KNEE
ARTHROSCOPY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Knee Arthroscopy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00630-8 1. Knee Arthroscopy-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on knee arthroscopy. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON KNEE ARTHROSCOPY ............................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Knee Arthroscopy.......................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND KNEE ARTHROSCOPY ............................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 33 General References ....................................................................................................................... 34 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 37 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 39 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 41 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 43 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 47 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 47 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 53 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 54 KNEE ARTHROSCOPY DICTIONARY ..................................................................................... 55 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 71
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with knee arthroscopy is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about knee arthroscopy, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to knee arthroscopy, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on knee arthroscopy. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to knee arthroscopy, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on knee arthroscopy. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON KNEE ARTHROSCOPY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on knee arthroscopy.
Federally Funded Research on Knee Arthroscopy The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to knee arthroscopy. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to knee arthroscopy. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore knee arthroscopy. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for knee arthroscopy: •
Project Title: THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON PROGRESSION OF KNEE OA Principal Investigator & Institution: Concoff, Andrew L.; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (Taken from the applicants abstract): In order to gain the requisite skills to design and conduct clinical investigations regarding the interrelationship between
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Knee Arthroscopy
exercise and osteoarthritis (OA), this application proposes that a physician with formal Rheumatology and Sports Medicine fellowship training engage in a five-year program of combining didactic lectures in Clinical Investigation with the conduction of an arthroscopically-based trial of the effect of exercise on the progression of knee OA. Specific emphasis will be placed upon the development of new outcome measures, large scale trial methodology and management, in addition to statistical data analysis. The proposed research study will investigate whether a weight-resistance exercise intervention yields slower progression of knee OA than a control group that receives only education regarding self-management techniques in knee osteoarthritis. A novel, arthroscopic outcome measure that assesses cartilage damage and synovial inflammation, the American College of Rheumatology Knee Arthroscopy Osteoarthritis Scale (ACR/KAOS), will serve as the primary outcome measure. A blinded observer trained in arthroscopy will score videotapes of arthroscopies performed on each patient prior to and following the assigned intervention using the ACR/KAOS. The rate of progression according to the ACR/KAOS will then be compared between those randomized to the exercise and education groups. The sensitivity to change of the ACR/KAOS will be compared to that of the gold-standard for knee OA disease progression, semiflexed (MTP) plain radiographs of the knee. The short-term goal will be to complete the courses required to achieve a Masters of Science degree in Clinical Investigation. The goals of this didactic portion of the program will be to gain knowledge of biostatistics, epidemiology, study design, and a detailed understanding of the moral and legal limitations to the inclusion of human subjects in clinical studies. In order to achieve this goal, the first year of the proposed plan would include participation in classes in the UCLA School of Public Health. Approximately 50% of the first year will be devoted to these classes, with the remaining 50% devoted to the conduction of the trial. This research plan will provide the training required to establish the principal investigator as an independent researcher in osteoarthritis. The long-term goal of the plan is to systematically apply the state of the art, aggressive training methods from sports medicine to those afflicted with OA and to monitor the impact through the use of comprehensive rheumatologic outcomes. Eventually, optimal exercise regimens will be sought for both primary and secondary prevention of OA at various joints and stages. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies
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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with knee arthroscopy, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “knee arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for knee arthroscopy (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A commercially viable virtual reality knee arthroscopy training system. Author(s): McCarthy AD, Hollands RJ. Source: Stud Health Technol Inform. 1998; 50: 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10180558
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A comparison of diclofenac with ketorolac for pain relief after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Dennis AR, Leeson-Payne CG, Hobbs GJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 1995 October; 50(10): 904-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7485885
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A comparison of intraarticular morphine and bupivacaine for pain control after outpatient knee arthroscopy. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Author(s): Jaureguito JW, Wilcox JF, Cohn SJ, Thisted RA, Reider B. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995 May-June; 23(3): 350-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7661266
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A comparison of minidose lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia and local anesthesia/propofol infusion for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Ben-David B, DeMeo PJ, Lucyk C, Solosko D. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 August; 93(2): 319-25, 2Nd Contents Page. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11473852
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A comparison of psoas compartment block and spinal and general anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Jankowski CJ, Hebl JR, Stuart MJ, Rock MG, Pagnano MW, Beighley CM, Schroeder DR, Horlocker TT. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 October; 97(4): 1003-9, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500148
