Pollution Engineering November 2011

POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS SOLU FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE WAST

NOVEMBER 2011

Standup Wheels Pg 18 Nixing Nitrogen Pg 20

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Confronting NIMBY Pg 24

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INSIDE

NOVEMBER 2011

VOLUME 43

NO. 11

COLUMNS The Editor’s Desk

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Historically, governmental decisions have greatly impacted the nation’s environmental well-being on countless occasions. Now, governmental and environmental agencies are “standing at a fork in the road” as they implement decisions that will impact the future of an ecosystem – the Gulf of Mexico. By Roy Bigham

Legal Lookout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 EPA’s proposed rule intends to provide the public with new information regarding priority chemicals. However, is there ever a time in which the public simply receives too much information? By Lynn L. Bergeson

State Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Environmental Rules change daily. BLR brings a few of the latest changes needed to stay in compliance. By BLR

SPECIAL REPORTS The Annual How to Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

20

DEPARTMENTS EnviroNews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 PE Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08

FEATURES Dioxin Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pumps and Systems Products . . . . . . . . . 12

14

How can an improved incinerator design reduce dioxin levels?

Wheels Withstand Weather . . . . . . . . . . .

18

Spill Control & Containment Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Classified Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Advertisers Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Time after time, many national waste services companies encounter faulty dumpsters that feature identical, defective parts. One waste service company decided to solve this problem though – once and for all.

32

A Carbonless, Total Nitrogen Removal Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

POLLUTION CONTROL SOLU SOLUTIONS FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE WAST

NOVEMBER 2011

ON THE COVER

Total nitrogen removal treatment practices can be significantly improved through the implementation of a proven technology that is now offered in North America.

Meeting NIMBY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

Not in my backyard (NIMBY) groups can lead to harrowing experiences for some companies. Proper preparation is vital in order to reach agreements.

Standup Wheels Pg 18 Nixing Nitrogen Pg 20

www.pollutionengineering.com

Member

Designed by PE's Art Director Tammie Gizicki.

Confronting NIMBY Pg 24

May 16-19, 2011

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ONLINE W W W. P O L L U T I O N E N G I N E E R I N G . C O M

Keep up with changing industry news with Pollution Engineering's This Just In section. REGISTER today for the November 30th Webinar with Pollution Engineering. Topic:

AIR

December 8th Webinar by Accutest. HYDRAULIC FRACTURING AND ITS IMPACTS Accutest Laboratories is pleased to present this webinar on “Hydraulic Fracturing and its Impacts”. As one of the largest environmental testing laboratories nationwide, Accutest routinely provides analytical services for the Natural Gas industry. Accutest’s Technical Director, Kesavalu M. Bagawadoss, Ph.D., J.D. (“Dr. Doss”) will present the analytical techniques involved in testing of the hydraulic fracturing fluids, flow back water and the formation water. Insight will also be provided on the composition of the fracturing fluids and the functions of the components.

Have you seen PE in it's Digital Edition? This interactive version of our print magazine allows you to: • Easily read • Share with friends • Get linked to further resources

Attendees will gain a better understanding of the following: · Fracturing fluids and its destiny in the formation · Impacts of hydraulic fracturing on ground water and drinking water · Regulations governing the hydraulic fracturing industry and the status

All at the click of your mouse. Subscribe to the Digital Edition today!

www.pollutionengineering.com

Speaker: Kesavalu M. Bagawandoss, Ph.D., J.D.

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Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

EDITOR'SDESK Standing at a Fork in the Roads 2401 West Big Beaver, Ste. 700, Troy, Michigan 48084 Phone: (248) 362-3700 www.pollutionengineering.com

Historically, governmental decisions have greatly impacted the nation’s environmental well-being on countless occasions. Now, governmental and environmental agencies are “standing at a fork in the road” as they implement decisions that will impact the future of an ecosystem – the Gulf of Mexico.

PUBLISHING & EDITORIAL STAFF Tom Esposito | Senior Group Publisher Sarah Harding | Publisher 216-991-4861 | [email protected] Roy Bigham | Editor 248-244-6252 | [email protected] Christopher Lewis| Assistant Editor 248-244-6252 | [email protected] Contributing Editors Erin Manitou-Alvarez, Lynn L. Bergeson, Esq., Neginmalek Davapanah, Barbara Quinn, Sarah Sajedi, Dr. Dianne Saxe, Norman Wei, Christopher Young Tammie Gizicki | Art Director [email protected] John Talan | Production Manager 248-244-8253 | [email protected]

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n October 2010, just six months after the BP oil platform failed in the Gulf of Mexico, President Obama created the Gulf Coast Task Force in order to restore the area’s ecosystem. The oil spill had freely flowed for three months and damaged hundreds of miles of coastline. In addition to the obvious problems created for the people in the area, there is evidence that the aquatic inhabitants were also stressed and destroyed. The total impact is still a matter of study. This same area has also been a topic of considerable discussion among environmental groups and academia as erosion, sedimentation and poor management have led to vast areas that are under stress. Unfortunately, while many plans have been proposed over time, the funding has not been there and little to nothing has been done. In a press release from the EPA on Oct. 5, 2011, Administrator Lisa P. Jackson said, “Even before last year’s oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico endured decades of decline that threatened the environmental and economic health of this region.” Obama’s recently developed task force consists of representatives from five Gulf States and 11 federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, Council on Environmental Quality, Department of the Interior, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Agriculture, Department of Justice, Department of Transportation, Office of Management and Budget, Office of Science and Technology Policy and Domestic Policy Council. Jackson said that the local ecosystem starts and ends with the local community members and they would know what is best for the area. It does give one pause then as

to why the government agencies outnumber the state representatives. A preliminary first draft of the task force’s report was just released on October 5. They asked for public comment on the 112-page document but only allowed three weeks for responses to be collected. A copy can downloaded at www.epa.gov/gulfcoasttaskforce. There is no mention that I could find on funding but there were no specific plans described in the plan either. As expected of any government document, the report does outline a few broad goals, including the reduction of nutrients that presently flow into the Gulf waters. Yet, there is no mention of where or even which nutrients, ought to be controlled to what levels. There is, however, a great deal of mention for the need to form more subgroups at various levels to establish additional actions that are yet to be recommended. Of course, the original task force must remain as a conduit up and down the bureaucratic ladders. It appears Obama’s task force will essentially consist of numerous layers of multiple agencies. I guess that with all the politicians involved, it was inevitable they would suggest more studies and committees. If the local ecosystems start and end with the local community members, they should have let the local talent take more control. Having 11 federal agencies involved is way too many. PE

NOVEMBER2011

Roy Bigham is Editor of Pollution Engineering. He can be contacted at [email protected]

www.pollutionengineering.com

7

ENVIRONEWS PE Events

Gulf Coast Restoration Report

NOVEMBER 2011

As a result of extensive damage in the Gulf of Mexico from the massive oil leak from the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, President Obama signed an executive order to form a taskforce. The taskforce was created to outline a path in order to restore the Gulf Coast ecosystem. The first report was released Oct. 5, 2011.

1-3

The 2011 Chem Show, Javits Convention Center, New York, www.chemshow.com

1-4

Aquatech Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, www.amsterdam.aquatechtrade.com/ aquatechamsterdam2008/e

8-9

Business and the Environment, Portland, Ore., www.businessandenvironment.org

9-10

Canadian Wasste & Recycling Expo, Montréal, Quebec, www.cwre.ca

15-17 International Conference on Water

Technologies, Renewable Energy & Environmental Control, Tel Aviv, Israel, www.watec-israel.com

16-17 Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changing

Climate, San Francisco, www.awma.org 24-26 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient

Building and Renovation, Salzburg, Austria, www.renexpo-austria.at/ index.php?id=7&L=1

29-01 SERDP and ESTCP Annual Symposium

& Workshop, Washington, D.C.,

www.serdp-estcp.org/symposium

DECEMBER 2011 13-14 3rd China Solid Waste Summit 2011,

Shanghai, www.solidwastesummit.com

JANUARY 2012 30-1

15th Annual EUEC, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, www.euec.com

Congress Sends EPA a Message

MARCH 2012 6-9

WQA Aquatech 2012 USA, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, www.wqa.org

19-23 8th International Conference on Air

Quality - Science Application, Athens, Greece, www.airqualityconference.org

27-29 7th AsiaWater 2012 Expo & Forum,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,

www.asiawater.merebo.com

MAY 2012 7-11

The Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force is comprised of representatives from five Gulf Coast states, and 11 federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, Council on Environmental Quality, Department of the Interior, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Agriculture, Department of Justice, Department of Transportation, Office of Management and Budget, Office of Science and Technology Policy and Domestic Policy Council. Their first report was released on Oct. 5, 2011 and comments were supposed to be received by Oct. 26. The task force was assigned to address any issues regarding the oil spill, while also restoring the Gulf of Mexico’s coastline by improving the area’s ecosystem, which h has been damaged over a decade’s long period of time. There were no surprises in the report as it pointed out a few items that should be addressed, such as reversing the loss of wetlands, managing sediments, reducing inflowing nutrient levels, etc. The task force recommended establishing levels of management, as well as a reporting structure that would flow from local levels to the Office of the President. No specific recommendations were offered and there was no discussion of how to fund the committees or future projects.

IFAT 2012, the 17th International Trade Fair for Water, Sewage, Refuse and Recycling, Munich, Germany,

On Oct. 6, 2011, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bipartisan bill called the Cement Sector Regulatory Relief Act. The bill was overwhelmingly passed with 262 in support and 161 against the measure. H.R. 2681 is designed to address the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for the cement industry, commercial and industrial solid waste incinerators, and the associated definition of solid waste. The legislation requires the EPA to re-propose three recent environmental rules that were directed at these industries. A recent study, cited by the House members, found that just one of the three rules alone would force 18 percent of cement manufacturing facilities to close. This would result in jobs lost to overseas competitors in order to meet demand. Consequently, construction and materials costs would necessarily increase.

www.ifat.de/en/Home

21-24 Remediation of Chlorinated and

Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, Calif., www.battelle.org/conferences/ chlorinated/index.aspx

JUNE 2012 3-6

Windpower 2012 Conference and Exhibition, Atlanta,

Giant Seafood Company to Pay Hefty Fine The EPA and DOJ announced that Trident Seafoods Corp. has agreed to pay $2.5 million in fines and an estimated $30 to $40 million to upgrade waste processing controls in order to comply with the Clean Water Act. The company was cited for unauthorized seafood processing waste discharges into the waters, thereby creating anoxic conditions that led to an unhealthy environment for other living organisms.

www.awea.org/events

Visit the Calendar of Events at www.pollutionengineering.com for additional information. 8

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

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ED ALPERIN, QEP Chief Operating Officer responsible for strategic development, commercialization & application of environmental technologies.

