High Protein Diet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HIGH PROTEIN DIET A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J...

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HIGH

PROTEIN DIET A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960High Protein Diet: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83926-3 1. High Protein Diet-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on high protein diet. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIGH PROTEIN DIET ................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on High Protein Diet ......................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIGH PROTEIN DIET ....................................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 Finding Nutrition Studies on High Protein Diet ........................................................................ 17 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIGH PROTEIN DIET ................................................. 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 25 General References ....................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HIGH PROTEIN DIET ............................................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Patents on High Protein Diet ...................................................................................................... 27 Patent Applications on High Protein Diet................................................................................... 29 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HIGH PROTEIN DIET ................................................................................. 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 31 Chapters on High Protein Diet .................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HIGH PROTEIN DIET ................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 35 Academic Periodicals covering High Protein Diet....................................................................... 37 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 41 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 43 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 47 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 51 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 51 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 57 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 57 HIGH PROTEIN DIET DICTIONARY ....................................................................................... 59 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 91

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with high protein diet is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about high protein diet, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to high protein diet, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on high protein diet. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to high protein diet, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on high protein diet. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIGH PROTEIN DIET Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on high protein diet.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and high protein diet, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “high protein diet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Randomized Trial of an Isocaloric High Protein Diet vs. an Isocaloric Moderate Protein Diet for Short-term Weight Loss in Healthy Overweight Adults Source: American Journal of Bariatric Medicine--The Bariatrician. 15(4):10-13. Winter 2000/2001. Summary: This study compared the effects of calorie controlled diets that differed in protein content with respect to body weight, body composition, and mood states in 24 overweight adults with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 27 over a 28-day period. The mean age of the subjects was 41 years. No subjects were attempting to lose weight. The high protein diet included two supplemental shakes per day and averaged 47 percent of calories from protein. The moderate protein diet averaged 24.5 percent of calories from protein, and the participants did not drink the supplemental shakes. The diet was modeled after the National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP) step one

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diet. Both diet plans included less than 30 percent total calories from fat. The weight loss for the high protein group was significantly greater than the moderate protein group (2.87 kilograms (kg) vs. 1.44 kg). The amount of body fat lost was also significantly greater in the high protein diet group. The Profile of Mood State Exam found a significant reduction in fatigue over the 28 days in the high-protein group compared to the moderate protein group. The authors conclude that an isocaloric (high protein) diet containing 1.77 grams (gm) protein/kg body weight results in greater weight loss than a moderate protein diet. A high protein diet that includes defined parameters and supplemental shakes is superior to the NCEP step-one diet for short-term intervention in overweight adults.

Federally Funded Research on High Protein Diet The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to high protein diet. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to high protein diet. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore high protein diet. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for high protein diet: •

Project Title: MUSCLE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND GH/IGF AXIS IN AIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gelato, Marie C.; Professor of Medicine; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of this study was to determine whether abnormalities in the GH/IGF axis were a part of the pathogenesis of muscle loss in AIDS wasting syndrome. Assessment of the GH/IGF axis and muscle protein synthesis and degradation were performed in HIV + and AIDS patients with and without wasting and were compared to healthy, age and sex matched controls. Growth hormone (GH) was administered for 2 weeks along with a high protein diet and the IGFs and muscle protein synthesis and degradation were assessed after this treatment. There was a significant reduction in muscle protein synthesis following GH in the HIV + patients that correlated to the severity of the disease, ie., the patients with AIDS wasting had the most marked reduction in muscle protein synthesis following GH. This data suggests that patients with AIDS are resistant to the actions of GH at the level of the muscle. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: PROGRAMMED RENAL CELL RESPONSE TO HYPEROSMOLALITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gullans, Steven R.; Associate Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1986; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Renal medulla accumulates high concentrations of urea and NaC1 that vary according to hydration state and dietary protein intake. However, there is relatively little known about the cellular response to hyperosmolar urea though it appears to be distinctly different from that seen with NaC1. Unlike NaC1, hyperosmolar urea (25-250 mM) does not inhibit cellular biosynthesis, enhance expression of stress proteins, nor increase expression of organic osmolyte transporters. Most importantly, our work has shown that urea specifically activates transcription and translation of the transcription factor Egr-1. This effect occurs only in renal epithelial cells and is not mimicked by urea analogues leading us to propose the existence of a low affinity, high specificity urea "sensor." Furthermore, urea-induced Egr-1 transcription appears to be mediated by a PKC-dependent pathway involving activation of a promoter element within the most proximal 1.2 kb portion of the 5' flanking region of the Egr-1 gene. The objective of this study will be to define the cellular processes involved in renal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cell adaptation to hyperosmolar urea. We will use an immortalized mouse IMCD cell line (mIMCD-3) created in our laboratory. Specific Aims are: 1. Define the promoter element(s) responsible for urea-induced Egr-1 transcription. We will use a transient transfection luciferase reporter gene assay with deletion and truncation mutants of the 5" flanking region of Egr-1 to define the "urea response element(s)." 2. Define the signal transduction pathway responsible for urea activation of Egr-1 transcription. We will examine DNA binding proteins and determine the roles of PKC and PLC in the urea signal transduction process. 3. Identify downstream effector genes whose expression is up- or down-regulated by urea. Northern analyses, differential display RT-PCR, and western analyses will be used to identify and characterize downstream genes activated or repressed by urea treatment. 4. Characterize urea-induced changes in gene expression in vivo. Having established the urearesponsive factors and genes in cell culture, we will define their significance in two animal models known to promote renal medullary urea accumulation, high protein diet and dehydration. This study will be valuable in understanding renal cell-specific activation of gene transcription. In addition, we will identify novel downstream effector genes as well as a urea-responsive signal transduction process that we hypothesize involves a urea receptor. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VASCULAR EFFECTS OF HOMOCYSTEINE IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Haynes, William G.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Modest elevations in plasma homocysteine are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic disease. Impaired endothelial vasodilator function appears to play an important role in progression and complications of atherosclerosis. Thus, homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction is a plausible mechanism for predisposition to atherosclerosis. In previous studies funded by this R01, we have demonstrated that induction of experimental hyperhomocysteinemia by methionine loading rapidly produces profound endothelial dysfunction in human subjects, which can be reversed by anti-oxidants. We have also shown that high protein

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diets cause post-prandial hyperhomocysteinemia. In addition, we have developed a series of novel pharmacological models to characterize endothelial mediators and several putative mechanisms of oxidant stress. We therefore plan to test the following specific aims: 1) To explore endothelial mediators affected by experimental hyperhomocysteinemia in humans (specifically test the hypothesis that homocysteine selectively impairs nitric oxide activity and that there is compensatory upregulation of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor); 2) To test potential oxidant mechanisms underlying the endothelial dysfunction (specifically xanthine oxidase, cyclooxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase); and 3) To examine the effect of dietary interventions with varying protein and folate intakes on plasma homocysteine and endothelial function, particularly in subjects with genetic (MTHFR mutation) or renal (transplant recipients) predisposition to hyperhomocysteinemia. Endothelial function will be tested in conduit and resistance vessels in vivo using flow mediated vasodilatation and forearm blood flow responses to intra-arterial administration of vasoactive agents. This patient-orientated research should lead to new understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms linking homocysteine to vascular disease in humans. The results may also suggest novel potential therapeutic approaches to be tested in future outcome trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with high protein diet, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “high protein diet” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for high protein diet (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A hypocaloric high-protein diet as primary therapy for adults with obesity-related diabetes: effective long-term use in a community hospital. Author(s): Fitz JD, Sperling EM, Fein HG. Source: Diabetes Care. 1983 July-August; 6(4): 328-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6617408&dopt=Abstract

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Absorption of macronutrients from a high-protein diet in children during convalescence from shigellosis. Author(s): Kabir I, Malek MA, Mahalanabis D, Rahman MM, Khatun M, Wahed MA, Majid N. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1994 January; 18(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8126620&dopt=Abstract

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Adaptability of pancreatic enzymes activity to various food nutritive values in man. Influence of high protein diet. Author(s): Bucko A, Kopec Z, Ovecka M, Grunt J. Source: Die Nahrung. 1982; 26(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7070492&dopt=Abstract

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An evaluation of prednisolone, tetracycline and high protein diet for the therapy of idiopathic tropical malabsorption syndrome (ITMS). Author(s): Tandon BN, Bose SL, Saikia B. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1974 May; 62(5): 704-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4435881&dopt=Abstract

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Are high-protein diets effective in McArdle's disease? Author(s): Kushner RF, Berman SA. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1990 April; 47(4): 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2322130&dopt=Abstract

