IGH EVER A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET
R EFERENCES
IGH EVER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960High Fever: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00541-7 1. High Fever-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on high fever. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIGH FEVER .............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on High Fever..................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIGH FEVER .................................................................................... 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 Finding Nutrition Studies on High Fever ................................................................................... 13 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 14 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIGH FEVER .............................................................. 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 18 General References ....................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HIGH FEVER .............................................................................................. 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 23 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 27 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 29 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 31 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 33 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 38 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 41 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 41 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 47 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 47 HIGH FEVER DICTIONARY........................................................................................................ 49 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 69
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with high fever is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about high fever, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to high fever, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on high fever. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to high fever, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on high fever. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIGH FEVER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on high fever.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and high fever, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “high fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Flu: More Than Just a Nuisance Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 17(6): 87-89, 91-92. November-December 2000. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article provides an overview of influenza, focusing on what the flu is, why it can be a problem for people who have diabetes, and how people can avoid getting this potentially life threatening infection. Influenza is a respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus. The main strains of the influenza virus are A, B, and C. The A and B strains tend to make people the sickest and cause flu epidemics, but infection with a C virus usually causes only mild respiratory symptoms. The flu, which is highly contagious, is usually spread from person to person when an infected person
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sneezes or coughs, releasing the virus into the air. The virus is then inhaled by other people, who may become infected. The flu can also be spread by contact with objects that have been contaminated with the virus. Onset of the flu usually occurs within 24 to 48 hours after a person has been infected. Symptoms include high fever, chills, fatigue, muscle or joint aches, runny nose, dry cough, and headache that worsens in bright light. Higher than normal blood glucose levels can impair the body's ability to fight off infection, so a person who has diabetes and high blood glucose is more susceptible to getting the flu. In addition, the stress hormones that are released when a person has the flu tend to raise blood sugar. Monitoring more frequently and using supplemental insulin may be needed to assist with blood glucose control. The most effective way to avoid getting the flu is to get an annual flu vaccine and to have a healthy lifestyle. The article identifies people who should and should not get a flu shot each year and addresses the issue of getting a pneumonia vaccine. In addition, the article offers suggestions for developing sick day guidelines, describes antiviral drugs that have been approved to prevent influenza A and treat people who get the flu, and explains how to differentiate between a cold and the flu. 1 table. •
Empirical Management of Urinary Tract Infections Complicating Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy Source: Journal of Urology. 169(5): 1762-1765. May 2003. Summary: This article reports on a study of the empirical management of urinary tract infections (UTI) complicating transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. All 23 patients enrolled in the study underwent biopsy for acceptable indications and 95.7 percent had received antibiotic prophylaxis, including 69.5 percent with fluoroquinolones. Infection was typically accompanied by high fever, chills (78.3 percent of cases), and leukocytosis (56.5 percent). All positive blood cultures and 92.9 percent of positive urine cultures yielded Escherichia coli. Bacterial isolates showed high resistance to fluoroquinolones and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, and 100 percent susceptibility to second and third generation cephalosporin amikacin, carbapenem. 3 tables. 19 references.
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Medications to Have on Hand for Common Digestive Problems Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 16-20. September-October 2000. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: This article reviews the over the counter (OTC) medications that are useful to have available for common digestive problems. The author first reminds readers that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates all OTC medications sold in this country, and defines products as 'safe' when they pose no serious side effects if taken in the proper dosage over the recommended time period, and as 'effective' if the medication does what it claims to do. The key to using OTC medications is to make sure they treat the right symptoms. Products that have similar claims usually accomplish the same result (relief of certain symptoms) but they may do it in slightly different ways, with different ingredients or combinations of ingredients. Issues to consider include the format of the drug (pills versus liquid), the dosing schedule, the time needed for the medication to work, and drug interactions (how the OTC medication may affect other medications the patient may be taking). The author encourages readers to consult with a pharmacist, particularly with questions about OTC medications. The author also
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outlines the situations where a physician should be consulted, including severe symptoms for even one day (extreme discomfort or pain, continuous vomiting or diarrhea, high fever, or blood in the stool), persistent symptoms, and recurrent symptoms. A final section reminds readers of the importance of proper storage of OTC (and prescription) medications. •
Acute Cholecystitis: Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms and Preventing Complications Source: AJN. American Journal of Nursing. 101(1): 35-36. January 2001. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. AJN, P.O. Box 50480, Boulder, CO 80322-0480. (800) 627-0484 or (303) 604-1464. Summary: This nursing education article reviews the signs and symptoms of acute cholecystitis (gallbladder infection). Patients with acute cholecystitis complain of sudden onset, severe, and ongoing pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) or epigastric (above the stomach) region of the abdomen. Rebound tenderness and guarding are often present. Referred pain may be felt in the right scapula (shoulderblade), mid back, or right shoulder. Pain intensity often increases with movement or respirations. Anorexia (lack of appetite), nausea, and vomiting are usually present, and patients may have low grade fever. The presence of high fever and chills may indicate septic complications. An acute attack is often precipitated by large, fatty meals. Finally, mild jaundice, which is more apparent in fair skinned patients, may be observed in those experiencing acute cholecystitis. The article reviews the nursing care for these patients, and the typical treatment regimens that will be followed. The author also reminds readers of the underlying pathophysiology of cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is managed either medically or surgically, but surgical intervention is the treatment of choice. Surgical cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder) is performed by either laparoscopy or laparotomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a shorter postoperative length of stay, faster recovery, lower rate of morbidity, and a lower mortality rate than is an open surgical procedure. The author notes that controversy exists in regard to the timing of the surgery. Immediate cholecystectomy is performed if peritonitis (abdominal infection) is suspected. Often, if peritonitis is not suspected, the surgery will be performed two or three days after hospitalization, after the acute episode has begun to resolve with conservative treatment. 3 references.