ANN BORDEN, P.G. Founder & President, recognized by the EBJ as a leader of remediation technologies.

DR. STEPHEN RICHARDSON, P.E. Technical lead for research & development, specializing in the application of bioremediation strategies.

JIMMY CARTER Marketing & business strategist. EOS recognized by US Commerce as leader in exporting green and sustainable technologies globally.

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LEGALLOOKOUT By Lynn L. Bergeson

Identifying TSCA Priority Chemicals EPA’s proposed rule intends to provide the public with new information regarding priority chemicals. However, is there ever a time in which the public simply receives too much information? n Aug. 18, 2011, EPA rolled out and invited public input on its Discussion Guide: Background and Discussion Questions for Identifying Priority Chemicals for Review and Assessment (Discussion Guide), which is available at www.epa.gov/ opptintr/existingchemicals/pubs/chempridiscguide. html (or use a smartphone with the mobile tag). The document explains the agency’s proposed approach for identifying priority chemicals for review and assessment under Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The Discussion Guide outlines EPA’s goals of chemical prioritization, its planned process for determining priority chemicals for review, including prioritization factors and data sources, and an overview of the agency’s twostep process for identifying chemicals selected Link to the from the priority list for future assessment. In Discussion Step 1, EPA plans to identify an initial group of Guide. priority chemicals by using a specific set of data sources to identify chemicals that meet one or more of the Chemical Action Plan priority factors. The agency has requested comments on two related Step 1 aspects: prioritization factors; and data sources for prioritization factors. Of equal importance, EPA states that it will consider “risk-based prioritization factors” in Step 1. In Step 2, the agency intends to refine that initial group by using a broader range of data sources to further analyze and select specific chemicals for additional assessment. In the Discussion Guide, EPA clarifies that “[i]dentification of a chemical as a priority chemical for review would not itself constitute a finding by the Agency that the chemical presents a risk to human health or the environment. Rather, identification of a chemical as a priority chemical would indicate only that the Agency intends to review it on a priority basis.”

O

Information collection authority under TSCA EPA states that it will use its existing information collection and testing authorities under TSCA Sections 4 and 8 to further develop any desired information. The agency also lists TSCA Section 11(c) subpoena authority as a tool to collect supplementary information if a priority chemical has a less robust hazard or exposure database. While EPA’s influence under Section 11(c) is

10

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

broad, the agency has not historically resorted to using subpoena authority. The Discussion Guide lists the following factors for identifying candidate chemicals for review: • Chemicals that are potential concerns regarding children’s health (e.g., chemicals with reproductive or developmental effects); • Chemicals that are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT); • Chemicals that are probable or known carcinogens; • Chemicals that have been used in children’s products or in consumer products; and • Chemicals that have been detected in biomonitoring programs. All chemicals that meet one or more of these factors would become components of the initial group for review. This approach will likely generate a rather large preliminary list of chemicals. Therefore, in a recent webinar, the agency noted that it expects the process to yield “several hundred” priority chemicals overall.

Data sources for overall identification of priority chemicals In Table 1 of the Discussion Guide, EPA lists potential data sources it would consider while identifying chemical substances for prioritization, including: • Proposition 65, which lists chemicals as data sources for carcinogen and reproductive substances; • “Potential Children’s Health Concern,” defined as chemicals with “some concern” under the National Toxicology Program Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction program; • The Washington State Children’s Safe Product Act list; and • Inventory Update Reporting (IUR)/Chemical Data Reporting Rule information. PE

Lynn L. Bergeson is managing director of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C., a Washington, D.C., law firm focusing on conventional and engineered nanoscale chemical, pesticide, and other specialty chemical product approval and regulation, environmental health and safety law, chemical product litigation, and associated business issues, and President of The Acta Group L.L.C. and The Acta Group EU Ltd. with offices in Washington, D.C., and Manchester, U.K.

Register Now at http://webinars.pollutionengineering.com

FREE 60 Min. WEBINAR

Hydraulic Fracturing and its Impacts December 8 | 2pm EST Accutest Laboratories, a leading provider of environmental testing services nationwide, routinely provides analytical services to the Natural Gas exploration industry. Accutest’s Technical Director, Kesavalu M. Bagawadoss, Ph.D., J.D. (“Dr. Doss”) will present a discussion on the analytical techniques involved in testing hydraulic fracturing fluids, flow back water and formation water. Insight will also be provided on the composition of fracturing fluids and the functions of its components.

Attendees will gain a better understanding of the following: • Fracturing fluids and their destiny in the geological formation • Impacts of hydraulic fracturing on Ground Water and Drinking water • Regulations governing the hydraulic fracturing industry and their status

Join us for our live Q&A session following the presentation

Speaker: Kesavalu M. Bagawandoss, Ph.D., J.D. Technical Director Accutest Laboratories

Brought to you by:

Moderator:

Roy Bigham

Register for FREE at http://webinars.pollutionengineering.com Can’t attend live? Register to receive the on-demand version.

PEPRODUCTS Product Focus: Focus Pumps and Systems Liquid Polymer Blending Systems

Close-Coupled Pump Developed for a wide array of services, including polymer metering, adhesives and shear-sensitive chemical feeds, Moyno’s close-coupled positive displacement pump offers its users easy assembly and maintenance. The pump’s two-piece drive shaft provides users a mechanical seal access, while its sealed and lubricated pin-type universal joint requires minimum maintenance.

To date, the L4-D and L6-D liquid-polymer blending models are the smallest, lightest and most affordable models that have been developed by the company. Each model features a diaphragm pump and is able to withstand operating pressures of up to 100 psi, while utilizing single-phase 115 VAC standard power. The L4-D is available in three different sizes (L4-300, L4-600 and L4-1200), as is the L6-D (L6-1800, L6-2400 and L6-3000).

Single and Double Piston Pumps and Compressors The 660/668 and 2660/2668 series of single and double piston pumps and compressors offer a variety of positive attributes for users, including low vibrations and sound levels, as well as oil-less WOB-L technology to increase operating life. Additionally, the pumps and compressors feature pressures of up to 160 psi and air flows of up to 5.25 cfm.

Moyno, Inc. Springfield, Ohio • (877) 486-6966 www.moyno.com

Thomas Division Fluid Dynamics, Inc.

Sheboygan, Wis. • (920) 457-4891 www.gd-thomas.com

North Wales, Pa. • (215) 699-8700 www.dynablend.com

Product Focus: Spill Control and Containment Explosion Proof Groundwater Remediation System The recently developed explosion proof oil skimming system is intended to reduce the amount of explosive vapors that are emitted into the atmosphere during oil recovery. The system features the company’s PetroXtractor belt oil skimmer, which includes explosion-proof electrical components, vapor-tight belt housing and a mounting clamp. It can be configured with any of the company’s groundwater remediation systems.

Abanaki Corporation Chagrin Falls, Ohio • (440) 543-7400 www.abanaki.com

12

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

Absorbent Mat Features Adhesive Bottom The PIG Grippy Mat, an absorbent mat with an adhesive bottom, can soak up leaks and drips in a variety of settings, including work areas and walkways. While absorbing all sorts of liquids, from oils and coolants to solvents and water, the mat can easily be peeled up so that it leaves no residue behind. It is available in rolls, pads, rugs or dispenser boxes.

New Pig Corporation Tipton, Pa. (800) 468-4647 www.newpig.com

Compact Feed Stations Available in an array of capacities, ranging from 40 to 550 gallons, the company’s compact feed stations store small amounts of various chemicals, including liquids, with minimal handling or disposal costs. In addition to their cost-effectiveness, the stations are light and strong. Each station also currently features FDA compliant linear polyethylene construction.

Assmann Corporation Garrett, Ind. • (888) 357-3181 www.assmann-usa.com

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DIOXIN DESTRUCTION

How can an improved incinerator design reduce dioxin levels?

By ALAN CROSS, M.S.CH.E any municipal waste incinerators are currently constructed to curb toxic emissions of SO2, nitric oxide, dioxins and mercury. Such incinerators are especially popular throughout Europe, although their usage is generally less widespread in the United States. For example, New York City entirely forbids the use of such incinerators, and instead transports their waste by truck or rail to distant, out of state landfills. The cost of trucking is considerable, amounting to about $100 per ton, so that the total disposal bill averages about $3.6 million per day, as roughly 36,000 tons of waste is disposed on a daily basis. Such waste must presently be hauled since the emission concentration of dioxins, within conventionally designed incinerators, fails to meet current federal cancer risk standards. The EPA has published data[1] that show various levels of dioxin concentrations, even as low as 3 X 10-8 micro grams per standard cubic meter

M

14

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

(0.00003 ng/SCM), can lead to a cancer death risk of one person per one million members of the world population when exposed to such emissions. Dioxin concentrations, which are often emitted by conventional incinerators,[2] are typically quite high, at 0.07 ng/SCM, leaving considerable room for future improvement. The purpose of this article is to indicate how an improved incinerator design, as well as the elimination of such dioxin forming waste materials, such as vinyl plastics, from the incinerator feed, enables concentration levels to be reduced to more acceptable levels. In doing so, individuals who live in close proximity to such facilities are less likely to develop serious, life-threatening illnesses. Additionally, by reducing waste disposal costs and generating power, the capacity to increase revenue is readily available. Thus, a single 20-foot diameter incinerator, as described herein, eliminates emission of dioxins, and may even reduce waste disposal costs from $100 per ton to $17.7 per ton. As a result, annual cost savings, based on an incinerator natural gas consumption that is valued at $8 per million BTU, as well as electricity sales that are valued at $ 0.10 per KWH

generated, may be as high as $7.6 million per year. Such savings lead to a daily waste incinerating capacity of 250 tons.

