Heat Stroke - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

EAT TROKE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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EAT TROKE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Heat Stroke: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00520-4 1. Heat Stroke-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on heat stroke. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEAT STROKE ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Heat Stroke.................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HEAT STROKE ................................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding Nutrition Studies on Heat Stroke .................................................................................. 41 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 42 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HEAT STROKE ........................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 45 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 48 General References ....................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEAT STROKE .............................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 51 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 53 Academic Periodicals covering Heat Stroke................................................................................. 53 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 73 HEAT STROKE DICTIONARY .................................................................................................... 75 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 103

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with heat stroke is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about heat stroke, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to heat stroke, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on heat stroke. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to heat stroke, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on heat stroke. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEAT STROKE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on heat stroke.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and heat stroke, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “heat stroke” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Acute Liver Failure Source: Care of the Critically Ill. 14(5): 148-154. July 1998. Contact: Available from Care for the Critically Ill. Subscription Department, Stockton Press, Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS, UK. Summary: Acute liver failure (ALF) is a group of symptoms associated with sudden cessation of normal hepatic function. It includes encephalopathy (degenerative disease of the brain), development of coagulopathy (disorder of blood coagulation), and subsequent jaundice and may be associated with cerebral edema (fluid on the brain), renal (kidney) impairment, and multiorgan failure. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of ALF. Although the pathophysiology of ALF is not fully understood, etiologic processes include viral hepatitis, drugs and natural toxins, and other causes

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such as fatty liver of pregnancy, lymphoma, sepsis, and heat stroke. Prognosis depends on the etiology and time of onset of encephalopathy. The outcome is grim unless early and aggressive intensive care management is directed toward supporting organ system failures. Since the patient's mental state and level of consciousness may deteriorate rapidly, a detailed and relevant medical history is most appropriate at the first medical contact. The presence of altered mentation and coagulopathy, especially in a patient with clinical evidence of hepatitis, helps clinch the diagnosis. The article reviews the care of the patient with ALF, including monitoring and managing infection, the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system, the renal system, and coagulopathy and bleeding. Liver transplantation is the mainstay of surgical therapy. 8 tables. 39 references. •

Ready, Set, Summer Source: Outside. 23(7):111-113. July 1998. Summary: Goodman offers several healthful tips for summer. These include: water intake; awareness of heat stroke and heat exhaustion; vitamin intake; first aid for feet; and exercises to prepare for summer exercise.

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Warm Weather Health Tips Source: Stadtlanders Lifetimes. Issue 1: 36-37. 2000. Contact: Available from Stadtlanders Lifetimes. Stadtlanders Pharmacy, 600 Penn Center Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5810. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This patient education article, from a newsletter for people with kidney disease, reminds readers of the health problems that can be associated with summer weather. The author cautions that dehydration can occur if one does not drink enough liquids to replace the fluids that the body is losing during warm weather or during heavy activity. Fluids can be replaced by drinking water, fruit juices, Gatorade, sport drinks, caffeine free soft drinks, or gelatin water. Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke are three conditions that can occur in warm weather, particularly during strenuous activity or accompanying dehydration. Heat cramps are painful spasms of the large muscles caused by exercise. Heat exhaustion causes weakness, loss of energy, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, cold and clammy skin, and faintness. Heat stroke is a life threatening form of heat exhaustion with symptoms of headache, slurred speech, dizziness, confusion, hot flushed skin, rapid heart rate, seizures, or coma. Another common warm weather problem is sun burn caused by exposing the skin to the harmful rays of the sun without proper protection. Transplant recipients have a greater chance of developing skin and lip cancers because of the immunosuppressants they must take to prevent organ rejection. Other medications can cause the skin to be more sensitive than usual to the sun, therefore allowing sunburn more easily; these include tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim (Septra, Bactrim), diuretics, hypoglycemics, and medications used to treat some cancers. Simple precautions can prevent most cases of severe sunburn and protect the skin from the long term hazards of skin cancer and premature aging. A final section of the article reminds readers to store their medications in a cool, dry place, protected from light and out of the reach of children. Excessive heat (such as that encountered in a closed car during the summer) may cause the medications to lose their potency.

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Federally Funded Research on Heat Stroke The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to heat stroke. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to heat stroke. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore heat stroke. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for heat stroke: •

Project Title: HEAT STROKE & HYPERTHERMIA: APPLIED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moseley, Pope L.; Medicine; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1991; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Exercise is a complex stress involving elevated core temperature as well as intracellular oxiradical generation, cellular energy depletion, local tissue ischemia, and increased inflammatory cytokine levels that correlate to the appearance of bacterial endotoxins in the circulation. At the cellular level tolerance to heat is associated with the intracellular accumulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs). This HSP accumulation is also associated with cellular tolerance to oxiradicals, energy depletion, and cytokines, as well as a modified endotoxin response with increased survival in the whole organism. The causative link between HSP accumulation and thermotolerance is still circumstantial. Moreover, the link between classical thermotolerance - the cell's survival of an otherwise lethal heat stress - may be less important in the adaptation of the intact organism than is the ability of a tissue of organ system to remain functional during the stresses of hyperthermia, which we have termed "physiological thermotolerance." This physiological thermotolerance which is defined as maintenance of function of a cell or tissue rather than defined in terms of survival, may be more relevant to the adaptive response of the intact organism. We have developed a series of gene transfer vectors to allow us to overexpress specific HSPs in cells on culture as well as in the intact organism. Using a functional assay of heat tolerance we will move sequentially from cells in culture to an isolated epithelial monolayer, to an animal model to determine the effects of HSP overexpression in response to heat, oxidative stress, energy depletion, and in the intact organism, endotoxin exposure. Because the HSP gene transfer vectors allow us to overexpress HSPs in virtually all cells in a population and effectively transduce organs such as the liver in vivo, we will be able to study the relationships between the cellular adaptive response to heat stress and the

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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adaptation of both a multicellular tissue and the intact organism resulting from specific HSP overexpression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HSP 110 FAMILY AND ITS ROLES IN THERMOTOLERANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Subjeck, John R.; Professor; Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corp Buffalo, Ny 14263 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1992; Project End 19-FEB-2003 Summary: Stress proteins are known to play essential roles in normal cellular functions and in protecting cells from stress, e.g., in thermotolerance. Several of these proteins have come under intense scrutiny. However, from the earliest studies, major stress proteins known as hsp110 (in the cytoplasm) and grp170 (in the endoplasmic reticulum) were observed, but studies of their structure and function were not undertaken; that is, until recently. Recent cloning of these proteins in the laboratory of the P.I. indicated that they are related to one another and are also distant relatives of the intensively studied hsp70 family. Moreover, they have been observed in every eukaryotic cell examined, from yeast to man. Since these conserved stress proteins reside in parallel with members of the hsp70 family in both the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum in all eukaryotic cells, it is hypothesized that they satisfy a requirement which is not met by the members of the hsp70 family. It is our overall goal to determine the functions of these large stress proteins and how they compare to and interact with the hsp7Os. The present proposal will continue our studies of hsp110 and add new studies of grp170. 1) We will determine the role of hsp110 in thermotolerance and define its interactions with other proteins and chaperones in a multi-protein complex which we have observed to exist. 2) We have determined that there are major differences in hsp110 expression in different regions of brain and have noted that these differences parallel susceptibility of these regions to damage resulting from alcohol toxicity, heat stroke, and disease. Therefore, we will define the cellular expression of hsp110 in brain to identify specific cell types, which express high and low levels of hsp110 to relate hsp110 expression to cellular damage occurring in human stress and disease. 3) Finally, we will pursue studies of grpl70, beginning with initial investigations of its in vitro chaperoning characteristics and then examining its in situ functions and associations. These studies will define the functions and characteristics of hsp110 and grp170 and will compare them to one another and to their hsp70 relatives. This work will also shed new light specific brain disorders in which hsp110 may play a primary role. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF CUTANEOUS ACTIVE VASODILATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kellogg, Dean L.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract):Almost 70 years ago the human cutaneous active vasodilator system was first described; however, its mechanisms remain unclear today. The long term goal of this project is to define the physiological mechanisms that effect cutaneous active vasodilation during thermoregulatory reflex responses to hyperthermia. This will contribute to our understanding of the role of the cutaneous circulation in adaptation to hot environments and understanding the increased morbidity and mortality of persons with limited cardiac output, including the aged and those with cardiac disease. An enhanced understanding of the cutaneous

