Food Allergies - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

FOOD ALLERGIES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

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FOOD

ALLERGIES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Food Allergies: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83914-X 1. Food Allergies-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on food allergies. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FOOD ALLERGIES ...................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Food Allergies ............................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FOOD ALLERGIES ............................................................................ 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Finding Nutrition Studies on Food Allergies .............................................................................. 27 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FOOD ALLERGIES ...................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 35 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 41 General References ....................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FOOD ALLERGIES ........................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Dissertations on Food Allergies ................................................................................................... 47 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FOOD ALLERGIES................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patents on Food Allergies ............................................................................................................ 49 Patent Applications on Food Allergies......................................................................................... 54 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FOOD ALLERGIES ...................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 63 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 64 Chapters on Food Allergies .......................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON FOOD ALLERGIES ........................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 75 Bibliography: Multimedia on Food Allergies ............................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FOOD ALLERGIES ........................................................ 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 77 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 80 Academic Periodicals covering Food Allergies............................................................................. 81 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 85 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 87 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 91 Associations and Food Allergies ................................................................................................ 100 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 101 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 103

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Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 103 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 103 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 103 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 109 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 112 FOOD ALLERGIES DICTIONARY ........................................................................................... 113 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 149

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with food allergies is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about food allergies, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to food allergies, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on food allergies. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to food allergies, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on food allergies. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FOOD ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on food allergies.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and food allergies, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Immune Mechanisms of Food Allergy Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 14(6): 498-503. November 1998. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 227 East Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19106. (800) 638-3030. Summary: Food allergy occurs in 1.5 to 6 percent of the population. This review article on food allergy focuses on recent investigations concerning the diversity of pathophysiologic mechanisms, extraintestinal consequences of allergic responses, genetic advances, and diagnostic tools available to the clinician. The authors note that confirming the diagnosis of food allergic disorders is often difficult because of the lack of reliable, convenient testing, and the incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Rodent models have elucidated several mechanisms of mast cell-

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mediated responses and antigen transport. Although it had been suggested that certain allergic disorders have a genetic predisposition, investigators are now identifying genomic mutations associated with specific atopic conditions in humans. A novel endoscopic method may provide insight into diagnosis, as well as pathophysiology of allergic disorders. 1 table. 29 references (10 annotated). (AA-M). •

Food Allergy: Manifestations, Evaluation, and Management Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 93(2): 191-196, 201. February 1, 1993. Summary: For several reasons, food allergy may present a diagnostic challenge. Patients and physicians can blame a wide range of symptoms on certain foods. Food allergy and food intolerance are sometimes indistinguishable, and results of common diagnostic tests may be inconclusive. In this article, the authors describe the typical symptoms of food allergy, discuss evaluation and diagnosis, and examine appropriate preventive and treatment measures. One sidebar discusses the mechanisms of food allergy. The authors note foods most often implicated in allergic reactions include eggs, cow's milk, nuts, wheat, soy products, whitefish, and crustacea. Gastrointestinal, respiratory tract, and dermatologic symptoms, as well as systemic anaphylaxis, may develop. 1 table. 19 references. (AA-M).

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Role of Food Allergies in Behavioral, Developmental Delays Source: Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 5(9): 5. March 6, 1995. Summary: In this brief article, the author explores the role of food allergies in behavioral and/or developmental delays. The article reports the work of Dr. Richard Layton and Kelly Dorfman, a nutritional consultant, in this area. Topics covered include the possible connection between allergies and behavior disorders, autism, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD); diagnostic tests used to determine food allergies and sensitivities; children with autism and food allergies; the role of oral motor problems in dietary choice; taste deficiencies in children with developmental disorders; food cravings; interventions for children who test positively for allergies; gluten-and casein-free diets, including withdrawal problems when the diets are first introduced; the use of supplements for nutritional balance; and the need for additional research in these areas. The contact information for both researchers is included.

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Manifestations of Food Allergy: Evaluation and Management Source: American Family Physician. 59(2): 415-424. January 15, 1999. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This article focuses on the clinical manifestations of food allergy, defined as adverse immunologic reactions to food. Food allergy is usually mediated by IgE antibody directed to specific food proteins, but other immunologic mechanisms can also play a role. The primary target organs for food allergic reactions are the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory system. Both acute reactions (hives and anaphylaxis) and chronic disease (asthma, atopic dermatitis, and gastrointestinal disorders) may be caused or exacerbated by food allergy. The foods most commonly causing these reactions in children are milk, egg, peanuts, soy, wheat, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish; in adults, they are peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, and fish. The diagnosis of food

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allergy requires a careful search for possible causes, confirmation of the cause(s) with supporting tests, including specific tests for IgE (i.e., skin prick tests, radioallergosorbent tests) and, in some cases, oral food challenges. Treatment consists of elimination of the causal food(s) along with medical treatment, including the prompt self-administration of epinephrine in the event of a serious reaction. 1 figure. 3 tables. 40 references. (AAM). •

Food Allergies Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 28(3): 10-13. April 2001. Contact: Available from CSPI. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009. Fax (202) 265-4954. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cspinet.org. Summary: This article reviews food allergies and food intolerances. Food allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to certain proteins in food. Although more than 200 food ingredients can provoke an allergic reaction, the vast majority are caused by eight ingredients: nuts (like walnuts and almonds), peanuts (which are legumes), milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, soybeans, and wheat. Typical symptoms are nausea, hives, skin rash, nasal congestion, and wheezing. For most people with food allergies, allergic reactions to food are a temporary discomfort, but for many the result is anaphylactic shock, a quick reaction in which their throats may swell enough to cut off breathing. The author reviews the typical pattern of a study of 32 fatal reactions; all but two reactions were triggered by peanuts or nuts. Most of the victims were teenagers or young adults who had asthma, and most knew that they suffered from food allergies; 27 ate the food away from home, and only three were carrying emergency self injectable epinephrine. Most reactions to food are caused not by allergies but by intolerances, which are less severe. The author reviews intolerances to lactose (milk sugar), sulfites, monosodium glutamate (MSG), red wine, chocolate, and food colors. The article concludes with a discussion of four reminders regarding food allergies: offending foods may show up where they are not expected; trace amounts can trigger a reaction; foods can be contaminated with allergens; and labels do not have to disclose allergens in flavors. Appended to the article is a list of websites and resource organizations for readers wishing to obtain additional information. 1 figure. 6 references.

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When Your Food Bites Back: Food Allergies and Intolerances Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 16(4): 106, 108, 110, 112. July-August 1999. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article, written for people who have diabetes, describes food allergies and intolerances. The author notes that the obvious treatment for food allergies and sensitivities is to avoid the food in question. However, eliminating a food or entire group of foods from one's diet without making appropriate dietary substitutions can create nutrient or calorie imbalances or deficits. A food allergy, also known as a food hypersensitivity, is a reaction by the immune system to a substance that is generally regarded as harmless. Symptoms of a food allergy often involve the skin, respiratory system, and intestinal tract. A food intolerance, in comparison, does not involve the immune system. Food intolerance is generally described as a metabolic disorder in which the body has difficulty digesting or tolerating a certain food or food group. The physical symptoms of food intolerance usually involve the gastrointestinal tract and may include abdominal pain or diarrhea. There is no evidence to suggest that people with diabetes have a higher incidence of food allergy than the general population,

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although people with type 1 diabetes are at greater risk for developing an intolerance to gluten, a protein in wheat and other grains. The author reviews the diagnostic tests that may be used to confirm a food sensitivity or allergy, and offers basic strategies for coping with a food allergy. The author stresses that people with a food allergy should work with a nutrition professional to learn how to eat healthfully and avoid food allergens that cause symptoms. The article is appended with a list of resource organizations that can offer more information about food allergies, gluten intolerance, and related issues. •

Children and Food Allergies Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 7. January-February 2000. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This brief article reviews food allergies in infants and children. The author notes that milk and soy allergies are very common, and that eggs, wheat, peanuts, and tree nuts may also create problems for children. The associated allergic reactions can be very severe, even deadly. Though it may be possible to prevent allergic reactions, there is no known way to keep children from developing food allergies. The article concludes with a list of dietary precautions that may postpone the onset of allergy symptoms, thus preventing severe early deficiencies in growth and development. The suggestions include: avoid highly allergenic foods while breastfeeding a baby; plan to breast feed the baby for as long as possible, preferably for at least 1 year; do not give solid foods to the baby until he or she is at least 6 months old; when age appropriate, introduce solid foods one at a time, beginning with those least likely to trigger allergies (i.e., rice cereal and bananas); do not give the child milk or eggs until he or she is at least 1 year old; and do not give the child peanuts until she or he is at least 3 years old. One sidebar notes that the most common signs and symptoms seen in food allergic children, including flushing, nausea, hives, itching, abdominal pain, sneezing, diarrhea, and vomiting. The article refers readers to the resource link for the Food Allergy Network (www.foodallergy.org).

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Questions and Answers: Food Allergy and Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Elective Appendectomy During Abdominal Surgery Source: JAMA. Journal of American Medical Association. 265(13): 1736, 1738. April 3, 1991. Summary: This brief article, one of a regular series of questions and answers, addresses two issues of interest to digestive diseases professionals. The first exchange discusses the possible role of food allergy in triggering or exacerbating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The responding author discusses the difference between food allergy and IBS, mentions research support for this hypothesis, and concludes that food allergy as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of IBS is valid. The second exchange involves elective appendectomy during abdominal surgery. The responding author notes that there is little, if any, morbidity and that there is apparent benefit gained from incidental appendectomies, provided certain contraindications are taken into account. 7 references.

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Milk, Eggs and Peanuts: Food Allergies in Children Source: American Family Physician. 56(5): 1365-1374. October 1, 1997.

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Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: True food allergies are much less prevalent than is generally believed. They are more common in infants and children under age three than in older children and adults. This article reviews food allergies in children, focusing on the common allergies to milk, eggs, and peanuts. Infant colic generally is not caused by a food allergy. In infants, urticaria, eczema, or gastrointestinal bleeding may be due to foods such as milk and eggs, but clinical tolerance usually develops within a few years. Peanuts, tree nuts, seafood and seeds, as well as milk and eggs, can cause anaphylaxis in highly allergic children, and reexposure to such foods presents the risk of life-threatening reactions. Immediate-reacting allergy skin tests and in vitro IgE antibody tests can be used to screen for food allergy. Only food challenge, however, can confirm a reaction to a particular food. Management of food allergy, once the initial symptoms are confirmed, consists of avoidance of specific foods, sometimes for a lifetime. All children at risk for food anaphylaxis should be identified, and their parents or caretakers should be prepared to administer epinephrine before taking the child to the emergency room. 3 tables. 49 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Food Allergies The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to food allergies. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to food allergies. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore food allergies. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for food allergies: •

Project Title: ALLERGEN GENE VACCINATION IN MOUSE MODEL OF FOOD ALLERGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Horner, Anthony; Pediatrics; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: The applicant, Dr. Anthony Horner, is an assistant clinical professor of pediatrics at the University of California at San Diego. Dr. Horner trained in allergy and immunology at Boston Children's Hospital from 1991 - 1994, where he studied the CD40 ligand (CD40L) under Dr. Raif Geha. He came to UCSD in 1994 and until recently continued to work on CD40L. Drs. Eyal Raz and Dennis Carson are serving as mentors

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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for the applicant. Dr. Kim Barrett will serve as a consultant/collaborator. The applicant's goals for this project are (1) to acquire further laboratory skills in the area of molecular biology and the use of animal models of allergic disease, (2) to further develop his intellectual skills as a physician scientist, and (3) to create a center of excellence for the diagnosis and management of food allergies at UCSD. The applicant proposes to explore the potential of plasmid DNA (pDNA) immunization to inhibit and reverse Th2mediated allergic hypersensitivity to orally administered antigen. He will use an established mouse model of oral allergy and anaphylaxis to characterize protection against a Th2-mediated response by (1) intra-dermal allergen gene vaccination using pDNA encoding both allergen and immunostimulatory (IS) sequences and (2) intradermal co-injection of native protein plus single domain IS sequence-enriched pDNA. The applicant will then characterize the cellular components of the immune response to vaccination which are required for the development and maintenance of Th1-mediated immunity and the exclusion of Th2-mediated allergic hypersensitivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANIMAL MODEL OF COW MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Xiu-Min; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Cuny New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Cow mil (CM) is one of the major causes of food hypersensitivity in children. Cow milk allergy (CMA) is associated with a broad spectrum of IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity disorders. While the clinical features of IgEmediated CMA reactions are generally expressed as classic "immediate" reactions, the basic immunopathogenic mechanisms involved in IgE and cell-mediated systemic and gastrointestinal reactions are poorly understood. One of the major difficulties in studying CMA and other food allergies, is the lack of suitable animal models. A major barrier to the generation of food allergic mouse models is the early development of oral tolerance. We have recently developed a mouse model of IgE-mediated CMA utilizing intragastric (ig) sensitization and challenge of 3-week-old C3H/HeJ mice with whole CM by using the adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) to overcome oral tolerance. We will further characterize and validate this model of immediate hypersensitivity to CM. Because previous studies, including our own, suggest that age at first feeding may be a determining factor in sensitization to dietary proteins in mice as well as in humans, we will attempt to generate a "natural" non-adjuvant dependent mouse model of CMA by using neonatal mice sensitized with CM in the absence of CT. The use of our current model together with this "natural" model of CMH will allow us to accomplish the Specific Aims of this proposal. In parallel with Project #1, we will determine the IgEand IgG2-binding B-cell epitopes and T-cell epitopes of casein. We will use our models to investigate the mechanisms involved in the regulation and oral tolerance to both milk and a control soluble protein. Cytokine (Th1/Th2) expression and T cell phenotype (CD4+/CD8+) will be determined. We will also determine whether a lack of oral tolerance to CM is associated with altered intestinal permeability. This aim will be tightly linked to studies in Project #3. Moreover, in coordination with Project #2, we will determine the site of antigen entry in both cow milk allergic mice and their normal control littermates. The intracellular trafficking pattern as well as the kinetics of uptake will be assessed using electron and confocal microscopy. Accomplishing these goals will provide a basis for understanding basic mechanisms involved in CMA and for exploring novel therapeutic approaches to control CMA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF DIETARY GLYCEMIC INDEX IN ADHD Principal Investigator & Institution: Megerian, J Thomas.; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The objective of this study is to evaluate the hypothesis that, in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), behavior is modulated by the glycemic index (GI) of ingested foods. Symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity will improve when lower GI foods are ingested, and worsen when higher GI foods are taken. Background: The effects of diet on children's behavior in general, and the effects on children with ADHD in particular have been studied extensively. although multiple investigation into the effects of sucrose, food additives, and possible multiple food allergies have been performed, no consistent pattern of effect has been shown. The GI was first developed in the early 1980's as a more precise way of categorizing carbohydrate exchanges in the control of diabetes. As the GI was further developed and standardized, the impact not only of food content was emphasized, but also form, particle size, processing, and the nature of starch contained in the food. Recent research has demonstrated other physiologic effects after ingestng high GI foods. In additon to the direct glycemic effects, rapid and significant initial rises and subsequent falls in blood glucose levels to below baseline were seen, along with an accompanying rise in blood levels of growth horone and epinephrine. Immediate behavioral effects included an increase in appetite and food intake. Anectdotal evidence from the parents indicate that the low GI diet has had additional effects on their children's behavior. Most notably, parents reported that their children wer better able to pay attention, have done better in school and are in trouble less often. The relationship between GI and childhood behavior problems such ADHD has not been studied. The GI may provide the link betweeen diet and behavior that parents report, but has not been properly controlled for in previous studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMMUNOLOGIC HYPERSENSITVITIES

BASIS

OF

COW

MILK

INDUCED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Sampson, Hugh A.; Professor; Pediatrics; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: Cow milk allergy [CMA] affects 2.5% of infants in the first 2 years of life or about 100,000 new cases per year in the U.S. IgE-mediated mechanisms account for 60% of these milk allergic disorders, with the majority involving the skin, while the majority of non-IgE-mediated reactions involve the gastrointestinal tract. About 80% of infants "outgrow" their CMA [develop clinical tolerance] in the first 3 - 4 years of life, but 35% of children with IgE-mediated CMA develop other food allergies and 60% develop respiratory allergy. Over the past granting period, we have enrolled a large cohort of well-defined patients with CMAs, compared humoral and cellular responses in different patient groups, and identified unique allergenic epitope recognition in patients with persistent CMA. However, the underlying milk-induced immunopathology of these disorders and their subsequent resolution remain poorly understood. Utilizing primary intestinal epithelial cell lines from different patient groups with CMA and normal controls, no differences were found in antigen processing including trafficking, cathepsin expression and activity, antigenic peptides, or the capacity to stimulate CD4 + or CD8 + T cell proliferation. Murine models of IgE-mediated CMA and isolated gut

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loops were developed to dissect immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in CMA and the role of the normal absorptive epithelium (E loops) vs the M cells and associated Peyer's patches in (M loops) in the development of tolerance. The combined resources of this program project provide a unique opportunity to define the immunologic bases for four common forms of CMA. Building on the well-defined patient cohorts enrolled in the program, the first project will further investigate unique humoral and cellular mechanisms underlying these disorders and changes associated with the development of clinical tolerance. The second project will focus on the function of intestinal epithelial cell CD23 as a bi-directional transporter of IgE and its role in CMA. The third project will utilize a novel in vivo gut-loop model to dissect immunologic mechanisms associated with the induction of normal gut-associated tolerance and pathologic responses of CMA. The fourth project will further investigate pathogenic immunoregulatory responses in murine models of CMA and cow milk tolerance, and evaluate the use of"engineered" recombinant proteins [from information gleaned in Project #1 ] to reverse CMA in mice with milk-induced anaphylaxis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH PEANUT ANAPHYLAXIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Burks, Arvil W.; Professor; Arkansas Children's Hosp (Little Rock) 800 Marshall St Little Rock, Ar 72202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The applicant is a Professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. This grant application addresses the qualifications of the applicant, the mentoring plan, and the patient-oriented research plan as detailed below. This grant will be utilized t provide additional protected time to be used mentoring other individuals who are pursuing patient-oriented research and working with our Departmental Clinician Scientist mentoring program. Food allergy, an IgEmediated disease, is a significant health problem affecting 6-8% of children and 1% of adults. Peanut hypersensitivity is one of the most common and severe of the food allergies, and the only therapeutic option currently available is food avoidance. Peanuts and peanut products are used in many different processed foods, increasing the possibility of an inadvertent ingestion. Like any other allergic disease, the events that initiate and promote peanut hypersensitivity in a susceptible individual center around the response of T cells to peanut allergens The T-cell response is mediated through the T-cell receptor (TCR) which communicates with the nucleus via a complicated array of signaling pathways. It is believed that when the TCR is occupied by an allergen in susceptible individuals the signaling pathways lead to the activation of cytokine genes that promote the synthesis of IgE. Our hypothesis for this proposal is that the cascade of events that leads to T- cell activation and promotion of IgE production can be disrupted by modifying the allergen-receptor interaction. While conventional immunotherapeutic approaches have been successful for other types of allergic diseases, these approaches have not been safe or efficacious alternatives for the treatment of peanut hypersensitivity. Some problems with standard peptide immunotherapy in the treatment of peanut hypersensitivity include severe problems with standard peptide immunotherapy in the treatment of peanut hypersensitivity include severe anaphylactic reactions, lack of detailed information about the allergens, and insufficient information about the T-cell response to peanut allergens. We propose to utilize our extensive knowledge of the allergens involved in peanut hypersensitivity to design an immunotherapeutic approach that would lower the risk of anaphylactic reactions in patients with life threatening allergic reactions to peanuts.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMPACT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION & HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Fraker, Pamela J.; Professor; Federation of Amer Soc for Exper Biology Bethesda, Md 208143998 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a request for partial funding for a conference on "The Impact of Nutritional Status on Immune Function and Health" to be held in Saxons River, Vermont on July 5-10, 2003 under the auspices of FASEB. There is a dynamic link between immune status and nutritional status, the alteration of which affects the health of a substantial portion of Americans. Even modest deficits in nutrients can substantially alter cell and antibody mediated responses creating greater secondary infections and compromising health. Chronic diseases also alter nutritional status (e.g., AIDS, cancer, renal disease, GI disorders, alcoholism) that, in turn, affect immune defense. In the USA, overeating, high lipid diets and food allergies can heighten inflammatory responses. To take advantage of the resurgence of interest in nutritional-immunology, we will gather together pioneers in the field as well as new investigators to include basic scientists as well as clinicians to exchange ideas and form collaborations. Nutritional-immunologists have not had an opportunity to meet together in over a decade. We have also taken care to invite immunologists and specialists to emphasize the importance of identifying the mechanistic interactions of nutrients and cells of the immune system at the molecular level. There will be additional emphasis on developing interventions key to patient care. Session topics include (1) lectures on the fundamentals of T and B cell responses, inflammatory reactions, and gut immunology, (2) the role of cytokines and lipid mediators in regulation of inflammatory responses and metabolism, (3) nutrient modulation of molecular mechanisms involved regulation of cells of the immune system, (4) the impact of nutritional status on immune development and capacity especially in children, (5) the protective and deleterious impact of nutrients on immunosenescence, (6) the amplification of viral parasitic and bacterial infections by nutrients deficiencies, (7) reports from human trials on modifications of immune response and infections by nutrition, (8) impact of nutrients on neoplasma and autoimmunity, (9) modulation of inflammatory diseases by nutrients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for food allergies in the PubMed Central database: •