Incinerator design The waste incinerator, shown in Figure 1, basically consists of the following components: • Twin horizontally opposed burners, provided with air inlet nozzles • Auxiliary natural gas fuel nozzles • Separate nozzles for flue gas adsorbent injection to remove SO2, mercury and NOX • Burner pulverized-waste inlet nozzles, provided with rotary-feed valves • Pulverized waste feed hoppers • Steam-generating boiler water inlet nozzles that feed radiant-heat transfer surfaces • Steam-water boiler outlet nozzles for return to steam drum • Boiler diaphragm type radiant heat transfer surfaces • Boiler structural support members • Boiler internally insulated radiant section enclosure • Horizontal structural stiffeners • Horizontally opposed quench air inlets

DIOXIN DESTRUCTION

ly enters at a temperature of 1,700°F and leaves at a temperature of 900°F, which is 100°F higher than the minimum temperature that is needed to prevent reformation. The flue gas temperature exiting the radiant section is quenched from 900°F to 300°F in a matter of 0.5 seconds or less through direct mixing with fans conducting ambient air. The air then mixes with the flue gas at a high velocity while using horizontally opposed nozzles. In so doing, dioxins cannot reform, since they only form at temperatures[4] of 400°F to 800°F; the flue gas residence time usually occurs within a fraction of a second, between 300°F and 900°F.

Design goals and operating conditions

Figure 1: Waste Incinerator

• Quenched flue gas exhaust stack • Flue gas exhaust outlet for further processing, resulting in emissions removal and CO2 separation and disposal • Pulverized waste inlet from storage • Non-combustibles outlet Ideally, any waste that enters the incinerator should be free of polyvinyl plastics, since they tend to be primary source of dioxin when incinerated. Such plastics can be manually removed, but, should this prove too costly, or unacceptable for other reasons, separation of the waste from the

plastics may be accomplished by gravity separation processes. All dioxins that are present in the flue gas are generated by the burners and will be totally destroyed in a matter of a few seconds[3] if the gas is maintained at a maximum temperature of 1,700°F, as it will remain in a short section of the incinerator below the steam generating coil. Furthermore, dioxins will not reform as long as the flue gas temperature is maintained above 800°F. Thus, the flue gas that passes through the radiant section typical-

The search for a more effective incinerator design was prompted by the need to more effectively reduce emissions of the aforementioned contaminants – dioxins in particular – to levels acceptable in populated areas located near the incinerators. Of the four pollutants, three are adequately controllable by using conventional processes, as discussed in the published literature. These pollutants will not be discussed further herein except to say that SO2 emission control is obtainable through the use of dry or hydrated lime injection, which is applied directly into the hot flue gas stream, or through the use of a wet scrubber, which operates at low temperatures; nitric oxide, by exposing the pollutant stream at moderate or much higher temperatures, with or without a catalyst, respectively; or mercury, by direct injection of finely divided activated carbon particles into the pollutant stream at a low temperature. Meanwhile, dioxin – also referred to as 2,3,7,8, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin – can, in combination with mercury, be reduced to very low levels by means of direct activated carbon injections into low-temperature pollutant streams. Incinerators that use this mode of dioxin control typically reduce the concentration of the dioxins to about 0.07 ng/SCM, which is not nearly as low as the desired target concentration of 0.00003 ng/SCM. Therefore, the following strategy is proposed to reduce dioxin con-

NOVEMBER2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

15

DIOXIN DESTRUCTION

centration to target concentration levels, which are essentially zero, according to published data. To achieve such concentration levels, one must determine how to heat the waste, which contains as much as 70 percent water by weight, to the desired temperature for a specified length of time. The means chosen to obtain the temperature necessary for dioxin destruction consisted of burning the waste at 1,700°F, through the use of 15.5 pounds of natural gas per 100 pounds of wet feed, as well as other components, as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Typical Domestic Waste Composition[5]

Water Weight % Volatile matter

(Q)in = (Q)out [4] A wet waste feed incineration rate of 10.5 tons per hour was determined from the design heat input of 100 million BTU/hr. for the incinerator. Thus: (Q)in/(100 lbs.wet waste)(2,000)(W) Tons/hr. = 100 millon BTU/hr. [5] The air requirement for the flue gas quench section, which is located above the steam-generating section, was determined as follows, noting that the combined flow of cooling air and flue gas leaves the quench section at 300°F: (W)fg = (W)feed(Wfeed fg) + (W) m(W)m fg + (W)feed water [6] (W)fg total = ((W)fg/100 lb.wet waste) (2,000)(10.5) [7] (W)fg total(Cp)fg(900 - 60) + (W) air(Cp)air(Tin - 60) = (W)fg total + (W)air)(Cp)fg(300 - 60) [8]

21.4

Conclusions and summary Fixed carbon Water Non combustible Total

3.6 70.0 5.0 100.0

Dry heating value is 6,000 BTU per pound

The quantity of auxiliary natural gas required to produce an incoming flue gas temperature of 1,700°F was obtained by equating the heat content entering the bottom of the incinerator, in the form of flue gas generated by combustibles contained in the waste and in an auxiliary natural gas feed, to a heat content of the flue gas exiting the top of the incinerator radiant section at a temperature of 900°F. Thus; (Q)in = (W)feed(LHV)feed + (W)m(LHV)m [1] (Q)out = (W)feed(W)feed fg(Cp)fg(900 – 60) + (W)m(Wm fg)(Cp)fg(900-60) +(W)ash(Cp)ash(1,700-60) + (W) feed water(H)steam + (Q)stm gen [2] (Q)stm gen =((W)feed(W)feed fg + (Wm)(Wm fg) + (W)Stm))(Cp) fg(1,700 – 900)) [3] 16

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

The calculated wet feed incineration rate, based on equations 1 through 5, can be used in conjunction with the electric power production capability of the radiant steam generation section and its turbo generator. Assuming that the overall power production efficiency of the steam generator and turbine is equal to 30 percent, the calculated power production is as follows: KW = (W)fg total(Cp)fg(1700-900) (0.3)/3415 = 3600 KW [9] If the sale of power is $0.10 per KWH, an income of $360 per hour would be

“

would be $17.7 per ton. Thus, the processing cost differential between that provided by the incinerator design described herein and the cost of $100 per ton for the presently used waste disposal scheme is $82 per ton of waste. Consequently, the potential annual savings, based on the disposal of 36,000 tons of waste per day, while using the incinerator designs described, would be $1,078 million. A total plot area of approximately five acres would be required the incinerators. PE For

more

information,

or

for

assistance

in accessing references 1, 2, 3 or 4, please send your

email address to Alan Cross at

[email protected].

Nomenclature (Q)in = Burner heat liberation, BTU per 100 lbs of wet waste (Q)out = Heat leaving the incinerator from the bottom to the top of the radiant section, BTU per 100 lbs of wet waste (W)feed = Weight of dry combustibles in Picture 2 wet waste, lbs per 100 lbs of wet waste (W)m = Weight of natural gas feed, lbs per 100 lbs of wet waste (LHV)feed = Heating value of dry waste BTU per lb = 6,000 (LHV)m = Heating value of natural gas, BTU per lb = 21,000 (W)feed fg = Lbs of flue gas per lb of combustibles

In doing so, individuals who live in close proximity to such facilities are less likely to develop serious, life-threatening illnesses.

realized. The cost of the natural gas feed, if charged at $8 per million BTU – ($8) (W)m(21000)(2000)(10.5)/100 – would be $546 per hour. The net hourly operating cost – 546 minus 360 – would equate to $186 per hour. Therefore, the remaining cost of the waste disposal, $186/hr./10.5 Tons/hr wet waste feed,

”

(W)m fg = Lbs of flue gas per lbs of natural gas (Cp)fg = Specific heat of flue gas, BTU per lb - °F (W)ash = Weight of ash in wet waste, lbs per 100 lbs of wet waste (Cp)ash = Specific heat of ash, BTU per lb of ash - °F

DIOXIN DESTRUCTION

(W)feed water = Lbs of water per 100 lbs of wet waste (H)steam = Enthalpy of steam, BTU per lb (Q)stm gen = Heat in steam generated by radiant coil of incinerator, BTU per 100 lbs of wet waste (W)stm = Weight of steam from vaporized water in waste, BTU per lb of wet waste (W)tons/hr = 10.5 = Wet waste processing capability based on incinerator design heat input of 100 million BTU per hour (W)fg = Flue gas generated by combustibles in (waste + natural gas + vaporization of water in waste), lbs per 100 lbs of waste (W)fg total = Total flue gas flow = ((W)fg per 100 lbs of wet waste))(2,000)(W)tons/hr (W)air = Quench air flow, lbs per hour, entering the incinerator above the steam generating section (T)in = Temperature of quench air entering the incinerator, °F KW = Electric power generation by steam powered turbo-generator in kilowatts References: (1) Application of Health Information to Hazardous Air Pollutants Modeled in EPA’S Cumulative Exposure Project, Jane C.Caldwell, Tracey J. Woodruff, Rachel Morello-Frosch and Daniel A. Axelrod. (2) Activated Carbon for Flue Gas Purification, www.Jacobi.net (3) Mechanisms of Formation of Dioxin – Like Compounds During Combustion of Organic Materials, Addink et al. 1991. (4) Dioxin Characterization, Formation and Minimization During Municipal Solid Waste, (MSW) Incineration: Review, Gordon McKay, Chemical Engineering Journal 86 (2002) 343-368 (5) R.W.Perry and D.W. Green, Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw Hill Book Co.