Federally Funded Research on High Fever The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to high fever. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to high fever. 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore high fever.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with high fever, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “high fever” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for high fever (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A marathon runner with high fever, arthralgia. Author(s): Bluestone R. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1983 July; 18(7): 114-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6407965
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Abrupt occurrence of high fever and rash in a patient treated with sulphasalazine for psoriatic arthritis. Author(s): Fischetti F, Gerloni R, Bardelli M, Carretta R. Source: Minerva Med. 2003 December; 94(6): 437-44. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14976471
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Acute-onset high fever in an infant. Author(s): Swischuk LE. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1988 June; 4(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3380746
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An autopsy case of intravascular lymphomatosis (neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis) accompanied by high fever, hypertension and without focal sign. Author(s): Inooka G, Ishikawa S, Saito T, Saito K, Kamoshida T, Kuzuya T. Source: Intern Med. 1992 May; 31(5): 666-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1504433
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Association of high fever and short bacterial excretion after salmonellosis. Author(s): el-Radhi AS, Rostila T, Vesikari T. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1992 April; 67(4): 531-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1580689
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Bacteraemia in young children with high fever: still no easy answers. Author(s): Harper MB. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 May 17; 170(10): 462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10376018
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Case report: prolonged high fever as a primary manifestation of sarcoidosis. Author(s): Sarkar TK. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1976 June; 59(6): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=934958
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Characteristics of human sperm chromatin structure following an episode of influenza and high fever: a case study. Author(s): Evenson DP, Jost LK, Corzett M, Balhorn R. Source: Journal of Andrology. 2000 September-October; 21(5): 739-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10975421
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Drug-induced erythroderma with high fever. Author(s): Horiuchi Y, Toyama M, Ikezawa K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 29(2): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11890295
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Drug-induced erythroderma with high fever--is it drug hypersensitivity syndrome? Author(s): Schlienger RG, Bircher AJ. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 April; 30(4): 344-5; Discussion 345. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707474
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High fever (greater than 39 degrees C) as a clinical manifestation of pulmonary embolism. Author(s): Watanakunakorn C, Hayek F. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987 November; 63(745): 951-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3451217
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High fever after flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in noncritically ill immunocompetent children. Author(s): Schellhase DE, Tamez JR, Menendez AA, Morris MG, Fowler GW, Lensing SY. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1999 August; 28(2): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10423314
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High fever and cancer. Author(s): Muckle DS, Dickson JA, Johnston ID. Source: Lancet. 1971 May 8; 1(7706): 972. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4102300
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High fever and diagnostic expenses. Author(s): Todd JK. Source: Pediatrics. 1978 October; 62(4): 618-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=101965
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High fever and high lipids. Author(s): Ballinger AB, Lawrie H, Farthing MJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 June; 73(860): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9246345
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High fever and shaking chills in a heroin addict. Author(s): Fred HL, Hariharan R. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1997 March 15; 32(3): 224, 226. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9078984
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High fever and the sharp eye. Author(s): Ziai M. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1970 November; 9(11): 690. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5477283
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High fever induced by sulphasalazine. Author(s): Hearing SD, Playfor S, Bentley SJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 November 4; 311(7014): 1204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7488900
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High fever, renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation and myelodysplasia accompanied with enhanced angiogenesis possibly due to overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Author(s): Murata H, Yoshimoto H, Ryu T, Masuo M, Toyama J, Tokuda H, Kitamura S, Miura Y. Source: Intern Med. 2000 July; 39(7): 570-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10888214
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High fever. Experience in private practice. Author(s): Tomlinson WA. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1975 June; 129(6): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1155400
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High fevers as a cause of central nervous system sequelae. Author(s): Marcy M, Rogers R, Mackowiak PA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 March; 22(3): 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12634594
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IL-6 in a pleomorphic type of malignant fibrous histiocytoma presenting high fever. Author(s): Hamada T, Komiya S, Hiraoka K, Zenmyo M, Morimatsu M, Inoue A. Source: Human Pathology. 1998 July; 29(7): 758-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9670836
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Letter: High fever. Author(s): Fink HW. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1975 December; 129(12): 1457. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1199989
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Multiple myeloma presenting high fever and high serum levels of lactic dehydrogenase, CRP, and interleukin-6. Author(s): Murakami H, Takada S, Hatsumi N, Yokohama A, Saitoh T, Uchiumi H, Maehara T, Matsushima T, Tsukamoto N, Morita K, Tamura J, Sawamura M, Karasawa M. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2000 May; 64(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10815794
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Non-infective high fever after replacement of thoracic aorta using collagenimpregnated Dacron prosthesis. Author(s): Ishikawa S, Ohtaki A, Takahashi T, Sato Y, Suzuki M, Koyano T, Morishita Y. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1995 April; 36(2): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7790332
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Persistent high fever and gall-bladder wall thickening in a child with primary Epstein-Barr viral infection. Author(s): Sung RY, Peck R, Murray HG. Source: Aust Paediatr J. 1989 December; 25(6): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2559686
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Photo quiz: high fever and chest pain. Diagnosis: needle prick-induced sporotrichosis. Author(s): Tateishi T, Fujisawa H, Nomura T, Otsuka F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 February; 30(2): 255; Discussion 380-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10766497