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Ask the doctor. In early July, the New York Times Magazine published an article that had good things to say about the Atkins high-protein diet. It also claimed that low-fat diets might be harmful. This shocked many of us who have been following a low-fat diet to reduce our risk from heart disease. Have we been barking up the wrong tree all these years? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2002 November; 13(3): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453762&dopt=Abstract

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Ask the Doctor. Someone I work with has lost a lot of weight with a high-protein diet, and he sure seems to enjoy eating all the things my doctor tells me to stay away from! Should I give this diet a try? Author(s): Nurse Pract. 2002 Apr;27(4):57 Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2002 March; 12(7): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12003009

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Beneficial effects of high protein diet in treatment of mild diabetes. Author(s): Seino Y, Seino S, Ikeda M, Matsukura S, Imura H. Source: Hum Nutr Appl Nutr. 1983 June; 37 A(3): 226-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6347984&dopt=Abstract

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Body building, high-protein diet, and progressive renal failure in chronic glomerulonephritis. Author(s): Combe C, Aparicio M. Source: Lancet. 1993 February 6; 341(8841): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8094152&dopt=Abstract

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Do low-calorie, high-protein diets lead to obesity? Author(s): Barnes LA. Source: Pediatrics. 1979 May; 63(5): 820-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=440913&dopt=Abstract

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Do regular high protein diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes? Author(s): Poortmans JR, Dellalieux O. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2000 March; 10(1): 28-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722779&dopt=Abstract

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Dorsomedial hypothalamic hypophagia: self-selection of diets and macronutrients, efficiency of food utilization, “stress eating”, response to high-protein diet and circulating substrate concentrations. Author(s): Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. Source: Appetite. 1981 June; 2(2): 103-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7199892&dopt=Abstract

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Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients with a high-protein diet enriched with arginine, fiber, and antioxidants compared with a standard high-protein diet. The effect on nosocomial infections and outcome. Author(s): Caparros T, Lopez J, Grau T. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2001 November-December; 25(6): 299-308; Discussion 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11688933&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a high protein diet in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Mansy H, Goodship TH, Tapson JS, Hartley GH, Keavey P, Wilkinson R. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1989 October; 77(4): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2805603&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a low-glycaemic index--low-fat--high protein diet on the atherogenic metabolic risk profile of abdominally obese men. Author(s): Dumesnil JG, Turgeon J, Tremblay A, Poirier P, Gilbert M, Gagnon L, StPierre S, Garneau C, Lemieux I, Pascot A, Bergeron J, Despres JP. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 November; 86(5): 557-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737954&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a weight-reducing high-protein diet on the body composition of obese adolescents. Author(s): Archibald EH, Harrison JE, Pencharz PB. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1983 July; 137(7): 658-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6858978&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of low-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base balance, stone-forming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Author(s): Reddy ST, Wang CY, Sakhaee K, Brinkley L, Pak CY. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 August; 40(2): 265-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12148098&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of trichinosis on blood glucose of rats fed on low and high protein diets. Author(s): Saowakontha S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1972 October; 55(10): 592-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4673239&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a high-protein diet in acid maltase deficiency. Author(s): Padberg GW, Wintzen AR, Giesberts MA, Sterk PJ, Molenaar AJ, Hermans J. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1989 March; 90(1): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2498466&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of very restrictive high-protein diets with special reference to the nitrogen balance. Author(s): Apfelbaum M. Source: International Journal of Obesity. 1981; 5(3): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7275455&dopt=Abstract

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Ethanol-combined galactose tolerance tests in healthy pregnant women and the effect of a high-protein diet. Author(s): Kesaniemi YA, Kurppa KO, Husman KR. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1973 April; 80(4): 344-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4704682&dopt=Abstract

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From Atkins to Zone: the truth about high-fat, high-protein diets for weight loss. Author(s): Vigilante KC, Flynn MM. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2000 November; 83(11): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11107763&dopt=Abstract

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Further analysis of various renal functions in the Korean. II. Effect of high protein diet on water metabolism and renal functions. Author(s): Kim CK, Park CS, Hong SK. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1965; 6: 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5870362&dopt=Abstract

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Further studies of the effect of a high protein diet as meat on calcium metabolism. Author(s): Spencer H, Kramer L, DeBartolo M, Norris C, Osis D. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983 June; 37(6): 924-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6846239&dopt=Abstract

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GFR increases before renal mass or ODC activity increase in rats fed high protein diets. Author(s): Kaysen GA, Rosenthal C, Hutchison FN. Source: Kidney International. 1989 September; 36(3): 441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2593487&dopt=Abstract

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Gluttony. 1. An experimental study of overeating low- or high-protein diets. Author(s): Miller DS, Mumford P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 November; 20(11): 1212-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6057588&dopt=Abstract

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High protein diet complements resin therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Wolfe BM, Giovannetti PM. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1992 August; 15(4): 349-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1516292&dopt=Abstract

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High protein diet for low birth weight babies. Author(s): Paul SS, Suresh EG. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1972 October; 9(10): 579-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4657777&dopt=Abstract

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High protein diet induced periodic behavioural disturbances in a case of compensated liver disease. Author(s): Patial RK, Metha J, Kapoor D. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 February; 46(2): 234. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273123&dopt=Abstract

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High-protein diets and osteoporosis. Author(s): Bailie IE. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1986 January 30; 21(1A): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3080454&dopt=Abstract

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High-protein diets in hyperlipidemia: effect of wheat gluten on serum lipids, uric acid, and renal function. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E, Augustin LS, van Erk M, Geelen A, Parker T, Faulkner D, Vuksan V, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 July; 74(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451718&dopt=Abstract

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High-protein diets, “damaged hearts,” and rowing men: antecedents of modern sports medicine and exercise science, 1867-1928. Author(s): Park RJ. Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 1997; 25: 137-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9213091&dopt=Abstract

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Hypermethioninemia with other hyperaminoacidemias. Studies in infants on highprotein diets. Author(s): Levy HL, Shih VE, Madigan PM, Karolkewicz V, Carr JR, Lum A, Richards AA, Crawford JD, MacCready RA. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1969 January; 117(1): 96-103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5812761&dopt=Abstract

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Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves glucose oxidation and spares lean body mass: comparison to hypocaloric high-carbohydrate diet. Author(s): Piatti PM, Monti F, Fermo I, Baruffaldi L, Nasser R, Santambrogio G, Librenti MC, Galli-Kienle M, Pontiroli AE, Pozza G. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1994 December; 43(12): 1481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7990700&dopt=Abstract

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Improved energy kinetics following high protein diet in McArdle's syndrome. A 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Author(s): Jensen KE, Jakobsen J, Thomsen C, Henriksen O. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1990 June; 81(6): 499-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2220306&dopt=Abstract

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Increased height gain of children fed a high-protein diet during convalescence from shigellosis: a six-month follow-Up study. Author(s): Kabir I, Rahman MM, Haider R, Mazumder RN, Khaled MA, Mahalanabis D. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 October; 128(10): 1688-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9772137&dopt=Abstract

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Indications that branched chain amino acids, in addition to glucagon, affect the glomerular filtration rate after a high protein diet in insulin-dependent diabetes. Author(s): Rudberg S, Dahlqvist G, Aperia A, Lindblad BS, Efendic S, Skottner A, Persson B. Source: Diabetes Res. 1991 March; 16(3): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1802476&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of diet upon nonfasting blood sugar and glucose. Reexamination of the effects of a relatively low-refined carbohydrate, high-protein diet. Author(s): Cheraskin E, Ringsdorf WM Jr. Source: J Lancet. 1965 October; 85(10): 428-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5828617&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of diet upon nonfasting serum calcium: reexamination of the effects of a relatively low-refined-carbohydrate high-protein diet. Author(s): Cheraskin E, Ringsdorf WM Jr, Setyaadamadja AT, Barrett RA. Source: J Med Assoc State Ala. 1968 February; 37(8): 913-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5638006&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of exercise and high protein diet on blood chemistry. A study of athletes. Author(s): Oppenheim IA, Shields DF. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1973 September; 70(9): 640-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4518002&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of high protein diet on chronic pancreatitis. Author(s): Tuzhilin SA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1967 August; 48(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6057065&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of high-protein diets on renal function. Author(s): Dougherty JC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1973 October; 63(4): 392-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4200836&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin-like growth factor-I and high protein diet decrease calpain-mediated proteolysis in murine muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Wingertzahn MA, Zdanowicz MM, Slonim AE. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1998 July; 218(3): 244-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9648944&dopt=Abstract

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Management of transient hyperphenylalaninemia and tyrosinemia in low birth weight Negro infants fed high protein diets. Author(s): Watkins ML, Crump EP, Hara S. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1971 July; 63(4): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4946844&dopt=Abstract