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NOVEMBER2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

17

W H E E LS

WITHSTAND W E AT H E R Time after time,

many national waste services companies encounter faulty dumpsters that feature identical, defective parts. One waste service company decided to solve this problem though he folks at Downum’s Waste Services, located in Northeast Arkansas, certainly realize that the tasks of their everyday jobs can be dirty and challenging. Yet, they also know that if a job is completed correctly, no one should have to get their hands dirty, unless the wheels crush and fail on their biggest and heaviest waste containers during solid waste disposal. Regrettably, this actually began to occur far too many times. Therefore, to find a solution to such a frequent problem, the company sought out the services of Colson Caster Corp., which is based in Jonesboro, Ark. Sales engineers from the caster company met with the waste service’s team and discovered that there were actually two sets of issues that had led to recurring wheel failure. The first issue?Some of the wheel hubs on the company’s waste container casters had been constructed with a standard cast iron design, featuring roller bearings. Although this is generally not an unusual choice for such an operation, as the pricing is acceptable and published specifications are available, iron wheels were simply not the most suitable solutions for the long-term rigors of the company’s trash moving applications. The second issue? Some of the casters had begun to lock up on the waste containers, causing tread damage with each successive use and leading to eventual movement failure. Each movement failure unfortunately led to a diminished amount of time in which maintenance crews could

T

18

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

– ONCE AND FOR ALL.

complete their projects. As a result, revenue was lost as the company had to focus on paying for out of commission containers, expensive replacement procedures and the repair of damaged containers. The sales engineers quickly determined that the caster lock up often resulted in the complete detachment of the caster wheel’s iron hub from its rubber tread. It seemed that the detachment was the result of tough environmental conditions that resulted in the iron hub spokes popping off from the wheel. Wheel bearings would generally freeze while the tread would wear excessively and lead to early wheel failure. The engineers knew they needed an affordable replacement for the waste company’s

Above: The spoked iron wheel design broke too often.

heavy-duty containers. The replacement would have to eliminate the cast iron core with the spokes in order to stop the breakage and tread blow out problems that had been noticed. They had also determined that the new wheels would need to withstand harsh environments, such as weather conditions and waste. Simply put, the container’s weight was not the only issue that wore out the roller bearings, leading the wheel to lock up and causing tread damage. In addition to the issues with the castiron wheels, the waste company had also been using phenolic wheels on some of its

A photo of a typical dumpster with a failed wheel.

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containers. The engineers soon discovered what the employees already knew – the phenolic roller bearings were routinely freezing up due to environmental conditions, which resulted in flat spotting, as well as the inevitable impairment of mobility for the container. Neither the customer, nor the waste company’s employees could manually move the handicapped containers. They needed to use a truck and cable system, which often led to even more damage to the wheel, not to mention customer dissatisfaction. Fortunately, the caster company had just launched a new wheel product that appeared to be a viable solution to both of the waste company’s problems. This new wheel, designed for smooth and easy rides in particularly hearty and rough service and weather conditions, was constructed with a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) tread. The TPE material was engineered to resist water damage associated with wet and punishing applications. In addition, the caster was made without a spoke design, using Delrin bearings, developed by DuPont, that did not require lubrication to withstand rain, sleet, snow and everyday moisture, as well as the goo, muck and mire typically associated with the trash and waste collection business. The caster company never took the new wheel for granted, as construction and design elements were tested in its own labs to ensure it would perform well and maintain durability no matter how heavy or demanding the waste company’s loads would be in the future. The tests were successful, and both companies’ engineers selected a standard swivel fork design for the new materials, while using a six-inch configuration to replace all existing wheels. So far, the wheels have exceeded everyone’s expectations. Aside from being sturdy, they are also affordable, lightweight and readily available – and will likely remain so for the unforeseeable future. PE

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NOVEMBER2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

19

A Carbonless, TOTAL NITROGEN REMOVAL PROCESS

By CH By CHAN ANDL DLER ER JOH OHNS NSON ON, Ch Chiief Te T chnol h logy Off ffiicer e , Wo Worl r d Wa rl Water W Wo ork ks In Inc. c.

Total nitrogen removal treatment practices can be significantly improved through the implementation of a proven technology that is now offered in North America. aastewater treatment ffacilities use a variety of treatment processes o tto provide safe, effluent llevels of water prior to any discharging into waterways. These processes are selected according to several criteria, including the quality of water entering the treatment plant, the quality of refined water that is desired, all capital investments that are required, and any ongoing operational costs that need to be considered, as well as the flexibility and longevity of the treatment processes. To continuously meet federal and state regulatory agencies’ progressively stricter water quality regulations, some wastewater facilities will need to be upgraded in the future. In many areas, such regulations are generally focused on total nitrogen removal, which is an environmentally significant process. As ammonia is regularly released into the environment, many negative environmental effects are observed, including

W

20

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

the oxygen depletion in watercourses and lakes, and the release of nitric oxide or nitrous oxide, which are significant greenhouse gases. Total nitrogen removal has become one of the more significant cost factors that a wastewater facility faces. To comply with the regulations, facilities are confronted with major plant upgrades that include nitrification and denitrification processes. These systems typically require considerable space and substantial capital upgrades as they regularly increase energy usage and chemical operational costs. An analysis of the mass balance of a wastewater treatment plant reveals that up to 40 percent of the nitrogen load into the plant occurs while either dewatering the pressate or the centrate stream return line. There is a direct relation between the efficiency of the wastewater solids digestion process and the release of ammonia. This effect is visible in the ammonia concentrations of liquors produced in the dewatering of digested biosolids.

Above is a view of the patent-pending cyclone device that is used for the additional enrichment of the specialized, slowly growing anammox biomass.

The pressate or centrate from these dewatered solids is then returned to the head of the plant. By treating this side stream, facilities can eventually realize some significant advantages, especially from a financial standpoint. In Europe, a process known as the DEMON-System has been implemented at more than 20 plants, removing more than 80 percent of the total nitrogen from this side stream. The name of the process is an acronym for DEamMONification. It is a costeffective technology that completely removes nitrogen compounds from wastewater that has high concentrations of ammonia. The technology is based on a biological process of partial nitritation and autotrophic nitrite reduction. The process was developed and patented by the University of Innsbruck, Austria. It has recently been distributed

A Carbonless, TOTAL NITROGEN REMOVAL PROCESS

Above is a view of the aeration system that is used during the treatment process.

throughout the North American market by World Water Works Inc., which is based in Oklahoma City. The process tends to have an important role in plant-wide efforts towards energy self-sufficiency by reducing costs and opti-

mizing the footprints of wastewater facilities. The process is characterized by a: a) 40 percent reduction in energy – only a portion of the ammonia is oxidized to a nitrite compound, resulting in the usage of 40 percent of the oxygen that is

required during traditional nitrification processes; b) Lack of chemical requirements – the denitrification process is completely bypassed, eliminating the need for a carbon source. This savings alone can often yield a less than five-year return on the capital investment; c) 90 percent reduction in sludge production – since no external carbon source is used for the conversion of nitrite to nitrogen gas, there is a low yield of deammonifying bacteria, resulting in 90 percent less sludge production; d) CO2 fixation – the system will fix approximately 0.4 tons of CO2 per ton of nitrogen removed, in comparison to conventional systems, which will have less than 4.7 tons of CO2 emissions per ton of nitrogen removed. During an optimized process scheme of a traditional wastewater treatment plant, most of the biosolids from primary and secondary clarifiers are transferred from

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21

A Carbonless, TOTAL NITROGEN REMOVAL PROCESS

The DEMON process utilizes a consortium of anammox, which is often recognized by an intensely red color, as shown above.

the liquid train to sludge digesters in order to generate methane and provide energy. The ammonia is released from anaerobic solids digestion; it represents a nitrogen return load of approximately 15 to 40 percent of the overall wastewater load. Processing this high-strength liquor efficiently reduces the side stream nitrogen load by greater than 80 percent. Case studies have demonstrated the feasibility of the energy self-sufficiency of wastewater treatment plants that use this system.

Traditional wastewater nitrogen removal The removal of nitrogen is affected by the biological oxidation of nitrogen from ammonia to nitrate (nitrification), followed by denitrification, which is the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released to the atmosphere and, as a result, removed from the water. Traditional wastewater nitrification/ denitrification processes require copious amounts of energy and carbon to obtain low effluent nitrogen limits. Alkalinity is sometimes required to maintain an efficient system while extra sludge is produced due to the use of an external carbon source. Operational dissolved oxygen levels range from 1.0 to 2 mg/L. Nitrification is the process by which ammonium (NH4+) or ammonia (NH3) is oxidized into nitrite (NO2-) by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), often Nitrosomonas spp; the NO2- is further oxi22

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

dized into nitrate (NO3-) by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), often Nitrobacter spp. Within the two processes of nitrification – nitritation and nitratation – both bacterial groups are chemo-litho-autotrophic, since their only energy source is chemical energy. Their electron-donors are inorganic compounds while their carbon sources are either CO2, or functionally bicarbonate (HCO3-). By applying the treatment method described here, the maximum possible shortcut of the traditional nitrification / denitrification process can be achieved. The process involves two process steps – the partial nitritation of ammonia and the subsequent anoxic oxidation of the residual ammonia and nitrite to nitrogen gas. About half the amount of ammonia is oxidized to nitrite; afterwards, residual ammonia and nitrite are anoxically transformed to elementary nitrogen gas. The total nitrogen removal is accomplished while using a stoichiometric oxygen demand of only 40 percent. Both process steps are catalyzed by different groups of organisms: a population of aerobic auto-

“

end of the fill and aerate phase, both aeration and mixing operations are discontinued while the sludge blanket is allowed to settle. The clear supernatant is then discharged from the reactor. The sludge then forms large, dense pellets (1,010 cells per ml). The growth rate of this sludge is very low, requiring a mandatory high sludge retention time. Although this sludge has a slow growth rate, it is still quite resilient. Wastewater treatment plants that have just begun to use this process used a concentrated quantity of anammox sludge in order to accelerate the startup process.

Process controls The system is designed as a fully automated process with a patented control strategy. Finely tuned process controls are necessary in order to closely monitor operating parameters and to maintain consistent, high-quality effluent conditions. Operator participation is limited to assuring that the sensors for pH, oxygen, ammonia and sludge volume measurements are properly calibrated.