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Primary amyloidosis with pulmonary involvement which presented exudative pleural effusion and high fever. Author(s): Fujimoto N, Masuoka H, Kosaka H, Ota S, Ito M, Nakano T. Source: Intern Med. 2003 August; 42(8): 756-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12924508
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Severe episode of high fever with rash, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, and eosinophilia after minocycline therapy for acne. Author(s): Kaufmann D, Pichler W, Beer JH. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 September 12; 154(17): 1983-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8074603
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Severe reactions associated with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine: detailed study of children with seizures, hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes, high fevers, and persistent crying. Author(s): Blumberg DA, Lewis K, Mink CM, Christenson PD, Chatfield P, Cherry JD. Source: Pediatrics. 1993 June; 91(6): 1158-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8502521
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Sudden onset of high fever and tachypnea. Author(s): Swischuk LE. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1987 March; 3(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3562313
•
The serious implications of high fever in infants during their first three months. Six years' experience at Yale-New Haven Hospital Emergency Room. Author(s): McCarthy PL, Dolan TF. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1976 September; 15(9): 794-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=954335
Studies
•
11
Transitory myopia after high fever. Author(s): Riise D. Source: Acta Ophthalmol Suppl. 1988; 185: 80-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2853547
13
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIGH FEVER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and high fever.
Finding Nutrition Studies on High Fever The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “high fever” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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High Fever
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “high fever” (or a synonym): •
239 cases of high fever in viral upper respiratory infection (URI) treated with xiang shi qing jie (XSQJ) bag tea. Author(s): Department of Virology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing. Source: Liu, Z Li, H Peng, Z Sun, B Zhang, L Zhao, S Jiang, H J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1996 June; 16(2): 101-4 0254-6272
•
Cupping therapy for 103 cases of high fever due to infection of the upper respiratory tract. Author(s): Namoer Town Hospital, Wudalianchi City, Heilongjiang Province 164123. Source: Liu, Y J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 2002 June; 22(2): 124-5 0254-6272
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
Nutrition
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
15
The following is a specific Web list relating to high fever; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Sulfur Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIGH FEVER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to high fever. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to high fever and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “high fever” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to high fever: •
239 cases of high fever in viral upper respiratory infection (URI) treated with xiang shi qing jie (XSQJ) bag tea. Author(s): Liu Z, Li H, Peng Z, Sun B, Zhang L, Zhao S, Jiang H. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1996 June; 16(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389133
•
Cupping therapy for 103 cases of high fever due to infection of the upper respiratory tract. Author(s): Liu Y. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2002 June; 22(2): 124-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12125487
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to high fever; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Abdominal Wall Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ear Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fever of Unknown Origin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 19
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Measles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Otitis Media Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peritonitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roseola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html
•
Chinese Medicine Angong Niuhuang San Alternative names: An Gong Niu Huang San Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Angong Niuhuang Wan Alternative names: Angong Niuhuang Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Baolong Wan Alternative names: Baolong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Daqingye Alternative names: Dyers Woad Leaf; Folium Isatidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dilong Alternative names: Earthworm; Pheretima Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fangfeng Tongsheng Wan Alternative names: Fangfeng Tongsheng Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Huanglian Alternative names: Golden Thread; Rhizoma Coptidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangqi Alternative names: Milkvetch; Radix Astragali Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangqin Alternative names: Baical Skullcap Root; Radix Scutellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiuwei Shihuihua San Alternative names: Jiuwei Shihuihua Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Jufang Zhibao San Alternative names: Jufang Zhibao Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Lianqiao Alternative names: Weeping Forsythia Capsule; Fructus Forsythiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lingyangjiao Alternative names: Antelope Horn; Cornu Saigae Tataricae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niuhuang Baolong Wan Alternative names: Niuhuang Baolong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
Alternative Medicine 21
Niuhuang Zhenjing Wan Alternative names: Niuhuang Zhenjing Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shigao Alternative names: Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shuiniujiao Alternative names: Buffalo Horn; Cornu Bubali Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhimu Alternative names: Common Anemarrhena Rhizome; Rhizoma Anemarrhenae Source: Chinese Materia Medica •
Herbs and Supplements Boneset Alternative names: Eupatorium perfoliatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Oak Alternative names: Quercus spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Uva Ursi Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HIGH FEVER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to high fever. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on high fever include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “high fever” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “high fever” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “high fever” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Hell and high fever (Australia at war series) by David Selby; ISBN: 0207122253; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0207122253/icongroupinterna
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APPENDICES
27
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
5
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
6
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “high fever” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 12803 129 624 394 1021 14971
HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “high fever” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
8
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
9
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
13 Adapted 14
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
33
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on high fever can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to high fever. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to high fever. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “high fever”:
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High Fever