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Myopathy in McArdle's syndrome. Improvement with a high-protein diet. Author(s): Slonim AE, Goans PJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985 February 7; 312(6): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3855499&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of gestational failure by high protein diet. Author(s): Grieve JF. Source: J Reprod Med. 1974 November; 13(5): 170-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4427320&dopt=Abstract

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Protein turnover in acid maltase deficiency before and after treatment with a high protein diet. Author(s): Umpleby AM, Wiles CM, Trend PS, Scobie IN, Macleod AF, Spencer GT, Sonksen PH. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1987 May; 50(5): 587-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3108456&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid catch-up growth of children fed a high-protein diet during convalescence from shigellosis. Author(s): Kabir I, Malek MA, Mazumder RN, Rahman MM, Mahalanabis D. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 March; 57(3): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8438780&dopt=Abstract

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Re-examination of the effects of a relatively low-refined-carbohydrate high-protein diet upon nonfasting serum phosphorus. Author(s): Cheraskin E, Ringsdorf WM Jr. Source: J Med Assoc State Ala. 1968 February; 37(8): 916-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5638007&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory insufficiency in acid maltase deficiency: the effect of high protein diet. Author(s): Demey HE, Van Meerbeeck JP, Vandewoude MF, Prove AM, Martin JJ, Bossaert LL. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1989 May-June; 13(3): 321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2503645&dopt=Abstract

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Should you recommend a low-carb, high-protein diet? Author(s): Tapper-Gardzina Y, Cotugna N, Vickery CE. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 2002 April; 27(4): 52-3, 55-6, 58-9. Review. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11984418&dopt=Abstract

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Specific dynamic action of a high-protein diet and its significance for thermoregulation in the golden hamster. Author(s): Simek V. Source: Physiol Bohemoslov. 1975 September; 24(5): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=127188&dopt=Abstract

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The digestive capacity of elderly people. The effect of a high protein diet. Author(s): Werner I, Hambraeus L. Source: Acta Soc Med Ups. 1971; 76(5-6): 239-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5141080&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a high protein diet on leucine and alanine turnover in acid maltase deficiency. Author(s): Umpleby AM, Trend PS, Chubb D, Conaglen JV, Williams CD, Hesp R, Scobie IN, Wiles CM, Spencer G, Sonksen PH. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989 August; 52(8): 954-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2507747&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of high-protein diets on coronary blood flow. Author(s): Fleming RM. Source: Angiology. 2000 October; 51(10): 817-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108325&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of very restrictive high protein diets. Author(s): Apfelbaum M. Source: Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976 July; 5(2): 417-30. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=782746&dopt=Abstract

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Toxic optic neuropathy after concomitant use of melatonin, zoloft, and a high-protein diet. Author(s): Lehman NL, Johnson LN. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1999 December; 19(4): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10608673&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young women affected by high protein diet of soy protein isolate and adding sulfur-containing amino acids and/or potassium. Author(s): Kaneko K, Masaki U, Aikyo M, Yabuki K, Haga A, Matoba C, Sasaki H, Koike G. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1990 April; 36(2): 105-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2388095&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary calcium loss in elderly men on a vegetable:animal (1:1) high-protein diet. Author(s): Moriguti JC, Ferriolli E, Marchini JS. Source: Gerontology. 1999 September-October; 45(5): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10460989&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary composition and supersaturation on a high protein diet. Author(s): Fellstrom B, Danielson BG, Karlstrom B, Lithell H, Ljunghall S, Vessby B. Source: Contrib Nephrol. 1984; 37: 27-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6713875&dopt=Abstract

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Variations in the composition of blood and urine following the ingestion of a highprotein diet. Author(s): Heeley DM, Sharman IM, Cooper DF. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1975 September; 34(2): 69A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=171676&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin B-6 requirement and status assessment of young women fed a high-protein diet with various levels of vitamin B-6. Author(s): Huang YC, Chen W, Evans MA, Mitchell ME, Shultz TD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 February; 67(2): 208-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9459368&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIGH PROTEIN DIET Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and high protein diet.

Finding Nutrition Studies on High Protein Diet The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “high protein diet” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “high protein diet” (or a synonym): •

An effect of bromobenzene treatment on the liver damage of rats previously fed low or high protein diet. Author(s): Kyungsan University, Kyungsan (Korea Republic). Department of Health ScienceKeimyung University, Taegu (Korea Republic). Department of Public Health Source: Shin, J.K. Chae, S.N. Yoon, C.G. Journal-of-The-Korean-Society-of-Food-andNutrition (Korea Republic). (December 1994). volume 23(6) page 894-898. 0253-3154

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An effect of methanethiol treatment on the liver function of rats previously fed low or high protein diet. Author(s): Keimyung University, Taegu (Korea Republic). Department of Public HealthTaegu Health Junior College, Taegu (Korea Republic). Department of Medical TechnologyAndong Junior College, Andong (Korea Republic). Department of Industrial Hygiene Source: Yoon, C.G. Jeong, S.W. Cha, S.E. Journal-of-the-Korean-Society-of-Food-andNutrition (Korea Republic). (February 1993). volume 22(1) page 15-18. 0253-3154

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Do regular high protein diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes? Author(s): Department of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Physical Education and Kinesiotherapy, Free University of Brussels, Belgium. Source: Poortmans, J R Dellalieux, O Int-J-Sport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2000 March; 10(1): 28-38 1526-484X

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Effect of high protein diet on the haematology and plasma biochemistry of puberal West African Dwarf rams. Source: Thomas, K.D. Chiboka, O. Beitr-Trop-Landwirtsch-Veterinarmed. Leipzig, East Ger. : Karl-Marx-Universitat. 1984. volume 22 (2) page 187-192. 0301-567X

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Effects of high protein diet on physical exercise performance. Author(s): Institut de Medecine Aerospatiale du Service de Sante des Armees, Bretigny sur Orge (France) Source: Guezennec, C.Y. Cahiers-de-Nutrition-et-de-Dietetique (France). (October 1994). volume 24(5) page 272-277. 0007-9960

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Effects of high-protein diet on carbohydrate metabolism in rat skeletal muscles. Source: Flisinska Bojanowska, A. Luczak Szczurek, A. Trzcinska, M. Comp-biochemphysiol,-A-Comp-physiol. Oxford : Pergamon Press Ltd. Jan 1994. volume 107A (1) page 237-243. 0300-9629

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Excretion of sulfate and taurine in rats fed with a high protein diet. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University Medical School, Japan. Source: Yukihiro, K Tomozawa, M Abe, T Yao, W B Ohta, J Ubuka, T Acta-MedOkayama. 1998 April; 52(2): 71-5 0386-300X

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High protein diet induces pericentral glutamate dehydrogenase and ornithine aminotransferase to provide sufficient glutamate for pericentral detoxification of ammonia in rat liver lobules. Author(s): Tanox Pharma BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Boon, L Geerts, W J Jonker, A Lamers, W H Van Noorden, C J Histochem-CellBiol. 1999 June; 111(6): 445-52 0948-6143

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The effect of high protein diet on urea and guanidino compound levels in renal insufficient mice. Source: Al Banchaabouchi, M. Marescau, B. D'Hooge, R. Deyn, P.P. de. Amino-acids. Wien; New York : Springer-Verlag, c1991-. December 2001. volume 21 (4) page 401-415. 0939-4451

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to high protein diet; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atkins Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIGH PROTEIN DIET Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to high protein diet. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to high protein diet and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “high protein diet” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to high protein diet: •

A combined high-fiber, low-glycemic index diet normalizes glucose tolerance and reduces hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in adults with hepatic cirrhosis. Author(s): Barkoukis H, Fiedler KM, Lerner E. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 October; 102(10): 1503-7; Discussion 1507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396175&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of oral micronized estradiol with soy phytoestrogen effects on tail skin temperatures of ovariectomized rats. Author(s): Pan Y, Anthony MS, Binns M, Clarkson TB. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2001 May-June; 8(3): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11355038&dopt=Abstract

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A dietary portfolio approach to cholesterol reduction: combined effects of plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers in hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Trautwein EA, Parker TL, Marchie A, Koumbridis G, Lapsley KG, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 December; 51(12): 1596-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489074&dopt=Abstract

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A high dose of vitamin E inhibits adrenal corticosterone synthesis in chickens treated with ACTH. Author(s): Taniguchi N, Ohtsuka A, Hayashi K. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001 February; 47(1): 40-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349889&dopt=Abstract