Total nitrogen removal has become one of the more significant cost factors that a wastewater facility faces.

trophic ammonia oxidizers, and a consortium of anaerobic autotrophic ammonia oxidizers (anammox) that are characterized by intensely red colors. Only 40 percent of the energy used by conventional nitrification is required by reducing the amount of ammonia that is converted to nitrite. Additionally, no external carbon source (methanol) is needed due to the autotrophic nature of the process. Technically, the method is performed in a sequencing batch reactor plant in which the individual steps occur in timely structured occurances. At first, the reactor is gradually filled with centrate and the content is alternately aerated and mixed. Nitritation then occurs during aerated periods while deammonification occurs during anoxic/anaerobic periods. At the

”

The control system is based on minute variations in pH, resulting in a very simple and stable process operation. The established bandwidth for pH fluctuation is approximately 0.1 pH units. During the fill and aerate phase, the reactor is alternately aerated to convert ammonia into nitrite, which leads to a decrease in pH levels. When aeration is halted, the pH will rise. The aeration is then restarted and the cycle is repeated. The relative change in pH value is especially critical. Nitrite oxidizing bacteria compete with anammox for the available nitrite, producing changes in pH that are used to monitor nitrite production. The measurement of relative pH changes over a short time period is generally accurate enough to control the process.

A Carbonless, TOTAL NITROGEN REMOVAL PROCESS

Enriching the anammox biomass

Ammonia removal efficiency

A significant feature of this process is its patent-pending cyclone device for additional enrichment of the specialized anammox biomass. Since anammox is predominantly aggregated in a heavy granular fraction, the cyclone-produced centrifugal forces select the anammox populations, while wasting the AOB/NOB populations, and decouple the sludge retention time (SRT) from the system’s operation. The substantially higher mass of anammox within the system compensates for the slower kinetics of these organisms in comparison to AOBs. A surplus in the retention of compact red granules enhances process robustness and treatment capacity. By doubling the mass ratio of anammox compared to aerobic AOB, the robustness of the process, against disturbances such as over aeration, temperature drop or a flush of excess organic carbon, is drastically improved.

The process can be successfully applied to the removal of ammonia from sludge liquors, without the need for an external carbon source or any other chemical. Using a cyclone in the process allows different types of SRT durations as needed by different types of bacteria, thus greatly enhancing process stability. Centrates can demonstrate large variations in ammonia concentration, which are mainly caused by the digestion of different batches of biosolids. Despite these variations, the process consistently operates with an ammonia removal efficiency of 85 to 92 percent. This ammonia load reduction is a critical benefit to the main treatment process. Since the system saves 60 percent of a conventional plant’s energy consumption, and the dosage of external carbon can be completely avoided, the amount of excess sludge produced is also significantly

reduced, minimizing disposal costs. In addition to significant energy savings, as well as the complete abandonment of organic carbon, the process reduces greenhouse gas production. While other biological processes produce large quantities of CO2 the system described here does not. For industrial wastewater plant applications, the benefits of applying this process are significant. Initially, the carbon (BOD) is eliminated, and in a further stage, the nitrogen is removed.. PE For more information, please contact Neil McAdam, vice president of sales for World Water Works Inc. either by phone at (405) 943-9000 or by email at [email protected]. Also, please visit www.worldwaterworks.com. Chandler Johnson is the chief technology officer for World Water Works. He has a Master of Environmental Engineering degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Wisconsin.

NOVEMBER2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

23

MEETING NIMBY Not in my backyard (NIMBY) groups can lead to harrowing experiences for some companies. Proper preparation is vital in order to reach agreements. By BY By Y MA MARG RG GAR ARET ET M. MU MUEL ELLE LER, R, PH. H.D. D.,, Di Dire rect ctor or of Re Reme medi d al Sol olut utio ions ns at Le Leo o J. Sha hapi piro ro and Ass ssoc ocia iate tess and an d JAM AMES ES G. MU MUEL ELLE LER, R, PH. H D. D.,, Se Seni nior or Ressea earc rch h An Anal alys ystt at Adv dven entu tuss Am Amer eric icas as Inc nc.

he development of commercial or industrial real estate is often delayed or even canceled due to unforeseen public issues. For example in 2004, the USA Today reported that WalMart, the world’s largest public corporation, has encountered successive delays while attempting to construct one of its 40 planned super centers in California. Similar levels of resistance to other so called “big box” developments are cited, as reflected by legal action and voter hostilities throughout the United States, including the states of Washington, Kansas, Illinois, Ohio, South Carolina and Florida. Situations such as these are uncomfortable for any corporation. They are clearly damaging from a public relations perspective. Moreover, they are intrinsically costly, negatively viewed by investors and tend to represent poor business decisions in general. These issues can become emotion-

T

Figure 1: Percentage of individuals that support or oppose, according to the type of development.

ally exacerbated and contentious legally if the property in question has a legacy of potential environmental impacts (e.g., brownfield developments). From our perspective, many of these

IMPLICATION FOR DEVELOPERS: Issues of inconvenience present a strong barrier to gaining residential support for industrial development. Such issues need to be preemptively addressed when proposing a project to reduce opposition. Also, the communication of potential economic benefits to homeowners could help generate support for projects. Developers should focus on promoting potential economic benefits to homeowners such as tax revenue and the protection of their home value by shielding them from the projects. Community-focused issues, such as road improvements, jobs, etc., are less likely to shape residents’ opinions about industrial developments.

24

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

issues can, at times, be identified and better managed through strategic communications, thereby allowing one to avoid corporate consternation and negative public exposure. Over the past few years, many companies, including ours, have assisted a growing number of individuals, corporations and organizations in their efforts to gain a better understanding of the public relations issues that are often associated with the potential development of commercial or industrial properties. Many of these clients and colleagues have experienced problems similar to those mentioned above, albeit on a smaller, local or regional scale. As evidenced herein, however, most of these issues can be effectively managed by gaining a unique

MEETING NIMBY understanding of, as well as a better appreciation for, the local psychology and needs of the potentially impacted residents. While using data collected in the past (at times under privilege and confidentiality), thoughtful, intelligent and careful management of local human resources have been proven to preserve clients’ finances, to retain or even enhance favorable public opinion of their organizations, and to protect their investments.

Study objectives

some different kinds of potential developments in and around the area where you live. I would like you to tell me, in general, how you feel about each.” For example… (ASK FOR EACH)… “would you say that you would ‘strongly support’, ‘somewhat support’, ‘be neutral toward’, ‘somewhat

oppose’ or ‘strongly oppose’ such a development in your area?” Ask each question separately for each segment listed below. Rotate the order in which the questions are asked between respondents. • Industrial development, such as plants, refineries, etc.?

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To further document the value of understanding the importance of local human factors in the integrated equation of commercial or industrial real estate development, we conducted a telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of households throughout the United States. This survey represented a subset of one that would be conducted for an individual client so that their specific needs would be more artfully and carefully addressed. However, the findings presented in this summary are of considerable value in identifying some unique insights that we have acquired regarding topics that appear to be of wider range concern and relevance to the general industry of real estate development. The ways in which these issues may impact a specific development at a specific location would, of course, have to be more thoroughly assessed on each site-specific basis.

Sample and method A telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of 450 U.S. households was conducted during the month of September. Seven in 10 respondents in the survey (72 percent) self-defined the area in which they live as primarily residential. “How would you describe the area where you live? Would you say it is primarily residential, primarily commercial, or a mix of residential and commercial?” 450 All Respondents (100%) Residential 71.7 Commercial 1.6 Mixed Use 23.8 Not Answering 2.8 Respondents were asked how they feel about various types of developments as follows: “I am going to ask you about

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25

MEETING NIMBY Figure 2: Percentage of individuals that support or oppose, according to the type of neighborhood.

• “Big box” development, such as a WalMart, Home Depot, or other type of super center? • Office buildings or tech parks? • Landfills? The reported total percentage of respondents that “support” such developments is the net of “strongly support” and “somewhat support.” The total percentage of respondents that are opposed is the net of “strongly oppose” and “somewhat oppose.”

Results In general, residential levels of support and opposition varied by development and neighborhood type. Residents were more supportive of big box retail developments than they were of office/technical parks, industrial development or landfills (Figure 1). Individuals who self-defined their neighborhood as either primarily commercial or as mixed-use were generally more supportive of industrial, office/tech park and big box development than those who lived in predominantly residential neighborhoods (Figure 2).

NIMBY: How close is too close? Most individuals responded “not in my backyard” for any kind of development. But what are the actual boundaries of NIMBY groups? Where does the area termed “my backyard” truly end? Residents generally feel comfortable when big box retail developments are a

lot closer to them than industrial developments. “Not in my backyard” equates to a driving time of about five minutes for retail development, within 20 minutes for industrial development and within 40 minutes for landfills (Figure 3).

Addressing residential resistance In general, we discovered three attitudinal profiles of the residents in regards to proposed industrial developments. Residents tend to be predominantly concerned with one of three issues: • Issues that impact the community or town in which I live • Issues that inconvenience my everyday life • Issues that affect me as a homeowner and the value of my home.

Figure 3: The drive time (in minutes) from residences, identified as “too close for me to be comfortable” by type of development.

Community-focused residents focus on the following five issues when assessing proposals for commercial development: • Road improvements • Jobs • Being able to vote on the project • Traffic • Brown fields Inconvenience-focused residents are predominantly concerned with issues related to: • Noise • Time • The architecture or “look” of the place • Proximity to home Home-ownership-focused residents are generally concerned with all issues but have especially heightened levels of concern for home-ownership related issues, specifically: • Sales tax revenue • Landscaping to protect nearby residential areas • Real estate tax revenue • Basins to handle rainwater run-off Home-ownership focused residents comprise the largest proportion of the population at 53 percent (Figure 4). Community-focused residents make up 29 percent of the population and inconvenience-focused residents consist of 18 percent of the general population.

Conclusions and implications While all of these issues are imperative to residents at some level, certain issues are more predictive of opposition to proposed developments than others. We find that 26

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

MEETING NIMBY three issues – community, inconvenience and home ownership – are uniquely related to general levels of opposition and support for retail, offices/tech parks, industrial developments and landfills. Developers are frequently hamstrung by a lack of insight into residential concerns related to their specific proposed development. By understanding potential trigger issues and barriers to support, developers are better equipped to strategically develop communications that address the keystone issues that are most likely to garner support for a project. Due to the frequent overrepresentation of a vocal minority of vehemently opposed residents at local planning meetings, developers and municipality leaders often struggle to understand how the majority of the community really feels about proposed developments in their area. Many developers use surveys of local residents during the initial planning phases to understand unique market dynamics for a given project. At the same time, municipalities can conduct mail or telephone surveys of residents to efficiently and economically gauge resident opinions on issues.

