REEN EA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Green Tea: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83965-4 1. Green Tea-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on green tea. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GREEN TEA ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Green Tea ...................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 33 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GREEN TEA ..................................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Green Tea..................................................................................... 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 64 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GREEN TEA ............................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 67 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 102 General References ..................................................................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GREEN TEA ............................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Dissertations on Green Tea........................................................................................................ 109 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 110 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GREEN TEA .......................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Recent Trials on Green Tea........................................................................................................ 111 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 111 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON GREEN TEA .......................................................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Patents on Green Tea ................................................................................................................. 113 Patent Applications on Green Tea ............................................................................................. 141 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 163 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON GREEN TEA ............................................................................................. 165 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 165 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 165 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 167 Chapters on Green Tea............................................................................................................... 167 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GREEN TEA ................................................................ 171 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 171 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 171 Academic Periodicals covering Green Tea ................................................................................. 175 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 179 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 179 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 179 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 181 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 183 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 185 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 185 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 185 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 187 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 189 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 189 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 189
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Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 189 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 189 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 195 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 195 GREEN TEA DICTIONARY........................................................................................................ 197 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 277
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with green tea is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about green tea, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to green tea, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on green tea. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to green tea, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on green tea. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GREEN TEA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on green tea.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and green tea, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Japanese Dining: More Than Just Sushi Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 18(5): 21-25. September-October 2001. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: For the health conscious diner, Japanese restaurants offer some noteworthy benefits. This article helps readers with diabetes learn how to incorporate Japanese dining into their meal plans. Japanese food is typically presented artfully, which results in both an emphasis on the visual pleasure of food and a type of portion control. Another less orthodox method of portion control comes in the form of chopsticks; for most Americans, eating with chopsticks naturally slows the pace of dining. This, in turn, leaves ample time for the brain to send a message a fullness to the stomach, reducing the
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chance of overeating. Japanese cuisine also lends itself naturally to low fat dining: many dishes are prepared by broiling or cooking food in broth, most sauces feature soy sauce, and butter, cream and cheese rarely show up on a Japanese menu. Other benefits are found in the standard miso soup, the rice (compared to higher fat alternatives like French fries), and green tea. Perhaps the largest health issue to contend with in Japanese dining is sodium. The author offers specific suggestions on making appropriate menu choices, including a Japanese dining glossary of terms. The author concludes with a brief discussion of sushi and sashimi, two types of fish eaten raw. •
10 Foods That Pack a Wallop Source: Time. 159(3): 76-81. January 21, 2002. Summary: Horowitz discusses 10 foods that help prevent or fight many chronic diseases. These foods are high in phytochemicals, antioxidants, and/or fiber. Many of the food chemicals that make foods good for us are the ones that are colorful, such as tomatoes, spinach, red wine, nuts, broccoli, oats, salmon (salmon contains omega-3 fatty acids, not phytochemicals, antioxidants, or fiber), garlic, green tea, and blueberries. Horowitz provides a summary of the research that shows the health benefits of the substances found in each of these foods.
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Eat Like an Okinawan Source: University of California, Berkeley, Wellness Letter. 17(12): 1,2. September 2001. Contact: Health Letter Associates. PO Box 412, Prince Street Station, New York, NY 10012-007. Summary: This article discusses the book, 'The Okinawa Program,' by researchers Bradley and Craig Willcox and Makoto Suzuki. Since 1976, the Japanese Ministry of Health has studied older Okinawans who have the longest disability-free life expectancy in the world. The average Okinawan eats at least seven servings of vegetables daily, an equal number of grains, and two to four servings of fruit, tofu, and other forms of soy, green tea, seaweed, and fish. Vegetables, grains, and fruits compose 72 percent of the diet by weight. Soy and seaweed provide another 14 percent. Meat, poultry, and eggs account for 3 percent and fish about 11 percent of the diet. The Okinawan diet contains much greater amounts of whole grain carbohydrates and plant-based foods and is lower in fat than the average American's. Most Okinawans are also far more physically active than most Americans. The book includes recipes to help people ease into Okinawan eating habits. It recommends eating nonfat dairy foods even though most Okinawans do not consume many dairy foods.
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Patient Education and Herbal Dietary Supplements Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacists. 57(21):1997-2003. November 2000. Summary: This article discusses the importance of educating patients about herbal dietary supplements. It reviews how to ask about dietary supplements when taking a patient's medical history and the difficulties in and importance of standardizing botanicals to ensure product quality. The article then provides specific information about several herbal dietary supplements, including echinacea, ginger, turmeric, valerian, and green tea. 57 references.
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Start Your Engine Source: Runner's World. 38(5):28, 30. May 2003. Summary: This article provides strategies to boost one's metabolism. Each tip will increase metabolism by up to 30 calories per hour. The body burns calories three ways: resting metabolic rate (RMR), which accounts for 60 percent of one's metabolism; thermic effect of food, which accounts for about 5 percent of total calorie burn; and activity, which accounts for about 35 percent of total calorie burn. Tips provided in the article include drinking two to four cups of green tea daily because it contains a phytochemical that may cause the body to waste calories as heat and thereby speed calorie burn. Adding hot peppers, such as jalapeno and serrano peppers, to meals may increase caloric burn due to a substance they contain called capsaicin. Eating protein at every meal causes the digestive tract to work harder than when only carbohydrates are eaten. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish and flax seeds, encourages fat cells to signal feelings of satiety to the brain. In turn, the brain signals the metabolism to burn more calories. An Australian study showed that switching from saturated to monounsaturated fats increases caloric burn. Another strategy is to consume more dairy products since diets that include adequate calcium result in more weight loss than diets that include less calcium. Avoid skipping meals on a regular basis since RMR may remain permanently low. Lastly, exercise such as increasing one's running intensity and lifting weights, can boost metabolic rate.
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Get Heart Smart! Source: Heart & Soul. p. 69. February 2001. Summary: This article provides suggestions to women, and in particular black women, from the Association of Black Cardiologists (ABC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) on reducing heart disease risk. Black women have roughly three times the rates of heart disease as other women. The tips include having strong self-esteem; learning anger management; getting spiritual; eating foods high in monounsaturated fats such as nuts; learning your personal risk profile; eating ethnic low-fat dishes such as tofu, vegetables, green tea, and grilled fish; learning not to overcommit; being physically active for a total of 30 minutes a day; not smoking or drinking to excess; and getting regular checkups.
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Slim Pickings Source: Runner's World. p.29. October 2000. Summary: This article summarizes two studies indicating that spicy food and green tea can boost metabolism and blunt appetite. In the first study, from the British Journal of Nutrition, women ate one of four different breakfasts: one was high in fat and hot red pepper, another high in fat without red pepper, a third high in carbohydrate, and the last high in carbohydrate and hot red pepper. Three hours later, the women consuming the meals high in red pepper were not hungry, whereas the others were. The second study was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Six out of 10 men who took a green tea supplement (the equivalent of a cup of tea) with their meals burned about 80 more calories during the following 24 hours than those who took a caffeine pill or placebo. The researchers believe that the flavonoids in tea may be responsible for the increase in metabolism.
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Alternative Medicines Gain in Popularity, Merit Closer Scrutiny Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 91(13): 1104-1105. July 7, 1999. Summary: This journal article discusses current research into complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for cancer. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), established as the Office of Alternative Medicine in 1991, gained its status as a center in the fall of 1998. NCCAM supports 13 clinical research centers to examine the efficacy, safety, and validity of CAM therapies, and to support basic, preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies of these therapies. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) recently formed the Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, which works directly with NCCAM. The NCI office will help support studies of interest to cancer research. The University of Texas Center for Alternative Medicine Research (UT-CAM) is the NCCAM-supported center specializing in alternative therapies and prevention for cancer. UT-CAM is studying such therapies as melatonin, mistletoe, the herbal extract Flor-Essence, and 714-X. Other natural therapies being studied include green tea, ginseng, oleander, Chinese herbal medicines, and dietary approaches.
Federally Funded Research on Green Tea The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to green tea. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to green tea. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore green tea. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for green tea: •
Project Title: ANTIOXIDANT AND ANGIOGENESIS EFFECTS OF GREEN TEA VS EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Nguyen, Mai H.; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Cancer is the second most common disease related cause of death in the USA. A combination of epidemiological and basic science evidence strongly suggests that diet and plant-derived phytochemicals may play an important role in cancer prevention. Thus, there is an urgent need for research on phytochemicals which may prevent cancer or which may be useful adjuncts in the prevention of cancer recurrence among
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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successfully treated cancer survivors where prevention of cancer recurrence is vital. Green Tea contains potent antioxidants called polyphenols that have been shown to reduce tumor growth and metastasis capacity and angiogenesis in several studies. The four major catechins in green tea are: (-)-epicatecchin, (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate, (-)epigallocatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). EGCG is the main component, accounting for 40% of the total polypenolic mixture, but it is not clear that this is the only component important in the action of green tea. Preliminary work suggests that these polyphenols protect DNA more than either Vitamin E or betacarotene in the retro-Ames assay. Anti-angiogenic strategies differ from other therapeutic agents because they are based on static effects on tumors and require prolonged administration. Dietary supplements such as green tea would be perhaps useful alone or in combination of other anti-angiogenic agents. The studies outlined in this proposal are aimed to compare the activities of standardized Green tea extracts and purified EGCG to provide a critical scientific support for future clinical studies of green tea dietary supplements versus proceeding with EGCG. Thus, the aims are: To compare EGCG with green tea catechin extract, examining DNA protection, and tumor cell growth. This aim will determine whether the antioxidant and DNA protective effects of green tea are due to other constituents other than ECGC. To compare anti-angiogenic potency of EGCG and green tea extract in vitro and in vivo. This aim will determine whether the growth inhibitory effects induced by green tea are due to EGCG or to additional catechins in the green tea mixture. To compare the bioavailability and antioxidant bioactivity of EGCG and mixed green tea catechins by measuring polyphenols, oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), lipid peroxidation, and white cell DNA base damage in timed blood samples from normal volunteers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BETA CATENIN PATHWAY AND CHEMOPREVENTION BY TEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Dashwood, Roderick H.; Associate Professor; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: There is interest in the possible health benefits of tea against chronic diseases, including cancer. This proposal tests the hypothesis that the inhibitory mechanisms of tea in the GI tract involve the beta-catenin/Apc pathway and expression of betacatenin/Tcf target genes. Most of the work uses a rat model of colon cancer in which the heterecyclic amine -amino-1-methyl- 6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) or 1,2dimethylhydrazine (DMH) are the initiating agents. Other studies in humans, Apc rain mice, and rainbow trout examine inhibition by tea according to the following aims: Aim 1. BLOCKING EFFECTS OF TEA - 1A. Compare the efficacy of white tea and green tea, and their major constituents, as blocking agents against PhIP-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colon tumors in the rat. 1B. Examine during the initiation phase the spectrum and frequency of Ctnnbl (beta-Catenin) and Apc mutations in ACF and colon tumors after tea treatment. 1C. Demonstrate a protective effect of tea, decaffeinated tea, caffeine and chlorophyllin in people consuming a dietary-relevant dose of PhlP. Aim 2. SUPPRESSING EFFECTS OF TEA - 2A. Compare the efficacy of white tea and green tea during the post-initiation phase of PhlP- and DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis. 2B. In the tumors from 2A, examine the spectrum and frequency of Ctnnbl and Apc mutations, and the expression of beta-catenin and beta-catenirdTcf/Lef target genes (cyclin D1, cjun, c-myc). 2C. In Apc min mice, show that tea suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis via downregulation of beta-catenin. 2D. Using the trout methylazoxymethanol acetate model, examine the dose-response for tumor suppression by tea, caffeine, and EGCG.
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Aim 3. BLOCKING AND SUPPRESSING MECHANISMS - 3A. Examine blocking mechanisms of tea, focusing on (i) degradation of ultimate carcinogens, (ii) inhibition of CYP1A2+NAT, and (iii) induction of UDPGT. 3B. In human colorectal cell lines and cells expressing mutant beta-catenins (i) show that tea downregulates beta-catenin and betacatenin/Tcf target gene expression, (ii) examine the relative efficiency of phosphorylation and ubiquitination of beta-catenin, and assembly of beta-catenin/Tcf on target genes, in the presence of tea, (iii) demonstrate that beta-catenilg/Tcf-mediated activation of c-jun and cyclin D1 can be overcome by inhibitory actions of tea on AP-1 and CDK's, and (iv) examine the dose-response for cell cycle attest versus apoptosis in cells expressing wt and mutant beta-catenins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOAVAILABILITY OF GREEN TEA COMPONENTS 1 PORCINE MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Mayersohn, Michael; Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmacy Practice and Science; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: This 2-year R03 application has, as its specific objectives, the quantitative assessment of oral bioavailability of the putative cancer chemopreventive compounds present in green tea. These water-soluble, aromatic polyphenolic compounds are referred to as catechins. The activity of those compounds has been established from numerous in vitro and in vivo animal studies. Human clinical trials sponsored by the NCI are currently being conducted. The activity of those compounds has been established from numerous in vitro and in vivo animal studies. Human clinical trials sponsored by the NCI are currently being conducted. The compounds that have been identified include (i)-epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG). Interest has focused on EGCG, since it appears to have the greatest activity. A critical , but sometimes overlooked issue in in vivo studies, is the completeness of oral absorption (bioavailability). Studies conducted to date have fatal flaws in experimental design. Therefore, we know little about the disposition and bioavailability of those compounds. We propose to develop a porcine model to characterize the disposition and bioavailability of EGCG following intravenous (iv) and oral dosing of two capsule formulations that are currently being used in clinical trials: "pure" and "polyphenol-E". The former contains the pure chemical form of EGCG and the latter is a more crude mixture of EGCG and the other cathechins. The porcine model (Yucatan minipig) is proposed because of the similarity of the gastrointestinal physiology and anatomy with humans. Furthermore, the swine appears to metabolize drugs in a fashion similar to humans. In year 01 each of 6 animals will receive a single iv dose (50-100 mg) and a single 200 mg dose of EGCG in the form of a "pure" and "polyphenol-E" capsule. Depending upon the estimation of within- and between-animal variation, a more powerful design may be employed, the semisimultaneous, single, extended single occasion design. These data will provide a complete characterization of the disposition and the absolute and relative bioavailability of EGCG. In Year 02 the effect of dose will be evaluated in a5-way cross-over study where each of 6 animals will be given an iv will permit calculation of absolute and relative bioavailability of EGCG and relative bioavailability of the other cathechins. A significant point that needs to be stressed, is that we will evaluate the same oral capsules in the porcine model that are being used in human clinical trials. This will permit a direct comparison of results from the porcine model with those from humans. The longterm aims of this proposal are to employ the porcine model to characterize the
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disposition kinetics and bioavailability of cancer chemopreventive and anti-cancer agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOAVAILABILITY OF TEA POLYPHENOLS IN PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Henning, Susanne M.; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tea has gained considerable attention as a cancer chemopreventive agent because of the growth inhibitory effect in cell cultures, anticarcinogenic effects in animal models and effect on risk reduction of cancer and heart disease in prospective human cohort studies. The polyphenol content in green tea and theaflavins and thearubigins in black tea have been suggested as responsible agents for the anticarcinogenic activity. A comparison of the polyphenol content of green and black tea prepared from tea bags from different manufacturers showed that due to the different content of tea leaves in the bag, some black tea preparations have similar catechin content compared to green tea preparations. It also has been shown that the antioxidant capacity as determined by the ORAC assay shows great variations among different tea preparations with black tea showing the highest ORAC value. There are only a limited number of studies investigating the bioavailability of green and black tea. Therefore we propose to study the bioavailability of tea polyphenols and their effect on the serum antioxidative capacity from green tea compared to black tea and a green tea extract dietary supplement in men with prostate cancer before the time of prostatectomy. The serum will be also used to study the in vitro growth inhibiting effect in androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen-independent PC-3 cell lines. Prostate cancer was selected as an excellent model to study the chemoprevention effect of tea catechins because prostate carcinoma are slow growing and often remain subclinical for an extended period of time. Therefore chemoprevention is particularly suited as a primary or adjuvant therapy for maintaining prostate cancer in a dormant state. An important consideration of the effectiveness of dietary supplements in disease prevention is the concentration issue. Catechin concentrations used in in vitro studies are frequently higher than plasma concentrations reached after tea consumption. There are no studies showing tissue concentrations of catechins in humans. Therefore we are proposing to measure prostate tissue concentration of catechins and theaflavins at the time of prostatectomy after 5 days of consumption of either green tea, black tea or a green tea extract dietary supplement. In addition prostate tissues will be analyzed for the enzyme activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), an androgen-responsive, ratecontrolling enzyme in the polyamine biosynthesis. Urine will be analyzed for polyphenols to check compliance. The proposed studies will demonstrate if the consumption of 5 cups of green tea, black tea or green tea extract dietary supplement is sufficient to increase the concentration of catechin in prostate tissue to a level which can affect cellular processes contributing to carcinogenesis. Tea, serum, tissue and urine polyphenol concentrations will be analyzed using an HPLC method developed in our laboratory. The serum antioxidant capacity will be determined using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay recently established in our laboratory. ODC enzyme activity will be determined measuring the release of 14C CO2 from 14C ornithine. These studies will provide information important in designing studies to critically test the role of dietary supplementation in prostate cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Green tea
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Project Title: CELL CYCLE REGULATION IN CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: You, Ming W.; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: Increasing evidence suggest that green tea is a potent inhibitor of chemical carcinogenesis in rodents. The reported mechanisms for chemopreventive activity of green tea are antioxidation, induction of Phase II enzymes, inhibition of TNFalpha expression and release, inhibition of celt proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. Among these, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by green tea are probably the most significant factors. However, the exact mechanism for the action of green tea on apoptosis and cell cycle arrest is not clear at present. The overall objective of this proposal is to characterize green tea preclinically as a potent lung cancer chemopreventive agent and to determine the molecular mechanism that underlie the efficacy of green tea in preventing lung cancer in mice. Previously, we and others have reported inhibition of lung tumor development using both A/J mice and p53 transgenic mice. We hypothesize that green tea will prevent chemically induced lung adenocarcinoma formation in a mutant mouse model with genetic changes commonly seen in human lung cancers, and the chemopreventive effect of green tea is, in part, mediated by AP-1, NFkappaB, or E2F1. Specific aims include: 1. To evaluate the effect of green tea on lung adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis in a transgenic mouse lung carcinoma model with genetic changes commonly seen in human lung cancers; 2. To evaluate chemopreventive effect of green tea against lung cancer by exposing mice to aerosolized EGCG in mutant mouse lung carcinoma model; 3. To examine the effect of green tea on cell cycle regulation and apoptotic activity of mouse lung tumors in vivo and lung tumor cell lines in vitro; 4. To investigate the mechanism of green tea's chemopreventive efficacy against lung cancer in mice. This proposal is timely and significant for the following reasons. Firstly, our proposed chemoprevention clinical trial of green tea against lung cancer in humans requires vigorous preclinical characterization of its efficacy and mechanism(s). Secondly, we will use a newly developed mutant mouse lung tumor model, which shares both histopathological features and genetic alterations (activated oncogenes and inactivated tumor suppressors) observed in human lung adenocarcinogenesis. And thirdly, we will conduct comprehensive animal bioassays to test the efficacy of green tea that is delivered via aerosol to significantly increase the efficacy of green tea in preventing lung cancer. The results from this proposal will providc a solid foundation for clinical trials of green tea as a lung cancer chemopreventive agent. Furthermore, the results from this proposal will also provide significant insights on how green tea affect the genes associated with cell cycle regulation and apoptosis during mouse lung carcinogenesis process. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CELLS IN A COCULTURE OF NORMAL AND TRANFORMED SYRIAN HA Principal Investigator & Institution: Xu, Yong; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Preneoplastic cells are generated in human body during their living and working activities. When the control by both host and environmental determinants on the preneoplastic cells is not effective, a tumor will be
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resulted from the growth of single preneoplastic cell. The effect of surrounding normal cells on preneoplastic cells is a determinant in host, while chemopreventive agent functions as an environmental determinant. The control on tumor growth is affected by the interaction between the two determinants. Chemopreventive agent can show its effect by functioning directly on preneoplastic cells, or indirectly via the control of surrounding normal cells on preneoplastic cells. However, a dose-dependent interfering on surrounding normal cells may also decrease the control effect on preneoplastic cells. To clarify this dual effect of chemopreventive agent on preneoplastic cells is very important before using the chemopreventive agent in humans. This proposed study aims to investigate this interactive effect of chemopreventive agent and surrounding normal cells on the growth and death of preneoplastic cells. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in green tea and tea pigments (TP) in black tea are studied, when their cancer chemopreventive effects were reported in cells and animals and also suggested in humans. Three questions will be addressed in this study: a) if EGCG and TP have a dosedependent effect on the clonal growth or death of preneoplastic cells; b) if the effects result from the growth inhibition or killing mechanism directly on preneoplastic cells or indirectly through surrounding normal cells; and c) what are gene expression profile in the cells after regulated by EGCG and TP. A coculture model of normal and transformed Syrian Hamster Embryo (SHE) cells, mimicking in vivo growth environment of preneoplastic cells, will be used to address the questions. Under fluorescence microscopy, the clonal growth and death of single preneoplastic cell can be monitored during study period. The interfering effect between the tea components and normal cells on the growth or death of preneoplastic cells and the mechanism studies on generegulated cell proliferation and apoptosis in preneoplastic cells and surrounding normal cells will put insight in our knowledge about the process of cancer chemoprevention and also tumorigenesis. In addition, the success of this study may also provide a study model for cancer chemopreventive agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF BASAL CELL CARCINOMAS IN BCNS PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Epstein, Ervin H.; Research Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The investigators of Project 1 will assess the chemoprevention of BCCs in BCNS patients. They will test the effects of chemopreventive agents on the development of basal Cell carcinomas (BCCs) in patients with the basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS). The centerpiece will be a two year randomized double blind clinical trial of the chemopreventive effects of a standardized green tea aqueous extract. We will recruit patients with BCNS, focusing particularly on patients who develop high numbers of BCCs and who live near the participating clinical centers--in New York and San Francisco. We will identify the exact PTC gene mutation carried in each kindred using existing plus novel approaches including a protein truncation test to improve the yield of mutation detection. Subjects will ingest placebo or active agent for two years, and they will be monitored clinically by study investigators at intervals of three months. The end point assessed will be the number of new skin cancers per unit time. Potential toxicity as well as subject compliance (through the assay of tea components in subjects' blood) also will be monitored. One or more additional agents will be tested subsequently as chemopreventives in the same subjects;
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Green tea
the selection of these agents will be based on the results of efficacy in trials in murine ptc+/- mice (see Project 2). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Marshall W.; Director; Environmental Health; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in men and women in the United States (160,000 new cases and 157,400 deaths in 2001). Although the relative risk of developing lung cancer declines in smokers who quit, former smokers remain at high risk for at least 5 years. Since smoking cessation is a major public health initiative, former smokers will increasingly account for a high percentage of lung cancer. A potential important approach to reduce the large number of tobacco caused cancer deaths is chemoprevention. The long-term goal o f our Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer Program Project is to develop chemopreventive strategies to reduce the incidents of lung cancer in high-risk current and former smokers. The Program Project will focus its chemoprevention strategies on Budesonide (a glucocorticoid agonist), green tea extracts (Polyphenon E), Myo-inositol, and difiuoromethylornithine (DFMO) for three reasons: i) they exhibit high chemopreventive efficacy in rodent models; ii) they are effective in the post-initiation period of carcinogenesis; and iii) they have a previous history of therapeutic or dietary administration to humans. Our Program Project consists of four research projects designed by a group of lung cancer scientists to address our primary hypothesis--selective combination of chemoprevention agents can prevent the progression and formation ofpreneoplastic lesions in the respiratory epithelium. In summary, the Program Project will (1) conduct a Phase II trial to determine the efficacy and safety of green tea, the second most commonly consumed beverage after water for chemoprevention of lung cancer (Project I); (2) generate new information on the use of markers in cell survival pathways as intermediate endpoint biomarkers for chemoprevention trials (Project I-III); (3) facilitate a major new initiative to develop confocal miscroendoscopy as a non-biopsy method to assess the effect ofchemopreventive agents (Project I); (4) determine the scientific basis for combining chemopreventive agents in future Phase II trials by examining their ability to inhibit progression of preneoplasia to more advanced lesions in a mouse model for adenocarcinoma and a hamster model for upper respiratory squamous cell carcinoma (Project II-IV) and by clinical trials with single agents (Project I). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF LUNG CARCINOGENESIS USING GREEN TEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hakim, Iman A.; None; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 07-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) Many laboratory studies have shown an inhibitory action of green tea or the polyphenolic fraction of green tea in animal models of lung carcinogenesis. Thus, the role of tea drinking as a potential inhibitor of carcinogenesis merits careful evaluation. In our attempt at translating the abundant pre-clinical information and epidemiological data to the human population, we are proposing a Phase IIb 3-arm randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded green tea intervention
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trial among former smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and >= 40 pack-years of smoking history. This population is targeted because they have been identified as having a high prevalence of premalignant dysplasia. Subjects will be randomly assigned to consume daily for six months either a standardized green tea (GT) beverage, or a defined green tea polyphenol (GTP) extract in capsule form, or placebo preparations. The hypotheses to be tested in the proposed research are 1) high consumption of GT or GTP can protect against cellular oxidative damage and 2) high consumption of GT or GTP can modulate the expression of genes involved in proliferation and apoptosis in a population at elevated risk of lung cancer. The primary endpoints will be improvement in markers of oxidative damage in DNA, lipids, and proteins (levels of 8-OHdG, 8-epi-PGF2, MDA, di-tyrosine, and catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities). The secondary endpoints will be exploratory to assess changes in the gene expression of biomarkers of proliferation (EGFR, PCNA, JUN, FOS, Ki-67) and apoptosis (bcl-2, caspase-3) in induced sputum, in addition, we will seek to determine if there are differences in adherence between the green tea preparation groups. We believe that a program of nutritional intervention by realistic dietary modifications that are effective, safe, and acceptable should be the cornerstone of lung cancer prevention strategy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF PULMONARY CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wattenberg, Lee; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: The long-term objectives of the present proposal are to obtain data from chemopreventive studies in the hamster that will be useful in identifying agents likely to have efficacy in preventing cancer of the respiratory tract in the human. One specific aim is to evaluate three agents administered as single compounds for their capacity to inhibit squamous cell carcinogenesis of the upper respiratory tract of the Syrian Golden hamster. The three agents and their routes of administration are: green tea extract powder administered in the drinking water, budesonide administered by aerosol and myo-inositol administered in the diet. A second specific aim is to evaluate the efficacy of administration of combinations of two agents on their capacity to inhibit squamous cell carcinogenesis of the upper respiratory tract of the Syrian Golden hamster. The combinations will be selected from the agents enumerated above and also aerosol difluoromethylornithine which previously has been shown to have an inhibitory effect in the hamster model. The use of agent combinations can be valuable in decreasing the dose of individual compounds and thus possibly reducing adverse effects. The sequence of studies of agent efficacy will be selected so as to coordinate their use in the Clinical Trials Section-Project 1. A third aim is to determine molecular changes during squamous cell carcinogenesis of the upper respiratory tract of the hamster and to compare these with squamous cell carcinogenesis of the respiratory tract in the human. The hamster model employed entails six intratracheal administrations of the carcinogen MNU. With this procedure approximately 90% of the animals receiving carcinogen but no protective agent develop infiltrating squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory tract, inhibition of the occurrence of these cancers would indicate that the chemopreventive agent has considerable potency and is a potential compound to further evaluate for use in the human. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Green tea
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Project Title: CONTROL INTERACTIONS
OF
PROSTATE
CANCER:
BOTANICAL/DRUG
Principal Investigator & Institution: Liao, Shutsung; Professor; Ben May Institute; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in American men and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Androgen deprivation therapy has been the standard treatment against hormonedependent prostate cancer; unfortunately, androgen-independent cells usually emerge after a few years of androgen ablation therapy. Chemotherapy is often palliative at this stage, but it does not significantly increase the life span of prostate cancer patients. Because of this situation, many prostate cancer patients turn to alternative therapies to treat their disease, often without informing their physicians. In this proposal, two currently popular herbal preparations, green tea extracts and PC-SPES will be analyzed for their potential to affect the response of prostate cancer at different stages of progression to hormonal interventions, including androgens, anti-androgens, estrogens and inhibitors of 5(alpha)-reductase. In the first aim, it will be determined if green tea extracts and PC-SPES (and extracts of individual component herbs) affect the ability of androgens, anti-androgens and 5(alpha)-reductase inhibitors to control cell cycle processes and the growth of human prostate cancer LNCaP cells representing different stages of prostate cancer progression in culture and as tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice. In the second aim, it will be determined if green tea extracts and PC-SPES (and extracts of individual component herbs) affect the chemotherapeutic effects of epigallocatechin gallate on human prostate LNCaP cancer cells/tumors representing different stages of prostate cancer progression, in culture and in athymic mice. In the third aim, it will be determined if PC-SPES modulates the effects of estrogens and if estrogenic components of PC-SPES are responsible for effects on the cell cycle and the growth of prostate cancer cells representing different stages of prostate cancer progression in culture and in athymic mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF TEA ON FORMATION AND GROWTH OF SKIN TUMORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Conney, Allan H.; Chairman; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): In an earlier cancer chemoprevention study, we exposed SKH-1 mice to ultraviolet light (UV) twice a week for 22 weeks, and UV administration was stopped. The mice were tumor-free but they had hyperplasia and a high risk developing skin tumors during the next several months in the absence of further UV administration ("high risk mice"). This is a useful model that may be comparable to humans previously exposed to moderate/high levels of sunlight who have a high risk of developing skin cancer later in life even in the absence of continued heavy sunlight exposure. We plan to: 1. Compare the effects of orally administered green tea, decaffeinated green tea, caffeine and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the formation and growth of nonmalignant and malignant skin tumors in "high risk mice." Nontumorous areas of the skin and epidermal tumors from these mice will be used for mechanism studies described in "2" and "3" below. 2. Determine molecular mechanisms for the effects of orally administered green tea, decaffeinated green tea,
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caffeine, and EGCG on the formation and growth of nonmalignant and malignant skin tumors in "high risk mice. " We will determine the effects of these treatments on proliferation and apoptosis and on key molecular signal transduction markers of proliferation and apoptosis in normal epidermis, hyperplastic epidermis, nonmalignant tumors and malignant tumors. 3. Determine the effects of oral administration of green tea, decaffeinated green tea, caffeine and EGCG in "high risk mice? on fat levels and evaluate the relationship between decreased fat levels and inhibition of carcinogenesis. Possible relationships between lipid levels, number of tumors per mouse and tumor size per mouse in individual mice will be determined. 4. Determine the effects of short-term and long-term topical applications of EGCG, caffeine and combinations of EGCG and caffeine to "high risk mice" on biomarkers of proliferation and apoptosis and on subcutaneous fat levels. Effects on the formation and growth of nonmalignant and malignant tumors will also be evaluated. We will compare the results of topical application studies with those from experiments with oral administration to determine possible mechanistic differences between the two modes of administration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENOTYPES
EPIDEMIOLOGY
OF
PROSTATE
CANCER--ODC
AND
AR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Helzlsouer, Kathy J.; Professor; Epidemiology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: In keeping with the NCI initiative to stimulate innovative molecular epidemiologic research into the origins and progression of prostate cancer we plan to focus on the association between a new polymorphism found on the ornithine decarboxylase gene (ODC) and the development of prostate cancer. Ornithine Decarboxylase (ODC) is an enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway responsible for cellular proliferation and differentiation. Overexpression of ODC has been shown to predispose to both tumor growth and progression. We also plan to explore whether the association between the ODC genotype and the risk of prostate cancer varies by the presence of a polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene. This nested case-control study will be conducted using pre- diagnostic blood collected in 1989 as well as information on two separate questionnaires collected from men in Washington County in 1989 and 1996 as part of a large ongoing prospective study. 164 cases who have developed prostate cancer will be compared with 323 controls that are matched on age, gender and were free of other cancers at the time of diagnosis of the case. From the point of view of etiology, findings will aid in the understanding of inherited factors that influence tumor growth and progression in men with prostate cancer. From the point of view of prevention, we may be able to isolate a group of men that are at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer and possibly modify this risk by using drugs such as alphadifluoromethylornithine (DFMO) or green tea that have been shown to inhibit ornithine decarboxylase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EPIGALLOCATECHIN ANGIOGENESIS
GALLATE,
PROSTATE
CANCER
&
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Myoung; Molec Biology & Immuno; University of North Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Fort Worth, Tx 761072699 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005
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Green tea
Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer (PCA) is a second leading cause of cancer death in men over 65 years old. The progression of PCA from a latent to an aggressive form depends on the loss of androgen-dependency and the acquisition of the angiogenic phenotype. Consumption of green tea has been implicated in the lower incidence of various cancers including PCA in Chinese and Japanese men in a number of epidemiological studies. In recent laboratory studies, green tea catechins have been shown to inhibit the growth of PCA cell lines and the neovascularization in green tea drinking mice. It has been shown that (-)- epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), one of green tea catechins, is the most potent in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Tissue hypoxia is a key player in angiogenesis in part via the induction of angiogenic factor expression. It is our hypothesis that EGCG can prevent hypoxiainduced angiogenesis via the inhibition of angiogenic factor expression, ultimately inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and metastatic spread. To our knowledge no prior study has assessed the effect of EGCG on hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. In this application, we will test this hypothesis using human PCA cell lines, LNCaP and DU145, and in vivo studies using a transgenic animal model TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate), that mimics the progressive form of human PCA. We will characterize the effect of EGCG on the expression of angiogenic factors (VEGF, IL-8, endothelin-1) by prostate cancer cells under normoxia and hypoxia. We will also determine if the expression of hypoxia induced factor (HIF)-lc_ and DNA binding activity of HIF-1 transcription factor complex can be regulated by EGCG under normoxia and hypoxia. HIF-l-mediated transcription activation will be investigated in EGCG treated cells under hypoxia. Lastly, we will investigate the angiogenesis and HIFlc_ expression in prostate tumors in TRAMP mice drinking EGCG-containing water. We believe that the outcome of this application will help further our understanding of antiangiogenic mechanism of EGCG and provide preclinical data on EGCG as a complimentary and alternative medicine agent to be used to prevent progression of PCA into angiogenic and metastatic cancer, thus prolonging the survival and quality of PCA patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPOSURE REDUCTION AND PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Knize, Mark G.; University of Calif-Lawrnc Lvrmr Nat Lab Lawrence Livermore National Lab Livermore, Ca 94550 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent studies estimate that most human cancers result from modifiable lifestyle factors, including diet. Lowering exposure to heterocyclic amines (HAs), which are formed in cooked meats, is an obtainable goal that may have a real impact on cancer incidence. This proposal addresses: 1) safe cooking methods that reduce HA formation, 2) identifying unknown mutagens and establishing their potency, 3) understanding the influence of other foods on reducing human HA absorption, 4) mechanistic studies of inhibition of flavonoids and 5) establishing the relationship between dietary questionnaires and HAs in urine. Meat cooking will be investigated to understand the conditions that reduce the formation of heterocyclic amines while using microbiology to monitor food safety. New, unknown mutagens will be isolated from beef and their amounts determined in a survey of well-cooked foods. Additionally, the parameters responsible for high mutagenic potency in new and existing HAs will be investigated as structure/activity relationships. Since there is human exposure to HAs, we can now investigate HA-diet interactions in individuals via the analysis of urinary metabolites. Exploratory studies will determine if parsley, green
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tea, and fiber, each shown to be preventative in epidemiology studies, can affect the total human uptake and metabolism of one HA, PhIP. Enticing results in reducing mutations with the flavonoid apigenin compel us to investigate structure/inhibition relationships experimentally and with a computational model. To quantify the dietary dose of heterocyclic amines in the population and in individuals, HA biomarkers will be developed and related to dietary questionnaires that account for diverse cooking practices. In all, this interdisciplinary research to reduce exposure combines toxicology with analytical chemistry, computational chemistry and physics to investigate heterocyclic amines and human cancer etiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLAVONOIDS HYPERTIGLYCERIDEMIA
IN
THE
AMELIORATION
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Theriault, Andre G.; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long term goal of this research project is to examine the influence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) bioflavonoidrich extracts (i.e. green tea leaf extracts, citrus bioflavonoids, and rutin) on the regulation of hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein production in a hypertriglyceridemic model. Bioflavonoid-rich extracts have been claimed to protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD), in large part through its inhibitory effect on low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. The potential benefit of these compounds in treating hyperlipidemia has also recently been shown in both animal and human studies. However, the molecular mechanisms for this lipid-lowering action are not fully understood. We have recently shown that a citrus bioflavonoid administered to hypertriglyceridemic-insulin resistant (HIR) hamsters lowered blood triglyceride levels through the inhibition of hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) protein expression and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity. These results are preliminary and need to be confirmed on a larger scale. Nonetheless, these results do unveil a potentially exciting area of research. The role of other lipogenic enzymes in VLDL production needs to be explored. Also, whether or not the assembly and secretion of hepatic apoB100VLDL is altered need to be addressed. Moreover, it is not known if all bioflavonoids possess a triglyceride-lowering ability. Therefore, the specific aim of this study using both plasma and isolated hepatocytes is to investigate the effect of bioflavonoid-rich extracts on the in vivo and ex vivo VLDL production in HIR hamsters. This will be done by measuring the rate in VLDL secretion in plasma, and by using isolated hepatocytes, the synthesis and secretion of apoB-100 and triglyceride, and lipogenic enzyme expression and activity. By understanding the lipid lowering function of these products, we aimed at providing new information of these commonly used CAM products. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GREEN KERATINOCYTES
TEA
POLYPHENOL
CHEMOPREVENTION
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Eckert, Richard L.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cancer begins with a normal cell that, due to persistent environmental insult, is transformed, via a series of progressively more
18
Green tea
insidious steps, into a cancer cell. A major goal of chemopreventive therapy is to alter the normal cell response to the environmental agent with the goal of inhibiting disease. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is an important bioactive antioxidant, derived from tea, that possesses remarkable cancer chemopreventive properties. Most studies with this agent are performed with cancer cells, however, it is equally important to understand whether these chemopreventive effects extend to normal pre-cancerous cells. Our initial studies show that EGCG increases normal keratinocyte differentiation, as assessed by EGCG-dependent up-regulation of involucrin (hINV) promoter activity, and increased cornified envelope formation. The hINV gene provides an ideal tool for studying the mechanism whereby EGCG regulates keratinocyte differentiation. The EGCG-associated response is mediated via an AP1 site within the hINV promoter and appears to involve a MAPK signaling cascade. Based on these results, we hypothesize that EGCG acts to prevent cancer development by promoting keratinocyte differentiation via an AP1 factor-dependent mechanism. The experiments outlined in this proposal are designed to shed light on the mechanism whereby EGCG stimulates keratinocyte differentiation. The ultimate goal is to better understand how green tea prevents skin cancer. Our first goal is to characterize the mechanisms whereby EGCG promotes an AP1-factor-dependent increase in hINV gene expression. To achieve this goal, we will measure EGCG effects on AP1 factor levels, AP1 factor/DNA interaction at the AP1 site, and AP1 factor phosphorylation state. Our second goal is to determine whether EGCG influences the p38 MAPK cascade that regulates hINV gene expression. This will be accomplished by examining the ability of dominant-negative kinases and pharmacologic inhibitors to modulate the EGCG-dependent regulation. Our third major goal is to evaluate whether EGCG can counter a pro-carcinogenic challenge - treatment with UVB. Fourth, it is important to affirm that EGCG has pro-differentiation promoting properties in epidermis. We hypothesize that EGCG will enhance keratinocyte differentiation in vivo. We will test this hypothesis using a unique series of transgenic mice that encode varying length of the hINV promoter. These studies will make it possible to study the mechanism of EGCG-dependent in vivo regulation. The central goal of this proposal is to gain new information regarding the mechanism of EGCG action. It is hoped that these studies lead to the design of new strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of these agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IDENTIFICATION OF GREEN TEA POLYPHENOL-TARGETED GENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Hsu, Stephen D.; Oral Biol/Maxillofacial Path; Medical College of Georgia 1120 15Th St Augusta, Ga 30912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Green tea polyphenols appear to be chemopreventive against certain cancers, including oral cancer; but how cancer cells succumb while normal cells survive this polyphenol exposure is not known. Lack of this information prevented clinical uses of polyphenols for oral cancer chemoprevention or treatment. The long-term goal of this investigation is to elucidate the signal pathways and mechanisms by which green tea polyphenols differentially target normal and malignant cells to direct protective or apoptotic effects. Preliminary data from our laboratories have demonstrated that normal epithelial cells express p57 (KIP2) in response to green tea polyphenols in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We propose a novel concept, that green tea polyphenols are able to activate two pathways: 1) a p57mediated survival pathway, and/or 2) a caspase 3-dependent apoptosis pathway. The
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hypotheses to be tested is that p57 induction by green tea polyphenols in normal epithelial cells may serve an anti-apoptotic function, absence of the p57 response in malignant cells may result in induction of caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. The immediate goal of this proposal is to identify the survival or apoptotic genes that are regulated by green tea polyphenols. In this proposed project, the survival/apoptosis gene expression profile will be determined following green tea polyphenol exposure, in normal human epidermal keratinocytes and in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Specifically, the levels of p57 expression induced by the most potent green tea polyphenol, (-)- epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), in normal human epithelial cells will be determined. Using RT-PCR, mRNA stability assay, Northern and Western blot analyses, the relationship between transcription/translation levels of p57 induction and the time/dose of EGCG will be established. The RNA samples at specific time points will be subjeted to gene array analysis and profiling. Not only will the expression profile of those genes that are either activated or suppressed by EGCG in normal or tumor cells, but promising cellular targets for future chemotherapeutic intervention may be identified. Data generated from this proposal may reveal novel drug targets for treatment of head and neck cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INHIBITION OF SPONTANEOUS MUTATION IN MISMATCH MUTATORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Catherine B.; Assistant Professor; Environmental Medicine; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Scientific and public interest in the role of a "healthy diet" for prevention of cancer has sparked research on numerous dietary anti-carcinogenesis. However most studies have focused on reduction of mutagenic effects elicited by specific carcinogens. Few investigators have attempted to identify anti-mutagens that are effective in reducing spontaneous mutations may be more relevant to overall lifetime disease prevention than mitigating specific carcinogen effects. Defects in mismatch repair have been identified in patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch Syndrome II), a condition characterized by an increased spontaneous mutation rate and a high degree of genome instability. This proposal aims to study the ability of several anti- carcinogens, the tomato carotenoid lycopene, soybean extracts, and the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), to reduce the the high levels of spontaneous mutations observed in mismatch repair deficient human cells. The project uses a novel mismatch repair cell line and a human HNPCC colon cancer cell line to study these agents. Our expertise in measuring low levels of spontaneous mutation rates allows us to investigate the hypothesis that increased spontaneous mutation rates conferred by loss of functional mismatch repair in humans cells may be mitigated by certain dietary components. In aims 1 and 2 we will directly measure the reduction of spontaneous mutation rates by lycopene, soybean products, and EGCG in two cell lines, each defective in one mismatch repair gene, hPMS2 or Hmlh1. Aim 3 will determine whether the same anti-carcinogens can also reduce the observed microsatellite instability that is coordinate with high levels of spontaneous mutations in these repair deficient cells. Aim 4 will evaluate whether our novel hPMS2 mutant cell line has acquired tumorigenic capacity as evidenced by growth in soft agar, and will coordinately evaluate whether this phenotype can be reversed by the addition of anticarcinogens. These studies will provide scientific evidence that dietary components may
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Green tea
have protective effects against an important mutator phenotype that is characteristic of many cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ISOZYME IDENTIFICATION OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS OF HERBALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gunaratna, P C.; Bioanalytical Systems, Inc. (Basi) 2701 Kent Ave West Lafayette, in 479061389 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal will develop analytical methodology to identify key metabolic pathways and the metabolizing enzymes of botanicals responsible for drug interactions. Initially we will focus on the main active ingredients of widely used botanicals, green tea (epigallocatechin gallate), St. John's wort (hypericin and hyperforin), and milk thistle weed (silybin). Metabolism of these compounds will be investigated in vitro in liver microsomes and expressed human enzymes. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry will be used to identify the phase I metabolites. The cytochrome P450 isoforms will be identified using chemical inhibitor probes and specific expressed enzymes. Enzyme kinetic and inhibition parameters of these compounds will be evaluated to predict the interactions with known drugs. A web-accessible, interactive relational database will be developed to include the findings such as specific isoforms, metabolites formed, metabolic reactions and enzyme kinetics and the inhibition constants of the above standards. The database will be expanded in Phase II to also include in vivo data of botanical extracts and their synergistic effects to provide information to pharmacists and physicians. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The procedures and automated methods developed in these studies will be used to provide contract research services to pharmaceutical/botanical industry. The research will result is a database that could be sold to healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical industry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS FOR ACQUIRED CHANGES IN PROSTATE GROWTH REGU* Principal Investigator & Institution: Bushman, Wade A.; Professor; Surgery; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: The impact of aging on prostate growth regulation is central to efforts to elucidate the genesis of BPH and identify factors which contribute to prostate cancer initiation and progression. Three growth perturbing influences afflict the prostate of the aging male: tonic androgen stimulation, oxidative stress, and environmental exposure to chemical or toxic compounds. Each of these influences alone can disrupt normal growth regulation but the compounding effect of these influences is likely to be much larger. Acting in combination over the lifespan of an individual, these influences are postulated to degrade the normal growth regulatory mechanisms charged with maintaining growth homeostasis. The unifying hypothesis of this O'Brien Center proposal is that aging and the environment produce acquired changes in prostate growth control that predispose to neoplasia. This proposal examines the pathways and mechanisms that mediate those effects. The proposed Center embraces seven research subprojects. Four subprojects will examine how androgen stimulation produces oxidative stress, elucidate how changes in cellular redox state produces epigenetic changes in gene regulation and growth
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regulation, and examine the effect of oxidative stress on gene imprinting. Three subprojects examine chemical influences on prostate growth. One examines the mechanism of action of green tea; a second focuses on the plantalkaloid sensitive hedgehog signaling pathway; and a third project, an NIEHS merit award included as a non-reviewed project, examines the effect of dioxin on prostate development. Two DR/P&F projects selected from a total of 9 submitted preproposals address the immunology of androgen withdrawal induced prostatitis and the potential to design small molecule inhibitors of key signal transduction pathways based on peptide motif analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANSIM ANGIOGENESIS
OF
TEA
CATECHIN'S
INHIBITION
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Meydani, Mohsen; Professor of Nutrition; None; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Epidemiological data and experimental studies suggest that catechins of black or green tea with potent antioxidant activity have anticancer properties. Catechins can contribute to cancer prevention not only by the reduction of tumor cell growth, migration and invasion, but also by the inhibition of angiogenesis, an obligatory process for tumor growth. However, the exact molecular mechanism by which green tea catechins inhibit angiogenesis is not known. Using our in vitro tube formation assay by the human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC), we have tested the inhibitory effect of catechins on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF} signaling during angiogenesis. VEGF signaling is a multicomponent complex comprising vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin/ b-catenin,/VEGF-receptor 2 (Flk1/KDR)/ phosphatidylinositol 3'(PI3)-kinase. Specifically, we have found that green tea catechins' inhibition of angiogenesis in HMVEC is mediatedl: 1) by disruption of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin/b-catenin complex, and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, a downstream molecular pathway implicated in angiogenesis, and 2) by inhibition of oxidative stress-induced interleukin (IL)-8 production, a potent angiogenic factor. However, the exact molecular target(s) of catechins on the inhibition of angiogenesis is yet to be elucidated. Given our data we propose the following model: Green tea catechins inhibit angiogenesis through disruption of VE-cadherin/b-catenin complex. The loss of complex formation results in inhibition of VEGF signaling and IL-8 gene expression. We propose to examine this model by testing the hypothesis: a) Green tea catechins disrupt VE-cadherin/ VEGF-receptor/ PI3-kinase complex formation. This hypothesis will be tested by co-immunoprecipitation assays and Western blots; b) Green tea catechins inhibit VEGF-induced PI3-kinase activation. This hypothesis will be examined by the PI3-kinase activity assay; c) Green tea catechins inhibit VEGF-induced IL-8 activation, and that this inhibition is mediated through a decrease in the PI3kinase/Akt pathway leading to decrease of NF-kB activation. This hypothesis will be tested by blocking the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway using wortmanin inhibition and measuring IL-8 production, IL-8 mRNA expression, and NF-kB activation. Validation of this model would help in better understanding the specific molecular targets of tea catechins' induced inhibition of angiogenesis and in developing future studies to develop cost-effective strategies to fight against cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Green tea