Food allergy. by Sheikh A, Walker S.; 2002 Dec 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137812

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with food allergies, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for food allergies (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

Aging, arthritis and food allergies: a research opportunity revisited. Author(s): Moment GB. Source: Growth. 1980 September; 44(3): 155-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7429283&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies to cross-reactive plant proteins. Latex-fruit syndrome is comparable with pollen-food allergy syndrome. Author(s): Yagami T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 August; 128(4): 271-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218365&dopt=Abstract

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Allergy to egg proteins. Food Allergy Committee of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Allergy. Author(s): Martorell Aragones A, Bone Calvo J, Garcia Ara MC, Nevot Falco S, Plaza Martin AM; Food Allergy Committee of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Allergy. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2001 March-April; 29(2): 72-95. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11420031&dopt=Abstract

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Alternatives in the diagnosis and treatment of food allergies. Author(s): King HC, King WP. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1998 February; 31(1): 141-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9530683&dopt=Abstract

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Aspects of nutritional management of food allergy. Author(s): Wahn U. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 75-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380905&dopt=Abstract

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Children with food allergy presenting as atopic dermatitis (AD) were compared with patients with food allergy and gastrointestinal symptoms. Author(s): Roehr CC, Reibel S, Niggemann B. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 April; 12(2): 112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338285&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of applied kinesiology muscle testing findings with serum immunoglobulin levels for food allergies. Author(s): Schmitt WH Jr, Leisman G. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1998 December; 96(3-4): 237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10069623&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of spice-specific IgE in patients with suspected food allergies. Author(s): van Toorenenbergen AW, Dieges PH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1987 January; 79(1): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2433321&dopt=Abstract

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Development of food allergies with special reference to cow's milk allergy. Author(s): Foucard T. Source: Pediatrics. 1985 January; 75(1 Pt 2): 177-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3880887&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosing food allergy: a test of patience. Author(s): Munoz-Lopez F. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2001 March-April; 29(2): 45-9. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11420025&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of food allergies. Author(s): Anderson JB, Lessof MH. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1983 June; 42(2): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6889311&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of food allergies and intolerances in the study of prophylaxis and control groups in infants. Author(s): Hamburger RN. Source: Ann Allergy. 1984 December; 53(6 Pt 2): 673-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6507956&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of food allergy: tests in vivo and in vitro. Author(s): Dreborg S. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 24-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380894&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of food allergy: the oral provocation test. Author(s): Muraro MA. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 31-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380895&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic approaches to the patient with suspected food allergies. Author(s): Burks AW, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 November; 121(5 Pt 2): S64-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1280298&dopt=Abstract

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Dietitians face the challenge of food allergies. Author(s): Beker L, Koerner CB. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 January; 100(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10671109&dopt=Abstract

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DNA-based vaccination for the treatment of food allergy. Author(s): Nguyen MD, Cinman N, Yen J, Horner AA. Source: Allergy. 2001; 56 Suppl 67: 127-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298029&dopt=Abstract

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First survey from the “Allergy Vigilance Network”: life-threatening food allergies in France. Author(s): Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, Parisot L. Source: Allerg Immunol (Paris). 2002 June; 34(6): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134641&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and bowel disease. Author(s): Walker-Smith JA. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1985; 78 Suppl 5: 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3973897&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and hypersensitivities. Author(s): Trevino RJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1988 January; 67(1): 42-4, 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3366086&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and kissing. Author(s): Hallett R, Haapanen LA, Teuber SS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 June 6; 346(23): 1833-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050352&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and label reading: a healthy relationship. Author(s): Bendelius J. Source: School Nurse News. 2002 May; 19(3): 24-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046165&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and migraine. Author(s): Stevenson DD, Dalessio DJ. Source: Lancet. 1979 July 14; 2(8133): 103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87954&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and migraine. Author(s): Hawkins C. Source: Lancet. 1979 May 26; 1(8126): 1137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=86853&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and migraine. Author(s): Grant EC. Source: Lancet. 1979 May 5; 1(8123): 966-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87628&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and other adverse reactions to foods. Author(s): Panush RS, Webster EM. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1985 May; 69(3): 533-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3892190&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and other food sensitivities. Author(s): Mermelstein NH. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1986 July-August; 53(4): 296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461019&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and sensitivities. Author(s): Taylor SL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1986 May; 86(5): 599-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3700921&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies associated with birch pollen: comparison of Allergodip and Pharmacia CAP for detection of specific IgE antibodies to birch pollen related foods. Author(s): Straumann F, Wuthrich B. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000 May-June; 10(3): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923587&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies can masquerade as throat cancers. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1969 October; 48(10): 589-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5394658&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies in children affect nutrient intake and growth. Author(s): Christie L, Hine RJ, Parker JG, Burks W. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 November; 102(11): 1648-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449289&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies in children. Author(s): Burks AW, Sampson H. Source: Curr Probl Pediatr. 1993 July; 23(6): 230-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8404010&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies in Spain: causal allergens and diagnostic strategies. Author(s): Martin Esteban M, Pascual CY. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1999; 18: 154-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093129&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies may cause sick feelings. Author(s): Crook WG. Source: Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. 1980 Summer; 43(3): 33-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7192409&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies, asthma, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Scahill L, deGraft-Johnson A. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing : Official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc. 1997 April-June; 10(2): 3640; Quiz 41-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9257632&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): O'Leary PF, Shanahan F. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2002 October; 4(5): 373-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12228039&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): Sampson HA, Metcalfe DD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 November 25; 268(20): 2840-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1433699&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): Zanussi C, Pastorello EA, Schilke ML, Stocchi L. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1988; (42): 101-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3060098&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): Parker C. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1980 February; 80(2): 262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6898386&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): Frankland AW. Source: R Soc Health J. 1970 September-October; 90(5): 243-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4925101&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): Mayer J. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1970 June; 47(6): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5419603&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Identification and prevention techniques. Author(s): Peters S. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1997 December; 5(12): 45-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9460019&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. What is meant by this expression? Is there an advantage in a marketing duty for allergic persons? Author(s): Steinhart H. Source: Die Nahrung. 2000 October; 44(5): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075369&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. When food becomes the enemy. Author(s): Formanek R Jr. Source: Fda Consumer. 2001 July-August; 35(4): 10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692877&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies: diagnosis and management. Author(s): Dickerson JW. Source: Prof Nurse. 1987 April; 2(7): 203-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3108899&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies: how common are they? Author(s): Wille J. Source: Iowa Med. 1993 December; 83(12): 447-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8300369&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies: immunological reactions to food. Author(s): Butkus SN, Mahan LK. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1986 May; 86(5): 601-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3517113&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies--keeping kids safe. Author(s): Putman H. Source: Rn. 2002 June; 65(6): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087596&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergy after pediatric organ transplantation with tacrolimus immunosuppression. Author(s): Nowak-Wegrzyn AH, Sicherer SH, Conover-Walker MK, Wood RA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 July; 108(1): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447402&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergy and atopic dermatitis in low birthweight infants during early childhood. Author(s): Hikino S, Nakayama H, Yamamoto J, Kinukawa N, Sakamoto M, Hara T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 August; 90(8): 850-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529529&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergy: immunology of the GI mucosa towards classification and understanding of GI hypersensitivities. Author(s): Sampson HA. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 7-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380890&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergy: what are the issues? Author(s): Kimber I, Dearman RJ. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2001 March 31; 120(1-3): 165-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323174&dopt=Abstract

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Food specific IgE antibodies: a comparative study of AlaSTAT and Pharmacia RAST Phadebas CAP systems in 49 patients with food allergies. Author(s): Moneret-Vautrin DA, Halpern GM, Brignon JJ, Nicolas JP, Kanny G. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 August; 71(2): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8346861&dopt=Abstract

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Gastrointestinal food allergies: do they exist? Author(s): Crowe SE. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2001 August; 3(4): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470005&dopt=Abstract

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Genotype of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism in children with immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy. Author(s): Gawronska-Szklarz B, Pawlik A, Czaja-Bulsa G, Gornik W, LuszawskaKutrzeba T, Wrzesniewska J. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001 May; 69(5): 372-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372006&dopt=Abstract

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GI manifestations of food allergy. Author(s): Dupont C. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 41-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380897&dopt=Abstract

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Human colonic anti-secretory activity of the potent NK(1) antagonist, SR140333: assessment of potential anti-diarrhoeal activity in food allergy and inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Moriarty D, Goldhill J, Selve N, O'Donoghue DP, Baird AW. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 August; 133(8): 1346-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11498521&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying food allergies in children. Author(s): Garvey J. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 January 21-27; 99(3): 45-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617013&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological approaches to the treatment of food allergy. Author(s): Sampson HA. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 91-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380908&dopt=Abstract

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Immunotherapy for food allergies. Past, present, future. Author(s): Lehrer SB, Wild LG, Bost KL, Sorensen RU. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 1999 Fall; 17(3): 361-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597372&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro diagnosis and mediator assays for food allergies. Author(s): Sampson HA. Source: Allergy Proc. 1993 July-August; 14(4): 259-61. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7693548&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro testing for immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergies. Author(s): Corey JP, Gungor A. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1996 October; 115(4): 312-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8861884&dopt=Abstract

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Increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and mucosal adhesion molecule alpha4beta7 integrin in small intestinal mucosa of adult patients with food allergy. Author(s): Veres G, Helin T, Arato A, Farkkila M, Kantele A, Suomalainen H, Savilahti E. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2001 June; 99(3): 353-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358431&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammation, food allergy and motility. Author(s): Troncone R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001; 32 Suppl 1: S8-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321425&dopt=Abstract

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International prevalences of reported food allergies and intolerances. Comparisons arising from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) 19911994. Author(s): Woods RK, Abramson M, Bailey M, Walters EH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 April; 55(4): 298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11360135&dopt=Abstract

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Is it food allergy? Differentiating the causes of adverse reactions to food. Author(s): Guarderas JC. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 April; 109(4): 125-7, 131-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317463&dopt=Abstract

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Late-onset atopic eczema and multiple food allergies after infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Barnetson RS, Hardie RA, Merrett TG. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 October 24; 283(6299): 10867. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6794770&dopt=Abstract

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Living with food allergies: not as easy as you might think. Author(s): Munoz-Furlong A. Source: Fda Consumer. 2001 July-August; 35(4): 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692890&dopt=Abstract

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Management of food allergies. Author(s): Fogg MI, Spergel JM. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 July; 4(7): 1025-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831331&dopt=Abstract

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•

Management of food allergies. Author(s): Bahna SL. Source: Ann Allergy. 1984 December; 53(6 Pt 2): 678-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6210000&dopt=Abstract

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Management of the student with food allergies in school. Author(s): Drake SL. Source: Nasnewsletter. 2001 September; 16(5): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11987715&dopt=Abstract

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Milk, eggs and peanuts: food allergies in children. Author(s): Anderson JA. Source: American Family Physician. 1997 October 1; 56(5): 1365-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9337759&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and food allergies: the dietitian's role. Author(s): Hubbard S. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 June; 90(6 Suppl 3): 115-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839125&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition, food allergies, and environmental toxins. Author(s): Crook WG. Source: Journal of Learning Disabilities. 1987 May; 20(5): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3598369&dopt=Abstract

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Particle size measurement in suspensions: Part 1--A laboratory method for exploring food allergies and sensitivities in illness. Author(s): Pasula MJ, Nowak J. Source: Am Clin Lab. 1999 May; 18(4): 16-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10539096&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric drug information: food allergies, food additives, and the Feingold diet. Author(s): Robinson LA. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1980 November-December; 6(6): 38-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6904961&dopt=Abstract

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Population study of food allergy in France. Author(s): Kanny G, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Flabbee J, Beaudouin E, Morisset M, Thevenin F. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 July; 108(1): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447395&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Practical strategy for the diagnosis of food allergies. Author(s): Rance F, Dutau G. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1997; 16: 228-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9443285&dopt=Abstract

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Preparing school personnel to assist students with life-threatening food allergies. Author(s): Hay GH, Harper TB 3rd, Courson FH. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1994 March; 64(3): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8196375&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of food allergies in young adults and their relationship to asthma, nasal allergies, and eczema. Author(s): Woods RK, Thien F, Raven J, Walters EH, Abramson M. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 February; 88(2): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868923&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing food allergies. Author(s): Cerrato PL. Source: Rn. 1992 October; 55(10): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1411150&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of food allergies. Author(s): Bellanti JA. Source: Ann Allergy. 1984 December; 53(6 Pt 2): 683-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6150664&dopt=Abstract

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Racially determined abnormal essential fatty acid and prostaglandin metabolism and food allergies linked to autoimmune, inflammatory, and psychiatric disorders among Coastal British Columbia Indians. Author(s): Bates CE. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1988 February; 25(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3357452&dopt=Abstract

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Recombinant allergens expressed in E. coli: benefits and drawbacks in the diagnosis of food allergies. Author(s): Vieths S, Karamloo F, Luttkopf D, Scheurer S, Foetisch K, May S, Muller U, Altmann F, Skov PS, Haustein D. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 1999; (93): 159-68; Discussion 169-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11487871&dopt=Abstract

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Food Allergies

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Risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome: role of food allergies. Author(s): Addolorato G, Capristo E, Ghittoni G, Ancona C, Gasbarrini G. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 August; 95(8): 2130-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950079&dopt=Abstract

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School readiness for children with food allergies. Author(s): Rhim GS, McMorris MS. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 February; 86(2): 172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11258686&dopt=Abstract

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School readiness for children with food allergies. Author(s): Frieri M. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 February; 86(2): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11258681&dopt=Abstract

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Seasonal variation in food allergy to apple. Author(s): Skamstrup Hansen K, Vieths S, Vestergaard H, Skov PS, Bindslev-Jensen C, Poulsen LK. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 May 25; 756(1-2): 19-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11419712&dopt=Abstract

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Severe food allergies by skin contact. Author(s): Tan BM, Sher MR, Good RA, Bahna SL. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 May; 86(5): 583-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379811&dopt=Abstract

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Should my client with a family history of food allergies avoid certain foods during pregnancy or lactation? Author(s): Marcason W. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 July; 102(7): 936. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12146554&dopt=Abstract

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Skin manifestations of food allergies. Author(s): Martin BL. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999 March; 99(3 Suppl): S15-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10217917&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Skin testing with natural foods in patients suspected of having food allergies: is it a necessity? Author(s): Rosen JP, Selcow JE, Mendelson LM, Grodofsky MP, Factor JM, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 June; 93(6): 1068-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8006311&dopt=Abstract

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The challenge of making the school environment safe for children with food allergies. Author(s): Gaudreau JM. Source: J Sch Nurs. 2000 April; 16(2): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11151543&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) in patients with food allergies. Author(s): Basomba A, Campos A, Villalmanzo IG, Pelaez A. Source: Acta Allergol. 1977; Suppl 13: 95-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=415503&dopt=Abstract

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The mother of all food allergies. Author(s): Putnam PE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 July; 143(1): 7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915815&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between problem behavior and food allergies: one family's story. Author(s): Fields M, Fields P. Source: J Autism Child Schizophr. 1976 March; 6(1): 75-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=946802&dopt=Abstract

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The role of the atopy patch test (APT) in diagnosis of food allergy in infants and children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Niggemann B. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 37-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380896&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual presentations of food allergy. Author(s): Bahna SL. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 April; 86(4): 414-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345284&dopt=Abstract

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Utility of food-specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic food allergy. Author(s): Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 May; 107(5): 891-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344358&dopt=Abstract

27

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FOOD ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and food allergies.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Food Allergies The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

28

Food Allergies

The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on food allergies: •

Food allergy basics: what clinicians should know. Author(s): American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, Milwaukee, WI Source: Atkins, F.M. Auld, E. Nutrition-and-the-M.D (USA). (April 1993). volume 19(4) page 1-3.