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circulation may reduce mortality in the growing patient population that receives numerous pharmacological therapies that may predispose them to iatrogenic heat intolerance, heat stroke, and death. The following specific aims will be explored. 1) Determine whether bradykinin is involved in cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress. 2) Clarify whether nitric oxide (NO) levels increase and cause cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress or whether NO levels remain constant and functions as a permissive factor during heat stress. 3) Determine whether the nitric oxide required for cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress is produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) or by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). 4) Determine the role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress. 5) Determine the role of cAMP in cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress. 6) Determine the role of cGMP in cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress. Studies will be done in healthy humans. Intradermal microdialysis will be used to treat small areas of forearm skin with specific pharmacological agents to manipulate the bradykinin, nitric oxide, VIP, and second messenger systems. Laser-Doppler flowmetry will monitor skin blood flow responses during normothermia and hyperthermia at both drug-treated, experimental sites, and at adjacent untreated, control sites. In addition intradermal microdialysis will be combined with measurements of bioavailable NO by hemoglobin-trapping to define further how the NO system functions in cutaneous active vasodilation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REDOX SIGNALING BY NITRIC OXIDE IN SKELETAL MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Stamler, Jonathan S.; Professor; Medicine; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1997; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): The long-term goal of this project is to unravel the complex redox regulation of calcium flux and homeostasis, and thus of excitationcontraction (E-C) coupling, in muscle. Our recent findings have concentrated our focus on the intracellular calcium release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle, the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1), and its regulation by nitric oxide (NO). RyR1 is essential for E-C coupling. We have discovered that 6-8 of 101 cysteines in this channel protein comprise an "oxygen sensor": the redox state of these residues is modulated reversibly by O2 tension, almost certainly via a redox enzyme system in the SR. Additionally, we have found that at physiological O2 tension (about 10 mm Hg), nanomolar concentrations of NO activate this channel by S-nitrosylation of a single cysteine thiol, and that this effect is dependent on another endogenous modulator, calmodulin. In other words, O2 tunes the response to NO, which in turn is transduced by calmodulin. The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1a. Characterize the behavior of the RyR1 oxygen sensor and the activation of RyR1 by NO over the physiologically relevant range of tissue oxygen tension. 1b. Identify the reversible oxidative modification of cysteines that comprise the oxygen sensor and localize within RyR1 those residues and the critical cysteine that is dynamically S-nitrosylated. 2 Characterize in vitro the functional consequences of replacing identified RyR1 cysteines by sitedirected-mutagenesis. 3. Characterize the enzyme system in the SR that dynamically controls the redox state of RyR1. 4a. Determine the effects of exogenous and endogenously generated NO on depolarization-induced cytosolic Ca2+ flux in intact skeletal muscle fibers over the physiologically relevant range of PO2. 4b. Re-examine the effects of endogenously produced NO and reactive oxygen species on whole muscle contractility under physiologically relevant O2 tensions. The completion of these aims

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will provide new insights into the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in muscle and may allow a better understanding of disease states such as diaphragmatic dysfunction, malignant hypothermia and heat stroke in which the ryanodine receptor plays a central role. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “heat stroke” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for heat stroke in the PubMed Central database: •

Heat shock and heat stroke proteins observed during germination of the blastoconidia of Candida albicans. by Dabrowa N, Howard DH.; 1984 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263561

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Synthesis of specific identified, phosphorylated, heat shock, and heat stroke proteins through the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Ludwig JR 2nd, Foy JJ, Elliott SG, McLaughlin CS.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=369764

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with heat stroke, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “heat stroke” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for heat stroke (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 29-year-old soldier with heat stroke. Author(s): Pollman PJ. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2001 April; 27(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11275858

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A complicated case of exertional heat stroke in a military setting with persistent elevation of creatine phosphokinase. Author(s): Brown J, Mitchell S. Source: Military Medicine. 1992 February; 157(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1603384

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A noninvasive investigation of muscle energetics supports similarities between exertional heat stroke and malignant hyperthermia. Author(s): Bendahan D, Kozak-Ribbens G, Confort-Gouny S, Ghattas B, FigarellaBranger D, Aubert M, Cozzone PJ. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 September; 93(3): 683-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11524341

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A physiological body-cooling unit for treatment of heat stroke. Author(s): Weiner JS, Khogali M. Source: Lancet. 1980 March 8; 1(8167): 507-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6102233

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A prospective study of calcium metabolism in exertional heat stroke with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Author(s): Shieh SD, Lin YF, Lin SH, Lu KC. Source: Nephron. 1995; 71(4): 428-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8587623

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A survey of research initiated by the Chamber of Mines into clinical aspects of heat stroke. Author(s): Wyndham CH. Source: Proc Mine Med Off Assoc. 1966 November; 46(396): 68-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6003927

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Absence of F waves in heat stroke. Author(s): Bakshi N, Maselli RA. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1998 February; 21(2): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9466611

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Accidental hypothermia possibly caused by antecedent heat stroke. Author(s): Livneh A, Zaphrir O, Epstein Y. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1994 September; 70(827): 666-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7971638

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Action stat--heat stroke. Author(s): Day MW. Source: Nursing. 1997 August; 27(8): 33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9295632

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Acute heat stroke deaths. Author(s): Chao TC, Sinniah R, Pakiam JE. Source: Pathology. 1981 January; 13(1): 145-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7220095

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Acute heat stroke. Epidemiologic, biochemical, renal, and coagulation studies. Author(s): O'Donnell TF Jr. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 November 24; 234(8): 824-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1242474

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Adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating heat stroke. Author(s): el-Kassimi FA, Al-Mashhadani S, Abdullah AK, Akhtar J. Source: Chest. 1986 October; 90(4): 571-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3757568

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Alteration of eccrine sweat gland in fatal heat stroke. Electron microscopic observation. Author(s): Baba N, Ruppert RD. Source: Arch Pathol. 1968 June; 85(6): 669-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5654574

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An autopsy case of infant death due to heat stroke. Author(s): Ohshima T, Maeda H, Takayasu T, Fujioka Y, Nakaya T. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1992 September; 13(3): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1476126

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Analysis of 411 cases of severe heat stroke in Nanjing. Author(s): Mao ZC, Wang YT. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1991 March; 104(3): 256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2065542

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Antithrombin and near-fatal exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Pechlaner Ch, Kaneider NC, Djanani A, Sandhofer A, Schratzberger P, Patsch JR. Source: Acta Medica Austriaca. 2002; 29(3): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168565

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Are heat stroke patients fluid depleted? Importance of monitoring central venous pressure as a simple guideline for fluid therapy. Author(s): Seraj MA, Channa AB, al Harthi SS, Khan FM, Zafrullah A, Samarkandi AH. Source: Resuscitation. 1991 February; 21(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1852063

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Are these cases of heat stroke? Author(s): Thacker AK, Rathi AK, Singh YD, Kushwaha KP. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1996 May; 33(5): 434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8979600

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Are you listening? Acute heat stroke. Author(s): Bullas JB, Pfister S. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1982 July-August; 2(4): 28, 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6925514

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Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in heat stroke. Author(s): Mustafa KY, Omer O, Khogali M, Jamjoom A, Gumaa KA, Abu el-Nasr N, Gader MA. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1985 November; 61(3): 517-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4063208

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Botryoid neutrophils in unexpected heat stroke. Author(s): Kitazawa K, Honda A, Maemoto T, Inakawa N, Kawate K. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1999 August; 81(2): 189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10532914

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Cardiovascular alterations in heat stroke. Author(s): Vera ZA, Cross CE. Source: Chest. 1993 April; 103(4): 987-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8131512

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Cardiovascular and metabolic manifestations of heat stroke and severe heat exhaustion. Author(s): Costrini AM, Pitt HA, Gustafson AB, Uddin DE. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1979 February; 66(2): 296-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=425971

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Catecholamines in heat stroke. Author(s): al-Hadramy MS, Ali F. Source: Military Medicine. 1989 May; 154(5): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2499843

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Central pontine myelinolysis in a patient with classic heat stroke. Author(s): McNamee T, Forsythe S, Wollmann R, Ndukwu IM. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1997 August; 54(8): 935-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267966

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Cerebellar ataxia--a complication of heat stroke. Author(s): Saksena HC, Dhamija JP, Chajer KS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1985 August; 33(8): 551. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4055689

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Cerebellar syndrome following neuroleptic induced heat stroke. Author(s): Lefkowitz D, Ford CS, Rich C, Biller J, McHenry LC Jr. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1983 February; 46(2): 1835. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6842224

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Cerebral hemorrhage complicating exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Boersma LV, Leyten QH, Meijer JW, Strubbe EJ, Bosch FH. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1998 June; 100(2): 112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9746298

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Changes in thyroid hormone metabolism in exertional heat stroke with or without acute renal failure. Author(s): Chen WL, Huang WS, Lin YF, Shieh SD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 February; 81(2): 625-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8636279

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Chronic idiopathic anhydrosis--a rare cause of heat stroke. Author(s): Dann EJ, Berkman N. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992 September; 68(803): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1480539

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Circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme, von Willebrand factor antigen and thrombomodulin in exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Shieh SD, Shiang JC, Lin YF, Shiao WY, Wang JY. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1995 September; 89(3): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7493421

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Classic heat stroke in a case of simple hypohydrosis with "bad prognostic indicators" but a remarkable recovery. Author(s): Sinha AK, Ghacha R, Youmbissi JT, Khursany IA. Source: Renal Failure. 2001 September; 23(5): 727-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11725920

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Clinical manifestations and therapy of heat stroke: consumptive coagulopathy successfully treated by exchange transfusion and heparin. Author(s): Srichaikul T, Prayoonwiwat W, Sanguanwong S, Eawsrikoon S, Pholvicha P. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1989 September; 20(3): 479-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2633355

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Correlation of neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte adhesion molecules in exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Lu KC, Lin SH, Chu P, Tsai WS, Lin YF. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2004 February; 327(2): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14770021

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Cystic fibrosis presenting as heat stroke. Author(s): Kritikou-Pliota E, Galanakis E, Alfadaki SA, Siamopoulou A, Papadopoulou ZL. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 January; 89(1): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10677074

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Death in the heat: can football heat stroke be prevented? Author(s): Roberts WO. Source: Curr Sports Med Rep. 2004 February; 3(1): 1-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14728907

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Deaths due to heat stroke and heat exhaustion. Author(s): Baker AW. Source: Med Leg Bull. 1968 June; 17(6): 1-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5757865

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Diagnosis of heat stroke in forensic medicine. Contribution of thermophysiology. Author(s): Schuliar Y, Savourey G, Besnard Y, Launey JC. Source: Forensic Science International. 2001 December 27; 124(2-3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792513

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Diffuse lung uptake of technetium-99m tin colloid in heat stroke. Case report. Author(s): Tonami N, Taki J, Hisada K, Katsuki K. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1985 November; 10(11): 769-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4075666

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Direct activation of platelets by heat is the possible trigger of the coagulopathy of heat stroke. Author(s): Gader AM, al-Mashhadani SA, al-Harthy SS. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1990 January; 74(1): 86-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2310701