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A high isoflavone soy protein diet and intravenous genistein delay rejection of rat cardiac allografts. Author(s): O'Connor TP, Liesen DA, Mann PC, Rolando L, Banz WJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163676&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. Author(s): Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, Szapary PO, Rader DJ, Edman JS, Klein S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 May 22; 348(21): 2082-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12761365&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of the dietary nutritional composition of centenarians. Author(s): Chen C. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2001 October; 114(10): 1095-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677774&dopt=Abstract

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Activation of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB in chronic cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity: role in beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation. Author(s): Asai T, Nakatani T, Tamada S, Kuwabara N, Yamanaka S, Tashiro K, Nakao T, Komiya T, Okamura M, Kim S, Iwao H, Miura K. Source: Transplantation. 2003 April 15; 75(7): 1040-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698095&dopt=Abstract

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Acute and subchronic oral toxicities of benzo[a]pyrene in F-344 rats. Author(s): Knuckles ME, Inyang F, Ramesh A. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2001 June; 61(2): 382-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11353147&dopt=Abstract

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Adverse effects of dietary lupine in broiler chickens. Author(s): Olkowski AA, Olkowski BI, Amarowicz R, Classen HL. Source: Poultry Science. 2001 May; 80(5): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372712&dopt=Abstract

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Age at puberty, total fat and conjugated linoleic acid content of carcass, and circulating metabolic hormones in beef heifers fed a diet high in linoleic acid beginning at four months of age. Author(s): Garcia MR, Amstalden M, Morrison CD, Keisler DH, Williams GL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 January; 81(1): 261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597397&dopt=Abstract

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Allelic polymorphism of GSTM1 and NAT2 genes modifies dietary-induced DNA damage in colorectal mucosa. Author(s): Kiss I, Sandor J, Ember I. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2000 December; 9(6): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201682&dopt=Abstract

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Alteration of a macrophages inflammatory protein-related protein-2 (MRP-2) response by high fat and cholesterol diet in mice. Author(s): Yu R, Park JS, Kawada T, Kwon BS. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 April 21; 70(21): 2535-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173416&dopt=Abstract

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Alterations in retinal rod outer segment fatty acids and light-damage susceptibility in P23H rats. Author(s): Bicknell IR, Darrow R, Barsalou L, Fliesler SJ, Organisciak DT. Source: Molecular Vision [electronic Resource]. 2002 September 5; 8: 333-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12355060&dopt=Abstract

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An immune-enhancing enteral diet reduces mortality rate and episodes of bacteremia in septic intensive care unit patients. Author(s): Galban C, Montejo JC, Mesejo A, Marco P, Celaya S, Sanchez-Segura JM, Farre M, Bryg DJ. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 March; 28(3): 643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752808&dopt=Abstract

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An increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations. Author(s): Noakes M, Clifton P, Ntanios F, Shrapnel W, Record I, McInerney J.

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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 January; 75(1): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756063&dopt=Abstract •

Animal models impacted by phytoestrogens in commercial chow: implications for pathways influenced by hormones. Author(s): Brown NM, Setchell KD. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2001 May; 81(5): 735-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351045&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-aromatase chemicals in red wine. Author(s): Eng ET, Williams D, Mandava U, Kirma N, Tekmal RR, Chen S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 June; 963: 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095950&dopt=Abstract

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Anticancer properties of bovine milk. Author(s): Gill HS, Cross ML. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 November; 84 Suppl 1: S161-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242461&dopt=Abstract

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Antigen-driven murine CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 production are diminished by dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids. Author(s): Pompos LJ, Fritsche KL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 November; 132(11): 3293-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421842&dopt=Abstract

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Ask the doctor. In early July, the New York Times Magazine published an article that had good things to say about the Atkins high-protein diet. It also claimed that low-fat diets might be harmful. This shocked many of us who have been following a low-fat diet to reduce our risk from heart disease. Have we been barking up the wrong tree all these years? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2002 November; 13(3): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453762&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a high-protein diet versus dietary supplementation with ammonium chloride on struvite crystal formation in urine of clinically normal cats. Author(s): Funaba M, Yamate T, Hashida Y, Maki K, Gotoh K, Kaneko M, Yamamoto H, Iriki T, Hatano Y, Abe M. Source: Am J Vet Res. 2003 August; 64(8): 1059-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926602&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 25

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Garlic supplementation increases testicular testosterone and decreases plasma corticosterone in rats fed a high protein diet. Author(s): Oi Y, Imafuku M, Shishido C, Kominato Y, Nishimura S, Iwai K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 131(8): 2150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481410&dopt=Abstract

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High-protein diets in hyperlipidemia: effect of wheat gluten on serum lipids, uric acid, and renal function. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E, Augustin LS, van Erk M, Geelen A, Parker T, Faulkner D, Vuksan V, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 July; 74(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451718&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to high protein diet; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Hyperkalemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance SyndroMen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Restless Legs SyndroMen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Herbs and Supplements Amino Acids Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HIGH PROTEIN DIET Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “high protein diet” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on high protein diet, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on High Protein Diet By performing a patent search focusing on high protein diet, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on high protein diet: •

Animal feeds comprising formulated poultry bio-solids and growing house litter Inventor(s): Livingston; Andrew (Independence, KS) Assignee(s): Productization, Inc. (Independence, KS) Patent Number: 6,033,716 Date filed: October 13, 1998 Abstract: Animal feeds and methods of forming animal feeds are provided wherein the feeds are formed by mixing poultry house litter and slaughterhouse wastewater sludges, followed by drying of the resulting mixture in a hot air convection rotary drum dryer. The resulting feed is high in fat and protein, and can be fed as a meal or in pelletized form. In a preferred embodiment, the feeds are formed by mixing litter comprising poultry manure and poultry feed with wastewater sludges comprising poultry fat, followed by drying in the rotary drum dryer. The feeds of the invention can be used to provide a high fat, high protein diet to any animal, particularly ruminants and aquatic animals. Excerpt(s): The present invention is broadly concerned with animal feeds and methods for making those feeds comprising forming a mixture including poultry house litter and slaughterhouse wastewater sludges. The animal feeds of the invention are in the form of a fine meal or pellets and have high fat and high protein concentrations. In preferred methods of the invention, mixtures of litter and wastewater sludges are dried in a hot air convection rotary drum dryer so that a large portion of the water is removed from the mixture and the nutrients (such as protein) are not destroyed. The meals and pellets of the invention make nutritional feeds for all animals, particularly ruminants. The pellets of the invention are especially useful as an aquatic feed due to their high fat content which enables the pellets to float in water. Poultry house litter generally comprises poultry droppings, feathers, bedding material (such as wood shavings, straw, rice hulls, peanut hulls, and mixtures thereof), poultry feed, and mixtures thereof. Slaughterhouse wastewaters generally comprise blood serum, water, and sludges which include all wastes that result from the slaughtering process, such as fat, bones, skin, viscera, offal, and mixtures thereof (As used hereinafter, "slaughterhouse" refers to any location where the slaughtering and/or processing (for human consumption or otherwise) of any animal, including poultry is carried out. The term "wastewaters" refers to all waste products which result from the slaughtering and/or processing (for human consumption or otherwise) of any animal, including poultry.) Approximately 25 million tons of poultry house litter and 12 million tons of sludges from poultry processing wastewater are generated each year. It is estimated that about 75% of these amounts are produced in just 10 states in the southeast region of the United States. All of this waste must be disposed of in some manner. In the past, poultry house litter has been applied to fields as a fertilizer. However, run-off from these fields pollutes ground and surface waters, and thus field application should be avoided as much as possible. Slaughterhouse wastewaters are usually disposed of by contracting with a party to remove the wastewater (which contain sludges) to some other site for appropriate treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06033716__

Patents 29

Patent Applications on High Protein Diet As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to high protein diet: •

Methods for inducing weight loss in a human with materials derived from citrus varieties Inventor(s): Jones, Dennis; (Shelburne, VT) Correspondence: Heller Ehrman White & Mcauliffe Llp; 1666 K Street,nw; Suite 300; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20020058075 Date filed: November 29, 2001 Abstract: Materials derived from Citrus plants can be administered orally to humans for the purpose of producing or maintaining weight loss as well as for improving the person's physical performance and increasing the person's lean muscle mass. The Citrus materials include those portions of the plant that are normally considered waste or inedible, such as the leaves, peel, and immature, unripe fruit. The materials contain at least one of the alkaloids from the group consisting of synephrine, hordenine, octopamine, tyramine and N-methyltyramine (1). Two species, Citrus aurantium and Citrus reticulata, are particularly useful. The materials can be administered in their natural form or as extracts, and can be administered in various ways including capsules and tablets. The Citrus materials may also be used as a tea. For weight loss and weight control, the materials can be administered concurrently with caloric restriction or in the absence of caloric restriction. The materials may also be administered for the purpose of increasing muscle mass concurrently with a high protein diet as well as with an exercise program. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of materials derived from Citrus plants in inducing weight loss, improving physical performance and increasing muscle mass. Arner, P., 1993, Adenosine, prostaglandins and phosphodiesterase as targets for obesity pharmacotherapy. Int. J. Obesity, 17, S57-S60. Astrup, A., 1986, Thermogenesis in human brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle induced by sympathicomimetic stimulation. Acta Endocrinol. Suppl., 278, 1-32. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with high protein diet, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “high protein diet” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on high protein diet. 6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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High Protein Diet