Additional consumer oriented references include: •

Alternatives in the diagnosis and treatment of food allergies. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA. Source: King, H C King, W P Otolaryngol-Clin-North-Am. 1998 February; 31(1): 141-56 0030-6665

•

Epidemiology of food allergy: with emphasis on the influence of maternal dietary restrictions during pregnancy and lactation on allergy in infancy. Source: Kjellman, N.I.M. Hattevig, G. Falth Magnusson, K. Bjorksten, B. Carnat-NutrEduc-Ser. New York : Raven Press. 1989. volume 1 page 105-114. 1049-4901

•

First survey from the “Allergy Vigilance Network”: life-threatening food allergies in France. Author(s): Service de Medecine Interne, Immunologie Clinique et Allergologie, Hopital Central 29, avenue de Lattre de Tassigny-54035 Nancy. Source: Moneret Vautrin, D A Kanny, G Parisot, L Allerg-Immunol-(Paris). 2002 June; 34(6): 194-8 0397-9148

•

Food allergies in Spain: causal allergens and diagnostic strategies. Author(s): Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario Infantil La Paz, Madrid, Spain. Source: Martin Esteban, M Pascual, C Y Pediatr-Pulmonol-Suppl. 1999; 18154-6 1054187X

•

Food allergy and the central nervous system in childhood. Source: Egger, J. Food allergy and intolerance / [edited by] Jonathan Brostoff, Stephen J. Challacombe. London : Bailli'ere Tindall, 1987. page 666-673. ISBN: 0702011568

•

Food allergy testing: problems in identification of allergenic foods. Source: Joneja, J.M. Can-j-diet-pract-res. Markham, ON : PG Communications, [1998-. Winter 1999. volume 60 (4) page 222-226. 1486-3847

•

Gastrointestinal aspects of food allergy: a review. Source: Hall, E.J. J-small-anim-pract. London : British Veterinary Association. March 1994. volume 35 (3) page 145-152. 0022-4510

•

Herbs that fight food allergies. Source: Moran, Volume Veg-Times. Mt. Morris, Ill. : Vegetarian Life & Times. October 1989. (146) page 58-60, 62, 64. 0164-8497

•

Living with food allergies. Source: Springen, K. Vegetarian-times (USA). (April 1994). (no. 200) page 98, 100-101. food allergies digestive disorders immunoglobulins families genetic inheritance diet 0164-8497

•

Mechanism and control of food allergy. Source: Hayakawa, K. Linko, Y.Y. Linko, P. Lebensm-Wiss-Technol. London : Academic Press. 1999. volume 32 (1) page 1-11. 0023-6438

Nutrition

29

•

Milk & food allergies. Source: Buss, David. Nutr-Food-Sci. London, Eng. : Forbes Publications. Sept/October 1983. (84) page 14-15. ill. 0034-6659

•

Retailers reap rewards with food allergy options. Source: O'Donnell, D. Inf-Text-Ser-Coll-Trop-Agric-Hum-Resour-Univ-Hawaii-CoopExt-Servolume Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service. April 1991. (039) page 35-36. 0271-9908

•

Some new food allergies have nonfood triggers. Source: Platzman, A.D. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. May 2000. volume 23 (5) page 1, 6. 0893-4452

•

The development of elimination diets for patients with food allergies. Source: Kishi, K. Inf-Text-Ser-Coll-Trop-Agric-Hum-Resour-Univ-Hawaii-Coop-ExtServolume Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service. April 1991. (039) page 23-24. 0271-9908

•

The role of natural color additives in food allergy. Source: Lucas, C.D. Hallagan, J.B. Taylor, S.L. Adv-food-nutr-res. San Diego : Academic Press, c1989-. 2001. volume 43 page 195-216. 1043-4526

•

Unfriendly foods: how great is the threat of food allergy? Source: McMann, M.C. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (March 1997). volume 20(3) page 1, 6. food allergies immune response testing diet symptoms 0893-4452

•

Unfriendly foods--how great is the threat of food allergy. Source: Forman, A. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. March 1997. volume 20 (3) page 1, 6. 0893-4452

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “food allergies” (or a synonym): •

The role of flavoring substances in food allergy and intolerance. Author(s): University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. Source: Taylor, S.L. Dormedy, E.S. Advances-in-food-and-nutrition-research (USA). (1998). volume 42 page 1-44.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Alternatives in the diagnosis and treatment of food allergies. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA. Source: King, H C King, W P Otolaryngol-Clin-North-Am. 1998 February; 31(1): 141-56 0030-6665

•

Epidemiology of food allergy: with emphasis on the influence of maternal dietary restrictions during pregnancy and lactation on allergy in infancy. Source: Kjellman, N.I.M. Hattevig, G. Falth Magnusson, K. Bjorksten, B. Carnat-NutrEduc-Ser. New York : Raven Press. 1989. volume 1 page 105-114. 1049-4901

•

First survey from the “Allergy Vigilance Network”: life-threatening food allergies in France. Author(s): Service de Medecine Interne, Immunologie Clinique et Allergologie, Hopital Central 29, avenue de Lattre de Tassigny-54035 Nancy. Source: Moneret Vautrin, D A Kanny, G Parisot, L Allerg-Immunol-(Paris). 2002 June; 34(6): 194-8 0397-9148

30

Food Allergies

•

Food allergies in Spain: causal allergens and diagnostic strategies. Author(s): Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario Infantil La Paz, Madrid, Spain. Source: Martin Esteban, M Pascual, C Y Pediatr-Pulmonol-Suppl. 1999; 18154-6 1054187X

•

Food allergy and the central nervous system in childhood. Source: Egger, J. Food allergy and intolerance / [edited by] Jonathan Brostoff, Stephen J. Challacombe. London : Bailli'ere Tindall, 1987. page 666-673. ISBN: 0702011568

•

Food allergy testing: problems in identification of allergenic foods. Source: Joneja, J.M. Can-j-diet-pract-res. Markham, ON : PG Communications, [1998-. Winter 1999. volume 60 (4) page 222-226. 1486-3847

•

Gastrointestinal aspects of food allergy: a review. Source: Hall, E.J. J-small-anim-pract. London : British Veterinary Association. March 1994. volume 35 (3) page 145-152. 0022-4510

•

Herbs that fight food allergies. Source: Moran, Volume Veg-Times. Mt. Morris, Ill. : Vegetarian Life & Times. October 1989. (146) page 58-60, 62, 64. 0164-8497

•

Living with food allergies. Source: Springen, K. Vegetarian-times (USA). (April 1994). (no. 200) page 98, 100-101. food allergies digestive disorders immunoglobulins families genetic inheritance diet 0164-8497

•

Mechanism and control of food allergy. Source: Hayakawa, K. Linko, Y.Y. Linko, P. Lebensm-Wiss-Technol. London : Academic Press. 1999. volume 32 (1) page 1-11. 0023-6438

•

Milk & food allergies. Source: Buss, David. Nutr-Food-Sci. London, Eng. : Forbes Publications. Sept/October 1983. (84) page 14-15. ill. 0034-6659

•

Retailers reap rewards with food allergy options. Source: O'Donnell, D. Inf-Text-Ser-Coll-Trop-Agric-Hum-Resour-Univ-Hawaii-CoopExt-Servolume Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service. April 1991. (039) page 35-36. 0271-9908

•

Some new food allergies have nonfood triggers. Source: Platzman, A.D. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. May 2000. volume 23 (5) page 1, 6. 0893-4452

•

The development of elimination diets for patients with food allergies. Source: Kishi, K. Inf-Text-Ser-Coll-Trop-Agric-Hum-Resour-Univ-Hawaii-Coop-ExtServolume Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service. April 1991. (039) page 23-24. 0271-9908

•

The role of natural color additives in food allergy. Source: Lucas, C.D. Hallagan, J.B. Taylor, S.L. Adv-food-nutr-res. San Diego : Academic Press, c1989-. 2001. volume 43 page 195-216. 1043-4526

•

Unfriendly foods: how great is the threat of food allergy? Source: McMann, M.C. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (March 1997). volume 20(3) page 1, 6. food allergies immune response testing diet symptoms 0893-4452

•

Unfriendly foods--how great is the threat of food allergy. Source: Forman, A. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. March 1997. volume 20 (3) page 1, 6. 0893-4452

Nutrition

31

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Food Allergies

The following is a specific Web list relating to food allergies; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Betaine Hydrochloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Betaine Hydrochloride Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Food and Diet Beef Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Corn-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Egg-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fasting Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapefruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juices Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Kiwi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kumquat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lemons Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Limes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mussels Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oranges Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oysters Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scallops Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tangerines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ugli Tangelo Fruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

33

35

CHAPTER 3. ALLERGIES

ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE

AND

FOOD

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to food allergies. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to food allergies and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to food allergies: •

“Food allergy in children: an attempt to improve the effects of the elimination diet with an immunomodulating agent (thymomodulin). A double-blind clinical trial”. Author(s): Cavagni G, Piscopo E, Rigoli E, Iuliano P, Bertolini P, Cazzola P. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1989; 11(1): 131-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2668397&dopt=Abstract

•

Adverse consequences arising from misdiagnosis of food allergy. Author(s): Robertson DA, Ayres RC, Smith CL, Wright R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 September 17; 297(6650): 719-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3147740&dopt=Abstract

•

Alternatives in the diagnosis and treatment of food allergies. Author(s): King HC, King WP.

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Food Allergies

Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1998 February; 31(1): 141-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9530683&dopt=Abstract •

Aspects of nutritional management of food allergy. Author(s): Wahn U. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 75-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380905&dopt=Abstract

•

Boletus edulis: a digestion-resistant allergen may be relevant for food allergy. Author(s): Helbling A, Bonadies N, Brander KA, Pichler WJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 May; 32(5): 771-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994104&dopt=Abstract

•

Brown Norway rat model of food allergy: effect of plant components on the development of oral sensitization. Author(s): Atkinson HA, Johnson IT, Gee JM, Grigoriadou F, Miller K. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1996 January; 34(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8603794&dopt=Abstract

•

Cholesterol precursors and plant sterols in children with food allergy. Author(s): Joki P, Suomalainen H, Jarvinen KM, Juntunen-Backman K, Gylling H, Miettinen TA, Antikainen M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 77(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499322&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical spectrum of food allergy in children in Australia and South-East Asia: identification and targets for treatment. Author(s): Hill DJ, Hosking CS, Heine RG. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1999 August; 31(4): 272-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10480758&dopt=Abstract

•

Correlation of applied kinesiology muscle testing findings with serum immunoglobulin levels for food allergies. Author(s): Schmitt WH Jr, Leisman G. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1998 December; 96(3-4): 237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10069623&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary aspects of food allergy prevention in infants and children. Author(s): Zeiger RS.

Alternative Medicine 37

Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2000; 30 Suppl: S77-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10634303&dopt=Abstract •

Dietary products used in infants for treatment and prevention of food allergy. Author(s): Salazar-de-Sousa J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2000 July; 83(1): 87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960334&dopt=Abstract

•

Experimental parameters differentially affect the humoral response of the choleratoxin-based murine model of food allergy. Author(s): Kroghsbo S, Christensen HR, Frokiaer H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 August; 131(4): 256-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915768&dopt=Abstract

•

Food allergies and migraine. Author(s): Grant EC. Source: Lancet. 1979 May 5; 1(8123): 966-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87628&dopt=Abstract

•

Food allergies in children affect nutrient intake and growth. Author(s): Christie L, Hine RJ, Parker JG, Burks W. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 November; 102(11): 1648-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449289&dopt=Abstract

•

Food allergies in children. Author(s): Burks AW, Sampson H. Source: Curr Probl Pediatr. 1993 July; 23(6): 230-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8404010&dopt=Abstract

•

Food allergies--leads from Ayurveda. Author(s): Arora D, Kumar M. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2003 February; 57(2): 57-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14514269&dopt=Abstract

•

Food allergy and IgE sensitization caused by spices: CICBAA data (based on 589 cases of food allergy). Author(s): Moneret-Vautrin DA, Morisset M, Lemerdy P, Croizier A, Kanny G. Source: Allerg Immunol (Paris). 2002 April; 34(4): 135-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078423&dopt=Abstract

38

Food Allergies

•

Food Allergy Herbal Formula-1 (FAHF-1) blocks peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a murine model. Author(s): Li XM, Zhang TF, Huang CK, Srivastava K, Teper AA, Zhang L, Schofield BH, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 October; 108(4): 639-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590394&dopt=Abstract

•

Food allergy in infants and children: clinical evaluation and management. Author(s): Levy Y, Kornbroth B, Ofer I, Garty BZ, Danon YL. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1994 December; 30(12): 873-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8002267&dopt=Abstract

•

Food allergy to green tea. Author(s): Shirai T, Hayakawa H, Akiyama J, Iwata M, Chida K, Nakamura H, Taniguchi M, Reshad K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 October; 112(4): 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14564370&dopt=Abstract

•

Food allergy to honey: pollen or bee products? Characterization of allergenic proteins in honey by means of immunoblotting. Author(s): Bauer L, Kohlich A, Hirschwehr R, Siemann U, Ebner H, Scheiner O, Kraft D, Ebner C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 January; 97(1 Pt 1): 65-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8568139&dopt=Abstract

•

Food allergy. Author(s): Pearl ER. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1997 May-June; 1(2): 154-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166623&dopt=Abstract

•

Food allergy. Manifestations, evaluation, and management. Author(s): Marks DR, Marks LM. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1993 February; 93(2): 191-6, 201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8433953&dopt=Abstract

•

Future approaches to food allergy. Author(s): Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 June; 111(6 Pt 3): 1672-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777608&dopt=Abstract

•

IgE-mediated food allergy--extensive review of the literature. Author(s): Ebo DG, Stevens WJ.

Alternative Medicine 39

Source: Acta Clin Belg. 2001 July-August; 56(4): 234-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603253&dopt=Abstract •

International prevalences of reported food allergies and intolerances. Comparisons arising from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) 19911994. Author(s): Woods RK, Abramson M, Bailey M, Walters EH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 April; 55(4): 298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11360135&dopt=Abstract

•

Labial food challenge in children with food allergy. Author(s): Rance F, Dutau G. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1997 February; 8(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9260218&dopt=Abstract

•

Management of food allergies. Author(s): Fogg MI, Spergel JM. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 July; 4(7): 1025-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831331&dopt=Abstract

•

Management of gastrointestinal food allergy in childhood. Author(s): Walker-Smith JA. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1998 January-February; 39(1): 12-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9553286&dopt=Abstract

•

New aspects of probiotics--a novel approach in the management of food allergy. Author(s): Kirjavainen PV, Apostolou E, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E. Source: Allergy. 1999 September; 54(9): 909-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10505453&dopt=Abstract

•

Nonvalidated food allergy tests. Author(s): Singh JN. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1990 April 15; 142(8): 799. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2322905&dopt=Abstract

•

Novel approaches for the treatment of food allergy. Author(s): Li XM, Sampson HA.

40

Food Allergies

Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 2(3): 273-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045426&dopt=Abstract •

Role of probiotics in the management of patients with food allergy. Author(s): Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 June; 90(6 Suppl 3): 99-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839122&dopt=Abstract

•

Skin manifestations and immunological parameters in childhood food allergy. Author(s): Oehling A, Fernandez M, Cordoba H, Sanz ML. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1997 May-June; 7(3): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9252873&dopt=Abstract

•

The atopic dog as a model of peanut and tree nut food allergy. Author(s): Teuber SS, Del Val G, Morigasaki S, Jung HR, Eisele PH, Frick OL, Buchanan BB. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 December; 110(6): 921-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464960&dopt=Abstract

•

The epidemiology of food allergy. Author(s): Bjorksten B. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 June; 1(3): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964693&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of hidden food allergy/intolerance in chronic disease. Author(s): Gaby AR. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 1998 April; 3(2): 90-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9577245&dopt=Abstract

•

Unproved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to food allergy and intolerance. Author(s): Teuber SS, Porch-Curren C. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 June; 3(3): 217-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840706&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of ass' milk in multiple food allergy. Author(s): Iacono G, Carroccio A, Cavataio F, Montalto G, Soresi M, Balsamo V.

Alternative Medicine 41

Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1992 February; 14(2): 17781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1593372&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to food allergies; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Acne Vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

42

Food Allergies

Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epilepsy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 43

Hay Fever Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leukoplakia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ménière's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

44

Food Allergies

Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vaginitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Alternative Therapy Holistic Referrals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html

•

Herbs and Supplements Bromelain Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digestive Enzymes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glutamine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lipase Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Proteolytic Enzymes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thymus Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 45

Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

47

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FOOD ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to food allergies. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “food allergies” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on food allergies, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Food Allergies ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to food allergies. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Descriptive Study of the Subjective Experience of Psychological Symptoms and Food Allergies by Bartek, Robert Paul, PhD from University of Pittsburgh, 1988, 307 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8815210

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

49

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FOOD ALLERGIES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “food allergies” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on food allergies, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Food Allergies By performing a patent search focusing on food allergies, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

50

Food Allergies

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on food allergies: •

Method and composition for treatment of food allergy Inventor(s): Burton; Albert F. (Comox, CA), Gislason; Stephen (Vancouver, CA) Assignee(s): The University of British Columbia (Vancouver, CA) Patent Number: 5,192,750 Date filed: January 28, 1992 Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the novel use of N-acetyl glucosamine to minimize or eliminate food intolerance or food allergy symptoms in human beings afflicted with these symptoms by maintaining the integrity and normal function of the gastrointestinal tract in such human beings. Food intolerance of some kind is very common in human beings. Food allergies are also common. The majority of human beings have an intolerance of certain constituents of foods. About 5 percent of the population have reactions to ingested substances which are sufficiently serious to require medical attention. These reactions can in some instances be life-threatening. For instance, in a widely publicized case, a bride with a chronic peanut allergy died in the United States in 1990 within minutes of consuming some wedding cake that had been baked with peanut oil as a pan grease. In recent years evidence has mounted that the basic cause of food intolerance is the absorption of substances which are normally excluded but which in susceptible individuals are absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract because of defects in the tissue which lines the digestive tract (Peters, T. F., Bjarnason, I., Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 1988, 2: 127-132; Olaison et al., Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1990, 25: 321-328; Hollander et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, 1986, 105: 883-885). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05192750__

•

Method for desensitizing the gastrointestinal tract from food allergies Inventor(s): Neesby; Torben E. (2842 E. Griffith, Fresno, CA 93726) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,721,716 Date filed: May 28, 1985 Abstract: There is disclosed a method for treatment of food allergies by desensitizing the gastrointestinal tract comprising the oral ingestion of a chemical composition wherein the composition comprises butyric acid or a salt thereof. It further may comprise B.sub.2 vitamin riboflavin, ethyl cellulose as a time release preparation, and salts of capric, caproic and caprylic acids. Excerpt(s): The field of the present invention relates generally to a method for treatment of food allergies in a human host having human food allergies and sensitivities by desensitizing the gastrointestinal tract and through this treatment, improved nutritional status and glandular and mental functions. Food allergies are an important cause of illness in both children and adults. Allergies, including food allergies, remain the leading chronic diseases in patients under seventeen years old. Symptoms commonly known to accompany food allergies include headaches, stomach aches, depression, wheezing, fatigue, irritability, hyperactivity, skin rashes, drowsiness, and circles under

Patents 51

the eyes. The incidence of allergy-related nutritional deficiencies is also significant due to the necessary avoidance of the offending foods. Traditional treatment methods include injections and sublingual droplets of dilute extracts of the allergens which may cause anaphylactic shock. Food allergy sufferers may also be instructed to avoid a particular food, often disguised in the prepared foods so prevalent today. These treatments presuppose identification of the offending food. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04721716__ •

Method of treating inflammatory conditions with progesterone analogs Inventor(s): Schreiber; Alan D. (Philadelphia, PA) Assignee(s): University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,610,674 Date filed: September 8, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for treating inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis, using progesterone or progesterone analogs such as medroxyprogesterone acetate. Excerpt(s): This invention provides methods for treating inflammatory conditions, including but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and proctitis), other noninfectious, inflammatory conditions of the GI tract (microscopic colitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergies, pill induced esophagitis, celiac disease, recurrent polyps, and hemorrhoids), and psoriasis using progesterone and progesterone analogs. Proctitis, inflammation of the rectum, is invariably present in UC and is sometimes present in CD. It may also occur independently from these diseases. Proctitis is another manifestation of IBD with pathology similar to UC. A patient presenting with proctitis may later develop fullblown UC or CD. Physicians and medical researchers have not been successful in identifying a cause for these diseases, although several theories have been postulated. The diseases may be caused by a pathogen or other antigen that initiates the inflammatory response in the bowel, accompanied by a defect in the ability to downregulate the immune response. Once initiated, many of the pathophysiological events in IBD are related to amplification of the inflammatory process. In response to antigens, cytokines and other inflammatory mediators are released. Some cytokines promote T cell activity. The inflammatory cascade continues with IL-2, helper T cells, B-cell proliferation, and antibody synthesis. Stimulated neutrophils and macrophages accumulate and further damage the tissue by releasing reactive oxygen species and other biologically active products. Additional acute inflammatory cells respond to the tissue damage, whether or not the primary initiating stimulus has ceased. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610674__