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation in heat stroke. Response to heparin therapy. Author(s): Perchick JS, Winkelstein A, Shadduck RK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 February 3; 231(5): 480-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=803583

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Downbeat nystagmus from heat stroke. Author(s): Van Stavern GP, Biousse V, Newman NJ, Leingang JC. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 September; 69(3): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10991650

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Drug-associated heat stroke. Author(s): Martinez M, Devenport L, Saussy J, Martinez J. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 August; 95(8): 799-802. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12190212

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Drug-facilitated heat stroke. Author(s): Tyndel F, Labonte R. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1983 October 1; 129(7): 680-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6616373

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Drug-induced heat stroke. Author(s): Stadnyk AN, Glezos JD. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1983 April 15; 128(8): 957-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6831343

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Drug-induced heat stroke. Author(s): Sarnquist F, Larson CP Jr. Source: Anesthesiology. 1973 September; 39(3): 348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4728582

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Drugs, heat stroke and dantrolene. Author(s): Paasuke RT. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1984 February 15; 130(4): 341-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6140999

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Editorial: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in heat stroke. Response to heparin therapy. Author(s): Knochel JP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 February 3; 231(5): 496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1172833

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Efficacy of blood purification therapy for heat stroke presenting rapid progress of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: a comparison of five cases. Author(s): Ikeda Y, Sakemi T, Nishihara G, Nakamura M, Fujisaki T, Koh T, Tomiyoshi Y, Emura S, Taki K. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1999 March; 25(3): 315-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10229168

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Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with heat stroke. Author(s): Akhtar MJ, al-Nozha M, al-Harthi S, Nouh MS. Source: Chest. 1993 August; 104(2): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8339628

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Emergency! Heat stroke. Author(s): Kohl J. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1996 July; 96(7): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8659570

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Endovascular hypothermia for heat stroke: a case report. Author(s): Megarbane B, Resiere D, Delahaye A, Baud FJ. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2004 January; 30(1): 170. Epub 2003 November 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14600811

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Energy metabolism in exertional heat stroke with acute renal failure. Author(s): Yu FC, Lu KC, Lin SH, Chen GS, Chu P, Gao GW, Lin YF. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1997 October; 12(10): 2087-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9351070

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Epidemic classical heat stroke: clinical characteristics and course of 28 patients. Author(s): Hart GR, Anderson RJ, Crumpler CP, Shulkin A, Reed G, Knochel JP. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1982 May; 61(3): 189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7078400

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Epidemic heat stroke in a midwest community: risk factors, neurological complications and sequelae. Author(s): Dixit SN, Bushara KO, Brooks BR. Source: Wis Med J. 1997 May; 96(5): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9167437

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Escherichia coli sepsis and prolonged hypophosphatemia following exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Kay MA, McCabe ED. Source: Pediatrics. 1990 August; 86(2): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2196524

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Evidence for related myopathies in exertional heat stroke and malignant hyperthermia. Author(s): Hopkins PM, Ellis FR, Halsall PJ. Source: Lancet. 1991 December 14; 338(8781): 1491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1683922

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Evidence of prolonged myocardial dysfunction in heat stroke. Author(s): Zahger D, Moses A, Weiss AT. Source: Chest. 1989 May; 95(5): 1089-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2707066

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Exertional heat stroke and acute renal failure in a young woman. Author(s): Pattison ME, Logan JL, Lee SM, Ogden DA. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1988 February; 11(2): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3341376

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Exertional heat stroke in a young woman: gender differences in response to thermal stress. Author(s): Sidman RD, Gallagher EJ. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1995 April; 2(4): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11727691

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Exertional heat stroke induced by amphetamine analogues. Does dantrolene have a place? Author(s): Watson JD, Ferguson C, Hinds CJ, Skinner R, Coakley JH. Source: Anaesthesia. 1993 December; 48(12): 1057-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7904429

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Exertional heat stroke: a case series. Author(s): Epstein Y, Moran DS, Shapiro Y, Sohar E, Shemer J. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 February; 31(2): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10063810

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Exertional heat stroke: the runner's nemesis. Author(s): Hart LE, Egier BP, Shimizu AG, Tandan PJ, Sutton JR. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1980 May 24; 122(10): 1144-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7388706

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Exertional heat stroke--the prevention of a medical emergency. Author(s): Epstein Y, Shani Y, Moran DS, Shapiro Y. Source: J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2000; 11(4): 395-401. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11248949

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Exertion-induced heat stroke in a military setting. Author(s): Barthel HJ. Source: Military Medicine. 1990 March; 155(3): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2107465

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Extremely elevated body temperature: case report and review of classical heat stroke. Author(s): de Galan BE, Hoekstra JB. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1995 December; 47(6): 281-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8569934

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Fatal classic and exertional heat stroke--report of four cases. Author(s): Hiss J, Kahana T, Kugel C, Epstein Y. Source: Med Sci Law. 1994 October; 34(4): 339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7830521

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Fatal drug-induced heat stroke. Author(s): Forester D. Source: Jacep. 1978 June; 7(6): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=661049

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Fatal heat stroke in a "fun run". Author(s): Richards R, Richards D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1980 August 23; 2(4): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7432301

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Fatal heat stroke in a "fun-run". Author(s): To LB. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1980 July 26; 2(2): 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7421650

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Fatal heat stroke in a long distance runner. Author(s): Whitworth JA, Wolfman MJ. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 October 1; 287(6397): 948. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6412901

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Fatal heat stroke. Author(s): Lawrence T, Graber CD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1971 August 16; 217(7): 967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5109374

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Fatal heat stroke. Circulating endotoxin and gram-negative sepsis as complications. Author(s): Graber CD, Reinhold RB, Breman JG, Harley RA, Hennigar GR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1971 May 17; 216(7): 1195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5314093

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Features and outcomes of classic heat stroke. Author(s): Slovis CM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 April 6; 130(7): 614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10189338

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Features and outcomes of classic heat stroke. Author(s): Graham BS. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 April 6; 130(7): 613-4; Author Reply 614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10189337

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Features and outcomes of classic heat stroke. Author(s): Bouchama A. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 April 6; 130(7): 613; Author Reply 614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10189336

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Features and outcomes of classic heat stroke. Author(s): Ayus JC, Arieff AI. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 April 6; 130(7): 613; Author Reply 614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10189335

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Fibrinolysis and hemorrhage in a fatal case of heat stroke. Author(s): Meikle AW, Graybill JR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1967 April 20; 276(16): 911-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5297644

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Field and clinical observations of exertional heat stroke patients. Author(s): Shapiro Y, Seidman DS. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1990 February; 22(1): 6-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2406546

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Fulminant hepatic failure from heat stroke requiring liver transplantation. Author(s): Berger J, Hart J, Millis M, Baker AL. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2000 June; 30(4): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10875474

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Gray-white matter discrimination--a possible marker for brain damage in heat stroke? Author(s): Szold O, Reider-Groswasser II, Ben Abraham R, Aviram G, Segev Y, Biderman P, Sorkine P. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 2002 July; 43(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12065113

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Guillain-Barre syndrome after heat stroke. Author(s): Pfeiffer G, Steffen W. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 March; 66(3): 408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10084549

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Haemostasis in heat stroke. Author(s): Beard ME, Hickton CM. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1982 October; 52(2): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7126469

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Heat stroke and allied disorders. Author(s): Ginsberg BW, Kennedy J. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1981 May; 82(5): 236-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7240901

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Heat stroke and community runs. Author(s): Wolfe SM, Behrman M. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 June 20; 282(6281): 2060. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6788203

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Heat stroke and community runs. Author(s): Lee H. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 May 23; 282(6277): 1705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6786442

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Heat stroke and community runs. Author(s): Nicholson MR. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 May 9; 282(6275): 1544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6786551

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Heat stroke and fluphenazine therapy: report of a case. Author(s): Forbes NT, Gordon EL. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1976 July; 21(3): 667-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=956756

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Heat stroke and hyperthermia in marathon runners. Author(s): Wyndham CH. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1977; 301: 128-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=270910

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Heat stroke and malignant hyperpyrexia. Author(s): Denborough MA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1982 March 6; 1(5): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7087832

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Heat stroke and related heat stress disorders. Author(s): Knochel JP. Source: Disease-A-Month : Dm. 1989 May; 35(5): 301-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2653754

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Heat stroke as a cause of intravascular clotting. Author(s): Delhaes MF, van Dam FE, Haanen C. Source: Folia Med Neerl. 1966 September; 9(4): 131-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5977516

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Heat stroke associated with medications having anticholinergic effects. Author(s): Adams BE, Manoguerra AS, Lilja GP, Long RS, Ruiz E. Source: Minn Med. 1977 February; 60(2): 103-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=840206

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Heat stroke at the Mekkah pilgrimage: clinical characteristics and course of 30 patients. Author(s): Yaqub BA, Al-Harthi SS, Al-Orainey IO, Laajam MA, Obeid MT. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1986 May; 59(229): 523-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3763815

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Heat stroke during a 'run for fun': A case report. Author(s): Weaving EA, Berro VE, Kew MC. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1980 May 3; 57(18): 753-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7404008

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Heat stroke during Hajj (Pilgrimage)--an update. Author(s): Seraj ME. Source: Middle East J Anesthesiol. 1992 June; 11(5): 407-41. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1435621

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Heat stroke during temperature climatic conditions: case reports. Author(s): Bailey JC. Source: Military Medicine. 1975 January; 140(1): 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=804675

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Heat stroke during training with nuclear, biological, and chemical protective clothing: case report. Author(s): Cole RD. Source: Military Medicine. 1983 July; 148(7): 624-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6413900

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Heat stroke during training. Author(s): Lam DM. Source: Military Medicine. 1984 January; 149(1): 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6422336