Dengue http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dengue.html Hemorrhagic Fevers http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemorrhagicfevers.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Influenza http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/influenza.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on high fever. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Basic Guide to Bladder Health Source: Baltimore, MD: American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1999. 16 p. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Disease (AFUD). 1128 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 242-2383. Website: www.afud.org. PRICE: $13.00 for pack of 50; plus shipping and handling. Summary: The bladder is a balloon like organ made of a thin layer of muscle around a smooth inner lining. The function of the bladder is to store urine, one of the body's liquid waste products. This brochure explains how the bladder works, what sorts of problems can develop with the bladder, where to go for help or information about bladder problems, and steps that can be taken to keep the bladder healthy. The brochure begins with a six item pretest to determine the reader's knowledge of the bladder and symptoms associated with bladder problems. The brochure then outlines the anatomy and function of the bladder, including how the sphincter works in urination and the role of the urethra (the small tube that takes urine from the bladder to the outside of the body). The brochure then describes urinary tract infections (UTIs), including the symptoms of fullness, urinary frequency, and urgency, that may accompany a UTI. The brochure differentiates a UTI from a kidney infection which can include back pain under the lower ribs, a high fever, chills, and an overall sick feeling. This latter type of infection can damage the kidneys and can be life threatening if it gets into the bloodstream. The brochure then describes interstitial cystitis (IC), a painful condition of
Patient Resources
35
urgency, bladder pressure, and frequency that occurs without any signs of bacterial infection. IC is diagnosed with a cystoscope and bladder distention (done under anesthesia) and treated with medications and lifestyle modifications. The brochure then discusses overactive bladder or urinary incontinence (involuntary loss of urine), including urge, stress, and overflow incontinence. The author reminds readers that urinary incontinence can be controlled and that treatment generally does not require surgery. The final condition discussed is bladder cancer, a condition that is usually curable when discovered and treated early. The brochure concludes with a glossary of terms used in the text, a list of information resources, and the answers to the pretest. 4 figures. •
Crohn's Disease: Understanding This Chronic Illness Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 2002. [2 p.]. Contact: StayWell Company: Krames Health and Safety Education. 780 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. (800) 333-3032. Fax (415) 244-4512. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: $ 20.95 for 50 copies; plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 9783. Summary: This brochure describes Crohn's disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The symptoms of Crohn's can include abdominal pain and bloating after meals, sores in the anal area, high fever and chills, loss of appetite (possible weight loss), bloody diarrhea, and nausea or vomiting. Diagnostic tests that may be used to confirm Crohn's disease include barium enema, upper GI series, and small bowel series, endoscopy, blood or stool tests, and CT scan. The brochure reviews treatment options, including medications, dietary strategies, and surgery. One sidebar reviews the anatomy of the digestive tract and how Crohn's disease can impact the digestive tract. Crohn's is often found in the intestines, especially the area where the small intestine and colon meet. The brochure concludes by encouraging readers to work closely with their health care providers and to seek out support groups to talk with others who are dealing with IBD. The toll free telephone number of the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation (800-9322423) is provided. The brochure is illustrated with full color drawings. 6 figures.
•
Living with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Your Illness and Its Treatment Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1998. 16 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. PRICE: $1.60 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 11003. Summary: This brochure describes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the digestive tract. IBD has two subtypes: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Ulcerative colitis occurs in the rectum and sometimes in the colon; Crohn's disease can occur anywhere from the mouth to the anus, but usually affects the last part of the small intestine. The brochure describes how the digestive tract works, how IBD affects the digestive tract, diagnosing and monitoring IBD, treating IBD with medication, managing daily life, managing nutrition, and surgery for IBD. The symptoms of Crohn's can include abdominal pain and bloating after meals, sores in the anal area, high fever and chills, loss of appetite (possible weight loss), bloody diarrhea, and nausea or vomiting. Diagnostic tests that may be used to confirm Crohn's disease include barium enema, upper GI series, and small bowel series, endoscopy, blood or stool tests, and CT scan. The symptoms of UC can include frequent, loose bowel movements; blood and pus in stools; rectal bleeding; feeling of incomplete
36
High Fever
bowel movement; urgency; severe straining with bowel movement; joint pain; and rectal pain that comes and goes. Diagnostic tests that may be used to confirm UC include endoscopy, biopsy, blood or stool tests, and xrays of the colon. Drug therapy for IBD can include antiinflammatory agents, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and antibiotics. Readers are advised to monitor their dietary habits and take note of which foods seem to be problematic. Surgical options described include limited bowel resection, ileoanal pouch, proctocolectomy with permanent ileostomy, continent ileostomy, strictureplasty, and anal fistula surgery; each technique is illustrated with a simple line drawing. The brochure also explains what patients can expect before and after surgery for IBD. The brochure encourages readers to work closely with their health care providers and to seek out support groups to talk with others who are dealing with IBD. The toll free telephone numbers of the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation (800-9322423) and the United Ostomy Association (800-826-0826) are provided. The brochure is illustrated with full color drawings. 19 figures. •
Diarrhea and Dehydration: Guidelines for Patients Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1996. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. P.O. Box 927, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927. (800) 433-9016 or (847) 228-5005. Fax (847) 228-1281. PRICE: $29.95 for package of 100 brochures for members; $34.95 for nonmembers. Summary: This brochure outlines the treatment of diarrhea in children. Written to answer questions commonly asked by parents, the brochure covers the causes of diarrhea, when to contact the health care provider, how long the diarrhea can be expected to last, special fluids and diet for mild illness, moderate diarrhea and its treatment, diagnosing severe illness, the use of medications, and home remedies. The brochure concludes with a reminder of recommended care strategies. Most diarrhea in children is caused by one of several viruses and gets better by itself within a week. A health care provider should be contacted if the child with diarrhea is less than 6 months of age or if any of these symptoms are present: blood in stool, frequent vomiting, abdominal pain, less frequent than normal urination, no tears when crying, loss of appetite for liquids, high fever, frequent diarrhea, dry mouth, weight loss, or extreme thirst. However, even if diarrhea is present, as long as the child acts well and is taking adequate fluids and food, loose stools are not a great concern. Parents are encouraged to help their children maintain food and fluid intake during periods of diarrhea. The brochure notes the availability of additional publications from the American Academy of Pediatrics.