Homeownership

53%

those expressed by a vocal minority. The study was sponsored by Adventus Americas Inc. and Leo J. Shapiro and Associates with kind input from Mitchell Brourman at Hanson Building Materials – North America / Beazer East, Inc., Pittsburgh. PE

Margaret Mueller, Ph.D. is the director of remedial solutions at Leo J. Shapiro and Associates LLC, which is located in Chicago. For more information, visit their website at www.ljs.com. Jim Mueller, Ph.D. is the senior research analyst at Adventus Americas Inc., which is headquartered in Freeport, Ill. For further information, visit their website at www.adventusgroup.com.

Community

29%

Inconvenience

18%

Figure 4: Percentage of the national population that is predominately concerned with community, inconvenience or homeowner issues.

The vast majority of passively supportive residents generally do not show up to vote on issues. Voting groups are often comprised of a small, vocal minority of passionately opposed residents who often serve as spokespersons for the community as a whole and claim to represent the majority opinion. A survey of residents can serve as an informal vote, which helps town leaders identify the entire scope of resident needs and concerns – not only NOVEMBER2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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HOWTO:

AIR LIQUIDE

• (800) 654-2737 • www.ALspecialtygases.com

Remotely Monitor Your CEM Calibrations BY BOB JEFFERYS

A

dhering to EPA’s A c i d R a i n regulations can be challenging, even if you’re confident you’re using accurately analyzed, high-quality CEM calibration gases. Apart from EPA’s ±2% accuracy mandate, or zero air purity stipulations, is the pressure in any of your online cylinders approaching the minimum allowable 150 psi minimum? Do you have sufficient protocols in inventory, enough to comfortably carry you through typical lead times that can stretch to 30 days? Or do you perhaps have too much inventory on hand, so that you run the risk of a cylinder(s) reaching its expiration date before you can put it on line? Even worse, are you already unintentionally using expired gases? Most facilities have an “Analyzer Group” whose function, among other duties, is to monitor the CEM calibration gases in use. Literally, someone circulates through the facility with a clipboard, visually checking and recording cylinder pressures. Surely there must be a better way that will not only free up personnel to attend to other duties, but also ensure that none of the afore mentioned scenarios become reality. Happily, indeed there is a better way. Consider installing a cylinder monitoring system that will ride herd on your CEM calibration gases, alerting you

Air Liquide’s CEMStation™ using Scott™ EPA protocol gases, Scott two-stage stainless steel regulators and DATAL ALert™ wireless telemetry system.

when a cylinder nears 150 psi, plus give you the option of reordering protocol gases either manually or automatically. And that’s just for starters. A good monitoring system should do this, and much more. How much more? Consider how today’s technology allows a smart system to collect, analyze, format and transmit all manner of cylinder gas usage data. Moreover, a first-rate system will provide trending data that will forecast gas usage, thus allowing you to minimize your on-site protocol cylinder inventory. And speaking of cylinders on-site, a system can also employ GPS technology to pinpoint the precise location of every cylinder at your facility, or across multiple facilities for that matter. This feature alone can go a long way toward eliminating paying cylinder rental on those long-forgotten cylinders stored in that maintenance shack out back. Air Liquide’s DATAL ALert™ DATAL ALert™ can be powered from internal batteries, a solar panel with rechargeable batteries, or from external power.

system, for example, combines cell phone and Internet technologies to provide a cylinder inventory management telemetry solution. It will monitor up to 12 cylinders or manifolds on a single data port, with the option to add additional data collection points either wirelessly or hard-wired. DATAL ALert can easily be accessed via a computer web browser, smartphone or other device such as an iPad. Cylinder history, usage, trend and forecast data is maintained as part of Air Liquide’s cloud computing solution. Pressure alert set points can also be remotely controlled via a computer or even from a smartphone while you’re relaxing at home for that matter. A built-in interface with SHOP@airliquide allows you to manually place a reorder, or take a labor saving “hands-off ” approach and let Air Liquide automatically replenish your gas supply. Air Liquide maintains a staff of technical gas and equipment experts who provide innovative solutions to all manner of equipment or gas-related issues. Obtain more information about Air Liquide’s DATAL ALert system by calling 800654-2737 tollfree or visiting ALspecialtygases. com.

NOVEMBER2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

29

Advertorial

HOWTO:

ARCADIS

• www.Arcadis-us.com

Play Ball! Integrating Cleanup and Reuse he story of how a contaminated lakeside site at the gateway to Orlando’s Central business District avoided being listing as a Superfund site on the National Priorities List and was redeveloped for productive reuse is complicated – but one with a happy ending. Throughout the 1960s, the former Spellman Engineering Company, a longdefunct aerospace company, had uncontrolled releases of trichloroethene (TCE), a common chlorinated solvent used for part cleaning. Over the years, this practice contaminated about 40 acres of groundwater underlying the site and the adjacent property, occupied by the Lake Highland Preparatory School (LHPS). In 1992, the TCE contamination was identified, and although the plume posed no immediate threat to human health, there was concern that plume migration potentially threatened nearby wells and the deeper Floridian Aquifer. “The Lake Highland project proves that even highly complex environmental challenges, involving numerous public and private stakeholders, can be resolved by committed partnerships,” said Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer.[1]

T

Avoiding Superfund Site ‘Stigma’ With its reputation as the “City Beautiful,” the town asked the EPA not to list the site as a Superfund site. Instead, they agreed to the city’s plans to seek a private cleanup. In 2004, the EPA published a Record of Decision (ROD) that selected a cleanup remedy, and opened the door to creative approaches for remediating the site and facilitating redevelopment. Initially, the city sought private sale

30

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

and redevelopment of the entire 26-acre property to help finance cleanup – a reasonable prospect considering its prime location on the shores of Lake Highland. In summer 2008, after plans for private development fell through, the city took the lead with EPA guidance to voluntarily clean up the site, and hired ARCADIS to implement EPA’s selected remedy in a fixed-price performance based contract.

as 50 feet, which will heat contaminants in the fine-grained soils, converting TCE into a vapor captured through wells and removed through filters for treatment. ISCO and ERD will be used down- and side-gradient of the source to destroy TCE and reduce concentrations to a point where they can continue to naturally attenuate, with long-term monitoring providing an ongoing check of TCE levels.

From Eyesore to Neighborhood Asset

Multifaceted Cleanup Process In 2009, ARCADIS hit the ground running, submitting a remedial action work plan, an environmental health and safety plan, and sampling and analysis plans. Based on new high-resolution characterization data that was generated, ARCADIS proposed to modify the ROD to implement a more appropriate and more aggressive remedy in the source area. The EPA agreed, the plan was finalized in September 2010, and implementation of the remedy began in early 2011, with completion of the active remedy expected in 2015. The ARCADIS plan employs a combination of electrical resistance heating (ERH), in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), and enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) in different parts of the plume. ERH will be applied in the source area using up to 90 metal rods inserted as deep

The site’s cleanup provides land that supports community needs. LHPS was in dire need of a new sports facility, now the school sits adjacent to the O’Meara Family Sports Center. A critical element of the ARCADIS ERD remedy design was that infrastructure be buried underneath LHPS’s new sports complex. This permitted continued recreational use of the area during cleanup – in fact, the new ball field was completed in late 2010 and the first ball game was played on site in January 2011. With more than 3 miles of pipe installed underground, cleanup and reuse were seamlessly integrated. “It’s a win-win for everyone,” said Warren Hudson, LHPS president. “The environment gets cleaned up, the neighbors don’t have a Superfund site, we have a beautiful sports complex for our teams, and part of the land is put back on the tax rolls.”[2] 1. EPA Case Study: Engaging Early in the Superfund Process, Enabling Cleanup and Reuse – The former Spellman Engineering Superfund site in Orlando, Fla., Oct. 2011 2. Spear, Kevin. Toxic Mess North of Downtown Orlando Getting Cleaned Up, Orlando Sentinel. Sept. 4, 2011.

Advertorial

GODWIN HOWTO: Switched vs. PID Operation: Water Level and BY ROBERTO FRANCHETTI, Pressure Over Time

ENGINEER AT GODWIN

emporary pumping applications present challenges in control and reliability that can be neutralized using a variety of control methods. These applications typically involve either fluid level or pressure control, utilizing an analog transducer or mechanical switches. For level control applications, the simplest method of operation uses one float switch to start the pump and another to stop it. Each float switch provides a dry contact that allows voltage to pass through to the pump controller. If there is enough storage area for proper operation, this can be a reliable solution; however there is no way to vary the pump speed. Instead, floats must be placed far enough apart vertically to ensure sufficient pump cycle time. This is useful in applications such as sewer or pump station bypasses, but applications such as clarifiers and settling tanks require a control method that can maintain a steady fluid level. Level transducers allow pump speed variation based on fluid level, but require

T

a more in-depth understanding of the system to safely select start, stop and speed settings. This can be done as a proportion of the level transducer reading, or based on a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) function algorithm. (The PID function is found as a function in most VFDs, PLC controllers and some engine controllers. This function can be activated, and parameters set to match the requirements of the application.) In either case, transducer operation provides a more stable fluid level and minimizes short cycling of the pump. Start commands are typically given via a high level setting, and stop commands can either be a low level or low speed output setting. Because of the susceptibility to magnetic interference and grounding issues, transducers may require a signal isolator or converter between the transducer and pump controller. Pressure control works in a similar manner. A pressure switch can provide momentary or latched dry contacts for starting and stopping the pump. There is no way to vary the pump speed using only

Representation of water level over time for float switch and level transducer operation.

two switches. However, since this method includes few components, there is less opportunity for failure, making it ideal for emergency water pumps or backup fire pumps. Using a pressure transducer, it is possible for a pump controller to adjust the pump speed based on the pressure reading. This method is preferred for systems requiring constant pressure regardless of the number of open nozzles. Advanced control modes of operation include the use of multiple switches to increase pump speed in increments in a configuration called “multispeed.” PLCs can also be used to define start and stop conditions, and accept alternative inputs such as rain gauges, current transducers, and flow meters. Choosing the right control method is important in temporary and emergency pumping applications. While system control configurations are infinite, so is the exposure to pumping system failure when malfunctions occur. Optimal controls result in greater efficiency, savings on fuel costs, and reduction in overall energy consumption. Godwin offers a variety of control methods, and has the experience to select the best one for any application. Roberto Franchetti is an engineer for Godwin. He holds a Bachelor's of Science in Chemical Engineering from Rowan University, and can be reached at [email protected].