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Heat stroke following Rugby League football. Author(s): Savdie E, Prevedoros H, Irish A, Vickers C, Concannon A, Darveniza P, Sutton JR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1991 November 4; 155(9): 636-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1943966

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Heat stroke in a "run for fun". Author(s): Bassler TJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 January 20; 1(6157): 197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=421018

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Heat stroke in a "run for fun". Author(s): Hughson RL, Sutton JR. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 October 21; 2(6145): 1158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=709275

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Heat stroke in a "run for fun". Author(s): Nicholson MR, Somerville KW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 June 10; 1(6126): 1525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=656783

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Heat stroke in a subtropical country. Author(s): How CK, Chern CH, Wang LM, Lee CH. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 July; 18(4): 474-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10919543

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Heat stroke in college football and suggestions for prevention. Author(s): Spickard A. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1968 August; 61(8): 791-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5667529

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Heat stroke in endurance exercise. Author(s): Aarseth HP, Eide I, Skeie B, Thaulow E. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1986; 220(3): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3535401

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Heat stroke in familial dysautonomia. Author(s): Tirosh I, Hoffer V, Finkelstein Y, Garty BZ. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 August; 29(2): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14580663

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Heat stroke in infancy. Author(s): Monteleone JA. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1977 April; 131(4): 472. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=848471

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Heat stroke in infancy. Author(s): Wadlington WB, Tucker AL Jr, Fly F, Greene HL. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1976 November; 130(11): 1250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=984009

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Heat stroke in long distance runners. Author(s): Upadhyay PK, Venkatraman S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1990 April; 38(4): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2118135

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Heat stroke in motor car racing drivers. Author(s): Jareno A, de la Serna JL, Cercas A, Lobato A, Uya A. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1987 March; 21(1): 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3580730

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Heat stroke in October. A case report. Author(s): Haworth RN, Ball CS. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1981 June; 127(2): 82-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7252910

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Heat stroke in phenothiazine-treated patients: a report of three fatalities. Author(s): Zelman S, Guillan R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1970 June; 126(12): 1787-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5441734

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Heat stroke in runners. Author(s): Roydhouse N. Source: N Z Med J. 1979 May 9; 89(635): 361. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=287955

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Heat stroke in the aged. Author(s): Levine JA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1969 August; 47(2): 251-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4309112

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Heat stroke in the city. Author(s): Watts RW. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995 September 4; 163(5): 279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7565225

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Heat stroke in the city. Author(s): Veitch MG, Dalgleish JM, Rouch GJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995 April 17; 162(8): 448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7746195

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Heat stroke in young adults. Author(s): Samarasinghe JL. Source: Trop Doct. 2001 October; 31(4): 217-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11676059

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Heat stroke in young adults. Author(s): Fonseka MM. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1999 December; 44(4): 184. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10895273

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Heat stroke in young adults. Author(s): Lekamwasam S, Samarasingha GL. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1999 September; 44(3): 114-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10675994

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Heat stroke in young adults: in reply. Author(s): Lecamwasam S. Source: Ceylon Med J. 2000 March; 45(1): 44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11006626

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Heat stroke New Orleans style. Author(s): Zelenak RR, Miller K. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1987 October; 294(4): 268-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3661623

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Heat stroke or hypothermia? Author(s): Sutton JR. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 May 19; 1(6174): 1355-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=445075

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Heat stroke related to psychotropic medications and prior history of heat stroke. Author(s): Caldroney RD. Source: Chest. 1981 August; 80(2): 244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7249779

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Heat stroke, cardiac dysfunction and edema. Author(s): Gaffin SL. Source: Chest. 1990 June; 97(6): 1503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2347246

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Heat stroke, disseminated intravascular coagulation and death in a long distance runner. Author(s): Charan NB, Robinson WA, Mathew M. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1975 December; 23(12): 917-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1225897

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Heat stroke, stress, and malignant hyperthermia. Author(s): Jardon OM. Source: Nebr Med J. 1985 June; 70(6): 195-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4010821

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Hamdy RC. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 August; 95(8): 791-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12190208

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Bouchama A, Knochel JP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 June 20; 346(25): 1978-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075060

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Ash CJ. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 January; 166(1): V. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11197108

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Lim MK. Source: Singapore Med J. 1989 April; 30(2): 127-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2609167

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Mehta SR, Narayanaswamy AS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1987 December; 35(12): 822-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3449534

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Mittal SK, Gupta RK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1986 October; 23 Suppl: 155-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3311996

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Yocum RF, Bohler S. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1981 July-August; 7(4): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7029073

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Sprung CL, Portocarrero CJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1979 September; 91(3): 503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=475205

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Hoff BH, Kreul JF. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1979 September; 91(3): 503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=475204

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Brill JC. Source: Emerg Med Serv. 1977 July-August; 6(4): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10236315

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Ralston R. Source: Minn Med. 1976 June; 59(6): 411-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1272229

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Smith LH. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1974 October; 121(4): 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4417334

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Clowes GH Jr, O'Donnell TF Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 September 12; 291(11): 564-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4604525

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Stonehill RB. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1973 June; 66(6): 377-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4708874

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Eichler AC, McFee AS, Root HD. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1969 December; 118(6): 855-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4902275

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Heat stroke. Author(s): Gottschalk PG, Thomas JE. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1966 July; 41(7): 470-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5327871

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Heat stroke. A complex Summer problem. Author(s): Bogart DB, Hill RW, Murphy EM, Dunn M. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1976 May; 77(5): 189-92, 217. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1270847

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Heat stroke. An electron microscopic study of endothelial cell damage and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Author(s): Sohal RS, Sun SC, Colcolough HL, Burch GE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1968 July; 122(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5659376

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Heat stroke. Keeping your clients cool in the summer. Author(s): Batscha CL. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1997 July; 35(7): 127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9243418

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Heat stroke. Report of three fatal cases with emphasis on findings in skeletal muscle. Author(s): Kim RC, Collins GH, Cho C, Ichikawa K, Givelber H. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1980 July; 104(7): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6893120

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Heat stroke: a clinical review of 27 cases. Author(s): Tham MK, Cheng J, Fock KM. Source: Singapore Med J. 1989 April; 30(2): 137-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2692177

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Heat stroke: a report of 13 consecutive cases without mortality despite severe hyperpyrexia and neurologic dysfunction. Author(s): Beller GA, Boyd AE 3rd. Source: Military Medicine. 1975 July; 140(7): 464-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=806836

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Heat stroke: a review. Author(s): Shibolet S, Lancaster MC, Danon Y. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1976 March; 47(3): 280-301. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=769777

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Heat stroke: an upward shift of temperature regulation set point at an elevated body temperature. Author(s): Attia M, Khogali M, El-Khatib G, Mustafa MK, Mahmoud NA, Eldin AN, Gumaa K. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1983; 53(1): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6654506

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Heat stroke: implications for critical care and anaesthesia. Author(s): Grogan H, Hopkins PM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 May; 88(5): 700-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12067009

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Heat stroke: is total prevention possible? Author(s): Bartley JD. Source: Military Medicine. 1977 July; 142(7): 528, 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=407504

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Heat stroke: recognition and principles of management. Author(s): Gottschalk PG, Thomas JE. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1967 October; 6(10): 576-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6061647

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Heat stroke: report on 18 cases. Author(s): Khogali M, Weiner JS. Source: Lancet. 1980 August 9; 2(8189): 276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6105437

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Heat stroke; modern approach to an ancient disease. Author(s): Sprung CL. Source: Chest. 1980 April; 77(4): 461-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7357963

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Heat stroke--a probable cause of multiple fetal anomalies. Author(s): Rao DL, Mittal S, Modi G. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1995 July-August; 62(4): 493-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10829912

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Heat stroke--an uncommon presentation. Author(s): van Heerden PV, Collins CH. Source: Anaesthesia. 1989 August; 44(8): 660-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2782572

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Heat stroke-induced multiple organ failure. Author(s): Lumlertgul D, Chuaychoo B, Thitiarchakul S, Srimahachota S, Sangchun K, Keoplung M. Source: Renal Failure. 1992; 14(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1561392

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Heat stroke-like episode in a child caused by zonisamide. Author(s): Shimizu T, Yamashita Y, Satoi M, Togo A, Wada N, Matsuishi T, Ohnishi A, Kato H. Source: Brain & Development. 1997 July; 19(5): 366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9253492

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Hemodynamic alterations of heat stroke in the elderly. Author(s): Sprung CL. Source: Chest. 1979 March; 75(3): 362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=421580

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Hemorrhage and heat stroke. Author(s): Kessinger A, Rigby PG. Source: Geriatrics. 1970 July; 25(7): 115-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4912305

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History of heat stroke in a football trainee. Author(s): Redfearn JA Jr, Murphy RJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1969 April 28; 208(4): 699-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5818820

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Hydrodynamic model of heat stroke. Author(s): Viret J, Tela L, Canini F, Bourdon L. Source: Acta Biotheoretica. 2000 December; 48(3-4): 259-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11291944

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Hypothermia and heat stroke: protecting the elderly patient. Author(s): Robbins AS. Source: Geriatrics. 1989 January; 44(1): 73-7, 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2910771

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Incidence and treatment of heat stroke. Author(s): Coles GV. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 January; 38(1): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8871325

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Invasive evaluation of patients with heat stroke. Author(s): Dahmash NS, al Harthi SS, Akhtar J. Source: Chest. 1993 April; 103(4): 1210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8131467

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Is dantrolene effective in heat stroke patients? Author(s): Channa AB, Seraj MA, Saddique AA, Kadiwal GH, Shaikh MH, Samarkandi AH. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1990 March; 18(3): 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2302955