•
Urinary Tract Infections in Children Source: Bethesda, MD: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). 1997. 6 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). 3 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3580. (800) 891-5390 or (301) 654-4415. Fax (301)634-0716. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/nkudic.htm. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; single copy free; bulk orders available. Order number: KU-120. Summary: This fact sheet reviews the problem of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children. The fact sheet, written in question and answer format, covers topics including the normal anatomy and function of the urinary tract, how the urinary tract can become infected, the signs of a UTI, diagnostic tests used to confirm a UTI, treatment options,
Patient Resources
37
tests that may be needed after treatment to make sure the infection has cleared or to check for urinary tract abnormalities, abnormalities that lead to urinary problems (vesicoureteral reflux, urinary obstruction), and the possible long-term effects of UTIs. Symptoms of a urinary infection range from slight burning with urination or unusual smelling urine to severe pain and high fever. Untreated urinary infections can lead to serious kidney damage, including kidney scars, poor kidney growth and function, and high blood pressure (hypertension). Diagnostic and monitoring tests discussed include urinalysis, kidney and bladder ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), intravenous pyelogram, and nuclear scans. The fact sheet also provides practical strategies for helping a child with a UTI. The fact sheet concludes with a brief description of the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC), a service of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system. NKUDIC answers inquiries; develops, reviews, and distributes publications; and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases. 3 figures. (AA-M). •
Histoplasmosis ('Histo') Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet, for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), provides information about the opportunistic infection, histoplasmosis. Histoplasmosis, also known as histo, is an infection caused by a fungus that lives in the soil. Primarily this infection occurs when spores in the soil are stirred up and inhaled. The number of the spores inhaled determines the severity of illness and the strengths of individuals' immune system. This infection generally affects the lungs but may spread to other vital organs in the body. Because of their weakened immune systems, individuals with HIV are particularly susceptible to histoplasmosis. The symptoms of histoplasmosis include mild fever, cough, a distinctive rash in red patches or bumps on the legs and arms, high fever, weight loss, cough, weakness, and swollen lymph glands. This infection is often diagnosed through a blood culture or a biopsy. Histoplasmosis is often treated with a high dose of amphotericin B or itraconazole for the first few weeks or days followed by lower doses of these medications. Taking itraconazole in areas in which the fungus may be prevalent can prevent histoplasmosis.
•
Diarrhea: Steps to Recovery Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 2003. [2 p.]. Contact: StayWell Company: Krames Health and Safety Education. 780 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. (800) 333-3032. Fax (415) 244-4512. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: $20.95 for pack of 50; plus shipping and handling. Summary: This patient education brochure describes diarrhea and its treatment. Written in nontechnical language, the brochure first defines diarrhea as bowel movements that occur more frequently or are more watery than usual. Symptoms of diarrhea include looser, more watery stools than normal, more frequent stools than normal, more urgent need to pass stool, and pain or spasms in the digestive tract. Things that may irritate the digestive tract and lead to diarrhea include harmful bacteria or viruses or medications. Certain foods can cause diarrhea in some people; stress and anxiety can lead to diarrhea
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High Fever
in others. Diagnosis will include the patient's medical history and some diagnostic tests such as stool sample testing and sigmoidoscopy. Treatment of the diarrhea depends on its cause. Diarrhea caused by infection needs to be treated by eradicating the underlying infection. Other treatment options can include an increase in drinking fluids, prescription medications, fasting, and following the BRAT (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast) diet. The brochure reminds readers to contact their health care provider if they have severe pain, high fever or bloody stool, or symptoms of dehydration. One section of the brochure illustrates and describes the physiology of normal bowel movements and what happens in diarrhea. The last page of the brochure summarizes the recommendations for recovering from diarrhea. The brochure is illustrated with full color line drawings. 6 figures. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to high fever. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to high fever. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with high fever.