NOVEMBER2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

31

Advertorial

HOWTO:

THE GORMAN-RUPP COMPANY (419) 755-1011 • [email protected] • www.grpumps.com

Handle Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps BY MIKE AUSTEN, SERVICE MANAGER FOR THE GORMAN-RUPP COMPANY

D

amage due to cavitation can range from minor pitting to a total breach of the inside of the pump. Some people describe the damage as looking like Swiss cheese or as if “iron worms” have attacked it. As evidenced by the pictures, severe cavitation destroys the parts it contacts. C av i t a t i o n d a m a g e can also reduce performance. These pockets of damage may cause hydraulic imbalance, resulting in vibration. As the impeller is eroded, the uneven wear may cause further imbalance and vibration. While pumps are engineered to handle some deflection and loads, prolonged operation during cavitation could lead to seal, bearing, shaft and volute failure. It is important to correct cavitation problems quickly before physical damage occurs.

How to correct cavitation It is important to properly design the pumping system. (See GRPumps.com for the suggested procedures for cal-

32

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

culating Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) to avoid suction cavitation. Always calculate the Total Dynamic Head (TDH) to be within the operating range of the pump.) Correcting cavitation can be difficult. It is important to design the system right. Correcting discharge cavitation (operating on the far left side of the curve) may require reducing the head or increasing the flow of the pump. Changing to a higher speed may help in some cases, but a system head curve must be plotted to know the correct solution before corrective action is taken. The pump must be brought back inside its operating range. Suction cavitation is caused by an NPSH problem. A vacuum gauge will indicate a high vacuum, not the source of that high vacuum. The cause of the high vacuum needs to be identified. A plugged suction line should always be cleaned, not blown back to the liquid source. It will just come back to plug the

line again. If the suction lift is too high, the pump should be moved closer to the liquid or the liquid moved closer to the pump by raising the sump level. Suction lines that are too long or too small need to be shortened and/or enlarged. Always calculate NPSH along with TDH.

Definitions Atmospheric Pressure – 14.7 PSI, 29.9 inches of Hg or 33.9 feet of water under standard conditions at sea level. Ambient Temperature – The temperature at any given location at a given time. When figuring NPSH it is the temperature of the liquid. Vapor Pressure – The pressure at which a liquid will begin to vaporize. This pressure is relative to the temperature of the liquid. Implosion – Collapsing or bursting inward.

Advertorial

SGW SERVICES

• (800) 259-1292 (U.S.) ) ( (815) 599-1280 International • www.SGWservices.com

HOWTO:

Perform An ISCR Remediation Using Pneumatic Fracturing In Brazil

Background: An industrial facility located in São Paulo, Brazil, was impacted by chlorinated solvents. The groundwater plume measured approximately 150 m long by 60 m wide and 20 m deep. The primary constituents of interest were cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride, which were measured at baseline concentrations of 951 and 695 ug/L, respectively. The impacted aquifer consists of weathered rock overlaid with silty sediments. Groundwater level varies from 1.5 to 2 mbgs. Baseline conditions were relatively oxic with dissolved oxygen ranging from 1.57 to 3.43 mg/L.

high-pressure air compressor to inject air at a pressure of up to 150 PSI for few seconds prior to EHC injections. Injections were performed in injection points distributed in a 2.5 m x 2.5 m grid. The EHC was injected between 19 and 20 m deep.

Remediation Approach:

The Authors: Sidney Aluani, Eduardo Pujol, Fabiola Tomiatti and Ricardo Martini from SGW Services, São Paulo, Brazil Jim Mueller and Alan Seech from The Adventus Group, USA Josephine Molin and Edson Marcus Bucci from Adventus Brasil, Brazil

The remediation option appraisals process selected the remediation agent EHC® to promote In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) of target compounds. EHC is a solid amendment composed of controlled-release, complex organic carbon plus zero-valent iron, which quickly establishes reducing conditions and promotes abiotic and biotic degradation of CVOCs. Due to low-permeability lithology (K=10E-6 cm/s), EHC application via direct push injection was not feasible at this site. Instead, injection wells were installed into the formation via drilling. Air was injected prior to injection of the EHC slurry to open fractures within the formation. The test used a

Results: Following the EHC application, a series of groundwater monitoring events was performed for the surrounding monitoring wells to assess the performance of the pilot test. The results showed a 99% decrease in CVOCs concentrations within the area in 120 days.

NOVEMBER2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

33

ONE SYSTEM – PM, SO2, HCl, Hg, & NOx Ceramic Fiber Filter Tube with Embedded Nano-catalysts Particulate Captured on Filter Surface

Nano-Catalyst Embedded in the Walls of the Filter

CLEAN AIR

AIRFLOW NOx and Ammonia React with Catalyst to Destroy NOx

PM Does Not Penetrate Walls of the Filter

DIRTY AIR NOx + Process PM + Sorbent PM

UltraCat Catalyst-embedded Filters for High NOx Control 350°F to 700°F, Ultralow PM Levels • One system for PM, NOx , SO2 , HCl, dioxins, and mercury, or any combination. • Particle removal to below 0.001 grains/dscf. • For PM only, operating temperature 300°F to 1650°F. • For PM+NOx , operating temperature 350°F to 700°F. • Up to 95% NOx removal with catalyst filters and ammonia injection. • SO2 , HCl, mercury control using dry sorbent injection.

UltraCat Controls Particulate, SO2 , HCl, NOx , and Dioxins Dry Sorbent Injection for SO2 / HCl Control

E-mail: [email protected] Ph: (801) 294-5422

Ceramic Filters with Embedded Catalyst for NOx and Dioxin Control, Particulate Capture

Urea/Ammonia Injection for NOx Control

Clean Gas

Pollutant Gas

Cloud Chamber Scrubber ® Charged Water Droplets Capture PM and Gases • Effectively treats large-scale diesel exhaust, smokes, condensables. • CCS treats submicron particulate, plus PM2.5, PM10 and condensables. • Simultaneously treats all soluble gases, including SO2 , HCl, H2S, HNO3 , Cl2 , at 99% efficiency. • Low total energy use, less than 1.5 inches pressure drop. E-mail: [email protected] • Ph: (801) 294-5422

Whirl Wet® Dust Collector for Particulate Over 3 Microns Most Important: Low Water Use, Low Maintenance • Highly advanced dust and particulate scrubber has no internal moving parts to wear or replace. • 99% efficient for a wide range of micron sizes. • Whirl Wet units will not clog under any operating condition. E-mail: [email protected] • Ph: (989) 723-7838

Tri-NOx® Multi-Chem® NOx Wet Scrubber System Tri-NOx Handles Any NO/NO2 Ratio, Guarantees a Clear Stack, Free of NO2 Plume • Wet destruct technology simultaneously removes SO2 and other acid gases. • Systems operate in tough California southcoast region. • Virtually any target stack output can be met, including reducing loads in excess of 100,000 ppm to below 5 ppm. E-mail: [email protected] • Ph: (989) 723-7838 ®

Tri-Mer CORPORATION

Since 1960

®

(989) 723-7838 E-mail: [email protected]

www.tri-mer.com © 2011 Tri-Mer Corp.

Advertorial

HOWTO:

TRI-MER CORP. Contact Kevin Moss • (801) 294-5422 • [email protected]

Control Submicron Particulate, NOx, Dioxins, Acid Gases, Heavy Metals ri-Mer Corp. specializes in advanced air pollution control systems: • UltraCat catalyst filter systems for dry removal of particulate, NOX, dioxins, heavy metals, acid gases; • Tri-NOx Multi-Chem Wet Scrubber System for NO, NO2, and NOX for applications below 350°F with very high loadings or extreme permit requirements; • Cloud Chamber Scrubber System for wet removal of submicron particulate including condensables plus scrubbing of acid gases.

T

UltraCat Catalyst Filters Remove NOx, PM and Acid Gases to Very Low Levels

UltraCat catalyst filter system uses proprietary low-density, ductile ceramic filters that are lightweight, strong and self-supporting, with high thermal shock resistance. With exceptionally high open area, filters have low flow resistance, while maintaining excellent particle capture. Performance features: High PM collection efficiency • Typical results are outlet concentrations below 0.001 grains/dscf (2.0 mg/Nm3) • Accepts light or heavy PM loadings, up to 5 grains/dscf (11,000mg/Nm3) • Outlet concentrations remain constant regardless of inlet loading

High NOX control efficiency • Effective at temperatures 350°F to 700°F. • Removal efficiency approx.. 70% at 350°F, rising to over 90% at 400°F. • Utilizes urea/ammonia injection. Does not require the 650°F temperature of conventional SCR. High SO2, HCl, HF removal • Uses dry sorbent injection of sodium bicarbonate or lime • Over 90% removal for SO2, over 97% for HCl • Effective at temperatures 300°F to 1,200°F. Control of Dioxins, Heavy Metals • Captures 99+% of solid heavy metals • Mercury options available, including activated carbon injection • Dioxin destruction 97+% at temperatures 350°F to 500°F In addition to UltraCat catalyst filters, TriMer offers UltraTemp standard filters that operate up to 1,650°F with identical performance on PM, SO2, HCl, heavy metals. UltraCat and UltraTemp applications include glass furnaces, coal and biomass boilers, waste incinerators, ceramics production. Tri-NOx Scrubber Accommodates Any Combination of NO or NO2, Including Nitration-Related NOX, Combustion-Related NOX.

