, 159, 166, 179, 182, 195, 199 Cerebral, 13, 159, 168, 169 Cerebral Cortex, 159, 169 Cerebrum, 159 Chelating Agents, 75, 159 Chemokines, 12, 13, 47, 57, 159 Chemotactic Factors, 159, 161 Chemotherapy, 159, 160 Chlorophyll, 159, 160, 171 Cholesterol, 156, 160, 197 Choline, 108, 160 Chromatin, 154, 160, 180 Chromium, 55, 160 Chromosomal, 160, 194 Chromosome, 160, 173, 179, 180, 194, 201 Circulatory system, 97, 160 CIS, 160, 193 C-kit receptor, 160, 197 Clinical trial, 4, 129, 160, 182, 191, 192 Cloning, 9, 156, 160 Coagulation, 156, 160, 162, 173, 188 Cobalt, 24, 43, 160 Cochlea, 161, 177 Cochlear, 13, 161 Cofactor, 161, 183, 191, 195, 199 Collagen, 149, 155, 161, 169, 175, 189 Collagen disease, 161, 175 Collapse, 152, 161 Colloidal, 75, 96, 150, 161, 167, 187, 195, 198 Complement, 15, 97, 152, 161, 162, 171, 188, 195 Complement 1, 161, 195 Complement 1 Inactivators, 161, 195 Complement Activation, 15, 152, 162 Complementary and alternative medicine, 67, 93, 162 Complementary medicine, 67, 162 Computational Biology, 129, 162 Conception, 112, 162, 196 Concomitant, 38, 162 Condoms, 147, 162, 179 Cones, 162, 193 Congestion, 162, 164, 168 Conjugated, 162, 163 Conjunctivitis, 162, 173
Connective Tissue, 12, 157, 161, 162, 165, 180, 181, 191, 199 Connective Tissue Cells, 162 Constipation, 162, 187 Constriction, 162, 194 Continuum, 17, 162 Contraindications, ii, 162 Coordination, 159, 163 Cornea, 163, 172 Corneum, 18, 163, 168 Coronary, 17, 163, 184 Corrosion, 101, 163 Cortex, 163 Corticosteroid, 45, 98, 111, 163 Crossing-over, 163, 192 Curative, 163, 199 Curcumin, 72, 82, 163 Cyclic, 163, 173, 183, 199 Cysteine, 159, 163, 198 Cytochrome, 6, 163, 193 Cytochrome b, 163, 193 Cytogenetics, 164, 194 Cytokine, 5, 16, 19, 64, 164, 177 Cytoplasm, 154, 155, 159, 164, 167, 173, 180 Cytotoxic, 5, 151, 158, 164, 176, 196 D Deamination, 164, 202 Decarboxylation, 164, 174, 181 Decongestant, 164, 187 Decubitus, 164, 196 Decubitus Ulcer, 164, 196 Degenerative, 164, 185 Deletion, 12, 154, 164, 180 Dendrites, 164, 183 Dendritic, 5, 11, 14, 18, 38, 164, 181 Dendritic cell, 5, 11, 14, 18, 38, 164 Dental Care, 7, 116, 164 Dental Hygienists, 36, 164 Dental Materials, 7, 164 Dental Technicians, 27, 164 Dentists, 7, 164 Dentition, 17, 164 Depigmentation, 32, 53, 164, 202 Depolarization, 164, 196 Dermatitis, Irritant, 9, 164 Dermatologist, 60, 164 Dermatosis, 8, 165 Dermis, 165, 198, 200 Desensitization, 4, 165, 176 Detergents, 23, 110, 147, 165, 196 Deuterium, 165, 175
208
Contact Dermatitis