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about high fever. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “high fever” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “high fever”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “high fever” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “high fever” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
41
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
16
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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High Fever
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
17
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
43
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
45
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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High Fever
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
47
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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HIGH FEVER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fistula: A channel that develops between the anus and the skin. Most fistulas are the result of an abscess (infection) that spreads to the skin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
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Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium enema: A procedure in which a liquid with barium in it is put into the rectum and colon by way of the anus. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that helps to show the image of the lower gastrointestinal tract on an x-ray. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin,
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biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]
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Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin
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system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Continent Ileostomy: An operation to create a pouch from part of the small intestine. Stool that collects in the pouch is removed by inserting a small tube through an opening made in the abdomen. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or
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treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cystoscope: A thin, lighted instrument used to look inside the bladder and remove tissue samples or small tumors. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine: A vaccine consisting of diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and whole-cell pertussis vaccine. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Drug Hypersensitivity: Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally. [NIH]
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Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemics: A period of increased prevalence of a particular disease in a population. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU]
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Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH]
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Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
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[NIH]
Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravenous pyelogram: IVP. A series of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The xrays are taken after a dye is injected into a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the urine, which outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the x-rays. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH]
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Length of Stay: The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: A sarcoma that usually begins in soft tissue. It usually appears as an enlarging, painful mass that can cause fracture due to destruction of the bone by a spreading tumor. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is
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termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]
antibiotic
effective
against
tetracycline-resistant
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelodysplasia: Abnormal bone marrow cells that may lead to myelogenous leukemia. [NIH]
Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH]
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Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Overactive bladder: A condition in which the patient experiences two or all three of the following conditions: [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the
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mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH]
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Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH] Proctocolectomy: An operation to remove the colon and rectum. Also called coloproctectomy. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
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Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to
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as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sporotrichosis: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than