Tri-NOx is applicable to hot- or coldgas phase systems, handles multiple gas stream residuals, including Cl2, HCl, SO2, other acids/gases, caustics, particulates. Wet chemical non-catalytic system cannot be blinded; no catalyst to poison. Cloud Chamber is Best Available Wet Scrubbing Technology for Submicron Particulate, Gas Pollutants

Cloud Chamber Scrubber treats PM2.5, fine, submicron, ultrafine, condensable particulate, PM10, coarse particles. Soluble acid and caustic gases are removed at same high levels as conventional scrubbers. • Proven submicron performance at high efficiencies • Energy efficient. No elaborate electrical system needed to charge droplets • Less than 1.5 inches w.g. pressure drop across the entire system • Gas temperature, resistivity and reactivity have little effect on performance • Handles heavy loadings. Not sensitive to load flux • 99% removal of gases such as SO2, HCl, HF, Cl2, H2SO4, HNO3 Suitable for large-scale diesel installations: diesel test cells, ships at docks, locomotives, generators.

For applications below 350°F with very high loadings or extreme permit requirements, Tri-NOx technology eliminates visible plume from high NO2 loading. Systems achieve virtually any stack target, including reducing loads of 100,000 ppm to below 5 ppm. Systems guaranteed to operate within pre-determined ppm limits for stack output without repeated adjustments.

NOVEMBER2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

35

Advertorial

VANTON PUMP & EQUIPMENT CORP.

HOWTO:

(908) 688-4216 • [email protected] • www.vanton.com

Pump Wastewater/Chemicals Corrosion-Free

W

ith the increasing need to contain and treat wastewater comes a growing require-

ment to pump unknown pollutants from collection pits and transfer corrosive chemicals to wastewater treatment areas.

Vanton solid thermoplastic pumps to stainless, high alloy, plastic-lined and fiberglass pumps for wastewater and corrosive treatment chemicals: • ZERO CORROSION (unlike stainless and alloys) • ZERO CONTAMINATION (unlike stainless and alloys) • ZERO CHEMICAL ABSORPTION OR WICKING (unlike fiberglass reinforced plastics) • ZERO TEARING, CRACKING, OR PEELING (unlike plastic linings) • ZERO OR NEAR-ZERO ABRASION (unlike stainless, alloys, and fiberglass)

Vanton molds all wet end components of solid, homogeneous thermoplastics that are 100% inert to the pollution treatment chemicals you handle, such as alum, ferric chloride, hydrofluosilicic acid, polymer, sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochloride, sulfuric acid and others. It means you can say good-bye to pumping problems you now experience with chemical transfer, disinfection, dosing, effluent collection, lift stations, odor control, recirculation and other pollution control applications.

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36

Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

SUMP-GARD® Vertical Centrifugal Pumps Standard, bearingless, low headroom, wash down, integral motor/shaft and vortex CHEM-GARD® Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps Standard, ANSI, DIN, mag drive, close coupled and self priming FLEX-I-LINER® Rotary Peristaltic Pumps Dosing/feeding liquids and viscous fluids to 6000 SSU Non-metallic Pump/Tank Systems Tanks from 60 to 5000 gal (227 to 18,900 liter) with pumps and automated controls

Z-0418

1-908-688-4216 [email protected]

All wet end components of Vanton centrifugal pumps are molded of solid PVC, PP or PVDF, and handle flows to 1450 gpm (330 m3/h), heads to 400 ft (122 m) and temperatures to 275°F (135°C).

Caustic and acidic wastewater treatment chemicals commonly attack pumps constructed of stainless steel or high alloys – all of which have annual corrosion rates – and can cause plastic lined pumps to delaminate, and fiberglass pumps to wick the fluid. In many cases, wastewater containing abrasives, cause metal, lined-metal and fiberglass pumps to wear, compromising efficiency and longevity. Corrosion-related pump problems can be eliminated, says Vanton Pump, by isolating the fluids being pumped, from any metal or fiberglass component. The company injection molds all wet end components of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PP (polypropylene) and PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) which are abrasion resistant, and 100% inert relative to the fluid(s) being handled. The parts are molded thick-sectioned, stand-alone, replaceable components, and have smooth, tight-tolerance surfaces. In addition, they are virtually unaffected by wear, and are not subject to delamination. All wetted components of Vanton's SUMP-GARD® Vertical Centrifugal Pumps are of solid thermoplastics to resist the broad range of chemicals that can enter a sump pit during its life, significantly reducing the possibility of pump failure. CHEM-GARD® horizontal centrifugal pumps feature thermoplastic wet ends encased by structural metal armor, enabling them to handle the same nozzle loadings as metal pumps. Also offered are FLEX-I-LINER® Rotary Peristaltic Pumps for dosing/feeding of liquids and viscous fluids to 6000 SSU. All are offered individually or pre-configured with non-metallic tanks from 60 to 5,000 gal (227 to 1827 liter) complete with automatic level controls and remote control panels.

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Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011

ADINDEX Pollution Engineering provides additional information from each of its advertisers. Visit www.pollutionengineering.com, then click on Buyers Guide and search by supplier. The buyers guide is an additional service provided by the magazine. The publisher does not assume any liability for errors or omissions.

ADVERTISER

PAGE #

ADVERTISER

PAGE #

ABUTEC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IFC www.abutec.com

GeoCleanse International Inc . . . . . 38 www.geocleanse.com

Accutest Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . 11 www.accutest.com

Godwin Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . IBC www.godwinpumps.com

Airgas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 www.airgas.com

Gorman-Rupp Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . 3 www.grpumps.com

Air Liquide America Specialty Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . BC www.alspecialtygases.com

Neptune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 www.neptune1.com

ALPINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 www.alpinecutters.com ARCADIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 www.arcadis-us.com Busch Vacuum Pumps . . . . . . . . . . 25 www.buschusa.com

Rain for Rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 www.rainforrent.com Tri-Mer Corp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 www.tri-mer.com U.S. Chemical Storage LLC . . . . . . . 19 www.uschemicalstorage.com

ClearSpan Fabric Structures . . . . . . 19 www.clearspan.com/adple

University of Maryland University College . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 www.umuc.edu/yourworld

EOS Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 www.eosremediation.com

Vanton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 www.vanton.com

Fluid Metering Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 www.chloritrol.com

PE Pollution Engineering (ISSN 0032-3640) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media II, L.L.C., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.: $115.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $149.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $165.00 (int’l mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2011, by BNP Media II, L.L.C. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PE Pollution Engineering, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to Pitney Bowes, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PE Pollution Engineering, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or [email protected].

NOVEMBER2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

41

StateRules

brought to you by

8 6

9 4

5

7

2 1

3

1

AL – SEEING CLEARLY

2

AR – STORMWATER CGP MAY BE RENEWED

The ADEM recently announced that the state is on pace to achieve the Regional Haze Rule for national parks and wilderness areas as established under the Clean Air Act. Sources of regional haze include motor vehicles, power plants, industrial/manufacturing processes, outdoor debris burning and natural sources such as wildfires and windblown dust.

The ADEQ proposed a draft renewal of the general permit for stormwater discharges associated with construction activity. The department is adding the narrative, Effluent Limitation Guidelines, which is based on federal requirements identified in 40 CFR Part 450 Subpart B. At this time, the EPA has indefinitely stayed the requirements concerning numeric limits for turbidity. The draft general permit does not contain numeric turbidity limits for discharge.

3

FL – CUP RULES REVISED

4

IL – E-RECYCLING LAW OVERHAULED

The state’s five water management districts have issued several types of permits, including consumptive use permits (CUPs). A CUP allows water to be withdrawn from surface or groundwater supplies for reasonable and beneficial usage, such as drinking water, agricultural and landscape irrigation, or industry and power generation.

Gov. Pat Quinn signed legislation that will increase electronic waste recycling (e-recycling) in the state. The

42 PLE01094Airg.indd Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER2011 1

new law revamps the Electronic Products Recycling and Reuse Act by requiring more electronic products to be recycled. As a result, recycling goals will likely increaseand manufacturers who do not comply may encounter more severe penalties in the future than they have previously faced.

5

KS – HAZWASTE FEES TO CHANGE

The KDHE has proposed altering fees that are typically paid by hazardous waste generators, transporters and handlers. The proposed amendment would increase the annual monitoring fees for treatment, storage and disposal facilities, as well as hazardous waste generators. Additionally, the amendment would reduce the fees for hazardous waste transporters. Such a reduction will reflect the actual level of staff monitoring that is required for these activities.

6

MN – PAYING TO PREVENT POLLUTION

Facilities that report toxic chemical releases under the federal EPCRA are required to pay pollution prevention fees to the state. According to the state Toxic Pollution Prevention Act, the pollution prevention fees are annually due on January 1st. All facilities that report releases of listed toxic chemicals on the federal TRI Form R must pay pollution prevention fees to the state’s Pollution Control Agency.

7

SC – SLUDGE BURNING

The state has developed regulations regarding solid waste incinerators, sewage sludge incinerators

and open burning that are more strict than the ones developed by the federal government. The DHEC requires sewage sludge incineration operations to meet the requirements established in the beryllium and mercury NESHAPs under 40 CFR 61. The DHEC has also developed equations to calculate concentration limits for lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and nickel in the feed sludge under R. 61-9.503.43. The total hydrocarbon emissions must not exceed a monthly average concentration of 100 ppm on a dry volumetric basis, corrected to seven percent oxygen.

8

WA – AIR PERMITTING FEES REVISED

The state’s Department of Ecology recently updated its air quality rules, which establish permit fees for industrial and commercial sources of air pollution.

9

WV – EMERGENCY RULE FOR HORIZONTAL DRILLING

The DEP recently filed an emergency rule, as directed by Gov. Earl Tomblin, to increase the department’s regulatory oversight of horizontal well development in the state. The rule includes new permit application requirements for operators drilling horizontal gas wells, as well as operational rules that will be implemented in the near future. This update is provided by Business & Legal Reports Inc., practical EHS publishers since 1977. Find environmental answers and state compliance help online at http://enviro.blr.com or contact BLR at (800) 727-5257.

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