Diabetes Mellitus, 103, 165, 172, 173 Diagnostic procedure, 95, 118, 165 Diaper Rash, 102, 135, 165 Diarrhea, 151, 165, 168 Diclofenac, 52, 165 Diclofenac Sodium, 165 Diffusion, 9, 156, 165, 177 Digestion, 156, 165, 179, 197 Dilator, 165, 184 Dinitrochlorobenzene, 42, 165 Diphenhydramine, 100, 165 Diploid, 165, 188 Direct, iii, 6, 7, 14, 19, 30, 121, 165, 172, 174, 192 Dissociation, 150, 165 Distal, 166, 189 Diuretic, 105, 166 Dorsal, 166, 168 Doxepin, 56, 166 Dross, 166, 190 Drug Interactions, 123, 166 Drug Tolerance, 166, 200 Duct, 166, 186, 198 Dyes, 50, 87, 105, 155, 166, 170 E Eczema, 40, 43, 60, 82, 89, 98, 102, 105, 107, 108, 111, 134, 135, 166 Edema, 97, 98, 100, 107, 108, 162, 166, 172, 182 Effector, 5, 11, 12, 18, 31, 149, 161, 166 Effector cell, 5, 12, 166 Efferent, 9, 166 Efficacy, 5, 17, 31, 37, 166 Elasticity, 166, 196 Elastin, 161, 166, 169 Electrode, 13, 166 Electrolyte, 150, 163, 166, 182, 189, 196 Electrons, 154, 155, 167, 178, 185, 192 Electrophoresis, 149, 167 Embryo, 156, 159, 167, 177 Embryogenesis, 167, 197 Emollient, 32, 73, 167, 179, 184 Enamel, 167, 178 Endemic, 167, 197 Endogenous, 32, 105, 155, 156, 166, 167, 195, 200 Endothelial cell, 12, 16, 167, 174, 177, 199 Endothelium, 12, 59, 167, 183 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 167 Endothelium, Vascular, 167 Endothelium-derived, 167, 183 Endotoxins, 161, 167
Enhancers, 97, 167 Environmental Health, 26, 128, 130, 167 Enzymatic, 33, 158, 161, 167, 169, 174, 193 Enzyme, 6, 166, 167, 170, 171, 173, 178, 181, 183, 188, 190, 191, 192, 195, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203 Epidemic, 24, 167, 197 Epidermal, 8, 14, 20, 30, 97, 105, 109, 112, 114, 168, 178, 181 Epidermis, 6, 11, 14, 103, 112, 149, 156, 163, 165, 168, 174, 175, 178, 186, 191, 197 Epinephrine, 149, 168, 183, 184, 201 Epithelial, 156, 168, 179, 186 Epithelial Cells, 168, 179 Epithelium, 6, 155, 167, 168, 186 Erysipelas, 42, 168 Erythema, 30, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 58, 75, 76, 80, 87, 98, 168, 202 Erythema Multiforme, 30, 46, 75, 76, 168 Erythrocytes, 152, 157, 168, 192, 195 Estradiol, 19, 168 Eucalyptus, 104, 168 Excipient, 97, 168 Excisional, 12, 168 Excitability, 168, 191 Excitation, 168, 170, 183 Exhaustion, 153, 168 Exogenous, 13, 105, 158, 166, 167, 168, 195 Extensor, 168, 191, 202 Extracellular, 12, 155, 162, 169, 196 Extracellular Matrix, 12, 162, 169 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 12, 169 Extracellular Space, 169 Extraction, 6, 169 Exudate, 106, 107, 169, 184 Eye socket, 169, 187 F Facial, 33, 41, 64, 76, 169 Family Planning, 129, 169 Fat, 154, 157, 158, 163, 164, 169, 179, 194, 196 Fatty acids, 150, 158, 169, 190, 196, 199 Feasibility Studies, 20, 169 Feces, 162, 165, 169 Fibrin, 154, 156, 169, 187, 188, 199, 200 Fibrinolysis, 12, 169 Fibroblasts, 162, 169, 177, 182 Fibronectin, 33, 59, 169 Fissure, 7, 169 Fixation, 169, 195 Flatus, 170, 171 Flavoring Agents, 168, 170
209