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one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stool test: A test to check for hidden blood in the bowel movement. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of
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toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transrectal ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the prostate. An instrument is inserted into the rectum, and sound waves bounce off the prostate. These sound waves create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urologic Diseases: Diseases of the urinary tract in both male and female. It does not include the male genitalia for which urogenital diseases is used for general discussions of diseases of both the urinary tract and the genitalia. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new
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blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vesicoureteral: An abnormal condition in which urine backs up into the ureters, and occasionally into the kidneys, raising the risk of infection. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Voiding cystourethrogram: An x-ray image of the bladder and urethra made during voiding. The bladder and urethra are filled with a special fluid to make the urethra clearly visible. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
69
INDEX A Abdomen, 5, 49, 51, 53, 55, 58, 59, 61, 65, 66 Abdominal, 5, 18, 35, 36, 49, 54, 61, 62, 67 Abdominal Pain, 35, 36, 49, 62, 67 Abscess, 49 Accommodation, 49, 60 Acne, 10, 49 Adrenal Glands, 49 Adverse Effect, 49, 65 Algorithms, 49, 51 Alimentary, 49 Alkaline, 49, 50 Alternative medicine, 49 Amikacin, 4, 49 Amyloidosis, 10, 49 Anal, 35, 49 Anal Fistula, 36, 49 Anesthesia, 35, 49 Angiogenesis, 9, 49 Antibiotic, 4, 49, 50, 51, 58, 60, 66 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 4, 50 Antibody, 50, 52, 54, 57 Antifungal, 50, 58 Antigen, 50, 53, 56, 57 Antiviral, 4, 50 Anus, 35, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 64 Anxiety, 37, 50 Aorta, 9, 50 Arterial, 50, 57, 63, 66 Arteries, 50, 51, 54, 60 Arthralgia, 6, 50 Aspergillosis, 50, 58 Autopsy, 6, 50 B Back Pain, 34, 50 Bacteria, 37, 49, 50, 55, 65, 67 Bacteriuria, 50, 67 Barium, 35, 50 Barium enema, 35, 50 Benign, 50, 56, 61 Bile, 50, 56, 58, 59 Bile Pigments, 50, 58 Biopsy, 4, 36, 37, 51 Biotechnology, 6, 29, 51 Bladder, 10, 18, 34, 37, 51, 54, 57, 58, 63, 67, 68 Blastomycosis, 51, 58
Bloating, 35, 51 Blood Glucose, 4, 51, 58 Blood pressure, 37, 51, 57, 60 Blood vessel, 49, 51, 58, 59, 65, 67, 68 Bone Marrow, 51, 59, 60, 65 Bone Marrow Cells, 51, 60 Bone scan, 51, 64 Bowel, 19, 35, 37, 49, 51, 55, 57, 58, 61, 66, 67 Bowel Movement, 35, 37, 51, 66 Broad-spectrum, 49, 51 Bronchi, 51 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 8, 51 Bronchoscopy, 8, 51 C Cell, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 64, 68 Cell Division, 50, 52, 62 Cellulose, 52, 55, 62 Central Nervous System, 9, 52, 56 Central Nervous System Infections, 52, 56 Chest Pain, 10, 52 Chlorophyll, 52, 55 Cholecystectomy, 5, 52 Cholecystitis, 5, 52 Chromatin, 7, 52, 55, 61 Chromosomal, 52, 56 Chronic, 35, 50, 51, 52, 57, 66, 67 Clinical trial, 6, 29, 52 Cloning, 51, 52 Colitis, 19, 35, 52 Collagen, 9, 52, 55, 63 Colon, 35, 50, 52, 57, 58, 63, 65, 67 Complement, 52, 53 Complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 21, 53 Complementary medicine, 17, 53 Computational Biology, 29, 53 Computed tomography, 53, 64 Computerized axial tomography, 53, 64 Conjunctiva, 53, 58 Connective Tissue, 51, 52, 53, 55, 59, 64 Constipation, 53, 62 Continent Ileostomy, 36, 53 Contraindications, ii, 53 Coronary, 54, 60 Coronary Thrombosis, 54, 60 Cortical, 54, 64
70
High Fever
Cranial, 54, 56 Craniocerebral Trauma, 54, 56 Cutaneous, 51, 54, 65 Cystitis, 34, 54 Cystoscope, 35, 54 Cytokines, 54, 57 Cytotoxic, 54, 57 D Dehydration, 36, 38, 54 Diagnostic procedure, 54 Diaphragm, 54, 62 Diarrhea, 5, 35, 36, 37, 54 Diastolic, 54, 57 Digestion, 49, 50, 51, 54, 58, 59, 66 Digestive tract, 35, 37, 54, 65 Diphtheria, 10, 54 Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine, 10, 54 Direct, iii, 54, 64 Distention, 35, 54 Drug Hypersensitivity, 7, 54 Drug Interactions, 4, 55 Duodenum, 50, 55, 66 E Elastin, 52, 55 Empirical, 4, 55 Endocrine Glands, 55 Endoscopy, 35, 55 Enema, 55 Environmental Health, 28, 30, 55 Eosinophilia, 10, 55 Eosinophils, 55, 59 Epidemics, 3, 55 Epigastric, 5, 55, 61 Esophagus, 54, 55, 62, 64, 66 F Family Planning, 29, 55 Fatigue, 4, 55 Feces, 53, 55, 66 Fibroblasts, 55, 58 Fibrosis, 55, 64 Forearm, 51, 55 Fungi, 50, 55, 65, 67, 68 Fungus, 37, 55 G Gallbladder, 5, 49, 52, 56 Gastrointestinal, 50, 56 Gastrointestinal tract, 50, 56 Gene, 51, 56 Giant Cells, 56, 64 Gland, 56, 59, 61, 63 Glomerular, 56, 64
Glucose, 4, 51, 52, 56, 58 Governing Board, 56, 63 Grade, 5, 56 H Headache, 4, 56, 58 Headache Disorders, 56 Hemorrhage, 54, 56 Histones, 52, 56 Hormone, 56, 58 Hybridomas, 56, 58 Hydroxylysine, 52, 56 Hydroxyproline, 52, 57 Hyperbilirubinemia, 57, 58 Hypertension, 6, 37, 56, 57 I Idiopathic, 57, 64 Ileostomy, 36, 57 Ileum, 57 Immune function, 57 Immune response, 50, 57, 68 Immune system, 37, 57, 68 Immunodeficiency, 37, 57 Immunosuppression, 57 Immunosuppressive, 36, 57 Immunosuppressive Agents, 36, 57 Incision, 57, 58 Incontinence, 35, 57 Infarction, 54, 57, 60 Infection, 3, 4, 5, 10, 14, 17, 18, 34, 37, 38, 49, 51, 54, 57, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68 Inflammation, 18, 35, 49, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 67 Inflammatory bowel disease, 35, 57 Influenza, 3, 7, 34, 58 Inhalation, 58, 62, 65 Insulin, 4, 58 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 58 Interleukin-6, 9, 58 Interleukins, 57, 58 Interstitial, 34, 58, 64 Intestine, 51, 58 Intracellular, 57, 58 Intravascular, 6, 9, 58 Intravenous, 37, 58 Intravenous pyelogram, 37, 58 Involuntary, 35, 58, 60 Itraconazole, 37, 58 J Jaundice, 5, 57, 58 K Kanamycin, 49, 58 Kb, 28, 58