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Project Title: MODULATION OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE BY TEA POLYPHENOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Jia-Sheng; None; Texas Tech University Health Scis Center Health Sciences Center Lubbock, Tx 79430 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) The primary objective of this research project is to study the modulating effects of green tea polyphenols on reducing hepatocarcinogeninduced oxidative damages in high-risk human populations. Oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species in vivo plays important roles in human hepatocarcinogenesis primarily caused by chronic infection of hepatitis B/C viruses and exposure to dietary aflatoxins. The level of 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine, a biomarker for oxidative DNA damage, increases in hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive and aflatoxin-exposed humans and in aflatoxin- treated animals. Dietary antioxidants are important components of cancer modulating agents, which have been proven to effectively target carcinogen biomarkers, including oxidative damages, in high-risk human populations. Among various identified dietary associated antioxidants, green tea and its polyphenols have been shown to be safe and highly effective in inhibition of a variety of carcinogeninduced oxidative damages, mutagenesis, and tumorigenesis in in vitro bioassays and in vivo animal models. The general hypothesis underlying this proposal is that green tea polyphenols have a protective effect against oxidative stress or damage induced by aflatoxin and hepatitis B/C viruses through the mechanisms of modulating aflatoxin metabolism and oxidated DNA damage. The specific aims include: (1) to determine antioxidative role of green tea polyphenols in inhibition of the level of 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine in urine samples collected from an intervention study of 120 participants who are double positive for hepatitis B virus surface antigen and aflatoxinalbumin adducts, and (2) to determine the modulating effect of green tea polyphenols on excretion of carcinogen detoxifying product, aflatoxin Bl-mercapturic acid in urine samples collected from the study participants. The results of this proposed study will help to understand the mechanisms of antioxidative role of tea polyphenols in modulating human hepatocarcinogenesis caused by hepatitis B/C viruses and aflatoxins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR CHEMOPREVENTION MECHANISMS OF TEA POLYPHENOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stratton, Steven P.; Research Assistant Professor; None; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Prevention is the most efficient way to reduce the incidence, morbidity, Nd mortality of cancer. Thus, development of new investigators in cancer prevention research is imperative. Steven P. Stratton, Ph.D. is a junior investigator in the field of cancer prevention; with training in analytical chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology, cancer therapeutics, cancer drug development, and cancer prevention epidemiology. The mentored training supported by this award will facilitate the development of Dr. Stratton into a fully independent investigator. This project will be conducted at the Arizona Cancer Center, a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center with an international reputation for excellence in cancer prevention research. The proposed studies will be performed under the aegis of the Chemoprevention of Skin Cancer Program Project at the University of Arizona. This project will focus on skin cancer chemoprevention mechanisms with polyphenolic
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derivatives of tea, Camellia sinensis. Green tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Many studies both in vivo and in vitro suggest that polyphenolic compounds present in tea inhibit skin carcinogenesis, though the mechanism of action is still unknown. An understanding of this mechanism is crucial to the development of chemopreventive strategies using these compounds. This project will test the hypothesis that green tea polyphenols prevent UV radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis by modulating reactive oxygen-mediated alterations of normal cell function. Markers of reactive oxygen and secondary membrane damage will be used to explore the role of tea polyphenols in UV-induced skin cell transformation using human keratinocytes in vitro and an in vivo mouse skin model. The specific aims of this project include analyzing the effects of green tea polyphenols on: (1) Cell membrane lipid peroxidation using new sensitive and specific GC/MS assays to quantify levels of oxidized biomolecules; (2) Cell cycle progression and expression of cell cycle control genes using flow cytometry and RNase protection techniques; (3) Regulation of transcription factor activation using an alkaline phosphatase reporter system; and (4) Apoptosis and translocation of relevant transcription factors using in situ molecular imaging techniques. Changes in levels of these markers will be used to establish links between antioxidant effects of tea polyphenols and possible direct effects on redoxsensitive downstream events. The overall goal of this project is to promote the development of an academic research career in cancer prevention within a framework of molecular chemoprevention mechanistic studies and training. Immediate goals include acquiring the scientific and technical expertise necessary for independent investigations of secondary cancer prevention mechanisms. Long-term career goals include development of new methods, assays, and expertise in redox-modulated biochemical processes; establishment of a molecular chemoprevention laboratory; development of collaborative research programs in molecular mechanisms of cancer prevention; and ultimately, development of chemopreventive therapies that reduce cancer morbidity and mortality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PHENOLIC AGENT-INDUCED APOPTOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kong, Tony Ah-Ng.; Professor; Pharmaceutics; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many studies have shown the inhibitory effect of polyphenolic compounds including green tea catechins (-)epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) against carcinogenesis in rodent models. These include cancers of the colorectal, liver, lung, skin, small intestine, and mammary gland. Our hypothesis is that the cancer chemoprevention effect of tea polyphenolic components such as EGCG, is through induction of apoptotic mechanisms involving the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway, and the caspases pathway. The overall goal of this project is to identify the molecular mechanisms/targets of apoptotic signaling molecules exhibited by EGCG and other tea polyphenols. Such knowledge will help to develop better chemopreventive agents and to design more effective cancer chemoprevention clinical trials. To test this hypothesis, we will use different cell culture models with the following specific aims: (1) To investigate whether the activation of the MAPK (ERK, JNK, and p38) pathway by EGCG and other tea polyphenols in two human tumor cell line models (cervical squamous carcinoma HeLa, and colon HT29) is involved in apoptosis. Transfection studies with various cDNA constructs encoding for the MAPK
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Green tea
cascade as well as structure-activity relationship of the tea polyphenols in MAPKinduced apoptosis will be performed. (2) To determine whether the stimulation of the caspase (the mitochondria-cytochrome c release pathway and the nonmitochondriacytochrome c release pathway) pathway induced by EGCG and other tea polyphenols in the two human tumor cell lines (HeLa and HT29) is involved in apoptosis. Transfection studies with cDNAs encoding the anti-apoptotic proteins (Bc12 and CrmA) and proapoptotic proteins (death receptors -Fas, TNFR, DR4/5, and Bax, Bid) as well as structure-activity relationship of the tea polyphenols in caspase-induced apoptosis will be performed. These studies will complement the studies in Aim 1 and will provide further understanding of the apoptotic signaling mechanisms of tea polyphenolic compounds. Our long-term goal is to identify the molecular targets of the chemopreventive effect exhibited by EGCG and other tea polyphenols. Such knowledge will help to develop better chemopreventive compounds and to design more effective cancer chemoprevention clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR PREVENTION OF CANCER BY GREEN TEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mukhtar, Hasan; Professor, Vice Chair and Director of Re; Dermatology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): In recent years, green tea has gained considerable interest as an agent that could reduce the risk of several cancer types. Data on cancer chemopreventive effects of green tea in many animal tumor model systems is convincing. The cancer chemopreventive effects of green tea appear to be mediated by its polyphenolic constituents (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Based on geographical observations and epidemiological evidence where Japanese and Chinese populations consuming green tea on a regular basis have the lowest incidence of PCa in the world, we hypothesized that green tea or its constituents are effective for chemopreventition of PCa. To test this hypothesis we initiated a program on chemoprevention of PCa by green tea. In our recent studies (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:10350-5, 2001), employing a transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP), a model that mimics progressive form of human prostatic disease, we have shown that oral infusion of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea, at a human achievable dose (equivalent to six cups of green tea per day), significantly inhibits PCa development and its metastasis. One significant observation from this study was that oral infusion of green tea polyphenols resulted in an increased cancer free and overall survival of TRAMP mice. We extended these studies and more recently found that oral feeding of green tea polyphenols as the sole source of drinking fluid to TRAMP mice results in significant inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in dorsolateral prostate. This is an important observation suggesting the involvement of inhibition of angiogenesis and matrix degradation during green tea-mediated PCa chemoprevention. Of relevance to PCa, is the fact that once activated via certain stimuli, MMPs degrade insulin-like growth factor (IGFBP) resulting in the release of insulin-like growth factor (IGF). The present proposal capitalizes on our recent novel findings. The central hypothesis to be tested in this proposal is that "EGCG imparts chemopreventive and possibly cancer therapeutic effects against PCa and its metastasis via MMP inhibition-mediated modulation in IGF/IGFBP-3 autocrine/paracrine loop". Under the proposed specific aims we will
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investigate i) the chemopreventive potential of EGCG against the markers of angiogenesis and metastasis in human prostate carcinoma cells, ii) the chemopreventive potential of EGCG against PCa metastasis and angiogenesis under in vivo situation in athymic nude mice implanted with PCa cells, and in TRAMP mice and iii) the chemotherapeutic potential of EGCG against PCa metastasis and angiogenesis under in vivo situation in athymic nude mice implanted with PCa cells, and in TRAMP mice. Successful completion of this project will define the molecular targets for PCa Chemoprevention by EGCG a major objective of this RFA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHASE II TRIAL OF POLYPHENON E IN FORMER SMOKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lam, Stephen L.; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: The main purpose of this project is to evaluate, in a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial, the chemopreventive efficacy and safety of a very promising food supplement - Polyphenon E (decaffeinated green tea polyphenol mixture), in smokers with bronchial intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN). 2,574 former heavy smokers (> 30 pack-years) > 45 years of age without evidence of overt lung cancer will be recruited over a 42 months period by an experienced clinical trial team with a track record of completing several consecutive NCI-sponsored chemoprevention trials on schedule. A unique sputum induction method combining high frequency chest wall oscillation and hypertonic saline nebulization will be used to reduce unsatisfactory sputum samples rate to 1.2 mm (bigger than the size of a bronchial biopsy). Onehundred and ten subjects with one or more IEN lesions >1.2 mm will receive Polyphenon E 1.6 g daily/Placebo for 6 months. The primary endpoint of the study will be combined nuclear morphometry and histopathology on bronchial biopsies before and 6 months after treatment. This surrogate endpoint biomarker (SEB) was developed and refined through several previous NCI sponsored trials. An innovative optical imaging technology - confocal microendoscopy, will be developed as a non-biopsy method to assess the effect of chemopreventive agents. Methylation of several biomarkers in sputa, bronchial brushes as well as BAL cells will be tested as SEB in central and peripheral airways and in surrogate organs using quantitative real time PCR. The extent to which clinical-pathological response, modulation of cell cycle, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis in human can be correlated with those in animal tumor models will be determined by measuring the same biomarkers in the A/J mouse and hamster lung tumor models before and after treatment with Polyphenon E. The results will provide new information on the efficacy and safety of Polyphenon E for the chemoprevention of lung cancer. It will also provide new information on the use of SEBs for assessing the effect of chemoprevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PILOT STUDY--RED WINE /GREEN TEA & CELL CYCLE CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Eto, Isao; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 09-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: Objective: Laboratory studies with animals and cells in culture have shown cancer preventive activity of polyphenols isolated from red wine and green tea. However, the basic molecular mechanisms by which these polyphenols inhibit
26
Green tea
carcinogenesis have not been completely elucidated. The objective of this study is to use two of these polyphenols (resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (and investigate their effects on the cell cycle control of G1-to-S phase transition, a critical molecular event in the carcinogenic process. Two series of cells in culture will be used for this study: (1) JB6 mouse epidermal cells and (2) mammary epithelial cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PILOT--GREEN TEA POLYPHENOL GENE EXPRESSION IN PROSTATE Principal Investigator & Institution: El-Galley, Rizk; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 09-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PRECLIN. MODEL FOR PREVENTION OF NSCLC IN FORMER SMOKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schuller, Hildegard M.; Distinguished Professor; Pathobiology; University of Tennessee Knoxville Knoxville, Tn 37996 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) The central hypothesis of this application is that growth regulating pathways expressed in human and mouse alveolar type II cell pulmonary adenocarcinomas (PAC type II) and in human and hamster pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas (SQCs) are antagonistic to those expressed in human and hamster Clara cell type pulmonary adenocarcinomas (PACCs). Chemoprevention studies applicable to former smokers therefore need to use models representing these differently regulated cancer types. Non-invasive methods need to be developed that allow to monitor the expression levels of these pathways in former smokers to asses response to treatment and to ensure assignment of individuals to effective chemopreventive treatments while avoiding potentially cancer promoting agents. To achieve these goals in a preclinical setup, our specific aims are as follows: 1) We will characterize the effects of green tea, theophylline, beta-carotene, retinol, glucocorticoid beta- blockers, cAMP antaogonists, and inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) or 51ipooxygenase (5-.LOX) in human lung cancer cell lines derived from PAC type II, PACC or QSQC and in non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic mouse PAC type II cell lines. 2) We will synthesize iodine-125 and -123-labeled analogues of inhibitors of COX-2, cAMP-dependent PKA and 5-LOX for use in micro-photon emisssion tomography (micro-SPECT). We will verify the binding of these analogues to their cellular targets by in vitro binding assays, using human lung cancer cell lines characterized under aim 1 and by in vivo bio-distribution studies, using mice carrying xenographs of these human lung cancer cell lines. 3) We will study the chemopreventive effects of selected agents from aim 1 in bioassay experiments, using the A/J/mouse PAC type II model, the hamster PACC model and the hamster SQC model. The experimental designs will simulate chemoprevention in former smokers by starting the chemopreventive treatments at the time when tumor induction treatment has been discontinued and precancerous lesions are present in the animals. Evaluation of data will include histopathology, including immunostains for COX-2, PKA and 5-LOX as well as analysis of protein expression of these enzymes by Western blots in normal cells of origin of the induced tumors, premalignant lesions, and in lung cancers harvested by laser capture
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microscopy. 4) Using the iodine-125-1abeled analogues from aim 2, we will conduct micro-SPECT analysis of five randomly chosen animals per treatment group of aim 3 before, during and after completion of chemopreventive treatments and we will attempt to quantitate levels of COX-2, PKA, and 5-LOX in lung tissues and lung tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRECLINICAL EVALUATION OF BLACK TEA EXTRACTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Evans, David A.; Wellgen, Inc. C/O Rutgers UnivCaft New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many claims suggesting health beneficial effects of black tea and its components exist in the scientific and lay literature. One such presumed health benefit of tea consumption is decreased risk of cancer. In the United States, each year there are 93,800 new cases and 47,700 deaths due to colon cancer. Among cancer diseases, the evidence for the importance of diet and nutrition is strongest for colon cancer. Therefore, there is a need to find ways to prevent this disease. The overall goal of WellGen, Inc. is to find and develop value-added dietary supplements using sound scientific information. This proposal, entitled "Preclinical Evaluation of Black Tea Extracts" is consistent with our primary goal. Scientific information will be generated in model systems before evaluation in humans. Based on this knowledge, black tea dietary supplements will be developed. Black tea extracts, theaflavin mixtures derived from green tea, and purified chemicals that occur in black tea will be evaluated in three mouse models. All compounds will be evaluated in two mouse ear inflammation assays. Selected compounds will be evaluated in a Min mouse model for colon cancer. The following specific aims are designed to accomplish the overall goal for the 6 months of the Phase 1 study. 1. Prepare standardized, modified theaflavin extracts from decaffeinated green tea 2. Prepare from catechin precursors the following pure compounds: theatlavin(TF-1), theaflavin-3-monogallate and theaflavin-3'-monogallate ( the combination of these two isomers are referred to as TF2), and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF-3) (200 mg each to evaluate in mouse ear models) 3. Evaluate decaffeinated black tea extract, theaflavin extracts and four pure theaflavin compounds in the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) induced mouse ear models. 4. Evaluate decaffeinated black tea extract and theaflavin extracts in a Min mouse model 5. Conceptualize and analyze prototype product (dietary supplement) development strategy 6. Plan for biomarker endpoint colon cancer clinical studies Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PREVENTION OF CARTILAGE DEGRADATION BY GREEN TEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Haqqi, Tariq M.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many studies have shown that green tea possesses anti-inflammatory properties. We recently showed that DBA/1 mice given green tea polyphenols (GTP) in drinking water had clinically mild arthritis and little histological evidence of cartilage damage and bone erosion. Several factors, including proinflammatory cytokines, contribute to the destruction of an arthritic joint. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disorder in which the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 has been shown to play a decisive role. Its effects include the inhibition of
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Green tea
attempted cartilage repair and enhanced degradation of cartilage matrix, induction of collagenases and the second messenger nitric oxide (NO). Data from our preliminary studies showed that when the green tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was added to human chondrocyte cultures (1) inhibited IL-1 -induced cartilage matrix degradation; (2) inhibited IL-1 -induced production of NO; (3) inhibited IL-1 -induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB); and (4) mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) sub-groups c-jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) and p38-MAPK. Work proposed in this application is based on this solid preliminary data and is designed to understand in depth how EGCG inhibits IL-1-induced cartilage degradation. Using human chondrocytes we will investigate (1) the inhibition of IL-1-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by EGCG; (2) the modulation of stress responsive transcription factor NF-kB by EGCG; (3) modulation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and the transcription factor RUNX-2 by EGCG; (4) inhibition of the MAPK signal transduction pathways by EGCG; and (5) inhibition of MMP-1 3 gene expression by EGCG. Results of these studies are expected to define the molecular basis of the anti-inflammatory effects of EGCG on human chondrocytes. The long term objective of these studies is to explore the use of EGCG or compounds derived from it in inhibiting the onset and or progression of cartilage destruction in arthritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREVENTION OF PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS BY ANTIOXIDANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Katiyar, Santosh K.; Assistant Professor; Dermatology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant)Chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UVB (290-320 nm), is primarily responsible for more than 1,000,000 new cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer each year in the USA alone, making it the most hazardous environmental carcinogen known for humans. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop strategies to prevent the occurrence of cutaneous malignancies. It is well documented that UV radiation is a potent producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play a critical role in cellular signal transduction pathways. Phosphorylation of cell signaling molecules is implicated in various skin diseases including skin cancer. One approach to reduce the risk of UV-induced ROS-mediated skin cancer is the use of antioxidant agents. Several studies led to a strong suggestion that the regular intake of polyphenolic antioxidants from green tea may be an appropriate and effective strategy to prevent some forms of human cancers. We and others have shown that a potyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea, and particularly its major and the most effective chemopreventive antioxidant constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has remarkable preventive effects against UV-induced skin carcinogenesis in mouse model. We found that treatment with EGCG to human skin before UV exposure inhibits UV-induced oxidative stress. The aim of this application is to defme the mechanism through which EGCG would prevent UV-induced oxidative stress-mediated cell signaling pathways in human skin. The central hypothesis to be tested in this proposal is that UV-induced oxidative stress causes phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 in human skin. The corollary to our hypothesis is that topical treatment with EGCG before UV exposure of the skin will prevent UV radiation-induced oxidative stress, which in turn will inhibit oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of cellular signaling events. The inhibition of UVinduced oxidative stress- mediated signaling pathways by EGCG will prevent the
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occurrence of skin cancer. Validation of this hypothesis would have major implications for the importance of oxidative stress-mediated skin cancer, as well as offering promise for the development of novel intervention approaches to mitigate UV-induced cellular signaling events linked to skin cancer incidence by the use of antioxidants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REFINEMENT & UTILIZATION OF PTC +/- MODEL OF BCC Principal Investigator & Institution: Aszterbaum, Michelle; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Applicant's Description) We have established the first practical murine model of the most common human cancer-basal cell carcinomas-by exposing the skin of ptc +/- mice to repeated ultraviolet light irradiation. We propose a series of experiments first to refine this model by varying the wavelength, the degree, and the frequency of irradiation. We will test several additional variables including the effects of alternative environmental insults that appear to provoke human basal cell carcinomas-ionizing irradiation and arsenic as well as chemical carcinogens. We will validate the utility of this model by assessing chemopreventive agents that have been studied on humansretinoids, green tea aqueous extract, and low-fat diet and then will utilize the model to test for chemopreventive efficacy of tea preparations and inhibitors of COX-1 and of COX-2. We will also assess the influence of varied genetic backgrounds both on photoinduction of efficacy of chemopreventive agents. Lastly, we will survey human extracutaneous cancers aberrant hedgehog pathway signaling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SKIN CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bickers, David R.; Carl Truman Nelson Professor/Chair; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common type of human cancer and epidemiological evidence strongly implicates ultraviolet radiation in sunlight as the major cause of this form of malignancy. The most common type of NMSC is basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and there are two major types of BCC, those occurring sporadically and those that develop in patients with the genetic disorder known as the basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS). Sun exposure is a crucial factor in the development of BCC in both populations and recent studies have shown that mutations in the human homologue of the Drosophila segment polarity gene PATCHED (PTC) occur in patients with BCNS and in patients with sporadic BCCs. In this project we plan to conduct a series of studies in SKH-l hairless mice, in patched gene knockout mice (ptc +/-) and in human volunteers to test the hypothesis that systemic administration of the chemopreventive agents, Polyphenone E, a mixture of constituents of green tea, Sulindac, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) I and 2 and Celecoxib, an inhibitor of COX 2 can diminish the phototoxic response to ultraviolet B (UVB) and psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA) in the skin. Minimal erythema dose (MED) to UVB and minimum phototoxic dose (MPD) to PUVA will be employed to induce a localized phototoxic response in the skin of the animals and the human subjects and the ability of the systemically administered chemopreventive agents to protect against these responses determined. Surrogate biological markers of cancer risk including erythema
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and edema, apoptosis, c-jun, c-fos and ras p21 induction, BrUdr incorporation, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and epidermal growth factor (FGFR) phosphorylation will be assessed. Tumor studies in the animals will permit direct comparison of the susceptibility of the mouse strains to UVB induced tumors and the ability of the chemopreventive agents to reduce the risk of cancer. These studies are closely integrated with those in Projects 1 and 2 and will generate strong supportive data that can be correlated with the findings from those studies. This combined approach has the unique potential to more frilly define the anticarcinogenic effects of selected chemopreventive agents in human populations and to further characterize their mechanism of action. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TEA MODULATION OF COLON CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wargovich, Michael J.; Professor; Pathology and Microbiology; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Green and black tea together represent the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide and is one of very few sources of phytochemicals with a broad chemopreventive activity against carcinogenesis. This activity and the lack of toxicity make tea an attractive agent for potential use in the reduction of human cancer risk. Consumption of green tea reduces risk for several cancers including lung, stomach, and pancreatic cancer. Recently it has been shown that habitual consumption of tea is associated with a reduced risk for colon cancer in a U.S. population. Nevertheless, much more research is needed before we can fully understand the cancer chemopreventive activities of tea and the possible application of tea in human cancer prevention. The overall goal of this project is to understand tea and cancer prevention by elucidating the mechanisms and identifying the active components involved. The Apc Min/+ mouse animal model for colon cancer and related cell lines will be used. This project will develop useful biomarkers, new agents (metabolites or analogs of the active components), and effective dosage forms for the prevention of human cancer. Specifically, we intend to test the hypothesis that orally administered tea is an effective inhibitor of carcinogenesis. The Min mouse and azoxymethane (AOM)treated Min mouse will be used as the animal models to conduct dose-response studies for the effect of tea on aberrant crypt foci and colon tumor formation. Possible differences between green tea and black tea and the effect of caffeine on colon tumorigenesis will be assessed. We next will determine the effect of green tea and black tea on the proliferation and apoptosis of cells in the colon and correlate it with the tumorigenesis results. To study the molecular mechanisms, tea will be tested for its ability to modulate AP-l, ERK, JNK, c-Jun, j3-catenin and other proteins in the colons of Min mice. To elucidate the mechanistic basis for the inhibition of colon turnorigenesis by green tea and black tea in the Min and AOMIMin mouse models studies on arachidonic acid metabolism, cyclooxygenase (COX) protein and mRNA levels, and activities of COX, lipoxygenase, and phospholipase A2 will be conducted with colon samples. Furthermore, studies examining the effect of tea polyphenols on the growth of human colon adenocarcinoma cells that have high levels of COX-2 expression will be conducted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PREVENTION
TEA
TARGETING
PROTEASOME--A
ROLE
IN
31
CANCER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Dou, Qing P.; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, Fl 33620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term objective is to find a cancer-specific signal transduction pathway via which human tumor cells can be selectively targeted. The proteasome is responsible for the specific degradation of proteins that are intimately involved in cell survival and apoptosis, including the tumor suppressor p53, the cyclindependent kinase inhibitor p27 and the cell death inducer Bax. We have found that increased levels of proteasome-mediated Bax degradation correlate well with decreased levels of Bax protein in advanced human prostate cancer and that treatment of tumor cells with a proteasome inhibitor accumulates Bax protein in the mitochondria, leading to cytochrome c release, caspase activation and apoptosis. We have also found that ester bond-containing tea polyphenols potently inhibit the tumor proteasome activity in vitro (IC50 86-194 nM) and in vivo (1-10 uM) at the concentrations found in the serum of green tea drinkers. This inhibition of the proteasome activity in tumor cells results in accumulation of several proteasome natural substrates, including Bax. Based on these results, we propose the following two Hypotheses. (1) One of prostate cancer risk factors is increased level of the proteasomal activity that selectively degrades growth suppressor proteins such as Bax. (2) Inhibition of the proteasome activity by ester bondcontaining tea polyphenols contributes to the prostate cancer-preventative and inhibitory activities of green tea documented previously. To address these hypotheses, we propose the following Specific Aims. Aim 1 is to evaluate potency and selectivity of tea polyphenols to inhibit the proteasome activity in prostate cancer cell extracts. Aim 2 is to evaluate potency and selectivity of tea polyphenols to inhibit the proteasome activity in intact prostate cancer cells. Aim 3 is to investigate the relationship between the abilities of tea polyphenols to inhibit the proteasome-mediated Bax degradation and to induce prostate cancer cell death. A Future Aim is to determine whether in vivo proteasome-inhibitory ability of tea polyphenols is related to their antitumor activity using nude mice bearing human prostate tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSGENIC FISH MODELS FOR MUTAGENESIS STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Winn, Richard N.; Associate Professor; None; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (Provided by the applicant): Trangenic animal mutation models provide new approaches to studies of in vivo mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The overall goal of this research is to develop and characterize transgenic fish models that can address the dual needs for improved methods to assess genetic health risks associated with exposure to chemical and physical mutagens, and for non-mammalian models for comparative mechanistic studies of in vivo mutagenesis. The proposed studies build on research progress to develop a transgenic model using medaka (Oryzias latipes) that carry a bacteriophage lambda vector harboring lacl and cll as mutation target genes. Following exposure of fish to a mutagen, the target genes are recovered from various tissues using in vitro packaging and transferred into indicator bacteria to quantify mutations. Advantages of using this assay for in vivo mutagenesis are combined with the numerous benefits afforded by fish as animal models including sensitivity, amenability
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to a wide range of exposure conditions, and low cost. Aim 1 is directed at characterizing mutational responses of transgenic fish exposed to mutagens at early life stages. Objectives are to define whether embryonic or juvenile fish exhibit high sensitivity to genotoxins similar to that observed using other toxicological endpoints, and to determine if mutational responses change at critical stages. An expected outcome will be an improved approach to study of mutations in genes affecting embryogenesis and development. Aim 2 is to characterize unique capabilities of transgenic fish as new novel models for studies of UV- mutagenesis, ocular mutagenesis, and antimutagenesis. Specific toxicity evaluations will study mutations in the skin following UV-B irradiation, mutagenicity of methylazooxymethanol acetate (MAMAc) shown to induce retinoblastomas, and test the inhibitory effects of green tea on mutations caused by dimethylnitrosamine and benzo[a]pyrene exposure. The third aim is to characterize new transgenic medaka and mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) lineages carrying the plasmid pUR288 vector containing lacZ as the mutational target. Objectives are to test whether the lacZ target is a reliable marker of induced mutations, particularly for detecting mutations induced by clastogenic agents supporting these fish as models for in vivo mutagenesis. The common goal of the three aims is to characterize mutagenic responses of transgenic fish models sufficient to justify their application in comparative mutagenesis studies and ensure their optimal utilization by the biomedical and environmental health research communities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSPLACENTAL BIOAVAILABILITY
CHEMOPROTECTION
AND
GI
Principal Investigator & Institution: Williams, David E.; Professor; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: Chemoprotection against cancer by dietary phytochemicals, including indole-3-carbinol (I3C), green tea polyphenols (GTP) and chlorophyllin (CHL) has been demonstrated in animals, but little is known about modulation by phytochemicals of transplacental carcinogenesis or their efficacy and mechanisms of action in humans. Our hypothesis is that these phytochemicals will provide chemoprotection to fetus from PAH-induced transplacental carcinogenesis through blocking mechanisms involving the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (Ahr) (I3C, GTP) or complex formation (CHL). This hypothesis will be tested by: * Examining the role of the Ahr in modulation of transplacental carcinogenesis utilizing the Ahr knockout mouse. * Determining PAH bioavailability to fetal target tissues by DNA 32p-postlabeling analysis. For chemoprotection to be effective transplacentally, phytochemicals must transverse two barriers, the GI and placenta. The Caco-2 cell monolayer system is an excellent in vitro model for GI absorption, metabolism and transport of drugs. The second hypothesis under test is stated in three parts. The Caco-2 cell monolayer in vitro model will (1) predict bioavailability in humans of proposed cancer chemoprotective agents, (2) test hypotheses related to mechanism including modulation of phase I and phase II enzymes and drug transport systems and (3) predict absorption and bioavailability of phytochemicals transplacentally in mice. These hypotheses will be tested by: * Measuring the Kinflux and Keflux, of individual components in GTP, I3C acid condensation products and CHL, singularly, and as mixtures. * Validating the Caco-2 cell monolayer model by administration of select phytochemicals to human volunteers and determining the extent of absorption and identity of serum metabolites. * Determining the potential for these phytochemieals to induce, inhibit and/or be
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substrates for human intestinal phase I and phase II enzymes and transporters. * Administering phytochemicals to the maternal mouse iv (by-passing GI and first-pass hepatic metabolism) and assessing bioavailability to the fetus to determine if Caco-2 absorption predicts placental bioavailability. These studies provide inportant new information on the efficacy and mechanism(s) of action of cancer chemoprotective phytochemicals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: UCLA CENTER FOR DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS RESEARCH: BOTANICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heber, David; Professor/Chief; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: This application proposes to establish the UCLA Center for Dietary Supplements Research: Botanicals (CDSRB) in order to foster interdisciplinary research to develop systematic evaluation of the safety and efficacy of botanical dietary supplements. We have assembled the multi-disciplinary scientific expertise required for the proposed CDSRB at the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition. to accomplish the following specific aims: 1) Identify, characterize and authenticate botanicals intended for use as dietary supplements or already being sold as dietary supplements; 2) Assess the bioavailability and bioactivity of botanical ingredients including phytochemical marker compounds and/or suspected or known active ingredients; 3) Identify active constituents in botanicals and explore their mechanisms of action in well-defined biological systems; 4) Conduct pre-clinical studies in cell culture and in animals; and 5) Conduct phase I and/or II clinical evaluations of botanicals. The UCLA CHN CDSRB will fulfill the critical need for additional basic and clinical research on the bioavailability and bioactivity of botanical ingredients, including phytochemical marker compounds and/or biologically active constituents in well-defined biological systems and will then conduct pre-clinical studies in animals and clinical phase I and/or II evaluations of botanicals. In this application we outline three well developed R01 Research Projects (Chinese Red Yeast Rice, Green Tea, and St. John's Wort), four Pilot Studies (Echinacea, Flavonoids, Soy Isoflavones, and Plant Phytoestrogens, and three Scientific Cores in Agriculture and Botany, Analytic Phytochemistry, and Biostatistics/Clinical Pharmacology. An Administrative and Planning Core will administer the overall CDSRB, a New Investigator Award and Pilot Study Program support training and educational initiatives which will begin to address many of the issues outlined above. The UCLA School of Medicine is one of the top ten biomedical research institutions in the United States and will provide a rich interdisciplinary environment where the primary mission of the proposed Dietary Supplements Research Center in Botanicals can be achieved. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National 3
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for green tea in the PubMed Central database: •
Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice by oral infusion of green tea polyphenols. by Gupta S, Hastak K, Ahmad N, Lewin JS, Mukhtar H.; 2001 Aug 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56964
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Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by a polyphenolic fraction from green tea. by Haqqi TM, Anthony DD, Gupta S, Ahmad N, Lee MS, Kumar GK, Mukhtar H.; 1999 Apr 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16365
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with green tea, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for green tea (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A germ-line p53 mutation accelerates pulmonary tumorigenesis: p53-independent efficacy of chemopreventive agents green tea or dexamethasone/myo-inositol and chemotherapeutic agents taxol or adriamycin. Author(s): Zhang Z, Liu Q, Lantry LE, Wang Y, Kelloff GJ, Anderson MW, Wiseman RW, Lubet RA, You M. Source: Cancer Research. 2000 February 15; 60(4): 901-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10706103&dopt=Abstract
4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A new concept of tumor promotion by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cancer preventive agents (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and green tea--a review. Author(s): Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka E, Suga K, Imai K, Nakachi K. Source: Cancer Detection and Prevention. 2000; 24(1): 91-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757128&dopt=Abstract
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Activation of antioxidant-response element (ARE), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and caspases by major green tea polyphenol components during cell survival and death. Author(s): Chen C, Yu R, Owuor ED, Kong AN. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2000 December; 23(6): 605-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156183&dopt=Abstract
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Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by green tea polyphenols: potential signaling pathways in the regulation of antioxidant-responsive element-mediated phase II enzyme gene expression. Author(s): Yu R, Jiao JJ, Duh JL, Gudehithlu K, Tan TH, Kong AN. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1997 February; 18(2): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9054642&dopt=Abstract
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Acute effects of ingestion of black and green tea on lipoprotein oxidation. Author(s): Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Croft KD, Burke V, Mori TA, Caccetta RA, Beilin LJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 May; 71(5): 1103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10799371&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in human serum obtained after ingesting green tea. Author(s): Unno T, Kondo K, Itakura H, Takeo T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1996 December; 60(12): 2066-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988640&dopt=Abstract
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Anticariogenic effects of green tea. Author(s): Yu H, Oho T, Tagomori S, Morioka T. Source: Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 1992 April; 83(4): 174-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1607143&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of green tea compared to black tea. Author(s): Wiseman H, Plitzanopoulou P, O'Reilly J. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1996 August; 24(3): 390S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8878934&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidants in Chinese green tea. Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1998 April; 31(5): 1214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9562027&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidative effects of green tea polyphenols on free radical initiated and photosensitized peroxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Author(s): Liu Z, Ma LP, Zhou B, Yang L, Liu ZL. Source: Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 2000 June; 106(1): 53-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10878235&dopt=Abstract
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Antithrombotic activities of green tea catechins and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Author(s): Kang WS, Lim IH, Yuk DY, Chung KH, Park JB, Yoo HS, Yun YP. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1999 November 1; 96(3): 229-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588466&dopt=Abstract
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Apoptosis-inducing activity of a driselase digest fraction of green tea residue. Author(s): Katsuno Y, Koyama Y, Saeki K, Sazuka M, Ookawa K, Isemura M. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2001 January; 65(1): 198-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11272830&dopt=Abstract
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Application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to the simultaneous prediction of alkaloids and phenolic substances in green tea leaves. Author(s): Schulz H, Engelhardt UH, Wegent A, Drews H, Lapczynski S. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 December; 47(12): 5064-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606573&dopt=Abstract
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Association of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intakes with serum concentrations of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal Japanese women. Author(s): Nagata C, Kabuto M, Shimizu H. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1998; 30(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507508&dopt=Abstract
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Black and green tea and heart disease: a review. Author(s): Vinson JA. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2000; 13(1-4): 127-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237171&dopt=Abstract
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Blood and urine levels of tea catechins after ingestion of different amounts of green tea by human volunteers. Author(s): Yang CS, Chen L, Lee MJ, Balentine D, Kuo MC, Schantz SP. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1998 April; 7(4): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568793&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer chemoprevention by green tea components. Author(s): Mukhtar H, Katiyar SK, Agarwal R. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994; 354: 123-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8067281&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer chemoprevention by polyphenols in green tea and artichoke. Author(s): Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1996; 401: 35-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8886125&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer inhibition by green tea. Author(s): Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka N, Komori A, Sueoka E, Kozu T, Tada Y, Suga K, Imai K, Nakachi K. Source: Mutation Research. 1998 June 18; 402(1-2): 307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9675322&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer-preventive effects of drinking green tea among a Japanese population. Author(s): Imai K, Suga K, Nakachi K. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1997 November-December; 26(6): 769-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388788&dopt=Abstract
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Capillary liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry for the separation and detection of catechins in green tea and human plasma. Author(s): Dalluge JJ, Nelson BC, Thomas JB, Welch MJ, Sander LC. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 1997; 11(16): 1753-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375410&dopt=Abstract
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Catechin metabolites after intake of green tea infusions. Author(s): Pietta PG, Simonetti P, Gardana C, Brusamolino A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1998; 8(1-2): 111-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9699018&dopt=Abstract
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Cell cycle dysregulation by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Author(s): Ahmad N, Cheng P, Mukhtar H. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2000 August 28; 275(2): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964666&dopt=Abstract
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Chemopreventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) against cigarette smokeinduced mutations (SCE) in humans. Author(s): Lee IP, Kim YH, Kang MH, Roberts C, Shim JS, Roh JK. Source: J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1997; 27: 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591195&dopt=Abstract
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Chemopreventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) among cigarette smokers. Author(s): Shim JS, Kang MH, Kim YH, Roh JK, Roberts C, Lee IP. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1995 June; 4(4): 387-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7655335&dopt=Abstract
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Chemoprotection: a review of the potential therapeutic antioxidant properties of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and certain of its constituents. Author(s): Mitscher LA, Jung M, Shankel D, Dou JH, Steele L, Pillai SP. Source: Medicinal Research Reviews. 1997 July; 17(4): 327-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9211396&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative chemopreventive mechanisms of green tea, black tea and selected polyphenol extracts measured by in vitro bioassays. Author(s): Steele VE, Kelloff GJ, Balentine D, Boone CW, Mehta R, Bagheri D, Sigman CC, Zhu S, Sharma S. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2000 January; 21(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10607735&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative studies on the effects of green tea extracts and individual tea catechins on human CYP1A gene expression. Author(s): Williams SN, Shih H, Guenette DK, Brackney W, Denison MS, Pickwell GV, Quattrochi LC. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2000 November 1; 128(3): 211-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11064004&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of black and green tea had no effect on inflammation, haemostasis and endothelial markers in smoking healthy individuals. Author(s): de Maat MP, Pijl H, Kluft C, Princen HM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 October; 54(10): 757-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083483&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasma antioxidant power in humans. Author(s): Benzie IF, Szeto YT, Strain JJ, Tomlinson B. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 34(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453446&dopt=Abstract
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Cross sectional study of effects of drinking green tea on cardiovascular and liver diseases. Author(s): Imai K, Nakachi K. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 March 18; 310(6981): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711535&dopt=Abstract
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Cryopreservation of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) seeds and embryonic axes. Author(s): Kim HH, Cha YS, Baek HJ, Cho EG, Chae YA, Engelmann F. Source: Cryo Letters. 2002 July-August; 23(4): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391481&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous photochemoprotection by green tea: a brief review. Author(s): Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2001 March-April; 14(2): 6976. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316965&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous photoprotection from ultraviolet injury by green tea polyphenols. Author(s): Elmets CA, Singh D, Tubesing K, Matsui M, Katiyar S, Mukhtar H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 March; 44(3): 425-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209110&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary differences with green tea intake among middle-aged Japanese men and women. Author(s): Tsubono Y, Takahashi T, Iwase Y, Iitoi Y, Akabane M, Tsugane S. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1997 September-October; 26(5 Pt 1): 704-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9327480&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of ascorbic acid and green tea on endogenous formation of Nnitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosopiperidine in humans. Author(s): Vermeer IT, Moonen EJ, Dallinga JW, Kleinjans JC, van Maanen JM. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 July 16; 428(1-2): 353-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10518007&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of black and green tea polyphenols on c-jun phosphorylation and H(2)O(2) production in transformed and non-transformed human bronchial cell lines: possible mechanisms of cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. Author(s): Yang GY, Liao J, Li C, Chung J, Yurkow EJ, Ho CT, Yang CS. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2000 November; 21(11): 2035-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11062165&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of drinking green tea. Author(s): Roberts JA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 August 19; 311(7003): 513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7647675&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fruit juices, processed vegetable juice, orange peel and green tea on endogenous formation of N-nitrosoproline in subjects from a high-risk area for gastric cancer in Moping County, China. Author(s): Xu GP, Song PJ, Reed PI. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1993 July; 2(4): 327-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8358285&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of green tea catechins on membrane fluidity. Author(s): Tsuchiya H. Source: Pharmacology. 1999 July; 59(1): 34-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10352424&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Author(s): Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 December; 70(6): 1040-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10584049&dopt=Abstract
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EGCG, a major component of green tea, inhibits tumour growth by inhibiting VEGF induction in human colon carcinoma cells. Author(s): Jung YD, Kim MS, Shin BA, Chay KO, Ahn BW, Liu W, Bucana CD, Gallick GE, Ellis LM. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2001 March 23; 84(6): 844-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11259102&dopt=Abstract
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Epigallocatechin gallate. The major causative agent of green tea-induced asthma. Author(s): Shirai T, Sato A, Hara Y. Source: Chest. 1994 December; 106(6): 1801-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7988204&dopt=Abstract
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Epigallocatechin gallate-induced histamine release in patients with green tea-induced asthma. Author(s): Shirai T, Sato A, Chida K, Hayakawa H, Akiyama J, Iwata M, Taniguchi M, Reshad K, Hara Y. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 July; 79(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9236503&dopt=Abstract
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Exaggerated precocious centromere separation in cells of a human breast cancer line treated with a green tea extract. Author(s): Hsu TC, Zhao Y, Wang RY, Dickerson R, Liang JC, Wang X, Wu Y. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 1998 March; 12(3): 617-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9472101&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract and its possible role in the prevention of cancer. Author(s): Brown MD. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 1999 October; 4(5): 360-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10559550&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and cancer chemoprevention. Author(s): Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka N, Sueoka E, Matsuyama S, Imai K, Nakachi K, Fujiki H. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 July 16; 428(1-2): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10518005&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and cancer in humans: a review of the literature. Author(s): Bushman JL. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1998; 31(3): 151-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9795966&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and colon cancer. Author(s): Kono S. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1992 June; 83(6): 669. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1644669&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and gastric cancer. Author(s): Sano T, Sasako M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 March 1; 344(9): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228285&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and skin. Author(s): Katiyar SK, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 August; 136(8): 989-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10926734&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and skin--anticarcinogenic effects. Author(s): Mukhtar H, Katiyar SK, Agarwal R. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994 January; 102(1): 3-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8288907&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and the risk of gastric cancer in Japan. Author(s): Tsubono Y, Nishino Y, Komatsu S, Hsieh CC, Kanemura S, Tsuji I, Nakatsuka H, Fukao A, Satoh H, Hisamichi S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 March 1; 344(9): 632-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228277&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins (EGCG and EGC) have modulating effects on the activity of doxorubicin in drug-resistant cell lines. Author(s): Stammler G, Volm M. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1997 March; 8(3): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9095331&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins such as (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin accelerate Cu2+induced low density lipoprotein oxidation in propagation phase. Author(s): Yamanaka N, Oda O, Nagao S. Source: Febs Letters. 1997 January 20; 401(2-3): 230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9013893&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry. Author(s): Graham HN. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1992 May; 21(3): 334-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1614995&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea compounds inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF beta-receptor and transformation of A172 human glioblastoma. Author(s): Sachinidis A, Seul C, Seewald S, Ahn H, Ko Y, Vetter H. Source: Febs Letters. 2000 April 7; 471(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760511&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human carcinoma cells. Author(s): Ahmad N, Feyes DK, Nieminen AL, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 December 17; 89(24): 1881-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9414176&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea consumption and chronic atrophic gastritis: a cross-sectional study in a green tea production village. Author(s): Shibata K, Moriyama M, Fukushima T, Kaetsu A, Miyazaki M, Une H. Source: J Epidemiol. 2000 September; 10(5): 310-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11059513&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea consumption and serum lipid profiles: a cross-sectional study in northern Kyushu, Japan. Author(s): Kono S, Shinchi K, Ikeda N, Yanai F, Imanishi K. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1992 July; 21(4): 526-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1409494&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea consumption and the risk of pancreatic and colorectal cancers. Author(s): Ji BT, Chow WH, Hsing AW, McLaughlin JK, Dai Q, Gao YT, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 January 27; 70(3): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9033623&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea epigallocatechin gallate shows a pronounced growth inhibitory effect on cancerous cells but not on their normal counterparts. Author(s): Chen ZP, Schell JB, Ho CT, Chen KY. Source: Cancer Letters. 1998 July 17; 129(2): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9719459&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea experiments in lab, clinic yield mixed results. Author(s): Webb T. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000 July 5; 92(13): 1038-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10880545&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea extract and aged garlic extract inhibit anion transport and sickle cell dehydration in vitro. Author(s): Ohnishi ST, Ohnishi T, Ogunmola GB. Source: Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases. 2001 January-February; 27(1): 148-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358376&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea extract decreases plasma malondialdehyde concentration but does not affect other indicators of oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, or hemostatic factors during a high-linoleic acid diet in healthy females. Author(s): Freese R, Basu S, Hietanen E, Nair J, Nakachi K, Bartsch H, Mutanen M. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 1999 June; 38(3): 149-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443337&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea extract does not affect urinary markers of lipid peroxidation or thromboxane or nitric oxide synthesis during a high-linoleic acid diet in healthy females. Author(s): Freese R, Basu S, Mutanen M. Source: Lipids. 1999; 34 Suppl: S317. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10419191&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea extract inhibits nucleoside transport and potentiates the antitumor effect of antimetabolites. Author(s): Zhen Y, Cao S, Xue Y, Wu S. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 1991 March; 6(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1786398&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea for remission maintenance in Crohn's disease? Author(s): Alic M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 June; 94(6): 1710-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10364058&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea in chemoprevention of cancer. Author(s): Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Source: Compr Ther. 1992 October; 18(10): 3-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1458814&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea in chemoprevention of cancer. Author(s): Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1999 December; 52(2 Suppl): 111-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10630599&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea intake in relation to serum lipid levels in Middle-aged Japanese men and women. Author(s): Tsubono Y, Tsugane S. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1997 May; 7(4): 280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177111&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea monograph. Author(s): McKenna DJ, Hughes K, Jones K. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2000 May; 6(3): 61-8, 70-2, 74 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10802908&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea or rosemary extract added to foods reduces nonheme-iron absorption. Author(s): Samman S, Sandstrom B, Toft MB, Bukhave K, Jensen M, Sorensen SS, Hansen M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 March; 73(3): 607-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237939&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment of human skin inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress. Author(s): Katiyar SK, Afaq F, Perez A, Mukhtar H. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 February; 22(2): 287-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11181450&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin inhibits DNA replication and consequently induces leukemia cell apoptosis. Author(s): Smith DM, Dou QP. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2001 June; 7(6): 645-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351279&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate differentially modulates nuclear factor kappaB in cancer cells versus normal cells. Author(s): Ahmad N, Gupta S, Mukhtar H. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2000 April 15; 376(2): 338-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10775421&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol treatment to human skin prevents formation of ultraviolet light B-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA. Author(s): Katiyar SK, Perez A, Mukhtar H. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2000 October; 6(10): 3864-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051231&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenolic antioxidants and skin photoprotection (Review). Author(s): Katiyar SK, Elmets CA. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2001 June; 18(6): 1307-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351267&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenols and cancer: biologic mechanisms and practical implications. Author(s): Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1999 March; 57(3): 78-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10101921&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenols induce apoptosis in vitro in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of adult T-cell leukemia patients. Author(s): Li HC, Yashiki S, Sonoda J, Lou H, Ghosh SK, Byrnes JJ, Lema C, Fujiyoshi T, Karasuyama M, Sonoda S. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 2000 January; 91(1): 34-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744042&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenols inhibit oxidant-induced DNA strand breakage in cultured lung cells. Author(s): Leanderson P, Faresjo AO, Tagesson C. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1997; 23(2): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9199885&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenols may be useful in the treatment of androgen-mediated skin disorders. Author(s): Shaw JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 May; 137(5): 664. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346351&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea protects against psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced photochemical damage to skin. Author(s): Zhao JF, Zhang YJ, Jin XH, Athar M, Santella RM, Bickers DR, Wang ZY. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999 December; 113(6): 1070-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10594754&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea regulates cell cycle progression in oral leukoplakia. Author(s): Khafif A, Schantz SP, al-Rawi M, Edelstein D, Sacks PG. Source: Head & Neck. 1998 September; 20(6): 528-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702540&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea, mistletoe, and more: Canadians test alternative cancer therapies. Author(s): Holzman D. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 May 21; 89(10): 683-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9168180&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea: biochemical and biological basis for health benefits. Author(s): Liao S, Kao YH, Hiipakka RA. Source: Vitam Horm. 2001; 62: 1-94. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345896&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea: what's brewing? Author(s): Wood GS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 August; 136(8): 1051. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10926742&dopt=Abstract