Flow Cytometry, 10, 170 Fluorescence, 170 Fluorescent Dyes, 170 Fold, 19, 169, 170 Follicles, 170 Food Packaging, 110, 170 Foot Care, 136, 170 Fosinopril, 56, 170 Free Radicals, 108, 153, 165, 170 Fucose, 171 Fucosyltransferases, 16, 171 Fungicide, 22, 171 Fungistatic, 171, 197 Fungus, 171, 179 G Gas, 13, 101, 152, 165, 170, 171, 175, 182, 183, 184, 191, 193, 198 Gas exchange, 171, 193 Gastric, 171, 174 Gastrin, 171, 174 Gastrointestinal, 13, 97, 157, 168, 171, 179, 195, 198, 201 Gastrointestinal tract, 97, 171, 179, 195, 201 Gels, 9, 96, 171 Gene, 8, 9, 20, 110, 150, 156, 171, 178, 184, 194, 195 Gene Expression, 171 Gene Therapy, 20, 110, 171 Genetic Engineering, 156, 160, 171 Genital, 35, 98, 137, 172, 203 Genotype, 172, 187 Giardiasis, 172, 181 Gland, 149, 172, 180, 186, 188, 190, 194, 197, 198, 200 Glucocorticoid, 157, 172, 175 Glucose, 61, 160, 165, 172, 173, 194 Glucose Intolerance, 165, 172 Glucuronic Acid, 172, 174 Glycols, 172, 175 Glycoprotein, 151, 154, 161, 169, 171, 172, 179, 199 Glycosaminoglycan, 12, 172 Glycyrrhizic Acid, 70, 172 Gonad, 172 Gonadal, 17, 172, 197 Gout, 136, 172 Governing Board, 172, 189 Grade, 107, 108, 172 Graft, 6, 103, 173, 176 Graft Rejection, 6, 103, 173, 176 Granulocytes, 173, 196, 203
Granulocytopenia, 97, 173 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 173, 193 Guanylate Cyclase, 173, 183 H Hair follicles, 112, 165, 173, 203 Haploid, 173, 188 Haptens, 4, 6, 13, 150, 173, 192 Hay Fever, 113, 150, 173 Hemoglobin, 152, 159, 168, 173 Hemoglobin A, 159, 173 Hemoglobinopathies, 171, 173 Hemolytic, 97, 173 Hemorrhage, 173, 191 Hemostasis, 12, 173, 195 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan, 12, 174 Heparin, 12, 174, 189, 195 Heparin-binding, 12, 174 Hepatotoxicity, 103, 174 Heredity, 171, 174 Herpes, 88, 134, 137, 174 Herpes virus, 88, 174 Herpes Zoster, 174 Heterogeneity, 150, 174 Histamine, 88, 97, 100, 152, 153, 165, 166, 174 Histidine, 174 Histology, 8, 174 Homeostasis, 106, 174 Homogeneous, 162, 174 Homologous, 150, 163, 171, 174, 194, 195, 199 Hormonal, 17, 19, 163, 174 Hormone, 9, 17, 150, 157, 163, 168, 171, 174, 190, 193, 195, 200 Horny layer, 168, 174 Household Products, 110, 174 Housekeeping, 174 Humoral, 173, 174 Hydra, 174, 178 Hydralazine, 97, 174 Hydration, 149, 175 Hydrocortisone, 32, 175 Hydrogen, 106, 149, 151, 155, 158, 165, 169, 175, 179, 182, 183, 185, 191, 198 Hydrogen Peroxide, 106, 175, 179, 198 Hydrolysis, 175, 187, 189, 191 Hydrophilic, 165, 175 Hydrophobic, 165, 175 Hydroxides, 175 Hydroxyl Radical, 108, 175 Hygienic, 175, 196 Hyperpigmentation, 25, 81, 112, 175
210
Contact Dermatitis
Hyperplasia, 13, 103, 175 Hypersensitivity, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 32, 38, 48, 96, 97, 98, 105, 111, 150, 152, 164, 165, 175, 179, 186, 193, 195 Hypertension, 170, 175 Hypertrophy, 175 Hyperuricemia, 172, 175 Hypnotic, 165, 175 Hypoxic, 175, 181 I Iatrogenic, 42, 45, 175 Ibuprofen, 175, 178 Immersion, 8, 57, 176 Immune adjuvant, 151, 176 Immune system, 11, 153, 166, 176, 179, 180, 202, 203 Immunity, 11, 13, 16, 21, 165, 176 Immunization, 149, 176, 195 Immunogenic, 176, 192 Immunohistochemistry, 19, 176 Immunologic, 8, 14, 17, 37, 40, 149, 151, 160, 176, 185 Immunology, 31, 33, 42, 46, 53, 55, 58, 80, 97, 112, 149, 150, 170, 176 Immunosuppressant, 