Flat Feet: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Flat Feet: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00472-0 1. Flat Feet-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on flat feet. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FLAT FEET ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Flat Feet ........................................................................................ 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. PATENTS ON FLAT FEET .............................................................................................. 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 Patents on Flat Feet ..................................................................................................................... 15 Patent Applications on Flat Feet.................................................................................................. 19 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 21 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 25 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 27 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 29 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 31 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 33 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 35 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 35 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 35 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 41 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 41 FLAT FEET DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................ 43 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 51

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with flat feet is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about flat feet, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to flat feet, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on flat feet. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to flat feet, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on flat feet. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FLAT FEET Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on flat feet.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and flat feet, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “flat feet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Keeping Your Feet on a Firm Footing Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 14(3): 46, 48, 50, 52. May-June 1997. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article explores ways for readers with diabetes to ward off the effects of many foot complications by protecting the feet's health. The author emphasizes that the foot is a complex structure that plays many roles, including shock absorber, stabilizer, and a method of mobility. The author reviews the four major longterm complications that can affect the feet: sensory peripheral neuropathy, which affects the sensation in the feet; autonomic neuropathy, which affects the moisturization of the skin on the feet; motor neuropathy, which affects the muscles in and the shape of the feet; and peripheral

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vascular disease, which affects the circulation to the feet. The author discusses the importance of keeping blood glucose levels in control, not smoking, and to follow guidelines of proper foot care. These include inspecting the feet, washing and drying the feet daily, protecting feet from trauma, cutting toenails safely, choosing suitable socks and shoes, and moisturizing dry feet. The remainder of the article presents suggestions for treating common foot problems, including sores, blisters, minor scratches, athlete's foot, thick toenails, ingrown toenails, bunions, flat feet, hammertoes (claw toes), corns, and calluses. The author concludes by encouraging readers to remind their health care providers of the importance of including the feet in any regular checkups. One sidebar provides information on where to get additional information and assistive supplies.

Federally Funded Research on Flat Feet The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to flat feet. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to flat feet. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore flat feet.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with flat feet, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “flat feet” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for flat feet (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A modified Kidner procedure for symptomatic flat feet. Author(s): Clark GC. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1988 March; (228): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3342576

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A review of elongation of os calcis for flat feet. Author(s): Phillips GE. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1983 January; 65(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6337167

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Acquired adult flat foot secondary to posterior tibial-tendon pathology. Author(s): Funk DA, Cass JR, Johnson KA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1986 January; 68(1): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3941124

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Adult acquired flat foot deformity: clinical and radiographic examination. Author(s): Meehan RE, Brage M. Source: Foot Ankle Clin. 2003 September; 8(3): 431-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560897

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An electromyographic study of the role of muscles in arch support of the normal and flat foot. Author(s): Suzuki N. Source: Nagoya Med J. 1972 February; 17(3): 57-79. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5050758

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An x-ray study of valgus ankles in spina bifida children with valgus flat foot deformity. Author(s): Hollingsworth RP. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1975 August; 68(8): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1105595

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Arthrodesis for traumatic flat foot. Tarsometatarsal and medial longitudinal arch fusion by inlay grafting, 11 feet followed for 1.5 years. Author(s): Petje G, Steinbock G, Landsiedl F. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1996 August; 67(4): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8792739

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Baropodometric studies in patients submitted to Grice-Green operation for primary valgus pronated flat foot. Author(s): Carugno C, Iacobellis C, Pedini G. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1990 September; 16(3): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2099921

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Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot. Author(s): Van Boerum DH, Sangeorzan BJ. Source: Foot Ankle Clin. 2003 September; 8(3): 419-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560896

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Biomedical gait evaluation of the immediate effect of orthotic treatment for flexible flat foot. Author(s): Leung AK, Mak AF, Evans JH. Source: Prosthet Orthot Int. 1998 April; 22(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9604273

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Changes in intra-articular pressure with subtalar joint motion with special reference to the etiology of peroneal spastic flat foot. Author(s): Kyne PJ, Mankin HJ. Source: Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1965 October; 26(2): 181-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5885139

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Congenital flat foot: different clinical forms. Author(s): Salo JM, Viladot A, Garcia-Elias M, Sanchez-Freijo JM, Viladot R. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1992; 58(4): 406-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1485503

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Contracted valgus flat foot caused by tarsal synostosis in the adolescent. Author(s): Gualtieri G, Gualtieri I, Gagliardi S. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 1993 July-September; 78(3): 161-5. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8243135