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Growth factor-dependent induction of p21(CIP1) by the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin gallate. Author(s): Liberto M, Cobrinik D. Source: Cancer Letters. 2000 June 30; 154(2): 151-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10806303&dopt=Abstract
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Growth inhibition of leukemic cells by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, the main constituent of green tea. Author(s): Otsuka T, Ogo T, Eto T, Asano Y, Suganuma M, Niho Y. Source: Life Sciences. 1998; 63(16): 1397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9952285&dopt=Abstract
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Growth inhibition, cell-cycle dysregulation, and induction of apoptosis by green tea constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in androgen-sensitive and androgeninsensitive human prostate carcinoma cells. Author(s): Gupta S, Ahmad N, Nieminen AL, Mukhtar H. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2000 April 1; 164(1): 82-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10739747&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of potent odorants in Japanese green tea (Sen-cha). Author(s): Kumazawa K, Masuda H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 December; 47(12): 5169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606589&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo antioxidant effect of green tea. Author(s): Sung H, Nah J, Chun S, Park H, Yang SE, Min WK. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 July; 54(7): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918460&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of apoptosis by green tea catechins in human prostate cancer DU145 cells. Author(s): Chung LY, Cheung TC, Kong SK, Fung KP, Choy YM, Chan ZY, Kwok TT. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 January 26; 68(10): 1207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228105&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of apoptosis in human stomach cancer cells by green tea catechins. Author(s): Hibasami H, Komiya T, Achiwa Y, Ohnishi K, Kojima T, Nakanishi K, Akashi K, Hara Y. Source: Oncol Rep. 1998 March-April; 5(2): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9468594&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines by the green tea component, (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Author(s): Paschka AG, Butler R, Young CY. Source: Cancer Letters. 1998 August 14; 130(1-2): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9751250&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of drinking green tea on breast cancer malignancy among Japanese patients. Author(s): Nakachi K, Suemasu K, Suga K, Takeo T, Imai K, Higashi Y. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1998 March; 89(3): 254-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9600118&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of green tea and its three major components upon low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Author(s): Yokozawa T, Dong E. Source: Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology : Official Journal of the Gesellschaft Fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 1997 December; 49(5): 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9455677&dopt=Abstract
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Ingestion of green tea rapidly decreases prostaglandin E2 levels in rectal mucosa in humans. Author(s): August DA, Landau J, Caputo D, Hong J, Lee MJ, Yang CS. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1999 August; 8(8): 709-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744131&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of endothelial and tumor cell apoptosis by green tea in animal models of human high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Bertolini F, Fusetti L, Rabascio C, Cinieri S, Martinelli G, Pruneri G. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2000 August; 14(8): 1477-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942245&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of LDL oxidation by green tea extract. Author(s): Luo M, Kannar K, Wahlqvist ML, O'Brien RC. Source: Lancet. 1997 February 1; 349(9048): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9024405&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of radical reaction of apolipoprotein B-100 and alpha-tocopherol in human plasma by green tea catechins. Author(s): Hashimoto R, Yaita M, Tanaka K, Hara Y, Kojo S. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 December; 48(12): 6380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312811&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of Chinese green tea on endothelial cell-induced LDL oxidation. Author(s): Yang TT, Koo MW. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2000 January; 148(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10580172&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of six green tea catechins and caffeine on the growth of four selected human tumor cell lines. Author(s): Valcic S, Timmermann BN, Alberts DS, Wachter GA, Krutzsch M, Wymer J, Guillen JM. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1996 June; 7(4): 461-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8826614&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of green tea and grape juice on the phenol sulfotransferase activity of mouse intestines and human colon carcinoma cell line, Caco-2. Author(s): Tamura H, Matsui M. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2000 June; 23(6): 695-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10864017&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols on growth and cellular adherence of an oral bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Author(s): Sakanaka S, Aizawa M, Kim M, Yamamoto T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1996 May; 60(5): 745-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8704303&dopt=Abstract
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Is the cancer protective effect correlated with growth inhibitions by green tea (-)epigallocatechin gallate mediated through an antioxidant mechanism? Author(s): Cutter H, Wu LY, Kim C, Morre DJ, Morre DM. Source: Cancer Letters. 2001 January 26; 162(2): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146219&dopt=Abstract
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Japanese green tea as a cancer preventive in humans. Author(s): Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, Komori A, Sueoka E, Sueoka N, Kozu T, Sakai Y. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1996 November; 54(11 Pt 2): S67-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110578&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanism of cancer chemopreventive activity of green Tea. Author(s): Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1999 April; 220(4): 234-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202395&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanistic aspects of green tea as a cancer preventive: effect of components on human stomach cancer cell lines. Author(s): Okabe S, Ochiai Y, Aida M, Park K, Kim SJ, Nomura T, Suganuma M, Fujiki H. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1999 July; 90(7): 733-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10470285&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanistic findings of green tea as cancer preventive for humans. Author(s): Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka E, Suga K, Imai K, Nakachi K, Kimura S. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1999 April; 220(4): 225-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202393&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of obesity by a green tea catechin. Author(s): Kao YH, Hiipakka RA, Liao S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 November; 72(5): 1232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063454&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of the green tea derivative, EGCG, by the topical route of administration in mouse and human skin. Author(s): Dvorakova K, Dorr RT, Valcic S, Timmermann B, Alberts DS. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1999; 43(4): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071985&dopt=Abstract
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Phase I trial of oral green tea extract in adult patients with solid tumors. Author(s): Pisters KM, Newman RA, Coldman B, Shin DM, Khuri FR, Hong WK, Glisson BS, Lee JS. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2001 March 15; 19(6): 1830-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251015&dopt=Abstract
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Polyphenolic antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea reduces UVBinduced inflammatory responses and infiltration of leukocytes in human skin. Author(s): Katiyar SK, Matsui MS, Elmets CA, Mukhtar H. Source: Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1999 February; 69(2): 148-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10048310&dopt=Abstract
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Possible contribution of green tea drinking habits to the prevention of stroke. Author(s): Sato Y, Nakatsuka H, Watanabe T, Hisamichi S, Shimizu H, Fujisaku S, Ichinowatari Y, Ida Y, Suda S, Kato K, et al. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1989 April; 157(4): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2741170&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by a polyphenolic fraction from green tea. Author(s): Haqqi TM, Anthony DD, Gupta S, Ahmad N, Lee MS, Kumar GK, Mukhtar H. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999 April 13; 96(8): 4524-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10200295&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Author(s): Ruch RJ, Cheng SJ, Klaunig JE. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1989 June; 10(6): 1003-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2470525&dopt=Abstract
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Preventive effects of drinking green tea on cancer and cardiovascular disease: epidemiological evidence for multiple targeting prevention. Author(s): Nakachi K, Matsuyama S, Miyake S, Suganuma M, Imai K. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2000; 13(1-4): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237198&dopt=Abstract
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Probable antagonism of warfarin by green tea. Author(s): Taylor JR, Wilt VM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 April; 33(4): 426-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10332534&dopt=Abstract
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Prostate cancer chemoprevention by green tea. Author(s): Gupta S, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Source: Semin Urol Oncol. 1999 May; 17(2): 70-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10332919&dopt=Abstract
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Prostate cancer chemoprevention by green tea: in vitro and in vivo inhibition of testosterone-mediated induction of ornithine decarboxylase. Author(s): Gupta S, Ahmad N, Mohan RR, Husain MM, Mukhtar H. Source: Cancer Research. 1999 May 1; 59(9): 2115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232597&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of green tea on the risks of chronic gastritis and stomach cancer. Author(s): Setiawan VW, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, Lu QY, Li YL, Lu ML, Wang MR, Guo CH, Yu SZ, Kurtz RC, Hsieh CC. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 May 15; 92(4): 600-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11304697&dopt=Abstract
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Pulmonary granulomatosis caused by aspirated green tea. Author(s): Sakamoto O, Saita N, Yamasaki H, Tamanoi M, Ando M. Source: Chest. 1994 July; 106(1): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8020300&dopt=Abstract
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Red wine, green tea and vitamins: do their antioxidants play a role in immunologic protection against cancer or even AIDS? Author(s): Mathe G. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1999 May; 53(4): 165-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392288&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced risk of esophageal cancer associated with green tea consumption. Author(s): Gao YT, McLaughlin JK, Blot WJ, Ji BT, Dai Q, Fraumeni JF Jr. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1994 June 1; 86(11): 855-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8182766&dopt=Abstract
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Regeneration of alpha-tocopherol in human low-density lipoprotein by green tea catechin. Author(s): Zhu QY, Huang Y, Tsang D, Chen ZY. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 May; 47(5): 2020-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552489&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between green tea consumption and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis among Japanese men and women. Author(s): Sasazuki S, Kodama H, Yoshimasu K, Liu Y, Washio M, Tanaka K, Tokunaga S, Kono S, Arai H, Doi Y, Kawano T, Nakagaki O, Takada K, Koyanagi S, Hiyamuta K, Nii T, Shirai K, Ideishi M, Arakawa K, Mohri M, Takeshita A. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2000 August; 10(6): 401-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964006&dopt=Abstract
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Relation of green tea consumption to serum lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese men. Author(s): Kono S, Shinchi K, Wakabayashi K, Honjo S, Todoroki I, Sakurai Y, Imanishi K, Nishikawa H, Ogawa S, Katsurada M. Source: J Epidemiol. 1996 September; 6(3): 128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8952216&dopt=Abstract
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Scavenging effect of extracts of green tea and natural antioxidants on active oxygen radicals. Author(s): Zhao BL, Li XJ, He RG, Cheng SJ, Xin WJ. Source: Cell Biophys. 1989 April; 14(2): 175-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2472207&dopt=Abstract
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Sensory acceptance of Japanese green tea and soy products is linked to genetic sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil. Author(s): Gayathri Devi A, Henderson SA, Drewnowski A. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1997; 29(2): 146-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427978&dopt=Abstract
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Some aspects of occupational safety and health in green tea workers. Author(s): Mirbod SM, Fujita S, Miyashita K, Inaba R, Iwata H. Source: Ind Health. 1995; 33(3): 101-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8543474&dopt=Abstract
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Supplementation of Jurkat T cells with green tea extract decreases oxidative damage due to iron treatment. Author(s): Erba D, Riso P, Colombo A, Testolin G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 December; 129(12): 2130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10573539&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of sugar-free green tea chew candies on the degree of inflammation of the gingiva. Author(s): Krahwinkel T, Willershausen B. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 2000 November 30; 5(11): 463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121366&dopt=Abstract
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The green tea extract epigallocatechin gallate is able to reduce neutrophil transmigration through monolayers of endothelial cells. Author(s): Hofbauer R, Frass M, Gmeiner B, Handler S, Speiser W, Kapiotis S. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1999 April 9; 111(7): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10355038&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of cigarette smoking, alcohol, and green tea consumption on the risk of carcinoma of the cardia and distal stomach in Shanghai, China. Author(s): Galanis DJ, Lee J, Kolonel LN. Source: Cancer. 1997 May 1; 79(9): 1840-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129004&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of cigarette smoking, alcohol, and green tea consumption on the risk of carcinoma of the cardia and distal stomach in Shanghai, China. Author(s): Ji BT, Chow WH, Yang G, McLaughlin JK, Gao RN, Zheng W, Shu XO, Jin F, Fraumeni JF Jr, Gao YT. Source: Cancer. 1996 June 15; 77(12): 2449-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8640692&dopt=Abstract
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The nutraceutical benefit, part I: green tea. Author(s): Sato T, Miyata G. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 April; 16(4): 315-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10758375&dopt=Abstract
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Tumor gelatinases and invasion inhibited by the green tea flavanol epigallocatechin3-gallate. Author(s): Garbisa S, Sartor L, Biggin S, Salvato B, Benelli R, Albini A. Source: Cancer. 2001 February 15; 91(4): 822-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11241252&dopt=Abstract
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Two stages of cancer prevention with green tea. Author(s): Fujiki H. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1999 November; 125(11): 58997. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10541965&dopt=Abstract
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Unconventional therapies for cancer: 2. Green tea. The Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. Author(s): Kaegi E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1998 April 21; 158(8): 1033-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9580732&dopt=Abstract
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Why drinking green tea could prevent cancer. Author(s): Jankun J, Selman SH, Swiercz R, Skrzypczak-Jankun E. Source: Nature. 1997 June 5; 387(6633): 561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177339&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GREEN TEA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and green tea.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Green Tea The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “green tea” (or a synonym): •
A new concept of tumor promotion by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cancer preventive agents (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and green tea--a review. Author(s): Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Kitaadachi-gun, Japan. Source: Fujiki, H Suganuma, M Okabe, S Sueoka, E Suga, K Imai, K Nakachi, K CancerDetect-Prevolume 2000; 24(1): 91-9 0361-090X
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A prospective study of green tea consumption and cancer incidence, Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan). Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Nagano, J Kono, S Preston, D L Mabuchi, K Cancer-Causes-Control. 2001 August; 12(6): 501-8 0957-5243
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Activity-guided fractionation of green tea extract with antiproliferative activity against human stomach cancer cells. Author(s):
[email protected] Source: Kinjo, J Nagao, T Tanaka, T Nonaka, G Okawa, M Nohara, T Okabe, H BiolPharm-Bull. 2002 September; 25(9): 1238-40 0918-6158
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Aldose reductase inhibitors from green tea. Source: Murata, M. Irie, J. Homma, S. Lebensm-Wiss-Technol. London : Academic Press. 1994. volume 27 (5) page 401-405. 0023-6438
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Antibacterial activity of green tea polyphenols against Escherichia coli K 12. Author(s): Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Olsztyn, Poland. Source: Amarowicz, R Pegg, R B Bautista, D A Nahrung. 2000 February; 44(1): 60-2 0027769X
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Anti-invasive effects of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a natural inhibitor of metallo and serine proteases. Source: Benelli, R. Vene, R. Bisacchi, D. Garbisa, S. Albini, A. Biol-Chem. Berlin; New York : W. de Gruyter, c1996-. January 2002. volume 383 (1) page 101-105. 1431-6730
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Antimicrobial activity of green tea flavor components: Effectiveness against Streptococcus mutans. Source: Kubo, I. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1993. (525) page 57-70. 0097-6156
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Antimutagenic effect of the volatile aroma compounds identified from green tea. Author(s): Dongeui University, Pusan (Korea Republic). Department of and Nutrition Kyongnam Junior College, Pusan (Korea Republic). Department of Food and Nutrition Source: Choi, S.H. Moon, S.H. Foods-and-Biotechnology (Korea Republic). (June 1997). volume 6(2) page 83-86. tea volatile compounds smell mutagens identification 1225-5173
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Cancer therapy and prevention by green tea: role of ornithine decarboxylase. Source: Bachrach, U. Wang, Y.C. Amino-acids. Wien; New York : Springer-Verlag, c1991-. February 2002. volume 22 (1) page 1-13. 0939-4451
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Catechins of green tea: antioxidant activity. Source: Lunder, T.L. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1992. (507) page 114-120. 0097-6156
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Chemoprevention of oral cancer by green tea. Author(s): Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA. Source: Hsu, Stephen D Singh, Baldev B Lewis, Jill B Borke, James L Dickinson, Douglas P Drake, Laura Caughman, Gretchen B Schuster, George S Gen-Dent. 2002 Mar-April; 50(2): 140-6 0363-6771
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Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes. I. Induced by crude extracts of black and green tea. Source: Jain, A.K. Sethi, N. Cytologia-Int-J-Cytol. Tokyo : Cytologia. December 1991. volume 56 (4) page 533-538. 0011-4545
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Differential modulation of growth and glutathione metabolism in cultured rat astrocytes by 4-hydroxynonenal and green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Author(s): Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Source: Ahmed, I John, A Vijayasarathy, C Robin, M A Raza, H Neurotoxicology. 2002 September; 23(3): 289-300 0161-813X
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Effects of Chinese green tea, oolong tea and black tea on plasma and liver lipid metabolism in fructose-induced hyperlipidemia rats. Source: Iwata, K. Inayama, T. Miwa, S. Eiyogaku-Zasshi-Jap-J-Nutr. Tokyo, Japan : Kokumin Eiyo Shinkokai. December 1988. volume 46 (6) page 289-298. 0021-5147
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Effects of green tea polyphenols on lens photooxidative stress. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA. Source: Zigman, S Rafferty, N S Rafferty, K A Lewis, N Biol-Bull. 1999 October; 197(2): 285-6 0006-3185
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Enhancement of inward Ca(2+) currents in bovine chromaffin cells by green tea polyphenol extracts. Author(s): Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, The University of Chicago, 947 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
[email protected] Source: Pan, Chien Yuan Kao, Yung Hsi Fox, Aaron P Neurochem-Int. 2002 February; 40(2): 131-7 0197-0186
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Exaggerated precocious centromere separation in cells of a human breast cancer line treated with a green tea extract. Author(s): Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Box 181, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Source: Hsu, T C Zhao, Y Wang, R Y Dickerson, R Liang, J C Wang, X Wu, Y Int-J-Oncol. 1998 March; 12(3): 617-20 1019-6439
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Goitrogenic effects of green tea extract catechins by dietary administration in rats. Author(s): Department of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sakamoto, Y Mikuriya, H Tayama, K Takahashi, H Nagasawa, A Yano, N Yuzawa, K Ogata, A Aoki, N Arch-Toxicol. 2001 December; 75(10): 591-6 0340-5761
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Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract and its possible role in the prevention of cancer. Author(s): Sage Health Clinic, Bend, OR, USA.
[email protected] Source: Brown, M D Altern-Med-Revolume 1999 October; 4(5): 360-70 1089-5159
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Green tea and prostate cancer. Author(s): Department of Urology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Source: Gupta, Sanjay Mukhtar, Hasan Urol-Clin-North-Am. 2002 February; 29(1): 49-57, viii 0094-0143
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Green tea as a potent antioxidant in alcohol intoxication. Author(s): Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Skrzydlewska, E Ostrowska, J Stankiewicz, A Farbiszewski, R Addict-Biol. 2002 July; 7(3): 307-14 1355-6215
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Green tea catechins evoke a phasic contraction in rat aorta via H2O2-mediated multiple-signalling pathways. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hubin Campus, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. Source: Shen, J Z Zheng, X F Wei, E Q Kwan, C Y Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 2003 JanFebruary; 30(1-2): 88-95 0305-1870
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Green tea compounds inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF beta-receptor and transformation of A172 human glioblastoma. Author(s): Medizinische Universitats-Poliklinik, Wilhelmstr. 35-37, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Sachinidis, A Seul, C Seewald, S Ahn, H Ko, Y Vetter, H FEBS-Lett. 2000 April 7; 471(1): 51-5 0014-5793
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Green tea extract and aged garlic extract inhibit anion transport and sickle cell dehydration in vitro. Author(s): Philadelphia Biomedical Research Institute, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
[email protected] Source: Ohnishi, S T Ohnishi, T Ogunmola, G B Blood-Cells-Mol-Dis. 2001 Jan-February; 27(1): 148-57 1079-9796
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Green tea extract protects against early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Source: Arteel, G.E. Uesugi, T. Bevan, L.N. Gabele, E. Wheeler, M.D. McKim, S.E. Thurman, R.G. Biol-Chem. Berlin; New York : W. de Gruyter, c1996-. Mar/April 2002. volume 383 (3/4) page 663-670. 1431-6730
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Green tea is good for you, but black tea boasts just as many benefits. Source: Golub, C. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. July 2002. volume 25 (7) page 1, 4. 0893-4452
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Green tea polyphenol blocks h(2)o(2)-induced interleukin-8 production from human alveolar epithelial cells. Author(s): Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University, Japan. Source: Matsuoka, K Isowa, N Yoshimura, T Liu, M Wada, H Cytokine. 2002 June 7; 18(5): 266-73 1043-4666
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Green tea regulates cell cycle progression in oral leukoplakia. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. Source: Khafif, A Schantz, S P al Rawi, M Edelstein, D Sacks, P G Head-Neck. 1998 September; 20(6): 528-34 1043-3074
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Green tea. Source: Anonymous Altern-Med-Revolume 2000 August; 5(4): 372-5 1089-5159
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Identification and antioxidant activity of several pigments from the residual green tea (Camellia sinensis) after hot water extraction. Author(s): Department of Food and Nutrition, Hiroshima Jhogakuin University, Higashi-Ku, Hiroshima 732-0063, Japan. Source: Higashi Okai, K Yamazaki, M Nagamori, H Okai, Y J-UOEH. 2001 December 1; 23(4): 335-44 0387-821X
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Influence of drinking green tea on breast cancer malignancy among Japanese patients. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute. Source: Nakachi, K Suemasu, K Suga, K Takeo, T Imai, K Higashi, Y Jpn-J-Cancer-Res. 1998 March; 89(3): 254-61 0910-5050
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Inhibition of fibroblast growth factors by green tea. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Division of Oncology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Source: Sartippour, M R Heber, D Zhang, L Beatty, P Elashoff, D Elashoff, R Go, V L Brooks, M N Int-J-Oncol. 2002 September; 21(3): 487-91 1019-6439
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Inhibition of nitrosamine-induced tumorigenesis by green tea and black tea. Source: Wang, Z.Y. Hong, J.Y. Huang, M.T. Conney, A.H. Yang, C.S. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1992. (507) page 292-299. 00976156
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Inhibition of ultraviolet B-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappaB in normal human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea Constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3gallate. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Source: Afaq, F Adhami, V M Ahmad, N Mukhtar, H Oncogene. 2003 February 20; 22(7): 1035-44 0950-9232
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Inhibition of urinary bladder tumors induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in rats by green tea. Author(s): Second Department of Urology, Toho University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Sato, D Int-J-Urol. 1999 February; 6(2): 93-9 0919-8172
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Inhibitory effect of a green tea polyphenol fraction on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13acetate-induced hydrogen peroxide formation in mouse epidermis. Source: Laskin, J.D. Heck, D.E. Laskin, D.L. Mitchell, J.M. Huang, M.T. Wang, Z.Y. Yang, C.S. Ho, C.T. Conney, A.H. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1992. (507) page 308-314. 0097-6156
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Inhibitory effects of green tea and grape juice on the phenol sulfotransferase activity of mouse intestines and human colon carcinoma cell line, Caco-2. Author(s): Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Tamura, H Matsui, M Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2000 June; 23(6): 695-9 0918-6158
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Interaction of epicatechins derived from green tea with rat hepatic cytochrome P-450. Author(s): Department Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Source: Wang, Z Y Das, M Bickers, D R Mukhtar, H Drug-Metab-Dispos. 1988 JanFebruary; 16(1): 98-103 0090-9556
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Interactions of green tea catechin with polyamides. Source: Li, H. Fisher, C. Keown, R.W. Malone, C.P. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1994. (547) page 90-100. 0097-6156
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Marked reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of beta-lactams in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus produced by epicatechin gallate, an ingredient of green tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan. Source: Shiota, S Shimizu, M Mizushima, T Ito, H Hatano, T Yoshida, T Tsuchiya, T BiolPharm-Bull. 1999 December; 22(12): 1388-90 0918-6158
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Mechanistic aspects of green tea as a cancer preventive: effect of components on human stomach cancer cell lines. Author(s): Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute. Source: Okabe, S Ochiai, Y Aida, M Park, K Kim, S J Nomura, T Suganuma, M Fujiki, H Jpn-J-Cancer-Res. 1999 July; 90(7): 733-9 0910-5050
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Modulation of cancer chemotherapy by green tea. Author(s): School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan. Source: Sadzuka, Y Sugiyama, T Hirota, S Clin-Cancer-Res. 1998 January; 4(1): 153-6 1078-0432
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Pharmacokinetics of the green tea derivative, EGCG, by the topical route of administration in mouse and human skin. Author(s): Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA. Source: Dvorakova, K Dorr, R T Valcic, S Timmermann, B Alberts, D S CancerChemother-Pharmacol. 1999; 43(4): 331-5 0344-5704
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Platelet aggregation inhibitors in hot water extract of green tea. Author(s): Ito-en Central Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan. Source: Sagesaka Mitane, Y Miwa, M Okada, S Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1990 March; 38(3): 790-3 0009-2363
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Possible contribution of green tea drinking habits to the prevention of stroke. Author(s): Department of Environmental Health, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. Source: Sato, Y Nakatsuka, H Watanabe, T Hisamichi, S Shimizu, H Fujisaku, S Ichinowatari, Y Ida, Y Suda, S Kato, K et al. Tohoku-J-Exp-Med. 1989 April; 157(4): 33743 0040-8727
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Potent suppressive activity of chlorophyll a and b from green tea (Camellia sinensis) against tumor promotion in mouse skin. Author(s): Department of Human Life Science, Osaka Kun-Ei Women's College, Japan. Source: Higashi Okai, K Okai, Y J-UOEH. 1998 September 1; 20(3): 181-8 0387-821X
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Preventive effect of green tea polyphenols on colon carcinogenesis. Source: Kim, M. Hagiwara, N. Smith, S.J. Yamamoto, T. Yamane, T. Takahashi, T. ACSsymp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1994. (547) page 51-55. 0097-6156
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Progress in studies on the antimutagenicity and anticarcinogenicity of green tea epicatechins. Author(s): Institute of Oncology, CAMS, Beijing. Source: Cheng, S Ding, L Zhen, Y Lin, P Zhu, Y Chen, Y Hu, X Chin-Med-Sci-J. 1991 December; 6(4): 233-8 1001-9294
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Prostate cancer chemoprevention by green tea. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106, USA.
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Source: Gupta, S Ahmad, N Mukhtar, H Semin-Urol-Oncol. 1999 May; 17(2): 70-6 10810943 •
Protection against tobacco-specific, nitrosamine-induced lung tumorigenesis by green tea and its components. Source: Chung, F.L. Xu, Y. Ho, C.T. Desai, D. Han, C. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1992. (507) page 300-307. 0097-6156
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Protective effect of green tea against lipid peroxidation in the rat liver, blood serum and the brain. Author(s): Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Skrzydlewska, E Ostrowska, J Farbiszewski, R Michalak, K Phytomedicine. 2002 April; 9(3): 232-8 0944-7113
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Protective effects of green tea catechins against asbestos-induced cell injury. Source: Kostyuk, V.A. Potapovich, A.I. Vladykovskaya, E.N. Hiramatsu, M. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. December 2000. volume 66 (8) page 762-764. 0032-0943
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Purification and characterization of the hypotensive substances in green tea leaves. Source: Imura, K. Yamamoto, T. Akehashi, H. Eiyo-Shokuryo-J-Jap-Soc-Nutr-Food-Sci. Tokyo : Nihon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkai. 1984. volume 37 (6) page 541-546. 0021-5376
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Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity. Author(s): Laboratoires Arkopharma, Carros, France.
[email protected] Source: Chantre, P Lairon, D Phytomedicine. 2002 January; 9(1): 3-8 0944-7113
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Relationship between coffee and green tea consumption and all-cause mortality in a cohort of a rural Japanese population. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan. Source: Iwai, Nobuo Ohshiro, Hitoshi Kurozawa, Youichi Hosoda, Takenobu Morita, Hikari Funakawa, Kazuhiko Okamoto, Mikizo Nose, Takayuki J-Epidemiol. 2002 May; 12(3): 191-8 0917-5040
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Speciation of aluminum and fluorine in a blend of green tea infusion and human gastric juice by ion chromatography and 19F-NMR. Source: Liang, J.Y. Chung, R.S. Lin, H.C. Food-sci-agri-chem. Taipei, Taiwan : Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology : Chinese Agricultural Chemical Society, [1999-. July 1999. volume 1 (3) page 215-222. 1560-4152
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The antioxidative property of green tea against iron-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Author(s): Department of Medical Research and Education, Veterans General HospitalTaipei, Taiwan. Source: Lin, A M Chyi, B Y Wu, L Y Hwang, L S Ho, L T Chin-J-Physiol. 1998 December 31; 41(4): 189-94 0304-4920
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The distribution of minerals and flavonoids in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Ferrara, L Montesano, D Senatore, A Farmaco. 2001 May-July; 56(5-7): 397-401 0014-827X
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The effect of a component of tea (Camellia sinensis) on methicillin resistance, PBP2' synthesis, and beta-lactamase production in Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK. Source: Yam, T S Hamilton Miller, J M Shah, S J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1998 August; 42(2): 211-6 0305-7453
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The effect of vitamin E, green tea extracts and catechin on the in vitro storage of turkey spermatozoa at room temperature. Source: Maldjian, A. Cerolini, S. Surai, P. Speake, B.K. Poult-avian-biol-rev. Middlesex, UK : Science and Technology Letters, 1995-. 1998. volume 9 (4) page 143-151. 1357-048X
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The green tea extract epigallocatechin gallate is able to reduce neutrophil transmigration through monolayers of endothelial cells. Author(s): Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Austria.
[email protected] Source: Hofbauer, R Frass, M Gmeiner, B Handler, S Speiser, W Kapiotis, S Wien-KlinWochenschr. 1999 April 9; 111(7): 278-82 0043-5325
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The influence of green tea on the activity of proteases and their inhibitors in plasma of rats after ethanol treatment. Author(s): Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland. Source: Skrzydlewska, E Roszkowska, A Makiela, M Skrzydlewski, Z Rocz-Akad-MedBialymst. 2001; 46: 240-50
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The medicinal action of androgens and green tea epigallocatechin gallate. Author(s): Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Source: Liao, S Hong-Kong-Med-J. 2001 December; 7(4): 369-74 1024-2708
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The specific anti-cancer activity of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Source: Wang, Y.C. Bachrach, U. Amino-acids. Wien; New York: Springer-Verlag, c1991. March 2002. volume 22 (2) page 131-143. 0939-4451
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to green tea; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione, Menaphthone, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Minerals Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html •
Food and Diet Pomegranates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,216,00.html Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GREEN TEA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to green tea. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to green tea and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “green tea” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to green tea: •
(-)-Epigallocatechin (EGC) of green tea induces apoptosis of human breast cancer cells but not of their normal counterparts. Author(s): Vergote D, Cren-Olive C, Chopin V, Toillon RA, Rolando C, Hondermarck H, Le Bourhis X. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2002 December; 76(3): 195-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462380&dopt=Abstract
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A combination effect of epigallocatechin gallate, a major compound of green tea catechins, with antibiotics on Helicobacter pylori growth in vitro. Author(s): Yanagawa Y, Yamamoto Y, Hara Y, Shimamura T. Source: Current Microbiology. 2003 September; 47(3): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14570277&dopt=Abstract
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A combination of tea (Camellia senensis) catechins is required for optimal inhibition of induced CYP1A expression by green tea extract. Author(s): Williams SN, Pickwell GV, Quattrochi LC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 October 22; 51(22): 6627-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14558788&dopt=Abstract
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A comparative pilot study of the effects of a dentifrice containing green tea bioflavonoids, sanguinarine or triclosan on oral bacterial biofilm formation. Author(s): Wolinsky LE, Cuomo J, Quesada K, Bato T, Camargo PM. Source: J Clin Dent. 2000; 11(2): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11460284&dopt=Abstract
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A green tea-derived polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibits IkappaB kinase activation and IL-8 gene expression in respiratory epithelium. Author(s): Chen PC, Wheeler DS, Malhotra V, Odoms K, Denenberg AG, Wong HR. Source: Inflammation. 2002 October; 26(5): 233-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238566&dopt=Abstract
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A major constituent of green tea, EGCG, inhibits the growth of a human cervical cancer cell line, CaSki cells, through apoptosis, G(1) arrest, and regulation of gene expression. Author(s): Ahn WS, Huh SW, Bae SM, Lee IP, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Kim CK, Sin JI. Source: Dna and Cell Biology. 2003 March; 22(3): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804120&dopt=Abstract
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A new function of green tea: prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. Author(s): Sueoka N, Suganuma M, Sueoka E, Okabe S, Matsuyama S, Imai K, Nakachi K, Fujiki H. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 April; 928: 274-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11795518&dopt=Abstract
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A novel long-chain acyl-derivative of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate prepared and purified from green tea polyphenols. Author(s): Chen P, Tan Y, Sun D, Zheng XM. Source: J Zhejiang Univ Sci. 2003 November-December; 4(6): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14566988&dopt=Abstract
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A phase II trial of green tea in the treatment of patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate carcinoma. Author(s): Jatoi A, Ellison N, Burch PA, Sloan JA, Dakhil SR, Novotny P, Tan W, Fitch TR, Rowland KM, Young CY, Flynn PJ.
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Source: Cancer. 2003 March 15; 97(6): 1442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627508&dopt=Abstract •
A population-based case-control study of lung cancer and green tea consumption among women living in Shanghai, China. Author(s): Zhong L, Goldberg MS, Gao YT, Hanley JA, Parent ME, Jin F. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 November; 12(6): 695-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679799&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective study of green tea consumption and cancer incidence, Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan). Author(s): Nagano J, Kono S, Preston DL, Mabuchi K. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2001 August; 12(6): 501-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11519758&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective study of stomach cancer death in relation to green tea consumption in Japan. Author(s): Hoshiyama Y, Kawaguchi T, Miura Y, Mizoue T, Tokui N, Yatsuya H, Sakata K, Kondo T, Kikuchi S, Toyoshima H, Hayakawa N, Tamakoshi A, Ohno Y, Yoshimura T; Japan Collaborative Cohort Study Group. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 July 29; 87(3): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177800&dopt=Abstract
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Action of green tea catechin on bone metabolic disorder in chronic cadmiumpoisoned rats. Author(s): Choi JH, Rhee IK, Park KY, Park KY, Kim JK, Rhee SJ. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 August 8; 73(12): 1479-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865088&dopt=Abstract
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Activity-guided fractionation of green tea extract with antiproliferative activity against human stomach cancer cells. Author(s): Kinjo J, Nagao T, Tanaka T, Nonaka G, Okawa M, Nohara T, Okabe H. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 September; 25(9): 1238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230128&dopt=Abstract
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Anticlastogenic, antigenotoxic and apoptotic activity of epigallocatechin gallate: a green tea polyphenol. Author(s): Roy M, Chakrabarty S, Sinha D, Bhattacharya RK, Siddiqi M. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 February-March; 523-524: 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628501&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-diabetic activity of green tea polyphenols and their role in reducing oxidative stress in experimental diabetes. Author(s): M C S, K S, Kuttan R. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 November; 83(1-2): 109-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413715&dopt=Abstract
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Antiinflammatory action of EGCG, the main component of green tea, through STAT1 inhibition. Author(s): Tedeschi E, Suzuki H, Menegazzi M. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 November; 973: 435-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485906&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-invasive effects of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a natural inhibitor of metallo and serine proteases. Author(s): Benelli R, Vene R, Bisacchi D, Garbisa S, Albini A. Source: Biological Chemistry. 2002 January; 383(1): 101-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11928805&dopt=Abstract
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Antimutagenic activity of selenium-enriched green tea toward the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline. Author(s): Amantana A, Santana-Rios G, Butler JA, Xu M, Whanger PD, Dashwood RH. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 May; 86(2): 177-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12008980&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant activity of black tea vs. green tea. Author(s): Lee KW, Lee HJ, Lee CY. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 April; 132(4): 785; Author Reply 786. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925478&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant effects of green tea polyphenols on free radical initiated peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. Author(s): Cai YJ, Ma LP, Hou LF, Zhou B, Yang L, Liu ZL. Source: Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 2002 December; 120(1-2): 109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426080&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant reactions of green tea catechins and soy isoflavones. Author(s): Liebler DC, Valcic S, Arora A, Burr JA, Cornejo S, Nair MG, Timmerman BN. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2001; 500: 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764934&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidative activity of green tea polyphenol in cholesterol-fed rats. Author(s): Yokozawa T, Nakagawa T, Kitani K.
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Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 June 5; 50(12): 3549-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033827&dopt=Abstract •
Antiplatelet activity of green tea catechins is mediated by inhibition of cytoplasmic calcium increase. Author(s): Kang WS, Chung KH, Chung JH, Lee JY, Park JB, Zhang YH, Yoo HS, Yun YP. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2001 December; 38(6): 875-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707691&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing activities of the green tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the human eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cell line. Author(s): Lung HL, Ip WK, Wong CK, Mak NK, Chen ZY, Leung KN. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 December 6; 72(3): 257-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427485&dopt=Abstract
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Antiviral properties of prodelphinidin B-2 3'-O-gallate from green tea leaf. Author(s): Cheng HY, Lin CC, Lin TC. Source: Antivir Chem Chemother. 2002 July; 13(4): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495210&dopt=Abstract
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Bioactivity of well-defined green tea extracts in multicellular tumor spheroids. Author(s): Mueller-Klieser W, Schreiber-Klais S, Walenta S, Kreuter MH. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 December; 21(6): 1307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429982&dopt=Abstract
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Black tea is a powerful chemopreventor of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: comparison with its individual catechin constituents and green tea. Author(s): Sarkar A, Bhaduri A. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 June 1; 284(1): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11374887&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer prevention with green tea and monitoring by a new biomarker, hnRNP B1. Author(s): Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka E, Sueoka N, Fujimoto N, Goto Y, Matsuyama S, Imai K, Nakachi K. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 September 1; 480-481: 299-304. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506822&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer therapy and prevention by green tea: role of ornithine decarboxylase. Author(s): Bachrach U, Wang YC.
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Source: Amino Acids. 2002; 22(1): 1-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025870&dopt=Abstract •
Catechin content of 18 teas and a green tea extract supplement correlates with the antioxidant capacity. Author(s): Henning SM, Fajardo-Lira C, Lee HW, Youssefian AA, Go VL, Heber D. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2003; 45(2): 226-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881018&dopt=Abstract
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Catechins from green tea (Camellia sinensis) inhibit bovine and human cartilage proteoglycan and type II collagen degradation in vitro. Author(s): Adcocks C, Collin P, Buttle DJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 132(3): 341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880552&dopt=Abstract
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Chemoprevention of aflatoxin B1-initiated and carbon tetrachloride-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat by green tea. Author(s): Qin G, Ning Y, Lotlikar PD. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(2): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525600&dopt=Abstract
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Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer: experience with a polyphenol from green tea. Author(s): Linden KG, Carpenter PM, McLaren CE, Barr RJ, Hite P, Sun JD, Li KT, Viner JL, Meyskens FL. Source: Recent Results Cancer Res. 2003; 163: 165-71; Discussion 264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903852&dopt=Abstract
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Chemoprevention of oral cancer by green tea. Author(s): Hsu SD, Singh BB, Lewis JB, Borke JL, Dickinson DP, Drake L, Caughman GB, Schuster GS. Source: Gen Dent. 2002 March-April; 50(2): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12004708&dopt=Abstract
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Chemopreventive effects of green tea polyphenols correlate with reversible induction of p57 expression. Author(s): Hsu S, Lewis JB, Borke JL, Singh B, Dickinson DP, Caughman GB, Athar M, Drake L, Aiken AC, Huynh CT, Das BR, Osaki T, Schuster GS. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 November-December; 21(6A): 3743-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911242&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial.
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Author(s): Maron DJ, Lu GP, Cai NS, Wu ZG, Li YH, Chen H, Zhu JQ, Jin XJ, Wouters BC, Zhao J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 June 23; 163(12): 1448-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824094&dopt=Abstract •
Comparative antimutagenic and anticlastogenic effects of green tea and black tea: a review. Author(s): Gupta S, Saha B, Giri AK. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 September; 512(1): 37-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12220589&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative effects of polyphenols from green tea (EGCG) and soybean (genistein) on VEGF and IL-8 release from normal human keratinocytes stimulated with the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha. Author(s): Trompezinski S, Denis A, Schmitt D, Viac J. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2003 July; 295(3): 112-6. Epub 2003 June 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811578&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate on blood pressure and contractile responses of vascular smooth muscle of rats. Author(s): Lim DY, Lee ES, Park HG, Kim BC, Hong SP, Lee EB. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2003 March; 26(3): 214-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723935&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of green tea intake in Japanese patients with and without angiographic coronary artery disease. Author(s): Hirano R, Momiyama Y, Takahashi R, Taniguchi H, Kondo K, Nakamura H, Ohsuzu F. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 November 15; 90(10): 1150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423723&dopt=Abstract
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Complex effects of different green tea catechins on human platelets. Author(s): Lill G, Voit S, Schror K, Weber AA. Source: Febs Letters. 2003 July 10; 546(2-3): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832052&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of hydrogen peroxide to the cytotoxicity of green tea and red wines. Author(s): Chai PC, Long LH, Halliwell B. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 May 16; 304(4): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727203&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of presystemic hepatic extraction to the low oral bioavailability of green tea catechins in rats. Author(s): Cai Y, Anavy ND, Chow HH. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2002 November; 30(11): 1246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386131&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of catechins in human plasma after commercial canned green tea ingestion by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection using a microbore column. Author(s): Kotani A, Miyashita N, Kusu F. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 May 25; 788(2): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705967&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of catechins in matcha green tea by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Author(s): Weiss DJ, Anderton CR. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 September 5; 1011(1-2): 173-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14518774&dopt=Abstract
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Differential modulation of growth and glutathione metabolism in cultured rat astrocytes by 4-hydroxynonenal and green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Author(s): Ahmed I, John A, Vijayasarathy C, Robin MA, Raza H. Source: Neurotoxicology. 2002 September; 23(3): 289-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387357&dopt=Abstract
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Differentiation of Japanese green tea cultivars as revealed by RFLP analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase DNA. Author(s): Matsumoto S, Kiriiwa Y, Takeda Y. Source: Tag. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik. 2002 May; 104(6-7): 998-1002. Epub 2002 February 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582605&dopt=Abstract
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Direct determination of free amino acids and sugars in green tea by anion-exchange chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection. Author(s): Ding Y, Yu H, Mou S. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2002 December 27; 982(2): 237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489879&dopt=Abstract
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Direct scavenging of nitric oxide and superoxide by green tea. Author(s): Nakagawa T, Yokozawa T.
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Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 December; 40(12): 1745-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419687&dopt=Abstract •
DNA degradation by water extract of green tea in the presence of copper ions: implications for anticancer properties. Author(s): Malik A, Azam S, Hadi N, Hadi SM. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 April; 17(4): 358-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722140&dopt=Abstract
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Dual mechanisms of green tea extract (EGCG)-induced cell survival in human epidermal keratinocytes. Author(s): Chung JH, Han JH, Hwang EJ, Seo JY, Cho KH, Kim KH, Youn JI, Eun HC. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 October; 17(13): 1913-5. Epub 2003 August 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897059&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of drinking green tea on age-associated accumulation of Maillard-type fluorescence and carbonyl groups in rat aortic and skin collagen. Author(s): Song DU, Jung YD, Chay KO, Chung MA, Lee KH, Yang SY, Shin BA, Ahn BW. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2002 January 15; 397(2): 424-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11795903&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of garlic and garlic-green tea mixture on serum lipids in MNNG-induced experimental gastric carcinoma and precancerous lesion. Author(s): Su Q, Luo ZY, Teng H, Yun WD, Li YQ, He XE. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 1998 February; 4(1): 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11819224&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of green tea catechin on arachidonic acid cascade in chronic cadmium-poisoned rats. Author(s): Choi JH, Chang HW, Rhee SJ. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11(4): 292-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495261&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of green tea extract on cardiac hypertrophy following 5/6 nephrectomy in the rat. Author(s): Priyadarshi S, Valentine B, Han C, Fedorova OV, Bagrov AY, Liu J, Periyasamy SM, Kennedy D, Malhotra D, Xie Z, Shapiro JI. Source: Kidney International. 2003 May; 63(5): 1785-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675854&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of green tea extracted polyphenol on ischemia/reperfusion injury after cold preservation of rat lung. Author(s): Omasa M, Fukuse T, Matsuoka K, Inui K, Hyon SH, Wada H. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 February; 35(1): 138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591339&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of green tea in the prevention and reversal of fasting-induced intestinal mucosal damage. Author(s): Asfar S, Abdeen S, Dashti H, Khoursheed M, Al-Sayer H, Mathew T, AlBader A. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 June; 19(6): 536-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781855&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of green tea intake on the development of coronary artery disease. Author(s): Sano J, Ogawa T, Inami S, Ishibashi F, Okamatsu K, Kamon H, Seimiya K, Takagi G, Sakai S, Nomura A, Mizuno K. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 March 19; 41(6 Suppl B): 531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14638230&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of green tea polyphenols on angiogenesis induced by an angiogenin-like protein. Author(s): Maiti TK, Chatterjee J, Dasgupta S. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 August 15; 308(1): 64-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890480&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of particle size in preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on the isolation of epigallocatechin gallate from Korean green tea. Author(s): Kim JI, Hong SB, Row KH. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2002 March 8; 949(1-2): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999744&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring. Author(s): Hu Q, Xu J, Pang G. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 May 21; 51(11): 3379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744670&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the main component of green tea, on the cloned rat brain Kv1.5 potassium channels. Author(s): Choi BH, Choi JS, Min DS, Yoon SH, Rhie DJ, Jo YH, Kim MS, Hahn SJ.
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Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2001 September 1; 62(5): 527-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11585049&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of delayed administration of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a green tea polyphenol on the changes in polyamine levels and neuronal damage after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Author(s): Lee SY, Kim CY, Lee JJ, Jung JG, Lee SR. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2003 August 30; 61(4): 399-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909283&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary powdered green tea and theanine on tumor growth and endogenous hyperlipidemia in hepatoma-bearing rats. Author(s): Zhang G, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2002 April; 66(4): 711-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036040&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of green tea catechin on prostaglandin synthesis of renal glomerular and renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Author(s): Rhee SJ, Kim MJ, Kwag OG. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11(3): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230238&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of green tea on carcinogen-induced hepatic CYP1As in C57BL/6 mice. Author(s): Yang M, Yoshikawa M, Arashidani K, Kawamoto T. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2003 October; 12(5): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14512804&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of green tea on colonic aberrant crypt foci and proliferative indexes in rats. Author(s): Jia X, Han C. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 39(2): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759287&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of green tea polyphenols on dopamine uptake and on MPP+ -induced dopamine neuron injury. Author(s): Pan T, Fei J, Zhou X, Jankovic J, Le W. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 January 17; 72(9): 1073-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495785&dopt=Abstract
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Elevation of P-glycoprotein function by a catechin in green tea. Author(s): Wang EJ, Barecki-Roach M, Johnson WW.
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Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 September 20; 297(2): 412-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237135&dopt=Abstract •
Enhancement of inward Ca(2+) currents in bovine chromaffin cells by green tea polyphenol extracts. Author(s): Pan CY, Kao YH, Fox AP. Source: Neurochemistry International. 2002 February; 40(2): 131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738479&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancement of neutral endopeptidase activity in SK-N-SH cells by green tea extract. Author(s): Melzig MF, Janka M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10(6-7): 494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13678233&dopt=Abstract
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Epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of green tea, represses hepatic glucose production. Author(s): Waltner-Law ME, Wang XL, Law BK, Hall RK, Nawano M, Granner DK. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 September 20; 277(38): 34933-40. Epub 2002 July 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118006&dopt=Abstract
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Epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of green tea, suppresses cytokine-induced pancreatic beta-cell damage. Author(s): Han MK. Source: Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2003 April 30; 35(2): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754418&dopt=Abstract
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Factors affecting the caffeine and polyphenol contents of black and green tea infusions. Author(s): Astill C, Birch MR, Dacombe C, Humphrey PG, Martin PT. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 November; 49(11): 5340-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714326&dopt=Abstract
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Food allergy to green tea. Author(s): Shirai T, Hayakawa H, Akiyama J, Iwata M, Chida K, Nakamura H, Taniguchi M, Reshad K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 October; 112(4): 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14564370&dopt=Abstract
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Free radical scavenging by green tea polyphenols. Author(s): Zhao B, Guo Q, Xin W.