You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning high protein diet. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HIGH PROTEIN DIET Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to high protein diet. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on high protein diet include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “high protein diet” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “high protein diet” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “high protein diet” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A taste for life : recipes for a high protein diet : especially suited for hypoglycemia, diabetes, and weight reduction by Marcia Grad; ISBN: 068414381X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068414381X/icongroupinterna

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Slimming naturally with the high protein diet by Alan Moyle; ISBN: 0722503849; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722503849/icongroupinterna

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The New High Protein Diet by Charles Clark (2002); ISBN: 0091884268; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091884268/icongroupinterna

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Chapters on High Protein Diet In order to find chapters that specifically relate to high protein diet, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and high protein diet using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “high protein diet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on high protein diet: •

Protein-Losing Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract Source: in Brandt, L., et al., eds. Clinical Practice of Gastroenterology. Volume One. Philadelphia, PA: Current Medicine. 1999. p. 476-484. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $235.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443065209 (two volume set); 0443065217 (volume 1); 0443065225 (volume 2). Summary: Protein losing disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract do not represent a single disease entity; any process that results in excessive loss of protein into the GI lumen falls into this category and is referred to as protein losing gastroenterology. This chapter on protein losing disorders of the GI tract is from a lengthy textbook that brings practitioners up to date on the complexities of gastroenterology practice, focusing on the essentials of patient care. These disorders can be classified into three subsets: primary nonulcerative mucosal diseases, mucosal inflammation and ulceration, and increased interstitial pressure. Hypoproteinemia (low protein levels in the blood) is the hallmark of protein losing disorders. All other clinical findings in protein losing disorders are a result of the underlying disease process causing the protein loss, such as dyspepsia and vomiting in gastric diseases, anemia and malabsorption in small bowel disorders, and lymphocytopenia in primary or secondary lymphangiectasia. After a diagnosis of GI protein loss is made (based on the alpha 1 antitrypsin clearance rate, or nuclear imaging, or both), further evaluation is necessary to determine the causative disease process. Management of protein losing disorders consists of treating the underlying disease. A high protein diet helps to replace protein losses. A low fat diet appears to have a beneficial effect on albumin metabolism. Surgery also may be indicated for hypertrophic gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refractory to medical treatment, chronic ischemic colitis with protein loss, and neoplasia. Most of the causes of protein losing disorders of the GI tract are treatable and many are curable, so the prognosis for these patients is good. However, the diagnosis is commonly delayed because hypoproteinemia and edema (fluid accumulation) often are attributed to malnutrition or chronic illness. 6 figures. 2 tables. 32 references.

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Protein and Diabetes Source: in Franz, M.J. and Bantle, J.P., eds. American Diabetes Association Guide to Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. p. 107-125. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 442-

Books

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9742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $39.95 for members; $49.95 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040006X. Order number 561601. Summary: This chapter discusses the metabolic effects of ingesting protein in normal people and people who have type 2 diabetes to indicate the likely physiological consequences of conventional or greater amounts of protein in the diet. In people who have type 2 diabetes, ingested protein has minimal effects on the blood glucose concentration. When ingested with a mixed meal, protein may actually result in a small decrease in postprandial glucose levels. In people who have type 1 diabetes, large amounts of dietary protein have the potential to contribute to glucose production and may increase insulin requirements. There is contradictory evidence on the contribution of cow's milk to type 1 diabetes. With regard to circulating insulin concentration, protein consumption causes an increase in circulating insulin both in normal people and in people who have type 2 diabetes. In people who have untreated type 2 diabetes, protein and glucose are equipotent in stimulating insulin secretion. Theoretically, an increase in protein with a decrease in the carbohydrate content of the diet should result in a lower and more stable blood glucose concentration. However, long term studies are needed to determine whether ingesting a high protein diet has any adverse effects. 1 figure. 81 references. •

Effect of Malnutrition and of Changes in Protein Intake on Renal Function Source: in Kopple, J.D. and Massry, S.G. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. p. 229-244. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. PRICE: $99.00. ISBN: 068304740X. Summary: This chapter on the effect of malnutrition and of changes in protein intake on renal function is from a medical textbook on nutrition and metabolism of individuals with renal disease or renal failure. The author notes that protein is an important modulator of renal hemodynamics. A prolonged change from a low to a high protein diet increases renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by as much as 30 to 60 percent. The author discusses the mechanisms, which may not be mutually exclusive, that have been proposed to explain this increase in renal blood flow and GFR observed after a protein meal or during chronic protein administration. First, humoral factors, either circulating or local, are released in response to elevation in plasma amino acid levels and subsequently stimulate renal vasodilation. An increase in protein intake stimulates the secretion of growth hormone, glucagon, dopamine, eicosanoids, and renin. Second, a role for amino acids as metabolic substrates in causing these changes has been suggested. Third, intrinsic renal mechanisms including tubuloglomerular feedback and tubular transport mechanisms may be involved. The author then focuses on chronic calorie-protein malnutrition and its effects on renal function. The decrease in GFR and the increased reabsorption of solutes observed in malnourished individuals would tend to minimize the loss of nutrients in the urine. In addition, the fall in the filtered load of sodium would decrease the metabolic requirements for sodium reabsorption in the kidney and hence lower the basal metabolic requirement in patients with chronic protein energy malnutrition. 2 figures. 1 table. 68 references. (AA-M).

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Nutritional Management of Nephrotic Syndrome Source: in Kopple, J.D. and Massry, S.G. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. p. 533-561.

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Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. PRICE: $99.00. ISBN: 068304740X. Summary: This chapter on the nutritional management of patients with nephrotic syndrome is from a medical textbook on nutrition and metabolism of individuals with renal disease or renal failure. Nephrotic syndrome is a consequence of the urinary loss of albumin and other plasma proteins of similar size and is characterized by hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema formation. The major reasons for changing a patient's diet are to blunt manifestations of the syndrome, such as edema; to replace nutrients lost in the urine; or to reduce risks (either of progression of renal disease, as might be caused by a high protein diet, or of atherosclerosis, which might be a consequence of altered lipid metabolism). Topics include the role of dietary protein and a protein restricted diet; albumin homeostasis in nephrotic syndrome; the effects of nephrotic syndrome on solid tissue proteins; dietary proteins as potential allergens responsible for renal disease (in which case, diet therapy may prove curative); the effect of altered glomerular permselectivity on lipid metabolism; the cardiovascular effects of hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome; the effects of lipids on renal disease; the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids; derangements in divalent cation metabolism in nephrotic syndrome; and derangements in salt and water metabolism (volume homeostasis). The author concludes that the safest recommendation is to prescribe a diet containing 0.8 to 1 gram per kilogram per day of protein, 35 kilocalories per kilogram, low in fat, high in complex carbohydrate, but restricted in sodium chloride. Vegetarian diets may be especially useful as it is best to avoid cholesterol and saturated fats. 5 figures. 2 tables. 166 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HIGH PROTEIN DIET Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover high protein diet.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on high protein diet is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “high protein diet” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to high protein diet. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “high protein diet” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for high protein diet: •

High-protein diets may adversely affect kidney function Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 17, 2003

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US teen dies after following high-protein diet Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 31, 2002

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Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet delivers a marked acid load to the kidney Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 13, 2002

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High-protein diets dehydrate even the very fit Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 22, 2002

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Medical group warns against high-protein diets Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 08, 2001

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AHA advises against high-protein diets Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 08, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “high protein diet” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

Periodicals and News

37

you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “high protein diet” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to high protein diet, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “high protein diet” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering High Protein Diet Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to high protein diet. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering high protein diet that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

39

APPENDICES

41

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

42

High Protein Diet

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

43

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “high protein diet” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 17686 84 665 14 2 18451

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “high protein diet” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

45

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

47

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on high protein diet can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to high protein diet. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to high protein diet. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “high protein diet”:

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High Protein Diet

•

Other guides Dietary Fats http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfats.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on high protein diet. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Hepatitis B: It Can't Be Cured, But It Can Be Prevented Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: American Social Health Association. 1998. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from American Social Health Association. P.O. Box 13827, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3827. (800) 783-9877. Website: www.ashastd.org. PRICE: $0.30 per copy; bulk copies available. Summary: Hepatitis B is a highly contagious virus that attacks the liver. This brochure provides information about hepatitis B, especially risk factors. The brochure first describes the complications and potential long term effects of contracting hepatitis B, such as becoming a carrier or developing liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. The brochure then reminds readers that participating in unsafe sex puts one at risk for hepatitis B, HIV, and all other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Because hepatitis B is 100 times more infectious than HIV, the chances of contracting it from each unsafe sex act are greater. The brochure describes increased risk factors for hepatitis B and details how one can contract it from unsafe sex or from contact with infected blood or body fluids. Many people with hepatitis B have no symptoms, or else symptoms may resemble those of a stomach virus. The only treatment for hepatitis B is rest, with a high protein diet to repair damaged cells and a high carbohydrate diet to protect the liver. The brochure then focuses on the vaccine for hepatitis B, encouraging vaccination for infants and young adults. The vaccine is given in the arm, in three doses over a period of months. Readers are reminded that student health services, local or State health departments, or private health care providers can provide vaccination. The brochure includes a sidebar of strategies to make sexual activity safer. Also provided are the contact telephone numbers to obtain more information about STDs and immunization. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the American Social Health Association and the American College Health Association, the two organizations that developed the brochure.