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•

Single blood test for detection of food allergy, candidiasis, microflora imbalance, intestinal barrier dysfunction and humoral immunodeficiencies Inventor(s): Vojdani; Aristo (Los Angeles, CA) Assignee(s): Immunosciences Lab, Inc. (Beverly Hills, CA) Patent Number: 6,103,480 Date filed: January 14, 1999 Abstract: A method for determining a cause for digestive and immune disorders is disclosed. The method determines the levels of antibodies against normal intestinal microflora and food antigens. It then compares the results to normal levels to determine the cause. The test can be used to diagnose food allergy or intolerance,microflora imbalance, gut barrier dysfunction, bacterial translocation, immunodeficiencies, candidiasis and autoimmunities. Excerpt(s): It is increasingly evident that human diseases are most often related to lifestyle, and should in theory be preventable. The stress of modem life, our reduced physical activity, and our consumption of manipulated and processed foods, and of chemicals--including pharmaceuticals--all contribute to our decreasing resistance to disease. Much evidence supports the fact that our genes, adapted during millions of years to the lifestyle of our prehistoric ancestors, tolerate poorly the dramatic changes in lifestyle that have occurred, especially in food habits during the past 100 years. Changes in food habits in Western countries that no doubt constitute stresses to the human body and that may predispose to inflammatory, infectious, ulcerative, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases include the following: the consumption of 100 lb refined sugar per individual per year; the 10-fold increase in sodium consumption; the fourfold increase in consumption of saturated fat; the doubled consumption of cholesterol; a much reduced consumption of vegetable fibres, and of minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, and chromium; and a considerable reduction in consumption of omega-3 fats, membrane lipids, vitamins, and antioxidants. In severe disease, important food ingredients, such as arginine, glutamine, taurine, nucleic acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, such as glutathione, are often not supplied in large enough quantities. Perhaps even more important than the decrease in these food ingredients, is the fact that prehistoric food contained several thousand times more bacteria, mainly the so called probiotic bacteria. Prehistoric methods of food preservation were either drying, or, more commonly, storing in holes dug into the ground, where the food became naturally fermented. This is how Stone Age man learned to produce most of our still common fermented foods, such as beer, wine, green olives, and sauerkraut. Our modern lifestyle has dramatically reduced the availability of foods produced by natural fermentation. After the early identification of microbes, bacteria were regarded mainly as a source of disease, and unwanted in commercially manufactured food. Furthermore, the desire of the food industry to prolong shelf life promoted alternative production methods such as the use of enzymes instead of live bacteria. Combined with extensive hygiene measures practiced during delivery and in childcare, children in Western societies may have difficulty developing a satisfactory protective indigenous gut flora. It is not known, but suspected, that this could be connected to the increasing incidence of allergy, and infections seen among Western children. A series of studies were published about an ethnic group in New Guinea with a dramatically different diet to that of people in the Western world. This diet contained no processed foods like butter, margarine, lard, oils, refined sugar, or alcohol. Instead, the group's diet was rich in fibre, water, vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fats such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Despite the fact that about 80% of the population smokes and has a heavy

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consumption of saturated fat from coconut, cerebrocardiovascular diseases are virtually absent and the incidence of diabetes and cancer is very low. The condition and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are essential to our well being. After the respiratory tract, the GI tract constitutes the second largest body surface area, described to be somewhere between 250 and 400 m.sup.2, or comparable in size to a tennis court. During a normal lifetime 60 tons of food pass through this canal, which is important for well being, but also constitutes an enormous threat to the integrity of the digestive tract and the whole body. It is not surprising, therefore, that this organ is often affected by inflammatory diseases and cancer. The continuous challenges to the GI surfaces might be why most of the surface cells have a rapid turnover; most are replaced after three to four days in man and sometimes earlier in animals. Furthermore, the surface is protected by large quantities of important secretions, from saliva in the oral cavity to colonic secretion in the large bowel. These secretions contain factors of great importance for the lubrication of the mucosa and for functions of the GI tract, but also hundreds of ingredients of importance for intraluminal microbial defense. The secretory functions are extremely sensitive to foreign chemicals. About 50% of the 2000 pharmaceutical drugs registered in Sweden have reported GI side effects, for example, mouth dryness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. It is hoped that future medicine will be more restrictive in the use of pharmaceuticals in general, and will use drugs with as few side effects as possible. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06103480__ •

TH2-specific gene Inventor(s): Gu; Wei (Brookline, MA), Lehar; Sophie (Boston, MA), Levinson; Doug (Sherborn, MA) Assignee(s): Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 6,190,909 Date filed: June 25, 1997 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the discovery, identification and characterization of nucleic acids that encode a novel protein differentially expressed within the TH2 cell subpopulation (hereinafter referred to as STIF). The invention encompasses STIF nucleotides, host cell expression systems, STIF proteins, fusion proteins, polypeptides and peptides, antibodies to the STIF protein, transgenic animals that express a STIF transgene, or recombinant knock-out animals that do not express the STIF protein, and compounds that modulate STIF gene expression or STIF activity that can be used for diagnosis, drug screening, clinical trial monitoring, and/or used to treat STIF based disorders, such as proliferative disorders and T-lymphocyte-related disorders including, but not limited to, chronic inflammatory diseases and disorders, such as Crohn's disease, reactive arthritis, including Lyme disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, organ-specific autoimmunity, including multiple sclerosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Grave's disease, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, graft rejection, graft versus host disease, sarcoidosis, atopic conditions, such as asthma and allergy, including allergic rhinitis, gastrointestinal allergies, including food allergies, eosinophilia, conjunctivitis, glomerular nephritis, certain pathogen susceptibilities such as helminthic (e.g., leishmaniasis) and certain viral infections, including HIV, and bacterial infections, including tuberculosis and lepromatous leprosy. Two distinct types of T lymphocytes are recognized: CD8.sup.+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD4.sup.+ helper T lymphocytes (TH cells). CTLs recognize and kill cells which display foreign antigens on

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their surfaces. CTL precursors display T cell receptors that recognize processed peptides derived from foreign proteins, in conjunction with class I MHC molecules, on other cell surfaces. This recognition process triggers the activation, maturation and proliferation of the precursor CTLS, resulting in CTL clones capable of destroying the cells exhibiting the antigens recognized as foreign. The cell-mediated, or cellular, immune response, functions to neutralize microbes which inhabit intracellular locations. Foreign antigens, such as, for example, viral antigens, are synthesized within infected cells and presented on the surfaces of such cells in association with class I MHC molecules. This, then, leads to the stimulation of the CD8.sup.+ class I MHC-restricted CTLs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06190909__

Patent Applications on Food Allergies As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to food allergies: •

Computer program, method, and system for monitoring nutrition content of consumables and for facilitating menu planning Inventor(s): Bisogno, Joesph J.; (Lenexa, KS) Correspondence: Hovey, Williams, Timmons & Collins; Suite 400; 2400 Grand; Kansas City; MO; 64108; US Patent Application Number: 20030165799 Date filed: June 11, 2001 Abstract: A computer program, method, and system for dynamically and interactively providing nutrition content information for consumables such that a user may monitor, tailor, plan, and review their intake thereof in light of a health-related interest or concern, such as, for example, weight-loss, food allergies, or diabetes or other nutrition affected illnesses or disabilities. Consumables are categorized and displayed in lists associated with an appropriate color to draw attention to relative nutrition content and to facilitate quicker and easier evaluation of a consumable of interest. Summaries are provided of a user's actual intake in light of a pre-established target intake for a particular day. Detailed reports may be generated showing consumption over a userspecifiable time period. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a computer program, method, or system for providing nutrition content information for consumables. More particularly, the present invention relates to a computer program, method, or method for dynamically and interactively providing nutrition content information for consumables such that a user may monitor, tailor, plan, and review their intake thereof in light of a health-related interest or concern, such as, for example, weight loss, food allergies, or diabetes or other nutrition-affected illnesses or disabilities. It is often desirable to monitor nutrition content of consumables, including, for example, calories, fat, sugar, protein, or carbohydrates. This is particularly true where such nutrition content may affect a healthrelated interest or concern, including, for example, weight loss, food allergies, or

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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diabetes or other nutrition-affected illnesses or disabilities. Relatedly, it is further desirable to plan future consumption based upon nutrition content, and to review past consumption summarized for a specifiable time period. Various print resources exist to facilitate monitoring nutrition content. Books, for example, provide long lists of consumables and related nutrition information. Furthermore, most packaged consumables provide nutrition information on the packaging. Unfortunately, print resources suffer from a number of limitations and disadvantages. Books, for example, are bulky and difficult to conveniently tailor for efficient use by any particular person (short of adding or removing pages), which reduces likelihood of consistent use. Package-based information is, of course, limited to packaged foods. Furthermore, print resources are generally unable to practically present nutrition information in a visually descriptive manner operable to conveniently impart to a user a sense of a particular consumable's place in an overall monitoring scheme. Additionally, print resources are generally unable to practically provide a convenient mechanism whereby future consumption can be dynamically planned and past consumption can be reviewed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Fusion molecules and treatment of IgE-mediated allergic diseases Inventor(s): Saxon, Andrew; (Santa Monica, CA), Zhang, Ke; (Los Angeles, CA), Zhu, Daocheng; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 91614; US Patent Application Number: 20030082190 Date filed: May 1, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns bifunctional fusion molecules for the treatment of IgEmediated allergic conditions and Fc.epsilon.RI-mediated autoimmune conditions. The invention provides a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of both acute and latephase allergic responses due to ingestion, inhalation, cutaneous and parenteral exposure to allergens, responses including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, severe food allergies, chronic urticaria and angioedema, as well as anaphylactic reactions due to exposures such as bee stings or penicillin allergy. In addition, the invention provides for a novel, safer and more efficacious form of allergy vaccination. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a new approach for the management of IgE-mediated allergic diseases and other disorders mediated through IgE receptors (Fc.epsilon.Rs) using novel fusion molecules that are able to complex with an Fc.epsilon.R and an inhibitory receptor expressed on mast cells, basophils, or B cells, including inhibitory receptors having an immune receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory (ITIM) motif. Immunoglobulin receptors (also referred to as Fc receptors) are cell-surface receptors binding the constant region of immunoglobulins, and mediate various immunoglobulin functions other than antigen binding. Fc receptors for IgE molecules are found on many cell types of the immune system (Fridman, W., FASEB J, 5(12):2684-90 (1991)). There are two different receptors currently known for IgE. IgE mediates its biological responses as an antibody through the multichain high-affinity receptor, Fc.epsilon.RI, and the lowaffinity receptor, Fc.epsilon.RI. The high-affinity Fc.epsilon.RI, expressed on the surface of mast cells, basophils, and Langerhans cells, belongs to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, and has a tetrameric structure composed of an.alpha.-chain, a.beta.-chain and two disulfide-linked.gamma.-chains (Adamczewski, M., and Kinet, J. P., Chemical Immun., 59:173-190 (1994)) that are required for receptor expression and signal

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transduction (Tunon de Lara, Rev. Mal. Respir., 13(1):27-36 (1996)). The.alpha.-chain of the receptor interacts with the distal portion of the third constant domain of the IgE heavy chain. The specific amino acids of human IgE involved in binding to human Fc.epsilon.RI have been identified as including Arg-408, Ser-41 1, Lys-415, Glu-452, Arg465, and Met-469 (Presta et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:26368-73 (1994)). The interaction is highly specific with a binding constant of about 10.sup.10 M.sup.-1. The low-affinity Fc.epsilon.RII receptor, represented on the surface of inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, leukocytes, B lymphocytes, and platelets, did not evolve from the immunoglobulin superfamily but has substantial homology with several animal lectins (Yodoi et al., Ciba Found. Symp., 147:133-148 (1989)) and is made up of a transmembrane chain with an intracytoplasmic NH2 terminus. The low-affinity receptor, Fc.epsilon.RII (CD23) is currently known to have two forms (Fc.epsilon.RIIa and Fc.epsilon.RIIb), both of which have been cloned and sequenced. They differ only in the N-terminal cytoplasmic region, the extracellular domains being identical. Fc.epsilon.RIIa is normally expressed on B cells, while Fc.epsilon.RIIb is expressed on T cells, B cells, monocytes and eosinophils upon induction by the cytokine IL-4. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Hypoallergenic dietary composition and method for diagnosing food allergies in companion animals Inventor(s): Hayek, Michael G.; (Dayton, OH), Reinhart, Gregory Allen; (Dayton, OH), Sunvold, Gregory Dean; (Eaton, OH) Correspondence: Schwegman Lundberg Woessner & Kluth P A; P O Box 2938; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20030072786 Date filed: May 8, 2000 Abstract: A hypoallergenic dietary composition is provided for companion animals such as dogs and cats which contains a source of hydrolyzed protein, a source of fat, and a source of carbohydrates. The composition preferably further includes a fiber source. The dietary composition may also be administered to companion animals as a method of managing and/or diagnosing food allergies. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a dietary composition for diagnosing and managing food allergies in companion animals such as dogs and cats, and more particularly, to a hypoallergenic dietary composition which utilizes hydrolyzed protein as the sole protein source. An ongoing challenge in the veterinary community has been the diagnosis and management of food allergies in companion animals such as dogs and cats. Food allergies often result in dermal and gastrointestinal disease in dogs, which can develop food hypersensitivities from the age of 2 months to over 12 years. Other symptoms associated with food allergies in dogs include chronic diarrhea, malabsorption of nutrients, weight loss, abdominal pain, and lethargy. The major food allergens are water-soluble glycoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 10,000 to 60,000 daltons. The primary causes of food hypersensitivity in dogs are dairy products, beef, and plant proteins, while cats predominately develop food hypersensitivities to fish and dairy products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Kit and method for detecting food allergies Inventor(s): Lee, Martin Jerome; (Jerusalem, IL) Correspondence: Browdy And Neimark, P.L.L.C.; 624 Ninth Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020131893 Date filed: March 15, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns a home kit and a method for detection of food allergies by determining the presence of antibodies against specific antigens in a stool sample. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally in the field of kits, and more specifically concerns kits for domestic use for the self-detection of various physiological conditions. The "food allergy" refers to adverse immunologic reactions to food. Food allergy is typically mediated by IgE antibodies directed to a specific food protein, but other immunologic mechanisms can also play a role in this phenomena. The primary target organs for food allergy reactions are the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory system. Both acute reactions (hives and anaphylaxis) and chronic diseases (asthma, atopic dermatitis and gastrointestinal disorders) may be cause or exacerbated by food allergy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Method and apparatus for determination of gastrointestinal intolerance Inventor(s): Self, Linda; (La Jolla, CA), Self, Thomas W.; (La Jolla, CA) Correspondence: Brown, Martin, Haller & Mcclain Llp; 1660 Union Street; San Diego; CA; 92101-2926; US Patent Application Number: 20020123074 Date filed: March 1, 2002 Abstract: The invention is a standardized stool-based assay kit for the diagnosis of food allergies. The assay is highly reliable and can be performed with no harm to the patient. The assay can be configured in a number of formats for optimization for use in a primary care or large clinical setting. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/273,006 filed Mar. 2, 2001 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Adverse reactions to food may be caused by a number of factors, either due to the nature of the food or the individual consuming the food. Toxic reactions are not related to individual sensitivity but instead are due to the nature of the food. Examples of toxic reactions include food poisoning due to bacterial contamination of food or reactions to histamine in scromboid fish. Non-toxic food reactions are due to the individual consuming the food. Reactions may be due to decreased ability to digest food due to decreased digestive enzyme production (e.g. lactose intolerance) or autoimmune disorder (e.g. wheat intolerance in celiac disease). Such reactions constitute food intolerance, as opposed to food allergy, as the body does not produce antibodies to the antigens present in a specific food. The term "food allergy" refers to adverse immunologic reactions to food. Food allergy is usually mediated by IgE type antibodies directed to specific food proteins, but other immunologic mechanisms can play a role. Reactions may be acute (e.g. anaphylaxis, hives) or chronic (e.g. asthma, atopic

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dermatitis and gastrointestinal disorders). Due to the potential severity of the reaction, treatment typically consists of elimination of the potential allergen from the diet. This can be problematic and cumbersome if the individual is believed to be allergic to a common food. The most common food allergies in children are milk, egg, peanut, soy, wheat, tree nuts, fish and shellfish. The most common food allergies in adults are peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish and fish (Sicherer, 1999). As reactions to foods may be severe in some individuals, it would be beneficial to be able to determine food allergies without having to expose the individual to potential allergens or re-expose the individual to suspected allergens to test for a response. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of diagnosing and treatment of a pet with food allergies Inventor(s): Hannah, Steven S.; (St. Louis, MO), Laflamme, Dorothy P.; (Millstadt, IL), McDaniel, Lawrence III; (Clayton, MO), Stuckey, Robert M.; (Collinsville, IL) Correspondence: Blackwell Sanders Peper Martin Llp; 720 Olive Street; Suite 2400; ST. Louis; MO; 63101; US Patent Application Number: 20030059517 Date filed: June 4, 2002 Abstract: A composition comprising partially hydrolyzed proteins for use as a hypoaller-genic pet food, and a process for producing it. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pet food for domestic pets such as canines including dogs and felines including cats with food allergies and the like. Food allergies, or food hypersensitivities, commonly afflict household pets such as dogs and cats. These allergies can cause the pet to exhibit symptoms such as excessive itching and scratching, diarrhea or other symptoms which are aggravating both to owner and pet. A housebroken dog with diarrhea who is indoors has a major problem. If the owner is around, the dog pesters the owner to get outside. If the owner is not around the owner may later think the dog is exhibiting undesirable behavior and needs to be Punished. Domestic pets such as dogs and cats give their owners pleasure and often come to be regarded as family members. Accordingly, pet owners also experience distress when their pets develop allergies to their foods. Such food allergies, which are also known as food hypersensitivities, often manifest themselves by itching, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea (and sometimes even broncho-constriction and anaphylaxis), and can be difficult to diagnose. It has been estimated that at least 15% of all dogs in the United States suffer from allergies of some type, and that 10% of those arise from food hypersensitivities. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Method of treating allergic disorders Inventor(s): Jardieu, Paula M.; (Berkeley, CA), Presta, Leonard G.; (San Francisco, CA) Correspondence: Genentech, INC.; 1 Dna Way; South San Francisco; CA; 94080; US Patent Application Number: 20010033842 Date filed: March 8, 2001