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Source: Methods Enzymol. 2001; 335: 217-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400370&dopt=Abstract •
Gene and protein expression profiles of anti- and pro-apoptotic actions of dopamine, R-apomorphine, green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechine-3-gallate, and melatonin. Author(s): Weinreb O, Mandel S, Youdim MB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 May; 993: 351-61; Discussion 387-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12853328&dopt=Abstract
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Goitrogenic effects of green tea extract catechins by dietary administration in rats. Author(s): Sakamoto Y, Mikuriya H, Tayama K, Takahashi H, Nagasawa A, Yano N, Yuzawa K, Ogata A, Aoki N. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 2001 December; 75(10): 591-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808919&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea (Camellia sinensis) protects against selenite-induced oxidative stress in experimental cataractogenesis. Author(s): Gupta SK, Halder N, Srivastava S, Trivedi D, Joshi S, Varma SD. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 2002 July-August; 34(4): 258-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297700&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and gastric cancer in Japan. Author(s): Kono S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 June 14; 344(24): 1867-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407354&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and its catechins inhibit breast cancer xenografts. Author(s): Sartippour MR, Heber D, Ma J, Lu Q, Go VL, Nguyen M. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 40(2): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962250&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and prostate cancer. Author(s): Gupta S, Mukhtar H. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 February; 29(1): 49-57, Viii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109355&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea and risk of breast cancer in Asian Americans. Author(s): Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Hankin J, Pike MC.
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Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 September 10; 106(4): 574-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845655&dopt=Abstract •
Green tea as a potent antioxidant in alcohol intoxication. Author(s): Skrzydlewska E, Ostrowska J, Stankiewicz A, Farbiszewski R. Source: Addiction Biology. 2002 July; 7(3): 307-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126490&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechin improves microsomal phospholipase A2 activity and the arachidonic acid cascade system in the kidney of diabetic rats. Author(s): Rhee SJ, Choi JH, Park MR. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11(3): 226-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230237&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins and vitamin E inhibit angiogenesis of human microvascular endothelial cells through suppression of IL-8 production. Author(s): Tang FY, Meydani M. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 41(1-2): 119-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094614&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins as a BACE1 (beta-Secretase) inhibitor. Author(s): Jeon SY, Bae K, Seong YH, Song KS. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2003 November 17; 13(22): 3905-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14592472&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins as novel antitumor and antiangiogenic compounds. Author(s): Demeule M, Michaud-Levesque J, Annabi B, Gingras D, Boivin D, Jodoin J, Lamy S, Bertrand Y, Beliveau R. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. Anti-Cancer Agents. 2002 July; 2(4): 441-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678730&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins decrease apolipoprotein B-100 secretion from HepG2 cells. Author(s): Yee WL, Wang Q, Agdinaoay T, Dang K, Chang H, Grandinetti A, Franke AA, Theriault A. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2002 January; 229(1-2): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936850&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins enhance tumor development in the colon without effects in the lung or thyroid after pretreatment with 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine or 2,2'-dihydroxy-di-npropylnitrosamine in male F344 rats. Author(s): Hirose M, Hoshiya T, Mizoguchi Y, Nakamura A, Akagi K, Shirai T.
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Source: Cancer Letters. 2001 July 10; 168(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368873&dopt=Abstract •
Green tea catechins evoke a phasic contraction in rat aorta via H2O2-mediated multiple-signalling pathways. Author(s): Shen JZ, Zheng XF, Wei EQ, Kwan CY. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2003 January-February; 30(1-2): 88-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542460&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins inhibit the cultured smooth muscle cell invasion through the basement barrier. Author(s): Maeda K, Kuzuya M, Cheng XW, Asai T, Kanda S, Tamaya-Mori N, Sasaki T, Shibata T, Iguchi A. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 January; 166(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482547&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor phosphorylation. Author(s): Lamy S, Gingras D, Beliveau R. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 January 15; 62(2): 381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11809684&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro through suppression of VE-cadherin phosphorylation and inactivation of Akt molecule. Author(s): Tang FY, Nguyen N, Meydani M. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 October 10; 106(6): 871-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918064&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea catechins partially protect DNA from (.)OH radical-induced strand breaks and base damage through fast chemical repair of DNA radicals. Author(s): Anderson RF, Fisher LJ, Hara Y, Harris T, Mak WB, Melton LD, Packer JE. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 August; 22(8): 1189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470748&dopt=Abstract
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Green Tea Constituent (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Inhibits Hep G2 Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis through p53-Dependent and Fas-Mediated Pathways. Author(s): Kuo PL, Lin CC. Source: Journal of Biomedical Science. 2003 March-April; 10(2): 219-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595758&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea constituent (--)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits topoisomerase I activity in human colon carcinoma cells. Author(s): Berger SJ, Gupta S, Belfi CA, Gosky DM, Mukhtar H. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 October 19; 288(1): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594758&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits angiogenic differentiation of human endothelial cells. Author(s): Singh AK, Seth P, Anthony P, Husain MM, Madhavan S, Mukhtar H, Maheshwari RK. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2002 May 1; 401(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054484&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea consumption and serum lipids and lipoproteins in a population of healthy workers in Japan. Author(s): Tokunaga S, White IR, Frost C, Tanaka K, Kono S, Tokudome S, Akamatsu T, Moriyama T, Zakouji H. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2002 April; 12(3): 157-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897173&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea epigallocatechin gallate: a natural inhibitor of fatty-acid synthase. Author(s): Wang X, Tian W. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 November 16; 288(5): 1200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700039&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits platelet signalling pathways triggered by both proteolytic and non-proteolytic agonists. Author(s): Deana R, Turetta L, Donella-Deana A, Dona M, Maria Brunati A, De Michiel L, Garbisa S. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2003 May; 89(5): 866-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719785&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate is an inhibitor of mammalian histidine decarboxylase. Author(s): Rodriguez-Caso C, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Sanchez-Jimenez F, Medina MA. Source: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : Cmls. 2003 August; 60(8): 1760-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14521154&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea extract decreases muscle necrosis in mdx mice and protects against reactive oxygen species. Author(s): Buetler TM, Renard M, Offord EA, Schneider H, Ruegg UT.
Alternative Medicine 83
Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 April; 75(4): 749-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916763&dopt=Abstract •
Green tea extract inhibits angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells through reduction of expression of VEGF receptors. Author(s): Kojima-Yuasa A, Hua JJ, Kennedy DO, Matsui-Yuasa I. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 July 25; 73(10): 1299-313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850245&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea extract inhibits the lymphatic absorption of cholesterol and alphatocopherol in ovariectomized rats. Author(s): Loest HB, Noh SK, Koo SI. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 June; 132(6): 1282-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042447&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea extract only affects markers of oxidative status postprandially: lasting antioxidant effect of flavonoid-free diet. Author(s): Young JF, Dragstedt LO, Haraldsdottir J, Daneshvar B, Kal MA, Loft S, Nilsson L, Nielsen SE, Mayer B, Skibsted LH, Huynh-Ba T, Hermetter A, Sandstrom B. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 April; 87(4): 343-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064344&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea extract protects against early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Author(s): Arteel GE, Uesugi T, Bevan LN, Gabele E, Wheeler MD, McKim SE, Thurman RG. Source: Biological Chemistry. 2002 March-April; 383(3-4): 663-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033455&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea extracts can counteract the modification of fatty acid composition induced by doxorubicin in cultured cardiomyocytes. Author(s): Hrelia S, Bordoni A, Angeloni C, Leoncini E, Toschi TG, Lercker G, Biagi PL. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2002 May-June; 66(5-6): 519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144873&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea extracts decrease carcinogen-induced mammary tumor burden in rats and rate of breast cancer cell proliferation in culture. Author(s): Kavanagh KT, Hafer LJ, Kim DW, Mann KK, Sherr DH, Rogers AE, Sonenshein GE. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2001; 82(3): 387-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500915&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea flavonoids inhibit the LDL oxidation in osteogenic disordered rats fed a marginal ascorbic acid in diet. Author(s): Kasaoka S, Hase K, Morita T, Kiriyama S. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2002 February; 13(2): 96-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834225&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea inhibits stat-1 activation and reduces apoptosis in cardiac myocytes exposed to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Author(s): Stephanou A, Scarabelli TM, Lawrence K, Townsend P, Chen-Scarabelli C, Knight R, Latchman D. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 March 19; 41(6 Suppl B): 374. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14637561&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induction in human breast cancer cells. Author(s): Sartippour MR, Shao ZM, Heber D, Beatty P, Zhang L, Liu C, Ellis L, Liu W, Go VL, Brooks MN. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163680&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate inhibits MMP-2 secretion and MT1-MMP-driven migration in glioblastoma cells. Author(s): Annabi B, Lachambre MP, Bousquet-Gagnon N, Page M, Gingras D, Beliveau R. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 January 30; 1542(1-3): 209-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853893&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate prevents oxidative damage on periventricular white matter of infantile rats with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Etus V, Altug T, Belce A, Ceylan S. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2003 August; 200(4): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14580151&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents N-methyl-4-phenyl1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Author(s): Levites Y, Weinreb O, Maor G, Youdim MB, Mandel S. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2001 September; 78(5): 1073-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553681&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol blocks h(2)o(2)-induced interleukin-8 production from human alveolar epithelial cells. Author(s): Matsuoka K, Isowa N, Yoshimura T, Liu M, Wada H.
Alternative Medicine 85
Source: Cytokine. 2002 June 7; 18(5): 266-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161102&dopt=Abstract •
Green tea polyphenol causes differential oxidative environments in tumor versus normal epithelial cells. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Hsu S, Lewis J, Wataha J, Dickinson D, Singh B, Bollag WB, Lockwood P, Ueta E, Osaki T, Schuster G. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 October; 307(1): 230-6. Epub 2003 September 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12954803&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3 gallate induces apoptosis of proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells via activation of p53. Author(s): Hofmann CS, Sonenshein GE. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 April; 17(6): 702-4. Epub 2003 February 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586742&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3 gallate inhibits Her-2/neu signaling, proliferation, and transformed phenotype of breast cancer cells. Author(s): Pianetti S, Guo S, Kavanagh KT, Sonenshein GE. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 February 1; 62(3): 652-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11830514&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) differentially inhibits interleukin-1{beta}-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -13 in human chondrocytes. Author(s): Ahmed S, Whang N, Lalonde M, Goldberg VM, Haqqi TM. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 November 4 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14600251&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the IL-1 beta-induced activity and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase-2 in human chondrocytes. Author(s): Ahmed S, Rahman A, Hasnain A, Lalonde M, Goldberg VM, Haqqi TM. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 October 15; 33(8): 1097-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374621&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates inflammation in interleukin-2-deficient mice, a model of autoimmunity. Author(s): Varilek GW, Yang F, Lee EY, deVilliers WJ, Zhong J, Oz HS, Westberry KF, McClain CJ.
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Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 July; 131(7): 2034-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11435526&dopt=Abstract •
Green tea polyphenol stimulates a Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, and p38 cascade to increase activator protein 1 factor-dependent involucrin gene expression in normal human keratinocytes. Author(s): Balasubramanian S, Efimova T, Eckert RL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 January 18; 277(3): 1828-36. Epub 2001 November 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698415&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenol targets the mitochondria in tumor cells inducing caspase 3dependent apoptosis. Author(s): Hsu S, Lewis J, Singh B, Schoenlein P, Osaki T, Athar M, Porter AG, Schuster G. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 March-April; 23(2B): 1533-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820420&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenols enhance sodium nitroprusside-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Author(s): Zhang Y, Zhao B. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2003 September; 86(5): 1189-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12911627&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenols induce differentiation and proliferation in epidermal keratinocytes. Author(s): Hsu S, Bollag WB, Lewis J, Huang Q, Singh B, Sharawy M, Yamamoto T, Schuster G. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 July; 306(1): 29-34. Epub 2003 March 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663686&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenols inhibit human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation stimulated by native low-density lipoprotein. Author(s): Locher R, Emmanuele L, Suter PM, Vetter W, Barton M. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 January 2; 434(1-2): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755158&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenols inhibit metalloproteinase activities in the skin, muscle, and blood of rainbow trout. Author(s): Saito M, Saito K, Kunisaki N, Kimura S.
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Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 November 20; 50(24): 7169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428978&dopt=Abstract •
Green tea polyphenols: DNA photodamage and photoimmunology. Author(s): Katiyar SK, Bergamo BM, Vyalil PK, Elmets CA. Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology. 2001 December 31; 65(2-3): 109-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11809367&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea polyphenols: novel irreversible inhibitors of dopa decarboxylase. Author(s): Bertoldi M, Gonsalvi M, Voltattorni CB. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 June 1; 284(1): 903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11374875&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea protection of hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in cultured cardiac cells. Author(s): Bordoni A, Hrelia S, Angeloni C, Giordano E, Guarnieri C, Caldarera CM, Biagi PL. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2002 February; 13(2): 103-111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834226&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea reduces body fat accretion caused by high-fat diet in rats through betaadrenoceptor activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Author(s): Choo JJ. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2003 November; 14(11): 671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14629899&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea upregulates the low-density lipoprotein receptor through the sterolregulated element binding Protein in HepG2 liver cells. Author(s): Bursill C, Roach PD, Bottema CD, Pal S. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 November; 49(11): 5639-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714371&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea: cancer preventive beverage and/or drug. Author(s): Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Imai K, Nakachi K. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 December 15; 188(1-2): 9-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406542&dopt=Abstract
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Green tea-induced asthma: relationship between immunological reactivity, specific and non-specific bronchial responsiveness. Author(s): Shirai T, Reshad K, Yoshitomi A, Chida K, Nakamura H, Taniguchi M.
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Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 September; 33(9): 1252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956747&dopt=Abstract •
Growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis by green tea constituent (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate in cultured rabbit lens epithelial cells. Author(s): Huang W, Li S, Zeng J, Liu Y, Wu M, Zhang M. Source: Yan Ke Xue Bao. 2000 September; 16(3): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579647&dopt=Abstract
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Hydroxyl radical and hypochlorous acid scavenging activity of small centaury (Centaurium erythraea) infusion. A comparative study with green tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Valentao P, Fernandes E, Carvalho F, Andrade PB, Seabra RM, Bastos ML. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10(6-7): 517-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13678237&dopt=Abstract
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Identification and antioxidant activity of several pigments from the residual green tea (Camellia sinensis) after hot water extraction. Author(s): Higashi-Okai K, Yamazaki M, Nagamori H, Okai Y. Source: J Uoeh. 2001 December 1; 23(4): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789136&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of potent odorants in Chinese jasmine green tea scented with flowers of Jasminum sambac. Author(s): Ito Y, Sugimoto A, Kakuda T, Kubota K. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 August 14; 50(17): 4878-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166975&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of potent odorants in different green tea varieties using flavor dilution technique. Author(s): Kumazawa K, Masuda H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 September 25; 50(20): 5660-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236694&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of potential aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonists in green tea. Author(s): Palermo CM, Hernando JI, Dertinger SD, Kende AS, Gasiewicz TA. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2003 July; 16(7): 865-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870889&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of processed Japanese green tea based on polymorphisms generated by STS-RFLP analysis. Author(s): Kaundun SS, Matsumoto S. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 March 26; 51(7): 1765-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643627&dopt=Abstract
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Improvement of periodontal status by green tea catechin using a local delivery system: a clinical pilot study. Author(s): Hirasawa M, Takada K, Makimura M, Otake S. Source: Journal of Periodontal Research. 2002 December; 37(6): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472837&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of apoptosis by the green tea flavonol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in human endothelial ECV 304 cells. Author(s): Yoo HG, Shin BA, Park JC, Kim HS, Kim WJ, Chay KO, Ahn BW, Park RK, Ellis LM, Jung YD. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 November-December; 22(6A): 3373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530089&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of p57 is required for cell survival when exposed to green tea polyphenols. Author(s): Hsu S, Yu FS, Lewis J, Singh B, Borke J, Osaki T, Athar M, Schuster G. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 November-December; 22(6C): 4115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553041&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (UDP-GT1) gene complex by green tea in male F344 rats. Author(s): Embola CW, Sohn OS, Fiala ES, Weisburger JH. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 June; 40(6): 841-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983278&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of green tea polyphenol in rats with arginine-induced renal failure. Author(s): Yokozawa T, Cho EJ, Nakagawa T. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 April 9; 51(8): 2421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670191&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition by green tea catechins of metabolic activation of procarcinogens by human cytochrome P450. Author(s): Muto S, Fujita K, Yamazaki Y, Kamataki T. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 August 8; 479(1-2): 197-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470492&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of adenovirus infection and adenain by green tea catechins. Author(s): Weber JM, Ruzindana-Umunyana A, Imbeault L, Sircar S. Source: Antiviral Research. 2003 April; 58(2): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742577&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of aromatase activity by green tea extract catechins and their endocrinological effects of oral administration in rats. Author(s): Satoh K, Sakamoto Y, Ogata A, Nagai F, Mikuriya H, Numazawa M, Yamada K, Aoki N. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 July; 40(7): 925-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065214&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of beta-catenin/Tcf activity by white tea, green tea, and epigallocatechin-3gallate (EGCG): minor contribution of H(2)O(2) at physiologically relevant EGCG concentrations. Author(s): Dashwood WM, Orner GA, Dashwood RH. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 August 23; 296(3): 584-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12176021&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of bladder tumor growth by the green tea derivative epigallocatechin-3gallate. Author(s): Kemberling JK, Hampton JA, Keck RW, Gomez MA, Selman SH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 September; 170(3): 773-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12913695&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of fibroblast growth factors by green tea. Author(s): Sartippour MR, Heber D, Zhang L, Beatty P, Elashoff D, Elashoff R, Go VL, Brooks MN. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 September; 21(3): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168090&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of green tea catechins against the growth of cancerous human colon and hepatic epithelial cells. Author(s): Uesato S, Kitagawa Y, Kamishimoto M, Kumagai A, Hori H, Nagasawa H. Source: Cancer Letters. 2001 September 10; 170(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11448533&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice by oral infusion of green tea polyphenols. Author(s): Gupta S, Hastak K, Ahmad N, Lewin JS, Mukhtar H.
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Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 August 28; 98(18): 10350-5. Epub 2001 Aug 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504910&dopt=Abstract •
Inhibition of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein activity by green tea polyphenols. Author(s): Jodoin J, Demeule M, Beliveau R. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 January 30; 1542(1-3): 149-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853888&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of tumour invasion and angiogenesis by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major component of green tea. Author(s): Jung YD, Ellis LM. Source: International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 2001 December; 82(6): 309-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11846837&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of ultraviolet B-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappaB in normal human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea Constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3gallate. Author(s): Afaq F, Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Source: Oncogene. 2003 February 20; 22(7): 1035-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592390&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of UVB-induced oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of mitogenactivated protein kinase signaling pathways in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Author(s): Katiyar SK, Afaq F, Azizuddin K, Mukhtar H. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2001 October 15; 176(2): 110-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11601887&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of green tea polyphenols on membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP. Author(s): Oku N, Matsukawa M, Yamakawa S, Asai T, Yahara S, Hashimoto F, Akizawa T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 September; 26(9): 1235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12951464&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of green tea catechins on protein tyrosine phosphatase in Prevotella intermedia. Author(s): Okamoto M, Leung KP, Ansai T, Sugimoto A, Maeda N.
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Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2003 June; 18(3): 192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12753472&dopt=Abstract •
Inhibitory effects of green tea catechins on the activity of human matrix metalloproteinase 7 (matrilysin). Author(s): Oneda H, Shiihara M, Inouye K. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 2003 May; 133(5): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801907&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of orally administered green tea, black tea, and caffeine on skin carcinogenesis in mice previously treated with ultraviolet B light (high-risk mice): relationship to decreased tissue fat. Author(s): Lu YP, Lou YR, Lin Y, Shih WJ, Huang MT, Yang CS, Conney AH. Source: Cancer Research. 2001 July 1; 61(13): 5002-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431333&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory Effects of Polyphenolic Catechins from Chinese Green Tea on HIV Reverse Transcriptase Activity. Author(s): Chang CW, Hsu FL, Lin JY. Source: Journal of Biomedical Science. 1994 June; 1(3): 163-166. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725021&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of purified green tea epicatechins on contraction and proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells. Author(s): Chen ZY, Law WI, Yao XQ, Lau CW, Ho WK, Huang Y. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2000 September; 21(9): 835-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501167&dopt=Abstract
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Interactions of androgens, green tea catechins and the antiandrogen flutamide with the external glucose-binding site of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter GLUT1. Author(s): Naftalin RJ, Afzal I, Cunningham P, Halai M, Ross C, Salleh N, Milligan SR. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 October; 140(3): 487-99. Epub 2003 August 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970085&dopt=Abstract
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Involvement of protein kinase C activation and cell survival/ cell cycle genes in green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate neuroprotective action. Author(s): Levites Y, Amit T, Youdim MB, Mandel S. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 August 23; 277(34): 30574-80. Epub 2002 June 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058035&dopt=Abstract
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Is green tea good for HIV-1 infection? Author(s): Nance CL, Shearer WT. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 November; 112(5): 851-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14610469&dopt=Abstract
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Kinetics of reduction of ferrylmyoglobin by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and green tea extract. Author(s): Hu M, Skibsted LH. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 May 8; 50(10): 2998-3003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982432&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of inhibitory effects of green tea catechins in 1,2-dimetylhydrazine-induced rat intestinal carcinogenesis model: comparison of the different formulations, administration routes and doses. Author(s): Hirose M, Yamaguchi T, Mizoguchi Y, Akagi K, Futakuchi M, Shirai T. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 December 15; 188(1-2): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406561&dopt=Abstract
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Medulloblastoma cell invasion is inhibited by green tea (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Author(s): Pilorget A, Berthet V, Luis J, Moghrabi A, Annabi B, Beliveau R. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2003 November 1; 90(4): 745-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14587030&dopt=Abstract
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Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography for the analysis of green tea catechins: Effect of the cosurfactant on the separation selectivity. Author(s): Pomponio R, Gotti R, Luppi B, Cavrini V. Source: Electrophoresis. 2003 May; 24(10): 1658-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12761797&dopt=Abstract
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Modification of lung cancer susceptibility by green tea extract as measured by the comet assay. Author(s): Zhang H, Spitz MR, Tomlinson GE, Schabath MB, Minna JD, Wu X. Source: Cancer Detection and Prevention. 2002; 26(6): 411-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507225&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular targets for green tea in prostate cancer prevention. Author(s): Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7 Suppl): 2417S-2424S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840218&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroprotection and neurorescue against Abeta toxicity and PKC-dependent release of nonamyloidogenic soluble precursor protein by green tea polyphenol (-)-
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epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Author(s): Levites Y, Amit T, Mandel S, Youdim MB. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 May; 17(8): 952-4. Epub 2003 March 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670874&dopt=Abstract •
Neuroprotective effects of the green tea components theanine and catechins. Author(s): Kakuda T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 December; 25(12): 1513-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499631&dopt=Abstract
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Neutrophil restraint by green tea: inhibition of inflammation, associated angiogenesis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Author(s): Dona M, Dell'Aica I, Calabrese F, Benelli R, Morini M, Albini A, Garbisa S. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 April 15; 170(8): 4335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682270&dopt=Abstract
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No association between green tea and the risk of gastric cancer: pooled analysis of two prospective studies in Japan. Author(s): Koizumi Y, Tsubono Y, Nakaya N, Nishino Y, Shibuya D, Matsuoka H, Tsuji I. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 May; 12(5): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750246&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics and safety of green tea polyphenols after multiple-dose administration of epigallocatechin gallate and polyphenon E in healthy individuals. Author(s): Chow HH, Cai Y, Hakim IA, Crowell JA, Shahi F, Brooks CA, Dorr RT, Hara Y, Alberts DS. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2003 August 15; 9(9): 3312-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12960117&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins after ingestion of green tea and (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate by humans: formation of different metabolites and individual variability. Author(s): Lee MJ, Maliakal P, Chen L, Meng X, Bondoc FY, Prabhu S, Lambert G, Mohr S, Yang CS. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 October; 11(10 Pt 1): 1025-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376503&dopt=Abstract
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Polyphenolic antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea as a candidate anti-HIV agent. Author(s): Fassina G, Buffa A, Benelli R, Varnier OE, Noonan DM, Albini A. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 April 12; 16(6): 939-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11919502&dopt=Abstract
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Potent antimutagenic activity of white tea in comparison with green tea in the Salmonella assay. Author(s): Santana-Rios G, Orner GA, Amantana A, Provost C, Wu SY, Dashwood RH. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 August 22; 495(1-2): 61-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11448643&dopt=Abstract
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Potential therapeutic properties of green tea polyphenols in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Pan T, Jankovic J, Le W. Source: Drugs & Aging. 2003; 20(10): 711-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875608&dopt=Abstract
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Potentiometric and (1)H NMR studies of complexation of Al(3+) with (-)epigallocatechin gallate, a major active constituent of green tea. Author(s): Inoue MB, Inoue M, Fernando Q, Valcic S, Timmermann BN. Source: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2002 January 1; 88(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750019&dopt=Abstract
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Powdered green tea has antilipogenic effect on Zucker rats fed a high-fat diet. Author(s): Hasegawa N, Yamda N, Mori M. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 May; 17(5): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12748982&dopt=Abstract
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Presence of two forms of methylated (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in green tea. Author(s): Amarowicz R, Shahidi F. Source: Die Nahrung. 2003 February; 47(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653431&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of dual promoting effects of pentachlorophenol, an environmental pollutant, on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepato- and cholangiocarcinogenesis in mice by green tea infusion. Author(s): Umemura T, Kai S, Hasegawa R, Kanki K, Kitamura Y, Nishikawa A, Hirose M. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2003 June; 24(6): 1105-9. Epub 2003 April 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807750&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by green tea extract. Author(s): Zhong Z, Froh M, Connor HD, Li X, Conzelmann LO, Mason RP, Lemasters JJ, Thurman RG. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2002 October; 283(4): G957-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12223356&dopt=Abstract
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Preventive effects of urinary bladder tumors induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in rat by green tea leaves. Author(s): Sato D, Matsushima M. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2003 March; 10(3): 160-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622713&dopt=Abstract
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Prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors from green tea. Author(s): Kim JH, Kim SI, Song KS. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2001 August; 24(4): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11534759&dopt=Abstract
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Protective activity of green tea against free radical- and glucose-mediated protein damage. Author(s): Nakagawa T, Yokozawa T, Terasawa K, Shu S, Juneja LR. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 April 10; 50(8): 2418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929306&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of green tea against benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutations in the liver of Big Blue transgenic mice. Author(s): Jiang T, Glickman BW, de Boer JG. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 September 1; 480-481: 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506808&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of green tea against lipid peroxidation in the rat liver, blood serum and the brain. Author(s): Skrzydlewska E, Ostrowska J, Farbiszewski R, Michalak K. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 April; 9(3): 232-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046864&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: A case-control study in southeast China. Author(s): Jian L, Xie LP, Lee AH, Binns CW.
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Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 1; 108(1): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14618627&dopt=Abstract •
Protective effect of green tea extract against the erythrocytic oxidative stress injury during mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Author(s): Guleria RS, Jain A, Tiwari V, Misra MK. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2002 July; 236(1-2): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190117&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and other antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in gerbil brain homogenates. Author(s): Lee SR, Im KJ, Suh SI, Jung JG. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 March; 17(3): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672147&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effects of green tea extracts (polyphenon E and EGCG) on human cervical lesions. Author(s): Ahn WS, Yoo J, Huh SW, Kim CK, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Bae SM, Lee IP. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2003 October; 12(5): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14512803&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effects of green tea polyphenols and their major component, (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Author(s): Nie G, Cao Y, Zhao B. Source: Redox Report : Communications in Free Radical Research. 2002; 7(3): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189048&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effects of green tea polyphenols on human HepG2 cells against oxidative damage of fenofibrate. Author(s): Jiao HL, Ye P, Zhao BL. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2003 November 1; 35(9): 1121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14572614&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid analysis of amino acids in Japanese green tea by microchip electrophoresis using plastic microchip and fluorescence detection. Author(s): Kato M, Gyoten Y, Sakai-Kato K, Toyo'oka T. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 September 26; 1013(1-2): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14604119&dopt=Abstract
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Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity. Author(s): Chantre P, Lairon D. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 January; 9(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924761&dopt=Abstract
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Regular consumption of green tea and the risk of breast cancer recurrence: follow-up study from the Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC), Japan. Author(s): Inoue M, Tajima K, Mizutani M, Iwata H, Iwase T, Miura S, Hirose K, Hamajima N, Tominaga S. Source: Cancer Letters. 2001 June 26; 167(2): 175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369139&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of phenobarbital-mediated induction of CYP102 (cytochrome P450(BM-3)) in Bacillus megaterium by phytochemicals from soy and green tea. Author(s): Rajnarayanan RV, Rowley CW, Hopkins NE, Alworth WL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 October; 49(10): 4930-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600046&dopt=Abstract
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Relation of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intake to gallstone disease in middle-aged Japanese men. Author(s): Ishizuk H, Eguchi H, Oda T, Ogawa S, Nakagawa K, Honjo S, Kono S. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 18(5): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12889685&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between coffee and green tea consumption and all-cause mortality in a cohort of a rural Japanese population. Author(s): Iwai N, Ohshiro H, Kurozawa Y, Hosoda T, Morita H, Funakawa K, Okamoto M, Nose T. Source: J Epidemiol. 2002 May; 12(3): 191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164320&dopt=Abstract
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Role of the retinoblastoma (pRb)-E2F/DP pathway in cancer chemopreventive effects of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Author(s): Ahmad N, Adhami VM, Gupta S, Cheng P, Mukhtar H. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2002 February 1; 398(1): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811957&dopt=Abstract
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Roles of Catalase and Hydrogen Peroxide in Green Tea Polyphenol-Induced Chemopreventive Effects. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Lewis J, Wataha J, Dickinson D, Singh B, Bollag WB, Ueta E, Osaki T, Athar M, Schuster G, Hsu S.
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Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 October 20 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14569057&dopt=Abstract •
Skin photoprotection by green tea: antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Author(s): Katiyar SK. Source: Current Drug Targets. Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2003 September; 3(3): 234-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12871030&dopt=Abstract
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Stimulatory effect of oral administration of green tea and caffeine on locomotor activity in SKH-1 mice. Author(s): Michna L, Lu YP, Lou YR, Wagner GC, Conney AH. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 August 1; 73(11): 1383-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850499&dopt=Abstract
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Successful green tea nebulization therapy for subglottic tracheal stenosis due to MRSA infection. Author(s): Yamashita S, Yokoyama K, Matsumiya N, Yamaguchi H. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2001 April; 42(3): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545562&dopt=Abstract
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Successful storage of peripheral nerves using green tea polyphenol; an experimental study in rats. Author(s): Ikeguchi R, Kakinoki R. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2003; 28 Suppl 1: 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14580436&dopt=Abstract
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Superoxide dismutase activity enhanced by green tea inhibits lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Author(s): Mori M, Hasegawa N. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 May; 17(5): 566-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749002&dopt=Abstract
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Suppression of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis by green tea extract in Mongolian gerbils. Author(s): Matsubara S, Shibata H, Ishikawa F, Yokokura T, Takahashi M, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 October 24; 310(3): 715-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14550260&dopt=Abstract
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Synthetic analogs of green tea polyphenols as proteasome inhibitors. Author(s): Smith DM, Wang Z, Kazi A, Li LH, Chan TH, Dou QP. Source: Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 July; 8(7): 382-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393936&dopt=Abstract
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The association of 137Cs with various components of tea leaves fermented from Chernobyl contaminated green tea. Author(s): Polar E. Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2002; 63(3): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12440515&dopt=Abstract
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The galloyl moiety of green tea catechins is the critical structural feature to inhibit fatty-acid synthase. Author(s): Wang X, Song KS, Guo QX, Tian WX. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 November 15; 66(10): 2039-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14599562&dopt=Abstract
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The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate attenuates beta-amyloidinduced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Author(s): Choi YT, Jung CH, Lee SR, Bae JH, Baek WK, Suh MH, Park J, Park CW, Suh SI. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 December 21; 70(5): 603-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811904&dopt=Abstract
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The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate blocks nuclear factor-kappa B activation by inhibiting I kappa B kinase activity in the intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. Author(s): Yang F, Oz HS, Barve S, de Villiers WJ, McClain CJ, Varilek GW. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2001 September; 60(3): 528-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502884&dopt=Abstract
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The green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, protects against the oxidative cellular and genotoxic damage of UVA radiation. Author(s): Tobi SE, Gilbert M, Paul N, McMillan TJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 December 10; 102(5): 439-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432544&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of green tea on the activity of proteases and their inhibitors in plasma of rats after ethanol treatment. Author(s): Skrzydlewska E, Roszkowska A, Makiela M, Skrzydlewski Z.
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Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2001; 46: 240-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780568&dopt=Abstract •
The medicinal action of androgens and green tea epigallocatechin gallate. Author(s): Liao S. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2001 December; 7(4): 369-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773671&dopt=Abstract
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The specific anti-cancer activity of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Author(s): Wang YC, Bachrach U. Source: Amino Acids. 2002; 22(2): 131-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395181&dopt=Abstract
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Theaflavins in black tea and catechins in green tea are equally effective antioxidants. Author(s): Leung LK, Su Y, Chen R, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 September; 131(9): 2248-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533262&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of green tea polyphenols in hydrophilic cream prevents UVB-induced oxidation of lipids and proteins, depletion of antioxidant enzymes and phosphorylation of MAPK proteins in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. Author(s): Vayalil PK, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2003 May; 24(5): 927-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771038&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of N-OH-2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-N-glucuronide in F344 rats is enhanced by green tea. Author(s): Embola CW, Weisburger JH, Weisburger MC. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 July; 22(7): 1095-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408354&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin C is one of the lipolytic substances in green tea. Author(s): Hasegawa N, Niimi N, Odani F. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 March; 16 Suppl 1: S91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933152&dopt=Abstract
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Volatile N-nitrosamine inhibition after intake Korean green tea and Maesil (Prunus mume SIEB. et ZACC.) extracts with an amine-rich diet in subjects ingesting nitrate. Author(s): Choi SY, Chung MJ, Sung NJ.
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Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 July; 40(7): 949-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065217&dopt=Abstract •
Why did green tea not protect against coronary artery disease but protect against myocardial infarction? Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 May 15; 91(10): 1290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745129&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to green tea; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Venous Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Female Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemorrhoids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leukoplakia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pharyngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Toothache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Alternative Therapy Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Chinese Medicine Chuanxiong Chatiao San Alternative names: Chuanxiong Chatiao Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Atropine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Camellia Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardec DM Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Catechins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1023,00.html Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Green Tea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10032,00.html Mao Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Theophylline/aminophylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Alternative names: Coumadin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zanthoxylum Alternative names: Prickly Ash; Zanthoxylum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GREEN TEA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to green tea. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “green tea” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on green tea, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Green Tea ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to green tea. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Allium Vegetables, Green Tea, Genetic Susceptibilities, Cox-2 and Stomach Cancer by Setiawan, Veronica Wendy; PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045618
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Clinical and Pre-clinical Pharmacokinetics of Green Tea Polyphenols by Cai, Yan; PhD from the University of Arizona, 2002, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073202
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Control of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Matrix Synthesis and Proliferation by Bmyb and Green Tea Polyphenol by Hofmann, Claudia Sofia; PhD from Boston University, 2003, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072381
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Green Tea Extract and Individual Green Tea Flavonoids: Interactions with the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Effects on Human Hepatic Cytochrome P450 1a
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Expression by Williams, Susanne N.; PhD from University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 2002, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045849 •
Inhibition of Bladder Tumor Growth by the Green Tea Derivative Egcg (epigallocatechin-gallate) by Kemberling, J. Karl; MSBS from Medical College of Ohio at Toledo, 2002, 38 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410508
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Inhibition of Uvb-induced Skin Carcinogenesis in Skh-1 Mice by Green Tea, Caffeine and Running Wheel Exercise May Be Related to Increased Activity and Decreased Body Fat by Michna, Laura Eva; PhD from Rutgers the State U. of N.J. - New Brunswick and U.M.D.N.J., 2003, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093017
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Mechanistic Studies on Tumor Cell Cycle Disruption and Apoptosis by Green Tea Polyphenols and N-thiolated Beta-lactams by Smith, David Matthew; PhD from University of South Florida, 2002, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071326
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The Effects of Green Tea on Breast Cancer and I Kappa B Alpha on Mammary Gland Development by Kavanagh, Kathryn Therese; PhD from Boston University, 2002, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3054530
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GREEN TEA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning green tea.