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Controversies in surgical reconstruction of acquired adult flat foot deformity. Author(s): Pinney SJ, Van Bergeyk A. Source: Foot Ankle Clin. 2003 September; 8(3): 595-604. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560907

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Correction of flat feet in children: Grice-Green subastragalar arthrodesis. Author(s): Gresham JL. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1968 February; 61(2): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5638064

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Cubonavicular coalition: an unusual cause of peroneal spastic flat foot. Author(s): Williamson DM, Torode IP. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1992 June; 62(6): 506-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1590725

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Energy cost of walking with flat feet. Author(s): Otman S, Basgoze O, Gokce-Kutsal Y. Source: Prosthet Orthot Int. 1988 August; 12(2): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3174409

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Evaluation of simple excision in the treatment of symptomatic accessory navicular associated with flat feet. Author(s): Kiter E, Gunal I, Turgut A, Kose N. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2000; 5(4): 333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10982680

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Excision of calcaneo-navicular bar for painful spasmodic flat foot. Author(s): Mitchell GP, Gibson JM. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1967 May; 49(2): 281-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6026513

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Flat feet in children. Author(s): Brooks MH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 January 26; 302(6770): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1998775

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Flat feet in children. Author(s): Smith MA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 October 27; 301(6758): 942-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2249021

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Flat feet in children. Author(s): Barry RJ, Scranton PE Jr. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1983 December; (181): 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6641069

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Flat feet, plantar warts and corns. Author(s): Crawford JA. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1967 October; 60(10): 1376-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6066067

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Flat foot deformity. Author(s): Preston ET. Source: American Family Physician. 1974 February; 9(2): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4810870

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Flat foot functional evaluation using pattern recognition of ground reaction data. Author(s): Bertani A, Cappello A, Benedetti MG, Simoncini L, Catani F. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 1999 August; 14(7): 484-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10521632

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Flat foot. Author(s): Roper BA. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1979 October; 22(4): 355-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=508992

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Flat foot. Author(s): Gervis WH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1970 February 21; 1(694): 479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5435151

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Flat foot. A preliminary report of an operation for severe cases. Author(s): Jones BS. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1975 August; 57(3): 27982. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1158938

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Flat foot. II. Author(s): Dommisse GF. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1971 July 3; 45(26): 726-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4938173

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Flat foot: a comparison of surgical methods. Author(s): Villani C, Chiozzi F, Persiani P, Costantini A. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 2003 January-March; 88(1): 49-55. Review. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584316

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Flat foot: I. Author(s): Dommisse GF. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1972 June 19; 45(24): 663-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5030720

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Flexible flat feet in children: a real problem? Author(s): Garcia-Rodriguez A, Martin-Jimenez F, Carnero-Varo M, Gomez-Gracia E, Gomez-Aracena J, Fernandez-Crehuet J. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 June; 103(6): E84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353981

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Frontal plane deformity of the subtalar joint in flexible flat foot: a preliminary study. Author(s): Figura MA, Smith SD. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1976 November; 66(11): 867-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=977904

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Grice-Green extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis in the treatment of infantile valgus pronated flat foot. Author(s): Vigliani F, Maranzana G, Novati G. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1983 December; 9(4): 411-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6373665

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Grice's operation for spastic flat foot. Author(s): Romanini L, Carfagni A, Amorese V. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1983 December; 9(4): 439-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6676342

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Hindfoot arthrodesis for the adult acquired flat foot. Author(s): Kadakia AR, Haddad SL. Source: Foot Ankle Clin. 2003 September; 8(3): 569-94, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560906

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Intoeing and flat feet. Author(s): Sharrard WJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 April 10; 1(6014): 888-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1260395

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Kinematic and isokinetic evaluation of patients with flat foot. Author(s): Giannini S, Catani F, Ceccarelli F, Girolami M, Benedetti MG. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1992; 18(2): 241-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1289290

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Medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy reduces the excess forces in the medial longitudinal arch of the flat foot. Author(s): Arangio GA, Salathe EP. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2001 July; 16(6): 535-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427297

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MR morphometry of posterior tibialis muscle in adult acquired flat foot. Author(s): Wacker J, Calder JD, Engstrom CM, Saxby TS. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2003 April; 24(4): 354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735380

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Nonoperative treatment of adult acquired flat foot with the Arizona brace. Author(s): Augustin JF, Lin SS, Berberian WS, Johnson JE. Source: Foot Ankle Clin. 2003 September; 8(3): 491-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560901