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Abstract: The present invention describes IgE antagonists (including variant anti-IgE antibodies) and their use in diagnosis, therapy or prophylaxis of allergic and other IgEmediated disorders, including asthma, food allergies, hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation filed under 37 C.F.R.sctn. 1.53(b)(1) of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/405,617, filed on Mar. 15, 1995, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/185,899, filed on Jan. 26, 1994, now abandoned, which is a 35 U.S.C.sctn. 371 of PCT/US92/06860, filed on Aug. 14, 1992, which is a continuation-in-part of both U.S. application Ser. No. 07/879,495, filed on May 7, 1992, now abandoned and U.S. application Ser. No. 07/744,768, filed on Aug. 14, 1991, now abandoned; all of which are incorporated by reference and to which application priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 120. This invention relates to amino acid sequence variant anti-IgE antibodies and to polypeptides containing IgE sequences, especially IgE antagonists and to polypeptides capable of differential binding to Fc.epsilon.RI and Fc.epsilon.RII. IgE is a member of the immunoglobulin family that mediates allergic responses such as asthma, food allergies, type 1 hypersensitivity and the familiar sinus inflammation suffered on a widespread basis. IgE is secreted by, and expressed on the surface of, Bcells. IgE synthesized by B-cells is anchored in the B-cell membrane by a transmembrane domain linked to the mature IgE sequence by a short membrane binding region. IgE also is bound to B-cells (and monocytes, eosinophils and platelets) through its Fc region to a low affinity IgE receptor (Fc.epsilon.RII, hereafter "FCEL"). Upon exposure of a mammal to an allergen, B-cells are clonally amplified which synthesize IgE that binds the allergen. This IgE in turn is released into the circulation by the B-cells where it is bound by B-cells (through the FCEL) and by mast cells and basophils through the so-called high affinity receptor (Fc.epsilon.RI, hereinafter "FCEH") found on the surface of the mast cells and basophils. Such mast cells and basophils are thereby sensitized for allergen. The next exposure to the allergen cross-links the Fc.epsilon.RI on these cells and thus activates their release of histamine and other factors which are responsible for clinical hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pharmacy drug management system providing patient specific drug dosing, drug interaction analysis, order generation, and patient data matching Inventor(s): Kapp, Thomas L.; (Katy, TX) Correspondence: Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld; 711 Louisiana Street; Suite 1900 South; Houston; TX; 77002; US Patent Application Number: 20010001144 Date filed: December 22, 2000 Abstract: A pharmacy drug management system provides pharmacy drug management software for patient-specific drug dosing, drug interaction analysis, order generation, and patient data matching. When a drug is added for a patient, the system detects if the drug is a doser drug requiring precise therapeutic dosing and also detects if the drug will cause any drug interaction problems for the patient, reducing the likelihood of clinical misjudgments. The system checks for drug interaction problems resulting from drugs, food allergies, and the medical condition of the patient. An on-screen order may then be generated. A doctor or pharmacist thus is aware of any drug interaction problems before writing an order for the patient. If a selected drug is a doser drug, the system uses phannacokinetic equations specific to the patient data to calculate the

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appropriate therapeutic dosing parameters. Through a therapy management module of the pharmacy drug management software, a clinical professional may access a formulary listing available drugs, advisories for drugs, drug and medical condition information help files, an infusion calculator, a note for recording patient events, access to a patient data matching database for locating therapies for patients with similar medical conditions to the particular patient, and other therapy tools, all from the screen of a computer system running the software. Excerpt(s): 1. This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/032,512, filed Feb. 27, 1998, incorporated herein in its entirety for reference. 3. The present invention relates to a comprehensive pharmacy drug management system for preventing iatrogenic drug effects, and more particularly to a pharmacy drug management system providing a single pharmacy drug management software package for patient specific drug dosing, drug interaction analysis, order generation, and patient data matching. 5. Iatrogenic illnesses (illnesses caused by the medical profession) have been a significant cause of disease and death of patients. Most iatrogenic illnesses result from complications of drug therapy. Adverse drug reactions have been the cause of roughly 10% of all hospital admissions. Thirty six percent or more of hospitalized patients have their problems compounded by suffering iatrogenic drug effects. We could assume then that many ambulatory patients, especially those on numerous medications and suffering a variety of ailments, are also candidates for iatrogenic drug problems. Further, it is believed that iatrogenic drug illnesses cost the American economy many billions of dollars a year. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Saliva test for detection of food allergy and intolerance Inventor(s): Vojdani, Aristo; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030143627 Date filed: May 24, 2002 Abstract: A method for determining the presence of food allergy or food intolerance and their cross-reactive tissue antigens is disclosed. The method includes determining a level of antibodies against a dietary antigen in a mucosal sample from the patient and comparing the level with normal levels of the antibodies. Dietary antigens that were tested include milk and milk products; eggs and egg products; meat and meat products; fish, mollusks, and crustaceans and their products; oils, fats, and their products; grains and grain products; pulses, seed, kernels, nuts, and their products; vegetable and vegetable products; fruit and fruit products; sugar, sugar product, chocolate products, and confectionary; and spices. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 09/930,785, filed Aug. 14, 2001. Food allergy has become a problem which concerns many clinicians. Adverse reactions to foods in which the pathogenesis involves an immunological response to food components are appropriately called foodhypersensitivity reactions. This term is considered to be synonymous with "food allergy" (1). There are only limited data on the prevalence of food hypersensitivity in specific populations. The public's perception of the number of individuals affected by food allergies is far in excess of what can be demonstrated under controlled

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circumstances. One survey among adult atopic patients revealed that 24% claimed "allergic" symptoms on eating or handling various foods (2). Another survey indicated that concern among family members that one or more of them might have a food allergy made this fear the second most frequent cause of altering the family's dietary intake behind salt restriction for hypertension (3). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Saliva test for detection of food allergy, candidiasis, microflora imbalance, intestinal barrier dysfunction and humoral immunodeficiencies Inventor(s): Vojdani, Aristo; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030087320 Date filed: August 14, 2001 Abstract: A method for determining a cause for digestive and immune disorders is disclosed. The method determines the levels of antibodies against normal intestinal microflora and food antigens. It then compares the results to normal levels to determine the cause. The test can be used to diagnose food allergy or intolerance, microflora imbalance, gut barrier dysfunction, bacterial translocation, immunodeficiencies, candidiasis and autoimmunities. Excerpt(s): It is increasingly evident that human diseases are most often related to lifestyle and should in theory be preventable. The stress of modem life, our reduced physical activity, and our consumption of manipulated and processed foods, and of chemicals including pharmaceuticals--all contribute to our decreasing resistance to disease. Much evidence supports the fact that our genes, adapted during millions of years to the lifestyle of our prehistoric ancestors, tolerate poorly the dramatic changes in lifestyle that have occurred, especially in food habits during the past 100 years. Changes in food habits in Western countries that no doubt constitute stresses to the human body and that may predispose to inflammatory, infectious, ulcerative, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases include the following: the consumption of 100 lb. refined sugar per individual per year; the 10-fold increase in sodium consumption; the fourfold increase in consumption of saturated fat; the doubled consumption of cholesterol; a much reduced consumption of vegetable fibres, and of minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, and chromium; and a considerable reduction in consumption of omega-3 fats, membrane lipids, vitamins, and antioxidants. In severe disease, important food ingredients, such as arginine, glutamine, taurine, nucleic acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, such as glutathione, are often not supplied in large enough quantities. Perhaps, even more important than the decrease in these food ingredients is the fact that prehistoric food contained several thousand times more bacteria, mainly the so called probiotic bacteria. Prehistoric methods of food preservation were either drying or, more commonly, storing in holes dug into the ground, where the food became naturally fermented. This is how Stone Age man learned to produce most of our still common fermented foods, such as beer, wine, green olives, and sauerkraut. Our modern lifestyle has dramatically reduced the availability of foods produced by natural fermentation. After the early identification of microbes, bacteria were regarded mainly as a source of disease, and unwanted in commercially manufactured food. Furthermore, the desire of the food industry to prolong shelf life promoted alternative production methods, such as the use of enzymes instead of live bacteria. With extensive hygiene measures

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practiced during delivery and in childcare, children in Western societies may have difficulty developing a satisfactory protective indigenous gut flora. It is not known, but suspected, that this could be connected to the increasing incidence of allergies and infections seen among Western children. A series of studies were published about an ethnic group in New Guinea with a dramatically different diet to that of people in the Western world. This diet contained no processed foods like butter, margarine, lard, oils, refined sugar, or alcohol. Instead, the group's diet was rich in fibre, water, vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fats, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Despite the fact that about 80% of the population smokes and has a heavy consumption of saturated fat from coconut, cerebrocardiovascular diseases are virtually absent and the incidence of diabetes and cancer is very low. The condition and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are essential to our well-being. After the respiratory tract, the GI tract constitutes the second largest body surface area, described to be somewhere between 250 and 400 m.sup.2, or comparable in size to a tennis court. During a normal lifetime, 60 tons of food pass through this canal, which is important for well being, but also constitutes an enormous threat to the integrity of the digestive tract and the whole body. It is not surprising, therefore, that this organ is often affected by inflammatory diseases and cancer. The continuous challenges to the GI surfaces might be why most of the surface cells have a rapid turnover; most are replaced after three to four days in man and sometimes earlier in animals. Furthermore, the surface is protected by large quantities of important secretions, from saliva in the oral cavity to colonic secretion in the large bowel. These secretions contain factors of great importance for the lubrication of the mucosa and for functions of the GI tract, but also hundreds of ingredients of importance for intraluminal microbial defense. The secretory functions are extremely sensitive to foreign chemicals. About 50% of the 2000 pharmaceutical drugs registered in Sweden have reported GI side effects, for example, mouth dryness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. It is hoped that future medicine will be more restrictive in the use of pharmaceuticals in general and will use drugs with as few side effects as possible. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with food allergies, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on food allergies. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning food allergies. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FOOD ALLERGIES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to food allergies. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on food allergies include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on food allergies: •

Food Allergy Book: The Foods That Cause You Pain and Discomfort and How to Take Them Out of Your Diet Source: St. Paul, MN: ACA Publications, Inc. 1995. 202 p. Contact: Available from ACA Publications, Inc. 1690 University Avenue West, Suite 450, St. Paul, MN 55104. (800) 649-3523 or (612) 649-3523. Fax (612) 649-3509. PRICE: $12.95. ISBN: 0963154478. Summary: This book provides information about identifying and managing food allergies. The author describes the role that food allergy may play in migraine headache, sinus congestion and headache, stuffy nose, persistent cough, recurring sore throats, canker sores, wheezing, hives, eczema, persistent muscle and joint aching, recurring abdominal pain, diarrhea, tiredness, and irritability. The author reviews the hows and whys of food allergy and describes how certain commonly eaten foods can cause illness. Specific chapters discuss citrus, monosodium glutamate (MSG), low-calorie sweeteners,

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refined sugar, an adult and child allergy elimination diet, living with a restricted diet, reading food labels, shopping, meal planning and preparation, snack foods, and eating out in restaurants. A final chapter outlines a recommended diet for identifying and eliminating food allergy triggers. The book concludes with a bibliography and a subject index. 32 references. •

Dietary management of food allergies and intolerances: A comprehensive guide. (2nd ed.) Source: Vancouver, British Columbia: J. A. Hall Publications. 1998. 426 pp. Contact: Available from J. A. Hall Publications, 208-3023 West Fourth Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6K 1R5. Telephone: (888) 993-6133 / Web site: http://www.hallpublications.com. Summary: This book provides the information and tools that are required to detect food sensitivities. Designed for health care practitioners involved in the field of food allergy and intolerance, as well as individuals experiencing adverse reactions to foods, this book is divided into six parts. The topics are: the mechanisms responsible for food allergies and intolerance, food components and additives that are responsible for food sensitivities, conditions resulting from food allergies, food allergy in childhood, diet strategies, and additional resources.

•

Food Allergy Field Guide: A Lifestyle Manual for Families Source: Centennial, CO: Savory Palate, Inc. 2000. 288 p. Contact: Available from Savory Palate, Inc. 8174 South Holly, No. 404, Centennial, CO 80122-4004. (800) 741-5418 or (303) 741-5408. Fax (303) 741-0339. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.savorypalate.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1889374075. Summary: This upbeat food guide is designed to help children, parents, and other caregivers manage food sensitivities to wheat, gluten, dairy, eggs, corn, peanuts, soy, and other common food allergens. The author includes the latest research and discoveries on food sensitivities; advice on reading labels, grocery shopping, eating at restaurants; tips on emotional, social, and psychological considerations; pointers to help the child enjoy parties, field trips, and other outings; and how to detect hidden food allergies. The book includes 100 kid-tested recipes and cooking advice. The recipes are listed by category and labeled as gluten free, dairy free, egg free, nut free, or soy free. Nutrient values are provided for each recipe. The book concludes with a bibliography, fact sheets on common food allergens, nutrition facts, a list of resources and associations, a list of vendors, and a subject index.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “food allergies” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “food allergies” (or a synonym) in

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their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “food allergies” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

5 Years Without Food: The Food Allergy Survival Guide: How to Overcome Your Food Allergies and Recover Good Health by Nicolette M. Dumke; ISBN: 188762404X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188762404X/icongroupinterna

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All About Food Allergy by Feye, R.D., Ph.D. Dong; ISBN: 0893130400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893130400/icongroupinterna

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Allergy Products Directory, 1998 Vol. 5: Food Allergy Resources by Carol Rudoff; ISBN: 0944569072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944569072/icongroupinterna

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Ask Your Body: Relieve Your Food Allergies Instantly and Naturally With Music Testing by Elizabeth, Ph.D Spicer, Jonathon Spinney (Editor); ISBN: 1891850091; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891850091/icongroupinterna

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Babies, Children & Food Allergies by Janice Ph.D., Joneja (2001); ISBN: 0968209831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968209831/icongroupinterna

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Basics of food allergy by James C. Breneman; ISBN: 0398036705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398036705/icongroupinterna

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Caring Child Food Allergies by Collins; ISBN: 1565611845; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565611845/icongroupinterna

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Caring for Your Child with Severe Food Allergies : Emotional Support and Practical Advice from a Parent Who's Been There by Lisa Cipriano Collins (Author); ISBN: 047134785X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047134785X/icongroupinterna

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Cooking for People With Food Allergies; ISBN: 0160000734; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160000734/icongroupinterna

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Coping With Food Allergy by Claude A. Frazier, Charles A. Hoffman (Designer); ISBN: 0812904613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812904613/icongroupinterna

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Culinary Potions: Eating Joyously With Food Allergies by Eve, Do Berman, et al (2002); ISBN: 0970837402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970837402/icongroupinterna

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Curing Food Allergies and Other Illness: Parasitic Micro-Organisms and Your Health by Alan Hunter (2000); ISBN: 1853981230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853981230/icongroupinterna

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Dealing With Food Allergies: A Practical Guide to Detecting Culprit Foods and Eating a Healthy, Enjoyable Diet by Janice Vickerstaff Joneja (2003); ISBN: 092352164X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/092352164X/icongroupinterna

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Declared and Hidden Allergens in Foods: Practical Guide for Parents, Carers and Sufferers of Food Allergies by Lola Greene, Dr Lola Greene (2003); ISBN: 097294110X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/097294110X/icongroupinterna

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Diagnosing Your Own Food Allergies: A Handbook for Home Use by V. Michael Barkett; ISBN: 0533102650; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0533102650/icongroupinterna

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•

Dietary Management of Food Allergies & Intolerances: A Comprehensive Guide by Janice Vickerstoff Joneja (1998); ISBN: 0968209823; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968209823/icongroupinterna

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Discover Your Hidden Food Allergies and Lose Weight by Alan Hunter (1998); ISBN: 1853981052; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853981052/icongroupinterna

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Discovery! The World's First Food Allergy Home Test Kit by Alan Hunter; ISBN: 1853981257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853981257/icongroupinterna

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Dr. Braly's Food Allergy and Nutrition Revolution by James Braly, Laura Torbet; ISBN: 0879835907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879835907/icongroupinterna

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Familial Non-Reaginic Food Allergy by Arthur F., Md. Coca; ISBN: 0818403349; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0818403349/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies by Merri Lou Dobler (1991); ISBN: 0880910968; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880910968/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies (Liz Earle's Quick Guides) by Liz Earle; ISBN: 0752216759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0752216759/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies (Nutrition Now Series) by Celide Barnes Koerner, et al; ISBN: 1565611284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565611284/icongroupinterna

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Food allergies : rare but risky (SuDoc HE 20.4010/A:AL 5/3/997) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010UKVS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010UKVS/icongroupinterna

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Food allergies : separating fact from "hype." (SuDoc HE 20.4010/a:F 739/16) by Richard C. Thompson; ISBN: B000107HQY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000107HQY/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies and Adverse Reactions by Judy E. Perkin (1990); ISBN: 0834201704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0834201704/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies and Food Intolerance: The Complete Guide to Their Identification and Treatment by Jonathan Brostoff, Linda Gamlin (2000); ISBN: 0892818751; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892818751/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies and Hypersensitivities by Maria C. Veling, et al (2002); ISBN: 1567720439; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1567720439/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies and Intolerances. Symposium. by Gerhard Eisenbrand (Author), et al; ISBN: 352727409X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/352727409X/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies Made Simple (1990); ISBN: 0942658086; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942658086/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies Made Simple: The Complete Manual for Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Food Allergies by Phylis Austin, et al (1992); ISBN: 1878726056; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878726056/icongroupinterna

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•

Food Allergies: Enjoying Life with a Severe Food Allergy by Tanya Wright, et al (2001); ISBN: 185959039X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185959039X/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies: How to Tell If You Have Them; What to Do About Them If You Do by Neil S. Orenstein, Sarah L. Bingham (Photographer); ISBN: 0399513833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399513833/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies: Rare but in Need of Risk Assessment [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Datamonitor (Author); ISBN: B00008R3OF; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008R3OF/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies: The Complete Guide to Understanding and Relieving Your Food Allergies by William E. Walsh (Author); ISBN: 047138268X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047138268X/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies: Understanding Allergy versus Intolerance, Buying the Right Foods, Protecting Yourself While Eating Out [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00005UF19; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005UF19/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy by Richard J. Trevino (1997); ISBN: 3131037210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3131037210/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy; ISBN: 1858138809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1858138809/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy by Frederic Speer; ISBN: 0723670161; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723670161/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy by S. Allan Bock, Charles D. May (Designer); ISBN: 0961233206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961233206/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy by Zanussi, et al; ISBN: 0893521175; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893521175/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy by Herbert J. Rinkel; ISBN: 0398041679; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398041679/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy & Intolerance: Mechanisms and Management by Janice Ph.D., Joneja (2001); ISBN: 096820984X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096820984X/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy & Other Adverse Reactions to Food by M. H. Lessof (1994); ISBN: 0944398197; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944398197/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy (Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series, Vol 17) by Dietrich Reinhardt, Eberhard Schmidt (Editor); ISBN: 0881674389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881674389/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy and Food Intolerance: Nutritional Aspects and Developments (Bibliotheca Nutritio Et Dieta, No 48) by J.C. Somogyi, Group Of European Nutritionists; ISBN: 3805553633; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805553633/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy and Intolerance by Jonathan Brostoff (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0702020389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0702020389/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy and Intolerance: Current Issues and Concerns by Victoria Emerton; ISBN: 0854048812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0854048812/icongroupinterna

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•

Food allergy and intolerances (SuDoc HE 20.3002:F 73/4) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010FHKM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010FHKM/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy and Other Adverse Reactions to Food by M.H. Lessof (1994); ISBN: 0944395198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944395198/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy and the Allergic Patient: A Simple Review of Problems Encountered by the Recently Diagnosed Patient by Edward Louis Taube; ISBN: 0398027331; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398027331/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy Field Guide : A Lifestyle Manual for Families by Theresa Willingham; ISBN: 1889374075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889374075/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy in Infancy and Childhood; ISBN: 3540506365; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540506365/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy in Infancy and Childhood by U. Wahn (Editor), H. K. Harms (Editor); ISBN: 0387506365; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387506365/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy Issues for the Food Industry by M. Lessof; ISBN: 0905748212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0905748212/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy Relief by James Braly M.D., Jim Thompson; ISBN: 0658007238; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0658007238/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy Survivors Together Handbook by Melissa Taylor (2002); ISBN: 059524128X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/059524128X/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Management (Clinical Pediatrics, Vol 5) by Lawrence T. Chiaramonte, et al; ISBN: 0824776526; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824776526/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy: A Primer for People by S. Allan Bock; ISBN: 0533075629; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0533075629/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy: Adverse Reactions to Food and Food Additives by Dean D. Metcalfe (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0632046015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632046015/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy: Its Manifestations and Control and Elimination Diets: A Compendium by Albert H. Rowe; ISBN: 0398023956; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398023956/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergy: New Perspectives by John W. Gerrard; ISBN: 0398040389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398040389/icongroupinterna