Patient Resources

49

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to high protein diet. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to high protein diet. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with high protein diet. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about high protein diet. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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High Protein Diet

http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “high protein diet” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “high protein diet”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “high protein diet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “high protein diet” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

51

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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High Protein Diet

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

53

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

55

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

57

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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HIGH PROTEIN DIET DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean

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intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]

that

produce

immediate

hypersensitivity

Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of

Dictionary 61

organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic. [NIH]

Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are

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split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH]

Dictionary 63

Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal

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functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange

Dictionary 65

materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative

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pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convalescence: The period of recovery following an illness. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as

Dictionary 67

antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cystathionine beta-Synthase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. EC 4.2.1.22. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH]

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Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the

Dictionary 69

extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood

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capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enteral Nutrition: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-

Dictionary 71

identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH]

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Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH]

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Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperhomocysteinemia: An inborn error of methionone metabolism which produces an excess of homocysteine in the blood. It is often caused by a deficiency of cystathionine betasynthase and is a risk factor for coronary vascular disease. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-

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antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins,

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intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a

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gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemic Colitis: Decreased blood flow to the colon. Causes fever, pain, and bloody diarrhea. [NIH] Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH]

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Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Macronutrients: Nutrients in the diet that are the key sources of energy, namely protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the

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same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular

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endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates. [NIH] Opsin: A visual pigment protein found in the retinal rods. It combines with retinaldehyde to form rhodopsin. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The

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ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic enzymes: A group of proteins secreted by the pancreas which aid in the digestion of food. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove

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dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenylephrine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plant sterols: Plant-based compounds that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines. This results in lower blood cholesterol levels. They may have some effect in cancer prevention. Also known as phytosterols. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized

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destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH]

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Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU]

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Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Reticulata: Part of substantia nigra. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH]

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Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]

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Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sports Medicine: The field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in sports activities. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Struvite: A type of kidney stone caused by infection. [NIH] Student Health Services: Health services for college and university students usually provided by the educational institution. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S,

Dictionary 87

atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synephrine: Sympathetic alpha-adrenergic agonist with actions like phenylephrine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in circulatory failure, asthma, nasal congestion, and glaucoma. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermoregulation: Heat regulation. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH]

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Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichinosis: A disease due to infection with Trichinella spiralis. It is caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH]

Dictionary 89

Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to non-

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dietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zoloft: Selective serotonin uptake inhibitor. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

91

INDEX A Abdominal, 59, 76, 77, 80 Abdominal Pain, 59, 77 Acceptor, 59, 80 Acetylcholine, 59, 79 Adaptation, 5, 59 Adenosine, 29, 59, 62, 74, 81 Adipose Tissue, 29, 59 Adjustment, 59 Adrenergic, 59, 69, 70, 79, 81, 87, 88 Adverse Effect, 33, 59, 85 Affinity, 5, 59, 60, 86 Age of Onset, 60, 88 Agonist, 60, 69, 81, 87 Alanine, 14, 60 Albumin, 32, 34, 60, 82 Aldehydes, 60, 90 Algorithms, 60, 63 Alimentary, 60, 70 Alkaline, 60, 63 Allergens, 34, 60 Allografts, 22, 60 Alternative medicine, 36, 60 Amine, 60, 79 Amino Acids, 12, 15, 26, 33, 60, 61, 68, 80, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89 Ammonia, 18, 60, 89 Ammonium Chloride, 24, 61 Anaesthesia, 61, 74 Analogous, 61, 88 Androgens, 61, 62, 66 Anemia, 32, 61, 71 Aneurysm, 61, 89 Angiotensinogen, 61, 84 Animal model, 5, 24, 61 Anions, 60, 61, 76 Antibiotic, 61, 87 Antibodies, 61, 72, 74, 77 Antibody, 59, 61, 65, 72, 74, 75, 77, 86 Anticoagulant, 61, 83 Antigen, 24, 59, 60, 61, 65, 73, 74, 75, 77 Antineoplastic, 61, 67, 71 Antioxidant, 61, 80 Aqueous, 62 Arachidonic Acid, 62, 69, 76, 83 Arginine, 8, 62, 78, 79 Aromatase, 24, 62 Arterial, 6, 62, 83

Arteries, 62, 63, 66, 77, 87 Assay, 5, 62 Asymptomatic, 62, 80 Atherogenic, 9, 62 ATP, 62, 68, 71, 76, 81, 83 Autodigestion, 62, 80 B Bacteremia, 23, 62 Bacteria, 61, 62, 76, 77, 88, 89 Bacterial Physiology, 59, 62 Bacteriophage, 62, 82, 88 Bacterium, 62, 85 Base, 9, 62, 67, 76, 89 Bile, 62, 63, 71, 73, 76, 86, 87 Bile Acids, 62, 86, 87 Biliary, 63, 80 Biliary Tract, 63, 80 Bilirubin, 60, 63 Biosynthesis, 5, 62, 63, 67 Biotechnology, 6, 36, 43, 63 Bladder, 63, 89 Bloating, 63, 77 Blood Coagulation, 63, 64, 87 Blood Glucose, 9, 33, 63, 73, 75 Blood pressure, 63, 74, 78, 86 Blood vessel, 63, 64, 69, 72, 86, 87, 89 Body Composition, 3, 9, 63 Body Fluids, 48, 63, 69, 86 Body Mass Index, 3, 63, 80 Bone Marrow, 63, 67, 74 Bowel, 32, 63, 68, 75 Bradykinin, 63, 79, 82 Branch, 55, 63, 80, 86, 87 C Calcium, 9, 10, 12, 15, 63, 64, 65, 85 Calpain, 13, 64 Capillary, 63, 64, 71 Capsules, 29, 64, 71 Carbohydrate, 9, 11, 12, 13, 18, 22, 33, 34, 36, 48, 64, 66, 72, 79 Carcinogenic, 64, 75, 83, 86 Carcinogens, 64, 80 Cardiac, 22, 64, 70, 78, 86 Cardiotonic, 64, 79, 81 Cardiovascular, 34, 64, 76, 79, 85 Carotene, 64, 84 Carotenoids, 23, 64 Carrier Proteins, 64, 82

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Catecholamine, 64, 68, 81 Cell, 5, 18, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90 Cell Differentiation, 64, 85 Cell Division, 62, 64, 81 Cell proliferation, 64, 85 Cellulose, 64, 81 Central Nervous System, 59, 60, 65, 76, 85 Character, 65, 67, 72 Cholesterol, 3, 22, 23, 34, 62, 65, 73, 81, 84, 86 Chronic, 8, 12, 22, 32, 33, 65, 75, 80, 89 CIS, 65, 84 Citrus, 29, 65 Clear cell carcinoma, 65, 68 Clinical trial, 4, 43, 65, 67, 83 Cloning, 63, 65 Coagulation, 63, 65, 82 Cofactor, 65, 83, 87 Colitis, 65, 75 Colloidal, 60, 65 Colorectal, 23, 65 Complement, 65, 66, 82 Complementary and alternative medicine, 21, 26, 66 Complementary medicine, 21, 66 Computational Biology, 43, 66 Concomitant, 15, 66 Cones, 66, 84 Congestion, 66, 87 Conjugated, 23, 66, 67 Consumption, 28, 66 Contraindications, ii, 66 Convalescence, 7, 12, 13, 66 Coronary, 14, 66, 73, 77 Coronary Thrombosis, 66, 77 Cortex, 66, 67, 70 Corticosteroid, 66, 82 Cortisol, 60, 67 Curative, 34, 67, 87 Cyclic, 64, 67, 72, 79, 81 Cyclosporine, 22, 67 Cystathionine beta-Synthase, 67, 73 Cysteine, 64, 67, 87 Cytochrome, 62, 67 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 64, 67 Cytotoxic, 67, 85 D Dairy Products, 67, 84 Databases, Bibliographic, 43, 67 Deamination, 67, 78, 89 Degenerative, 67, 73