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Nonsurgical treatment of adult acquired flat foot deformity. Author(s): Elftman NW. Source: Foot Ankle Clin. 2003 September; 8(3): 473-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560900

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Peroneal spastic flat foot. Its treatment by osteotomy of the os calcis. Author(s): Cain TJ, Hyman S. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1978 November; 60-B(4): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=711802

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Physiology of the foot and the biomechanics of the flexible flat foot. Author(s): Waller JF. Source: Ona J. 1978 April; 5(4): 101-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=247255

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Prevalence of flat foot in school children in Benin City, Nigeria. Author(s): Alakija W. Source: Trop Doct. 1979 October; 9(4): 192-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=516145

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Retrospect--personeal spastic flat foot (rigid valgus foot). Author(s): Harris RI. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1965 December; 47(8): 1657-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5841035

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Rheumatoid flat foot and deformity of the first ray. Author(s): Bouysset M, Tebib J, Noel E, Tavernier T, Miossec P, Vianey JC, Duivon JP, Bonnin M, Nemoz C, Jalby J. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 May; 29(5): 903-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12022347

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Rupture of the posterior tibial tendon causing flat foot. Surgical treatment. Author(s): Mann RA, Thompson FM. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1985 April; 67(4): 55661. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3980501

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Talonavicular fusion with bone graft for spastic arthritic flat foot. Author(s): Potter TA. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1969 August; 49(4): 883-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4893488

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Tarsal coalitions and peroneal spastic flat foot. Author(s): James AE Jr. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1970 February; 14(1): 80-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5525086

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Tarsal coalitions and peroneal spastic flat foot. A review. Author(s): Mosier KM, Asher M. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1984 September; 66(7): 976-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6480656

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The correction of anterior flat foot in Apert's syndrome. Author(s): Canale G. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 1993 January-March; 78(1): 39-42. English, Italian. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8500363

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The diagnosis of flat foot in the child. Author(s): Rose GK, Welton EA, Marshall T. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1985 January; 67(1): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3968149

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The influence of footwear on the prevalence of flat foot. A survey of 1846 skeletally mature persons. Author(s): Sachithanandam V, Joseph B. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1995 March; 77(2): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7706341

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The influence of footwear on the prevalence of flat foot. A survey of 2300 children. Author(s): Rao UB, Joseph B. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1992 July; 74(4): 525-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1624509

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The inheritance of tarsal coalition and its relationship to spastic flat foot. Author(s): Leonard MA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1974 August; 56B(3): 5206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4421359

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The longstanding problem of flat feet. Author(s): Bennett JD, Stock DG. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1989 October; 135(3): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2685285

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The Miller procedure for mobile flat feet. Author(s): Fraser RK, Menelaus MB, Williams PF, Cole WG. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1995 May; 77(3): 396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7744923

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The painful flat foot and its management. Author(s): Pybus PK. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1981 February 14; 59(7): 211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6161418

Studies

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The posterior tibial tendon and the tarsal sinus in rheumatoid flat foot: magnetic resonance imaging of 40 feet. Author(s): Jernberg ET, Simkin P, Kravette M, Lowe P, Gardner G. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 February; 26(2): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9972960

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The recognition and treatment of congenital flat foot in infancy. Author(s): Silk FF, Wainwright D. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1967 November; 49(4): 628-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6073180

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The relationship of the accessory navicular to the development of the flat foot. Author(s): Sullivan JA, Miller WA. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1979 October; (144): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=535230

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The role of leg muscles in variations of the arches in normal and flat feet. Author(s): Gray ER. Source: Physical Therapy. 1969 October; 49(10): 1084-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5343546

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The sinus tarsi spacer in the operative treatment of flexible flat feet. Author(s): Verheyden F, Vanlommel E, Van Der Bauwhede J, Fabry G, Molenaers G. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1997 December; 63(4): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9479785

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The surgical treatment of infantile flat foot. A new expanding endo-orthotic implant. Author(s): Giannini S, Girolami M, Ceccarelli F. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1985 September; 11(3): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4086278

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The surgical treatment of mobile valgus flat foot in children. Author(s): Chiappara P, Verrina F, Dagnino G, Pedroni Menconi F. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1984 December; 10(4): 469-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6533125

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The surgical treatment of valgus flat foot in the adolescent by osteotomy of calcaneum associated with tenodesis of tibialis anterior and posterior. Author(s): Chiappara P, Verrina F, Dagnino G, Gulino MT. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1989 June; 15(2): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2670825