Recent Trials on Green Tea The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to green tea.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Green Tea Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease; Heart Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To examine the prospective association of green tea consumption to the incidence and mortality of coronary heart disease (CHD) using multivariate analysis while controlling for the potential confounding effects of cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and dietary nutrients. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005548
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “green tea” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON GREEN TEA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “green tea” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on green tea, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Green Tea By performing a patent search focusing on green tea, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on green tea: •
Active oxygen free radical scavenging agent Inventor(s): Togasaki; Keiichi (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Sky. Food Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,788,971 Date filed: January 11, 1995 Abstract: An active oxygen free radical scavenging agent superior in scavenging active oxygen free radicals produced in organisms is provided. The active oxygen free radical extinguishing agent includes green tea leaf extract containing epigallo catechin gallate and sunflower seed extract containing chlorogenic acid. When administrating green tea leaf extract and sunflower seed extract simultaneously as disclosed in the embodiment, the active oxygen free radical scavenging effect greatly excels the same when said two kinds of active oxygen free radical scavenging agents are separately administrated as shown in reference 2 and reference 3, or the same when rhubarb is administrated as shown in reference 4. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to active oxygen free radical scavenging agent for scavenging active oxygen free radicals produced in the process of metabolizing in organisms. Active oxygen free radicals produced in organisms are known to attack nucleic acid, protein, nucleotide, amino acid, sugar, organic acid, etc. They are also known to have significant relationships to inflammation, cerebral hemorrhage, arterial sclerosis, generation of cancers, destroying or weakening of cancers, radiation damage, cataract, aging, etc. For scavenging such active oxygen free radicals, rhubarb, i.e. Chinese GAOU is effective as an active oxygen free radical scavenging agent according to "Free Radicals and Medicines in Japan and China" published by KOKUSAI ISHO SHUPPAN. Catechin extracted from green tea leaves also has an effect to scavenge active oxygen free radicals according to "Fragrance J." published by Fragrance Journal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05788971__
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Adrenergically-mediated weight loss product Inventor(s): Llewellyn; William Charles (P.O. Box 1162, Sound Beach, NY 11789) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,531,162 Date filed: July 30, 2002 Abstract: This invention discloses a new and unique combination of octopamine, yohimbine, bergenin and decaffeinated green tea extract useful as an oral supplement for increasing weight loss in humans. Excerpt(s): Prior art relating to this invention concerns distinct areas previously not combined to create new and useful formula sets regarding a solid-dosage form of a weight loss product. This invention relates a new and unique combination of octopamine, yohimbine, bergenin and decaffeinated green tea extract useful for increasing weight loss. Octopamine is a naturally-occurring catecholamine structurally related to norephinephrine, and has been proven in in-vitro studies to be a potent
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selective beta-3 agonist (C R Acad Sci III 1993;316(5):519-23). Beta-3 receptors can be found in both human white and brown adipose tissues, and play an important role in lipolysis and thermogenesis in our bodies. They are vastly more important than previously thought by scientists, who often had difficulty in the past discerning the contribution of each beta-receptor subtype (1,2 and 3) without having agents selective for each to investigate. Various techniques were devised to try, but for a long time reports were not in favor of beta-3 receptors having much of a role in humans. It was not until a study conducted with ephedrine in 1995, however, that surprising new data started to arise in support of a beta-3-mediated pathway to fat loss. Using beta blocking agents investigators were able to demonstrate that beta-3 agonist activity likely accounted for at least 40% of the thermogenesis induced by this popular weight loss drug. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06531162__ •
Anti-Inflammatory herbal composition and method of use Inventor(s): Newmark; Thomas (704 Cordell Ct., St. Louis, MO 63132), Schulick; Paul (222 Kipling Rd., Brattleboro, VT 05301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,387,416 Date filed: April 5, 2001 Abstract: An orally or topically administered composition capable of reducing inflammation in animals, preferably humans, suffering from inflammation, contains a therapeutically effective amount of a post-supercritical carbon dioxide alcoholic extract of ginger; therapeutically effective amounts of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of rosemary, turmeric, oregano and ginger (preferably certified organic ginger); and therapeutically effective amounts of hydroalcoholic extracts of holy basil, turmeric, scutellariae baicalensis, rosemary, green tea, huzhang, Chinese goldthread, and barberry. The composition is preferably orally administered on a daily basis for at least about 4 weeks. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to herbal compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to an herbal composition capable of reducing inflammation in bones and joints in animals, particularly humans. The present invention further relates to methods of using such herbal composition to reduce inflammation in bones and joints in animals, particularly humans. Arthritic disorders, including rheumatism, osteoarthritis, dysplasia, lupus, bursitis, and gout, are all characterized by inflammation and pain in bones, joints, muscles, and related connective tissues. Most of the forms are progressive. Bone and joint inflammation is a scourge of both animals and humans. Those who suffer from inflammation experience pain and discomfort and may, in advanced cases, lose the effective use of inflamed joints. Thus, the goal of therapeutic methods for treating bone or joint inflammation is the relief of pain and discomfort and the restoration of use of inflamed joints. Natural ingredients, e.g., herbs, have been used to treat bone and joint inflammation, especially in eastern countries, and, increasingly, in western countries. Compositions composed of natural ingredients and said to be useful in reducing inflammation are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,494,668; 5,683,698; 5,916,565; 5,854,291; and 5,910,307. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387416__
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Aqueous disinfectant/sterilizing agent for foods Inventor(s): Iwai; Kazuo (1221-1, Oaza Koshinohara, Yasu-cho, Yasu-gun, Shiga-ken, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,554,620 Date filed: October 15, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a disinfectant/sterilizing composition which includes hinokitiol as the active ingredient. The composition has enhanced solubility of the hinokitiol in water without the need for alcohol as a solubilizing enhancing ingredient due to the presence of aloe vera extract, green tea extract, low striped bamboo extract and dokudami extract. In addition, the solubility of the hinokitiol in water is further enhanced by the additional inclusion of glycerin fatty acid ester surfactant and cara saponine emulsifier. In addition to enhancing the solubility of the hinokitiol in water, the above-noted plant extracts also serve to enhance the biocidal effect of hinokitiol and avoid the objectionable strong odor usually associated with hinokitiol compositions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of disinfecting or sterilizing agents. More particularly this invention is a disinfectant/sterilizing agent, which is water soluble, safe to the human body and is intended for application to perishable foods such as poultry, beef, pork and cut vegetables for killing or stopping the growth of pathogenic microorganisms to thereby disinfect or sterilize the food. Before selling meat such as chicken, beef and pork for consumption, it is necessary to stop or retard the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and it is preferable to kill pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria or virus especially Salmonella, and E-coli 0-157, which may cause food poisoning due to their presence in the meat. In order to kill or stop or retard the growth of these pathogenic bacteria or otherwise render them harmless, conventional disinfectant or sterilizing materials are used. Conventional disinfectants or sterilizing include alcohol, sodium hypo chlorite liquid, and sodium phosphate which are applied by spraying or soaking the meat in a liquid containing one or more of the above chemicals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06554620__
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Black leaf tea Inventor(s): Humphrey; Philip Graham (Raunds, GB), Quinlan; Paul Thomas (Kempston, GB) Assignee(s): Lipton, Division of Conopco, Inc. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Patent Number: 6,036,991 Date filed: December 1, 1997 Abstract: A leaf tea especially blended from a black tea and a green tea so that it contains catechins and phenols in a ratio between 0.15 to 0.4, but preferably between 0.2 and 0.3. Such a product resembles black tea but typically possesses an antioxidant activity that is 10% or more higher than that the same mass of the black tea alone. The black tea is preferably low grown while the green tea is preferably from an Assam jat. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a leaf tea that looks and tastes like a black tea but contains an uncharacteristically high amount of catechins. Such a product can be made by blending a carefully selected combination of black and green teas. With the
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exception of water, tea is the most widely consumed of all beverages. In fact, the worldwide per capita consumption has been estimated at 0.1 litre per day. Most of the tea consumed in the Western World is so called black tea which is obtained by harvesting new leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis and withering, rolling, enzymatically oxidizing, firing and sorting them. However the leaves can be processed without the oxidation step to produce what is known as green tea. Such tea is widely consumed in parts of the People's Republic of China, Japan, North Africa and the Middle East. In another variation oolong tea is prepared by partial oxidation. That is also commonly consumed in parts of the People's Republic of China. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06036991__ •
Capsules containing freeze-dried, powdered green tea leaves Inventor(s): Rohdewald; Peter (Altenberge, DE) Assignee(s): Freeze Dry Foods, GmbH (Greven, DE) Patent Number: 5,993,867 Date filed: September 4, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a preparation containing the polyphenols of green tea (Thea chinensis) in readily available, unoxidised form, in which fresh green tea leaves are cooled until the activity of the phenol oxidases therein has dropped to at most 1% of the value at normal temperature and at the same time or immediately afterwards the water acting as the reaction medium is removed. Products made by this process are packed in capsules soluble in hot water. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a process for the production of a preparation which contains the polyphenols of green tea (Thea chinensis) in readily available, nonoxidised form, which is characterised in that one cools fresh green tea leaves until the activity of the contained phenol oxidases has decreased to at most 1% of the value at normal temperature and simultaneously or immediately thereafter the water effective as reaction medium is removed and products produced according to this process. It is known that unfermented (green) tea, besides the action as enjoyable material, also displays pharmacological properties which are suitable for the prevention of diseases in that, on the one hand, the anti-oxidative capacity of the human or animal organism is increased and, furthermore, the vascular system, especially the capillary system, is protected. The anti-oxidative properties of unfermented tea can be attributed to the ability of the polyphenols contained in the leaves of Thea chinensis, especially the gallocatechins, to inactivate free radicals. Summaries referring to this are to be found in Lit. 1 of the accompanying bibliography. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05993867__
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Companion animal therapeutic treat Inventor(s): Collin; Peter Donald (P.O. Box 172, Sunset, ME 04683) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,428,817 Date filed: January 10, 2001
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Abstract: The present invention relates to a palatable dosage form of a "jerky stick" or treat for companion animals which includes sea cucumber fractions alone or in combination with glucosamine sulfate and/or glucosamine hydrochloride, and/or sea vegetables, and/or green tea; such jerky stick containing an effective amount of sea cucumber material for the inhibition or modulation of arthritic or nutritional problems in dogs, cats, and containing palatability co-factors which render the jerky stick attractive to the animal in need. Excerpt(s): The present invention involves the use of sea cucumber tissue fractions, in combination with kelp, and/or green tea extracts, for the inhibition of inflammation. These therapeutic fractions are incorporated with ingredients which provide palatability into a delivery system as a user-convenient and pet acceptable "jerky stick" or similar animal "treat" format. Dogs and other companion animals suffering from various forms of arthritis are in need of supplements which deliver active forms of anti-inflammatory agents in a palatable manner. Glucosamine sulfate and glucosamine HCL and related products are described in various patents such as those by Henderson, et al, which teach the incorporation of glucosamines with other sulfated polysaccharides, vitamin C and manganese in products aimed at cartilage health. It is believed that glucosamine, or similar products, provide one or more of the biochemical components which make up the matrix of mammalian cartilage. Glucosamine is a chondroprotective agent which acts as a competitive inhibitor of inflammatory agents produced by the body which attack the cartilage and/or joint fluid in the joints. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06428817__ •
Composition containing grass plant, water-soluble dietary fibers, oligosaccharides, lactic acid bacteria and green tea Inventor(s): Takagaki; Kinya (Fukuoka, JP), Tsusaki; Shinji (Fukuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Toyo Shinyaku Co., Ltd. (JP) Patent Number: 6,423,309 Date filed: April 10, 2001 Abstract: A processed food excellent for activating superoxidase dismutase is disclosed. The food contains 30 to 70% by weight of barley, wheat, rye or oats; 1 to 50% by weight of water soluble dietary fibers; 1 to 10% by weight of oligosaccharides; 0.5 to 5% by weight of powdered lactic acid bacteria and 5 to 15% by weight of powdered green tea. A method of making the food and a method for activating superoxide dismutase using the food is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processed food that is excellent in activating superoxide dismutase (hereinafter, referred to as SOD). Young leaves of grass plants such as barley are rich in vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers, and are attracting attention as a material having the effects of adsorption of harmful substances, improvement of the intestinal environment, suppression of the absorption of cholesterol, prevention of a rapid increase in the blood glucose level after eating, etc. On the other hand, in recent years, there have been an increasing number of reports that free radicals such as active oxygen cause a large number of diseases such as hypertension, cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, pneumosclerosis, hepatitis, nephritis, atopic dermatitis, Parkinson's disease, cataracts, gout, pulmonary emphysema, dermatitis, gastritis, pneumonia, arthritis, stenocardia, senility, rheumatics, and arteriosclerosis. For example, it is known that when excessive active oxygen is present, normal cells are
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damaged and become cancer cells. At present, how to reduce such active oxygen is a serious issue to maintain our health. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06423309__ •
Composition for promoting prostate health containing selenium and herbal extracts Inventor(s): Newmark; Thomas (704 Cordell Ct., St. Louis, MO 63132), Schulick; Paul (222 Kipling Rd., Brattleboro, VT 05301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,261,607 Date filed: February 25, 2000 Abstract: An herbal composition which can help promote prostate health in men is prepared from saw palmetto, green tea, pumpkin seed oil, ginger, dual urtica root extracts, selenium, watermelon and rosemary. The composition contains therapeutically effective amounts of: supercritical extracts of saw palmetto, ginger, and rosemary, regular or supercritical extracts of green tea, pumpkin seed oil and urtica; selenium; and watermelon. In addition to promoting prostate health, the herbal composition of this invention normalizes urine flow and promotes healthy sexual function and performance. The composition also contains constituents which inhibit 5-lipoxygenase, thereby promoting normal prostate cell growth, and anti-aging constituents that inactivate free radicals, thereby providing antioxidant benefits. The composition is preferably administered orally or parenterally. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to herbal compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to an herbal composition which can be used to promote healthy prostate function in men. The present invention also relates to methods of using such compositions to promote prostate health. In men, the prostate gland is the source of several common disorders including prostatitis and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), wherein the prostate gland becomes inflamed or enlarged. BPH can cause many uncomfortable and annoying symptoms including: difficulty in starting to urinate; increased urge to urinate; a weak or interrupted stream when urinating; a feeling that the bladder cannot be emptied completely; a feeling of decay when urination is started; a need to urinate often, especially at night; and frequent or continuous lower back pain. Drug therapies exist which can help offset some of the symptoms of BPH but these are associated with significant side effects such as, e.g., impotence. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06261607__
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Cytotoxic pharmaceutical composition Inventor(s): Farley; Michael Donald (225 5th Ave., Suite 6, Indialantic, FL 32903) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,544,564 Date filed: November 27, 2001 Abstract: An inventive and proprietary formula to enhance the body's natural immune function against viral and infectious diseases and cancer. The composition per unit dose in liquid or capsule gel caplets consists of:200 to 600 mg. of Chrysin;200 to 600 mg. of Colorius Versicolor PSK;50 to 150 mg. of 3,3' Diindolylmethane DIM;50 to 150 mg. of
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Resveratrol 25%;50 to 150 mg. Turmeric Extract 95%;40 to 140 mg. Green Tea Extract 95%;20 to 80 mg. of Quercitin Dihydrate 99%; and15 to 75 mg. of Phosphatidyl Choline 50%Advantageously, each dose unit preferably includes 25 mg. to about 150 mgs. of Myricetin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an immunity system of a human body, against viral and infectious disease and cancer. The immune function is a system that functions to include absorption of excess fluid and its return to the blood stream, absorption of fat and finally to the immune system function. Immunity is the body's capability to repel foreign substances and cells. The non specific responses are the first line of defense. Highly specific responses are the second line of defenses and are tailored to an individual threat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06544564__ •
Dietary supplement nutrient soft drink composition with psychoactive effect Inventor(s): Pearson; Durk (P.O. Box 2160, Tonapah, NV 89049), Shaw; Sandy (P.O. Box 2160, Tonapah, NV 89049) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,261,589 Date filed: March 2, 2000 Abstract: A composition and method for causing a positive psychoactive effect in which phenylalanine, vitamin B-6, vitamin C, copper, folic acid, taurine, vitamin B-5 (or provitamin B-5), choline, fruit sugar, caffeine, and optionally green tea are combined in a carbonated mixture. The mixture is orally administered in beverage form to support the production of and to stimulate release of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the brain and to enhance and modulate their effects to produce a positive psychoactive effect. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to soft drinks and, more particularly, to an improved dietary supplement nutrient soft drink composition and method for taking the same to induce an uplifting psychoactive effect by promoting bodily production of noradrenaline, dopamine, acetylcholine and beta phenylethylamine. The most common complaint that doctors hear is that their patients don't have enough energy or feel tired most of the time. The cause is often a nutritional deficiency. A nutritional survey by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of 37,000 Americans (chosen to represent a cross-section of all Americans) found that over 80% of Americans are getting less than the FDA's recommended RDA for one or more nutrients that are essential for the production of noradrenaline and dopamine. A shortage of these essential nutrient enzyme co-factors results in chronic tiredness. It would be helpful to provide a nutritious, nonprescription, inexpensive and flavorful solution that can be administered in the form of a soft drink. There have been prior clinical attempts to find a solution. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,852 issued to Wurtman shows a process and composition for treating neurological disorders and aging by potentiating the effect of neurotransmitters in the brain. The process entails the concomitant administration of choline or a choline precursor, and an amino acid (which is a precursor to a neurotransmitter) such as tyrosine, tryptophan or threonine. This combination results in increased release of both their corresponding neurotransmitters, i.e., (a) acetylcholene and (b) dopamine, serotonin or glycine. The choline or choline precursor and amino acid are administered concomitantly to treat neurological disease including senility, Alzheimer's Disease or
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Parkinson's Disease. It is also said to be useful in normal older people, or younger people with obscure deficits in neurons releasing particular neurotransmitters. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06261589__ •
Effervescent green tea extract formulation Inventor(s): Patel; Dinesh C. (Salt Lake City, UT), Quan; Danyi (Salt Lake City, UT), Xiong; Weihong (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): XEL Herbaceuticals, Inc. (Salt Lake City, UT) Patent Number: 6,299,925 Date filed: June 29, 1999 Abstract: A solid state water soluble formulation in granular or tablet form is provided. The formulation is a natural products formulation containing a green tea plant extract in combination with other ingredients which create an effervescent liquid composition upon dispensing the formulation in a liquid. The liquid form of administration, as well as the effervescent properties of the dissolved formulation increase bioavailability of the advantageous components of the green tea plants such as Polyphenols, by increasing absorption speed and amount in the human body. The formulation may include additional components such as, other plant extracts, vitamins, ionic minerals, and other substances purported to be of a health benefit. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a green tea extract formulation which maximizes release and delivery of a therapeutic extract contained therein to the human body. More particularly, it concerns an effervescent tablet containing a green tea extract which is dispensed in a liquid for consumption. Nearly 4,000 years ago, the people of the far east recognized many general health and refreshment benefits from the consumption of green tea. Such recognition has led to a wide spread use of tea which has even gained cultural status and significance in many areas of the world. However, the specific health benefits of green tea consumption have been little understood until recently. Today, scientific evidence has linked certain positive health effects, including anti-cancer and anti-heart disease effects, to various components of green tea. Specifically, positive effects in fending off cancer, heart disease, and other health benefits come from the green tea components of Catechins polyphenols, Polysaccharides, Flavonoids, Vitamin B complex, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, r-Amino Butyric Acid, and Fluoride. Polyphenols, otherwise known as catechins, and particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have shown anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic, and anticarcinogenic effects when administered in significant doses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06299925__
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Fermentation compositions having superoxide dismutating activity and an antihypertensive agent for treatment of constipation each having the superoxide dismutating activity Inventor(s): Ishikawa; Naoto (Aichi, JP), Kimura; Akihiko (Aichi, JP), Takada; Atsushi (Aichi, JP) Assignee(s): Toyo Hakko Co., Ltd. (Obu, JP) Patent Number: 5,776,756 Date filed: August 31, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides a fermentation composition which makes use of rice brans, soybeans and sources of carbon as starting materials and which is innoxious, has a good SOD action (the action of effectively eliminating O.sub.2.sup.which is harmful to the living body and the action of preventing diseases), and can prevent degradation of vitamin C. The invention also relates to an antihypertensive agent and constipation improver which are innoxious and have a good SOD action. The fermentation composition comprises a fermentation liquid obtained by inoculating and cultivating, under aerating and agitating conditions, bacillus natto or grass bacilli in a liquid medium,a pH of the medium is controled in the range of from 7.5 to 10 by alkaline agents, containing a rice bran, a soybean, a source of carbon and water, and filtering the resultant cultivation broth, or an evaporation residue of the fermentation liquid, vitamin C and, optionally, an extract of green tea or its evaporation residue. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a fermentation compositions which have a good SOD action and more particularly, to fermentation compositions which comprises, at least, a specific type of fermented liquid and vitamin C. The other invention relates to an antihypertensive agent and an improver for constipation which also have a good SOD action. The compositions of the present invention have wide utility in the fields of treatment and improvement such as of various types of diseases caused by active oxygen (O.sub.2.sup.-) including diseases caused by bloodstream troubles such as myocardial infarction, cerebral apoploxy,hypertension, menstrul pain, the stiffness of the shoulders, nerve pain, lambagos, crapulence and the like, adult and internal diseases such as cancer, nephritis, hepatitis,diabetes and the like, and beauty cares and dermatoses such as spots, epherides, skin chapping, anematosis, constipation, wrinkles, atopic dermatitis and the like. If O.sub.2.sup.- - is harmful to the living body, SOD which is an enzyme for eliminating O.sub.2.sup.- is considered to exist in order to protect the living body from thetoxicity of the active oxygen, so that SOD is useful in treating diseases considered to result from the active oxygen. From this standpoint, studies have been recently made on the reaction mechanism and the physiological mechanism of the SOD ("Active Oxygen--Molecular Mechanism of the Formation, Bleaching and Function in Living Bodies", the new and second edition, edited by Minoru NAKANO et al., and published by Kyoritsu Pub. Co. , Ltd., p. 223 to 230). It is known that the SOD activity is low in cancer cells. Although the direct causal relation between the SOD and the carcinogenesis has not been clearly elucidated, it has been reported that when injected into cancer cells, SOD and SOD analogues inhibit proliferation (the above "Active Oxygen", p. 64). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05776756__
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Green tea beverages manufacturing process Inventor(s): Kinugasa; Hitoshi (Shizuoka, JP), Kobayashi; Izumi (Shizuoka, JP), Matsumoto; Nobuo (Shizuoka, JP), Niino; Hitoshi (Shizuoka, JP), Okanoya; Kazunori (Shizuoka, JP), Sasame; Masami (Shizuoka, JP), Shimaoka; Kenji (Shizuoka, JP), Ueno; Yoko (Shizuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Ito En, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,387,428 Date filed: August 14, 2000 Abstract: In order to produce green tea beverages which have a good flavor and a good balance of the fragrant components and do not form unpleasant precipitates, such green tea beverage are produced by a method including an extracting step consisting of two extraction steps, a first step in which green tea leaves are extracted at an applied pressure to obtain a pressure extract (step 1) and a second step in which green tea leaves are extracted under atmospheric pressure, followed by microfiltration to obtain an atmospheric extract (step 2), and a mixing step in which the pressure extract and the atmospheric extract obtained in the respective step are mixed at a mixing ratio determined on the basis of the weight of the raw tea leaves (step 3). This method can provide the production of drinks which have a good flavor and a good balance of the fragrant components and in addition, do not result in formation of deposits, and are suitable for beverages, in particular, for packing into PET bottles by mixing, at a predetermined ratio, the pressure extract from step 1, which is rich in suitable fragrance but short in astringency and tastiness, and the atmospheric extract from step 2, which is intense in astringency and tastiness and provided with a good color tone. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a manufacturing process of green tea beverages having good flavor, in which deterioration in the color tone and unpleasant precipitates do not occur even during storage for a long time, and in particular, green tea beverages which are most suitable for beverages to be packed in transparent containers. As means for increasing the fragrance of green tea beverages, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. Hei 11-262359 discloses methods for fragrance to be given off in which undried tea leaves are roasted in a cauldron. Firing green tea leaves enhances an aroma characteristic of fired tea leaves by heating, improving the flavor of tea. When green tea leaves are fired, however, such a treatment tends to deteriorate the color tone of the extracted solution. In the case of beverages for packing into transparent containers, in particular, therefore the color tone of drinks is an important aspect of product values and this deterioration has been a serious problem in the production of green tea beverages for packing into transparent containers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387428__
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Green tea extract subjected to cation exchange treatment and nanofiltration to improve clarity and color Inventor(s): Bunger; John Robert (Cincinnati, OH), Ekanayake; Athula (Cincinnati, OH), Mohlenkamp, Jr.; Marvin Joseph (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,879,733 Date filed: September 18, 1997
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Abstract: Green tea extracts having improved clarity and color. These extracts are obtained by treating the green tea extract with an amount of a food grade cation exchange resin effective to remove metal cations present in the extract. The treated extract is then contacted nanofiltration membrane while the treated extract is at a temperature of from about 100.degree. to about 140.degree. F. (from about 37.8.degree. to about 60.degree. C.) to provide a filtered green tea extract as the permeate. These green tea extracts can be included in a variety of beverages and are especially useful in suppressing the characteristic aftertaste of aspartame in diet beverages. Excerpt(s): This application relates to a process for preparing green tea extracts having improved clarity and color. This application particularly relates to a process for preparing these green tea extracts involving treatment with a cation exchange material, followed by nanofiltration. This application further relates to beverages prepared with these green tea extracts. The extraction of tea material is well known in the art. For example green tea is typically extracted with hot or cold water to form a dilute extract containing soluble tea solids. This green tea extract can be concentrated to form a concentrated extract which is sold in frozen, refrigerated or dried form. This green tea extract can also be combined with other beverage ingredients such as fruit juice, nectar, etc., to provide beverages having at least some of the desired flavor and sensory characteristics of green tea. Green tea extracts initially contain high levels of unoxidized flavanols, especially monomeric catechins such as epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechingallate and epicatechingallate that impart a desired taste quality (astringency) to the tea beverage. Unfortunately, these catechin components (molecular weight of from about 200 to about 500) can be oxidized to higher molecular weight polyphenols, especially the theaflavins and thearubigins, in the presence of other components in the extract. These other components include metal ions (especially calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, zinc and iron), certain partially oxidized organic intermediates (especially quinones) that are formed when the green tea is initially extracted, and dissolved oxygen. These metal ions in the extract act as a catalyst, and along with the quinones and dissolved oxygen, convert the catechins to oxidized polyphenols that impart a less desirable, lingering astringency to green tea beverages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05879733__ •
Herbal composition for reducing inflammation and methods of using saMen Inventor(s): Newmark; Thomas (704 Cordell Ct., St. Louis, MO 63132), Schulick; Paul (222 Kipling Rd., Brattleboro, VT 05301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,264,995 Date filed: February 25, 2000 Abstract: An herbal composition reducing inflammation in bones and joints by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 is prepared from holy basil, turmeric, ginger, green tea, rosemary, huzhang, Chinese goldthread, barberry, oregano and scutellariae baicalensis. More particularly, the herbal composition of the present invention contains therapeutically effective amounts of the supercritical extracts of ginger, rosemary and oregano, and therapeutically effective amounts of extracts of holy basil, turmeric, green tea, huzhang, Chinese goldthread, barberry, rosemary and scutellariae baicalensis. The herbal composition can be administered orally, topically or parenterally. Particularly preferred embodiments are soft gel capsules for oral administration and creams for topical application. In addition to reducing inflammation, the herbal composition also
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promotes healthy joint function and, because it inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the composition also promotes normal cell growth. Furthermore, the herbal composition contains organic anti-aging constituents that inactivate oxygen free radicals, thereby providing antioxidant benefits in addition to anti-inflammatory benefits. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to herbal compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to an herbal composition capable of reducing inflammation in bones and joints. The present invention further relates to methods of using such herbal composition to reduce inflammation. Arthritic disorders, including rheumatism, osteoarthritis, dysplasia, lupus, bursitis, and gout, are all characterized by inflammation and pain in bones, joints, muscles, and related connective tissues. Most of the forms are progressive. Bone and joint inflammation is a scourge of both animals and humans. Those who suffer from inflammation experience pain and discomfort and may, in advanced cases, lose the effective use of inflamed joints. Thus, the goal of therapeutic methods for treating bone or joint inflammation is the relief of pain and discomfort and the restoration of use of inflamed joints. Certain enzymes appear to play a role in causing inflammation. One of the features of inflammation is increased oxygenation of arachidonic acid which is metabolized by two enzymic pathways--the cyclooxygenase (CO) and the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathways--leading to the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are mediators of inflammation. Therapies designed to inhibit cydooxygenase and/or lipoxygenase activity are therefore of great interest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06264995__ •
Herbal extract composition containing gynostemma pentaphyllum, crataegus pinnatifida and camellia sinensis Inventor(s): D'Jang; Arthur H. K. (Collins, NY) Assignee(s): Sante International Inc. (Jamestown, NY) Patent Number: 5,910,308 Date filed: August 1, 1997 Abstract: Provided is an herbal extract-based composition comprising an extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, an extract of Crataegus pinnatifida (hawthorn leaves or berries), and an extract of Camellia sinensis (green tea). Also provided is a process for preparing a herbal extract-based composition which comprises separately extracting each of hawthorn berries, green tea leaves, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaves; drying extraction eluates obtained from the extracting of each of hawthorn berries, green tea leaves, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaves to obtain organic residues in forming a hawthorn berry extract powder, green tea extract powder, and a Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract powder; and combining the green tea extract powder, the Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract powder, and the hawthorn berry extract powder in desired proportions to form the herbal extract-based composition which has health promoting effects including potent inhibition of free radicals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an herbal extract-based composition comprised of a combination of three components: an extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, an extract of Crataegus pinnatifida, and an extract of Camellia sinensis. The present invention also provides a method of making the composition for therapeutic uses, and as a dietary supplement for promoting health. Generally, herbal supplements are natural, safe when taken as recommended, and less expensive and
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sometimes more effective alternatives to drugs. These plant-based pharmaceuticals are used for medicinal purposes; and/or dietary supplements for disease prevention, for relief of ailments, and for health maintenance (collectively "health-promoting"). Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Crataegus pinnatifida, and Camellia sinensis have been used individually for particular therapeutic applications. Gynostemma pentaphyllum, also known as 5-leaf ginseng or jiaogulan or southern ginseng, is from the cucumber family and has traditionally been grown in a mountainous region in South Central China. This herb, a completely different plant than ginseng, is rich in special saponins termed "gypenosides" which are similar, and some identical, to the ginsenosides found in ginseng, but at a level several fold higher. These saponins have been shown to have antioxidant/cell protective effects. More particularly, the saponins protected cell membranes and cytosols, from oxidative injury, neutralize free radicals, helped preserve immune function during irradiation, lowered blood pressure, reduced vascular resistance, effects anti-platelet-aggregation, and reduced levels of serum triglycerides and total cholesterol (Gormley et al., 1997, Better Nutrition 59:42). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05910308__ •
Ice for cool drinks of liquors requiring no diluent Inventor(s): Somura; Katsuzo (4-4, Chuo-5Chome, Nakano-Ku, Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,045,839 Date filed: February 22, 1999 Abstract: Ice is prepared by freezing a diluent, such as oolong tea, lemon water, green tea, mineral water, or pickled ume extract in water, and crushing the frozen diluent into lumps of varying sizes. The lumps are sprayed with water to bind them together and are refrozen under pressure in the form of multi-void ice blocks. The ice blocks are packaged in cups and sealed by a film cap. A plurality of cups containing the ice blocks are provided in a case. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the ice for cool drinks of liquors requiring no diluent. In order to enjoy iced and diluted liquors, such as shochu, i.e., Japanese spirits distilled from sweet potatoes, which is diluted with oolong tea, lemon water, green tea, powdered tea in water, and pickled ume extract in water, or whisky diluted with water, one has to prepare the liquor, the diluent, and ice separately. Cracked ice of relatively large sizes is generally used for these drinks as such ice lasts long. Small shaved ice is not usually utilized because it dilutes the liquor too quickly and it remains in the form of ice for so short a time that one feels it troublesome to prepare for an additional supply of ice, although shaved ice can cool the liquor quickly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06045839__
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Method for anticancer therapy using an herbal extract composition Inventor(s): DJang; Arthur H. K. (Jamestown, NY) Assignee(s): Sante International Inc. (Jamestown, NY) Patent Number: 6,168,795 Date filed: June 7, 1999
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Abstract: Provided is a method of anticancer therapy comprising administering to an individual an herbal extract-based composition comprising an extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, an extract of Crataegus pinnatifida (hawthorn leaves or berries), and an extract of Camellia sinensis (green tea). In one embodiment, the anticancer therapy comprises administering to a tumor bearing individual a therapeutically effective amount of the composition. In a second embodiment, the anticancer therapy comprises administering to an individual, at risk of developing a tumor, a prophylactically effective amount of the composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of using an herbal extract-based composition in therapy against tumors. More particularly, provided is a method of anticancer therapy comprising administering either a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount, of a composition comprising an extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, an extract of Crataegus pinnatifida, and an extract of Camellia sinensis. Any one individual is at risk of developing cancer. The occurrence of cancer increases with aging over a life time ("lifetime risk"). For example, in the U.S., men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk of developing cancer, and women have a 1 in 3 risk. Other risk factors are believed to include genetics, diet, and environmental exposure (e.g., to mutagenic chemicals, radiation, transforming viruses, etc.). It is estimated by the World Health Organization that about 10 million new cancer cases are occurring now annually around the world. That number is expected to reach 15 million by the year 2015, with two thirds of these new cases occurring in developing countries (World Health 48:22, 1995). For example, it is estimated that there is about 600,000 new cases of lung cancer per year worldwide; approaching 1 million new cases of breast cancer per year; and for head and neck cancer (the sixth most frequently occurring cancer worldwide) an incidence of 500,000 new cases annually. The National Cancer Institute estimates the overall annual costs for cancer at $107 billion. Treatment costs account for approximately $40 billion. While new therapeutics are being developed and tested for efficacy against tumors, many of the currently available cancer treatments are relatively ineffective. It has been reported that chemotherapy results in a durable response in only 4% of treated patients, and substantially prolongs the life of only an additional 3% of patients with advanced cancer (Smith et al., 1993, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85:1460-1474). Many of the current anticancer drugs are both cost-prohibitive, and present with major toxicity. Regarding the latter and depending on the drug or drug combination used, systemic chemotherapy may result in one or more toxicities including hematologic, vascular, neural, gastrointestinal, renal, pulmonary, otologic, and lethal. For example, tamoxifen has been used in women for 25 years to limit breast cancer recurrence. A trial launched in 1992 has shown that tamoxifen is not only effective as a therapeutic agent, but also has a very substantial benefit in cancer prevention (a breast cancer preventative agent). However, in that study, tamoxifen use was shown to have adverse effects in healthy women; i.e., an increased risk of developing uterine cancer or pulmonary blood clots (Science News, 1998, 153:228). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06168795__
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Method for isolation of caffeine-free catechins from green tea Inventor(s): Bailey; David T. (Boulder, CO), Yuhasz; Ralph L. (Denver, CO), Zheng; BoLin (Wayne, NJ) Assignee(s): Hauser, Inc. (Boulder, CO) Patent Number: 6,210,679 Date filed: January 7, 1999 Abstract: The process of the present invention relates to the isolation and purification of caffeine-free mixtures catechins from various different biomass sources, preferably from green tea leaves. More particularly, the present invention relates to a four-step process whereby highly pure, caffeine-free EGCG is isolated in high yields. These catechins may be used in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic products. Excerpt(s): This patent application references Disclosure Document No. 436778, filed May 22, 1998, entitled Method for the Purification of Catechins and Caffeine from Green Tea Extract Solids Using Chromatography on Polyamide. The present invention relates to a process for the isolation and purification of caffeine-free catechins from a number of different biomass sources. More particularly, the present invention relates to a four-step process whereby highly pure, caffeine-free EGCG is isolated and purified in high yields from plant materials such as green tea leaves. Many laboratory studies have demonstrated inhibitory effects of tea preparations and tea polyphenols against tumor formation and growth. This inhibitory activity is believed to be mainly due to the antioxidative and possible antiproliferative effects of polyphenolic compounds, and in particular the major catechins EGCG, EGC, ECG and EC in green tea. The major constituent and possibly the most powerful of these catechins is EGCG. These catechins may also inhibit ,carcinogenesis by blocking the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds, suppressing the activation of carcinogens, and trapping of genotoxic agents (Yang, C. and Wang, Z.-Y., J. National Cancer Institute 85:1038 (1993)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06210679__
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Method for producing green tea in microfine powder Inventor(s): Shibata; Toshio (Shizuoka-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Kaiken (Shizuoka-Ken, JP) Patent Number: 6,416,803 Date filed: December 16, 1999 Abstract: Crude green tea is pulverized with a ball mill to screen a microfine powder of 1 micron or less with a sieve. The screened green tea microfine powder is spread in a flat box, on which distilled water is sprayed to a final moisture content of 7.5 to 8.0%, followed by agitation. The flat box is arranged in an infrared irradiation chamber, where the green tea microfine powder is heated with infrared rays at a temperature of 40.degree. C. to 60.degree. C. for 130 minutes to 180 minutes. In such manner, the microfine powder with a high ratio of nutrient digestion and absorption and with high active oxygen-eliminating potency due to SOD contained therein can be provided, together with a method for producing the same. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to powdery green tea prepared by pulverizing crude green tea; more specifically, the invention relates to a method for producing green tea in a microfine powder, comprising a modified pulverizing process and modified processes
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thereafter, and green tea in a microfine powder as prepared by the method. Green tea contains enormous amounts of nutrients, such as vitamins E, C and A, catechin and theanine. It has been said in recent years that active oxygen is one of the factors affecting disadvantageously human health and promoting aging. Meanwhile, green tea contains a higher content of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as an enzyme eliminating active oxygen. SOD was discovered in 1969 by J. M. McCord and I. Fridovich. In Modern Medicine, Vol. 28, No. 8, 1996, SOD is presented to function as a preventive system against oxidative damage. Hence, not only green tea drinking in general fashion but also the intake of green tea per se has been recommended; for example, powdery green tea prepared by pulverizing dried crude green tea with a grinder or the like has been developed. Herein, crude green tea is prepared by steaming fresh green tea leaves and subjecting the resulting green tea leaves to processes for coarse rubbing, rubbing and twisting, moderate rubbing and fine rubbing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416803__ •
Methods and compositions for producing weight loss Inventor(s): Kuhrts; Eric H. (P.O. Box 387, 1109 Tannery Creek Rd., Bodega, CA 94922) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,475,530 Date filed: October 4, 2000 Abstract: Dislcosed are methods and compositions for producing weight loss in a mammal by administration of a composition containing a weight loss effective amount of a noradrenaline stimulating compound such as ephedrine, mahuang (a plant source of ephedrine alkaloids), citrus aurantium (bitter orange), synephrine, norephedrine, psuedophedrine, a methylxanthine, such as caffeine or guarana, and a botanical COX inhibitor such as resveratrol polygonum cuspidatum, scutellaria baicalensis, turmeric, curcumin, rosmary, green tea, ocimum sanctum (holy basil), or ginger, instead of an NSAID such as aspirin, and optionally a free fatty acid reducing compound. The thermogenic formula is coupled with a growth hormone stimulating formulation containing L-arginine or L-omithine, L-lysine, and a free fatty acid reducing agent such as nicotinic acid. The thermogenic formula would preferably be administered in the daytime, and the growth hormone producing formula at nighttime. The two compositions form a system of AM and PM weight loss strategy for the therapeutic intervention of obesity. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and compositions for producing weight loss in mammals. One of the greatest problems confronting modem society in economically successful countries today is obesity. Unfortunately, obesity brings with it the conditions that are ripe for the more serious disease of diabetes. Among the many possible solutions for treating obesity are formulations of weight loss products that work with some of the basic biochemical processes involved in fat metabolism. This process has been exploited through pharmaceutical intervention at the neurocrine level as well as at the level of fat cells themselves, or the way fat cells metabolize fats in brown adipose tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475530__
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Natural preparation for treatment of male pattern hair loss Inventor(s): Chizick; Stephen (220 Duncan Mills Road, Suite 206, Toronto, Ontario, CA), Delorscio; Rico (220 Duncan Mills Road, Suite 206, Toronto, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,972,345 Date filed: May 3, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a natural formulation for treatment of male pattern hair loss. The formulation contains a combination of Saw Palmetto extract, African Pygeum extract, stinging nettle extract, and optionally zinc, vitamin B6 and green tea extract. The various extracts are prepared according to the traditional procedures, then combined in a suitable formulation for administration to the patient for treatment of the male pattern hair loss. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a preparation for treatment of male pattern hair loss, and in particular, to a natural herbal and mineral preparation to help stop further hair loss and increase hair growth in a person having male pattern hair loss. Human hair undergoes a normal growth cycle where each hair grows continuously for approximately 2 to 4 years, and stops growing for 2 to 4 months, and then falls out. In its place, a new healthy hair begins to grow and this cycle is repeated. The hairs on the head are always in different stages of the cycle, so it is normal to loose scalp hair everyday. On average, up to about 100 hairs is lost per day. In male pattern hair loss, the normal hair growth cycle is disrupted and more than the average number of hairs are shed per day without having the old hairs replaced by new ones. Male pattern hair loss is determined by a combination of male hormones (androgens) and heredity. Men susceptible to male pattern baldness usually experience the onset sometime in their 20's and it becomes more common as they age. Androgenetic alopecia is the most common type of hair loss in men, with approximately 50% of men experiencing this hair loss to some degree by the age of 50. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972345__
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Nutraceutical composition for protection against solar radiation Inventor(s): Bragaglia; Anthony Joseph (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): Protective Factors, Inc. (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 6,254,898 Date filed: May 25, 2000 Abstract: A nutraceutical composition, for the inhibition of photochemical damage to the skin and eyes induced by sunlight, particularly by exposure to ultraviolet radiation is disclosed. The blend is multifunctional and comprises a blend of chemopreventive natural products, which exert anti-radical mechanisms of prevention and intervention, anti-inflammatory effects, enhance the endogenous defense mechanisms, and also have the potential to reduce the radiation induced pigmentation. The active ingredients in the blend include green tea extract, lutein (zeaxanthin), lipoic acid, and selenomethionine. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The present invention relates to the development of a nutraceutical composition for the prevention and protection of photodamage to the skin and eyes resulting from solar or solar simulated radiation. Exposure of human skin to sunlight and, in particular, to the ultraviolet band of the spectrum, has many deleterious
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effects, including sunburn, erythema, photoallergic reactions, photoaging, hyperpigmentation, and the promotion of skin cancers. Sunlight induced nonmelanoma skin cancer is a major cancer in the United States and in other temperate parts of the world. Solar radiation also has been suggested as one of the etiological factors in the development of degenerative diseases of the eyes, such as, age-related macular degeneration and cataract formation. Epidemiological studies have revealed a close correlation between photochemical damage and macular degeneration (Schalch, W., EXS, 62:280-98, 1992). Similarly, cataract formation is mainly due to changes in the lens proteins continually exposed to solar radiation (Varma, S. D., Chand, D., Sharma, Y. R., Kuck, J. F., and Richards, R. D., Current Eye Res., 3:35, 1984). The risks of overexposure to UV radiation will become greater with continued depletion of stratospheric ozone. The deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation have been attributed largely to the generation of free radicals, such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06254898__ •
Nutritional supplement and methods of using it Inventor(s): Rosenbloom; Richard A. (Elkins Park, PA) Assignee(s): The Quigley Corporation (Doylestown, PA) Patent Number: 6,596,313 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: A nutritional supplement for promoting the health of salivary glands and supporting the normal or healthy swallowing in a person includes ingredients obtainable from turmeric, ginger, and horseradish. The nutritional supplement may also be used to treat symptoms such as symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, mucositis, laryngitis, arthritis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea is disclosed. This nutritional supplement can be orally administered a person. The nutritional supplement may further include optional ingredients such as ingredients obtainable from slippery elm bark powder and green tea, as well as other optional ingredients. This nutritional supplement may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for oral administration. A method of promoting the health of salivary glands, supporting the normal or healthy swallowing and/or treating sialorrhea in a person involves administering the nutritional supplement orally to a person one to six times daily, as needed. A method of treating symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, laryngitis, mucositis, sialorrhea, arthritis and mucous membrane inflammation involves administering the nutritional supplement of the present invention orally to a patient one to fifteen times daily, as needed. To achieve the best effect, the nutritional supplement should be held in the mouth of a patient for 5 to 60 minutes. A method of administering this nutritional supplement to a carrier carrying viruses to inhibit or exterminate the viruses includes the step of administering the nutritional supplement to the carrier. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement and methods of using it. More particularly, the present invention relates to a nutritional supplement useful for promoting the health of salivary glands and/or to support normal or healthy swallowing, and to methods for administering the nutritional supplement for at least these purposes. Sialorrhea, a symptom related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other causes such as achalasia, acoustic neuroma, Bell's palsy, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, hypocalcemia, Ludwig's angina, mental retardation, motor-neuron disease, muscular
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dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, paralytic poliomyelitis, polymyositis, Parkinson's disease, Radical Cancer surgery, Seventh-nerve palsy, ShyDrager syndrome, and Wilson's disease, is the excessive drooling due to salivary gland dysfunction such as overproduction of saliva from the salivary glands. Sometimes, sialorrhea may also be induced by drugs such as clonazepam, ethionamide, haloperidol, and transdermal nicotine among others. People have made much effort to treat Sialorrhea. Newall et al reported using beta antagonists to control the excessive secretions of the oral salivary glands and achieve 75% success rates (J. Neurol. Sci., 1996, 139, 43-4). Mier et al have found that ingestion of glycopyrrolate is effective in treating sialorrhea in children. However, 20% of the children being treated with glycopyrrolate experienced substantial adverse effects, enough to require discontinuation of medication (Arch. Pediatr. Adolese. Med., 2000, 154, 1214-1218). Sialorrhea may also be caused by abnormal or unhealthy swallowing by a patient suffering from diseases such as ALS. According to a recent study by Rettori et al. (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2000; 917; 258-67), inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) decrease stimulated salivary secretions whereas donors of NOS potentiate stimulated salivary secretions. This indicates that nitric oxide exerts a stimulatory role on salivary secretion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596313__ •
Oral hygiene powder composition and method Inventor(s): Anderson; Michael R. (1355 W. Palmetto Park Rd. #129, Boca Raton, FL 33486) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,645,472 Date filed: September 13, 2002 Abstract: A anhydrous tooth and gum powdered dentifrice formulated of calcium or magnesium peroxide, sodium bicarbonate, methylsufonymethane, ascorbic acid, colostrum, and optionally menthol, flavoring agent, sweetening agent, sodium laurel sulfate and green tea extract that has a long shelf life but when activated by water or saliva, functions to effect a synergistic chemical and mechanical action to whiten, brighten, polish teeth and reduce bacteria so as to aid in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease, dental caries and mouth odor. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a storable, normally inactive, anhydrous oral dentifrice which promotes oral hygiene and which is activated by saliva and/or water, then applied onto the surface of teeth and adjacent gum tissues. The composition and method includes calcium or magnesium peroxide, sodium bicarbonate, ascorbic acid, methylsulfonymethane, and colostrum which are believed to function synergistically to cosmetically whiten, brighten, and bleach (to make whiter or lighter) teeth and therapeutically to cleanse the teeth and surrounding oral tissues and to kill the bacteria which contribute to the formation of dental plaque, caries, and mouth odor. Optionally green tea extract, sodium laurel sulfate, flavors, and sweeteners may be added. The desire of people to have white teeth has been present in our society for decades. This desire is heightened by the presence of stains on teeth caused from the food we eat, smoking tobacco, medications, and poor oral hygiene, just to name a few. Many materials, compositions and processes have been developed over the years in attempts to solve this problem. These approaches are not without drawbacks, the most common being product instability, cost, product harshness to teeth and gums, specially trained personnel being required for product application, necessity of wearing specially crafted
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dental appliances often referred to as "splints". Thus, it is clear that a need exists for a tooth whitener and cleanser that is stable until use, reasonably priced, safe, easy to use, requires no special apparatus or trained personnel to apply, is not harmful to teeth, gums, and other surrounding tissues, and combats tooth and gum diseases commonly caused by bacteria. To a large degree, dental caries and periodontal disease are connected closely to the formation of dental plaque. The literature has long reported that a majority of the world's population suffers from periodontal disease. According to the Merck Manual, 14th ed. 1982, P. 2104, the most common types of periodontal disease are gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis (early stage gum disease) is an inflammation of the gums, characterized by swelling, redness, change in normal contours, and bleeding. If gingivitis is allowed to progress, periodontitis (late, stage gum disease), characterized by loss of tooth-supporting bone, will follow. The greatest single source of periodontal disease is poor hygiene, indicated by the appearance of bacterial and calcified plaque. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645472__ •
Process to modulate disease risk with doses of a nutraceutical Inventor(s): Block; Jerome Bernard (Rancho Palos Verdes, CA), Evans; Steven (Omaha, NE) Assignee(s): Genetic Services Management, Inc. (Omaha, NE) Patent Number: 6,630,160 Date filed: September 5, 2000 Abstract: A dietary supplement is created, comprised of material from the following nutrients, vitamins, herbs, minerals, and food and plant substances and food and plant derivatives: lycopene, vitamin E, selenium, green tea, coenzyme Q10, garlic, folic acid, vitamin C, curcumin, seaweed, Cordyceps sinsensis mushroom, Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom, and Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) mushroom. The composition is administered orally for individuals who wish to reduce their risk of disease, particularly cancer-risk. Excerpt(s): Cancer care is reported to have cost Americans more than $110 billion in 1992, more than 11% of all expenditures spent on diseases in America. Researchers have indicated that from 50-90% of all cancers could be prevented through proper nutrition. There has evolved a new professional descriptive term "nutraceuticals" which combines the term "nutrient" and the term "pharmaceuticals" to describe this genre of medicinal agents that may be comprised of one or more complex combinations of ingredients made from nutrients, vitamins, minerals, herbs, and food and plant derivatives. We shall employ this term "nutraceutical" to refer to such a composition of one or more ingredients. This invention addresses the need for a dietary supplement that can reduce risk of disease, particularly cancer risk, that will be efficacious for a significant segment of the population. There have been tests and clinical trials on numerous individual agents for their role as cancer preventatives, such as coenzyme Q10 or selenium, but the daunting task of intelligently combining complex compositions has precluded exploration of complex compositions of nutraceuticals for cancer risk reduction. Thus in the past, one single ingredient would be selected and tested for its role as a cancer preventative for some specific cancer, usually in individuals who already had cancer. For example, selenium was tested for cancer prevention in patients who had had carcinoma of the skin [Clark, L. C., Combs; G. F., Jr., Turnbull, B. W., Slate, E. H., Chalker, D. K., Chow, J., Davis, L. S., Glover, R. A., Graham, G. F., Gross, E. G., Krongrad, A., Lesher, J. L., Park, H. K., Sanders, B. B., Jr., Smith, C. L., Taylor, J. R.
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Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 276 (24): 1957-1963, Dec. 1996]. Similarly the effects of coenzyme Q10 suggested possible efficacious results in limited case studies with individuals with breast cancer [Lockwood, K., Moesgaard, S., Folkers, K. Partial and complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of coenzyme Q10. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 199: 1504-1508, 1994]. However researchers as noted have been preoccupied with traditional experimental design methodology whereby these investigators wish to determine whether one specific ingredient is effective or not, usually for one specific cancer, and even then, as a treatment rather than a preventative. Another reason single individual ingredients were selected is because researchers have focused on just one of the following biologic, cancer-fighting, etiologically-oriented domains of interest: (1) anti-tumor activity, or (2) immune stimulating activity, or (3) anti-viral activity, or (4) anti-inflammatory activity, or (5) antimutagenic activity, or (6) antiproliferative activity, or (7) anti-free-radical development. This micro-focus has precluded the realization that by combining all those ingredients which work for one subset or another of the population, for one type of cancer or another, for one etiological reason or another, a powerful net effect can be achieved, along with the synergy of the ingredients working together. The present invention provides a complex composition (a "nutraceutical") comprising material from known nutrients, vitamins, herbs, minerals, and food and plant substances and food and plant derivatives which are useful to reduce risk of disease, particularly cancer risk, for one or more of all the known etiological factors that affect cancer development and hence yields cancer prevention for the consumer of this nutraceutical. This nutraceutical profoundly reduces risk of cancers through the multiple actions of all the etiological factors addressing cancer-causing conditions, such as providing (1) anti-tumor activity, and (2) immune stimulating activity, and (3) anti-viral activity, and (4) anti-inflammatory activity, and (5) antimutagenic activity, and (6) antiproliferative activity, and (7) anti-free-radical development. The nutraceutical is comprised of lycopene, vitamin E, selenium, green tea polyphenols, Coenzyme Q-10, garlic, folic acid, vitamin C, curcumin, seaweed, Cordyceps sinsensis mushroom, Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom, and Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) mushroom. Preferably the material from each of such entries is in dried powder form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630160__ •
Processing method for manufacturing black tea and an improved black tea Inventor(s): Slaga; Thomas J. (1600 Pierce St., Lakewood, CO 80214), Zhao; Jifu (1600 Pierce St., Lakewood, CO 80214) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,602,527 Date filed: November 22, 2000 Abstract: Fresh tea leaves or green tea are converted to black tea using tyrosinase oxidation which alters catechines (a group of green tea polyphenols) to theaflavins. Theaflavins are unique black tea polyphenols and a potential anti-sunburn and chemopreventive agents. The oxidation reaction is performed on leaves which contain moisture only in an amount that the oxidation reaction occurs under the conditions of temperature of 20-50.degree. C., air or O.sub.2 (0.2 to 2 moles O.sub.2 /kg dry tea) supply and pH 5.0 to 7.5 at localized sites on and within the tea leaf structure. The moisture is supplied by moistening fresh tea leaves or dry green tea to a limited degree
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with a proper amount and concentration of monophenol, catechol and polyphenol oxidases, and tyrosinase, or their combinations. Obtained black tea contains much more theaflavins than regular black tea, and is, therefore, a more healthful beverage than that produced through use of conventionally processed black tea. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the processing of tea leaves to produce black tea. The present invention relates to oxidation of green tea leaves to black tea. As is accepted in the art, green tea is tea which has been freshly picked and which generally has undergone treatment, such as a heat treatment, to inactivate enzymes contained in the tea which oxidize chemical substances contained in the tea. Black tea is prepared conventionally by subjecting freshly picked tea leaves to various processing steps which include a fermentation step which employs enzymes naturally present in the tea to effect enzymatic oxidation of chemical substances contained in the tea which results in providing the organoleptic and aesthetic characteristics, i.e., aroma, flavor and color, associated with aqueous beverage extracts obtained from black tea. Extracts of black tea may be consumed as a hot beverage or may be chilled to provide a cold beverage, or the extracts may be processed further to provide an instant water-soluble product for preparation of hot and cold beverages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06602527__ •
Roasted soybean hypocotyls and beverage material containing the saMen Inventor(s): Ezaki; Mitsuo (Izumisano, JP), Matsuo; Takaharu (Sennan, JP), Takamatsu; Kiyoharu (Sennan-gun, JP), Tsuzaki; Shinichi (Izumisano, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,972,410 Date filed: October 20, 1997 Abstract: The invention provides a beverage material having roasted soybean hypocotyls which are substantially free of soybean testae and at least one other member from the group of roasted soybean testae, roasted barley, roasted naked barley, roasted Job's-tears and green tea. The beverage material can be prepared using soybean hypocotyls substantially free of soybean testae with the material retaining active ingredients such as isoflavone and having a good flavor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to roasted soybean hypocotyls and a beverage material containing the same. Soybeans contain large amounts of glycoside components such as isoflavone, saponin and the like as compared with other cereals. Soybean hypocotyls which are plumules or radicles in germination contain glycoside components in high concentrations. Recently it was reported that isoflavone can inhibit breast cancer, prostatic cancer, large bowel cancer and the like (Barnes et al, Nutr. Cancer, 21, 113-131, 1994). The intake of soybean products is reportedly in an inverse proportion to a risk of cancer from the viewpoint of epidemiology (Watanabe et al., J. Epidemiology, 3, 47-61, 1993). These components are also known to have physiological functions including the prevention of osteoporosis and retardation of oxidation as well as inhibition of cancers. However, soybean hypocotyls (which may be hereinafter called "hypocotyls") have undesirable flavor compared with the other soybean components such as testae and bean-curd refuse. Further, isoflavone has a drawback of being easily lost on contact with hot water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972410__
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Skin whitening composition comprising bearberry and tetrahydrocurcumin Inventor(s): Kyrou; Christos D. (Suffern, NY), Martin; Dennis M. (Cornwall, NY), Ptchelintsev; Dmitri (Mahwah, NJ), Simpson; Susan E. (Wyckoff, NJ), Teal; Janice J. (Old Greenwich, CT) Assignee(s): Avon Products, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,641,845 Date filed: June 2, 2000 Abstract: A preferred composition containing a skin whitening blend containing bearberry and an antioxidant, such as tetrahydrocurcumin, is provided. Also the composition can comprise a hypopigmenting component selected from mulberry, scutellaria, grape, cowberry, bilberry, molasses, pear, guava, licorice, etc. The licorice extract can be in the form of a water soluble extract or an oil soluble extract. Other antioxidants can be selected from rosemary extract, tocopherol, green tea extract, and gamma oryzanol. The skin whitening blend may also have an accelerant that enhances or accelerates the skin cell turnover rate. The skin whitening blend may also include a sunscreen component. Also, the composition may further include a pH adjusting agent, a surfactant, a thickening agent, a preservative, a fragrance, a masking agent, a pigment, an emulsifier, and/or emollient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel skin whitening blend that is a synergistic combination of a hypopigmenting component and an antioxidant. The skin whitening blend is further incorporated into a suitable topical vehicle to provide a skin whitening composition. Optionally, the novel skin whitening blend may also incorporate a sunscreen and/or a skin cell turnover rate accelerant. It is an object of the present invention to provide an efficacious skin whitening blend that includes a hypopigmenting component and an antioxidant. It is another object of the present invention to provide an efficacious skin whitening blend that further comprises a sunscreen and/or a skin cell turnover rate accelerant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641845__
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Stabilized ascorbyl compositions Inventor(s): Perricone; Nicholas V. (27 Coginchaug Ct., Guilford, CT 06437), Potini; Chim (Dekatur, IL) Assignee(s): Perricone; Nicholas V. (Guilford, CT) Patent Number: 6,162,419 Date filed: November 26, 1996 Abstract: Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, particularly saturated fatty acid esters such as ascorbyl palmitate, their salts, ascorbic acid and its salts are solubilized in large amounts, e.g., up to about 25% by weight, and stabilized using special solvent systems. Useful solvents include polyethylene glycol, ethoxydiglycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, propylene carbonate, glycerin, a capric glyceride, a caprylic glyceride, an alkyl lactate, an alkyl adipate, an isosorbide, and mixtures thereof. Preferred dermatological compositions made using these solvents with ascorbic acid and/or at least one of its derivatives also include dimethylaminoethanol, tyrosine, proline, cystine, a penetration enhancer such as oleic acid, urea or mixtures thereof, and at least one natural and/or chemical antioxidant. Natural antioxidants that contain at least about 50% polyphenols
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and 50% catachins such as grape seed or green tea extracts are employed in some embodiments. Excerpt(s): This invention relates primarily to stabilized compositions of ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid salts, ascorbyl fatty acid esters and/or their salts for dermatological and cosmetic use. Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid such as ascorbyl palmitate are employed in topical compositions for a varieity of purposes such as for treating and/or preventing sunburn (U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,693 to Perricone; this and all other references cited hereafter are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entireties) and for treating disorders of the skin which are caused by, or are dependent upon, depleted or inadequate collagen levels, and/or oxygen-containing free radicals, and/or oxidative generation of active metabolites via lipoxygenase pathways (U.S. Ser. No. 08/407,413 to Perricone filed Mar. 17, 1995 and allowed Jun. 11, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,063). Topical compositions containing acetylcholine precursors such as dimethylaminoethanol have also been disclosed for the treatment of aging skin and subcutaneous muscles; in some embodiments, the compositions also contain fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,647 to Perricone). The compositions are efficacious because a wide variety of skin diseases and skin conditions in which the skin has undergone some form of damage or aging can be traced, either directly or indirectly, to processes which either deplete or inhibit synthesis of collagen, and/or generate oxygen-containing free radicals, and/or oxidatively generate biologically active metabolites, generally via lipoxygenase pathways, which in turn either directly act upon the skin or mediate other processes which have adverse effect on the skin. In radiationinduced skin damage, for example, particularly ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage (e.g., sunburn), it appears that the transfer of energy from the radiation to the skin results in the generation of excited oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, the superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals, that can damage lipid-rich membranes with the subsequent activation of the chemical mediators of inflammation and/or damage the skin cell membrane and DNA, and also where it appears that the radiation releases arachadonic acid which is then oxidized via two predominant pathways to produce either prostaglandins or leukotrines. Cell membranes are particularly susceptible to attack by free radicals because of their dense molecular structure largely comprising lipids and lipoproteins that are easily oxidized by reactive oxygen species and oxygencontaining free radicals. Where skin is damaged from aging or chronic exposure to sunlight, free radical-induced damage also appears to be involved and collagen content is diminished. In other disease conditions such as psoriasis, a chronic, recurrent, scaling skin disease of unknown etiology, it is possible that hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and leukotrines generated by oxidation of arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06162419__ •
Tea catechins in sustained release formulations as cancer specific proliferation inhibitors Inventor(s): Chang; Michael N. (Brisbane, CA), Cooper; Raymond (Mountain View, CA), Morre; D. James (West Lafayette, IN), Morre; Dorothy M. (West Lafayette, IN) Assignee(s): Pharmanex, Inc. (Brisbane, CA), Purdue Research Foundation (West Lafayette, IN) Patent Number: 6,410,052 Date filed: August 10, 2000
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Abstract: The invention described herein encompasses a methods and compositions of treating cancer or solid tumors comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of catechins, a group of polyphenols found in green tea, to a mammal in need of such therapy. Compositions of catechins include but not limited to, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC). The unique compositions of the invention contain various combinations of the catechins, alone or in combination with each other or other therapeutic agents and are used to treat primary and metastatic cancers in humans. The invention also encompasses the varying modes of administration of the therapeutic compounds, including a sustained release formulation which may be used as a therapeutic compound for the treatment of cancer or as a dietary supplement for the prevention of cancer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel methods and sustained release compositions which utilize catechins, including but not limited to, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin (EGC), which are found in varying levels in tea leaves. The unique sustained release compositions of the invention contain various amounts of the catechins, including combinations of catechins, or catechins and other therapeutic agents. The invention also encompasses the varying modes of administration of the therapeutic compounds, such as a sustained release formulation which is used as a therapeutic compound for the treatment of cancer or as a dietary supplement for the prevention of cancer. Tea is generally in the form of black, oolong, and green tea, all originating from the tea plant, Camellia sinensis. Tea is cultivated in approximately thirty countries worldwide, and is consumed globally. Although the level of tea consumption varies around the world, it is believed that tea consumption is second only to water (Ahmad et al., 1998, Nutrition and Chemical Toxicity, John Wiley and Sons, Sussex, England, pp. 301-343). Black tea is consumed predominantly in Western and some Asian countries and green tea is consumed predominantly in China, Japan, India, and a few countries in North Africa and the Middle East (Ahmad et al., 1998, Nutrition and Chemical Toxicity, John Wiley and Sons, Sussex, England, pp. 301-343). Green tea has been prized as a traditional tonic and has been widely consumed in East Asia. Recent studies have attempted to link green tea to antioxidant benefits including protection against the damage caused by cigarette smoke, pollution, stress, and other toxins (for an overview, see e.g., Mitscher, 1998, The Green Tea Book, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, N.Y. and Weisburger, 1997, Can. Lett. 114:315-317). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06410052__ •
Tea processing with zeolites Inventor(s): Barrett; Matthew John (Bedford, GB), Birch; Mark Richard (Rushden, GB), Jones; Timothy Graham (Rushden, GB) Assignee(s): Lipton, Division of Conopco, Inc. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Patent Number: 5,863,581 Date filed: April 23, 1997 Abstract: Tea products, particularly black leaf tea and tea powder, derived from green tea leaf are manufactured by a process involving addition of zeolite, preferably a synthetic sodium or potassium zeolite, for reaction with tea ingredients present or subsequently produced to generate red colour species. The tea products produce
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beverages having enhanced colour characteristics, in terms of colour properties and speed of colour generation, compared with conventional products. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to tea processing and concerns a method of manufacturing a tea product (particularly black leaf tea and tea powder) derived from green tea leaf wherein zeolite is used to generate red colour species. The invention also concerns tea products and beverages produced from such tea products. Processing of green tea leaf to produce a variety of tea products is well known. In a typical case, freshly picked green tea leaves are allowed to wither involving mild drying for up to 24 hours, and the withered leaves are then cut up in a maceration step in which the leaves are passed through sets of CTC (crush, tear, curl) rollers that shred the leaves. The shredded leaves are subjected to a fermentation step for about 2 hours, during which enzymic oxidation takes place and the leaves change colour from green to brown as a result of conversion of colourless catechins to coloured polyphenols including theaflavins (TFs) and thearubigens (TRs). The product is then dried in a fluidized bed in a firing stage, resulting in production of black leaf tea which is sorted and graded. The black leaf tea may then be used in conventional manner, by infusion in water (usually hot) to produce a red-brown coloured beverage. The black leaf tea may alternatively be further processed to produce tea powders with specific desired properties such as solubility in cold water, clarity, colour and taste. A typical use of such powder is as an ingredient in an instant tea powder mix. Alternatively, the tea powder may be used to produce tea based soft drink beverages such as those sold under the Trade Mark LIPTONICE. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05863581__ •
Therapeutic uses of green tea polyphenols for sickle cell disease Inventor(s): Ohnishi; Tsuyoshi (502 King of Prussia Rd., Radnor, PA 19087) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,538,023 Date filed: September 15, 2000 Abstract: The method of therapeutic management of sickle cell anemia involving oral administration to the patient of an effective dose of green tea polyphenols. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the therapeutic efficacy of green tea polyphenols for patients of sickle cell anemia (SCA). SCA is a serious disease generally found in a specific ethnic group, namely, African Americans and inhabitants of the African continent and nearby countries. In America, 1 out of every 500 of African descents suffers, but in Africa, the ratio is ten times higher. Approximate patient numbers are around 100,000 in the United States, but several millions in Africa. When sickle cell crisis occurs, the patients experience severe pain which is caused by the occlusion of blood vessels jammed with red blood cells. Since the average life span of their red blood cells is only about two weeks as opposed to about 120 days for normal subjects, the patients suffer from chronic anemia. Frequently observed symptoms are: acute chest syndromes, splenic infarction; cardiomegaly; neurological disorders such as hemiplegia, convulsions, coma and stupor; pathologic bone abnormalities such as marrow expansion, avascular necrosis, and osteomyelitis; and leg ulceration. In Africa, SCA causes high mortality in infants and children. Their survival rate to adulthood in Africa is less than 50%. Even though the patients' survival to adulthood is not uncommon in the United States, SCA is a disastrous disease. Considering the demographics of SCA,
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the best hope for the majority of patients would be a low cost self-administered oral therapy. Currently, one such hope for these patients is oral administration of hydroxyurea. This is designed to increase the level of fetal hemoglobin which does not polymerize under deoxygenation. Hydroxyurea therapy has been shown to have beneficial effects, but it is still not free of side effects including bone marrow suppression. If the suppression develops, the patients have to stop the medication until the bone marrow could recover. Since SCA is a genetic disease, any drugs would have to be taken for life-long. There is no guarantee that the prolonged administration of hydroxyurea might cause undesirable side effects. Therefore, a safer method is urgently needed. The inventor found from in vitro experiments that green tea polyphenols could inhibit dense cell formation by inhibiting K-Cl cotransport phenomenon across the sickle red blood cell membrane. This K-Cl cotransport is the major mechanism by which sickle cells are dehydrated in the circulation. It has been shown that the formation of dense cells is the triggering cause for sickle cell crisis (Ballas, S. K. and Smith, E. D. Blood 79:2154-2163, 1992; Fabrey, M. E., Benjamin, L., Lawrence, C. and Nagel, R. L. Blood 64:559-563, 1984). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06538023__ •
Use of a content of catechins or a content of green tea extract in cosmetic preparations for tanning the skin Inventor(s): Max; Heiner (Hamburg, DE), Schonrock; Uwe (Nahe, DE) Assignee(s): Beiersdorf AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 6,399,046 Date filed: March 5, 2001 Abstract: The use of catechins or gallic esters of catechins or aqueous or organic extracts from plants or parts of plants which have a content of catechins or gallic esters of catechins, for example the leaves of the plant family Theaceae, in particular of the species Camellia sinensis (green tea) or a typical ingredient thereof (such as, e.g. polyphenols or catechins, caffeine, vitamins, sugars, minerals, amino acids, lipids), for intensifying natural skin tanning or for stimulating melanogenesis in human skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cosmetic and dermatological preparations for tanning the skin, in particular to those which also offer protection against UV radiation. The harmful effect of the ultraviolet part of solar radiation on the skin is generally known. While rays having a wavelength of less than 290 nm (the UVC region), are absorbed by the ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere, rays in the range between 290 nm and 320 nm, the UVB region, cause erythema, simple sunburn or even burns of varying severity. The erythema activity maximum of sunlight is given as the relatively narrow region around 308 nm. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399046__
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Weight loss composition containing green tea, hydroxycitric hydroxytryptophan, glucomannan, picolinate and lactobacillus
acid,
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Inventor(s): Gorsek; Wayne F. (Springfield, IL) Assignee(s): Vitacost.Com, Inc. (Boynton Beach, FL) Patent Number: 6,383,482 Date filed: August 24, 2000 Abstract: A powerful formulation for weight loss containing green tea extract, hydroxycitric acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, glucomannan, chromium picolinate, and Lactobacillus acidophilus is disclosed. The formulation boasts metabolic rates, suppresses appetite and helps burn fat. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition for permanent weight management. The composition burns fat, boost metabolic rate, controls appetite, eliminates sugar cravings and eating binges. An orally ingested composition is provided which contains effective amounts of vitamins, minerals, herbs and natural extracts. The composition contains no dangerous stimulants like Ephedrine, commonly known as Ma Huang. The process by which weight is controlled is so complex that even most talented scientists do not understand it. Prior formulations such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,849 fall short of the unique blend which requires 5-hydroxytryptophan as a key nutrient to provide a feeling of satiation and a calming effect for healthy weight management. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06383482__
Patent Applications on Green Tea As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to green tea: •
Anti-microbial compositions and methods of using saMen Inventor(s): Rosenbloom, Richard A.; (Elkins Park, PA) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida; Eight Penn Center; Suite 1350, 1628 John F Kennedy Blvd; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030185912 Date filed: February 6, 2003 Abstract: An anti-microbial composition is provided. The anti-microbial composition includes a first ingredient obtainable from ginger, a second ingredient obtainable from green tea, an optional third ingredient available from turmeric, and, optionally, an acceptable carrier. Also provided are methods of reducing, treating or preventing at least one symptom or adverse effect of microbial infection in a patient. The methods include the step of administering to the patient prior to expected exposure to a microbe, concurrently with exposure to a microbe, or after exposure to a microbe, an effective amount of a composition of the invention.