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Isolated cerebellar dysarthria associated with a heat stroke. Author(s): Manto MU. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1996 February; 98(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8681482

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Jaundice occurring after resolution of heat stroke. Author(s): Chobanian SJ. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1983 February; 12(2): 102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6824203

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Jogger's heat stroke. Author(s): Beard ME, Hamer JW, Hamilton G, Maslowski AH. Source: N Z Med J. 1979 March 14; 89(631): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=287929

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Kluver-Bucy syndrome following heat stroke in a 12-year-old girl. Author(s): Pitt DC, Kriel RL, Wagner NC, Krach LE. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1995 July; 13(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7575855

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Letter: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in heat stroke. Author(s): Fine J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 September 15; 233(11): 1164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1174166

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Letter: Drugs and enhanced susceptibility to heat stroke. Author(s): Hahn AL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975 January 2; 292(1): 52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1109201

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Letter: Heparin therapy for heat stroke. Author(s): Cornell CJ Jr, Fein SH, Reilly B, Cornwell GG 3rd. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1974 November; 81(5): 702-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4419956

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Letter: Loss of nerve conduction in heat stroke. Author(s): Dhopesh VP, Burns RA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 March 4; 294(10): 557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=175272

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Letter:pupil size in heat stroke. Author(s): McGurire GG, Scott RA, Tong TG, Becker CE. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1975 March; 122(3): 255. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1146297

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Long-term psychological and physiological effects of heat stroke. Author(s): Royburt M, Epstein Y, Solomon Z, Shemer J. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1993 August; 54(2): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8372119

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Malignant hyperthermia and apparent heat stroke. Author(s): Tobin JR, Jason DR, Challa VR, Nelson TE, Sambuughin N. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 July 11; 286(2): 168-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11448278

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Management of heat stroke. Author(s): Greenslade GL. Source: J R Nav Med Serv. 1989 Spring; 75(1): 53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2600897

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Management of heat stroke. Author(s): Travis SP. Source: J R Nav Med Serv. 1988 Spring; 74(1): 39-43. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3066901

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Manslaughter by heat stroke. Author(s): Mullaly PR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1977 January 29; 1(5): 156, 158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=846427

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Metabolite and hormonal profiles in heat stroke patients at Mecca pilgrimage. Author(s): al-Harthi SS, Karrar O, al-Mashhadani SA, Saddique AA. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1990 October; 228(4): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2266343

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Morphological alterations in the nasal mucosa in heat stroke. Author(s): Anim JT, Baraka ME, al-Gamdi S, Sohaibani MO. Source: Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. 1988; 8(7 Spec No): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3204505

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MR imaging of heat stroke: external capsule and thalamic T1 shortening and cerebellar injury. Author(s): McLaughlin CT, Kane AG, Auber AE. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 August; 24(7): 1372-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917130

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Multi-organ damage in exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Holman ND, Schneider AJ. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1989 August; 35(1-2): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2779693

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Near-fatal heat stroke during the 1995 heat wave in Chicago. Author(s): Dematte JE, O'Mara K, Buescher J, Whitney CG, Forsythe S, McNamee T, Adiga RB, Ndukwu IM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1998 August 1; 129(3): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9696724

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and heat stroke. Author(s): Addonizio G, Susman V. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1984 November; 145: 556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6498424

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Neurophysiological studies in a patient with heat stroke. Author(s): Kalita J, Misra UK. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 November; 248(11): 993-5. Erratum In: J Neurol 2001 December; 248(12): 1111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11757967

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Neuropsychological sequelae of heat stroke: report of three cases and discussion. Author(s): Romero JJ, Clement PF, Belden C. Source: Military Medicine. 2000 June; 165(6): 500-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10870374

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Nitric oxide production is enhanced in patients with heat stroke. Author(s): Alzeer AH, Al-Arifi A, Warsy AS, Ansari Z, Zhang H, Vincent JL. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1999 January; 25(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10051079

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Occupational death due to heat stroke: report of two cases. Author(s): Sherman R, Copes R, Stewart RK, Dowling G, Guidotti TL. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1989 May 1; 140(9): 1057-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2706591

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Pancerebellar syndrome in heat stroke: clinical course and CT scan findings. Author(s): Yaqub BA, Daif AK, Panayiotopoulos CP. Source: Neuroradiology. 1987; 29(3): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3614627

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Permanent neurologic deficits in heat stroke. Author(s): Lin JJ, Chang MK, Sheu YD, Ting KS, Sung SC, Lin TQ. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1991 February; 47(2): 133-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1848135

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Persistent neurological deficits in heat stroke. Author(s): Mehta AC, Baker RN. Source: Neurology. 1970 April; 20(4): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5534966

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Phenothiazines and anticholinergics in heat stroke. Author(s): Schwartz GR. Source: Jacep. 1976 December; 5(12): 995. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1018382

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Physiologic stress, heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia--a perspective. Author(s): Jardon OM. Source: Military Medicine. 1982 January; 147(1): 8-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6806690

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Polymorphonuclear leucocyte hypersegmentation in heat stroke. Author(s): Friedman EW, Williams JC, Prendergast E. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1982 January; 50(1): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7055532

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Predominance of type II fibres in exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Epstein Y. Source: Lancet. 1997 July 12; 350(9071): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228957

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Preventing heat stroke. Author(s): Johnson LW. Source: American Family Physician. 1982 July; 26(1): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7090957

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Recognizing and treating heat stroke and exhaustion in the road runner. Author(s): MacFarlane P. Source: Can Nurse. 1983 April; 79(4): 21-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6550509

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Rehabilitation of a patient with heat stroke: a case report. Author(s): Lew HL, Lee EH, Date ES, Melnik I. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2002 August; 81(8): 629-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172074

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Reversible myocardial dysfunction after exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Rousseau JM, Villevieille T, Schiano P, Levecque JP, Rouquette I, Brinquin L. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 January; 27(1): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11280665

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Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric acute renal failure associated with classic heat stroke. Author(s): Tan W, Herzlich BC, Funaro R, Koutelos K, Pagala M, Amaladevi B, Grob D. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 October; 88(10): 1065-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7481965

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Role of creatine phosphokinase in predicting acute renal failure in hypocalcemic exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Shieh SD, Lin YF, Lu KC, Li BL, Chu P, Shyh TP, Diang LK. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1992; 12(4): 252-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1481873

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Scleroderma with fatal heat stroke. Author(s): Buchwald I, Davis PJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1967 July 24; 201(4): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5630618

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Serial magnetic resonance images in a patient with congenital sensory neuropathy with anhidrosis and complications resembling heat stroke. Author(s): Iwanaga R, Matsuishi T, Ohnishi A, Nakashima M, Abe T, Ohtaki E, Kojima K, Nagamitsu S, Ohbu K, Kato H. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1996 October; 142(1-2): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8902724

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Serum enzymes in heat stroke: prognostic implication. Author(s): Alzeer AH, el-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS, Ansari ZA, Yrkendi MS. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1997 July; 43(7): 1182-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9216454

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Severe heat stroke associated with high plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Author(s): Aoki K, Yoshino A, Ueda Y, Urano T, Takada A. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1998 February; 24(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9601597

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Severe heat stroke in an experienced athlete. Author(s): Denborough M. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1990 November 5; 153(9): 565-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2233489

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Severe heat stroke in an experienced athlete. Author(s): Lee RP, Bishop GF, Ashton CM. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1990 July 16; 153(2): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2366687

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Severe liver failure in exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Giercksky T, Boberg KM, Farstad IN, Halvorsen S, Schrumpf E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 August; 34(8): 824-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10499485

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Skeletal muscle necrosis in heat stroke. Author(s): Bale PM, Calvert AF, Hirst E. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1968 October; 50(4): 440-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5676339

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Spinal cord lesions in heat stroke. Author(s): Delgado G, Tunon T, Gallego J, Villanueva JA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1985 October; 48(10): 10657. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4056808

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Sudden death during jungle trekking: a case of heat stroke. Author(s): Nadesan K, Chan SP, Wong CM. Source: Malays J Pathol. 1998 June; 20(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10879265

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Survival in a heat stroke victim with a core temperature in excess of 46.5 C. Author(s): Slovis CM, Anderson GF, Casolaro A. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1982 May; 11(5): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7073052

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Technetium-99m MDP scintigraphy of rhabdomyolysis induced by exertional heat stroke: a case report. Author(s): Mochizuki T, Tauxe WN, Perper JA. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 1990 November; 4(3): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2083137

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Temperature and air pollution as risk factors for heat stroke in Tokyo, July and August 1980-1995. Author(s): Piver WT, Ando M, Ye F, Portier CJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 November; 107(11): 911-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10544159

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The acute treatment of heat stroke. Author(s): Boname JR, Wilhite WC Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1967 August; 60(8): 885-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5341065

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The circulatory abnormalities of heat stroke. Author(s): O'Donnell TF Jr, Clowes GH Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 October 12; 287(15): 734-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4560354

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The circulatory requirements of heat stroke. Author(s): O'Donnell TF Jr, Clowes GH Jr. Source: Surg Forum. 1971; 22: 12-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5121321

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The coagulopathy of heat stroke: alterations in coagulation and fibrinolysis in heat stroke patients during the pilgrimage (Haj) to Makkah. Author(s): al-Mashhadani SA, Gader AG, al Harthi SS, Kangav D, Shaheen FA, Bogus F. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 1994 October; 5(5): 731-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7865679

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The effect of heat stroke on the function and structure of the kidney. Author(s): Kew MC. Source: Proc Mine Med Off Assoc. 1966 November; 46(396): 66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6003925

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The emergency treatment of heat stroke. Author(s): Barry ME. Source: Proc Mine Med Off Assoc. 1966 November; 46(396): 66-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6003926