103, 176 Immunosuppression, 176 Immunosuppressive, 6, 103, 172, 176, 199 Immunosuppressive Agents, 103, 176 Immunosuppressive therapy, 6, 176 Immunotherapy, 112, 149, 165, 176 Impairment, 11, 176 Implantation, 162, 176 In situ, 18, 176 In vitro, 5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 75, 151, 171, 176, 177, 199 In vivo, 7, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 54, 151, 171, 174, 176, 177, 199 Incidental, 102, 177 Incision, 177, 178 Induction, 5, 41, 54, 105, 106, 152, 177 Infection, 39, 98, 111, 114, 151, 156, 160, 168, 172, 177, 180, 186, 193, 196, 198, 201, 202, 203 Infiltration, 19, 103, 177, 190 Infusion, 47, 177 Ingestion, 76, 177, 189 Initiation, 11, 15, 177, 200 Inner ear, 136, 177 Innervation, 166, 177 Insecticides, 177, 187 Interferon, 35, 177 Interferon-alpha, 177
Interleukin-8, 16, 177 Interleukins, 107, 108, 176, 178 Intestinal, 59, 158, 178 Intestines, 149, 169, 171, 178 Intracellular, 177, 178, 183, 189, 192, 195 Intramuscular, 22, 178 Intramuscular injection, 22, 178 Intravenous, 10, 177, 178 Intrinsic, 96, 150, 155, 178 Invasive, 6, 8, 176, 178 Iodoacetamide, 25, 178 Ions, 155, 159, 161, 165, 166, 175, 178, 182 Irritants, 10, 11, 14, 98, 110, 111, 164, 178 Isopropyl, 42, 178 Isozymes, 12, 178 J Jellyfish, 39, 178 K Kb, 128, 178 Keratin, 6, 40, 178, 194 Keratinocytes, 5, 14, 40, 88, 103, 110, 112, 177, 178 Keratosis, 102, 149, 178 Ketoprofen, 52, 178 Kinetic, 7, 178 L Labile, 161, 178 Labyrinth, 161, 177, 179, 194, 202 Laminin, 155, 169, 179 Lanolin, 109, 114, 179 Latex Allergy, 116, 179 Lenses, 8, 179 Lesion, 146, 147, 179 Leukemia, 171, 179 Leukotrienes, 97, 104, 154, 179 Lichens, 24, 179 Ligaments, 163, 179 Ligands, 5, 12, 179 Linkage, 9, 13, 179 Lipid, 107, 108, 160, 179, 185 Lipid Peroxidation, 179, 185 Liver, 64, 149, 150, 154, 156, 169, 172, 174, 179, 193, 201 Local Lymph Node Assay, 10, 14, 179 Localization, 176, 179 Localized, 41, 165, 170, 177, 179, 188, 194, 202 Locomotion, 179, 188 Loss of Heterozygosity, 8, 180 Lupus, 20, 180, 199 Lymph, 37, 87, 160, 167, 179, 180 Lymph node, 179, 180
211
Lymphadenopathy, 87, 180 Lymphatic, 167, 177, 180, 181, 199 Lymphatic system, 180, 199 Lymphocytes, 9, 14, 21, 153, 164, 176, 177, 180, 199, 203 Lymphocytic, 103, 180 Lymphoid, 16, 55, 153, 180 Lymphoma, 20, 180 M Macrophage, 16, 180 Malignancy, 171, 180, 186 Mastocytosis, 8, 112, 180 Mediate, 5, 15, 17, 96, 180 Mediator, 12, 16, 180, 189, 195 Medical Records, 180, 193 MEDLINE, 129, 180 Melanin, 164, 180, 181, 187, 201 Melanocytes, 20, 112, 175, 181 Melanoma, 20, 181, 201 Melanosomes, 181 Membrane, 108, 150, 155, 159, 161, 164, 168, 179, 181, 182, 185, 187, 192, 193, 196, 201 Memory, 5, 105, 181 Meninges, 159, 181 Mental, iv, 4, 128, 130, 159, 165, 181, 184 Mental Health, iv, 4, 128, 130, 181, 184 Menthol, 78, 181 Mercury, 22, 170, 181 Mesenchymal, 20, 181 Metabolic disorder, 172, 181 Metabolite, 170, 181, 190 Metastasis, 181 