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A comparison of spinal, epidural, and general anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Mulroy MF, Larkin KL, Hodgson PS, Helman JD, Pollock JE, Liu SS. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 October; 91(4): 860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11004038
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A comparison of three regional anaesthesia techniques for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Goranson BD, Lang S, Cassidy JD, Dust WN, McKerrell J. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1997 April; 44(4): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9104518
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A comparison of two regional anesthetic techniques for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Pollock JE, Mulroy MF, Bent E, Polissar NL. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 August; 97(2): 397-401, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873924
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A modification of the inter-cuff technique of IVRA for use in knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Al-Metwalli R, Mowafi HA. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 AugustSeptember; 49(7): 687-9. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12193486
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A portable virtual environment knee arthroscopy training system with objective scoring. Author(s): Sherman KP, Ward JW, Wills DP, Mohsen AM. Source: Stud Health Technol Inform. 1999; 62: 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10538382
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A prospective audit of knee arthroscopy: a study of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and therapeutic value of 325 knee arthroscopies. Author(s): Lawson GM, Nutton RW. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1995 April; 40(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7776277
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A prospective, randomized comparison of dexketoprofen, ketoprofen or paracetamol for postoperative analgesia after outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Berti M, Albertin A, Casati A, Palmisano S, Municino G, da Gama Malcher M, De Ponti A. Source: Minerva Anestesiol. 2000 July-August; 66(7-8): 549-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10965735
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A randomized, double-blind trial of pre-emptive local anesthesia in day-case knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Fagan DJ, Martin W, Smith A. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 January; 19(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522402
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A regional anesthetic technique compared to general anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Martin R, Petit B, Basora J. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1986 October; 65(10): 1091. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3752563
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A regional anesthetic technique compared to general anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Patel NJ, Flashburg MH, Paskin S, Grossman R. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1986 February; 65(2): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3942307
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Accuracy of clinical diagnosis in knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Brooks S, Morgan M. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2002 July; 84(4): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215031
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Alfentanil or fentanyl during isoflurane-based anaesthesia for day-care knee arthroscopy? Author(s): Gupta A, Vegfors M, Odensten M, Lennmarken C. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1994 February; 38(2): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8171951
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Algorithm for establishing the indication for knee arthroscopy in children: a comparison of adolescent and preadolescent children. Author(s): Irha E, Vrdoljak J. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 2000; 8(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795672
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Ambulatory anesthesia for knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Reuben SS. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 February; 92(2): 556. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11159269
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An evaluation of pre- and postoperative nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Author(s): Nelson WE, Henderson RC, Almekinders LC, DeMasi RA, Taft TN. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993 July-August; 21(4): 510-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8368410
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An unusual case of vascular dysplasia related to knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Carr JB, Jansson KA. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 February; 17(2): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172250
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Anaesthetic techniques for knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Flo A, Aliaga L. Source: Anaesthesia. 1998 May; 53 Suppl 2: 18-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9659048
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Analgesia after day-case knee arthroscopy: double-blind study of intra-articular tenoxicam, intra-articular bupivacaine and placebo. Author(s): Cook TM, Tuckey JP, Nolan JP. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1997 February; 78(2): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9068334
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Analgesia following day-case knee arthroscopy--the effect of piroxicam with or without bupivacaine infiltration. Author(s): Morrow BC, Milligan KR, Murthy BV. Source: Anaesthesia. 1995 May; 50(5): 461-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793557
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Analgesic effects of intra-articular morphine during and after knee arthroscopy: a comparison of two methods. Author(s): Lundin O, Rydgren B, Sward L, Karlsson J. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 March; 14(2): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9531132
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Anatomic and radioanatomic study of the lateral genicular arteries: application to prevention of postoperative hemarthrosis after arthroscopic lateral retinacular release. Author(s): Vialle R, Tanguy JY, Cronier P, Fournier HD, Papon X, Mercier P. Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : Sra. 1999; 21(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10370993
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Anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy: is there an optimal technique? Author(s): Horlocker TT, Hebl JR. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 January-February; 28(1): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567346