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The golden hour in heat stroke: use of iced peritoneal lavage. Author(s): Horowitz BZ. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1989 November; 7(6): 616-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2803356

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The mechanism of hypophosphatemia in acute heat stroke. Author(s): Knochel JP, Caskey JH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 August 1; 238(5): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=577561

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The metabolic and respiratory alterations of heat stroke. Author(s): Sprung CL, Portocarrero CJ, Fernaine AV, Weinberg PF. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1980 May; 140(5): 665-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7396591

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The pathogenesis of acute renal failure in heat stroke. Author(s): Raju SF, Robinson GH, Bower JD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1973 March; 66(3): 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4691010

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The peripheral blood smear in heat stroke. An aid to diagnosis. Author(s): Navari RM, Sheehy TW, McLean BK, Sutton FD. Source: Ala J Med Sci. 1983 April; 20(2): 137-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6859439

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The prevention of heat stroke. Author(s): Strydom NB. Source: Proc Mine Med Off Assoc. 1966 November; 46(396): 63-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6003924

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The probability of heat stroke developing at different levels of heat stress. Author(s): Wyndham CH, Heyns AJ. Source: Arch Sci Physiol (Paris). 1973; 27(4): 545-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4807405

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The role of cytokines in heat stroke. Author(s): Chang DM. Source: Immunological Investigations. 1993 December; 22(8): 553-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8300162

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The use of rectal temperature to monitor heat stroke. Author(s): Kashmeery A. Source: Mo Med. 1993 September; 90(9): 577. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8232159

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Thermal regulatory dysfunction of growth hormone in classical heat stroke. Author(s): Alzeer A, al Arifi A, el-Hazmi M, Warsy AS, Nylen ES. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1996 June; 134(6): 727-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8766943

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Transient cardiac dysfunction and pulmonary edema in exertional heat stroke. Author(s): Atar S, Rozner E, Rosenfeld T. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 August; 168(8): 671-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12943045

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Transient hyperglycemia and aketotic hyperosmolar acidosis with heat stroke. Author(s): Monteleone JA, Keefe DM. Source: Pediatrics. 1969 November; 44(5): 737-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5374982

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Treatment of heat stroke at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Author(s): Saxton CR. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1980 November; 133(5): 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7467302

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Treatment of heat stroke with dantrolene. Author(s): Lydiatt JS, Hill GE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 July 3; 246(1): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7241727

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Treatment of heat stroke. Author(s): Knochel JP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 February 25; 249(8): 1006-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6823053

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Treatment of heat stroke. Author(s): Farrell E. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1980 September; 133(3): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7415177

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Vasoactive mediators and renal haemodynamics in exertional heat stroke complicated by acute renal failure. Author(s): Lin YF, Wang JY, Chou TC, Lin SH. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2003 March; 96(3): 193201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12615983

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Virus-like particles in skeletal muscle of a heat stroke victim. Author(s): Burch GE, Sohal RS, Colcolough HL, Sun SC. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1968 December; 17(6): 984-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5699305

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HEAT STROKE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and heat stroke.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Heat Stroke The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “heat stroke” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “heat stroke” (or a synonym): •

Naltrexone modifies thermoregulatory symptoms and lessens the severity of heat stroke in guinea pigs. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Tennessee at Memphis 38163, USA. [email protected] Source: Romanovsky, A A Blatteis, C M Ann-N-Y-Acad-Sci. 1997 March 15; 813548-52 0077-8923

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HEAT STROKE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to heat stroke. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to heat stroke and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “heat stroke” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to heat stroke: •

Demographic, pathologic, and toxicological profiles of 127 decedents testing positive for ephedrine alkaloids. Author(s): Blechman KM, Karch SB, Stephens BG. Source: Forensic Science International. 2004 January 6; 139(1): 61-9. Erratum In: Forensic Sci Int. 2004 Jan 28; 139(2-3): 271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687775

•

Ephedra supplement may have contributed to sportsman's death. Author(s): Charatan F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 1; 326(7387): 464. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12609922

•

Exertional heatstroke in an infantry soldier taking ephedra-containing dietary supplements. Author(s): Oh RC, Henning JS.

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Source: Military Medicine. 2003 June; 168(6): 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12834129 •

Experimental approaches to therapy and prophylaxis for heat stress and heatstroke. Author(s): Gaffin SL, Hubbard R. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 1996 November; 7(4): 312-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11990129

•

Fatal heatstroke in a young woman with previously undiagnosed Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Siegler RW. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1998 November; 43(6): 1237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9846404

•

Heat stroke in the elderly. Author(s): Wheeler M. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1976; 60(6): 1289-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=979403

•

Heat-stroke: a review of rapid cooling techniques. Author(s): Harker J, Gibson P. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 1995 August; 11(4): 198-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7670287

•

Magnolol protects against cerebral ischaemic injury of rat heatstroke. Author(s): Chang CP, Hsu YC, Lin MT. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2003 May-June; 30(5-6): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859431

•

Manslaughter by heat stroke. Medical comment. Author(s): McCloskey BP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1976 December 18-25; 2(25-26): 925-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1018673

•

Non-invasive evaluation of cardiac abnormalities in heat stroke pilgrims. Author(s): al-Harthi SS, Nouh MS, al-Arfaj H, Qaraquish A, Akhter J, Nouh RM. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1992 November; 37(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1452370

Alternative Medicine 47

•

Prospects for hyperthermia in human cancer therapy.Part I: hyperthermic effects in man and spontaneous animal tumors. Author(s): Miller RC, Connor WG, Heusinkveld RS, Boone ML. Source: Radiology. 1977 May; 123(2): 489-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=322207

•

Public health officials caution against ephedra use. Health officials caution consumers against using dietary supplements containing ephedra. The stimulant can have dangerous effects on the nervous system and heart. Author(s): Meadows M. Source: Fda Consumer. 2003 May-June; 37(3): 8-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12793385

•

Radiofrequency hyperthermia in the palliative treatment of mucinous carcinomatosis of appendiceal origin: optimizing and monitoring heat delivery in western patients. Author(s): Sugarbaker PH, Sugarbaker C, Stephens AD, Chang D. Source: International Journal of Hyperthermia : the Official Journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group. 2000 SeptemberOctober; 16(5): 429-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11001576

•

The neurosurgeon in sport: awareness of the risks of heatstroke and dietary supplements. Author(s): Kreider RB, Burke ER, Clark JF, Earnest C, Greenwood M, Harris R, Kalman DS, Kleiner SM, Serrano E, Volek JS, Ziegenfuss TN, Willoughby DS. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 January; 52(1): 252-5; Author Reply 255-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12532918

•

The neurosurgeon in sport: awareness of the risks of heatstroke and dietary supplements. Author(s): Bailes JE, Cantu RC, Day AL. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 51(2): 283-6; Discussion 286-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182766

•

The sauna and alcohol. Author(s): Ylikahri R, Heikkonen E, Soukas A. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1988; 20(4): 287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3218903

•

The use of rectal temperature to monitor heat stroke. Author(s): Ash CJ, Cook JR, McMurry TA, Auner CR.

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Source: Mo Med. 1992 May; 89(5): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1608386 •

Use of folk remedies among patients in Karachi Pakistan. Author(s): Qidwai W, Alim SR, Dhanani RH, Jehangir S, Nasrullah A, Raza A. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2003 April-June; 15(2): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14552245

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to heat stroke; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Heat Exhaustion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 49

•

Chinese Medicine Hongling San Alternative names: Hongling Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Jixuecao Alternative names: Asiatic Pennywort Herb; Herba Centellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Suhexiang Wan Alternative names: uhexiang Pills; Suhexiang Wan (Su He Xiang Wan Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

51

CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEAT STROKE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover heat stroke.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on heat stroke is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “heat stroke” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to heat stroke. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “heat stroke” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for heat stroke: •

Football deaths: injuries 3, heat stroke 0 Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 14, 2004

•

UK cadet dies from heat stroke after training exercise Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 25, 2000

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “heat stroke” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “heat stroke” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to heat stroke, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “heat stroke” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

53

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “heat stroke” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on heat stroke: •

A Hot Issue for Summer Exercisers Source: Fit Society Page. p. 4. Summer 2001. Contact: American College of Sports Medicine, P.O. Box 1440, Indianapolis, IN 462061440. Summary: Hot, humid weather poses a risk to individuals exercising outdoors. Heatrelated illnesses include heat rash, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and life-threatening heat stroke. Comeau provides recommendations for decreasing the risk of heat illness. Adequate fluid intake is the best prevention. Other methods include becoming acclimatized to the outside temperature, wearing a hat, exercising in the morning or late evening rather then in the middle of the afternoon, and wearing sunscreen to prevent sunburn. Comeau recommends fluids before, during, and after exercise. However, when heat and humidity are high people should avoid outdoor exercise.

Academic Periodicals covering Heat Stroke Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to heat stroke. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering heat stroke that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

55

APPENDICES

57

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “heat stroke” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 949 17 913 0 19 1898

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “heat stroke” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on heat stroke can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to heat stroke. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to heat stroke. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “heat stroke”:

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Heat Illness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heatillness.html Neck Disorders and Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neckdisordersandinjuries.html Neurologic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurologicdiseases.html Stroke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to heat stroke. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to heat stroke. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with heat stroke. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about heat stroke. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “heat stroke” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “heat stroke”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “heat stroke” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “heat stroke” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

71

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

73

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

75

HEAT STROKE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]

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Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of

Dictionary 77

which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements.