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Food allergy; provocative testing and injection therapy by Joseph B. Miller; ISBN: 0398026017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398026017/icongroupinterna

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Food Hypersensitivity and Adverse Reactions : A Practical Guide for Diagnosis and Management by Marianne Frieri (Editor), Brett Kettelhut (Editor); ISBN: 0824799038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824799038/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Food Allergies by James C. Breneman (Editor); ISBN: 0824775589; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824775589/icongroupinterna

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Hidden Food Allergies: Finding the Foods That Cause You Problems and Removing Them from Your Diet by Stephen Astor, Stephen Md. Aster; ISBN: 089529799X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089529799X/icongroupinterna

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Hidden Food Allergies: How to Discover If You Have Food Allergies and What to Do to Successfully Overcome Them by Stephen Astor; ISBN: 0895293692; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895293692/icongroupinterna

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Highlights in Food Allergy: 6th International Symposium on Immunological and Clinical Problems of Food Allergy, Lugano/Switzerland, September 24-26, 1996 (Monographs in Allergy, Vol. 32) by B. Wuthrich (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 3805562241; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805562241/icongroupinterna

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How You Too Can Outsmart Your Food Allergies by Beverly D. Chiu, Ronald B. Greenberg (Designer) (1988); ISBN: 0921937016; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0921937016/icongroupinterna

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Intestinal Immunology and Food Allergy (Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series, Vol 34) by Alain L. De Weck, Hugh A. Sampson (Editor); ISBN: 078170250X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/078170250X/icongroupinterna

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Living with Food Allergies : A Complete Guide to a Healthy Lifestyle by Betty, Ph.D., R.D. Wedman-St. Louis, et al; ISBN: 0809228580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809228580/icongroupinterna

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Managing Food Allergy and Intollerance by Joneja; ISBN: 0968209807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968209807/icongroupinterna

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Mommy's Best Recipes: Totally Fun Food for Kids with Food Allergies by Patricia Aldrich; ISBN: 0971002606; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971002606/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Food Allergies by Gwynne H. Davies, Gynne H. Davies (1989); ISBN: 0906798450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0906798450/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Food Allergies by Swynne H. Davies (1989); ISBN: 0906798469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0906798469/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Food Allergies: You Don't Have to Live With It by Swynne H. Davies, Gwynne H. Davies; ISBN: 1853980889; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853980889/icongroupinterna

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Peace of Mind: A Close Look at the Nutritional Cost of Alcohol Abuse, Low Blood Sugar and Food Allergies by Roger Lasage; ISBN: 0962584312; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962584312/icongroupinterna

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Relief at Last! Neutralization for Food Allergy and Other Illnesses by Joseph B. Miller; ISBN: 0398052832; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398052832/icongroupinterna

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South African Cookbook for Food Allergies and Food Intolerance by Hilda Lategan (1999); ISBN: 0627023207; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0627023207/icongroupinterna

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Special Foods for Special Kids: Practical Solutions & Great Recipes for Children With Food Allergies by Todd Adelman, Jodi Behrend; ISBN: 1885003382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885003382/icongroupinterna

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Taking Food Allergies to School (Special Kids in School) by Ellen Weiner, et al (1999); ISBN: 1891383051; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891383051/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Food Allergy Cookbook: The Foods You'Ve Always Loved Without the Ingredients You Can't Have by Marilyn Gioannini (1997); ISBN: 0761509615; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761509615/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Guide to Food Allergies and Enviromental Illness by Keith Mumby; ISBN: 0722525044; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722525044/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Guide to Food Allergy and Intolerance by Jonathan Brostoff, Linda Gamlin (1992); ISBN: 0517577569; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517577569/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Idiot's Guide to Food Allergies by Lee H., Md Freund, et al (2003); ISBN: 1592571174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592571174/icongroupinterna

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The Food Allergy Book: The Foods That Cause You Pain and Discomfort and How to Take Them Out of Your Diet by William E. Walsh, et al; ISBN: 0963154478; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963154478/icongroupinterna

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The Food Allergy Cookbook: Diets Unlimited for Limited Diets by Allergy Information Association, Jerry Dolovich (Illustrator); ISBN: 0312297653; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312297653/icongroupinterna

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The Food Allergy Cure: A New Solution to Food Cravings, Obesity, Depression, Headaches, Arthritis, and Fatigue by Ellen W. Cutler (2001); ISBN: 0609606395; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0609606395/icongroupinterna

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The Food Allergy Detection Program by Terry Traub; ISBN: 0811905926; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811905926/icongroupinterna

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The Food Allergy News Cookbook by Anne Munoz-Furlong (1992); ISBN: 1882541006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882541006/icongroupinterna

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The Food Allergy News Cookbook : A Collection of Recipes from Food Allergy News and Members of the Food Allergy Network by Anne Muñoz-Furlong (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0471346926; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471346926/icongroupinterna

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The Food Allergy Plan: A Working Physician's Practical and Tested Method by Keith Mumby; ISBN: 0916360334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916360334/icongroupinterna

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The Good Gut Guide: Help for Ibs, Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's Disease, Diverticulitis, Food Allergies, Other Gut Problems by Stephanie Zinser, R. John Nicholls (2003); ISBN: 0007138059; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007138059/icongroupinterna

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The Kid-Friendly Food Allergy Cookbook: More Than 150 Recipes That Are WheatFree, Gluten-Free, Nut-Free, Egg-Free, and Low in Sugar by Leslie Hammond, Lynne Rominger (2004); ISBN: 1592330541; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592330541/icongroupinterna

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The Parent's Guide to Food Allergies: Clear and Complete Advice from the Experts on Raising Your Food Allergic Child by Marianne S. Barber, et al; ISBN: 0805066004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805066004/icongroupinterna

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The Recognition and Management of Food Allergy in Children by A.J. Franklin (Editor), J. Franklin (1988); ISBN: 094081322X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094081322X/icongroupinterna

•

Tracking Down Hidden Food Allergy by William G. Crook (1980); ISBN: 0933478054; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0933478054/icongroupinterna

•

What Do We Eat Tonight? How to Live With Food Allergies - A Practical Guide to Selecting Foods and Creating a Rotation Diet. by Dianna Barra; ISBN: 0971137005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971137005/icongroupinterna

•

What's to Eat? The Milk-Free, Egg-Free, Nut-Free Food Allergy Cookbook by Linda Marienhoff Coss; ISBN: 0970278500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970278500/icongroupinterna

•

Your Child's Food Allergies : Detecting & Treating Hyperactivity, Congestion, Irritability and other Symptoms Caused by Common Food Allergies by Jane McNicol (Author) (1992); ISBN: 047155801X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047155801X/icongroupinterna

•

Your Hidden Food Allergies Are Making You Fat by Rudy Rivera, Roger D. Deutsch; ISBN: 0761537600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761537600/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Food Allergies In order to find chapters that specifically relate to food allergies, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and food allergies using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on food allergies: •

Mechanisms of Food Allergy Source: in McCormick, D.B., Bier, D.M., and Goodridge, A.G., eds. Annual Review of Nutrition. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc. 1996. Volume 16: 161-177. Contact: Available from Annual Reviews Inc. 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139. (800) 523-8635. Fax (415) 424-0910. PRICE: $53.00. ISBN: 0824328167. ISSN: 01999885. Individual article reprints available from Annual Reviews Preprints and Reprints. (800) 347-8007 or (415) 259-5017. E-mail: [email protected]. Base price $13.50 per article. Summary: This article reviews recent work in the mechanisms of food allergy. With relatively uniform definitions of the clinical presentations of food allergy now available, the scientific literature is easier to understand. The authors note that the prevalence of food allergy is up to 8 percent in children and 2 percent in adults. Additionally, recent studies have shown the role of specific allergens and mediators in the immunopathogenesis of food allergy. Much of the information available still relates to immunoglobulin E-mediated food reactions, although other immunologic mechanisms are being studied extensively. The diagnosis and treatment of food allergy is now also

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much more standardized. Long-term studies have revealed the natural history of many of these reactions. 83 references. (AA-M). •

Food Intolerance and Food Allergies: 'Was It Something I Ate?' Source: in Janowitz, H.D. Indigestion: Living Better with Upper Intestinal Problems from Heartburn to Ulcers and Gallstones. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1992. p. 163-173. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press. Order Department, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513. (800) 451-7556. Fax (919) 677-1303. PRICE: $11.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 019508554X. Summary: This chapter on food intolerance and food allergies is from a book that offers advice on how to take care of and avoid the whole complex of disturbances categorized as indigestion. The author notes that no one doubts that food allergies exist, but because controversy and possible quackery surround the whole subject, doctors approach it with great caution. The major problem is proving that symptoms blamed on food allergies are really caused by the food under consideration. Common symptoms include gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain), distant symptoms (hives, swelling of the lips and throat, eczema), asthma and swelling of the nasal passages, and migraine. The diagnostic tests used for food allergies are hard to interpret and are unreliable. The author outlines the terminology used in this area, including food intolerance, food idiosyncrasy, and food allergy, and also discusses wheat intolerance (gluten, the wheat protein), the role of a food diary in diagnosis, the use of elimination diets, elemental diets, and core diets, and the role of medications in treating food allergies. The author stresses that the real cure for food allergies or food intolerances is the elimination of the offending substance. Lactase can help in lactose intolerance, but in general, drugs are not helpful except to provide some symptomatic relief.

•

Food Intolerances and Food Allergies Source: in Janowitz, H.D. Good Food for Bad Stomachs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1997. p. 100-109. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press. Order Department, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513. (800) 451-7556. Fax (919) 677-1303. PRICE: $12.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0195126556. Summary: This chapter on food intolerances and food allergies is from a book that presents a detailed look at present knowledge about the role of eating habits in preventing, causing, and treating the many disorders that plague the gastrointestinal tract and its associated digestive glands, the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. Topics include the prevalence of food sensitivities, the difficulty of proving that certain symptoms blamed on food allergies are really caused by foods, diagnostic tests, terminology, wheat intolerance, discomfort caused by complex carbohydrates, and food allergies (to shellfish and peanuts). Common symptoms of food allergies include gastrointestinal complaints such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea; distant symptoms such as hives, swelling of the lips and throat, and eczema; asthma and swelling of the nasal passages; and sometimes headache or migraine. The author lists contact information for the Food Allergy Network, which is particularly helpful for information about peanut allergies.

Books

•

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Food Allergies and Adverse Food Reactions: An Anthropological Perspective Source: in Perkin, J.E., ed. Food Allergies and Adverse Reactions. Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishers, 1990. p. 207-232. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701-9782-9782. (800) 638-8437 or (301) 417-7500. PRICE: $49. Summary: This chapter, from a book on food allergies and adverse food reactions, is based on the review of a scant body of literature from nutritional and medical anthropology, nutritional geography, and epidemiology. In this chapter, the authors discuss anthropological approaches to adverse food reactions and, when applicable, the sociopsychological and biocultural factors that explain these food-related behaviors and physiological responses. In the last section of the chapter, the authors focus on interactions between minority clients and nutritionists or dietitians. The problems arising in transcultural or cross-cultural therapeutic encounters are discussed. The authors also suggest a number of techniques for promoting more effective nutrition education and better adherence to recommended changes in diet and food-related behaviors. Specific syndromes discussed include gluten intolerance (celiac disease) and lactose intolerance. 83 references.

•

Food Allergy Source: in Gerber, J.M. Handbook of Preventive and Therapeutic Nutrition. Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1993. p. 35-41. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701-9782. (800) 638-8437 or (301) 417-7500. PRICE: $34. ISBN: 0834203189. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook of preventive and therapeutic nutrition, provides an overview about food allergy. Sections include conditions linked with food allergy, immune reactions causing food allergy, predisposing conditions for food allergy, laboratory tests for allergy, allergy elimination diets, the allergy challenge tests, allergy treatment, and food allergy prevention. Under each section, information is presented in brief, list format for ease of retrieval and use. One exhibit reproduces a food allergy questionnaire. 1 figure.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON FOOD ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on food allergies. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on food allergies is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “food allergies” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on food allergies: •

Food Allergies: Fact or Fiction? Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 1997. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $20.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: Living with life threatening food allergies can be particularly difficult for teenagers. No one understands what it feels like to have a reaction, not to be able to eat what everyone else is eating, and to have to carry medication at all times. This lively videotape program interviews a teenager who plays video games and loves to ski, a college student who rollerblades and lives on campus, and an allergist who lives without peanuts. They describe their allergies, symptoms of a reaction, how they handle medications, social lives, parents, and eating out at restaurants (including carrying a chef card that explains the allergy). They all reinforce the need to carry epinephrine at

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all times and the need to prepare for a reaction, even while trying to avoid eating the food item that will trigger the allergy. The allergist in the video, Dr. Bob Wood, notes that reactions will happen, so people with food allergies must educate themselves and be prepared with their medications. The video features a 'Food Allergies: Fact or Fiction?' game show spoof to reinforce the concepts presented in the tape. The video includes upbeat music in the background, and numerous clips and stills of humorous, old fashioned film and television characters. •

It Only Takes One Bite: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $20.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This video, designed for both adults and children, describes how to handle food induced anaphylaxis (sudden, severe potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction often characterized by hives and difficulty breathing). People with food allergies and parents of children with food allergies describe these allergies, symptoms of a reaction, how they handle medications, social lives, school situations, and eating at restaurants. They all reinforce the need to carry epinephrine at all times and to prepare for a reaction, even while trying to avoid eating the food item that will trigger the allergy. The video includes interviews with Dr. Hugh Sampson of Johns Hopkins Children's Center, as he works with an adolescent patient. Dr. Sampson describes the immune system involvement in anaphylactic reactions and notes that these reactions differ markedly between people in regard to severity and length of time of the reaction. One of the parents interviewed in the program describes her efforts in organizing the home pantry, eating at restaurants, working with school officials, and ensuring that her child always has access to epinephrine. The use of epinephrine trainers (Epi-Pens) is described and demonstrated. The program concludes with a discussion of the emotions of dealing with a food allergy and the importance of seeing organizations and support groups for emotional support and additional information. The video notes the number through which one can contact a board certified allergist (800-822-ASTHMA).

Bibliography: Multimedia on Food Allergies The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in food allergies (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on food allergies: •

Food allergy and intolerances [videorecording]. Year: 1992; Format: Videorecording; [Bethesda, Md.]: National Institutes of Health, 1992

•

The Cytotoxic test in food allergy [videorecording] Source: Academy of Health Sciences; Year: 1974; Format: Videorecording; Fort Sam Houston, Tex.: Academy of Health Sciences, 1974

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CHAPTER 8. ALLERGIES

PERIODICALS

AND

NEWS

ON

FOOD

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover food allergies.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on food allergies is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to food allergies. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “food allergies” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for food allergies: •

Childhood food allergy rarely causes death: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 25, 2002

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•

Immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy rarely seen in young adults Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 22, 2002

•

Report says 1 in 3 think they have a food allergy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 19, 2002

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Food allergy info on Web often misleading: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 06, 2002

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Adrenaline for food allergies often misused Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 08, 2002

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Small study supports food allergy-ADHD link Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 28, 2001

•

Food allergy reactions often occur in school Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 19, 2001

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Study shows immune system action in food allergy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 30, 2001

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Fatal reactions to food allergies continue to occur Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 19, 2001

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Better patient education needed about risk of food allergy fatalities Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 19, 2001

•

Symptoms alone differentiate between IBS, organic disease, and food allergy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 29, 2000

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Eosinophil granular proteins good indicators of food allergy in infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 16, 1999

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New study links antacids with increased risk of food allergy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 10, 2003

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Antacids linked to food allergy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 10, 2003

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Cesarean delivery may be a risk factor for food allergy in predisposed infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 03, 2003

•

C-section may increase risk for food allergy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 03, 2003

Periodicals and News

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Food allergy is major contributor to life-threatening childhood asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 11, 2003

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Simple steps free families from food allergy fear Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 09, 2003

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Multiple food allergies may affect kids' growth Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 18, 2002

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Test may improve early detection of food allergies in infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 22, 1998

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Hot Spices Exacerbate Food Allergies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 16, 1998

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Pediatric Skin Rash Linked To Food Allergy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 04, 1998

•

Food Hypersensitivity Common In Children With Atopic Dermatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 18, 1998

•

More Cases of Food Allergy Being Diagnosed Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 19, 1997

•

Food Allergies Can Trigger Severe Exacerbations In Asthmatic Children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 19, 1997

•

Food Allergy Uncommon In HIV-Positive Individuals Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 24, 1997

•

Food Allergies May Cause Shock Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 26, 1996

•

GERD In Children May Be Due To Food Allergy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 20, 1995

79

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

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Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “food allergies” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to food allergies, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “food allergies” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on food allergies: •

Role of Food Allergy in Eczema, The Source: ISDInformation. 1(1): 2,4. January 2003.

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81

Contact: Available from ISDInformation. P.O. Box 1074, Newport News, VA 23601. Summary: This newsletter article discusses the prevalence of food allergy in children with eczema. Eczema (atopic dermatitis) runs in families and affects almost one in seven children. Children with eczema often develop asthma and hayfever as they grow older. The rash of eczema can be reduced or prevented by diet. Studies show that one out of every three children with moderate to severe eczema has food allergy and the more severe the rash, the greater the likelihood a food allergy exists. An IgE antibody test and skin prick (scratch) tests should be performed. The results of these tests in addition to medical history will help the physician determine a diet. A diet that excludes various foods may be suggested. A specialist should be consulted in managing exclusion diets to help interpret ingredient labels and to aid in the management of possible severe allergic reactions when a food is reintroduced into the diet. The majority of children with eczema will outgrow or experience a reduction in their symptoms in the first three to five years of life and most will outgrow their food allergies. However, parents and doctors need to watch for the development of respiratory symptoms.