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The treatment of failed reconstruction for adult acquired flat foot deformity. Author(s): Toolan BC. Source: Foot Ankle Clin. 2003 September; 8(3): 647-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560911

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The use of footprint contact index II for classification of flat feet in a Nigerian population. Author(s): Didia BC, Omu ET, Obuoforibo AA. Source: Foot Ankle. 1987 April; 7(5): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3583162

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Tibialis posterior tendon rupture: a cause of rheumatoid flat foot. Author(s): Downey DJ, Simkin PA, Mack LA, Richardson ML, Kilcoyne RF, Hansen ST. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1988 March; 31(3): 441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3282520

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Treatment of mobile flat foot by displacement osteotomy of the calcaneus. Author(s): Koutsogiannis E. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1971 February; 53(1): 96100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5578768

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CHAPTER 2. PATENTS ON FLAT FEET Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.4 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “flat feet” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on flat feet, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Flat Feet By performing a patent search focusing on flat feet, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

4Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on flat feet: •

Anti-pronating device Inventor(s): Tennant; Ross A. (10 N. Main St., Newmarket, NH 03857) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 3,958,578 Date filed: February 27, 1975 Abstract: The invention is an article of manufacture in the form of specially shaped weight bearing units which are placed under the outer part of the user's feet. The units may be removably or permanently secured to the user's shoes. Through the use of the invention, the foot muscles can be developed and strengthened to overcome so-called flat feet caused by fallen arches. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an exercising or training device and more particularly relates to a foot-attached exercising device which is useful in overcoming the problem relating to pronation, i.e., weak arches in persons of all ages. Pronation is generally recognized as a condition of the foot whereby the muscles which normally maintain the arch of the foot in its typically raised position do not satisfactorily perform this function, thus resulting in a so-called weak or flat-footed condition. Most prior art corrective treatment of pronation is directed to arch padding and arch supports of one form or another in the attempt to hold the arch in a raised position on the theory of strengthening muscles ordinarily involved in the movement of inversion. By far the most prevalent of the prior art exercises which is prescribed is picking up marbles, or other similar objects, with the toes. These exercises, however, do little or nothing to correct the pronation condition. Other prior art attempts at correcting pronation include placing wedges at selected locations on the soles of the shoes. The anti-pronation device disclosed herein is to be regarded as an exerciser to be worn as a removable attachment on the underside of each of the shoes of the user, as an attachment in the nature of a sandal to be secured to the foot or as units to be secured directly to the soles of the user's shoes. This is a training device and should be worn during designated training periods only. Thus my invention improves upon the prior art deficiencies by providing an antipronation device in the nature of a clog having an off-centered longitudinally extending relatively thick bar portion beneath the outer half of the user's foot. This clog may be attached to the shoe of a wearer or, alternatively, may be worn directly on the foot. Because of the off-centered location of the longitudinal bar, the wearer's foot has a tendency to tilt or bend inwardly into an acknowledged position of pronation or eversion. In an effort, however, to raise the inside of the clog to horizontal, the wearer must utilize the muscles involved in the elevation of his inner arch to force the weight to the outer weight bearing area of the foot, thus exercising and training the very muscles used in the movement of inversion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03958578__