Dehydration, 5, 67, 85 Deletion, 5, 67 Density, 63, 67 Depolarization, 68, 85 DES, 18, 68 Detoxification, 18, 68 Diagnostic procedure, 27, 36, 68 Diarrhea, 68, 76, 77, 85 Dietary Proteins, 34, 68, 90 Digestion, 60, 62, 63, 68, 69, 75, 76, 80, 86 Digestive system, 68, 71 Dilatation, 61, 68, 89 Dilatation, Pathologic, 68, 89 Dilation, 63, 68, 89 Diploid, 68, 81 Direct, iii, 68, 69, 84 Dissociation, 59, 68 Distal, 68, 83 Diuretic, 61, 68 DNA Topoisomerase, 68, 71 Dopamine, 33, 68, 78 Drug Interactions, 69 Drug Tolerance, 69, 88 Duct, 5, 69 Duodenum, 62, 69, 86 Dyspepsia, 32, 69 Dystrophy, 13, 69 E Edema, 25, 32, 34, 69, 78, 89 Effector, 5, 59, 65, 69, 81 Eicosanoids, 33, 69 Electrolyte, 66, 69, 82, 86, 89 Electrons, 62, 69, 76, 77, 80 Elementary Particles, 69, 77, 83 Embryo, 64, 69, 74 Endothelium, 6, 69, 70, 78 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 69 Endothelium, Vascular, 69 Endothelium-derived, 6, 70, 78 Enteral Nutrition, 8, 14, 70 Environmental Health, 42, 44, 70 Enzymatic, 64, 66, 70, 84 Enzyme, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90 Enzyme Inhibitors, 70, 82 Epinephrine, 59, 68, 70, 79, 89 Epithelial, 5, 70, 73 Epithelial Cells, 5, 70, 73 Epithelium, 69, 70 Erythrocytes, 61, 63, 64, 70 Esophagus, 68, 70, 71, 86 Estradiol, 21, 70

Index 93

Estrogen, 62, 70 Exogenous, 70, 88 Expectorant, 61, 70 Extracellular, 70, 86 Extrapyramidal, 69, 70 F Family Planning, 43, 70 Fat, 4, 7, 9, 10, 23, 24, 28, 32, 34, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 70, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84 Fatigue, 4, 70 Fatty acids, 23, 60, 69, 70, 83 Fibrinogen, 70, 82, 87 Folate, 6, 71 Folic Acid, 71 Forearm, 6, 63, 71 G Gallbladder, 59, 63, 68, 71 Gas, 60, 71, 73, 77, 78, 79 Gastric, 32, 62, 71 Gastrin, 71, 73 Gastritis, 32, 71 Gastroenterology, 7, 12, 32, 71 Gastrointestinal, 32, 63, 70, 71, 76, 85, 86 Gastrostomy, 70, 71 Gene, 5, 62, 63, 71 Gene Expression, 5, 71 Genistein, 22, 71 Genotype, 60, 71 Gestational, 13, 71 Gland, 66, 71, 80, 85, 88 Glomerular, 12, 33, 34, 71, 72, 75, 84 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 12, 33, 71 Glomeruli, 71, 72 Glomerulonephritis, 8, 72 Glomerulus, 71, 72 Glucocorticoid, 72, 82 Glucose, 11, 12, 21, 33, 63, 64, 72, 73, 75, 81, 83 Glucose tolerance, 21, 72 Glucose Tolerance Test, 72 Glutamate, 18, 72 Glutamate Dehydrogenase, 18, 72 Gluten, 11, 25, 72 Governing Board, 72, 82 Graft, 60, 72, 73 Granulocytes, 72, 85, 90 Growth, 4, 13, 33, 61, 64, 72, 77, 78, 81 Guanylate Cyclase, 72, 79 H Haematology, 18, 72 Haploid, 72, 81 Haptens, 59, 72

Hemodynamics, 33, 72 Hemoglobin, 61, 70, 73, 76 Hepatic, 21, 60, 72, 73, 76, 78 Hepatitis, 48, 73 Hepatocytes, 73 Heredity, 71, 73 Heterogeneity, 59, 73 Homeostasis, 34, 73 Hormone, 4, 33, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 85, 87 Host, 60, 62, 73, 74, 76, 89 Humoral, 33, 73 Humour, 73 Hydration, 5, 73 Hydrogen, 59, 60, 62, 64, 73, 78, 80, 83 Hypercholesterolemia, 10, 22, 73 Hyperglycemia, 21, 73 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 5, 67, 73 Hyperlipidemia, 11, 25, 34, 73 Hypersensitivity, 60, 73, 76 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 60, 73 Hypoglycemia, 31, 74 Hypotension, 74, 79 Hypothalamic, 8, 74 Hypothalamus, 74 Hypoxanthine, 74, 90 I Id, 19, 25, 49, 54, 56, 74 Idiopathic, 7, 74 Immune response, 61, 67, 72, 74, 86, 89, 90 Immune Sera, 74 Immune system, 74, 76, 77, 80, 89, 90 Immunity, 60, 74, 88 Immunization, 48, 74 Immunoglobulins, 74, 82 Immunologic, 74 Immunology, 59, 74 In vitro, 74 In vivo, 5, 6, 74, 80, 87 Indicative, 31, 74, 80, 89 Induction, 5, 61, 74 Infarction, 66, 74, 77 Infection, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 85, 86, 88, 90 Infiltration, 72, 75 Inflammation, 32, 60, 65, 71, 73, 75, 76, 80, 83, 89 Inflammatory bowel disease, 32, 75 Ingestion, 15, 72, 75 Initiation, 75, 88 Inotropic, 69, 75 Insulin, 12, 13, 26, 33, 72, 75, 88 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 75

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High Protein Diet

Intensive Care, 23, 75 Interleukin-2, 24, 75 Internal Medicine, 5, 71, 75 Interstitial, 32, 75, 84 Intestinal, 64, 72, 75, 77 Intestine, 63, 75, 84, 85 Intracellular, 75, 79, 82, 85 Intravenous, 22, 75 Intrinsic, 33, 60, 75 Inulin, 71, 75 Invertebrates, 75, 79 Ions, 62, 68, 69, 73, 75 Ischemic Colitis, 32, 76 J Jejunostomy, 70, 76 K Kb, 5, 42, 76 Kidney stone, 76, 86, 89 Kinetics, 11, 76 L Latent, 76, 82 Leucine, 14, 76 Leukotrienes, 62, 69, 76 Library Services, 54, 76 Ligaments, 66, 76 Lipid, 34, 75, 76 Litter, 28, 76 Liver, 11, 18, 48, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 68, 71, 72, 73, 76, 78, 89 Liver cancer, 48, 76 Liver Cirrhosis, 48, 76 Localized, 75, 76, 78, 81, 89 Locomotion, 76, 81 Luciferase, 5, 76 Lumen, 32, 69, 76 Lymph, 69, 73, 76 Lymphocyte, 24, 61, 77 M Macronutrients, 7, 8, 77 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 77 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 11, 77 Malabsorption, 7, 32, 77 Malabsorption syndrome, 7, 77 Malignant, 61, 76, 77 Malnutrition, 32, 33, 60, 77 Meat, 10, 77, 84, 88 Mediate, 69, 77 Mediator, 75, 77, 85 MEDLINE, 43, 77 Medullary, 5, 77 Membrane, 66, 68, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85 Methionine, 5, 77, 87