Methacrylates, 3, 29, 181 Methyldopa, 97, 181 Metronidazole, 33, 181 Microorganism, 161, 181, 186, 203 Microscopy, 46, 54, 149, 155, 181 Mineralocorticoids, 149, 163, 182 Mitosis, 154, 182 Modification, 12, 171, 182, 191 Molecular, 7, 19, 45, 99, 102, 108, 115, 129, 131, 154, 156, 162, 164, 172, 174, 182, 188, 189, 192, 194, 198, 200, 201 Molecular Structure, 108, 182, 201 Monoclonal, 16, 182 Monocyte, 33, 182 Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, 33, 182 Mononuclear, 38, 182 Morphine, 17, 19, 166, 182, 183, 184 Morphological, 167, 171, 181, 182
Motility, 182, 195 Mucosa, 180, 182 Multicenter study, 23, 86, 182 Muscle Fibers, 182, 183 Musculoskeletal System, 182, 185 Mustard Gas, 178, 182 Mydriatic, 182, 187 Myocarditis, 5, 182 Myocardium, 182 Myosin, 5, 183 N Narcotic, 182, 183 Necrosis, 154, 183 Neoplasm, 183, 186 Nervous System, 150, 159, 180, 183, 187, 198 Neural, 150, 174, 183 Neurogenic, 9, 183 Neurogenic Inflammation, 9, 183 Neuronal, 183 Neurons, 164, 183, 198 Neuropeptides, 9, 183 Neurotransmitter, 149, 154, 157, 174, 183, 184, 195, 198 Neutrons, 151, 183, 192 Neutrophil, 12, 107, 108, 151, 183 Nickel, 24, 32, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 46, 47, 55, 57, 58, 75, 101, 106, 183 Nitric Oxide, 17, 58, 183 Nitrogen, 101, 150, 151, 152, 169, 170, 184, 201 Nitroglycerin, 35, 184 Norepinephrine, 149, 181, 183, 184 Nuclear, 160, 167, 183, 184 Nuclei, 151, 167, 171, 182, 183, 184, 191 Nucleic acid, 184 Nucleus, 154, 155, 160, 163, 164, 165, 180, 182, 183, 184, 191 O Occupational Exposure, 6, 184 Occupational Health, 26, 51, 110, 184 Ointments, 96, 113, 184, 196, 203 Oncogene, 184, 197 Oncology, 112, 184 Opiate, 182, 184 Opium, 166, 182, 184 Opsin, 184, 193 Oral Health, 116, 184 Orbit, 169, 184, 185, 187 Orbital, 46, 185 Organelles, 164, 181, 185 Orthodontic Brackets, 7, 185
212
Contact Dermatitis
Orthopaedic, 25, 59, 185 Osmotic, 150, 185, 195 Osteoarthritis, 89, 134, 178, 185 Osteoclasts, 157, 185 Ovalbumin, 5, 185, 195 Ovary, 168, 172, 185 Oxalic Acid, 158, 185 Oxazolone, 12, 185 Oxidation, 107, 108, 149, 154, 163, 179, 185 Oxidative metabolism, 179, 185 Oxidative Stress, 106, 185 P Pacemaker, 31, 185 Palladium, 29, 51, 101, 185 Palliative, 186, 199 Pancreas, 149, 156, 186, 201 Papilloma, 112, 113, 186 Papillomavirus, 20, 186 Parasite, 13, 186, 201 Paresthesia, 34, 186 Paronychia, 50, 186 Patch, 4, 5, 8, 18, 29, 32, 33, 37, 45, 48, 51, 54, 55, 67, 75, 78, 81, 85, 86, 112, 186, 200 Patch Tests, 75, 186 Pathogen, 18, 186 Pathologic, 20, 104, 154, 156, 163, 175, 186, 191 Pathologic Processes, 154, 186 Pathophysiology, 8, 17, 186 Patient Education, 136, 140, 142, 148, 186 Patient Satisfaction, 18, 186 Pemphigus, 54, 87, 149, 186 Penicillin, 97, 153, 186 Peptide, 9, 157, 178, 186, 189, 190, 191 Perfusion, 36, 186 Perianal, 59, 86, 186 Pericardium, 187, 199 Periodontitis, 17, 187 Periorbital, 98, 187 Peripheral blood, 15, 38, 177, 187 Peripheral Nervous System, 181, 183, 187, 190, 198 Peritoneum, 187 Peritonitis, 12, 187 Peroxide, 25, 155, 187 Pesticides, 26, 177, 187 Petrolatum, 23, 187 Petroleum, 187 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 100, 187 Pharmacologic, 151, 152, 187, 200 Phenotype, 14, 15, 19, 187 Phenyl, 104, 187