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of International patent application no. PCT/US02/24794, filed on Aug. 6, 2002, designating the United States of America and published in English; which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/122,991, filed on Apr. 15, 2002, currently pending; which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/923,090, filed on Aug. 6, 2001, currently pending. The present invention relates to anti-microbial compositions and methods of using them. More particularly, the present invention relates to anti-microbial compositions useful for treating one or more adverse effects of microbial infections, and to methods for administering the anti-microbial compositions. The medical literature regarding anti-microbial agents is vast and describes a number of anti-microbials including naturally occurring compounds as well as synthetic or semisynthetic compounds produced in the laboratory. Consumers today often prefer to use naturally occurring compounds when these are available. Due to concern over side effects, which may be well documented side effects that occur in conjunction with a treatment, or possibly unknown side effects that may result from long-term use of a treatment, many consumers especially prefer anti-microbial treatments that are prepared from natural materials, such as herbs, with a minimal amount of chemical processing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Appetite suppressant toothpaste Inventor(s): Zuckerman, Arthur; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Michael I. Kroll; 171 Stillwell Lane; Syosset; NY; 11791; US Patent Application Number: 20020122777 Date filed: December 27, 2000 Abstract: An appetite suppressant toothpaste formulations which simultaneously suppresses the users appetite while promoting intraoral cleanliness. The toothpaste composition includes toothpaste base ingredients; and at least one of appetite suppressant and appetite depressant herbs. The toothpaste base ingredients include a combination of known amounts of Vegetable Glycerin; Sorbitol, Hydrated Silica; Purified Water; Xylitol; Carrageenan; Sodium Lauryl Sulfate; and Titanium Dioxide and a flavoring agent. The appetite suppressing and depressing herbs include at least one of Garcinia Cambogia; Gymnema Sylvestre; Kola Nut; Citrus Aurantium; Yerba Mate; and Griffonia Simplicifolia and comprise a range of substantially 5.5% to substantially 22% by weight of the composition. The appetite suppressing and depressing herbs may further include at least one of Guarana, Green Tea, myrrh, guggul Lipid and black current seed oil. Alternatively, the toothpaste composition may be in the form of a dental cream or mouthspray. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to toothpaste and, more particularly, to a formulation of an appetite suppressant oral composition in the form of a toothpaste comprising ingredients which co-act to control the appetite and permit reduction in body weight by brushing the teeth of a user with the composition. It has been found that the combination of about 5.50-22.0% by weight natural herbs functions as an appetite suppressant agent in a standard toothpaste formulation. This unexpected result from the novel toothpaste composition of the present invention to suppress appetite and promote weight loss provides a new secondary benefit to the promoting intraoral cleanliness with toothpaste. Numerous types of appetite suppressants have been provided in the prior art. Current products to suppress appetite and control weight are generally drugs
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with undesirable side effects, often with a propensity to be addictive; whereas the instant novel appetite suppressant toothpaste provides a non-pharmacological means to suppress the appetite of a user by adding natural herbs to a standard toothpaste formulation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Catechins and green tea extract for the treatment of amyloidosis in alzheimer's disease and other amyloidoses Inventor(s): Castillo, Gerardo; (Seattle, WA), Choi, Paula Y.; (Bothell, WA), Snow, Alan D.; (Lynnwood, WA) Correspondence: Patrick M. Dwyer; Proteotech, INC.; Suite 114; 1818 Westlake Avenue N; Seatle; WA; 98109; US Patent Application Number: 20020086067 Date filed: December 29, 2000 Abstract: Green tea and other natural and synthetic sources of catechins, and bioflavanoids, flavanols, flavandiols, flavanoids, and tannins or derivatives thereof, are disclosed for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition or dietary supplement for the treatment, prevention or management of amyloidosis in a mammalian subject susceptible to, or afflicted by, such a disease. Use of the green tea and its constituents and methods of use are also disclosed. Methods for promoting, maintaining or enhancing in a patient one or more of the mental or cognitive qualities selected from the group of mental or cognitive qualities consisting of mental acuity, mental alertness, cognitive well being, normal brain function, cognitive ability, mental performance, memory, concentration, mental sharpness, mental clarity, short term memory, normal brain function, and learning, the method comprising the step of administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of plant matter from a plant of the genus Camellia, species sinensis are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to compositions and methods for treating Alzheimer's Disease and other amyloidoses, and to methods for isolating pharmaceutical agents from plant matter, more particularly, it relates to uses, compositions and methods for therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease and other amyloidoses and in Lewy body and Parkinson's disease using plant matter and derivatives thereof. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of a 39-43 amino acid peptide termed the beta-amyloid protein or A.beta., in a fibrillar form, existing as extracellular amyloid plaques and as amyloid within the walls of cerebral blood vessels. Fibrillar A.beta. amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease is believed to be detrimental to the patient and eventually leads to toxicity and neuronal cell death, characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Accumulating evidence implicates amyloid as a major causative factor of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. A variety of other human diseases also demonstrate amyloid deposition and usually involve systemic organs (i.e. organs or tissues lying outside the central nervous system), with the amyloid accumulation leading to organ dysfunction or failure. In Alzheimer's disease and "systemic" amyloid diseases, there is currently no cure or effective treatment, and the patient usually dies within 3 to 10 years from disease onset. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Catechins for the treatment of fibrillogenesis in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, systemic AA amyloidosis, and other amyloid disorders Inventor(s): Castillo, Gerardo M.; (Seattle, WA), Choi, Paula Y.; (Bellevue, WA), Cummings, Joel A.; (Seattle, WA), Nguyen, Beth P.; (Renton, WA), Snow, Alan D.; (Lynnwood, WA) Correspondence: Patrick M. Dwyer; Proteotech, INC.; Suite 114; 1818 Westlake Avenue N; Seattle; WA; 98109; US Patent Application Number: 20020151506 Date filed: March 15, 2002 Abstract: A method of treating an amyloid disease, or a disease characterized by alphasynuclein or NAC fibrillogenesis, in a mammalian subject. The method includes administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a various disclosed catechins or green tea extract. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a catechin and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The therapeutic amount of the catechin or green tea extract is selected for efficacy in treating amyloid, alpha-synuclein or NAC fibrillogenesis in a mammalian subject. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/753,313 filed Dec. 29, 2000; it also claims priority to U.S. provisional applications No. 60/276,866 filed Mar. 15, 2001, and No. 60/338,969 filed Dec. 10, 2001. The invention relates to compositions and methods for treating Alzheimer's Disease and other amyloidoses, and to methods for isolating pharmaceutical agents from plant matter; more particularly, it relates to uses, compositions and methods for therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease, systemic AA amyloidosis, and other amyloid disorders, and the treatment of diseases characterized by alpha-synuclein/NAC (i.e. non-amyloid component) fibril formation, especially Lewy body disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy, using catechins, other plant matter and derivatives thereof. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of a 39-43 amino acid peptide termed the beta-amyloid protein or A.beta., in a fibrillar form, existing as extracellular amyloid plaques and as amyloid within the walls of cerebral blood vessels. Fibrillar A.beta. amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease is believed to be detrimental to the patient and eventually leads to toxicity and neuronal cell death, characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Accumulating evidence implicates amyloid as a major causative factor of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Cloning of novel gene sequences expressed and repressed during winter dormancy in the apical buds of tea ( Camellia sinensis L. (O.) Kuntze) bush Inventor(s): Ahuja, Paramvir Singh; (Palampur, IN), Kumar, Sanjay; (Palampur, IN), Lal, Lakhvir; (Palampur, IN) Correspondence: Allan Ratner; Ratnerprestia; PO Box 980; Valley Forge; PA; 19482-0980; US Patent Application Number: 20030180723 Date filed: March 31, 2001
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Abstract: The present invention relates to cloning of novel gene sequences expressed and repressed during winter dormancy in the apical buds of Camellia sinensis L. (O.) Kuntze (hereinafter, referred to tea) bush, particularly, relates to identification, cloning and analysis of novel 3 prime (hereinafter called as 3') ends of the genes (gene in the present invention refers to the deoxyribonucleic acid (hereinafter known as, DNA) sequences that are expressed and repressed in winter-dormant apical buds of tea. 3' end refers to that end of DNA which has free hydroxyl group at 3rd position of the carbohydrate moiety of the DNA molecule. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Cold water infusing leaf tea Inventor(s): Goodsall, Christopher William; (Bedford, GB), Jones, Timothy Graham; (Bedford, GB), Mitei, Joseph Kipsiele; (Kericho, KE), Parry, Andrew David; (Bedford, GB), Safford, Richard; (Bedford, GB), Thiru, Ambalavanar; (Bedford, GB) Correspondence: Unilever; Patent Department; 45 River Road; Edgewater; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20030104632 Date filed: July 12, 2002 Abstract: A method for preparing a cold water infusing leaf tea. Green tea leaves are macerated, treated with tannase, fermented in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in an amount that is sufficient to activate endogenous peroxidases to oxidize gallic acid and other compounds that are liberated by the tannase treatment, and then dried. The final product is a black leaf tea that infuses in hot or cold water to give good flavor and color. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing cold water infusing leaf tea. The method involves fermenting tannase pre-treated dhool (macerated tea leaves) under solid-state conditions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The dried leaf product infuses in cold water to give good flavour and colour. Black leaf tea is traditionally produced by oxidising and drying freshly plucked green tea leaves. Tea, the beverage, is generally prepared in Commonwealth countries by brewing these tea leaves in freshly boiled water for a few minutes and adding milk, and perhaps a little sugar. However in some countries, notably the United States (or more accurately, parts thereof) tea is more commonly enjoyed as an iced beverage. Such a beverage cannot be prepared conveniently by infusing traditionally manufactured tea leaves in cold water. Instead, Americans either infuse the leaves in hot water, remove the leaves and place the infusion in a refrigerator until it is ready to consume or place tea leaves in cold water in sunlight to infuse slowly over a period of hours. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Composition containing xylitol and fiber Inventor(s): Gare, Fran; (Miami-Dede, FL) Correspondence: Jackie J. Schwartz; 1350 Broadway; Suite 1507; New York; NY; 100187702; US Patent Application Number: 20020127319 Date filed: January 11, 2001
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Abstract: A composition containing psyllium fiber and xylitol. The composition is in one of powered, liquid or product form. In powdered form the composition is used for producing confectionery products, beverages, baked good products, bakery products, snack bars and similar foodstuff products. In product form, the composition is used to produce confectionery products, baked good products, bakery products, snack bars and similar foodstuff products. The fiber is preferably psyllium fiber. However, the psyllium fiber may be substituted with fruit fiber and derivatives including pectin; seaweed gums and derivatives, including carrageenan, agar and alginates; cellulose and derivatives; cereal grain fibers, including corn, wheat, oat, rice, barley and soy; fructooligosaccharides and its derivatives; seed gums, including guar and locust bean; tree gums, including karaya, tragacanth and acacia; xantham gum; vegetable fiber, including pea and legumes; and potato fiber. Suitable natural flavorings, which can be added to the composition containing xylitol and fiber include but are not limited to all nuts, all green vegetables and legumes, carrots, chocolate, cocoa, vanilla, orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, peach, apricot, nectarine, strawberry, blueberry, raspberry, peppermint, coffee, cinnamon, mocha, tomato, herbs (green tea, ginger, ginseng, etc.) and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions containing reduced calories, reduced carbohydrates and sugar substitutes and, more particularly, to a composition containing xylitol and fiber in a powdered, liquid and/or product form. A variety of food and drink products as well as powdered mixes are presently available which contain both fats and sugars. For example, chocolate-flavored confectionery products comprise cocoa butter or a cocoa butter fat substitute, and sugar, typically in the form of sucrose. Other examples of such products are baked goods such as cookies, brownies and cakes and frozen desserts such as ice cream. Numerous beverages and powdered mixes for use in producing foodstuffs and beverages also contain fattening amounts of sugar. The fat and sugar components in such products can provide a significant number of calories. In the case of fat, the caloric load is due to the triglycerides that are present. For example, a natural fat, such as corn oil, provides a caloric density of about 9 calories per gram. By comparison, vegetable protein provides only about 4 calories per gram. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Composition for treating obesity and esthetic treatment process Inventor(s): Rombi, Max; (Bordighera, IT) Correspondence: Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030104081 Date filed: October 22, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a composition for the curative and prophylactic treatment of obesity, comprising a catechol-rich extract of green tea, in particular containing from 20% to 50% by mass of catechols expressed as epigallocatechol gallate (EGCG). Excerpt(s): The therapeutic objective as regards obesity is well defined: it is a matter either of allowing the individual to lose a significant amount of weight, or of helping the individual to maintain a weight level which is as low as desired. Several types of approach have been envisaged to date. Nutritional approaches are directed toward reducing the supply of energy in the form of foods. This can be achieved either by
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drastically reducing the energy supplies or by replacing high-energy nutrients with others which are lower in energy: such as indigestible substitute fats, structured triglycerides which are difficult to assimilate or dietary fibers which cannot be assimilated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions and methods for facilitating weight loss Inventor(s): Yegorova, Inna; (Northridge, CA) Correspondence: Nancy Lord Johnson, LTD.; 1970 N. Leslie RD. NO. 204; Pahrump; NV; 89060; US Patent Application Number: 20030082168 Date filed: October 22, 2001 Abstract: Compositions and methods for facilitating weight loss by inhibiting carbohydrate absorption, enhancing lipolysis, and modulating the metabolism of glucose in a human. The compositions comprise wheat alpha amylase, conjugated linoleic acid, Momordica charantia, lipotrophic vitamins and green tea. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the administration of novel compositions and related methods using wheat alpha amylase, conjugated linoleic acid and Momordica charantia, lipotrophic vitamins and green tea to facilitating weight loss by inhibiting carbohydrate absorption, enhancing lipolysis, and normalizing the metabolism of glucose in a human. Obesity is a serious heath problem both in the United States as well as world-wide. Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III show that one in three Americans are at least twenty percent overweight. Kuczmarski et al., 272 JAMA 205-211 (1994). Other studies have shown that the prevalence of obesity increases threefold between the ages of 20 and 50, however, this varies for men and women. In particular, the weights of men appear to stabilize after age 50 and then begin to decline around age 60. Women, however, generally continue to gain weight until age 60, and it is not until after age 60 that their weight begins to decline. Kaplan and Sadock, SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY 731 (1998). Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of fat on the body. Obesity can be measured by either body weight or by body mass index (BMI). By convention, obesity is said to be present when body weight exceeds by 20 percent the weight listed in typical height-weight index tables. The other measurement of obesity, BMI, is the amount of fat present in the body and is considered a reliable indication of fatness in non-athletic adults. The BMI may be calculated by using the following formula: BMI equals [body weight in kg] divided by [height in meters].sup.2. In general, a normal BMI is between the range of 20 to 25, whereas the BMI of obese individuals is greater than or equal to 30. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Cosmetic compositions for preventing skin irritation Inventor(s): Buhrow, Chantel Spring; (Weyauwega, WI), Lange, Beth Anne; (Appleton, WI), Lin, Samuel Qcheng; (Paramus, NJ), Otts, David Roland; (Appleton, WI), Santhanam, Uma; (Tenafly, NJ), Tyrrell, David John; (Appleton, WI), Weinkauf, Ronni Lynn; (Oradell, NJ) Correspondence: Unilever; Patent Department; 45 River Road; Edgewater; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20020119173 Date filed: June 21, 2001 Abstract: A cosmetic composition is provided that includes petroleum jelly and an antiirritant agent which achieves at least a 10% reduction of Interleukin-1 alpha in an EpiDerm.TM. Skin Culture Model. The agent may be a botanical active or a decoupling polymer. Particularly preferred botanicals are echinacea, yucca, green tea and willow herb. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns compositions that cosmetically prevent skin irritation, especially irritant contact dermatitis, such as diaper rash caused by fecal enzymes. There are many causes for skin irritation. Some derive from an abnormal functioning of the skin, and these are associated with disease conditions. Others are topically inflicted through contact with toxic plants, surfactants and other chemical ingredients of personal care or household products. Irritation may also arise from contact with fecal enzymes leading to a condition known as diaper rash. Irritants often operate by disrupting the skin's lipid/protein barrier. This barrier serves to prevent penetration of most substances to the lower viable layers of the skin, as well as preventing water loss. Fecal enzyme contamination is a major source of irritation for large numbers of individuals. Infants in wet and/or soiled diapers are subject to the problem. Patients with colostomies and elderly adults suffering from incontinence may also experience the rash. There is a need to address the problem. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Crude drug patch Inventor(s): Kim, Ki Hong; (Gangwon-do, KR) Correspondence: Jacobson Holman Pllc; 400 Seventh Street N.W.; Suite 600; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20020197303 Date filed: May 22, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a crude drug patch, and in particular to a crude drug patch which is fabricated using a gardenia having a certain function such as an antimicrobial function, a suppression and fever removing function. A homeostasis function, etc., a raw rehmannia glutinose is capable of softening a coagulated blood, mitigating a blood stasis, and curing a wound. In addition, it is possible to mitigate a pain by sticking on a diseased part such as a labor pain/anti-inflammation, sprain, bruise, muscle pain, joint pain, lumbago, shoulder pain, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, etc. based on a combined prescription of a fermented soybean paste (toenjang), wheat flour and green tea at a certain ratio. Even when a crude drug patch according to the present invention is stuck on a skin using a natural material as an effective component, there is not any side effect.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a crude drug patch, and in particular to a crude drug patch which is fabricated using a gardenia having a certain function such as an antimicrobial function, a suppression and fever removing function, a homeostasis function, etc., a raw rehmannia glutinose capable of softening a coagulated blood, mitigating a blood stasis, and curing a wound. In addition, it is possible to mitigate a pain by sticking a crude drug patch on a diseased part such as a labor pain/inflammation, sprain, bruise, muscle pain, joint pain, lumbago, shoulder pain, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, etc. based on a combined prescription of a fermented soybean paste (toenjang), wheat flour and green tea at a certain ratio. Even when a crude drug patch according to the present invention is stuck on a skin using a natural material as an effective component, there is no any side effect. In the conventional art, in order to medically treat a labor pain/anti-inflammation, sprain, bruise, muscle pain, joint pain, lumbago, shoulder pain, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, etc., an anodyne or a patch which is an internal medicine is generally used. However, since the above internal medicine is an oral inoculation type medicine, a gastroenteric disorder may occur. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Glutathione, green tea, grape seed extract to neutralize tobacco free radicals Inventor(s): Hersh, Rebecca; (Atlanta, GA), Hersh, Theodore; (Atlanta, GA) Correspondence: Malcolm B. Wittenberg; Crosby, Heafey, Roach & May; Suite 2000; Two Embarcadero Center; San Francisco; CA; 94111; US Patent Application Number: 20020117180 Date filed: May 11, 2001 Abstract: A composition for inclusion within a cigarette, cigar, pipe or smokeless tobacco. The composition can be included within the tobacco itself, a filter for filtering tobacco smoke once burned or even within the paper or wrapper surrounding the tobacco product. In the cigarette filter, be it internal or external filters, the antioxidant complex is capable of scavenging and neutralizing the free radicals emanating from the burning or heated tobacco and passing through the filter as the smoker inhales. The composition is also capable of reducing free radical damage to the oro-pharyngeal cavity, respiratory tract and lungs resulting from tobacco smoke. The composition includes glutathione and preferaby L-glutathione and green tea and/or grape seed extract. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/185,172 filed Nov. 3, 1998 which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/933,696, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,449. The present invention deals with the combination of various synergistic antioxidants, enzymatic co-factors and amino acids in appropriate delivery vehicles employed in cigarette filters and in external filters such as cigarette and cigar "holders," in "pipe filters" and in tobacco, wrappers and papers and in so-called smokeless tobacco as a means of preventing or ameliorating signs and symptoms and complications to the oro-pharyngeal cavity, respiratory tract and lungs from damage by tobacco smoke and tobacco chewed induced free radical species. The present invention can be employed in filter cigarettes, unfiltered cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco products. The deleterious effects of tobacco abuse are well known and regulatory agencies as well as the public constantly react to these scientific and epidemiologic evidences. Tobacco is indeed a worldwide public health hazard accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Although smoking places an abundant oxidant insult to the oral cavity, respiratory tract and lungs, evidence
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supports the notion that the oxidant burden is on the entire organism of the smoker. Smoking promotes development or enhancement of atherosclerosis, causing cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recently labeled "smoker's lung," cutaneous damage, especially to the face, called "smoker's face," and various forms of cancer, including carcinomas of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and lung. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Green tea composition and molding matter thereof, and process for producing them Inventor(s): Omura, Teijiro; (Shizuoka-Shi, JP) Correspondence: William R. Evans; Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61 Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20020028281 Date filed: April 26, 2001 Abstract: A green tea composition comprising 100 parts by weight of green tea leaf, and 0.01 to 30 parts by weight of trehalose; a process for producing a green tea composition, comprising the steps of heat-treating fresh tea leaf, drying the heat-treated leaf, and crushing the dried leaf, wherein the fresh leaf is brought into contact with trehalose before or after or simultaneously with the heat treatment of the fresh leaf; a molding matter of a green tea composition, obtained by molding a green tea composition comprising 35 to 80% by weight of granulated or powdered green tea (component (A)), 10 to 60% by weight of maltose (component (B)), and 1 to 20% by weight of trehalose (component (C)); and a process for producing a molding matter of a green tea composition, comprising the step of molding the above green tea composition. The green tea composition and the molding matter thereof undergo neither oxidation nor discoloration, so that they can preserve their green colors for a long period of time. In addition, they contain catechins at concentrations high enough to show the pharmacological effects of catechins. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates not only to green tea compositions and molding matter thereof that retain the taste and the color characteristic of green tea after fresh green tea leaves have been treated with heat and trehalose for the prevention of oxidatio and discoloration and that can fully exhibit the pharmacological effects of catechins and chlorophylls by retaining them at high concentrations, but also to the methods of producing them. A recent report has attracted particular attention that catechins contained in green tea have various pharmacological effects, that is, an antioxidant effect for preventing aging, an antimicrobial, antiviral effect, a bloodcholesterol-controlling effect, an anti-vassopressor effect, a hypoglycemic effect, an antidiabetic effect, a platelet aggregation inhibitory effect, a thrombus formation preventing effect, an antineoplastic effect, and an anticarcinogenic effect. However, the catechins in green tea are converted to brownish substances after undergoing nonenzymatic oxidation although they are converted to theaflavins and other orange-red substances to show bright colors by enzymatic oxidation when green tea leaves are oxidized to black tea by fermentation. This explains a reason that green tea itself is discolored or remains yellowish when hot water is poured on. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Green tea prepared using a steamer Inventor(s): Maeda, Hiroshi; (Newport Beach, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030082288 Date filed: December 5, 2002 Abstract: A method of making a tasty beverage from powdered tea prepared by heating and foaming a preparation obtained by adding powdered tea to water or milk, etc., using a steam-jet supplied by a steamer of, for instance, a coffee espresso machine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preparing beverages and more particularly to a method for preparing beverages made of powdered tea. Tea is a beverage that has been enjoyed by many people including the Japanese since ancient times. In recent years, however, the components of tea have been scientifically studied, and it has been ascertained that tea is very good for the health of human beings. In order to insure effective ingestion of the active components of tea that is good for the health, it is desirable that the tea leaves themselves be ingested. For this purpose, the use of powdered tea, which is prepared by processing tea leaves "as is", is ideal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Immune functions Inventor(s): Farley, Michael D.; (Indiatlantic, FL) Correspondence: Transnational Enterprises, INC.; Suite 207; 95 Bulldog BLVD.; Melbourne; FL; 32901; US Patent Application Number: 20030082203 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: An inventive and proprietary food supplement formula per unit to enhance the body's natural immune function against viral and infectious diseases and cancer. The food supplement per unit in liquid or capsule gel caplets consists of:200 to 600 mg. of Chrysin;200 to 600 mg. of Coriolus Versicolor PSK;50 to 150 mg. of 3,3' Diindolylmethane DIM;50 to 150 mg. of Resveratrol 25%;50 to 150 mg. Turmeric Extract 95%;40 to 140 mg. Green Tea Extract 95%;20 to 80 mg. of Quercitin Dihydrate 99%; and15 to 75 mg. of Phosphatidyl Choline 50%.Advantageously, each dose unit preferably includes 25 mg. to about 150 mgs. of Myricetin. Excerpt(s): This is a Continuation Patent Application of pending patent application Ser. No. 10/012,853, filed Oct. 30, 2000 to replace it. This invention relates to an immunity system of a human body, against viral and infectious disease and cancer. The immune function is a system that functions to include absorption of excess fluid and its return to the blood stream, absorption of fat and finally to the immune system function. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Liver function improvement formulation Inventor(s): Smith, Leonard O.; (Gainesville, FL), Watson, Brenda F.; (Dunedin, FL) Correspondence: Macmillan Sobanski & Todd, Llc; One Maritime Plaza Fourth Floor; 720 Water Street; Toledo; OH; 43604-1619; US Patent Application Number: 20030044512 Date filed: August 30, 2002 Abstract: A food supplement formulation effective to improve the function of the liver comprises selenium, milk thistle seed, phosphatidyl choline, dandelion root, lmethionine, l-taurine, N-acetyl-cysteine, alpha lipoic acid, artichoke leaf, green tea leaf, turmeric root, belleric myrobalan fruit, boerhavia diffusa, eclipta alba, waldelactones, tinospora cordifolia, andrographis paniculata, and picrorhiza kurroa. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Serial No. 60/316,542, filed Aug. 31, 2001. The present invention relates generally to a liver function improvement formulation. More particularly, the invention is directed to a two-part organic food supplement formulation that improves the function of the human liver, by supporting the body's process for cleansing and detoxifying the liver. The liver is the largest human internal organ. It performs a number of functions, including detoxifying the body. The liver cleanses the body by filtering, or changing the compositions of toxins so that they can be removed from the blood stream, generally at a processing rate of about one liter of blood each minute. Endotoxins, exotoxins, and other wastes are directed to the kidneys or colon. A number of toxins, however, are made up of compounds that are difficult for the liver to filter and remove from the blood stream. These toxins are broken down by various enzymes so that they too may be removed from the body. Accordingly, a properly-functioning liver plays a critical role in determining a person's overall health. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Medicinal composition and method of using it Inventor(s): Rosenbloom, Richard Allen; (Elkins Park, PA) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida, Llc; Eight Penn Center, Suite 1350; 1628 John F. Kennedy BLVD.; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030031737 Date filed: August 6, 2001 Abstract: A novel composition for treating symptoms such as symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, laryngitis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea is disclosed. The composition includes ingredients to obtainable from turmeric extract, ginger root powder, and horseradish root powder. This composition can be orally administered a patient. The composition may further include ingredients obtainable from slippery elm bark powder and green tea. This composition may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for oral administration.A method of administering this composition orally to a patient to treat symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, laryngitis, mucositis, sialorrhea and mucous membrane inflammation is also disclosed. To treat these symptoms, the composition is administered to a patient suffering one to fifteen times daily, as needed. To achieve the best effect, the composition should be held in the mouth of a patient for 5 to 60 minutes.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a medicinal composition and method of using it. In modern non-herbal medicine, there are two major categories of antiinflammatory medicines: steroidal and non-steroidal. Steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines are powerful medications, which are based on hormonal substances, such as cortisone. These medications have a stronger anti-inflammatory response than the nonsteroidal medicines. They can be taken as pills, injected into the bloodstream, or injected directly into a joint space. There are many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are the most common ones. There are side effects to both of these groups of medicines. They include stomach upset, stomach bleeding or ulcers, kidney problems, hearing problems and ankle swelling. Additionally, the steroidal anti-inflammatory medications can have more serious side effects including: loss of bone mass, cataracts, reduced ability to fight infection, swelling and weight gain, mood changes, high blood pressure, and problems with the bone marrow where blood cells are produced. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and composition for controlling weight Inventor(s): Mamana, John; (McLean, VA) Correspondence: Mcguire Woods, Llp; Suite 1800; 1750 Tysons Boulevard; Mclean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20020192308 Date filed: June 14, 2001 Abstract: An appetite suppressant and a method for controlling the weight of a person is described. The appetite suppressant is a composition that includes a chromium additive, green tea, and green tea leaf extract containing catechin polyphenols. The method for controlling the weight of a person includes replacing at least one meal per day with a soy meal replacement and taking an appetite suppressant that contains a chromium additive, green tea, and green tea leaf extract. Also described is a weight control kit that includes a soy meal replacement and an appetite suppressant that contains a chromium additive, green tea, and green tea leaf extract. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to an appetite suppressant and a method for regulating weight. More particularly, the present invention is directed to an appetite suppressant that includes green tea extract, green tea, and a chromium additive. Further, the invention is directed to a method that utilizes the green tea extract, green tea, and a chromium additive containing appetite suppressant in a program that regulates weight. Accordingly, the present invention is directed to an appetite suppressant comprising green tea, green tea leaf extract, and a chromium additive. The chromium additive may be in a form selected from the group consisting of polynicontinate, amino acid chelate, a chloride, and picolinate, and combinations thereof. The appetite suppressant may further comprise 5-hydroxytryptophan and betahydroxy beta-methylbutyrate. Preferably, the green tea is in an amount ranging from about 175 mg to about 325 mg and the green tea leaf extract is in an amount ranging from 10 mg to about 90 mg. The green tea leaf extract preferably contains about 50% catechin polyphenols. Most preferably, the green tea is in an amount of about 250 mg. and the green tea leaf extract is in an amount of about 50 mg. Preferably, the chromium additive ranges from about 50 mg to about 200 mg. The appetite suppressant may be in the form of a tablet, capsule, or powder. Further, the invention includes an appetite suppressant consisting essentially of green tea, green tea leaf extract, a chromium
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additive, 5-hydroxytryptophan, and betahydroxy beta-methylbutyrate. Preferably, the green tea is in an amount ranging from about 180 mg to about 325 mg and the green tea leaf extract is in an amount ranging from about 10 mg to about 90 mg. Preferably, the chromium additive ranges from about 50 mg to about 200 mg. The appetite suppressant may be in the form of a tablet, capsule or powder. Still further, the present invention includes an appetite suppressant consisting essentially of green tea, green tea leaf extract, a chromium additive, 5-hydroxytryptophan, beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate, potassium glycerophosphate, a calcium additive, a vatinum additive, L-carnitine, Ltartrate, and a cayenne fruit additive. Preferably, the chromium additive is in a form selected from the group consisting of a polynicotinate, an amino acid chelate, a chloride, a picolinate, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the calcium additive is in the form of calcium carbonate. The green tea leaf extract preferably contains catechin polyphenols. Preferably, the green tea is in an amount ranging from about 180 mg to about 325 mg and the green tea leaf extract is in an amount ranging from about 10 mg to about 90 mg. Preferably, the chromium additive ranges from about 50 mg to about 200 mg. The appetite suppressant may be in the form of a tablet, capsule, or powder. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and composition for improving fertility health in female and male animals and humans Inventor(s): Trant, Aileen Sontag; (Mountain View, CA) Correspondence: James C. Wray; Suite 300; 1493 Chain Bridge Road; Mclean; VA; 22101; US Patent Application Number: 20020122834 Date filed: December 22, 2000 Abstract: In a new pharmaceutical combination, the herb, Vitex agnus-castus (chasteberry), enhances hormone balance by increasing progesterone release and, therefore, ovulation frequency. The antioxidants, green tea, vitamin E, and selenium, improve overall reproductive health. L-arginine, an amino acid, stimulates the reproductive organs by improving circulation. Folic acid, vitamins B6 and B12, iron, zinc and magnesium help promote womens' fertility. Sperms are highly susceptible to free radical or oxidative damage from environmental toxicants and natural aging. Vitamins C and E, coenzyme Q10 and selenium are all potent antioxidants that help improve sperm counts and quality. Ferulic acid, an antioxidant found in Dong quai, also improves sperm quality. Zinc and B vitamins (B6, B12 and folate) are critical nutrients in male reproductive systems for hormone metabolism, sperm formation and motility. The amino acid, L-carnitine, promotes formation of healthy sperm. Excerpt(s): Because of delayed child bearing, unhealthy diets and use of tobacco, caffeine, alcohol, drugs and environmental contaminants, difficulties in conceiving have been experienced. Needs exist for pharmaceutical compounds that improve fertility in both women and men. This invention provides combinations of bioeffecting compounds for promoting fertility in men and women. The combinations include nutritional components that benefit fertility health. All the components have been studied separately, to determine their individual efficacy. The invention provides the first products to put these components together synergistically in women's and men's formulations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for producing instantly soluble tea tablets Inventor(s): Chen, Zhi; (Memphis, TN) Correspondence: Law Offices OF Clement Cheng; 17220 Newhope Street #127; Fountain Valley; CA; 92708; US Patent Application Number: 20030044505 Date filed: August 31, 2001 Abstract: A process for producing instantly soluble tea tablets, comprising of the steps of: creating tea extract by soaking and extracting pulverized dry tea leaves with hot water and isolating the tea extract from the extracted mixture by filtering out insoluble residues; then concentrating said tea extract by evaporating a portion of water from said tea extract; adding food grade additives to adjust flavor; vacuum freeze-drying concentrated flavored tea extract to remove all volatile components to obtain tea powder. The tealeaves can be green tea, black tea, flower tea, red tea and herb tea. Adhesion agents and dispersing agents can be mixed with the freeze-dried tea powder, and then pressing into different three-dimension-shaped tablets. Excerpt(s): Tea has been an important part of our lives. It is esteemed as a detoxifying food item in the Chinese culture. People from all over the world use it as a stimulant. Traditionally, tea must be prepared by brewing the tealeaves in the hot water. Instantly soluble tea tablets have not been in use due to the difficulty in maintaining proper taste. People can avoid the trouble of boiling hot water for brewing tea. Instantly soluble tea tablets would be light, easy to be utilized, and sanitary to handle. Through this method, the flavor, color, and taste of the tea are preserved in the instantly soluble tea tablets. Tea tablet preparation starts first with steeping the dried tea leaves with hot water, condensing and concentrating the extract, flavoring the tea to desired taste, evaporating and drying the remaining extract into powder. Auxiliary ingredients are added to make the final tea tablets. This method can be applied but not limited to green tea, fermented tea, Oolong tea, flower tea, and various herbal teas. The instantly soluble tea tablets can be made into cubical, spherical, rectangular, cylindrical, and various shapes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Natural food supplement Inventor(s): Farley, Michael Donald; (Indialantic, FL) Correspondence: Bidyut K. Niyogi; Transnational Enterprises, INC.; Suite #207; 95 Bulldog BLVD.; Melbourne; FL; 32901; US Patent Application Number: 20030133945 Date filed: January 11, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is a food supplement for a human body's natural immune function, formed from natural occurring substances in the form of a broth. The food supplement consists of the following:(a) 1 to 35 mg. per mnilliliter--Apigenin(b) 200 to 600 mg.--Chrysin(c) 200 to 600 mg.--Colorius Versicolor(d) 50 to 150 mg.--3,3' Diindolymethane (DIM)(e) 50 to 150 mg.--Resveratrol 25%(f) 50 to 150 mg.--Turmeric Extract 95%(g) 40 to 140 mg.--Green Tea Extract 95%(h) 20 to 80 mg.--Quercitin Dihydrate 99%(i) 15 to 75 mg.--Phosphtidyl Choline 50%(j) Trace mineral selenium-L--10 to 60 mgs. L-Selenium Methionine (5000 mcg/gr)It may be advantageous to also include 25 mg to about 150 mg. of Myricetin.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates a natural occurring food supplement for a human body's natural immune function, so as to be useful in the treatment of numerous medical problems, for the human being, specifically cancer. The present invention utilizes natural occurring food constituents that are available in abundance and specifically formulated as a broth type food supplement. This food supplement formula as a broth will assist a human body's natural immune function so as to fight serious medical and health problems. The formula consists in composition per unit dose in liquid or capsule gel caplets. Apigenin is a flavonoid abundantly present in fruits and vegetables. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
NON-MA HUANG HERB WEIGHT LOSS PRODUCT Inventor(s): Fleischner, Albert M.; (Westwood, NJ) Correspondence: Pharmaceutical Patent Attorneys; Pohl & ASSOC. Llc; 55 Madison Avenue; 4th Floor (p4014); Morristown; NJ; 07960-6397; US Patent Application Number: 20030039708 Date filed: August 13, 2001 Abstract: Supplement compositions designed to support weight loss and increase energy while suppressing appetite. 1 Chromium (as chromium dinicotinate glycinate) 25 mcg to 200 mg Vanadium (as vanadium amino acid chelate) 25 mcg to 100 mg Glucomannan 100 mg to 500 mg Green tea leaf extract (supplying 60 mg caffeine) 50 mg to 500 mg Coleus forskohlii extract (10% forskolin) (tuber) 50 mg to 500 mg Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 25 mg to 250 mg Excipients: aa of each to produce a Gelatin, Magnesium Stearate, Silica suitable tablet Excerpt(s): The prior art regarding this invention arises from distinct areas not heretofore combined to create new and useful formula sets or new and useful improvements thereof regarding a Solid-dosage Form of a Weight Loss Product. This invention relates to the evolving science that a new and unique combination of coleus forskohlii extract (10% forskolin) (tuber), green tea extract (supplying 60 mg. caffeine), chromium (as chromium dinicotinate glycinate), vanadium (as vanadium amino acid chelate), and glucomannan, results in increased weight loss, increased energy and suppressed appetite without losing lean body mass. Forskolin is an adenylyl cyclase activator that fully mimics thyroid-stimulating hormone and induces lipolysis, the breakdown of fat, in fat cells. The net result is the release of fatty acids from stored fat cells. Forskolin increases lean body mass while simultaneously reducing body fat and weight, thereby helping to optimize body composition. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Nutritional supplement for the management of weight Inventor(s): Bell, Stacey J.; (Belmont, MA) Correspondence: Hamilton, Brook, Smith & Reynolds, P.C.; 530 Virginia Road; P.O. Box 9133; Concord; MA; 01742-9133; US Patent Application Number: 20030143287 Date filed: February 6, 2003
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Abstract: Described herein is a nutritional supplement to be incorporated into the diet of an overweight or obese patient comprising a low glycemic index carbohydrate source, a source of protein, and a source of fat, and further comprising a source of green tea extract, a source of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and a source of chromium. The supplement provides active food-grade ingredients to improve the management weight loss, prevention of weight gain, and a feeling of satiety. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US01/24465, which designated the United States and was filed on Aug. 2, 2001, published in English, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/634,246, filed Aug. 8, 2000 (now abandoned) and 09/783,724, filed Feb. 14, 2001, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. The prevalence of obesity in adults, children and adolescents has increased rapidly over the past 30 years in the United States and globally and continues to rise. Obesity is classically defined based on the percentage of body fat or, more recently, the body mass index (BMI), also called Quetlet index (National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, Arch. Intern. Med., 160: 898-904 (2000); Khaodhiar, L. et al., Clin. Cornerstone, 2: 17-31 (1999)). The BMI is defined as the ratio of weight (kg) divided by height (in meters) squared. Overweight and obesity are associated with increasing the risk of developing many chronic diseases of aging seen in the U.S. (Must, A. et al., JAMA, 282: 1523-9 (1999)). Such co-morbidities include type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart diseases and dyslipidemia, gallstones and cholecystectomy, osteoarthritis, cancer (of the breast, colon, endometrial, prostate, and gallbladder), and sleep apnea. It is estimated that there are around 325,00 deaths annually that are attributable to obesity. The key to reducing the severity of the diseases is to lose weight effectively. Although about 30 to 40% claim to be trying to lose weight or maintain lost weight, current therapies appear not to be working. Besides dietary manipulation, pharmacological management and in extreme cases, surgery, are sanctioned adjunctive therapies to treat overweight and obese patients (Expert Panel, National Institute of Health, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1-42 (June 1998); Bray, G. A., Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Obesity, 246-273 (1998)). Drugs have side effects, and surgery, although effective, is a drastic measure and reserved for morbidly obese. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nutritional supplements and methods of using saMen Inventor(s): Rosenbloom, Richard A.; (Elkins Park, PA) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida; Eight Penn Center; Suite 1350, 1628 John F Kennedy Blvd; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030185918 Date filed: April 23, 2003 Abstract: A nutritional supplement for providing, and for promoting the health of salivary glands and/or supporting normal or healthy swallowing includes ingredients obtainable from turmeric, ginger, and horseradish. The nutritional supplement may also be used to treat symptoms such as symptoms of a common cold, sore throat, congestion, mucositis, laryngitis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea, as well as inflammation and viral infectin, or to inhibit or exterminate a virus. This nutritional supplement can be orally administered a person. The nutritional supplement may further include optional ingredients such as ingredients obtainable from slippery elm bark powder and green tea, as well as other optional ingredients. This nutritional