71
L Laparoscopy, 5, 58 Laparotomy, 5, 58 Large Intestine, 54, 58, 64, 65 Length of Stay, 5, 59 Leukemia, 59, 60 Leukocytes, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61 Leukocytosis, 4, 59 Ligament, 59, 63 Lipid, 58, 59 Liver, 49, 50, 55, 56, 59, 64 Liver scan, 59, 64 Localized, 49, 54, 57, 59, 62, 66 Lumbar, 50, 59 Lymph, 10, 37, 59, 64 Lymph node, 59, 64 Lymphadenopathy, 10, 59 Lymphatic, 57, 59, 65 Lymphatic system, 59, 65 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 59, 64 Malignant, 9, 59, 61, 64 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 9, 59 Mannans, 55, 59 MEDLINE, 29, 59 Membranes, 54, 58, 59, 60, 62, 66 Meninges, 52, 54, 59 Meningitis, 58, 59 Mental, iv, 5, 28, 30, 55, 60, 63, 67 MI, 47, 60 Minocycline, 10, 60 Molecular, 29, 31, 51, 53, 60, 67 Monitor, 36, 60, 61 Monocytes, 58, 59, 60 Morphological, 55, 60 Motion Sickness, 60 Mucolytic, 51, 60 Mucus, 60, 67 Myalgia, 58, 60 Myelodysplasia, 9, 60 Myelogenous, 60 Myeloma, 9, 60 Myocarditis, 54, 60 Myocardium, 60 Myopia, 11, 60, 64 N Nasal Mucosa, 58, 60 Nausea, 5, 35, 60, 67 Nearsightedness, 60 Necrosis, 57, 60, 64 Neoplasia, 60, 61 Neoplasm, 61, 64
Neoplastic, 6, 56, 61 Nerve, 49, 61, 64 Nervous System, 52, 61 Neutropenia, 10, 61 Neutrophils, 59, 61 Nuclear, 37, 60, 61 Nuclei, 56, 59, 61, 62 Nucleus, 52, 55, 60, 61 Nursing Care, 5, 61 O Ototoxic, 49, 61 Overactive bladder, 35, 61 P Pancreas, 49, 58, 61 Parietal, 61, 62 Parotid, 61, 64 Partnership Practice, 61, 63 Pathologic, 51, 54, 57, 61 Pathophysiology, 5, 61 Patient Education, 34, 37, 42, 44, 47, 61 Pelvic, 61, 63 Pelvis, 49, 59, 61 Peritoneum, 61, 62 Peritonitis, 5, 19, 62 Pertussis, 19, 54, 62, 68 Pharmacist, 4, 62 Pharmacologic, 49, 62, 66 Pharynx, 58, 62 Physiology, 38, 62 Plants, 56, 62, 65, 67 Plasma, 60, 62, 65 Plasma cells, 60, 62 Pleomorphic, 9, 62 Pleura, 62 Pleural, 10, 62 Pleural cavity, 62 Pleural Effusion, 10, 62 Pneumonia, 4, 54, 62 Poisoning, 60, 62 Polyneuritis, 54, 62 Polypeptide, 52, 63 Posterior, 49, 50, 61, 63 Postoperative, 5, 63 Practice Guidelines, 30, 63 Prevalence, 55, 63 Private Practice, 9, 63 Proctocolectomy, 36, 63 Progressive, 60, 63, 64 Proline, 52, 57, 63 Prostate, 4, 63, 67 Prosthesis, 9, 63 Protein S, 51, 63, 66
72
High Fever
Proteins, 50, 52, 54, 56, 62, 63, 65, 67 Protozoa, 63, 65, 67 Psychic, 60, 63, 64 Public Policy, 29, 63 Pulmonary, 7, 10, 51, 63 Pulmonary Artery, 51, 63 Pulmonary Embolism, 7, 63 Pulse, 60, 63 R Radiation, 57, 64, 68 Radioactive, 51, 59, 61, 64 Rectal, 35, 64 Rectum, 35, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57, 58, 63, 64, 67 Refer, 1, 52, 55, 64, 67 Reflux, 37, 64 Refraction, 60, 64 Refractive Power, 60, 64 Renal failure, 9, 64 Resection, 36, 64 Respiration, 60, 64 Retina, 60, 64 S Saline, 51, 64 Salmonellosis, 7, 64 Sarcoidosis, 7, 64 Sarcoma, 59, 64 Scans, 37, 64 Screening, 52, 64, 67 Sediment, 64, 67 Seizures, 10, 64 Semen, 63, 65 Semisynthetic, 60, 65 Septic, 5, 65 Serum, 9, 52, 62, 65 Side effect, 4, 49, 65, 66 Sigmoid, 65 Sigmoidoscopy, 38, 65 Signs and Symptoms, 5, 65 Small intestine, 35, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 65 Soft tissue, 51, 59, 65 Solid tumor, 49, 65 Sonogram, 65, 67 Sound wave, 65, 67 Specialist, 39, 65 Sperm, 7, 65 Sphincter, 34, 65 Spinal cord, 52, 59, 61, 65 Spleen, 49, 59, 64, 65 Spores, 37, 65 Sporotrichosis, 10, 65 Staging, 64, 65 Staphylococcus, 60, 65
Stomach, 5, 49, 54, 55, 56, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66 Stool, 5, 35, 36, 37, 52, 53, 57, 58, 66 Stool test, 35, 66 Stress, 4, 35, 37, 60, 66 Subacute, 57, 66 Subarachnoid, 56, 66 Subclinical, 57, 64, 66 Subcutaneous, 65, 66 Support group, 35, 36, 66 Symphysis, 63, 66 Systemic, 49, 50, 51, 54, 57, 64, 66 Systolic, 57, 66 T Tachypnea, 10, 66 Tetanus, 54, 66 Tetracycline, 60, 66 Thoracic, 9, 50, 54, 62, 66 Thorax, 49, 59, 66 Threshold, 57, 66 Tissue, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66 Toxic, iv, 54, 66, 67 Toxicity, 55, 66 Toxicology, 30, 66 Toxin, 54, 66, 67 Toxoid, 54, 67 Transfection, 51, 67 Transrectal ultrasound, 4, 67 Tryptophan, 52, 67 U Ulcerative colitis, 35, 57, 67 Uremia, 64, 67 Ureters, 58, 67, 68 Urethra, 34, 63, 67, 68 Urinalysis, 37, 67 Urinary, 4, 18, 34, 36, 50, 54, 57, 67 Urinary tract, 4, 34, 36, 50, 67 Urinary tract infection, 4, 34, 36, 50, 67 Urine, 4, 34, 37, 50, 51, 57, 58, 67, 68 Urogenital, 67 Urogenital Diseases, 67 Urologic Diseases, 36, 37, 67 V Vaccines, 67, 68 Vascular, 9, 56, 57, 67 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 9, 67 Vein, 58, 61, 68 Vesicoureteral, 37, 68 Veterinary Medicine, 29, 68 Viral, 10, 14, 17, 56, 58, 68 Virus, 3, 37, 52, 56, 68 Voiding cystourethrogram, 37, 68
73
Volition, 58, 68 W War, 23, 68 White blood cell, 50, 59, 60, 61, 62, 68 Whooping Cough, 19, 54, 62, 68
X X-ray, 50, 53, 58, 61, 64, 68 Y Yeasts, 55, 68
74
High Fever
75
76
High Fever