Phenylalanine, 154, 187, 201 Phenylephrine, 28, 187 Phospholipases, 187, 196 Phosphorus, 157, 187 Phosphorylated, 8, 187 Phosphorylation, 8, 187 Photoallergy, 188 Photodermatitis, 9, 89, 188 Photosensitivity, 52, 79, 82, 188 Physiologic, 30, 150, 156, 188, 192 Physiology, 12, 46, 188 Pigment, 27, 164, 181, 188 Pigmentation, 175, 188 Pituitary Gland, 163, 188 Placenta, 168, 188, 190 Plant Oils, 184, 188 Plasma, 12, 13, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 167, 169, 172, 173, 182, 188, 192, 193, 195 Plasma cells, 153, 188 Plasma protein, 150, 167, 188, 195 Plasmin, 154, 188, 200 Plasminogen Inactivators, 188, 195 Platelet Activation, 188, 196 Platelet Aggregation, 152, 183, 189, 199 Platelet Factor 4, 177, 189 Platelets, 155, 183, 188, 189 Pleated, 178, 189 Pneumonia, 162, 189 Poisoning, 159, 181, 189 Polyethylene, 109, 114, 189 Polypeptide, 59, 151, 161, 188, 189, 203 Polysaccharide, 99, 153, 172, 189, 191 Postsynaptic, 189, 196 Potassium, 105, 150, 172, 182, 189, 191, 196 Potentiation, 189, 196 Practicability, 169, 189 Practice Guidelines, 130, 189 Precursor, 152, 154, 160, 166, 167, 184, 187, 189, 190, 201 Presynaptic, 166, 183, 189 Presynaptic Terminals, 166, 189 Prevalence, 23, 53, 54, 190 Procainamide, 97, 190 Procaine, 190 Prodrug, 170, 190 Progesterone, 190, 197 Progression, 152, 190 Progressive, 159, 166, 183, 185, 188, 190 Promoter, 11, 190 Prone, 39, 100, 190 Prone Position, 39, 190
213
Prophylaxis, 164, 190 Propolis, 75, 79, 84, 85, 87, 190 Prostaglandins, 97, 106, 107, 108, 154, 190 Prostaglandins A, 109, 190 Prostaglandins D, 190 Prostate, 156, 190, 201 Prosthesis, 27, 190 Protease, 151, 188, 190, 200 Protein C, 8, 12, 19, 37, 47, 50, 64, 150, 151, 178, 190, 202 Protein S, 156, 191 Proteins, 9, 18, 106, 151, 153, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 169, 178, 182, 184, 186, 188, 191, 192, 194, 195, 200 Proteoglycan, 12, 189, 191 Proteolytic, 151, 161, 188, 191, 195, 200 Protocol, 22, 191 Protons, 151, 175, 191, 192 Pruritic, 166, 191, 194 Pruritus, 98, 146, 154, 165, 191 Psoriasis, 9, 68, 79, 98, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111, 182, 191 Public Policy, 129, 191 Publishing, 3, 21, 191 Pulmonary, 151, 156, 179, 191, 193 Pulmonary Ventilation, 191, 193 Purpura, 97, 191 Pustular, 44, 51, 191 Q Quality of Life, 49, 113, 191 Quiescent, 191, 202 Quinidine, 97, 191 Quinine, 191, 192 R Radiation, 107, 108, 170, 171, 176, 181, 192, 201, 203 Radioactive, 10, 175, 176, 184, 192 Radioimmunoassay, 59, 155, 192 Randomized, 166, 192 Reactive Oxygen Species, 108, 192 Reagent, 165, 178, 185, 192 Receptor, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17, 19, 64, 110, 153, 160, 192, 195 Receptors, Serotonin, 192, 195 Recombination, 12, 171, 192 Rectum, 154, 170, 171, 190, 192 Red blood cells, 168, 173, 192, 194 Refer, 1, 157, 161, 170, 174, 179, 183, 192, 200 Regimen, 166, 192, 193 Renin, 152, 158, 172, 192 Renin-Angiotensin System, 158, 192