Academic Periodicals covering Food Allergies Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to food allergies. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering food allergies that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

85

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7972 173 765 2 0 8912

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “food allergies” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on food allergies can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to food allergies. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to food allergies. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “food allergies”:

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•

Other guides Anemia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anemia.html Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html Asthma in Children http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthmainchildren.html Diagnostic Imaging http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diagnosticimaging.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html Food Contamination/Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationpoisoning.html Food Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodsafety.html Hemochromatosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemochromatosis.html Immune System and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/immunesystemanddisorders.html Insect Bites and Stings http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/insectbitesandstings.html Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseases.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Latex Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/latexallergy.html Metabolic Syndrome X http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicsyndromex.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to food allergies, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Food Allergies: When Food Becomes the Enemy Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2001/401_food.html Food Allergy Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00082

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Food Allergy Questions and Answers Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/questions.html •

Diagnosis/Symptoms Allergy Skin Tests: Diagnosing Your Allergies Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AA00023

•

Coping Living with Food Allergies: One Man's Story Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AA00021

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Anaphylaxis Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/anaphylaxis.html Balancing the Needs of Young Children: Strategies for Day-Care Centers and Play Groups Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/topics_archive/playgroup.html Food Allergies: Can They Develop Later in Life? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00179 School Guidelines for Managing Students with Food Allergies Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/guidelines.html Traveling with Allergies and Asthma Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology http://www.aaaai.org/patients/publicedmat/tips/travelingwithallergies.stm

•

Children Milk Allergy Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/allergies/milk_allergy.html Most Infants with Cow's-Milk Allergy Can Tolerate Soy Formulas Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/research/milk_alergy.html

•

Latest News FDA Collaborates with AOAC to Gain Approval of Peanut Test Kits for Food Products Source: 10/03/2003, Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01258.html

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•

Lists of Print Publication Resource List on Food Allergies and Intolerances Source: Food and Nutrition Information Center http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/pubs/bibs/gen/allergy.htm

•

Men My Family Has Food Allergies. How Does This Affect Breastfeeding? Source: La Leche League International http://www.lalecheleague.org/FAQ/allergies.html

•

Organizations American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology http://www.aaaai.org/ Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/index.html National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening Allergy Test (RAST Test) Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/allergy/test.html

•

Research Food Allergy Research Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/research.html Mouse Model of Food Allergies Reveals Cause of Inflammation Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/releases/eosinophil.htm

•

Teenagers What Are Food Allergies? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/nutrition/food_allergies.html

•

Women My Family Has Food Allergies. How Does This Affect Breastfeeding? Source: La Leche League International http://www.lalecheleague.org/FAQ/allergies.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the

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search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on food allergies. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Off to School with Food Allergies. A Guide for Parents and Teachers: Parent's Guide Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 2000. 20 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $8.00 for parent and teacher guide book set; plus shipping and handling. Summary: A food allergy is the immune system's abnormal response to a food; these allergies occur in 1 to 3 percent of school children. While any food potentially can cause a food allergy, the few foods that are responsible for most food allergic reactions in children include eggs, cow milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. This booklet is one of a two part series designed to help parents and teachers work together to support children with serious food allergies as they make the transition to school. This Parent's Guide, written in question and answer format, covers definitions of food allergies and their consequences, symptoms that occur during allergic reactions to food, the responsibility of the school with regard to food allergies, how to minimize food allergic reactions, and practical tips for handling school situations. The booklet includes a checklist of activities to accomplish before school starts or before returning to school after breaks, lunch tips, and lunch suggestions. The primary principles in managing a food allergy are recognizing the condition, identifying the offending foods, avoiding those foods, and rapidly treating all food reactions. The school is responsible for supporting all four of these principles. Parents are responsible for creating a partnership with the school's health office, the teachers, and their child in order to prevent food allergic reactions in the school. The booklet concludes with a list of additional sources of information, including the Food Allergy Network, and organizations through which readers can locate a board certified allergist.

•

Understanding Food Allergy Source: Washington, DC: International Food Information Council Foundation. 1998. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from International Food Information Council Foundation. 1100 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 430, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 296-6540. PRICE: Single copy free.

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Summary: Food allergy is a reaction of the body's immune system to something in a food, usually a protein. This brochure is intended for consumer and patient education and addresses the basics of food allergy, food intolerance, and other food sensitivities. Written in a question and answer format, the brochure discusses the foods that tend to cause food allergy, the symptoms, anaphylaxis, other reactions or sensitivities to foods (not allergies), diagnosis, sensitivity to food additives, and ways to avoid lifethreatening food allergy situations. The eight most common food allergens are milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish. Common symptoms of food allergy include skin irritations, gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), and respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and shortness of breath. Food intolerance is an adverse reaction to a food substance or additive that involves digestion or metabolism but does not involve the immune system (e.g., lactose intolerance). Food idiosyncrasy is an abnormal response to a food or food substance that also does not involve the immune system. Sulfite sensitivity or sulfite-induced asthma is an example of a food idiosyncrasy that affects a small number of people. Diagnosis is based on a thorough medical history, the analysis of a food diary, and several tests, including skinprick tests, RAST tests (blood test), and food challenges. •

Food Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 2000. 12 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $3.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: It is estimated that up to 10 percent of young children have eczema or atopic dermatitis and one in three children with significant atopic dermatitis have food allergies. This booklet discusses food allergies and atopic dermatitis, defined as a nonscarring allergic skin disease caused by a number of factors; food is one factor. This disease is not contagious. With proper management, it can be controlled, and children can grow to be self confident and enjoy the friendship of others. This booklet offers tips and other sources of information to help parents of the child with food allergy and atopic dermatitis. The booklet covers symptoms, causes, drug therapy, complications, prevention strategies, what happens as the child gets older, and tips for keeping atopic dermatitis under control in the areas of general management, school, baths, laundry, and food allergy. Atopic dermatitis is caused by inflammation of the skin and the skin's inability to retain adequate moisture. Certain substances or factors can cause atopic dermatitis to flare, including irritants such as wool, skin infections, dry skin, low humidity, heat, sweating, or emotional stress; and allergens, such as dust mites, pollens and molds, or foods. Atopic dermatitis cannot be cured, but can be controlled with consistent treatment and avoidance of substances or factors that cause it to flare. Prescription antihistamines can be used to help treat the itching that accompanies this disease, and steroid ointments can help stop the inflammation in the skin. To keep atopic dermatitis under control it is important to avoid or reduce exposure to irritants and allergens, and to moisturize the skin. The booklet stresses that raising a child with atopic dermatitis and food allergies requires extra time, planning, and the help of a doctor that the parent feels comfortable talking with. The booklet concludes with a list of additional sources of information, including the Food Allergy Network, and organizations through which readers can locate a board certified allergist, find allergy free food products, and get information about other allergy products.

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Food Allergies in Children Source: Flourtown, PA: American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. 2003. 1 p. Contact: Available from North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN). PO Box 6, Flourtown, PA 19031. (215) 2330808. Fax: (215) 233-3939. Website: www.naspgn.org. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; contact organization for print topics. Summary: The immune system is designed to help protect the body from infection by identifying and attacking bacteria or viruses that cause illness. When the immune system mistakenly responds to a food protein, inflammation and damage will result. This brief fact sheet considers food allergies in children. The fact sheet defines the condition, then discusses its incidence (how common it is), the causes of the condition, the kinds of food allergies, and diagnostic tests used to identify and confirm the problem. Food allergies are discussed in two categories: immediate or delayed reactions. The reasons why food allergies occur are not clearly understood, but a child is more likely to develop food allergies when other family members have asthma, eczema, hay fever, or allergies. For more information, readers are encouraged to visit www.naspghan.org (the web site of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition).

•

Food Allergy Network Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 199x. 4 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030. (800) 929-4040 or (703) 691-3179. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: http://www.foodallergy.org/. Summary: This brochure describes the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network, a nonprofit organization dedicated to bringing about a clearer understanding of the issues surrounding food allergies. The organization hopes to increase public awareness about food allergies and anaphylaxis, which is a severe, life threatening reaction. In addition, the organization provides education, emotional support, and coping strategies to individuals with food allergies. The organization focuses on children because they are, by far, the largest group affected by food allergies. The brochure describes the organization's efforts, presents quotes from members, and provides some basic facts about food allergies. The brochure also lists the publications available from the Network; each is described with a one or two sentence summary. A form is included in the brochure with which readers can order publications, join the organization, or make a donation.

•

Food Allergies and Intolerances Source: Chicago, IL: National Center for Nutrition and Dietetics of the American Dietetic Association. 1994. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 W. Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606-6995. (800) 877-1600, ext. 5000. Fax (312) 899-4899. PRICE: $19 for set of 12 fact sheets (ADA members); $22.50 (nonmembers). Summary: This fact sheet provides basic information on food allergies and intolerances. Written in a question and answer format, the publication covers the difference between food allergy and food intolerance; common symptoms of food allergies and intolerances;

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foods that commonly cause food allergies; causes of a food intolerance; and recommendations for managing food allergies. The fact sheet concludes with a brief list of resources for readers wishing to obtain more information. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “food allergies” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: guidelines for the evaluation of food allergies Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 November 12 (reviewed 2001); 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3059&nbr=2285&a mp;string=food+AND+allergies Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Be A PAL: Protect A Life From Food Allergies Summary: Here's what to tell your friends about your food allergy. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5756

•

Common Food Allergens Summary: This fact sheet provides tips on how to manage food allergies for the following: milk, egg, peanut, tree nut, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7756

•

FAN Teen! Summary: A web site for young adults who want to take a more active role in managing their food allergies. Here you can learn from others and share your own experiences with food allergies. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5760

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FANKid Coloringbook! Summary: Print out and color this page. Each week you will find a different page with new food allergy facts to print out and color. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5758

•

FANKid Wordfind! Summary: Some foods cause allergic reactions in some children. This food allergy puzzle may be easy for you to solve, if you are a child with food allergies, or know someone with food allergies. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5757

•

FAN-LIB -- A Party Game Summary: Learn about food allergies, show off your vocabulary skills and create funny stories with your friends. To play this party game download and print out any story, follow the instructions and have fun. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5759

•

FAQ - About Food Allergy Summary: Do children usually have milk intolerance or milk allergy? This is one of the commonly asked questions about food allergy that is addressed in this online document. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2430

•

Fast Facts: Food Allergy Summary: Consumer information about types of food allergies, the causes, reactions and symptoms of each, and the foods most often responsible for food allergies. Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2222

•

Food Allergy and Intolerances Summary: It is extremely important for people who have true food allergies to identify them and prevent allergic reactions to food because these reactions can cause devastating illness and, in some cases, be Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=856

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to food allergies. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Food Allergies The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to food allergies: •

Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network Telephone: (703) 691-3179 Toll-free: (800) 929-4040 Fax: (703) 691-2713 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.foodallergy.org/ Background: The Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN) is a not-for-profit service organization dedicated to bringing about a clearer understanding of the issues surrounding food allergies and to helping affected individuals lead a normal life while following restricted diets. Established in 1991 and consisting of over 25,500 members, FAN is committed to increasing public awareness about food allergies and anaphylaxis, a severe, life-threatening reaction, and providing emotional support and coping strategies to affected individuals. While FAN's membership includes people of all ages, the organization's main focus is on children since they are the largest population group affected by food allergies. FAN has a regular newsletter containing recipes, practical

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tips, consumer alerts, and medical and dietary information. For a sample copy, along with order and membership information, call the office at (800) 929-4040. Relevant area(s) of interest: Food Allergy

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to food allergies. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with food allergies. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about food allergies. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “food allergies” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “food allergies”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “food allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For

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these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “food allergies” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

107

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on food allergies: •

Basic Guidelines for Food Allergies Food allergy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000817.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Food Allergies Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abdominal sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003137.htm Bloated feeling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003123.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm

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Difficulty breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Difficulty swallowing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Lightheadedness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Nasal congestion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003049.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Rashes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Runny nose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003051.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Stomach cramps Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Wheezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003070.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Food Allergies Skin tests - allergy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003519.htm

Online Glossaries 111

•

Nutrition for Food Allergies Food additive Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002435.htm Food additives Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002435.htm Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm

•

Background Topics for Food Allergies Abdominal discomfort Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002228.htm Allergen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002229.htm Allergic reaction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Allergic reactions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Antibody Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Auscultation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002226.htm Enzyme Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002353.htm Immune response Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Shellfish Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002851.htm Toxins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002331.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

113

FOOD ALLERGIES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Cramps: Abdominal pain due to spasmodic contractions of the bowel. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU]

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Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allergy and Immunology: A medical specialty concerned with the hypersensitivity of the individual to foreign substances and protection from the resultant infection or disorder. [NIH]

Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH]

Dictionary 115

Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU]

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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Translocation: The passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability. These mechanisms can act in concert to promote synergistically the systemic spread of indigenous translocating bacteria to cause lethal sepsis. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH]

Dictionary 117

Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blotting and transferred to strips of nitrocellulose paper. The blots are then detected by radiolabeled antibody probes. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal

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functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cathepsin E: An aspartic endopeptidase of the hydrolase class that is similar to cathepsin D but has a slightly broader specificity. EC 3.4.23.34. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]

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Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU]

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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

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Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or

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involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH]

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Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Egg Proteins: Proteins which are found in eggs or ova from any species. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis: Infection and swelling of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine. The infection is caused by white blood cells (eosinophils). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]

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Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression

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(return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]

Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Habits: Acquired or learned food preferences. [NIH] Food Hypersensitivity: Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens ingested in food. [NIH] Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Formulary: A book containing a list of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and means of preparation. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH]

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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

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Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH]

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Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH]

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Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoblotting: Immunologic methods for isolating and quantitatively measuring immunoreactive substances. When used with immune reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, the process is known generically as western blot analysis (blotting, western). [NIH]

Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized,

130 Food Allergies

subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1: A cell-surface ligand with a role in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

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Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood

132 Food Allergies

and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH]

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Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH]

134 Food Allergies

Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by

Dictionary 135

polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH]

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Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for

Dictionary 137

the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plant Components: The anatomical components of a plant, including seeds. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plant sterols: Plant-based compounds that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines. This results in lower blood cholesterol levels. They may have some effect in cancer prevention. Also known as phytosterols. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same

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population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the

Dictionary 139

configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH]

140 Food Allergies

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quackery: The fraudulent misrepresentation of the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radioallergosorbent Test: An in vitro allergen radioimmunoassay in which allergens are coupled to an immunosorbent. The coupled allergens bind the IgE in the sera of patients which in turn binds radioisotope-labeled anti-IgE antibodies. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH]

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Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU]

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Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Tests: Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in

Dictionary 143

spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other

144 Food Allergies

disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Dictionary 145

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH]

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Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and

Dictionary 147

kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

149

INDEX A Abdomen, 113, 117, 123, 130, 131, 143 Abdominal, 5, 6, 56, 63, 72, 109, 111, 113, 119, 131, 135, 146 Abdominal Cramps, 72, 113 Abdominal Pain, 5, 6, 56, 63, 72, 113, 131, 146 Adenylate Cyclase, 113, 119 Adjuvant, 8, 113 Adolescence, 113, 136 Adrenal Cortex, 113, 138 Adrenal Medulla, 113, 123 Adrenergic, 113, 123, 144 Adverse Effect, 113, 142 Aerosol, 113, 144 Affinity, 55, 59, 113, 142 Airway, 113, 147 Algorithms, 113, 117 Alimentary, 113, 135 Alkaline, 114, 117 Allergen, 8, 10, 33, 36, 58, 59, 111, 114, 140, 141 Allergic Rhinitis, 53, 55, 114 Allergy and Immunology, 7, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 25, 28, 36, 37, 39, 114 Allogeneic, 114, 127 Alternative medicine, 80, 114 Amine, 114, 128 Amino Acid Sequence, 59, 114, 115, 126 Amino Acids, 56, 114, 122, 126, 136, 138, 139 Ammonia, 114, 126 Amplification, 11, 51, 114 Ampulla, 114, 123 Anaesthesia, 114, 129 Analogous, 114, 137, 145 Analytes, 94, 114 Anaphylactic, 5, 10, 51, 55, 59, 76, 114 Anaphylaxis, 4, 7, 8, 10, 38, 41, 57, 58, 59, 75, 76, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 114 Anatomical, 115, 117, 137, 141 Anemia, 92, 115 Anesthetics, 115, 123 Animal model, 8, 115 Anthropology, 73, 115 Antibacterial, 115, 143 Antibiotic, 115, 136, 143

Antibodies, 16, 19, 52, 53, 57, 59, 60, 61, 111, 115, 127, 129, 132, 133, 137, 140 Anticoagulant, 115, 139 Antigen, 4, 8, 9, 51, 55, 60, 113, 114, 115, 120, 126, 128, 129, 132, 140, 141 Anti-infective, 115, 125 Anti-Infective Agents, 115, 125 Antioxidants, 52, 61, 115, 125, 136 Appendectomy, 6, 115 Arachidonic Acid, 115, 138 Arginine, 52, 61, 115 Aromatic, 115, 136, 143 Arterial, 116, 128, 139, 144 Arteries, 116, 117, 121, 133 Aspartic, 116, 118 Assay, 57, 116, 140 Atopic, 4, 13, 19, 21, 25, 40, 53, 55, 57, 61, 79, 81, 96, 116 Atopic Eczema, 21, 116 Atypical, 116, 130 Autoimmune disease, 116, 134 Autoimmunity, 11, 53, 116 Autosuggestion, 116, 128 B Bacteria, 52, 61, 97, 115, 116, 124, 127, 133, 137, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146 Bacterial Infections, 11, 53, 116, 119 Bacterial Translocation, 52, 61, 116 Base, 71, 116, 124, 126, 131 Basophils, 55, 59, 116, 127, 131 Baths, 96, 116 Beer, 52, 61, 116 Benign, 116, 127, 134 Bile, 116, 117, 125, 128, 132, 143, 144 Bile Acids, 116, 117, 143, 144 Biochemical, 117, 131 Biotechnology, 11, 12, 80, 87, 117 Bladder, 117, 134, 146 Bloating, 117, 129, 131 Blood Coagulation, 117, 118, 144 Blood Glucose, 9, 117, 127, 130 Blood pressure, 117, 128, 133, 142 Blot, 117, 129 Blotting, Western, 117, 129 Body Fluids, 117, 142 Body Regions, 117, 119 Bone Marrow, 117, 129, 132, 133

150 Food Allergies

Bowel, 15, 51, 53, 62, 113, 117, 130, 143, 146 Bowel Movement, 117, 143 Branch, 107, 117, 136, 143, 144 Breakdown, 117, 122, 126 Bronchi, 117, 123 Bronchial, 117, 128 Butyric Acid, 50, 117 C Calcium, 52, 61, 117, 120, 142 Candidiasis, 42, 52, 61, 118 Candidosis, 118 Carbohydrate, 9, 118, 126, 135, 138 Carcinogenic, 118, 143 Carcinogens, 118, 119, 134 Cardiac, 118, 123, 134, 143 Cathepsin E, 9, 118 Causal, 5, 16, 28, 30, 118 Celiac Disease, 51, 57, 73, 118 Cell Differentiation, 118, 142 Cell Division, 116, 118, 133, 137 Cell membrane, 59, 118, 122, 136 Cell proliferation, 9, 51, 118, 142 Cellobiose, 118 Cellulose, 50, 118, 125, 137 Central Nervous System, 28, 30, 118, 119, 126, 127, 134 Central Nervous System Infections, 119, 127 Cerebral, 119, 123, 124, 143 Character, 119, 121, 126 Cholera, 8, 37, 119, 146 Cholera Toxin, 8, 119 Cholesterol, 36, 52, 61, 116, 119, 137, 141, 143 Chromatin, 119 Chromium, 52, 61, 119 Chromosomal, 114, 119, 137 Chronic, 4, 11, 40, 42, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 116, 119, 124, 130, 131, 139, 143, 146 Chronic Disease, 4, 40, 50, 57, 119 Citrus, 63, 119 Clinical Medicine, 119, 138 Clinical trial, 7, 35, 53, 87, 119, 121 Cloning, 117, 119 Cofactor, 119, 139, 144 Colic, 7, 42, 119 Colitis, 44, 51, 70, 119, 131 Collapse, 114, 117, 119 Colloidal, 119, 144 Complement, 120, 141

Complementary and alternative medicine, 35, 45, 120 Complementary medicine, 35, 120 Computational Biology, 87, 120 Congestion, 5, 43, 63, 71, 110, 120, 124 Conjunctiva, 120 Conjunctivitis, 53, 120 Constipation, 53, 62, 120, 131 Constriction, 58, 120, 146, 147 Consumption, 52, 54, 55, 61, 120, 122, 135, 140 Contact dermatitis, 53, 120 Contamination, 57, 92, 121 Contraceptive, 121, 132 Contraindications, ii, 6, 121 Control group, 14, 121 Coordination, 8, 121, 134 Coronary, 121, 133 Coronary Thrombosis, 121, 133 Corpus, 121, 138 Corpus Luteum, 121, 138 Cranial, 121, 127, 136 Craniocerebral Trauma, 121, 127 Curative, 121, 144 Cutaneous, 55, 118, 120, 121, 131 Cyclic, 113, 121, 139 Cytokine, 8, 10, 56, 121 Cytoplasm, 116, 118, 119, 121, 123, 127, 133 Cytotoxic, 53, 76, 121, 142 D Dairy Products, 56, 121, 141 Databases, Bibliographic, 87, 121 Decarboxylation, 121, 128 Degenerative, 52, 61, 121, 128 Dehydration, 119, 122 Depolarization, 122, 142 Dermal, 8, 56, 122 Dermatitis, 4, 13, 19, 25, 55, 57, 58, 79, 81, 96, 122, 123 Developed Countries, 122, 125 Diagnostic procedure, 49, 80, 122 Diarrhea, 5, 6, 53, 56, 58, 62, 63, 72, 96, 109, 122, 131 Diastolic, 122, 128 Dietary Proteins, 8, 122, 146 Dietitian, 22, 122 Digestion, 36, 96, 113, 116, 117, 122, 129, 130, 132, 143 Digestive tract, 50, 53, 62, 122, 142 Direct, iii, 9, 119, 122, 140 Dissociation, 113, 122