Patents

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Orthotic device Inventor(s): Santopietro, Jr.; Thomas V. (9 Chestnut Hills Ct., Greenville, RI 02828), Santopietro; Frank J. (6 Calvin Rd., Jamaica Plain, MA 02130) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,517,981 Date filed: June 8, 1983 Abstract: Disclosed is an improved device for supporting the human foot in a more anatomically neutral, more correct position while the foot is in a weight bearing position both in stance and/or while functioning throughout gait in walking, running, or skiing. The present invention is particularly suited to high arched as well as flat feet. The device supports the foot from the metatarsal head area of the foot to the heel. The device includes a wedge that starts low in the heel area and very gradually increases towards the forefoot area so that it is highest in the forefoot area under the second metatarsal head. The wedge drops off abruptly under the first metatarsal head to a level that forms a neutral plane or valgus (lateral) wedge or valgus relationship of a plane from the first metatarsal head to the fifth metatarsal head with the rearfoot. In biomechanical terms, the device is designed to provide a rearfoot varus wedge of from 2 to 7 degrees. This varus wedge is started at the very back of the heel and is gradually increased towards the forefoot area so that there is a maximum amunt of varus wedging under the second metatarsal head which includes a rearfoot wedging and an additional forefoot wedge of from 1 to 10 degrees, and preferably from 3 to 10 degrees. There is no buildup to create a wedging under the first metatarsal head greater than the amount of the rearfoot wedge, thus providing for a neutral or valgus (lateral) wedge from the first to the fifth metatarsal heads. Excerpt(s): The extensive use of foot supportive devices for both regular street use and athletic use has emphasized the need for relief of foot pain and foot related lower extremity pain. It has been stated that foot problems plague greater than sixty percent or more of the American population. Prior art devices do not provide a generalized single foot supporting device which is both supportive in a correct biomechanical relationship for high arched and flat feet for a large portion of the population, and at the same time, which will fit into most shoes, including women's dress shoes. Foot supports, which have various configurations and shapes, have been known for many years. None, however, has been devised with the unique features of the present invention. Prior foot supporting devices have concentrated on building up only specific portions of the device located under the cuboid, under the heel, under the phalanges, under the metatarsals, and other various specific positions. Almost all of these prior art devices have consisted of placing pads in these specific areas. None of the prior art devices have configurated the biomechanical relationships as is now provided by the present invention. None of the prior art devices have identified an average of the high arched foot and the flat foot as the present invention does. Prior foot supporting devices define the heel areas as curved and thicker along the outside heel borders in contradistinction to the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04517981__

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System for fixing the heating resistance in a cooker plate Inventor(s): Leturia Mendieta; Josu (Lekeitio, ES) Assignee(s): Eika S. Coop. (Etxebarria, ES) Patent Number: 6,201,220 Date filed: November 23, 1999 Abstract: The system for the attachment of a heating element in a electric cooking hob comprises a flat electrical element made of a thin resistance alloy strip, a horizontal porous insulating base (4) supporting the heating element (2) and a plurality of feet (3) for attachment to the base (4), which are inserted in said base (4) and hold vertical the element (2) in place. The heating element (2) is same width (w) throughout its length, and stands on the surface of the insulating base (4) without the need for a housing groove, and the fixing are flat feet (3) each one bent along their central vertical zone (3c) coinciding with the element (2) bending, to facilitate the secure attachment of the element (2). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an electrical heating element structurally coupled to an insulating support base and especially adapted for a cooking hob. Electrical cooking hobs are known whose heating element is made from a fine flat alloy strip, the element first being wound and then attached supported at the edge on the horizontal insulating base of the hob. The means of attachment used are either lugs or feet forming part of the element, emerging from one edge at regular intervals along the length, or removable clamps fitted over the element. The tips of the feet or clamps are inserted in the porous insulating base to attach the element. The attachment feet create an uneven conductive section along the element causing differences of temperature which increase the effect of fatigue due to cyclic heat stresses, particularly in non-ductile alloys such as chrome or nickel. U.S. Pat. No. 4,161,648 (DE-2551137) describes another design for a flat element with attachment feet inserted in the insulating base. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06201220__

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Tweezers Inventor(s): Langenbach, Jr.; George F. (9127 Pardee Spur, Crestwood, MO 63126) Assignee(s): Langenbach; George (Crestwood, MO) Patent Number: 4,593,694 Date filed: August 1, 1983 Abstract: Tweezers for withdrawing hair from the skin comprising a pair of legs having flat opposing inner surfaces and outer surfaces which flare outwardly at their free ends to form broad flat feet for contacting the skin and for gripping a hair near its base between the opposing inner surfaces. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to tweezers, and more particularly to tweezers for withdrawing hair from the skin. Tweezers are commonly used to remove unwanted hairs from the skin. However, when a hair cannot be seen without the aid of a mirror or the like, such as when the hair is at the side of the head, on the back or in the ear, it can be difficult for a person to remove his own unwanted hair without causing injury to himself. This is due to the fact that the ends of tweezers are normally sharp and thereby results in the gouging or pinching of the skin. Reference may be made to U.S. Pat. No. 979,697 which shows a device designed to prevent the aforementioned injuries.