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This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH]

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Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH]

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Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Central Venous Pressure: The blood pressure in the central large veins of the body. It is distinguished from peripheral venous pressure which occurs in an extremity. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term

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adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy,

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spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Critical Care: Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical

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compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences,

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or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluphenazine: A phenothiazine used in the treatment of psychoses. Its properties and uses are generally similar to those of chlorpromazine. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forensic Medicine: The application of medical knowledge to questions of law. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body

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through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gavage: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach; called also tube feeding. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH]

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Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heat Exhaustion: Condition which results from a failure to adjust to the shift in blood volume as a result of dilation of skin blood vessels, caused by dehydration following profuse sweating and insufficient replacement of water and salt. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperpyrexia: Exceptionally high fever either in comparison of the fever usually accompanying a particular disease or absolutely (as in heat stroke). [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels

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are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol

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phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH]

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Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant Hyperthermia: Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH]

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Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucinous carcinoma: A type of cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs, and produces mucin (the main component of mucus). [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple Organ Failure: A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH]

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Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosurgeon: A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a

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widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Lavage: Washing out of the peritoneal cavity. The procedure is a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic technique following abdominal trauma or inflammation. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the

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mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phototransduction: The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1: A member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH]

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Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protective Clothing: Clothing designed to protect the individual against possible exposure to known hazards. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and

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editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal

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muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH]

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Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used

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mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU]

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Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Pressure: The blood pressure in a vein. It is usually measured to assess the filling pressure to the ventricle. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used

Dictionary 101

together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

103

INDEX A Abdominal, 75, 93 Acetylcholine, 75, 92 Acidosis, 40, 75 Acute renal, 9, 13, 16, 17, 35, 39, 40, 75 Adaptation, 5, 6, 75, 81 Adenosine, 75, 79, 94 Adjustment, 75 Adjuvant, 75, 86 Adrenergic, 75, 77, 84, 85, 98 Adverse Effect, 75, 97 Agonist, 75, 84, 85 Alertness, 75, 79 Algorithms, 75, 78 Alkaline, 75, 76, 79 Alkaloid, 76, 96 Alternative medicine, 52, 76 Amino acid, 76, 77, 82, 83, 93, 95, 100 Ammonia, 76, 98, 100 Amphetamine, 17, 76, 83 Amygdala, 76, 78, 99 Anaesthesia, 17, 29, 76 Anatomical, 76, 80, 83, 88 Anesthesia, 9, 76, 90 Aneurysm, 76, 100 Animal model, 5, 76 Anomalies, 29, 76 Antagonism, 76, 79 Antecedent, 10, 76 Antibiotic, 76, 98 Antibodies, 76, 77, 90 Antibody, 77, 81, 88 Anticholinergic, 21, 77 Anticoagulant, 77, 95 Antigen, 13, 77, 81, 88 Antioxidant, 77, 93 Antipsychotic, 77, 80, 92 Anus, 77, 89, 96 Anxiety, 4, 77 Apathy, 77, 92 Aqueous, 77, 83 Arginine, 77, 92 Arteries, 77, 78, 79, 82, 90 Articulation, 77, 84 Assay, 5, 77 Ataxia, 12, 77, 99 Autopsy, 11, 78 Autosuggestion, 78, 88

B Bacteria, 76, 77, 78, 86, 90, 96, 97, 99 Bacterial Physiology, 75, 78 Basal Ganglia, 77, 78 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 78 Benign, 78, 86 Bewilderment, 78, 82 Bile, 78, 89, 90 Bile Pigments, 78, 89 Bioavailable, 7, 78 Biochemical, 10, 78 Biotechnology, 8, 52, 59, 78 Blood Coagulation, 3, 38, 78, 79, 99 Blood Coagulation Factors, 78 Blood Glucose, 78, 87 Blood pressure, 78, 80, 87, 91, 97, 100 Blood vessel, 78, 79, 80, 84, 87, 89, 97, 98, 99, 100 Blood Volume, 79, 87 Body Fluids, 79, 85, 97 Bradykinin, 7, 79, 89, 92 C Caffeine, 4, 79 Calcium, 7, 9, 79, 81, 97 Calmodulin, 7, 79 Capillary, 79 Capillary Permeability, 79 Capsules, 79, 86 Carcinoma, 79 Cardiac, 6, 25, 39, 46, 79, 91 Cardiac Output, 6, 79 Cardiovascular, 4, 12, 76, 79 Cardiovascular System, 4, 79 Case report, 14, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 35, 37, 80 Case series, 17, 80 Cell, 5, 6, 8, 75, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101 Cell Cycle, 8, 80 Cell Division, 78, 80, 94 Cell membrane, 80, 83 Central Nervous System, 4, 75, 76, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86 Central Nervous System Infections, 80, 86 Central Venous Pressure, 11, 80 Cerebellar, 12, 31, 33, 78, 80, 96 Cerebellum, 80, 96 Cerebral, 3, 12, 46, 78, 80, 83, 95 Cerebral Cortex, 78, 80

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Heat Stroke

Cerebrum, 80 Character, 80, 83 Chin, 80, 90 Chlorpromazine, 80, 85 Chronic, 13, 81, 88, 89, 98 Clinical trial, 5, 59, 81 Cloning, 6, 78, 81 Cofactor, 81, 95, 99 Cognition, 81, 92 Collagen, 76, 81, 86, 94 Collapse, 81 Complement, 81, 82, 86 Complementary and alternative medicine, 45, 49, 81 Complementary medicine, 45, 82 Computational Biology, 59, 82 Conduction, 32, 82 Confusion, 4, 82, 84, 92 Connective Tissue, 81, 82, 85, 86 Consciousness, 4, 82, 83 Constriction, 82, 89 Contractility, 7, 82 Contraindications, ii, 82 Coronary, 82, 90 Coronary Thrombosis, 82, 90 Cortical, 82, 97, 99 Cranial, 80, 82, 86 Craniocerebral Trauma, 78, 82, 86, 99 Creatine, 9, 35, 82 Creatinine, 82 Critical Care, 11, 29, 31, 46, 82 Curative, 82, 99 Cutaneous, 6, 82 Cyclic, 79, 82, 86, 92, 94, 97 Cysteine, 7, 83 Cystine, 83 Cytokine, 5, 83 Cytoplasm, 6, 80, 83, 84, 86, 96 D Dantrolene, 15, 17, 31, 40, 83 Degenerative, 3, 83, 87 Dehydration, 4, 83, 87 Delirium, 77, 83 Depolarization, 7, 83 Dextroamphetamine, 76, 83 Diabetes Mellitus, 83, 87 Diagnostic procedure, 52, 83 Digestion, 78, 83, 90, 98 Dilatation, Pathologic, 83, 100 Dilation, 79, 83, 87, 100 Direct, iii, 14, 83, 84, 96 Discrimination, 20, 84

Disorientation, 82, 83, 84 Diuresis, 79, 84 Dizziness, 4, 84 Domesticated, 84, 86 Dopamine, 76, 77, 81, 83, 84, 91, 92 Drug Interactions, 84 Drug Tolerance, 84, 99 Dysarthria, 31, 84 E Edema, 3, 25, 84 Electrolyte, 83, 84, 85, 97 Emergency Treatment, 38, 84 Encephalopathy, 3, 84 Endogenous, 7, 78, 84 Endothelial cell, 28, 84, 99 Endothelium, 84, 92, 94 Endothelium-derived, 84, 92 Endotoxins, 5, 81, 84 Environmental Health, 28, 37, 40, 58, 60, 84 Enzymatic, 76, 79, 81, 85 Enzyme, 7, 13, 85, 86, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101 Ephedrine, 45, 85 Epithelial, 5, 85, 87 Eukaryotic Cells, 6, 85, 93 Excitation, 7, 83, 85, 92 Exhaustion, 4, 35, 76, 85 Exogenous, 7, 84, 85 Extracellular, 82, 85, 90, 97 Extracellular Space, 85, 90 Extremity, 80, 85 F Family Planning, 59, 85 Fat, 85, 90 Fatty Liver, 4, 85 Fibrinogen, 85, 94, 99 Fibrinolysis, 11, 19, 38, 85 Fibrosis, 13, 85 Fluid Therapy, 11, 85 Fluphenazine, 20, 85 Forearm, 7, 78, 85 Forensic Medicine, 11, 14, 85 G Ganglia, 75, 78, 85, 92 Gas, 76, 85, 87, 92 Gastrin, 86, 87 Gastrointestinal, 79, 86 Gavage, 85, 86 Gelatin, 4, 86, 98 Gene, 5, 78, 86 Genetic Engineering, 78, 81, 86 Gland, 10, 86, 97, 98, 99

105

Glucose, 78, 83, 86, 87, 88 Glucuronic Acid, 86, 87 Glycoprotein, 85, 86, 99 Governing Board, 86, 95 Gram-negative, 19, 86 Granulocytes, 86, 89, 101 Guanylate Cyclase, 86, 92 Guinea Pigs, 42, 86 H Headache, 4, 79, 86 Headache Disorders, 86 Heart failure, 85, 87 Heat Exhaustion, 4, 12, 14, 48, 53, 87 Hemoglobin, 7, 87 Hemorrhage, 12, 19, 30, 82, 86, 87, 98 Heparin, 13, 14, 15, 31, 87 Hepatic, 3, 19, 83, 87 Hepatitis, 4, 87, 100 Hepatocytes, 87 Heredity, 86, 87 Homeostasis, 7, 87 Hormonal, 32, 87 Hormone, 13, 39, 86, 87, 97, 99 Hydrogen, 75, 87, 90, 91, 93 Hydrolysis, 87, 95 Hyperbilirubinemia, 87, 89 Hyperglycemia, 40, 87 Hyperpyrexia, 21, 28, 87 Hypertension, 86, 87 Hyperthermia, 5, 6, 21, 32, 47, 88 Hypothermia, 8, 10, 16, 25, 30, 88 I Iatrogenic, 7, 88 Idiopathic, 13, 88 Immune response, 75, 77, 88, 100 Immune system, 88, 90, 101 Impairment, 3, 77, 78, 83, 88 In situ, 6, 88 In vitro, 6, 7, 88 In vivo, 5, 87, 88, 90 Incision, 88, 89 Incontinence, 85, 88 Infancy, 23, 88 Infarction, 82, 88, 90 Infection, 4, 83, 88, 90, 92, 98, 101 Inflammation, 85, 87, 88, 93, 94, 96, 99 Infusion, 88, 100 Inositol, 88, 97 Intensive Care, 4, 15, 16, 34, 35, 89 Intermittent, 85, 89 Intestinal, 7, 89 Intestines, 75, 86, 89