MI, 3, 57, 77 Microbiology, 59, 77 Microcirculation, 76, 77 Modulator, 33, 77 Molecular, 23, 43, 45, 63, 66, 71, 77 Molecule, 61, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70, 77, 80, 81, 84, 85, 89 Monitor, 78, 79 Monoamine, 78, 88 Monoamine Oxidase, 78, 88 Mucosa, 23, 78 Muscular Dystrophies, 69, 78 Myocardium, 77, 78 Myofibrils, 64, 78 N Nasogastric, 70, 78 Necrosis, 74, 77, 78 Need, 3, 32, 50, 78, 88 Neoplasia, 32, 78 Nephrosis, 78 Nephrotic, 8, 33, 34, 78 Nephrotic Syndrome, 8, 33, 34, 78 Nervous System, 65, 77, 78, 79, 86, 87, 88 Neural, 73, 78 Neuropathy, 15, 78 Neuropeptides, 64, 78 Nitric Oxide, 6, 78 Nitrogen, 9, 60, 61, 79 Norepinephrine, 59, 68, 79 Nosocomial, 8, 79 Nuclear, 32, 69, 78, 79 Nuclei, 69, 77, 79, 83 Nucleic acid, 74, 79, 83 Nutritive Value, 7, 79 O Octopamine, 29, 79 Opsin, 79, 84 Ornithine, 18, 79 Osmotic, 60, 79 Osteoporosis, 11, 26, 79 Ovaries, 62, 79, 85 Ovary, 70, 80 Overweight, 3, 19, 80 Oxidants, 5, 80 Oxidation, 11, 59, 62, 67, 80 Oxidation-Reduction, 80 P Palliative, 80, 87 Pancreas, 59, 68, 71, 75, 80 Pancreatic, 7, 80 Pancreatic enzymes, 7, 80 Pancreatitis, 12, 80

Index 95

Particle, 80, 88 Pathogenesis, 4, 80 Pathologic, 66, 73, 80 Patient Education, 48, 52, 54, 57, 80 Peptide, 80, 83 Phagocyte, 80 Pharmacologic, 81, 88 Pharmacotherapy, 29, 81 Phenylephrine, 81, 87 Phosphodiesterase, 29, 81 Phospholipases, 81, 85 Phospholipids, 70, 81 Phosphorus, 13, 63, 81 Phosphorylase, 64, 81 Physical Fitness, 81, 86 Physiologic, 60, 63, 75, 81, 84 Physiology, 71, 81 Pigments, 64, 81, 84 Placenta, 62, 70, 81 Plant Proteins, 81, 89 Plant sterols, 22, 23, 81 Plants, 29, 65, 72, 75, 79, 81, 82, 90 Plaque, 62, 81 Plasma, 5, 18, 23, 25, 33, 34, 60, 61, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 82, 84 Plasma protein, 34, 60, 69, 82 Platelet Activation, 82, 85 Platelet Aggregation, 79, 82, 87 Platelets, 64, 79, 82, 85 Polymorphism, 23, 82 Polyunsaturated fat, 24, 34, 82, 87 Postmenopausal, 79, 82 Postprandial, 33, 82 Postsynaptic, 82, 85 Potassium, 15, 82 Potentiation, 82, 85 Practice Guidelines, 44, 82 Precursor, 61, 62, 68, 69, 70, 79, 82, 89 Predisposition, 5, 82 Prednisolone, 7, 82 Progression, 5, 34, 61, 83 Progressive, 8, 64, 69, 72, 78, 82, 83, 84 Promoter, 5, 83 Prophylaxis, 83, 89 Prostaglandins, 29, 62, 69, 83 Prostaglandins A, 29, 83 Prostaglandins D, 83 Protein C, 3, 28, 33, 60, 62, 83, 89 Protein S, 4, 63, 83, 84, 87 Proteins, 5, 34, 60, 61, 64, 65, 68, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 88, 89 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 71, 83

Proteinuria, 78, 83 Protons, 73, 77, 83 Proximal, 5, 68, 83 Puberty, 23, 83 Public Policy, 43, 83 Purines, 83, 90 R Radioactive, 73, 79, 83 Randomized, 3, 22, 83 Reabsorption, 33, 83 Reagent, 76, 84 Receptor, 5, 59, 61, 69, 84, 85 Rectum, 65, 68, 71, 75, 84 Reductase, 62, 84 Refer, 1, 65, 76, 79, 84 Refractory, 32, 84 Regimen, 81, 84 Renal failure, 8, 33, 34, 84, 89 Renin, 33, 61, 84 Reticulata, 29, 84 Retina, 66, 84 Retinal, 23, 79, 84 Retinol, 84 Rheumatoid, 80, 84 Ribosome, 84, 88 Rigidity, 81, 84 Risk factor, 48, 73, 84 Rod, 23, 62, 84 S Saturated fat, 34, 84 Screening, 65, 84 Secretion, 33, 66, 73, 75, 85 Senile, 79, 85 Sensor, 5, 85 Septic, 23, 85 Serotonin, 78, 81, 85, 90 Serous, 69, 85 Serum, 11, 12, 13, 25, 28, 60, 65, 74, 85 Sex Characteristics, 61, 83, 85, 87 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 48, 85 Shigellosis, 7, 12, 13, 85 Side effect, 59, 85, 88 Signal Transduction, 5, 85 Skeletal, 18, 29, 61, 78, 85 Skeleton, 85 Small intestine, 69, 73, 75, 78, 85 Smooth muscle, 64, 74, 86 Sodium, 33, 34, 83, 86 Somatic, 73, 86 Soybean Oil, 82, 86 Specialist, 49, 68, 86 Species, 29, 60, 70, 86, 88, 90

96

High Protein Diet

Specificity, 5, 59, 86 Spinal cord, 65, 78, 86 Sports Medicine, 11, 52, 86 Steroid, 62, 67, 86 Stomach, 48, 59, 62, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 78, 85, 86 Stress, 5, 6, 8, 64, 67, 82, 86 Struvite, 24, 86 Student Health Services, 48, 86 Subcutaneous, 69, 86 Subspecies, 86 Substance P, 85, 86 Substrate, 8, 70, 86, 88 Sulfur, 15, 77, 86 Supplementation, 22, 24, 25, 87 Sympathomimetic, 69, 70, 79, 87, 88 Symptomatic, 80, 87 Synaptic, 85, 87 Synephrine, 29, 87 Systemic, 63, 70, 72, 75, 82, 87, 88 T Tachycardia, 62, 87 Tachypnea, 62, 87 Taurine, 18, 87 Testicular, 25, 62, 87 Testis, 70, 87 Testosterone, 25, 84, 87 Tetracycline, 7, 87 Therapeutics, 78, 87 Thermoregulation, 14, 87 Thrombin, 70, 82, 83, 87 Thrombomodulin, 83, 87 Thrombosis, 83, 87 Thromboxanes, 62, 69, 87 Thymus, 74, 87 Thyroxine, 60, 88 Tissue, 34, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85, 88 Tolerance, 9, 72, 88 Tooth Preparation, 59, 88 Toxic, iv, 15, 74, 78, 88 Toxicity, 69, 88 Toxicology, 22, 44, 88 Transcription Factors, 22, 88 Transduction, 5, 85, 88 Transfection, 5, 63, 88 Transfer Factor, 74, 88 Translation, 5, 88

Transmitter, 59, 68, 77, 79, 88 Transplantation, 22, 74, 88 Trauma, 78, 80, 88 Trichinosis, 9, 88 Tuberculosis, 66, 88 Type 2 diabetes, 33, 88 Tyramine, 29, 78, 79, 88 Tyrosine, 68, 83, 89 U Ulcer, 89 Ulceration, 32, 89 Unconscious, 74, 89 Uraemia, 80, 89 Urea, 5, 19, 79, 89 Uremia, 84, 89 Urethra, 89 Uric, 11, 25, 83, 89 Urinary, 15, 34, 89, 90 Urine, 15, 24, 33, 34, 63, 68, 76, 83, 89 V Vaccination, 48, 89 Vaccine, 48, 89 Vagina, 68, 89 Vascular, 6, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 89 Vasculitis, 80, 89 Vasoactive, 6, 89 Vasodilatation, 6, 89 Vasodilation, 33, 89 Vasodilator, 5, 63, 69, 89 Vector, 88, 89 Vegetable Proteins, 22, 81, 89 Vein, 61, 75, 79, 90 Venous, 83, 90 Veterinary Medicine, 43, 90 Viral, 88, 90 Virus, 48, 62, 82, 88, 90 Viscera, 28, 86, 90 Vivo, 90 W White blood cell, 61, 77, 90 X Xanthine, 6, 90 Xanthine Oxidase, 6, 90 Xenograft, 61, 90 X-ray, 79, 90 Z Zoloft, 15, 90 Zymogen, 83, 90

Index 97

98

High Protein Diet

Index 99

100 High Protein Diet

High Protein Diet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Balanced Diet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Lowprotein Diet: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Low-Fat Diet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Atkins Diet: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Urine Protein - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Whey Protein - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

High Blood Pressure - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

High Blood Pressure - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

High Fever: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

High Cholesterol - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

High-risk Pregnancy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

High Protein Diet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Balanced Diet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Lowprotein Diet: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Low-Fat Diet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Atkins Diet: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Urine Protein - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Whey Protein - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

High Blood Pressure - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

High Blood Pressure - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

High Fever: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

High Cholesterol - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

High-risk Pregnancy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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