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Among the several objects of this invention may be noted the provision of an improved tweezer which is designed not to gouge or pinch the skin; and the provision of such tweezers which is simple and economical in construction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04593694__ •

Vaulted intraocular lens Inventor(s): Drake; Anthony F. (Santa Barbara, CA), Grendahl; Dennis T. (Santa Barbara, CA), Masse; Fernard J. (Santa Barbara, CA) Assignee(s): Surgidev Corporation (Goleta, CA) Patent Number: 4,543,673 Date filed: June 3, 1983 Abstract: Vaulted intraocular lens including a method and apparatus for vaulting universally an intraocular lens incorporating any geometrical configuration of closed or open loops attached to a lens such as a plano-convex or the like. The vaulted intraocular lens includes a base for each loop with either flat feet or flipped feet. The method of vaulting includes a fixture assembly including a base, a retainer, and a cap, the base and retainer screwing together and encompassing the lens including the plurality of loops, and the cap fitting down through a hole in the retainer providing gravity pressure against the lens and creating the vault. The vaulted lens, as well as the fixture and method of vaulting the lens, lends itself universally to any type of lens using any predetermined geometrically shaped loops, whether the loops be closed loops or open loops. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to surgically implantable intraocular lenses and, more particularly, pertains to vaulted intraocular lenses, the vaulted intraocular lenses including a plurality of loops of predetermined geometrical shape, the lenses being either posterior lenses or anterior chamber lenses. Prior art intraocular lenses in the past have been manufactured by tedious and archaic methods. Some of the early prior art lenses were manufactured without vaults and then later lenses were manufactured with vaults, but where the vaults would be a standard vault regardless of the diameter such as the Lieb lens. The most recently manufactured vaulted lenses required a separate form for each lens as manufactured, which required a separate vault fixture. This resulted in considerable expenditures of time and energy, and considerable expenditures of lost time and motion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04543673__

Patent Applications on Flat Feet As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.5 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to flat feet:

5

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Banner sign display stand Inventor(s): Schmitt, Anthony J.; (Ballwin, MO) Correspondence: Polster, Lieder, Woodruff & Lucchesi; 763 South New Ballas Road; ST. Louis; MO; 63141-8750; US Patent Application Number: 20020121034 Date filed: March 5, 2002 Abstract: A banner stand for displaying banners or signs is disclosed. The banner stand is lightweight, portable, and easy to assembly while utilizing a minimum of parts. The banner stand includes a base tube with a flat, external portion against which two flat feet are secured. The feet may be rotated to extend laterally when the banner stand is erected and longitudinally when the banner stand is collapsed and stored. The base tube is substantially hollow providing a storage compartment for a pole assembly, the storage compartment being closed by end caps. The pole assembly is a multi-pole assembly that may collapse to the length of the longest pole, and each piece is connected by an elastic cord which also serves to hold the assembly together when the banner stand is erected. Between two of the poles of the pole assembly is a spring. In order to erect the stand, this spring is temporarily compressed and, upon returning to its original size, places the sign or banner under tension. When the stand is erected, the bottom end of the pole assembly fits within a bore in the top of the base tube, and the top end of the pole assembly attaches to a hanger. The hanger is attached to the top edge of the banner, while the bottom edge of the banner is attached to the base tube. When the banner and banner stand are collapsed for storage, the banner may be rolled around the base tube and feet and then be secured by a Velcro strip attached to the hanger. This permits a smooth, compact unit when in storage that may easily be placed within a carrying case or pouch. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application 60/273,393, filed Mar. 5, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference. Not Applicable. This invention relates to displaying of signs, specifically to a banner stand for displaying signs or banners as parts of presentations and or at trade shows and the like. Presently, there are many designs and constructions for banner stands. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Plastic blow molded freestanding container Inventor(s): Behm, Dale H.; (Palm Springs, CA), Darr, Richard C.; (Seville, OH), Young, William C.; (Superior Township, MI) Correspondence: James A. Kushman; Brooks & Kushman P.C.; 22nd Floor; 1000 Town Center; Southfield; MI; 48075-1351; US Patent Application Number: 20010035391 Date filed: June 21, 2001 Abstract: A plastic blow molded container (10) is disclosed as including a freestanding base structure (20) that is constructed with a plurality of alternating hollow legs 22 and curved ribs (34), and a hub (41) from which the legs and ribs extend radially with a construction that provides good stability against tipping as well as the capability of withstanding internal pressure. Each rib (34) has an outer upper end (36) with a circumferential width W.sub.u and an inner lower end (38) with a circumferential width