Index 151

Distal, 56, 122, 139 Drug Interactions, 122 Drug Tolerance, 122, 145 Duodenum, 116, 122, 123, 143 Dyes, 116, 122, 125, 136 Dyspepsia, 122, 129 E Eczema, 7, 23, 42, 63, 72, 80, 81, 96, 97, 123 Edema, 120, 123, 134 Egg Proteins, 12, 123 Elective, 6, 123 Electrolyte, 123, 138, 142 Embryo, 118, 123, 129, 137 Emollient, 123, 126, 135 Endemic, 119, 123 Endocarditis, 118, 123 Endoscope, 123 Endoscopic, 4, 123 Environmental Health, 86, 88, 123 Enzymatic, 118, 120, 123, 128 Enzyme, 57, 111, 113, 123, 124, 131, 133, 142, 144, 147 Eosinophil, 78, 94, 123 Eosinophilia, 53, 123 Eosinophilic, 51, 123 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis, 51, 123 Epigastric, 123, 135 Epinephrine, 5, 7, 9, 75, 76, 113, 123, 146 Epithelial, 9, 119, 123 Epithelial Cells, 119, 123 Epithelium, 10, 123 Epitope, 9, 124 Erythema, 120, 124, 146 Erythrocytes, 115, 117, 124, 141 Esophagitis, 51, 124 Esophagus, 122, 124, 127, 143 Ethanol, 124 Evacuation, 120, 124 Evoke, 124, 143 Excipients, 124, 125, 136 Exocrine, 124, 135 Exogenous, 123, 124 Extensor, 124, 139 Extracellular, 56, 124, 142 F Family Planning, 87, 124 Fat, 53, 54, 56, 62, 71, 115, 117, 124, 131, 134, 135, 141 Fatigue, 42, 50, 70, 124 Fatty acids, 124, 138 Feces, 120, 124, 143 Fermentation, 52, 61, 116, 124, 125

Fibrosis, 124, 141 Fish Products, 124, 141 Fixation, 124, 141 Flavoring Agents, 125, 136 Flushing, 6, 125 Fold, 52, 61, 125, 133 Food Additives, 9, 22, 68, 96, 125 Food Coloring Agents, 125 Food Habits, 52, 61, 125 Food Hypersensitivity, 5, 8, 56, 60, 68, 79, 125 Food Preferences, 125 Food Preservatives, 125 Formulary, 60, 125 Friction, 125, 132 Fungus, 118, 125 G Gallbladder, 72, 113, 125 Gamma-interferon, 125, 130 Gas, 114, 126, 128, 129, 131, 134, 139, 140, 144 Gas exchange, 126, 140 Gastric, 126, 127, 128 Gastrointestinal, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13, 19, 28, 30, 39, 50, 53, 56, 57, 58, 62, 72, 96, 116, 123, 124, 125, 126, 131, 144, 146 Gastrointestinal tract, 4, 5, 9, 50, 57, 72, 116, 124, 126, 131 Gene, 8, 53, 55, 117, 126 Gene Expression, 53, 126 Genetic Code, 126, 135 Genotype, 19, 126, 136 Gestation, 126, 137 Giant Cells, 126, 141 Gland, 113, 126, 132, 135, 141, 143, 145 Glomerular, 53, 126 Glomerulus, 126, 134 Glucose, 117, 118, 119, 126, 127, 130, 141 Glutamate, 5, 63, 126 Glutamic Acid, 126 Glutamine, 44, 52, 61, 126 Gluten, 4, 6, 64, 70, 72, 73, 118, 126 Glycerol, 117, 126, 136 Glycoprotein, 126, 127, 131, 144 Goats, 121, 127 Gonadal, 127, 143 Governing Board, 127, 138 Graft, 53, 127, 128, 129 Graft Rejection, 53, 127, 129 Gram-negative, 116, 127, 146 Granulocytes, 127, 131, 142, 147

152 Food Allergies

Growth, 6, 9, 12, 16, 37, 79, 113, 115, 118, 127, 134, 137, 145 H Haptens, 113, 127, 140 Headache, 44, 63, 72, 110, 127 Headache Disorders, 127 Heartburn, 72, 127, 129 Hemochromatosis, 92, 127 Hemoglobin, 115, 124, 127 Hemorrhage, 121, 127 Hemorrhoids, 51, 127 Hepatitis, 128, 130 Hepatomegaly, 128, 130 Heredity, 126, 128 Heritability, 128 Heterogeneity, 113, 128 Histamine, 57, 59, 128 Histidine, 128 Homologous, 128, 141, 144, 145 Hormone, 123, 128, 130, 132, 138, 142, 145 Host, 50, 53, 116, 118, 128, 129, 146 Humoral, 9, 37, 52, 61, 127, 128 Humour, 128 Hydrogen, 114, 116, 118, 128, 133, 135 Hyperaemia, 120, 128 Hypersensitivity, 8, 10, 59, 60, 76, 114, 123, 128, 141, 142 Hypertension, 32, 61, 127, 128 I Iatrogenic, 60, 128 Id, 31, 41, 92, 93, 98, 100, 106, 108, 128 Idiopathic, 128, 141 Immersion, 116, 128 Immune response, 8, 11, 29, 30, 51, 54, 111, 113, 115, 116, 127, 129, 141, 144, 146 Immune Sera, 129 Immune system, 5, 11, 55, 76, 78, 95, 96, 97, 116, 129, 132, 134, 146, 147 Immunity, 8, 129, 142, 145 Immunization, 8, 129, 141 Immunoblotting, 38, 129 Immunoglobulin, 13, 19, 20, 36, 55, 59, 71, 78, 115, 129, 133 Immunologic, 4, 10, 57, 71, 129 Immunology, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 36, 38, 39, 40, 69, 93, 94, 99, 113, 129 Immunosuppressive, 129, 144 Immunosuppressive therapy, 129 Immunotherapy, 10, 20, 129 In vitro, 7, 14, 20, 129, 140, 144 In vivo, 10, 14, 129, 144

Indicative, 65, 129, 136, 146 Indigestion, 72, 129, 131 Induction, 10, 56, 129 Infancy, 28, 29, 68, 129 Infarction, 121, 129, 133 Infection, 43, 97, 114, 115, 118, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136, 143, 146, 147 Infectious Mononucleosis, 21, 130 Inflammation, 21, 51, 59, 94, 96, 97, 114, 119, 120, 122, 124, 128, 130, 131, 134, 145, 146 Inflammatory bowel disease, 20, 51, 130 Infusion, 60, 130 Ingestion, 10, 50, 55, 130, 137 Inhalation, 55, 113, 130, 137 Insight, 4, 130 Insulator, 130, 134 Insulin, 53, 130 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 130 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, 21, 130 Interstitial, 130, 134 Intestinal, 5, 8, 9, 21, 52, 61, 69, 72, 116, 118, 119, 130, 132 Intestine, 117, 130, 131 Intoxication, 130, 147 Intracellular, 8, 54, 129, 130, 138, 139, 142 Intramuscular, 130, 135 Intravenous, 130, 135 Intrinsic, 113, 130 Invasive, 129, 130 Involuntary, 131, 134, 142 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 6, 24, 43, 131 Irritants, 96, 131 J Joint, 63, 131 K Kb, 86, 131 Kinetics, 8, 131 L Lactation, 24, 28, 29, 131 Lactose Intolerance, 57, 72, 73, 96, 131 Large Intestine, 122, 123, 130, 131, 140, 142 Latent, 131, 138 Lectins, 56, 131 Leishmaniasis, 53, 131 Leprosy, 53, 131 Lethal, 116, 131, 134 Lethargy, 56, 131 Leucocyte, 123, 131 Leukocytes, 56, 116, 117, 127, 131, 133 Library Services, 106, 131 Lipid, 11, 126, 130, 131, 134

Index 153

Liver, 72, 113, 115, 116, 117, 124, 125, 127, 128, 131, 140, 141 Localized, 125, 129, 132, 137, 146 Loop, 10, 132 Lubricants, 132 Lubrication, 53, 62, 132 Lymph, 116, 128, 130, 132, 141 Lymph node, 116, 132, 141 Lymphadenopathy, 130, 132 Lymphatic, 130, 132, 143, 145 Lymphocyte, 53, 115, 132 Lymphoid, 115, 131, 132 M Malabsorption, 56, 118, 132 Manifest, 58, 132 Meat, 60, 132, 141 Meat Products, 60, 132 Mediate, 55, 132 Mediator, 20, 132 MEDLINE, 87, 132 Medroxyprogesterone, 51, 132 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 51, 132 Melanin, 132, 136, 146 Membrane, 52, 59, 61, 114, 118, 120, 122, 127, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 140, 142 Meninges, 118, 119, 121, 133 Menstrual Cycle, 133, 138 Mentors, 7, 133 Mesenteric, 116, 133 Metabolic disorder, 5, 133 MI, 21, 39, 112, 133 Microorganism, 119, 133, 136, 147 Microscopy, 8, 133 Migration, 130, 133 Mitosis, 131, 133 Molecular, 8, 11, 56, 87, 89, 117, 120, 133 Molecule, 21, 115, 116, 120, 122, 124, 133, 135, 137, 140, 142 Monitor, 54, 133 Monoclonal, 129, 133 Monoclonal antibodies, 129, 133 Monocytes, 56, 59, 131, 133 Mononuclear, 130, 133 Motility, 21, 133 Motion Sickness, 133, 134 Mucins, 134, 141 Mucocutaneous, 131, 134 Mucosa, 19, 21, 53, 62, 116, 118, 134 Mucus, 134, 146 Multiple sclerosis, 53, 134 Mustard Gas, 131, 134 Myelin, 134

Myocardium, 133, 134 N Nausea, 5, 6, 53, 62, 72, 96, 110, 129, 134 Necrosis, 129, 133, 134, 141 Need, 3, 4, 63, 67, 71, 75, 76, 80, 81, 101, 134, 145 Neonatal, 8, 134 Neoplasia, 134 Neoplasm, 134 Neoplastic, 52, 61, 134 Nephritis, 53, 134 Nerve, 113, 132, 134, 135, 138, 140, 141, 143, 145 Nervous System, 118, 119, 132, 134, 144 Neural, 128, 134 Neutrophil, 130, 134 Nitrogen, 114, 125, 126, 134 Nucleic acid, 52, 53, 61, 126, 134 Nucleus, 10, 116, 119, 121, 133, 135 Nutritional Status, 11, 50, 135 Nutritive Value, 125, 135 O Ointments, 96, 135 Organ Transplantation, 19, 135 Organelles, 121, 133, 135 Ovary, 121, 135, 137 Ovum, 121, 126, 135, 138 Oxidation, 115, 135 P Palliative, 135, 144 Pancreas, 72, 113, 127, 130, 135 Parasite, 135 Parasitic, 11, 65, 92, 135 Parenteral, 55, 135 Parotid, 135, 141 Particle, 9, 22, 135, 145 Patch, 25, 135 Pathogen, 51, 53, 136 Pathogenesis, 6, 60, 136 Pathologic, 10, 118, 121, 128, 136, 139, 146 Pathophysiology, 3, 136 Patient Education, 78, 95, 96, 104, 106, 112, 136 Pediatrics, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 25, 38, 68, 136 Penicillin, 55, 136 Peptide, 10, 119, 136, 138, 139 Perception, 60, 136, 141 Peripheral Nerves, 131, 136 Pharmaceutic Aids, 125, 136 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 118, 124, 136 Pharmacist, 59, 136

154 Food Allergies

Pharmacologic, 136, 145 Phenotype, 8, 136 Phenylalanine, 136, 146 Phospholipases, 136, 142 Phospholipids, 124, 136 Phosphorus, 117, 136 Physiologic, 9, 133, 137, 138, 140 Physiology, 131, 137 Placenta, 137, 138 Plague, 72, 137 Plant Components, 36, 137 Plant Proteins, 12, 56, 137, 146 Plant sterols, 36, 137 Plants, 119, 126, 137, 141, 143, 145, 146 Plasma, 115, 118, 127, 137 Plasma cells, 115, 137 Plasmid, 8, 137 Platelet Activation, 137, 142 Platelets, 56, 59, 137, 144 Platinum, 132, 137 Poisoning, 57, 92, 130, 134, 137 Pollen, 12, 16, 38, 137 Polymorphism, 19, 137 Polypeptide, 114, 138, 139, 147 Polysaccharide, 115, 118, 138 Posterior, 135, 138 Postsynaptic, 138, 142 Potassium, 52, 61, 138 Potentiation, 138, 142 Practice Guidelines, 88, 98, 138 Precursor, 54, 115, 123, 136, 138, 146 Predisposition, 4, 138 Prevalence, 23, 60, 71, 72, 81, 138 Progesterone, 51, 138, 143 Progression, 115, 138 Progressive, 118, 122, 127, 134, 137, 138 Prophylaxis, 14, 59, 138, 146 Prostaglandin, 23, 138 Prostaglandins A, 138, 139 Protein C, 114, 139 Protein Conformation, 114, 139 Protein S, 56, 117, 126, 139 Protozoa, 131, 133, 139 Proximal, 122, 139 Pruritic, 123, 139 Psoriasis, 51, 53, 134, 139 Psychiatric, 17, 23, 139 Psychiatry, 124, 139, 143 Public Policy, 87, 139 Publishing, 5, 11, 139 Pulmonary, 42, 117, 120, 123, 139, 140 Pulmonary Ventilation, 139, 140

Pulse, 133, 140 Q Quackery, 72, 140 R Radioallergosorbent Test, 5, 140 Radioimmunoassay, 140 Radioisotope, 140 Reactive Oxygen Species, 51, 140 Receptor, 10, 55, 59, 115, 140, 142 Recombinant, 10, 23, 53, 140 Recombinant Proteins, 10, 140 Rectum, 51, 117, 122, 126, 130, 131, 140 Refer, 1, 120, 125, 132, 140 Refraction, 140, 143 Research Support, 6, 140 Respiration, 133, 140 Respiratory System, 4, 5, 57, 140 Retina, 140 Riboflavin, 50, 140 Risk factor, 24, 78, 141 S Saliva, 53, 60, 61, 62, 141 Salivary, 141 Salivary glands, 141 Saponins, 141, 143 Sarcoidosis, 53, 141 Saturated fat, 52, 61, 141 Schizoid, 141, 147 Schizophrenia, 141, 147 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 141, 147 Sclerosis, 134, 141 Screening, 53, 119, 141 Seafood, 7, 141 Sebaceous, 131, 141 Sebaceous gland, 131, 141 Secretion, 53, 62, 128, 130, 131, 134, 141 Secretory, 20, 53, 62, 141 Sensitization, 8, 36, 37, 141 Sepsis, 116, 142 Serum, 13, 36, 120, 129, 140, 142 Shock, 5, 51, 79, 114, 125, 142, 145 Side effect, 53, 62, 113, 142, 145 Signal Transduction, 56, 142 Signs and Symptoms, 6, 142 Skeleton, 131, 138, 142 Skin Tests, 7, 93, 142 Small intestine, 122, 123, 128, 130, 142 Smooth muscle, 128, 142, 144 Sneezing, 6, 96, 142 Sodium, 25, 52, 61, 142 Somatic, 113, 128, 133, 142 Spasmodic, 113, 142

Index 155

Spastic, 131, 142 Specialist, 81, 101, 143 Species, 114, 123, 131, 133, 135, 140, 143, 145, 146, 147 Specificity, 113, 118, 143 Spectrum, 8, 36, 143 Sperm, 137, 143 Spices, 37, 60, 79, 143 Spinal cord, 118, 119, 133, 134, 136, 143 Spleen, 116, 132, 141, 143 Splenomegaly, 130, 143 Steroid, 96, 141, 143 Stimulant, 128, 143 Stimulus, 51, 143, 144 Stomach, 50, 110, 113, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128, 134, 142, 143 Stool, 57, 131, 143 Stress, 52, 61, 96, 110, 125, 131, 134, 138, 143, 146 Stupor, 131, 143 Subacute, 130, 143 Subarachnoid, 127, 143 Subclinical, 130, 143 Subcutaneous, 123, 135, 144 Sublingual, 51, 144 Substance P, 141, 144 Sulfites, 5, 144 Support group, 76, 144 Suspensions, 22, 144 Sympathomimetic, 123, 144 Symptomatic, 26, 72, 144 Synaptic, 142, 144 Systemic, 4, 8, 43, 114, 116, 117, 118, 123, 130, 141, 144, 145 Systolic, 128, 144 T Tacrolimus, 19, 144 Taurine, 52, 61, 144 Tear Gases, 131, 144 Therapeutics, 19, 144 Threshold, 128, 144 Thrombin, 139, 144 Thrombocytes, 137, 144 Thrombomodulin, 139, 144 Thrombosis, 139, 145 Thymus, 44, 129, 132, 145 Thyroid, 145, 146 Thyroid Gland, 145 Thyroiditis, 53, 145 Tolerance, 7, 8, 9, 145 Toxic, iv, 57, 129, 145 Toxicity, 122, 145

Toxicology, 19, 36, 88, 145 Toxins, 22, 111, 115, 129, 133, 145 Trace element, 119, 145 Transduction, 142, 145 Transfection, 117, 145 Transfer Factor, 129, 145 Translocating, 116, 145 Transmitter, 132, 145 Transplantation, 129, 145 Trauma, 124, 134, 145 Trees, 137, 145 Tuberculosis, 53, 120, 145 Tyrosine, 55, 146 U Ulcerative colitis, 51, 130, 146 Unconscious, 115, 128, 146 Urethra, 146 Urine, 9, 117, 140, 146 Urticaria, 7, 55, 114, 146 Uterus, 121, 138, 146 V Vaccination, 8, 14, 55, 146 Vaccine, 113, 146 Vagina, 118, 146 Vaginal, 132, 146 Vaginitis, 44, 118, 146 Vascular, 114, 127, 129, 130, 137, 145, 146 Vasoconstriction, 123, 146 Vasodilator, 128, 146 Vegetable Proteins, 137, 146 Venous, 127, 139, 146 Vesicular, 116, 146 Veterinary Medicine, 87, 146 Vibrio, 119, 146 Vibrio cholerae, 119, 146 Villous, 118, 146 Viral, 11, 53, 126, 145, 146 Virus, 119, 126, 130, 145, 146 Visceral, 131, 147 Vitro, 147 Vivo, 147 W Wheezing, 5, 50, 63, 110, 147 White blood cell, 115, 123, 130, 131, 132, 134, 137, 147 Withdrawal, 4, 147 X Xenograft, 115, 147 Y Yeasts, 118, 125, 136, 147 Z Zymogen, 139, 147

156

Index 157

158 Food Allergies

Index 159

160 Food Allergies

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