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supplement may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for oral administration.Also disclosed are methods of providing nutrition, for promoting the health of salivary glands and/or supporting normal or healthy swallowing, as well as methods for treating symptoms of a common cold, sore throat, congestion, mucositis, laryngitis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea. Methods of treating inflammation, and viral infections, as well as inhibiting or exterminating viruses are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement and methods of using it. More particularly, the present invention relates to a nutritional supplement useful for promoting various health effects and to methods for administering the nutritional supplement for at least these purposes. Sialorrhea, a symptom related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other causes such as achalasia, acoustic neuroma, Bell's palsy, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, hypocalcemia, Ludwig's angina, mental retardation, motor-neuron disease, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, paralytic poliomyelitis, polymyositis, Parkinson's disease, Radical Cancer surgery, Seventh-nerve palsy, Shy-Drager syndrome, and Wilson's disease, is the excessive drooling due to salivary gland dysfunction such as overproduction of saliva from the salivary glands. Sometimes, sialorrhea may also be induced by drugs such as clonazepam, ethionamide, haloperidol, and transdermal nicotine among others. Sialorrhea may also be caused by abnormal or unhealthy swallowing by a patient suffering from diseases such as ALS. Much effort has been made to treat Sialorrhea. Newall et al. reported using beta antagonists to control excessive secretions of the oral salivary glands and reported a 75% success rate (J. Neurol. Sci., 1996, 139, 43-4). Mier et al have found that ingestion of glycopyrrolate is effective in treating sialorrhea in children. However, 20% of the children treated with glycopyrrolate experienced substantial adverse effects, enough to require discontinuation of the medication (arch. Pediatr. Adolese. Med., 2000, 154, 1214-1218). According to a recent study by Rettori et al. (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2000; 917; 258-67), inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) decrease stimulated salivary secretions whereas donors of NOS potentiate stimulated salivary secretions. This indicates that nitric oxide exerts a stimulatory role on salivary secretion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Ophthalmic, pharmaceutical and other healthcare preparations with naturally occurring plant compounds, extracts and derivatives Inventor(s): Bruijn, Chris De; (Ahaus, DE), Christ, F. Richard; (Laguna Beach, CA), Dziabo, Anthony J.; (Lake Forest, CA), Vigh, Joseph; (Placentia, CA) Correspondence: Crosby Heafey Roach & May; 1901 Avenue OF The Stars, Suite 700; Los Angeles; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20030086986 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: A number of discrete, isolated and well-characterized natural plant compounds show antimicrobial activity when used for topical applications in the ophthalmic, skin care, oral care, pharmaceutical, medical device, heath care products or similar preparations for topical application. Of particular interest are Allantoin, Berberine, Bilberry extract, Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ether, Chlorogenic Acid, Cranberry Extract, Elderberry Extract, Ferulic Acid, Green Tea Extract, Grape Seed Extract,
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Hydroxytyrosol, Oleuropein, Olive Leaf Extract, Pine Bark Extract, Pomegranate Extract, Pycnogenol, Quercetin, Resveratrol, and Tart Cherry Extract. Oleuropein, and Pomegranate Extract, either alone or in combination, is extremely effective. Allantoin, can be used to enhance the efficacy of synthetic chemical disinfecting/preservative agents as well as to mitigate the cytotoxicity of some synthetic chemical disinfecting/preservative agents. Excerpt(s): The present application is a Continuation In Part of Ser. No. 09/711,784, filed on Nov. 13, 2000, which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 09/130,542, filed on Aug. 4, 1998 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,393 all of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to the use of natural plant compounds, extracts and derivatives alone or in combination or with other chemical antimicrobial agents to preserve ophthalmic, skin care, oral care, pharmaceutical and other healthcare preparations and methods to disinfect soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses. Ophthalmic, oral care, skin care solutions, emulsions, ointments, gels, creams and many other pharmaceutical and healthcare preparations for topical application (e.g., artificial tears, skin creams, mouthwashes, therapeutics, contact lens care products, antiallergenic, anti-puretics, etc.) must be preserved to prevent biological contamination and degradation. By "preparation for topical application" we mean any cream or solution or other physical form that is applied to the skin, eyes or externally accessible mucous membranes such as preparation inserted into various body orifices. It is now acceptable practice to add chemical preservatives to such preparations to ensure preservation of said preparations. These chemical preservatives (e.g., Benzalkonium Chloride, polyhexamethyl biguanide [PHMB], Chlorhexadine, Thimerosol, sorbic acid, etc.) are often harsh, synthetic cytotoxic agents, which can irritate and possibly damage sensitive tissues. The same issue applies to any other pharmaceutical and healthcare preparations, which require preservative to prevent biological contamination and degradation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pharmaceutical composition against type I allergy and the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Fu, Yanling; (Beijing, CN), Zhang, Zuoguang; (Beijing, CN) Correspondence: Morrison & Foerster Llp; 2000 Pennsylvania Ave, NW; Suite 5500; Washington; DC; 20006-1888; US Patent Application Number: 20020090402 Date filed: January 16, 2001 Abstract: The invention is related to a pharmaceutical composition with its main effects against Type I Allergy and the process thereof. The composition mainly comprises the following raw materials by weight ratio: 30.about.60 parts of Fructus Jujubae, 12.about.55 parts of Radix Astragali, 8.about.15 parts of Radix glycyrrhizae, 6.about.12 parts of Ramulus cinnamomi, 6.about.12 parts of Ginger and 4.about.8 parts of Green tea. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to a pharmaceutical composition with its main effect against Type I Allergy, especially to one medicament with anti-allergic effect, which can also be used as an immune regulator. This invention is also related to a method of a pharmaceutical composition with its main effect against Type I Allergy. Allergic diseases are common ones that harm human health seriously. Especially with the pollution of living environment of human beings and the changed dietary structures, patients suffering from allergic diseases are increasing rapidly. In an article in the
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American newspaper, "Medical Forum", of Jan. 12, 2000, it was reported that "there are about 38% of Americans who suffer from some types of allergic diseases". Additionally, according to some related statistical materials, in the world, there are about 700-800 millions of people who suffer from allergic diseases, among whom the patients suffering from Type I Allergy amount to quite a great proportion. Type I Allergy is a reaction that occurs rapidly when human makes contact again with its allergic antigen. In clinical cases, it is common that the allergic diseases are allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, allergic gastroenteritis, etc. Serious allergic diseases can even cause patients to go into shock. The pathogenesis of Type I Allergy is that the antigen-antibody reaction occurs on the surface of mastocytes. Said mastocytes are following to be damaged and cAMP in cell plasma is reduced with increased cGMP and penetrability of cell membrane is changed, so that it rapidly releases allergic active mediums, such as histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), bradykinin or slowly reactive materials and the like. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for the production of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate Inventor(s): Burdick, David Carl; (Binningen, CH), Egger, Heinz; (Zurich, CH), Gum, Andrew George; (Basle, CH), Koschinski, Ingo; (Waldshut-Tiengen, DE), Muelchi, Elena; (Munchenstein, CH), Prevot-Halter, Isabelle; (St. Louis, FR) Correspondence: Stephen M. Haracz, ESQ.; Bryan Cave Llp; 245 Park Avenue; New York; NY; 10167-0034; US Patent Application Number: 20030083270 Date filed: September 18, 2002 Abstract: A process is provided for making (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) by subjecting a green tea extract to chromatography on a macroporous polar resin, eluting EGCG from the resin with a polar elution solvent, optionally concentrating the eluate, optionally regenerating the resin by desorbing the remaining catechins, and optionally concentrating the desorbed catechins. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the production of (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The invention particularly relates to a process for the production of EGCG by separation from tea catechins by treatment with a macroporous polar resin. Leaves of the green tea plant camellia sinensis contain up to 36% polyphenols on a dry weight basis, however, their composition varies with climate, season, variety and state of maturity. Green tea catechins are the predominant group of green tea polyphenols. Examples of catechins are (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC) and epicatechin gallate (ECG). EGCG is the most interesting compound among the above mentioned catechins because it exhibits a strong antioxidant effect. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that EGCG has an antimutagenic effect, an antibacterial effect, and a beneficial effect on cholesterol level in blood. The other catechins present in green tea are much less effective compared to EGCG. Green tea also contains other components such as caffeine, proteins, pectins, and/or metal ions which might not be desirable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Tea catechins as cancer specific proliferation inhibitors Inventor(s): Morre, D. James; (West Lafayette, IN), Morre, Dorothy M.; (West Lafayette, IN) Correspondence: Pennie And Edmonds; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20020176897 Date filed: March 19, 2002 Abstract: The invention described herein encompasses a methods and compositions of treating cancer or solid tumors comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of catechins, a group of polyphenols found in green tea, to a mammal in need of such therapy. Compositions of catechins include but not limited to, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC). The unique compositions of the invention contain various combinations of the catechins, alone or in combination with each other or other therapeutic agents and are used to treat primary and metastatic cancers in humans. The invention also encompasses the varying modes of administration of the therapeutic compounds. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/126,893, filed Mar. 30, 1999 and U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/151,109, filed Aug. 27, 1999. The present invention relates to novel methods and compositions for the treatment of primary and metastatic cancers. These methods and compositions utilize catechins, including but not limited to, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin (EGC), which are found in varying levels in tea leaves. The unique compositions of the invention contain various amounts of the catechins, including combinations of catechins, or catechins and other therapeutic agents. These compositions are particularly useful for the treatment of primary and metastatic cancers in humans. The invention also encompasses the varying modes of administration of the therapeutic compounds or compositions. Tea is generally in the form of black, oolong, and green tea, all originating from the tea plant, Camellia sinensis. Tea is cultivated in approximately thirty countries worldwide, and is consumed globally. Although the level of tea consumption varies around the world, it is believed that tea consumption is second only to water (Ahmad et al., 1998, Nutrition and Chemical Toxicity, John Wiley and Sons, Sussex, England, pp. 301-343). Black tea is consumed predominantly in Western and some Asian countries and green tea is consumed predominantly in China, Japan, India, and a few countries in North Africa and the Middle East (Ahmad et al., 1998, Nutrition and Chemical Toxicity, John Wiley and Sons, Sussex, England, pp. 301-343). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Topical urea composition Inventor(s): Perlmutter, Alan Lorne; (London, CA), Singh, Parashu Ram; (North York, CA) Correspondence: Blake, Cassels & Graydon Llp; Box 25, Commerce Court West; 199 Bay Street; Toronto; ON; M5l 1a9; CA Patent Application Number: 20030104080 Date filed: March 5, 2002
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Abstract: Topical composition that contains about 10 to about 50% by weight urea with respect to the total composition weight of the composition; and a topically effective amount of an anti-oxidant compatible with skin. Compositions containing vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin D and green tea are described. Also described is a method of enhancing delivery of an anti-oxidant to the viable epidermis, including topically applying a composition of the invention to a skin surface of a mammal. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of PCT/CA 00/01031 filed Sep. 7, 2000 designating the United States, which application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/152,637 filed Sep. 7, 1999. Both of these prior applications are incorporated herein by reference. International patent application No. PCT/CA 00/01031 was published in English under Article 21 of the Patent Cooperation Treaty under No. WO 01/17484 on Mar. 15, 2001. This invention relates to a topical skin composition containing an active ingredient and urea for enhancing delivery of the ingredient. The active ingredient can be, alone, or in combination with another active ingredient, one or more of an antioxidant, vitamin, a.beta.-glucan, or other active ingredient. Particularly useful is a composition containing vitamin E and urea, or a composition containing urea, vitamins A, C and E, and green tea extract. Topical compositions are widely used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of polyphenols to treat skin conditions Inventor(s): Hernandez, Steven; (Blue Point, NY), Shaffer, Burt; (Huntington, NY) Correspondence: Alfred M. Walker; 225 Old Country Road; Melville; NY; 11747-2712; US Patent Application Number: 20030175234 Date filed: January 13, 2003 Abstract: A composition is provided to treat and/or prevent for treating skin conditions including fine lines and wrinkles, acne rosacea, surface irregularities of the skin and hyper-pigmentation melasma of the skin, which includes use of a topically applied composition such as an ointment, lotion, cream, serum, gel or pad applied formulation, containing an effective amount of polyphenols, such as green tea based polyphenols, including but not limited to catechins, such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicathechin 3-gallate (ECG) and epicatechin (EC). The formulation is preferably composed of 90 percent polyphenol isolates, derived from green tea with potent antioxidant properties, to assist in minimizing free-radical induced skin damage. Excerpt(s): This application is based upon provisional application No. 60/359,171, filed Feb. 22, 2002. The present invention relates to topical treatments for fine lines and wrinkles, acne rosacea, or surface irregularities of the skin, as well for a topically applied as a skin bleaching agent for reduction of hyper-pigmentation melasma. Overexposure to the sun and other toxic free radical sources and irritants induces skin damage, resulting in a variety of disfiguring skin conditions. Among these skin conditions, wrinkles and fine lines are caused by sun damage and aging. Wrinkles of the skin are either deep furrows and creases or fine lines. Wrinkles can occur on any part of the body, but especially where sun exposure is greatest, such as on the face, neck, forearms and hands.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with green tea, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on green tea. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning green tea. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON GREEN TEA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to green tea. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on green tea include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “green tea” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “green tea” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “green tea” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Glass of Green Tea-With Honig by Susan M. Brown (Editor), et al (1994); ISBN: 0962551872; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962551872/icongroupinterna
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All About Green Tea by Victoria Dolby Toews, et al; ISBN: 0895298902; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895298902/icongroupinterna
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Carmilla and Green Tea [UNABRIDGED] by Sheridan Le Fanu (1984); ISBN: 999860835X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/999860835X/icongroupinterna
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Chemistry and Applications of Green Tea by Takehiko Yamamoto (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849340063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849340063/icongroupinterna
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Cooking With Green Tea by Ying Chang Compestine, et al; ISBN: 1583330658; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583330658/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea by Nadine Taylor, Eric Miller (Foreword); ISBN: 1575662434; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575662434/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea and Date Palms: Over 70 Travel Inspired Recipes by Sue Riddy (2000); ISBN: 1902320204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1902320204/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea and Its Amazing Health Benefits by Tiong-Hung Ling, Nancy T. Ling (2000); ISBN: 1885676174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885676174/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea and Other Ghost Stories by J. Sheridan LeFanu (Author) (1993); ISBN: 048627795X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048627795X/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea For Health & Vitality: Healthful Alternatives Series by Jorg Dr Zittlau (1999); ISBN: 0806959096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806959096/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea Health Benefits and Applications by Yukihiko Hara; ISBN: 0824704703; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824704703/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea User's Signature Vertical Note Cards by Helen Gustafson, Clarkson N Potter Publishers; ISBN: 1400045754; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1400045754/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea: Antioxidant Power to Fight Disease (Good Health Guides) by Debasis Bagchi (1999); ISBN: 0879839341; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879839341/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea: Antioxidants in a Cup (Storey Country Wisdom Bulletin, A-255) by Diana Rosen (2000); ISBN: 1580173020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580173020/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea: Fight Cancer, Lower Cholesterol, Live Longer by Kate Gilbert Udall (1998); ISBN: 1580540244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580540244/icongroupinterna
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Green Tea: The Delicious Everyday Health Drink by Peter Opplinger, Peter Oppliger; ISBN: 0852073216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852073216/icongroupinterna
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Making Your Own Gourmet Tea Drinks: Black Teas, Green Teas, Scented Teas, Herb Teas, Iced Teas, and More by Mathew Tekulsky (1995); ISBN: 0517700301; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517700301/icongroupinterna
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The 2000-2005 Outlook for Asian Green Tea in the Middle East by Inc. Icon Group International (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0757675565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757675565/icongroupinterna
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The 2000-2005 World Outlook for Asian Green Tea (Strategic Planning Series) by The Research Group, et al; ISBN: 0757651453; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757651453/icongroupinterna
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The Book of Green Tea by Christine Dattner, et al (2003); ISBN: 0789308533; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789308533/icongroupinterna
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The Book of Green Tea by Diana Rosen (1998); ISBN: 1580170900; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580170900/icongroupinterna
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The Green Tea Book: China's Fountain of Youth by Lester A., Ph.D. Mitscher, et al (1997); ISBN: 0895298074; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895298074/icongroupinterna
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The Green Tea User's Manual by Helen Gustafson, et al; ISBN: 060960824X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/060960824X/icongroupinterna
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The Land of Green Tea: Letters and Adventures of Colonel C.L. Baker of the Madras Artillery 1834-50 by Pamela Masefield (Editor); ISBN: 0906290112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0906290112/icongroupinterna
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The Mountain of Green Tea (1992); ISBN: 0894103520; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894103520/icongroupinterna
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The Mountain of Green Tea (Modern Arabic Writing) by Yahya Taher Abdullah, et al (1992); ISBN: 977424267X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/977424267X/icongroupinterna
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The World Market for Packaged Green Tea Weighing Up to 3 Kilograms: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0001346HY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001346HY/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Account of a petechial febricula: some brief notices of the deleterious and medicinal effects of green tea: a case of dropsy, by conversion of disease from the cutaneous to the serous and cellular membranes Author: Percival, Edward,; Year: 1817; Dublin: Printed for Hodges and M'Arthur., 1817
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Some observations on the medicinal and dietetic properties of green tea, and particularly on the controlling influence it exerts over irritation of the brain. Author: Newnham, W. (William),; Year: 1827; London, Hatchard, 1827
Chapters on Green Tea In order to find chapters that specifically relate to green tea, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and green tea using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: 11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on green tea: •
Chemoprevention Source: in Ord, R.A. and Blanchaert, R.H., eds. Oral Cancer: The Dentist's Role in Diagnosis, Management, Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 1999. p. 231-237. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $79.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153571. Summary: Carcinogenesis (the development of cancer) is postulated to be a multistep process. Initiation events, which result in DNA damage, are followed by a reversible promotion phase, and finally by progression to full malignant cancer. This chapter on chemoprevention is from a book on oral cancer written specifically for dental health care providers, including dental students, general dentists, dental specialists, and hygienists. The author hypothesizes that premalignant intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia, or changes in cell structure) defined as a localized abnormal proliferation of cells that precedes malignant invasion, may represent a stage of carcinogenesis that is reversible. Chemoprevention refers to the administration of an agent to prevent a cancer from occurring. The agent can be a drug or a natural product, should be easy to administer, cause little or no toxicity, cause no long term adverse sequelae, be affordable, and, ideally, need to be administered only for a short time, relative to a lifetime. The author reviews the current status of clinical trials for prevention of the initial head and neck tumor in patients at high risk for developing the disease, as well as trials for prevention of second primary tumors after an initial tumor has received curative treatment. Agents discussed include retinoids, beta carotene, N acetylcysteine, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), vitamin E, interferons, curcumin, and green tea. 31 references.
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Therapy of Oral Diseases Source: in Eisen, D. and Lynch, D.P. Mouth: Diagnosis and Treatment. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 1998. p. 277-289. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9988. Website: www.mosby.com. PRICE: $79.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815131054. Summary: The identification and treatment of oral manifestations of systemic diseases require close collaboration with appropriate medical and dental specialists in the fields of dermatology, infectious disease, rheumatology, endocrinology, and hematology, as well as the dental specialties of oral and maxillofacial pathology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and periodontology. This chapter on the therapy of oral diseases is from a textbook on the mouth that offers information to primary care physicians and to many specialists in medicine and dentistry. Topics include general principles, the treatment of oral pain, the topical treatment of inflammatory oral diseases, systemic treatment of inflammatory oral diseases, retinoids for leukoplakia, antiviral therapy for herpes
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infections, antifungal therapy, burning mouth syndrome, and natural alternatives (including green tea). 5 tables. 36 references. •
Fluids Source: in Green, W.F. First Year: Hepatitis B. New York, NY: Marlowe and Company. 2002. p. 219-227. Contact: Available from Marlowe and Company. 161 William Street, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10038. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1569245339. Summary: Viral hepatitis B (liver infection) is one of the most preventable medical conditions due to the availability of a hepatitis B vaccine, yet an estimated 100,000 people in the United States are infected each year, and 6,000 die from complications. When the author of this book was diagnosed in 1993, he decided to be proactive in his quest to understand and manage his illness. In this chapter, the author focuses on what readers might be learning about by the end of the first year after they receive their diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, discussing fluids and hydration. In nontechnical language, the author discusses the importance of staying hydration, the use of herbal teas in place of soft drinks, green tea and its nutritional components, dairy products, and what to drink at a restaurant. The second section of the chapter addresses how to incorporate 'liver-friendly' foods into one's diet.
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GREEN TEA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover green tea.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on green tea is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to green tea. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “green tea” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for green tea: •
Green tea component destroys cancer cells by blocking key enzyMen Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 17, 2003
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Green tea appears to protect against breast cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 02, 2003
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Green tea derivative inhibits bladder tumor growth in rats Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 13, 2003
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Green tea compound blocks bladder tumors in rats Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 13, 2003
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Anticancer effects of green tea may relate to blockage of hydrocarbon receptor Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 08, 2003
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Green tea shows minimal efficacy against prostate cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 11, 2003
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Green tea doesn't treat advanced prostate cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 04, 2003
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Green tea consumption may protect against MI Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 16, 2002
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Green tea may protect against heart attack Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 12, 2002
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Green tea shows protective effect against gastrointestinal cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 08, 2002
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Green tea slows muscular degeneration in mouse model Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 04, 2002
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Green tea slows mouse muscular-dystrophy condition Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 04, 2002
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How green tea may fight inflammation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 28, 2002
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Green tea chemical may prevent brain damage Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 12, 2001
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Green tea consumption linked with reduced breast cancer risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 19, 2001
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Green tea linked to reduced breast cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 18, 2001
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Green tea may protect against stomach disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 21, 2001
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Green tea preparations protect skin from UV radiation damage Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 12, 2001
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Risk of gastric cancer unrelated to green tea consumption Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 28, 2001
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Green tea may not prevent stomach cancer: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 28, 2001
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Green tea consumption enhances plasma antioxidant capacity Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 17, 2000
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Green tea may fight skin cancer but needs more study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 16, 2000
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White tea has stronger antimutagenic activity in rats than green tea Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 06, 2000
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Green tea extract may promote weight loss Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 30, 1999
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Green tea extract promotes energy expenditure, fat oxidation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 27, 1999
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Green tea extract promotes thermogenesis, fat oxidation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 30, 1999
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Green tea may aid weight loss Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 22, 1999
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Green tea antioxidants may fight arthritis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 22, 1999
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Soy, green tea may inhibit colon cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 19, 1999
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Green tea inhibits angiogenesis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 01, 1999
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Green tea ingredient fights tumors Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 31, 1999
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Compound in green tea causes cancer cell apoptosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 21, 1998
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Green tea compound fights cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 18, 1998
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Green tea combats drug resistance Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 24, 1998
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Green Tea Major Polyphenol Induces Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 26, 1997
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Green Tea Ingredient Fights Cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 25, 1997
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Green Tea Inhibits Enzyme Overexpressed In Cancers Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 05, 1997
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Reduced Risk For Stomach Cancer Seen In Green Tea Drinkers Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 17, 1996 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.
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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “green tea” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to green tea, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “green tea” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Green Tea Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to green tea. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering green tea that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1350 9 342 1 0 1702
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “green tea” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on green tea can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to green tea. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to green tea. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “green tea”:
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•
Other guides Antioxidants http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Child Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on green tea. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Information About Prostate Pain Relief Source: Encino, CA: Institute for Male Urology. 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available from Institute for Male Urology. 16500 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 409, Encino, CA 91436. (888) 724-1113. Website: www.urol.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure offers information on prostate pain relief for men who have one or more of the symptoms of chronic, nonbacterial prostatitis, a painful and frustrating inflammation of the prostate gland that can affect men of all ages. The brochure describes the use of Prosta-Q, a proprietary, patent-pending formulation of the bioflavonoid quercetin, found in red wine, onions, green tea, and other natural substances. Prosta-Q is available in drug stores without a prescription. The brochure also discusses other treatments for chronic prostatitis, including antibiotics, alpha blockers, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and dietary changes. One chart summarizes the symptoms of the three types of prostatitis: acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, and chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Another chart summarizes prostate health facts. The brochure briefly describes the work of the Institute for Male Urology (IMU, www.urol.com). 1 figure. 1 table.
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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to green tea. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to green tea. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with green tea. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about green tea. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at
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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “green tea” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “green tea”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “green tea” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “green tea” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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GREEN TEA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acacia: Any leguminous woody vine or tree of the genus Acacia, also called locust or wattle. The gums and tanning agents obtained from Acacia are called gum arabic. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Rosacea: An acneiform eruption occurring mostly in middle-aged adults and appearing generally on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin. Three types are recognized: granulomatous, glandular hyperplastic with rhinophyma, and ocular. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA
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and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]
Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aflatoxins: A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxin M2. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the
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preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alginates: Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,
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magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast
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cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgen-Binding Protein: Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as sex hormone binding-globulin. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiopathy: Disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. Then the cells, for example, the ones in the center of the eye, do not get enough blood and may be damaged. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU]
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Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH]
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Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH]
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Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartame: Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements.
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This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrophic Gastritis: Chronic irritation of the stomach lining. Causes the stomach lining and glands to wither away. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriophage lambda: A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambdalike Phages, in the family Siphoviridae. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, except for 12 complementary bases at the 5'-termini of the polynucleotide chains. The DNA circularizes on infection. [NIH]
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Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome: Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU]
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Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest
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correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Burning Mouth Syndrome: A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH]
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Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH]
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Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardia: That part of the stomach surrounded by the esophagogastric junction, characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomegaly: Hypertrophy or enlargement of the heart. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH]
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Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Extracts: Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis;
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and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Centromere: The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding into a cerebral hemisphere of the brain, including lobar, subcortical white matter, and basal ganglia hemorrhages. Commonly associated conditions include hypertension; intracranial arteriosclerosis; intracranial aneurysm; craniocerebral trauma; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; cerebral amyloid angiopathy; and cerebral infarction. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of
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infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorogenic Acid: A naturally occuring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68). [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholangiography: Radiographic examination of the bile ducts. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromaffin Cells: Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (paraganglia, chromaffin) of the sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH]
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Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, developing slowly and lasting a long time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coculture: The culturing of normal cells or tissues with infected or latently infected cells or tissues of the same kind (From Dorland, 28th ed, entry for cocultivation). It also includes culturing of normal cells or tissues with other normal cells or tissues. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH]
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Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagenases: Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]
Comet Assay: A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in
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the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the
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constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU]
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Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cycasin: Carcinogenic and neurotoxic glycoside occurring in a number of plant species, including Cycas revoluta. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU]
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Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]
Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH]
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Deoxyguanosine: A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. [NIH]
Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Difluoromethylornithine: DFMO. An anticancer drug that has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer in animals. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel
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movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents. [NIH]
Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopa Decarboxylase: One of the aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylases, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. It is of clinical importance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. EC 4.1.1.28. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dormancy: The period when an organism (i. e., a virus or a bacterium) is in the body but not producing any ill effects. [NIH]
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Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Echinacea: A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, glycosides, inulin, isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is
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based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said
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of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU]
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Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU]
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Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxins: Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Far East: A geographic area of east and southeast Asia encompassing China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macao, Mongolia, and Taiwan. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue
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development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetal Hemoglobin: The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This hemoglobin has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by leukemia and several types of anemia. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibril: Most bacterial viruses have a hollow tail with specialized fibrils at its tip. The tail fibers attach to the cell wall of the host. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH]
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Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forskolin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallic Acid: A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gamma Oryzanol: The frequency of activity bursts ranging from 20 to 90 hertz, this term is used in analogy with a range of high-frequency X-rays. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized
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connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gelatinases: A class of enzymes that catalyzes the degradation of gelatin by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU]
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Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronosyltransferase: A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any
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such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU]
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Haemostasis: The arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means. [EU] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin H: An abnormal hemoglobin composed of four beta chains. It is caused by the reduced synthesis of the alpha chain. This abnormality results in alpha-thalassemia. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH]
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Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histidine Decarboxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to histamine and carbon dioxide. It requires pyridoxal phosphate in animal tissues, but not in microorganisms. EC 4.1.1.22. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Household Products: Substances or materials used in the course of housekeeping or personal routine. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydroalcoholic: Of or relating to water and alcohol. [EU] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which
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may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids: Eicosatetraenoic acids substituted in any position by one or more hydroxy groups. They are important intermediates in a series of biosynthetic processes leading from arachidonic acid to a number of biologically active compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyurea: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions
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upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypochlorous Acid: HClO. An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH]
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Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indole-3-carbinol: A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It is found in cruciferous vegetables. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infrared Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants. [NIH]
Infuse: To pour (a liquid) into something. [EU]
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Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferons: Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy,
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implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery. [NIH]
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis: Vascular diseases characterized by thickening, hardening, and remodeling of the walls of intracranial arteries. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis, marked by fatty depositions in the innermost layer of the arterial walls, (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis, which features calcium deposition in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis, which refers to sclerosis of small caliber arteries. Clinically, this process may be associated with transient ischemic attack, brain infarction, intracranial embolism and thrombosis, or intracranial aneurysm. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH]
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Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH]
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Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
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Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumbago: Pain in the lumbar region. [EU] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lycopene: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries
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cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place.
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It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Matrilysin: The smallest member of the matrix metalloproteinases. It plays a role in tumor progression. EC 3.4.24.23. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fluidity: The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH]
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Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. [NIH] Methicillin Resistance: Non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of methicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin derivative. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of cycasin. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum
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formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases: A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinases and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP kinase kinase kinases. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily. EC 2.7.10.- [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A superfamily of protein-serine-threonine kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP kinase kinase kinases). Families of these mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) include extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) (also known as c-jun terminal kinases (JNKs)), and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases. EC 2,7,1.- [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH]
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Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monounsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat that is found primarily in plant foods, including olive and canola oils. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]
Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the
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blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove a kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire kidney. [NIH]
Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU]
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Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]
Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It
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is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroprusside: (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. [NIH] Nonmalignant: Not cancerous. [NIH] Nonmelanoma skin cancer: Skin cancer that arises in basal cells or squamous cells but not in melanocytes (pigment-producing cells of the skin). [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats,