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W.sub.l that is greater than the circumferential width W.sub.u of the upper rib end so the lower rib end is capable of resisting stress cracking. An intermediate rib portion (40) of a curved shape tapers between the ends with an included angle B in the range of about 1.degree. to 8.degree. and preferably about 2.degree. The legs (22) have lower flat feet (24) with an outer diameter D.sub.f, and the hub (41) has a periphery connected to the feet and ribs with a height H.sub.p such that the ratio of the diameter D.sub.f over the height H.sub.p is in the range of about 25 to 90 to maintain strength without the hub engaging the supporting surface on which the feet rest. In one embodiment the hub (41) has an upwardly extending shape; in another embodiment the hub (41') has a flat horizontally extending shape; and in a further embodiment the hub (41") has a downwardly extending shape. The specific construction disclosed of the legs (22), ribs (34) and hub (41, 41', 41") enhance the capability of the base structure in providing good stability as well as the capability of withstanding internal pressure and stress cracking. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of pending prior application Ser. No. 915,072, filed on Jul. 16, 1992 by William C. Young, Richard C. Darr and Dale H. Behm under the title Plastic Blow Molded Freestanding Container as a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 771,636, which issued on Aug. 18, 1992 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,162 and which was filed on Oct. 4, 1991 by William C. Young and Richard C. Darr under the title Plastic Blow Molded Freestanding Container as a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 614,220 filed on Nov. 15, 1990 by William C. Young and Richard C. Darr under the title Freestanding Container and which issued on Nov. 12, 1991 as patent 5,064,080. This invention relates to a plastic blow molded container having a freestanding base structure for supporting the container while being capable of withstanding internal pressure. Conventional plastic blow molded containers for holding carbonated beverages that pressurize the container for the most part in the past have been manufactured as base cup containers wherein the lower extremity of the blow molded container has a hemispherical shape that is received within an injection molded plastic base cup which supports the container during use. Such a base cup permits the hemispherical shape to be utilized to provide the requisite strength for withstanding the internal pressure while still providing a flat surface on which the container can be supported in an upright position. While such containers function satisfactorily, there is a cost involved in both manufacturing and assembling the base cup to the blow molded container and such cost must necessarily be included in the price to the consumer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with flat feet, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “flat feet” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on flat feet. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning flat feet. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

6

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

27

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

7 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

28

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway9

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “flat feet” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1052 23 386 0 105 1566

HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “flat feet” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 13 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 9

10

Physician Resources

29

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 14

15

31

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on flat feet can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to flat feet. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to flat feet. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “flat feet”:

32

Flat Feet

Ankle Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ankleinjuriesanddisorders.html Foot Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foothealth.html Foot Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html Leg Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leginjuriesanddisorders.html Toe Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on flat feet. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

About Foot Care Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1994. 15 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373. (800) 628-7733. PRICE: $1; plus $3.75 shipping and handling. Order Number: 12294. Summary: This booklet reviews the importance of foot care. Written in easy-tounderstand language and illustrated with cartoon-like line drawings, the booklet addresses the anatomy of the feet; why foot care is important; common foot problems, including injured toenails, gout, bunions, corns, burning feet; ingrown toenails, calluses, foot cramps, foot strain, flat feet, athlete's foot, contact dermatitis, and plantar warts; foot problems as signs of more serious health problems; basic rules of foot care, including choosing and wearing proper footwear, practicing good foot hygiene, and exercising the feet by walking; and people who must take special care of their feet (people with diabetes, children, older people, and athletes). The section on people with diabetes includes suggestions for footcare. The booklet concludes with a brief section on podiatrists.

Patient Resources

33

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to flat feet. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to flat feet. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with flat feet. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about flat feet. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

34

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “flat feet” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “flat feet”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “flat feet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “flat feet” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

35

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

17

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

36

Flat Feet

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

18

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

37

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

38

Flat Feet

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

39

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

40

Flat Feet

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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FLAT FEET DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Neuropathy: A disease of the nerves affecting mostly the internal organs such as the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Also called visceral neuropathy. [NIH] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Brace: Any form of splint or appliance used to support the limbs or trunk. [NIH] Calcaneus: The largest of the tarsal bones and is situated at the lower and back part of the foot forming the heel. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbonated Beverages: Drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon dioxide. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]

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Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most

Dictionary 45

commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized,

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subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH]

Dictionary 47

Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Pronation: Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward or when applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints, (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body). [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH]

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Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subtalar Joint: Formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synostosis: The joining of contiguous and separate bones by osseous tissue. [NIH] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH]

Dictionary 49

Tarsal Bones: The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and first, second and third cuneiforms. The tarsus is a skeletal part of the foot. [NIH]

Tarsi: An inflammatory affection of the Meibomian glands. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