Respiratory Burst, 107, 108, 193 Respiratory System, 97, 193 Retina, 162, 193, 194 Retinal, 13, 193, 202 Retinol, 193 Retreatment, 87, 193 Retrospective, 59, 193 Retrospective study, 59, 193 Retroviral vector, 171, 193 Rheumatoid, 16, 103, 134, 161, 178, 193 Rheumatoid arthritis, 16, 103, 161, 178, 193 Rhinitis, 97, 193 Rhodopsin, 184, 193 Rigidity, 188, 193 Rodenticides, 187, 194 Rods, 193, 194 Rotenone, 104, 194 Rubber, 3, 23, 41, 46, 50, 79, 106, 116, 149, 179, 194 S Saline, 30, 194 Saponins, 194, 197 Satellite, 10, 194 Scabies, 48, 194 Scleroderma, 20, 194 Scleroproteins, 178, 194 Screening, 9, 10, 110, 160, 194 Sebaceous, 165, 178, 194, 203 Sebaceous gland, 165, 178, 194, 203 Seborrhea, 107, 108, 194 Sebum, 194 Secretion, 12, 163, 174, 178, 182, 194 Sedative, 165, 194 Segregation, 192, 194 Self-Examination, 137, 194 Semicircular canal, 177, 194 Senna, 159, 195 Sensitization, 4, 5, 11, 18, 43, 50, 68, 73, 81, 96, 98, 100, 105, 111, 165, 179, 188, 195 Sensor, 39, 195 Serine, 195, 200 Serine Endopeptidases, 195 Serine Proteinase Inhibitors, 195 Serotonin, 107, 108, 183, 192, 195, 201 Serous, 167, 195 Serpins, 12, 195 Serum, 6, 149, 150, 151, 152, 161, 162, 171, 182, 187, 192, 195 Serum Albumin, 6, 192, 195 Shock, 97, 106, 152, 175, 195
214
Contact Dermatitis
Side effect, 7, 102, 103, 113, 121, 150, 175, 195, 200 Signal Transduction, 107, 108, 195 Skeletal, 152, 191, 196 Skin Aging, 108, 196 Skin Care, 99, 196 Skin test, 136, 186, 196 Small intestine, 172, 174, 178, 196 Smallpox, 134, 196 Smooth muscle, 152, 157, 162, 174, 182, 184, 193, 196, 198 Soaps, 110, 196 Social Environment, 191, 196 Sodium, 23, 28, 36, 74, 87, 109, 150, 165, 172, 182, 191, 192, 196, 198 Soft tissue, 157, 196 Solvent, 99, 185, 196, 201 Soma, 196 Somatic, 8, 167, 174, 182, 187, 196 Somatic mutations, 8, 196 Sorbic Acid, 60, 197 Soybean Oil, 108, 197 Specialist, 138, 197 Species, 6, 37, 105, 106, 107, 108, 150, 158, 168, 182, 186, 191, 192, 197, 198, 200, 201, 203 Specificity, 5, 10, 18, 150, 195, 197 Spectrum, 163, 197 Sperm, 152, 160, 196, 197 Spinal cord, 155, 159, 160, 181, 183, 187, 197, 198 Spinous, 168, 178, 197 Spongiosis, 81, 197 Sporadic, 8, 197 Stabilizer, 109, 114, 197 Stem Cell Factor, 8, 111, 112, 160, 197 Steroid, 102, 194, 197 Stimulant, 174, 197 Stimulus, 166, 168, 177, 183, 197, 199 Stomach, 149, 171, 174, 178, 196, 197 Streptococcus, 168, 197 Stress, 106, 185, 193, 194, 197, 202 Styrene, 194, 198 Subacute, 177, 198 Subclinical, 41, 177, 198 Subcutaneous, 166, 198 Subspecies, 197, 198 Substance P, 181, 194, 198 Substrate, 101, 198 Suction, 58, 198 Sulfur, 169, 198 Superoxide, 37, 107, 108, 193, 198