Intracellular, 5, 7, 79, 88, 89, 92, 97 Intravascular, 10, 14, 15, 21, 25, 28, 31, 89 Invasive, 30, 46, 89 Involuntary, 78, 89, 91, 93, 96 Ions, 79, 84, 87, 89, 97 Iris, 89, 96 Ischemia, 5, 89 J Jaundice, 3, 31, 87, 89 K Kallidin, 79, 89 Kb, 58, 89 Kidney Disease, 4, 17, 58, 89 L Large Intestine, 89, 96, 97 Lethal, 5, 89 Leucocyte, 34, 89 Linkages, 87, 89 Lip, 4, 90 Lipid, 79, 90, 93 Lipid Peroxidation, 90, 93 Lipopolysaccharide, 86, 90 Lipoprotein, 86, 90 Liver, 3, 5, 19, 36, 75, 78, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 100 Liver Transplantation, 19, 90 Localized, 88, 90, 94 Lymph, 84, 90 Lymphatic, 84, 88, 90 Lymphocyte, 13, 77, 90 Lymphoid, 77, 89, 90 Lymphoma, 4, 90 M Malignant, 8, 9, 16, 21, 25, 32, 33, 34, 90 Malignant Hyperthermia, 9, 16, 25, 34, 90 MEDLINE, 59, 90 Membrane, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96 Meninges, 80, 82, 90 Mental, iv, 4, 5, 28, 33, 58, 60, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 90, 95 MI, 73, 90 Microbe, 90, 99 Microbiology, 75, 90 Microdialysis, 7, 90 Mitochondrial Swelling, 91, 92 Modification, 7, 76, 86, 91 Modulator, 7, 91 Molecular, 59, 61, 78, 79, 82, 85, 87, 89, 91, 94, 99 Molecule, 77, 79, 81, 84, 85, 87, 91, 93, 96 Monitor, 7, 39, 47, 82, 91, 93

106

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Monoamine, 76, 83, 91 Motion Sickness, 91, 92 Mucinous, 47, 91 Mucinous carcinoma, 47, 91 Mucus, 91 Multiple Organ Failure, 29, 91 Muscle Contraction, 91, 97 Muscle Fibers, 7, 91 Muscle relaxant, 83, 91 Mutagenesis, 7, 91 Mutagens, 91 Myocardium, 90, 91 N Narcolepsy, 83, 85, 91 Nasal Cavity, 91, 92 Nasal Mucosa, 33, 92 Nausea, 4, 77, 92 Necrosis, 37, 88, 90, 92, 96 Neoplastic, 90, 92 Nephropathy, 89, 92 Nerve, 10, 32, 75, 76, 78, 80, 92, 94, 98 Nervous System, 47, 76, 80, 84, 92, 98 Neuroleptic, 12, 33, 77, 92 Neurologic, 28, 34, 64, 92 Neuromuscular, 75, 83, 92 Neuronal, 7, 92 Neurons, 85, 91, 92 Neuropathy, 36, 92 Neurophysiology, 83, 92 Neurosurgeon, 47, 92 Neurotransmitter, 75, 76, 79, 84, 92, 93, 97 Neutrophil, 13, 92 Nitric Oxide, 7, 92 Norepinephrine, 75, 84, 85, 92 Nuclear, 14, 22, 78, 85, 92, 93, 100 Nucleus, 78, 83, 85, 93, 99 Nystagmus, 14, 93 O Organelles, 83, 93 Overexpress, 5, 93 Oxidation, 77, 83, 90, 93 Oxidative Stress, 5, 93 P Palliative, 47, 93, 99 Pathogenesis, 39, 93 Pathologic, 45, 75, 82, 87, 93 Pathophysiology, 3, 93 Patient Education, 4, 68, 70, 73, 93 Peptide, 76, 93, 95 Peripheral blood, 39, 93 Peritoneal, 38, 93 Peritoneal Cavity, 93

Peritoneal Lavage, 38, 93 Peritoneum, 93 Phagocytosis, 13, 94 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 86, 94 Pharmacologic, 76, 94, 99 Phosphorus, 79, 94 Phosphorylated, 8, 94 Phototransduction, 94, 97 Physiologic, 34, 75, 94, 96 Plants, 76, 86, 93, 94, 99 Plasma, 36, 77, 79, 80, 85, 86, 87, 94 Plasmin, 94 Plasminogen, 36, 94 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, 36, 94 Plasminogen Activators, 94 Platelet Aggregation, 92, 94 Platelets, 14, 92, 94, 99 Pneumonia, 82, 94 Poisoning, 83, 92, 95 Polypeptide, 7, 76, 81, 85, 94, 95, 101 Polysaccharide, 77, 95 Posterior, 78, 80, 89, 95 Postoperative, 91, 95 Practice Guidelines, 60, 95 Probe, 90, 95 Progression, 76, 95 Progressive, 84, 91, 92, 95 Prophylaxis, 46, 95 Prospective study, 9, 95 Protective Clothing, 22, 95 Protein C, 6, 7, 90, 95, 100 Protein S, 78, 95, 99 Proteins, 5, 6, 8, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96 Psychic, 90, 95, 97 Psychomotor, 83, 92, 95 Psychotomimetic, 76, 83, 95 Psychotropic, 25, 95 Public Policy, 59, 95 Publishing, 8, 95 Pulmonary, 39, 78, 96 Pulmonary Edema, 39, 96 Pulse, 91, 96 Pupil, 32, 83, 96 R Radiation, 88, 96, 101 Radioactive, 87, 93, 96, 98, 100 Reactive Oxygen Species, 7, 96 Receptor, 7, 75, 77, 84, 96 Rectal, 39, 47, 96 Rectum, 77, 86, 88, 89, 96, 98 Red Nucleus, 78, 96

107

Refer, 1, 81, 84, 92, 96, 99 Reflex, 6, 96 Respiration, 91, 96 Respiratory distress syndrome, 10, 96 Rhabdomyolysis, 9, 35, 37, 96 Rhinitis, 85, 96 Risk factor, 16, 37, 95, 96 Ryanodine, 7, 96 S Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 7, 96 Screening, 81, 97 Second Messenger Systems, 7, 97 Secretion, 91, 97 Seizures, 4, 83, 97 Sensibility, 76, 97 Sensor, 7, 97 Sepsis, 4, 16, 19, 97 Shock, 5, 8, 97, 100 Side effect, 75, 77, 97, 99 Skeletal, 7, 28, 37, 40, 83, 96, 97 Skeleton, 97 Small intestine, 87, 89, 97 Smooth muscle, 79, 97 Sodium, 94, 97, 98 Sound wave, 82, 97 Spatial disorientation, 84, 98 Specialist, 65, 83, 98 Species, 84, 86, 96, 98, 100, 101 Spinal cord, 37, 80, 90, 92, 96, 98 Steatosis, 85, 98 Stimulant, 47, 76, 79, 83, 89, 98 Stimulus, 82, 85, 96, 98 Stomach, 75, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93, 97, 98 Stress, 5, 6, 7, 17, 21, 25, 34, 39, 46, 92, 93, 98 Stroke, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 48, 51, 53, 58, 64, 79, 87, 98 Subacute, 88, 98 Subarachnoid, 86, 98 Subclinical, 88, 97, 98 Subcutaneous, 84, 98 Suppositories, 86, 98 Sweat, 10, 98 Sweat Glands, 98 Sympathomimetic, 76, 83, 84, 93, 98 Systemic, 78, 83, 88, 98 T Technetium, 14, 37, 98 Tetracycline, 4, 98

Thalamic, 33, 78, 99 Thalamic Diseases, 78, 99 Therapeutics, 99 Thermal, 17, 39, 99 Thrombin, 85, 94, 95, 99 Thrombocytes, 94, 99 Thrombolytic, 94, 99 Thrombomodulin, 13, 95, 99 Thrombosis, 38, 95, 98, 99 Thyroid, 13, 99 Thyroid Gland, 99 Thyroiditis, 46, 99 Tissue, 5, 7, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 Tolerance, 5, 99 Tooth Preparation, 75, 99 Toxic, iv, 92, 99 Toxicity, 6, 84, 99 Toxicology, 33, 60, 99 Toxin, 99 Trachea, 99, 100 Transfection, 78, 100 Transfusion, 13, 100 Transplantation, 4, 16, 100 Trauma, 83, 92, 93, 100 U Uranium, 98, 100 Urea, 98, 100 Urinary, 85, 88, 100 Urine, 82, 84, 88, 100 Urokinase, 94, 100 V Vascular, 84, 86, 88, 92, 94, 99, 100 Vasoactive, 7, 40, 100 Vasodilation, 6, 100 Vasodilator, 6, 79, 84, 100 Vein, 76, 93, 100 Venous, 80, 95, 100 Venous Pressure, 80, 100 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 100 Viral, 3, 100 Viral Hepatitis, 3, 100 Virulence, 99, 100 Virus, 40, 80, 86, 100 Vitro, 87, 100 Vivo, 101 W White blood cell, 77, 90, 91, 92, 101 Windpipe, 99, 101 X Xenograft, 76, 101 X-ray, 93, 101

108

Z

Heat Stroke

Zymogen, 95, 101

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