51

INDEX A Alloys, 18, 43 Aqueous, 43, 46 Arteries, 43, 44, 46 Articular, 6, 9, 43 Articulation, 43, 48 Autonomic, 3, 43 Autonomic Neuropathy, 3, 43 B Biomechanics, 6, 8, 10, 43 Bladder, 43 Blood Glucose, 4, 43 Blood pressure, 43, 47, 48 Blood vessel, 43, 47 Body Fluids, 43, 44, 48 Brace, 10, 43 C Calcaneus, 14, 43, 48, 49 Calculi, 43, 45 Carbon Dioxide, 43, 49 Carbonated Beverages, 21, 43 Cardiovascular, 43 Cardiovascular System, 43 Caudal, 43, 47 Cerebral, 43, 44, 48 Cerebral Palsy, 44, 48 Clinical trial, 4, 27, 44 Cofactor, 44, 46 Collapse, 20, 44 Computational Biology, 27, 44 Connective Tissue, 44, 48, 49 Contact dermatitis, 32, 44 Contraindications, ii, 44 Coronary, 44, 46 Coronary Thrombosis, 44, 46 Cutaneous, 44 Cyclic, 18, 44 D Dermatitis, 44 Diagnostic procedure, 15, 44 Digestive tract, 43, 44 Direct, iii, 44, 48 Discrete, 44, 49 Distal, 44, 47 Dorsal, 44, 47 Duct, 18, 44 E Edema, 44

Elastic, 20, 45 Environmental Health, 26, 28, 45 Enzyme, 45, 46, 49 Epidermal, 45, 49 Erythema, 44, 45 Extremity, 17, 21, 45 F Family Planning, 27, 45 Fatigue, 18, 45 Foot Care, 4, 32, 45 Forearm, 43, 45, 47 G Gait, 6, 17, 45 Genital, 43, 45 Gout, 32, 45 Governing Board, 45, 47 Graft, 11, 45 Grafting, 5, 45 H Hyperuricemia, 45 I Infancy, 13, 45 Infantile, 9, 13, 45 Infarction, 44, 45, 46 Infection, 45, 46 Inlay, 5, 46 Intraocular, 19, 46 Invasive, 46 K Kb, 26, 46 L Lens, 19, 46 Loop, 19, 46 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 13, 46 Medial, 5, 10, 46 MEDLINE, 27, 46 Mental, iv, 4, 26, 28, 45, 46 Metabolic disorder, 45, 46 MI, 20, 41, 46 Mobility, 3, 46 Molecular, 27, 29, 44, 46 Myocardium, 46 N Necrosis, 45, 46 Nerve, 45, 46, 47, 48 Nervous System, 46 Neuropathy, 3, 43, 46, 47

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Nickel, 18, 46 Nuclei, 46, 47 Nucleus, 44, 47 O Osteotomy, 10, 13, 14, 47 P Paralysis, 47, 48 Pathophysiology, 6, 47 Patient Education, 32, 36, 38, 41, 47 Peripheral Neuropathy, 3, 47 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 4, 47 Pharmacologic, 47, 49 Plague, 17, 47 Platinum, 46, 47 Pneumonia, 44, 47 Posterior, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 19, 44, 47 Practice Guidelines, 28, 47 Prevalence, 10, 12, 47 Pronation, 16, 47 Public Policy, 27, 47 R Radiation, 48, 49 Refer, 1, 48 Retina, 46, 48 Rheumatism, 14, 48 Rheumatoid, 11, 13, 14, 48 S Screening, 44, 48 Shock, 3, 48, 49 Sodium, 45, 48 Somatic, 47, 48 Spasm, 48 Spasmodic, 7, 48

Spastic, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 48 Specialist, 33, 48 Spina bifida, 5, 48 Spinal cord, 46, 48 Splint, 43, 48 Stabilizer, 3, 48 Stress, 21, 48 Subtalar Joint, 6, 9, 48 Symptomatic, 5, 7, 48 Synostosis, 6, 48 T Talus, 48, 49 Tarsal Bones, 43, 48, 49 Tarsi, 13, 49 Tendon, 5, 11, 13, 14, 49 Tissue, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49 Toxic, iv, 46, 49 Toxicology, 28, 49 Trace element, 46, 49 Trauma, 4, 46, 49 U Urease, 46, 49 Uric, 45, 49 V Vertebral, 48, 49 Veterinary Medicine, 27, 49 Viral, 49 Visceral, 43, 49 Vitreous, 46, 48, 49 W Warts, 7, 32, 49 X X-ray, 5, 48, 49