Superoxide Dismutase, 37, 198 Suppression, 5, 9, 58, 105, 163, 198 Suspensions, 75, 198 Sweat, 165, 194, 198 Sweat Glands, 165, 194, 198 Sympathectomy, 39, 198 Sympathetic Nervous System, 198 Synaptic, 183, 196, 198 Synergistic, 99, 199 Synovial, 16, 199 Systemic, 6, 12, 13, 33, 47, 50, 56, 57, 59, 60, 69, 73, 76, 88, 97, 148, 152, 157, 161, 168, 177, 194, 199 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 97, 161, 199 T Tacrolimus, 57, 58, 199 Tea Tree Oil, 68, 70, 74, 75, 77, 91, 199 Tear Gases, 178, 199 Testicular, 194, 199 Testis, 168, 199 Theophylline, 151, 199 Therapeutics, 98, 111, 123, 199 Thermal, 107, 108, 165, 183, 199 Thiamphenicol, 33, 199 Thimerosal, 22, 199 Thoracic, 39, 199 Threshold, 6, 168, 175, 199 Thrombin, 169, 189, 190, 199 Thrombomodulin, 190, 199 Thromboxanes, 154, 199 Thymus, 16, 52, 176, 180, 199 Thyroid, 157, 200, 201 Thyroxine, 150, 187, 195, 200 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 12, 200 Tolerance, 4, 11, 22, 24, 172, 200 Tone, 101, 200 Tonus, 200 Toxic, iv, 8, 87, 96, 102, 103, 107, 176, 198, 200 Toxicity, 166, 181, 200, 201 Toxicodendron, 78, 96, 102, 106, 109, 114, 200 Toxicology, 28, 43, 70, 130, 200 Toxin, 11, 102, 109, 200 Trace element, 157, 160, 183, 200 Transcription Factors, 107, 108, 200 Transcutaneous, 67, 78, 200 Transdermal, 35, 105, 200 Transduction, 195, 200 Transfection, 156, 171, 201 Translating, 11, 201
215
Translational, 10, 201 Transmitter, 149, 155, 180, 181, 184, 201 Transplantation, 12, 176, 201 Trees, 168, 194, 200, 201 Trichomoniasis, 181, 201 Tricyclic, 166, 201 Tryptophan, 161, 195, 201 Tuberculosis, 180, 201 Tumor marker, 151, 156, 201 Tumor suppressor gene, 180, 201 Turpentine, 77, 201 Tyrosine, 8, 201 U Ultraviolet radiation, 196, 201 Unconscious, 152, 201 Univalent, 175, 185, 201 Urea, 78, 102, 198, 201, 202 Urease, 183, 202 Uric, 172, 175, 202 Urinary, 158, 200, 202 Urine, 156, 158, 165, 166, 185, 202 Urticaria, 28, 97, 152, 202 V Vaccine, 20, 28, 149, 151, 191, 202 Vagina, 202, 203 Vaginal, 202, 203 Vascular, 12, 15, 16, 59, 152, 165, 167, 177, 183, 188, 202 Vasodilatation, 97, 202 Vasodilator, 157, 174, 202
Vein, 178, 184, 194, 202 Venous, 155, 184, 191, 202 Venules, 157, 158, 167, 202 Vesicular, 59, 60, 155, 174, 196, 202 Vestibule, 161, 177, 194, 202 Veterinary Medicine, 129, 202 Viral, 113, 200, 202 Virus, 112, 167, 171, 177, 193, 196, 201, 202 Viscera, 196, 202 Visual Acuity, 179, 202 Vitiligo, 25, 202 Vitro, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 174, 202 Vivo, 8, 9, 13, 18, 203 Vulgaris, 52, 85, 87, 149, 203 Vulva, 27, 137, 203 Vulvar Diseases, 137, 203 W Wart, 74, 178, 203 White blood cell, 153, 173, 180, 182, 183, 188, 203 Wound Healing, 12, 203 X Xenograft, 20, 152, 203 X-ray, 46, 170, 184, 197, 203 Y Yeasts, 171, 187, 203 Z Zinc Oxide, 104, 203 Zygote, 162, 203 Zymogen, 190, 203
216
Contact Dermatitis