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waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]
Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH]
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Overall survival: The percentage of subjects in a study who have survived for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. Often called the survival rate. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paraganglia, Chromaffin: Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH]
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Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathology, Oral: A dental specialty concerned with pathology of the oral cavity. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentachlorophenol: An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH]
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Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacists: Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase: An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of Lphenylalanine to form trans-cinnamate and ammonia. It may also act on L-tyrosine. Since the enzyme deprives neoplastic tissue of phenylalanine, it has been used experimentally in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The enzyme is obtained from many plants. EC 4.3.1.5. [NIH] Phenylephrine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and
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cardiotonic agent. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the
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platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]
Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K,
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atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]
Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary endpoint: The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is
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emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests
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upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinase C: An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. EC 2.7.1.-. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.10. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]
Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH]
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Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] PTC: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (per-kyoo-TAN-ee-us trans-heh-PAT-ik ko-LAN-jee-AH-gra-fee). A procedure to x-ray the bile ducts. In this procedure, a dye is injected through a thin needle inserted through the skin into the liver or the gallbladder, and an x-ray picture is taken. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary Emphysema: Condition of the lungs characterized by increase beyond normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, either from dilatation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal
Phosphate:
3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4-
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pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ultraviolet irradiation. They consist of two adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides, usually thymine nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers stop DNA replication. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large
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intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reishi: A mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, of the aphyllophorales order of basidomycetous fungi. It has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine in various forms. Contains sterols, coumarin, mannitol, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary,
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4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Resting metabolic rate: RMR accounts for 65 to 75 percent of daily energy expenditure and represents the minimum energy needed to maintain all physiological cell functions in the resting state. The principal determinant of RMR is lean body mass (LBM). Obese subjects have a higher RMR in absolute terms than lean individuals, an equivalent RMR when corrected for LBM and per unit surface area, and a lower RMR when expressed per kilogram of body weight. Obese persons require more energy for any given activity because of a larger mass, but they tend to be more sedentary than lean subjects. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinophyma: A manifestation of severe Acne rosacea resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. The nose is reddened and marked with numerous telangiectasias. [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH]
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Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]
Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Satiation: Full gratification of a need or desire followed by a state of relative insensitivity to that particular need or desire. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to
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another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Selenomethionine: Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Senility: Old age; the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH]
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Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as androgen-binding protein. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Shoulder Pain: Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Sister Chromatid Exchange: An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in Bloom syndrome. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH]
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Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solar radiation: Sunbathing as a therapeutic measure. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of
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a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Count: A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sputa: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH]
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Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and
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resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH]
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Synephrine: Sympathetic alpha-adrenergic agonist with actions like phenylephrine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in circulatory failure, asthma, nasal congestion, and glaucoma. [NIH]
Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and shivering are examples of thermogenesis in mammals. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation,
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contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tragacanth: Powdered exudate from Astragalus gummifer and related plants. It forms gelatinous mass in water. Tragacanth is used as suspending agent, excipient or emulsifier in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It has also been used as a bulk-forming laxative. [NIH] Training Support: Financial support for training including both student stipends and loans and training grants to institutions. [NIH]
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Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triclosan: A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]
Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive;
Dictionary 273
called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]
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Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH]
Dictionary 275
Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]
277
INDEX 1 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, 7, 80, 197 A Abdomen, 197, 208, 213, 238, 241, 251, 267, 268 Abdominal, 197, 229, 251 Aberrant, 7, 29, 30, 77, 197 Ablation, 14, 197 Acacia, 146, 197, 210, 231 Acatalasia, 197, 210 Acceptor, 197, 241, 251 Acetylcholine, 120, 137, 197, 213, 249 Acetylcysteine, 168, 197 Acne, 162, 197, 218, 262 Acne Rosacea, 162, 197 Acoustic, 131, 158, 197 Acuity, 143, 197 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 197, 253 Acyl, 68, 197, 243 Adaptability, 197, 211 Adenocarcinoma, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 197 Adenosine, 197, 205, 209, 235, 254, 270 Adenovirus, 90, 198 Adenylate Cyclase, 198, 228 Adipose Tissue, 87, 115, 129, 198, 270 Adjuvant, 9, 198, 229 Adjuvant Therapy, 9, 198 Adrenal Cortex, 198, 217, 225, 256 Adrenal Glands, 198, 200 Adrenal Medulla, 198, 211, 213, 225, 249, 251 Adrenergic, 198, 221, 224, 225, 249, 253, 269, 270, 273, 275 Adsorption, 118, 198 Adsorptive, 198 Adverse Effect, 13, 127, 132, 137, 141, 142, 158, 198, 203, 265 Aerobic, 198, 245, 246, 251 Aerosol, 10, 13, 198 Affinity, 198, 199, 204, 266 Aflatoxins, 22, 198 Agar, 19, 146, 198, 218, 235, 254 Age of Onset, 199, 208, 273 Agonist, 12, 115, 199, 203, 221, 224, 248, 253, 270 Airway, 199, 266 Albumin, 22, 199, 254 Aldehydes, 199, 275
Alertness, 143, 199, 209 Alginates, 146, 199 Algorithms, 199, 207 Alimentary, 199, 220 Alkaline, 23, 122, 199, 200, 209, 215 Alkaline Phosphatase, 23, 199 Alkaloid, 199, 209, 246, 248, 270, 275 Allergic Rhinitis, 160, 199, 208 Allylamine, 199, 200 Aloe, 116, 199 Alopecia, 102, 130, 199 Alpha Particles, 199, 260 Alternative medicine, 16, 174, 199 Aluminum, 63, 124, 200 Alveoli, 200, 259 Ameliorating, 149, 200 Amine, 7, 70, 101, 200, 233, 249 Amino Acid Sequence, 200, 201, 202, 229, 265 Amino Acids, 72, 74, 97, 101, 140, 149, 200, 204, 229, 252, 255, 258, 262, 264, 268, 272, 273 Aminophylline, 107, 200 Ammonia, 200, 253, 273 Amylase, 147, 200 Amyloid, 100, 143, 144, 200, 212 Amyloidosis, 143, 144, 200 Anabolic, 200, 221 Anaesthesia, 200, 236 Anal, 33, 200, 224, 246 Analgesic, 200, 235, 240, 246 Anaphylatoxins, 200, 216 Anatomical, 201, 213, 223, 236, 241, 263 Androgen-Binding Protein, 201, 265 Androgens, 14, 64, 92, 101, 130, 198, 201, 203 Anemia, 139, 201, 209, 227, 228 Anesthetics, 201, 225, 230 Angina, 131, 158, 201 Angiogenesis, 7, 16, 21, 24, 49, 76, 80, 81, 83, 91, 94, 173, 201, 243 Angiopathy, 201, 212 Animal model, 9, 12, 16, 22, 30, 31, 49, 201, 272 Anions, 199, 201, 239, 269 Ankle, 153, 201, 273 Anorexia, 201, 229 Antagonism, 52, 201, 209, 270
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Antiangiogenic, 16, 80, 201 Antibacterial, 58, 160, 201, 266 Antibiotic, 201, 202, 219, 222, 252, 266 Antibodies, 202, 235, 242 Antibody, 160, 198, 202, 215, 235, 236, 239, 243, 245, 260, 275 Anticarcinogenic, 9, 30, 42, 150, 202 Anticoagulant, 202, 258, 275 Anticonvulsant, 202, 214 Antidiabetic, 150, 202 Antifungal, 169, 202 Antigen, 22, 160, 198, 202, 215, 233, 234, 235, 236, 243, 257 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 202, 215 Antihypertensive, 122, 202, 228 Anti-infective, 202, 234, 238, 266 Anti-inflammatory, 27, 118, 125, 130, 134, 153, 202, 204, 220, 230, 235 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 118, 202, 204 Antimicrobial, 58, 148, 149, 150, 158, 159, 202, 220 Antineoplastic, 150, 202, 222, 229, 234 Antiproliferative, 58, 69, 128, 134, 202 Antiseptic, 202, 210, 272 Antispasmodic, 202, 230 Antiviral, 71, 90, 150, 168, 197, 202, 252 Anus, 200, 202, 208, 261 Aorta, 60, 81, 202 Apnea, 203 Apolipoproteins, 203, 241 Apomorphine, 79, 203 Aqueous, 11, 29, 35, 116, 135, 140, 203, 206, 218, 223, 234, 240, 241 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 203, 241 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 203, 241 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 203, 241 Arachidonic Acid, 27, 30, 75, 80, 125, 137, 203, 234, 240, 257 Arginine, 89, 129, 154, 200, 203, 249, 250, 259 Aromatase, 90, 203 Aromatic, 8, 203, 221, 253 Arterial, 92, 114, 199, 203, 204, 212, 213, 235, 238, 240, 258, 270 Arteries, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 217, 238, 241, 244, 247, 271 Arteriolar, 203, 204, 208 Arterioles, 203, 204, 207, 209, 274 Arteriolosclerosis, 204, 238 Arteriosclerosis, 118, 204, 235 Arteriovenous, 204, 212 Articular, 204, 250
Asbestos, 63, 204 Asbestosis, 204 Ascorbic Acid, 40, 84, 132, 136, 137, 204, 234 Aspartame, 124, 204 Aspartic, 204 Aspartic Acid, 204 Aspirin, 129, 153, 204 Assay, 7, 9, 11, 19, 21, 31, 95, 204, 215 Astringent, 204, 210 Astrocytes, 59, 74, 204 Astrocytoma, 204, 230 Ataxia, 204, 234 Atmospheric Pressure, 123, 205 Atopic, 118, 122, 205 ATP, 198, 205, 221, 229, 254, 258 Atrial, 205, 275 Atrial Fibrillation, 205, 275 Atrophic Gastritis, 43, 205 Atrophy, 144, 205 Attenuated, 205, 221 Autoimmune disease, 205 Autoimmunity, 85, 205 Autonomic, 197, 205, 249, 252, 253, 269 Avian, 64, 205 Axons, 205, 252 Azoxymethane, 30, 205 B Bacillus, 98, 122, 205 Back Pain, 119, 205 Bactericidal, 205, 225 Bacteriophage, 31, 205, 254, 272 Bacteriophage lambda, 31, 205 Bacteriostatic, 206, 272 Bacterium, 49, 206, 216, 221 Basal cell carcinoma, 29, 206 Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome, 11, 29, 206 Basal cells, 206, 249 Basal Ganglia, 205, 206, 208, 212, 230 Base, 7, 81, 142, 206, 219, 220, 229, 239 Basophil, 206, 233 Benign, 119, 204, 206, 208, 232, 247, 260 Benzene, 206, 239 Beta carotene, 168, 206 Beta-pleated, 200, 206 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 206, 237 Bilateral, 206, 251, 265 Bile, 206, 213, 228, 241, 259, 268, 270 Bile Acids, 206, 268, 270 Bile Ducts, 206, 213, 228, 259 Bilirubin, 199, 206, 228 Bioassay, 26, 206
Index 279
Bioavailability, 7, 8, 9, 32, 33, 74, 121, 206 Biochemical, 23, 35, 38, 47, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 82, 87, 90, 99, 100, 118, 129, 207, 227, 250, 264 Biological Markers, 29, 207 Biomarkers, 12, 13, 15, 17, 22, 25, 30, 37, 38, 48, 94, 207 Biomass, 128, 207 Biopsy, 12, 25, 207 Biosynthesis, 9, 203, 207, 228, 250, 264 Biotechnology, 33, 34, 35, 36, 49, 58, 77, 167, 174, 181, 207 Bladder, 61, 90, 96, 110, 119, 172, 207, 236, 257, 258, 262, 273, 275 Blastocyst, 207, 216, 254 Blood Coagulation, 207, 209 Blood Glucose, 118, 207, 232, 235, 237 Blood Platelets, 207, 255, 264 Blood pressure, 73, 126, 153, 202, 207, 210, 235, 245, 249, 266 Blot, 19, 43, 53, 207 Body Composition, 156, 207 Body Fluids, 207, 222, 266, 272 Body Mass Index, 147, 157, 207, 251 Bone Marrow, 140, 153, 197, 206, 208, 231, 242, 246, 266 Boron, 208, 218 Bowel, 135, 200, 208, 220, 238, 240, 268 Bowel Movement, 208, 221, 268 Brachytherapy, 208, 237, 239, 260, 275 Bradykinin, 160, 208, 239, 249, 254 Brain Neoplasms, 208, 234 Branch, 193, 208, 242, 252, 259, 266, 270 Breakdown, 156, 208, 220, 229 Bronchi, 208, 225, 270, 271 Bronchial, 25, 40, 87, 200, 208, 233, 270 Bronchioles, 200, 208, 259 Bronchitis, 208, 214 Buccal, 208, 241 Budesonide, 12, 13, 208 Burning Mouth Syndrome, 169, 208 Burns, 5, 140, 141, 208 Burns, Electric, 208 Bursitis, 115, 125, 209 C Cadmium, 69, 75, 209 Cadmium Poisoning, 209 Calcification, 204, 209 Calcium, 5, 71, 124, 132, 154, 204, 209, 215, 238, 243, 247, 258, 265 Calcium Carbonate, 154, 209 Calculi, 209, 231
Callus, 209, 223 Capillary, 37, 117, 208, 209, 210, 263, 274 Capillary Fragility, 209, 210, 263 Capillary Permeability, 208, 209 Capsaicin, 5, 209 Capsules, 8, 117, 124, 209, 222, 229 Carbohydrate, 5, 145, 147, 157, 210, 230, 255 Carbon Dioxide, 115, 209, 210, 219, 233, 254, 261 Carcinogen, 13, 19, 22, 28, 77, 83, 197, 205, 210, 244, 246 Carcinogenesis, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 19, 23, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 45, 51, 62, 81, 90, 92, 93, 95, 101, 110, 122, 128, 168, 210, 212 Carcinogenic, 18, 26, 121, 206, 210, 213, 218, 220, 221, 237, 257, 268, 272 Carcinoma, 9, 10, 23, 25, 41, 43, 47, 49, 54, 61, 68, 75, 82, 133, 210, 218 Cardia, 54, 210 Cardiac, 75, 84, 87, 199, 205, 209, 210, 225, 247, 249, 268 Cardiomegaly, 139, 210 Cardiotonic, 210, 249, 254 Cardiovascular, 17, 39, 52, 71, 111, 150, 210, 240, 249, 264 Cardiovascular disease, 17, 52, 150, 210 Carnitine, 154, 210 Carotene, 7, 26, 206, 210 Carotenoids, 206, 210 Caspase, 13, 18, 24, 31, 86, 210 Catalase, 13, 98, 197, 210 Cataract, 114, 131, 210, 225 Catechol, 135, 146, 210 Catecholamine, 114, 211, 221 Cathode, 211, 223 Cations, 124, 211, 239 Causal, 122, 211, 224 Cause of Death, 6, 12, 211 Cell Cycle, 8, 10, 14, 23, 25, 26, 43, 46, 60, 92, 110, 174, 211, 214, 218, 257, 258, 274 Cell Death, 31, 143, 144, 203, 211, 247 Cell Differentiation, 211, 265 Cell Division, 205, 211, 212, 231, 245, 254 Cell Extracts, 31, 211 Cell membrane, 23, 126, 137, 140, 160, 211, 220, 226, 254, 256 Cell proliferation, 11, 16, 83, 86, 204, 211, 250, 265 Cell Respiration, 211, 245, 251, 262 Cell Size, 211, 227
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Cell Survival, 12, 31, 35, 75, 89, 92, 211, 231 Cellobiose, 211 Cellulose, 146, 156, 211, 228, 254 Central Nervous System Infections, 211, 232, 234 Centrifugation, 212, 245 Centromere, 41, 59, 212 Cerebral, 114, 118, 122, 131, 143, 144, 158, 205, 206, 208, 212, 217, 225, 230, 232, 234 Cerebral hemispheres, 206, 208, 212, 230 Cerebral Hemorrhage, 114, 212 Cerebral Infarction, 212, 234 Cerebral Palsy, 131, 158, 212 Cerebrospinal, 212, 233 Cerebrospinal fluid, 212, 233 Cerebrovascular, 131, 158, 210, 212 Cerebrum, 212 Cervical, 23, 68, 97, 212, 232 Cervix, 212, 261 Character, 212, 219 Chemoprotective, 32, 212 Chemotactic Factors, 212, 216 Chemotherapy, 14, 51, 62, 127, 198, 213 Chest wall, 25, 213 Chin, 62, 63, 197, 213 Chlorine, 213, 235 Chlorogenic Acid, 114, 158, 213 Chlorophyll, 62, 213, 228 Cholangiography, 213, 259 Cholecystectomy, 157, 213 Cholesterol, 70, 72, 83, 104, 111, 118, 126, 150, 160, 166, 206, 213, 214, 217, 222, 228, 234, 241, 243, 263, 268, 270 Cholesterol Esters, 213, 241 Choline, 120, 151, 152, 155, 213 Cholinergic, 213, 248 Chromaffin Cells, 59, 78, 213, 251 Chromatin, 203, 213, 224, 267 Chromic, 213 Chromium, 141, 153, 156, 157, 213 Chromosomal, 59, 213, 254 Chromosome, 212, 213, 216, 232, 265, 273 Chronic Disease, 4, 7, 157, 214 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 13, 150, 214 Chronic prostatitis, 186, 214 Chylomicrons, 214, 241 Cisplatin, 214 Citrus, 17, 129, 142, 204, 214 Claviceps, 214, 263 Clinical Medicine, 214, 256
Clinical study, 214, 217 Clinical trial, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 23, 25, 111, 112, 133, 168, 181, 214, 217, 260 Clonazepam, 132, 158, 214 Clonic, 214 Cloning, 144, 145, 207, 214 Coagulation, 207, 214, 232, 254, 271, 275 Coculture, 11, 214 Coenzyme, 133, 154, 204, 214 Cofactor, 214, 258 Cohort Studies, 9, 215, 224 Coliphages, 205, 215 Collagen, 34, 51, 72, 75, 137, 210, 215, 226, 227, 229, 243, 255, 257 Collagenases, 28, 215 Collapse, 208, 215, 266 Colloidal, 199, 215, 223 Colorectal, 8, 19, 23, 43, 103, 215 Colorectal Cancer, 19, 43, 103, 215 Colostrum, 132, 215 Comet Assay, 93, 215 Complement, 24, 200, 215, 216, 229, 254 Complementary and alternative medicine, 6, 17, 67, 108, 216 Complementary medicine, 67, 216 Complete remission, 216, 261 Computational Biology, 181, 216 Conception, 216, 227 Concomitant, 120, 216 Confounding, 111, 216 Congestion, 131, 152, 157, 216, 225, 270 Conjugated, 147, 216, 218 Conjugation, 216, 230 Connective Tissue, 115, 125, 204, 208, 215, 216, 227, 229, 242, 244, 252, 258, 262 Connective Tissue Cells, 216 Constipation, 122, 216 Constitutional, 216, 246 Constriction, 217, 239, 274 Contact dermatitis, 148, 217 Contamination, 148, 159, 217 Contraindications, ii, 217 Control group, 217, 256 Controlled clinical trial, 25, 217 Convulsions, 139, 202, 217 Corn Oil, 146, 217 Corneum, 217, 225 Coronary, 53, 73, 76, 102, 111, 157, 210, 217, 244, 247 Coronary heart disease, 111, 157, 210, 217 Coronary Thrombosis, 217, 244, 247 Corpus, 217, 252, 256
Index 281
Corpus Luteum, 217, 256 Cortex, 205, 217, 225, 250 Corticosteroids, 217, 230 Cortisol, 199, 217 Cortisone, 153, 217, 220 Coumarin, 217, 261 Cranial, 217, 218, 232, 238, 248, 252, 253 Craniocerebral Trauma, 212, 218, 232, 234 Cruciferous vegetables, 218, 236 Culture Media, 199, 218 Curative, 146, 168, 218, 248, 270 Curcumin, 129, 133, 134, 168, 218 Cutaneous, 28, 39, 150, 167, 217, 218, 239, 241 Cycasin, 218, 244 Cyclic, 198, 209, 218, 228, 231, 249, 257, 263, 270 Cyclin, 7, 31, 218 Cyproterone, 218, 227 Cysteine, 152, 197, 218, 268 Cystine, 136, 218 Cytochrome, 20, 24, 31, 61, 89, 98, 109, 203, 218 Cytokine, 27, 60, 73, 78, 85, 218, 237 Cytoplasm, 203, 211, 218, 224, 231, 246, 262 Cytotoxic, 119, 159, 209, 219, 260, 265 Cytotoxicity, 51, 73, 159, 199, 214, 219 D Dairy Products, 5, 169, 219, 263 Databases, Bibliographic, 181, 219 Daunorubicin, 219, 222 Deamination, 219, 253, 273 Decarboxylation, 219, 233, 250, 259 Decidua, 219, 254 Decubitus, 219, 266 Decubitus Ulcer, 219, 266 Defense Mechanisms, 130, 219 Degenerative, 27, 131, 219, 232, 242, 250, 262 Dehydration, 44, 60, 219 Deletion, 203, 219 Dendrites, 219, 248 Density, 17, 36, 42, 146, 208, 212, 219, 222, 227, 241, 250, 255 Dental Caries, 132, 133, 219, 227 Dental Plaque, 132, 219 Dentists, 168, 219 Deoxyguanosine, 22, 220 Deoxyribonucleic, 145, 220 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 145, 220 Deoxyribonucleotides, 220, 262
Depolarization, 220, 265 Deprivation, 14, 220 Dermatitis, 118, 122, 160, 220 Dermatology, 24, 28, 39, 42, 46, 47, 61, 62, 168, 220 Detergents, 220, 266 Deuterium, 220, 234 Developing Countries, 127, 220 Dexamethasone, 34, 220 Diagnostic procedure, 113, 174, 220 Diaper Rash, 148, 220 Diarrhoea, 220, 229 Diastolic, 220, 235 Dietary Fiber, 118, 147, 186, 220 Diethylnitrosamine, 95, 220 Diffusion, 209, 220, 221, 235, 236 Difluoromethylornithine, 13, 15, 220 Digestion, 128, 199, 206, 208, 220, 238, 241, 268 Digestive system, 112, 220, 246 Digestive tract, 5, 221, 266, 267 Dihydrotestosterone, 221, 261, 265 Dihydroxy, 80, 221, 263 Dilatation, 221, 238, 259 Dilation, 208, 221, 234 Dilution, 88, 221 Dimethylnitrosamine, 32, 221 Diploid, 221, 254 Direct, iii, 8, 18, 23, 30, 74, 122, 214, 221, 261, 269 Disinfectant, 116, 221, 225 Disposition, 8, 74, 221 Distal, 54, 221, 258, 259 Diuresis, 209, 221, 270 Diuretic, 221, 239, 242 DNA Topoisomerase, 221, 229 Dopa, 87, 221, 240 Dopa Decarboxylase, 87, 221 Dopamine, 77, 79, 120, 203, 221, 240, 253 Dormancy, 144, 145, 221 Dosage Forms, 30, 222 Dose-dependent, 11, 222 Doxorubicin, 42, 83, 222 Drug Interactions, 20, 222 Drug Resistance, 174, 222 Drug Tolerance, 222, 271 Duct, 222, 263 Duodenum, 206, 222, 268 Dyes, 200, 222, 227 Dyslipidemia, 157, 222 Dysplasia, 13, 115, 125, 168, 222 Dyspnea, 222, 259
282 Green tea
Dystrophy, 132, 158, 172, 222 E Echinacea, 4, 33, 148, 222 Edema, 30, 213, 217, 222, 238, 246, 247 Effector, 197, 215, 222, 248 Effector cell, 222, 248 Efficacy, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 25, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 127, 139, 144, 154, 159, 172, 222 Elasticity, 204, 223 Elastin, 215, 223, 226 Elective, 223 Electrolysis, 201, 211, 223 Electrolyte, 223, 256, 266 Electrons, 202, 206, 211, 223, 238, 239, 251, 260 Electrophoresis, 93, 97, 215, 223, 235 Electroplating, 210, 223 Emboli, 223, 275 Embolism, 223, 238, 259, 275 Embolization, 223, 275 Embolus, 223, 236 Embryo, 11, 207, 211, 223, 236, 255 Embryogenesis, 32, 223 Emetic, 203, 223 Emodin, 199, 223 Emollient, 136, 223, 249 Emphysema, 214, 223 Emulsions, 159, 199, 223 Enamel, 219, 223, 239 Endemic, 223, 267 Endocrine System, 224 Endocrinology, 168, 224 Endometrial, 157, 224 Endometrium, 219, 224, 243 Endothelial cell, 21, 49, 54, 64, 80, 82, 83, 224, 227, 237 Endothelium, 224, 249 Endothelium-derived, 224, 249 Endotoxic, 224, 241 Endotoxin, 224, 272 Enhancer, 136, 224 Environmental Exposure, 20, 127, 207, 224 Environmental Health, 12, 32, 62, 180, 182, 224 Enzymatic, 135, 149, 150, 209, 210, 215, 219, 224, 233 Eosinophilic, 71, 224 Eosinophils, 224, 231, 240 Ephedrine, 106, 115, 129, 141, 224 Epidemic, 224, 267 Epidemiologic Studies, 207, 224
Epidemiological, 6, 12, 16, 21, 24, 29, 52, 131, 224 Epidermal, 14, 19, 26, 28, 30, 61, 75, 86, 91, 225, 239, 243 Epidermal Growth Factor, 28, 30, 225 Epidermis, 15, 18, 61, 162, 206, 217, 225, 233, 234, 239, 256 Epidermoid carcinoma, 225, 267 Epinephrine, 198, 213, 221, 225, 249, 273 Epithelial, 18, 26, 60, 84, 85, 88, 90, 100, 197, 219, 225, 233 Epithelial Cells, 18, 26, 60, 84, 85, 88, 90, 225, 233 Epithelium, 12, 68, 224, 225 Ergot, 225, 263 Erythema, 29, 103, 131, 140, 217, 225, 268 Erythrocytes, 201, 208, 225, 261 Esophageal, 53, 225 Esophagus, 150, 221, 225, 253, 268 Estradiol, 36, 225, 265 Estrogen, 203, 218, 225, 264, 270 Ethanol, 64, 100, 225, 227 Ether, 158, 225, 272 Evacuation, 216, 225, 240 Evoke, 60, 81, 225, 268 Excipient, 144, 225, 231, 271 Excitation, 226, 227 Exhaustion, 201, 226 Exocytosis, 226, 233 Exogenous, 198, 226, 230, 273 Exotoxins, 152, 226 Extensor, 226, 259, 274 External-beam radiation, 226, 239, 260, 275 Extracellular, 28, 143, 144, 200, 204, 216, 226, 227, 243, 245, 266 Extracellular Matrix, 216, 226, 227, 243 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 226, 243 Extraction, 61, 74, 88, 123, 124, 125, 226 Extrapyramidal, 221, 226 Extremity, 226, 240, 251 Exudate, 226, 231, 271 Eye Infections, 198, 226 F Fallopian Tubes, 226, 261 Family Planning, 181, 226 Far East, 121, 226 Fatty acids, 156, 199, 226, 230, 241, 257, 266, 270, 271 Feces, 216, 220, 227, 268 Fermentation, 122, 135, 139, 150, 227 Fetal Hemoglobin, 140, 227
Index 283
Fetus, 32, 227, 242, 254, 273 Fibril, 144, 227 Fibrin, 207, 227, 270, 271 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 61, 90, 227 Fibroblasts, 216, 227, 237 Fibrosis, 199, 227, 259, 263 Flatus, 227, 229 Flow Cytometry, 23, 227 Fluorescence, 11, 75, 97, 227 Fluorescent Dyes, 227 Fluorine, 63, 227 Flutamide, 92, 227 Folate, 154, 228 Fold, 126, 228 Folic Acid, 120, 133, 134, 228 Forearm, 207, 228 Forskolin, 156, 228 Fractionation, 58, 69, 228 Freeze-dried, 117, 155, 228 Fructose, 59, 228, 231, 238 Fungi, 202, 214, 216, 226, 228, 231, 244, 246, 261, 275 Fungistatic, 228, 266, 272 Fungus, 225, 228, 263 G GABA, 214, 228, 253, 265 Gallbladder, 157, 197, 206, 213, 221, 228, 259 Gallic Acid, 145, 228 Gallstones, 157, 228 Gamma Oryzanol, 136, 228 Gamma Rays, 228, 246, 260 Ganglia, 197, 228, 248, 251, 253, 269 Gas, 159, 200, 210, 213, 220, 227, 229, 234, 246, 248, 249 Gastric, 40, 42, 63, 75, 79, 94, 173, 210, 222, 225, 229, 233 Gastrin, 229, 233 Gastritis, 52, 99, 104, 118, 229 Gastroenteritis, 160, 229 Gastrointestinal, 8, 96, 127, 172, 204, 208, 209, 225, 229, 230, 240, 264, 268, 272 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 204, 229 Gastrointestinal tract, 225, 229, 230, 240, 264, 272 Gelatin, 156, 218, 229, 230, 270 Gelatinases, 54, 229 Gels, 159, 229 Gene Expression, 8, 11, 13, 18, 19, 21, 28, 35, 38, 68, 86, 229 Genetic Code, 229, 249 Genetic Engineering, 207, 214, 229
Genetics, 74, 127, 216, 229 Genistein, 73, 229 Genotype, 15, 229, 253 Germ Cells, 229, 250, 267, 270 Gestation, 229, 254 Ginger, 4, 115, 119, 124, 129, 131, 141, 146, 152, 157, 159, 230 Ginseng, 6, 126, 146, 230 Glioblastoma, 43, 60, 84, 230 Glomerular, 77, 230, 238, 243, 261 Glomerulus, 230, 247 Glucocorticoid, 12, 26, 208, 220, 230 Glucose, 78, 92, 96, 111, 147, 204, 207, 211, 213, 230, 231, 232, 237 Glucuronosyltransferase, 89, 230 Glutamate, 230, 253 Glutamic Acid, 228, 230, 257 Glutathione Peroxidase, 13, 230, 264 Glycine, 120, 230, 264 Glycols, 230, 234 Glycoprotein, 77, 91, 230, 231, 246, 265, 272 Glycopyrrolate, 132, 158, 230 Glycosaminoglycans, 226, 230, 258 Glycoside, 135, 218, 230 Glycosidic, 211, 231, 250 Goats, 219, 231 Gout, 115, 118, 125, 231 Governing Board, 231, 256 Gp120, 231, 252 Grade, 49, 124, 155, 157, 231 Graft, 231, 233, 247, 258 Graft-versus-host disease, 231, 258 Gram-positive, 231, 239, 246 Granulocytes, 206, 231, 265, 275 Grasses, 214, 228, 231 Gravis, 132, 158, 231 Growth, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 30, 31, 40, 41, 43, 47, 49, 50, 59, 67, 68, 74, 77, 88, 90, 110, 116, 119, 125, 128, 129, 130, 172, 201, 202, 203, 206, 211, 218, 220, 225, 227, 228, 231, 237, 242, 247, 250, 254, 263, 264, 271, 272, 274 Growth factors, 231, 250 Guanylate Cyclase, 231, 249 Gum Arabic, 197, 231 H Habitat, 231, 246 Habitual, 30, 212, 231 Haemostasis, 39, 82, 232 Haloperidol, 132, 158, 232 Haploid, 232, 254
284 Green tea
Headache, 209, 232, 234 Heart attack, 172, 210, 232 Heart failure, 224, 232, 259 Hematology, 168, 232 Heme, 206, 218, 232 Hemiparesis, 232 Hemiplegia, 139, 232 Hemodialysis, 209, 232 Hemoglobin, 201, 225, 227, 232 Hemoglobin H, 227, 232 Hemorrhage, 218, 232, 247, 268 Hemostasis, 232, 264 Hepatic, 17, 33, 61, 74, 77, 78, 90, 96, 109, 199, 232, 244 Hepatitis, 22, 105, 118, 122, 169, 232 Hepatocytes, 17, 232, 233 Hepatoma, 77, 233 Herbicide, 233, 252 Hereditary, 19, 206, 231, 233, 262 Heredity, 130, 229, 233 Herpes, 168, 233 Herpes Zoster, 233 Histamine, 41, 160, 201, 233 Histamine Release, 41, 201, 233 Histidine, 82, 233 Histidine Decarboxylase, 82, 233 Histology, 233, 242 Hoarseness, 233, 240 Homeostasis, 20, 148, 149, 233 Hormonal, 14, 153, 205, 213, 233 Hormone therapy, 198, 233 Horny layer, 225, 233 Host, 10, 205, 215, 227, 233, 240, 263, 274 Household Products, 148, 233 Housekeeping, 233 Hybrid, 233, 263 Hydration, 169, 233 Hydroalcoholic, 115, 233 Hydrocephalus, 84, 233, 238, 239 Hydrogen Peroxide, 61, 73, 98, 131, 145, 210, 230, 234, 241, 269 Hydrolysis, 204, 211, 214, 234, 241, 254, 255, 258 Hydrophilic, 101, 220, 234 Hydrophobic, 220, 234, 241 Hydroxides, 234 Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids, 137, 203, 234 Hydroxyl Radical, 137, 234 Hydroxylysine, 215, 234 Hydroxyproline, 215, 234 Hydroxyurea, 140, 234
Hygienic, 234, 266 Hypercholesterolemia, 104, 222, 234, 252 Hyperlipidemia, 17, 59, 77, 222, 234 Hyperpigmentation, 131, 234 Hyperplasia, 14, 234 Hypersensitivity, 234, 240 Hypertension, 118, 122, 157, 204, 210, 212, 235, 238 Hypertriglyceridemia, 222, 235 Hypertrophy, 75, 119, 210, 234, 235, 262 Hyperuricemia, 231, 235 Hypochlorous Acid, 88, 235 Hypoglycemic, 150, 235 Hypotension, 217, 235, 249 Hypotensive, 63, 235, 239 Hypoxanthine, 235, 275 Hypoxia, 16, 87, 235 I Ibuprofen, 153, 235 Ice Cream, 146, 235 Id, 65, 102, 187, 192, 194, 235 Immune function, 119, 120, 126, 151, 155, 156, 235 Immune response, 198, 202, 205, 217, 235, 268, 274 Immune system, 120, 151, 205, 222, 235, 236, 240, 242, 273, 275 Immunity, 120, 151, 235, 250 Immunodiffusion, 199, 235 Immunoelectrophoresis, 199, 235 Immunogenic, 235, 241 Immunologic, 52, 212, 235, 260 Immunology, 21, 41, 78, 88, 92, 93, 94, 198, 227, 236 Immunosuppressive, 230, 236 Impairment, 204, 226, 236, 244 Implant radiation, 236, 238, 239, 260, 275 Impotence, 119, 236, 275 In situ, 23, 236 In vivo, 7, 8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 31, 48, 52, 236, 270 Incision, 236, 238, 258 Incontinence, 148, 224, 234, 236 Indicative, 165, 236, 252, 273 Indole-3-carbinol, 32, 236 Induction, 8, 10, 16, 19, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 40, 41, 43, 47, 48, 49, 52, 72, 84, 88, 89, 98, 201, 236 Infancy, 236 Infantile, 84, 236 Infarction, 139, 212, 236, 238, 261 Infiltration, 51, 236
Index 285
Infrared Rays, 128, 236 Infuse, 145, 236 Infusion, 24, 34, 63, 88, 90, 95, 139, 145, 237, 247 Ingestion, 35, 37, 48, 74, 94, 132, 151, 158, 209, 237, 255 Inhalation, 198, 204, 237, 255 Initiation, 7, 12, 20, 168, 237, 272 Inlay, 237, 262 Inorganic, 95, 214, 234, 237 Inositol, 12, 13, 34, 237, 263 Inotropic, 221, 237 Insight, 11, 237 Insulin, 17, 24, 237, 273 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 237 Insulin-like, 24, 237 Interferons, 168, 237 Interleukin-1, 85, 148, 237 Interleukin-2, 85, 237 Interleukin-8, 60, 84, 237 Internal Medicine, 73, 149, 224, 232, 237, 262 Internal radiation, 237, 239, 260, 275 Interstitial, 208, 238, 239, 247, 261, 275 Intestinal, 7, 33, 76, 93, 100, 118, 210, 238, 239 Intestine, 208, 215, 238, 240 Intoxication, 60, 80, 238, 273, 275 Intracellular, 209, 236, 237, 238, 249, 256, 257, 260, 263, 264, 265 Intracranial Aneurysm, 212, 238 Intracranial Arteriosclerosis, 212, 238 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 234, 238 Intracranial Hypertension, 232, 234, 238 Intraepithelial, 25, 168, 238 Intraocular, 228, 238 Intraocular pressure, 228, 238 Intravenous, 8, 237, 238 Inulin, 222, 238 Invasive, 26, 58, 70, 235, 238 Invertebrates, 238, 249 Iodine, 26, 238 Ion Channels, 204, 238, 248, 269 Ionization, 238 Ionizing, 29, 199, 224, 238, 242, 260, 265 Ions, 75, 124, 160, 206, 223, 234, 238, 239, 245, 256 Irradiation, 29, 32, 126, 128, 239, 260, 275 Irritants, 148, 162, 239 Ischemia, 76, 77, 84, 96, 205, 219, 239, 247, 261 Isoflavones, 33, 70, 239
Isosorbide, 136, 239 J Joint, 27, 115, 118, 125, 148, 149, 153, 204, 239, 250, 269 K Kallidin, 208, 239 Kb, 180, 239 Keratin, 239 Keratinocytes, 19, 23, 61, 73, 75, 86, 91, 237, 239 Keratolytic, 219, 239 Kinetic, 20, 238, 239 L Labile, 215, 239 Lactation, 215, 239 Lactobacillus, 141, 239 Large Intestine, 215, 221, 238, 240, 261, 266 Laryngitis, 131, 152, 157, 240 Larynx, 240, 271 Latent, 16, 240 Laxative, 199, 223, 240, 271 Leg Ulcer, 139, 240 Lens, 59, 88, 131, 159, 210, 240 Lesion, 75, 240, 273 Lethal, 127, 205, 240, 246 Lethargy, 234, 240 Leukemia, 45, 46, 49, 71, 197, 222, 227, 240 Leukocytes, 51, 208, 212, 224, 231, 240, 246, 272 Leukoplakia, 46, 60, 104, 168, 240 Leukotrienes, 83, 125, 203, 234, 240 Levo, 221, 240 Levodopa, 221, 240 Libido, 201, 240 Library Services, 192, 240 Life Expectancy, 4, 241 Ligament, 241, 257 Lipid A, 99, 241 Lipid Peroxidation, 7, 23, 44, 63, 96, 97, 241, 251 Lipolysis, 115, 147, 156, 241 Lipopolysaccharides, 241 Lipoprotein, 17, 35, 36, 42, 222, 241, 274 Lipoxygenase, 30, 119, 125, 137, 203, 240, 241 Liquor, 126, 241, 259 Liver, 20, 23, 39, 59, 60, 63, 70, 83, 87, 96, 152, 169, 197, 199, 200, 203, 206, 210, 221, 227, 228, 232, 233, 241, 245, 251, 259, 273 Localized, 29, 134, 168, 200, 219, 220, 232, 236, 241, 250, 254, 273
286 Green tea
Locomotion, 241, 254 Locomotor, 99, 241 Loop, 24, 241 Low-density lipoprotein, 48, 53, 86, 87, 222, 241 Lubricants, 241, 253 Lumbago, 148, 149, 241 Lumbar, 205, 241 Luminol, 241 Lupus, 115, 125, 241 Lycopene, 19, 133, 134, 241 Lymph, 212, 224, 241, 242, 247, 268 Lymph node, 212, 242, 247 Lymphatic, 83, 224, 236, 241, 242, 244, 266, 267, 271 Lymphatic system, 241, 242, 266, 267, 271 Lymphocyte, 202, 242, 243 Lymphoid, 202, 217, 242 Lymphoma, 49, 105, 242 Lysine, 129, 234, 242 M Maceration, 139, 242 Macrophage, 237, 242 Macula, 242 Macula Lutea, 242 Macular Degeneration, 131, 242 Malignancy, 14, 29, 48, 61, 242 Malignant, 14, 18, 168, 197, 202, 204, 208, 230, 237, 242, 247, 257, 260 Malignant tumor, 15, 242 Malnutrition, 199, 205, 242 Malondialdehyde, 44, 242 Mammary, 23, 26, 83, 110, 215, 242, 270 Manifest, 232, 242 Man-made, 210, 242 Mannitol, 242, 261 Matrilysin, 92, 243 Matrix metalloproteinase, 85, 91, 92, 243 Meat, 4, 16, 116, 243, 263 Medial, 204, 243 Mediate, 20, 137, 221, 243 Mediator, 221, 237, 243, 255, 264 Medicament, 159, 243 MEDLINE, 181, 243 Megaloblastic, 228, 243 Melanin, 243, 253, 273 Melanocytes, 234, 243, 249 Melanoma, 29, 131, 243 Membrane Fluidity, 40, 243 Membrane Glycoproteins, 243 Memory, 143, 201, 243 Meninges, 211, 218, 243, 267
Menopause, 105, 243, 255, 256 Menstrual Cycle, 243, 256 Mental Disorders, 112, 244, 259 Mental Health, iv, 6, 112, 180, 182, 244, 259 Mental Retardation, 131, 158, 244 Menthol, 132, 244 Mercury, 227, 244 Mesenchymal, 225, 244 Metabolic disorder, 69, 231, 244 Metastasis, 7, 24, 243, 244 Metastatic, 16, 68, 138, 161, 208, 244, 264 Metastatic cancer, 16, 138, 161, 244 Methicillin Resistance, 64, 244 Methionine, 152, 155, 244, 268 Methylazoxymethanol Acetate, 7, 244 MI, 147, 157, 172, 195, 244 Microbe, 141, 244, 271 Microbiology, 16, 30, 62, 64, 67, 92, 244 Microorganism, 214, 244, 275 Micro-organism, 219, 244 Microscopy, 11, 27, 244 Microsomal, 17, 80, 244 Migration, 21, 84, 245 Milk Thistle, 20, 152, 245, 265 Milliliter, 245, 267 Mitochondria, 24, 31, 86, 245, 247 Mitochondrial Swelling, 245, 247 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, 245 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, 23, 28, 35, 245 Mitosis, 203, 245 Modification, 83, 93, 229, 245 Molasses, 136, 245 Molecular Structure, 137, 245 Monitor, 16, 26, 245, 249 Monoclonal, 239, 245, 260, 275 Monocytes, 237, 240, 246 Mononuclear, 246, 272 Monounsaturated fat, 5, 246 Morphine, 203, 246 Morphology, 210, 232, 246 Motility, 154, 246, 264 Motor Activity, 217, 246 Mucins, 219, 246, 263 Mucolytic, 197, 246 Mucosa, 48, 241, 246 Mucositis, 131, 152, 157, 246 Multidrug resistance, 91, 246 Multivariate Analysis, 111, 246 Muscular Dystrophies, 222, 246
Index 287
Mustard Gas, 239, 246 Mutagen, 31, 246 Mutagenesis, 22, 31, 246 Mutagenic, 16, 19, 32, 121, 127, 220, 221, 246, 265 Mutagenicity, 32, 246 Myasthenia, 132, 158, 246 Mycobacterium, 97, 246, 272 Mycotoxins, 198, 246 Mydriatic, 221, 246, 253, 275 Myocardial infarction, 102, 118, 122, 206, 217, 244, 246, 275 Myocardial Reperfusion, 247, 261 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 247, 261 Myocardium, 244, 246, 247 Myotonic Dystrophy, 132, 158, 247 N Narcolepsy, 224, 247 Nausea, 222, 229, 247, 273 NCI, 1, 6, 8, 15, 25, 112, 179, 247 Necrosis, 82, 139, 203, 212, 230, 236, 244, 246, 247, 261 Neoplasia, 20, 25, 168, 247 Neoplasm, 247, 273 Neoplastic, 242, 247, 250, 253 Nephrectomy, 75, 247 Nephritis, 118, 122, 247 Nephropathy, 248 Nerve, 122, 132, 158, 198, 205, 213, 219, 243, 248, 253, 255, 262, 263, 267, 268, 272 Nervous System, 143, 197, 206, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 224, 228, 229, 230, 240, 243, 246, 248, 249, 253, 264, 269, 270, 273, 274 Neural, 127, 200, 248 Neuralgia, 131, 148, 149, 158, 248 Neuroblastoma, 86, 248 Neurologic, 230, 234, 248 Neuroma, 131, 158, 248 Neuromuscular, 197, 248 Neuromuscular Junction, 197, 248 Neuronal, 77, 143, 144, 248, 252 Neurons, 100, 121, 219, 228, 240, 248, 269 Neurotic, 248, 273 Neurotoxic, 205, 218, 248 Neurotoxicity, 86, 100, 248 Neurotoxin, 244, 248 Neurotransmitters, 120, 248 Neutrons, 199, 239, 248, 260 Neutrophil, 54, 64, 94, 248 Niacin, 248, 272 Nicotine, 132, 158, 248
Nitric Oxide, 28, 44, 74, 85, 132, 158, 248 Nitrogen, 71, 199, 200, 201, 226, 249, 272 Nitroprusside, 86, 249 Nonmalignant, 14, 249 Nonmelanoma skin cancer, 28, 72, 249 Norepinephrine, 198, 221, 224, 249 Nuclear, 25, 28, 45, 61, 91, 100, 206, 216, 223, 228, 230, 242, 247, 249, 250, 257 Nucleic acid, 114, 229, 235, 249, 259, 267 Nucleus, 203, 205, 213, 218, 220, 224, 228, 246, 248, 249, 258, 268 O Obstetrics, 242, 249 Octopamine, 114, 249 Ocular, 32, 197, 249 Odds Ratio, 249, 261 Odour, 203, 249 Ointments, 159, 222, 249, 266 Oligosaccharides, 118, 250 Omega-3 fatty acid, 4, 5, 250 Oncogenes, 10, 250, 258 Opacity, 210, 219, 250 Ophthalmic, 79, 158, 159, 250 Oral Health, 250 Oral Hygiene, 132, 250 Oral Manifestations, 168, 250 Organoleptic, 135, 250 Ornithine, 9, 15, 52, 58, 71, 250, 259 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 9, 15, 52, 58, 71, 250 Osmotic, 199, 239, 245, 250 Osteoarthritis, 27, 115, 125, 157, 250 Osteomyelitis, 139, 250 Osteoporosis, 105, 135, 250 Ovaries, 203, 226, 250, 261, 265 Ovary, 217, 225, 250, 251, 255 Overall survival, 24, 251 Overweight, 64, 147, 157, 251 Ovulation, 154, 251 Ovum, 217, 219, 229, 251, 256, 275 Oxidative metabolism, 240, 251 Oxidative Stress, 20, 21, 22, 28, 44, 45, 63, 70, 79, 91, 97, 213, 251 Oxygenation, 125, 251 P Palliative, 14, 218, 251, 270 Palsy, 131, 158, 251 Pancreas, 197, 207, 221, 237, 251, 264, 272 Pancreatic, 30, 43, 78, 210, 251 Pancreatic cancer, 30, 251 Paraganglia, Chromaffin, 213, 251 Paresis, 232, 251
288 Green tea
Parkinsonism, 203, 240, 251 Partial remission, 251, 261 Particle, 76, 242, 251, 272 Patch, 148, 149, 240, 251, 272 Pathogenesis, 137, 143, 144, 160, 252 Pathologic, 139, 203, 207, 217, 234, 252, 259, 261, 265, 267, 274 Pathologic Processes, 203, 252 Pathology, Oral, 168, 252 Patient Education, 4, 186, 190, 192, 195, 252 Pectins, 160, 252 Pelvic, 252, 257 Penicillin, 201, 244, 252 Penis, 252, 261 Pentachlorophenol, 95, 252 Peptide, 21, 143, 144, 215, 227, 229, 239, 252, 255, 258 Peptide T, 143, 144, 252 Perennial, 222, 252 Perfusion, 235, 252 Periodontal disease, 132, 133, 252 Periodontitis, 133, 252 Peripheral blood, 46, 252 Peripheral Nerves, 99, 252, 253, 267 Peripheral Nervous System, 232, 251, 253, 268 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 232, 253 Peroxide, 132, 253 Petroleum, 148, 253 PH, 26, 61, 253 Phagocytosis, 237, 253 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 211, 225, 229, 253, 257 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 222, 253 Pharmacists, 4, 20, 253 Pharmacologic, 18, 200, 253, 271 Pharynx, 150, 253 Phenobarbital, 98, 253 Phenotype, 16, 19, 85, 207, 253 Phenyl, 84, 253 Phenylalanine, 74, 120, 204, 253, 273 Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase, 74, 253 Phenylephrine, 253, 270 Phospholipases, 254, 265 Phospholipids, 226, 237, 241, 243, 254, 258 Phosphorus, 209, 254 Phosphorylated, 214, 245, 254 Phosphorylation, 8, 18, 21, 28, 30, 40, 43, 60, 81, 91, 101, 245, 254, 258
Physiologic, 199, 207, 221, 238, 243, 254, 257, 260, 261, 265 Physiology, 8, 17, 39, 59, 81, 96, 207, 224, 232, 254 Pigment, 136, 206, 241, 243, 249, 254 Pigmentation, 130, 162, 234, 254 Pilot study, 68, 89, 254 Pituitary Gland, 227, 228, 254 Placenta, 32, 203, 225, 254, 256 Plaque, 133, 254 Plasma protein, 199, 254 Plasmid, 32, 254, 274 Platelet Activation, 254, 265 Platelet Aggregation, 150, 201, 228, 249, 255, 270 Platelet Factor 4, 237, 255 Platelets, 73, 203, 206, 249, 255, 270, 271 Platinum, 214, 241, 255 Poisoning, 116, 203, 209, 225, 229, 238, 244, 247, 252, 255 Pollen, 255, 260 Polyethylene, 136, 255 Polymorphism, 15, 255 Polypeptide, 200, 215, 225, 227, 255 Polyposis, 19, 215, 255 Polysaccharide, 202, 211, 255, 258 Posterior, 200, 205, 251, 255 Postmenopausal, 250, 255 Postsynaptic, 255, 265, 269 Post-translational, 201, 255, 265 Potassium, 76, 138, 154, 255, 256, 266 Potassium Channels, 76, 256 Potentiate, 132, 158, 256 Potentiating, 120, 256 Potentiation, 256, 265 Practice Guidelines, 182, 256 Precancerous, 26, 75, 212, 256 Preclinical, 6, 10, 16, 26, 27, 256 Precursor, 93, 120, 203, 206, 213, 221, 222, 224, 240, 249, 253, 256, 267, 272, 273 Pregnancy Maintenance, 256 Premalignant, 13, 26, 168, 256 Premenopausal, 36, 256 Prevalence, 13, 147, 157, 249, 256 Prickle, 239, 256 Primary endpoint, 13, 25, 256 Primary tumor, 168, 256 Progesterone, 154, 256, 268 Progression, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 23, 28, 46, 60, 168, 201, 243, 256, 257, 272 Progressive, 16, 24, 115, 125, 204, 211, 222, 231, 246, 247, 250, 254, 256, 259, 261, 272
Index 289
Projection, 219, 249, 256 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, 30, 257 Proline, 136, 215, 234, 257 Promoter, 18, 257 Prophylaxis, 257, 262, 275 Propylene Glycol, 136, 257 Prospective Studies, 94, 257 Prospective study, 15, 58, 69, 257 Prostaglandin, 48, 77, 257, 270 Prostaglandins A, 125, 257 Prostaglandins D, 257 Prostate gland, 119, 186, 214, 258 Prostatectomy, 9, 258 Prostatitis, 21, 119, 186, 258 Protein C, 199, 200, 203, 205, 239, 241, 258, 273, 274 Protein Kinase C, 245, 258 Protein Kinases, 245, 250, 258 Protein S, 167, 207, 229, 244, 258, 262 Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, 245, 258 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 229, 258 Proteoglycan, 72, 255, 258 Proteolytic, 82, 215, 258 Protons, 199, 234, 238, 258, 260 Proto-Oncogenes, 250, 258 Proximal, 221, 258 Psoralen, 29, 46, 258 Psoriasis, 137, 246, 258, 259, 262 Psychiatric, 207, 244, 259 Psychiatry, 259, 268 Psyllium, 146, 259 PTC, 11, 29, 259 Public Health, 12, 59, 63, 149, 182, 259 Public Policy, 181, 259 Publishing, 3, 34, 138, 168, 259 Pulmonary, 26, 34, 52, 94, 118, 127, 207, 213, 217, 224, 240, 259, 269, 275 Pulmonary Artery, 207, 259 Pulmonary Embolism, 259, 275 Pulmonary Emphysema, 118, 259 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 94, 259 Pulse, 245, 259 Purines, 259, 264, 275 Putrescine, 250, 259, 267 Pyogenic, 250, 259 Pyridoxal, 233, 250, 259 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 233, 259 Pyrimidine Dimers, 45, 260 Q Quercetin, 65, 159, 186, 260
Quinones, 124, 260 R Race, 221, 245, 260 Radiation therapy, 198, 226, 228, 238, 239, 260, 275 Radioactive, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 242, 249, 260, 272, 275 Radiolabeled, 239, 260, 275 Radiotherapy, 208, 239, 260, 275 Randomized, 11, 12, 25, 72, 134, 223, 260 Reactive Oxygen Species, 22, 28, 82, 137, 260 Reagent, 213, 228, 260 Receptors, Serotonin, 260, 264 Recombinant, 260, 274 Rectal, 48, 260 Rectum, 202, 208, 215, 221, 227, 229, 236, 240, 258, 260, 261 Recurrence, 6, 98, 127, 212, 261 Red blood cells, 139, 225, 261 Reductase, 14, 58, 203, 261 Refer, 1, 133, 208, 215, 228, 233, 241, 242, 248, 261 Refraction, 261, 266 Regeneration, 53, 227, 261 Regimen, 222, 261 Reishi, 133, 134, 261 Relative risk, 12, 261 Relaxant, 228, 261 Remission, 44, 261 Renal failure, 89, 261 Reperfusion, 76, 84, 96, 247, 261 Reperfusion Injury, 76, 84, 96, 261 Reproductive system, 154, 258, 261 Resorption, 234, 261 Respiration, 203, 210, 245, 251, 261 Resting metabolic rate, 5, 262 Restoration, 115, 125, 247, 261, 262, 263, 275 Retina, 240, 242, 262 Retinoblastoma, 98, 262 Retinoids, 29, 168, 262, 274 Retinol, 26, 262 Retropubic, 258, 262 Rheumatism, 115, 125, 235, 262 Rheumatology, 168, 262 Rhinitis, 224, 262 Rhinophyma, 197, 262 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 234, 262 Ribosome, 262, 272 Rigidity, 251, 254, 262
290 Green tea
Risk factor, 31, 127, 224, 257, 261, 262 Rod, 205, 206, 239, 262 Rutin, 17, 260, 263 Rye, 118, 214, 225, 263 S Saline, 25, 263 Saliva, 132, 158, 263 Salivary, 131, 157, 158, 219, 221, 251, 263, 268 Salivary glands, 131, 157, 158, 219, 221, 263 Salivation, 230, 263 Sanitary, 155, 263 Saponin, 135, 263 Satiation, 141, 263 Saturated fat, 136, 263 Schizoid, 263, 275 Schizophrenia, 263, 275 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 263, 275 Sclerosis, 114, 131, 158, 204, 238, 263 Screening, 214, 263 Sebaceous, 239, 262, 263 Sebaceous gland, 239, 262, 263 Second Messenger Systems, 248, 263 Secondary tumor, 244, 263 Secretion, 17, 80, 84, 132, 158, 225, 233, 237, 239, 246, 263, 264 Secretory, 213, 264, 269 Secretory Vesicles, 213, 264 Sedative, 264, 273 Sedentary, 262, 264 Seizures, 214, 230, 264 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 264, 270 Selenium, 66, 70, 76, 119, 133, 152, 154, 155, 264 Selenomethionine, 130, 264 Semen, 257, 258, 264 Seminiferous tubule, 201, 264, 267 Senile, 250, 264 Senility, 118, 120, 264 Sequence Homology, 252, 264 Serine, 58, 70, 245, 258, 264 Serotonin, 120, 260, 264, 272 Serous, 167, 215, 224, 264 Serum, 9, 31, 32, 35, 36, 43, 45, 53, 63, 75, 82, 96, 126, 162, 199, 200, 215, 241, 264, 272 Sex Characteristics, 201, 265, 270 Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, 36, 265 Sharpness, 143, 265 Shivering, 265, 270
Shock, 160, 265, 272 Shoulder Pain, 148, 149, 265 Side effect, 119, 140, 142, 143, 148, 149, 153, 157, 198, 235, 265, 271 Signal Transduction, 15, 21, 28, 31, 237, 265 Signs and Symptoms, 149, 261, 265 Silymarin, 245, 265 Sister Chromatid Exchange, 59, 265 Skeletal, 201, 206, 246, 265 Skeleton, 239, 257, 265, 266 Skin Care, 158, 159, 266 Sleep apnea, 157, 266 Small intestine, 23, 206, 214, 222, 233, 238, 266, 274 Smooth muscle, 73, 81, 85, 86, 92, 199, 200, 209, 216, 228, 233, 246, 266, 268 Soaps, 266, 272 Sodium, 4, 86, 116, 132, 138, 142, 156, 231, 266 Sodium Bicarbonate, 132, 266 Soft tissue, 208, 266 Solar radiation, 130, 131, 140, 266 Solid tumor, 51, 138, 161, 201, 222, 266 Solvent, 136, 160, 206, 225, 250, 253, 257, 266 Somatic, 223, 245, 253, 265, 266 Sorbic Acid, 159, 266 Specialist, 187, 221, 266 Spectrum, 7, 130, 218, 236, 266 Sperm, 154, 201, 213, 255, 264, 267 Sperm Count, 154, 267 Spermatozoa, 64, 264, 267 Spermidine, 250, 267 Spina bifida, 206, 267 Spinal cord, 204, 211, 212, 213, 232, 243, 248, 252, 253, 267, 269 Spinal Cord Diseases, 232, 267 Spinal Nerves, 252, 253, 267 Spinous, 225, 239, 267 Spleen, 200, 242, 267 Sporadic, 29, 262, 267 Sputa, 25, 267 Sputum, 13, 25, 267 Squamous, 12, 13, 19, 23, 26, 225, 249, 267 Squamous cell carcinoma, 12, 13, 19, 26, 225, 267 Squamous cells, 249, 267 Stasis, 148, 149, 267 Steel, 267, 273 Steroid, 203, 217, 268 Stimulant, 155, 209, 233, 239, 268
Index 291
Stimulus, 222, 226, 237, 238, 268, 270 Stool, 236, 240, 268 Strand, 46, 81, 215, 268 Stress, 20, 28, 59, 138, 209, 211, 213, 217, 229, 245, 247, 251, 268 Stroke, 51, 62, 112, 118, 131, 158, 180, 210, 268 Structure-Activity Relationship, 24, 268 Stupor, 139, 240, 268 Subacute, 236, 268 Subclinical, 9, 236, 264, 268 Subcutaneous, 15, 137, 222, 268 Submaxillary, 225, 268 Subspecies, 266, 268 Substance P, 264, 268 Sulfur, 226, 244, 268 Sunburn, 105, 131, 134, 137, 140, 268 Superoxide, 74, 99, 118, 122, 129, 131, 137, 269 Superoxide Dismutase, 118, 129, 269 Supplementation, 9, 54, 134, 269 Suppression, 7, 80, 81, 99, 118, 140, 148, 149, 269 Suppressive, 62, 269 Surfactant, 116, 136, 269 Survival Rate, 139, 251, 269 Sympathetic Nervous System, 213, 269 Sympathomimetic, 221, 225, 249, 269, 273 Symphysis, 213, 257, 269 Synapses, 248, 269 Synaptic, 248, 265, 269 Synaptic Transmission, 248, 269 Synephrine, 129, 270 Synergistic, 20, 132, 136, 149, 270 Systemic disease, 168, 270 Systolic, 235, 270 T Tamoxifen, 127, 264, 270 Taurine, 120, 152, 270 Tear Gases, 239, 270 Testicular, 203, 270 Testis, 201, 225, 270 Testosterone, 52, 261, 265, 270 Theophylline, 26, 107, 200, 259, 270 Therapeutics, 22, 85, 86, 99, 127, 159, 270 Thermal, 204, 248, 270 Thermogenesis, 87, 115, 173, 270 Thoracic, 60, 205, 270, 275 Threonine, 120, 245, 252, 258, 264, 270 Threshold, 235, 270 Thrombin, 227, 255, 258, 270 Thrombocytes, 255, 270
Thrombosis, 36, 82, 206, 238, 258, 268, 270 Thromboxanes, 203, 234, 270 Thrombus, 150, 217, 236, 247, 255, 271, 274 Thymus, 242, 271 Thyroid, 80, 156, 238, 271, 273 Thyroxine, 199, 253, 271 Tin, 63, 255, 271 Tolerance, 197, 214, 271 Tomography, 26, 271 Tonic, 20, 138, 210, 214, 271 Topical, 15, 28, 51, 62, 124, 136, 137, 158, 159, 161, 162, 168, 204, 225, 234, 266, 271 Torsion, 236, 271 Toxic, iv, 20, 148, 162, 198, 206, 212, 214, 216, 219, 224, 231, 235, 248, 259, 263, 264, 271 Toxicity, 11, 30, 32, 93, 127, 138, 143, 144, 161, 168, 222, 223, 244, 271 Toxicology, 10, 17, 22, 44, 47, 59, 75, 79, 88, 89, 90, 91, 102, 182, 271 Toxins, 138, 152, 202, 226, 236, 246, 271 Trace element, 208, 213, 227, 271 Trachea, 208, 240, 253, 271 Tragacanth, 146, 271 Training Support, 22, 271 Transcription Factors, 23, 250, 272 Transdermal, 132, 158, 272 Transduction, 265, 272 Transfection, 23, 207, 272 Translating, 12, 272 Translation, 19, 272 Translocation, 23, 272 Transmitter, 197, 204, 221, 238, 243, 249, 269, 272, 273 Transurethral, 258, 272 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 258, 272 Trauma, 247, 272 Triclosan, 68, 272 Triglyceride, 17, 235, 272 Tryptophan, 120, 215, 264, 272 Tuberculosis, 97, 217, 241, 272 Tumor marker, 207, 272 Tumor model, 10, 24, 25, 272 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 35, 58, 272 Tumorigenic, 19, 26, 272 Tumour, 41, 91, 272 Type 2 diabetes, 157, 273 Tyramine, 249, 273 Tyrosine, 13, 43, 60, 91, 120, 136, 221, 253, 258, 273
292 Green tea
U Ulcer, 219, 240, 273 Unconscious, 201, 219, 235, 273 Univalent, 234, 251, 273 Urea, 136, 161, 162, 250, 273 Uremia, 261, 273 Urethra, 252, 257, 258, 272, 273 Uric, 231, 235, 259, 273 Urinary, 16, 44, 61, 96, 101, 209, 224, 234, 236, 258, 262, 273, 275 Urinate, 119, 273, 275 Urine, 9, 16, 22, 37, 119, 207, 220, 221, 225, 236, 273 Uterus, 212, 217, 219, 224, 226, 242, 250, 256, 261, 273 V Vaccine, 169, 198, 273 Vagina, 212, 239, 261, 273 Valerian, 4, 273 Vanadium, 156, 273 Varicose, 240, 273 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 21, 24, 81, 84, 274 Vascular Resistance, 126, 274 Vasoconstriction, 225, 232, 274 Vasodilator, 208, 221, 233, 247, 249, 274 Vector, 31, 272, 274 Vegetative, 207, 274 Vein, 83, 204, 238, 249, 274 Venous, 103, 204, 206, 212, 240, 258, 274, 275 Venous Thrombosis, 206, 274, 275 Ventricles, 212, 234, 274 Ventricular, 234, 247, 274 Venules, 207, 209, 274 Vertebrae, 206, 267, 274
Vesicular, 233, 244, 274 Veterinary Medicine, 181, 274 Villi, 234, 274 Viral, 105, 119, 120, 134, 151, 157, 169, 197, 250, 258, 272, 274 Virion, 205, 274 Virulence, 205, 271, 274 Virus, 22, 116, 157, 169, 205, 211, 221, 224, 229, 231, 254, 272, 274 Viscosity, 197, 274 Vitamin A, 237, 262, 274 Vitiligo, 258, 274 Vitro, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 31, 32, 38, 44, 46, 52, 60, 64, 67, 72, 81, 114, 140, 236, 275 Vivo, 8, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 31, 275 Void, 126, 275 W Warfarin, 52, 107, 275 Weight Gain, 153, 157, 275 White blood cell, 197, 202, 206, 215, 240, 242, 248, 275 Windpipe, 253, 271, 275 Withdrawal, 21, 275 Womb, 261, 273, 275 Wound Healing, 227, 243, 275 X Xanthine, 275 Xanthine Oxidase, 275 Xenograft, 201, 272, 275 X-ray, 211, 227, 228, 239, 242, 246, 249, 259, 260, 275 X-ray therapy, 239, 275 Y Yeasts, 228, 253, 275 Yohimbine, 114, 275
Index 293
294 Green tea
Index 295
296 Green tea