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Bupivacaine use after knee arthroscopy: pharmacokinetics and pain control study. Author(s): Kaeding CC, Hill JA, Katz J, Benson L. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1990; 6(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2310448
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Can local anesthesia be recommended for routine use in elective knee arthroscopy? A comparison between local, spinal, and general anesthesia. Author(s): Jacobson E, Forssblad M, Rosenberg J, Westman L, Weidenhielm L. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2000 March; 16(2): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10705331
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Combination of intra-articular tenoxicam, lidocaine, and pethidine for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Elhakim M, Nafie M, Eid A, Hassin M. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1999 September; 43(8): 803-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10492407
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Combined intra-articular glucocorticoid, bupivacaine and morphine reduces pain and convalescence after diagnostic knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Rasmussen S, Lorentzen JS, Larsen AS, Thomsen ST, Kehlet H. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2002 April; 73(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12079015
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Combined sciatic and femoral nerve block for knee arthroscopy: 4 years' experience. Author(s): Sansone V, De Ponti A, Fanelli G, Agostoni M. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1999; 119(3-4): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392511
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Common peroneal nerve palsy following knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Johnson DS, Sharma DP, Bangash IH. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1999 October; 15(7): 773-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524828
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Comparison of intra-articular fentanyl and intra-articular bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Pooni JS, Hickmott K, Mercer D, Myles P, Khan Z. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1999 October; 16(10): 708-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583355
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Comparison of intra-articular morphine and bupivacaine following knee arthroscopy. Author(s): VanNess SA, Gittins ME. Source: Orthop Rev. 1994 September; 23(9): 743-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7800402
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Comparison of morphine and ropivacaine following knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Franceschi F, Rizzello G, Cataldo R, Denaro V. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 May; 17(5): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11337713
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Comparison of two regional anesthetic techniques for knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Bonicalzi V, Gallino M. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1995 April; 11(2): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794434
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Complications associated with the use of an infusion pump during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Carpenter JF. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1993; 9(2): 244. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8461094
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Complications associated with the use of an infusion pump during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Bomberg BC, Hurley PE, Clark CA, McLaughlin CS. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1992; 8(2): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1637436
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Complications of knee arthroscopy performed by rheumatologists. Author(s): Wollaston S, Brion P, Kumar A, Klashman D, Kalunian K. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 August; 28(8): 1871-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11508593
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Cryotherapy: an effective modality for decreasing intraarticular temperature after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Martin SS, Spindler KP, Tarter JW, Detwiler K, Petersen HA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 May-June; 29(3): 288-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394596
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Day case knee arthroscopy under regional anaesthesia, performed by rheumatologists. Author(s): Smith MD, Chandran G, Youssef PP, Darby T, Ahern MJ. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1996 February; 26(1): 108-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8775537
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Diclofenac premedication but not intra-articular ropivacaine alleviates pain following day-case knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Rautoma P, Santanen U, Avela R, Luurila H, Perhoniemi V, Erkola O. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2000 March; 47(3): 220-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10730731
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Does cryotherapy affect intraarticular temperature after knee arthroscopy? Author(s): Martin SS, Spindler KP, Tarter JW, Detwiler KB. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 July; (400): 184-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072761
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Driving reaction time after right knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Hau R, Csongvay S, Bartlett J. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 2000; 8(2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795670
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Effect of adrenaline on plasma concentrations of bupivacaine following intraarticular injection of bupivacaine for knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Butterworth JF 4th, Carnes RS 3rd, Samuel MP, Janeway D, Poehling GG. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1990 October; 65(4): 537-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2248822
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Effective pain relief from intra-articular saline with or without morphine 2 mg in patients with moderate-to-severe pain after knee arthroscopy: a randomized, doubleblind controlled clinical study. Author(s): Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A, Grevbo F, Reikeras O, Breivik H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 July; 47(6): 732-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12803592
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Effects of adding epinephrine plus fentanyl to low-dose lidocaine for spinal anesthesia in outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Turker G, UCkunkaya N, Yilmazlar A, Demirag B, Tokat O. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 September; 47(8): 986-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904191
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Effects of epinephrine in local anesthetic mixtures on hemodynamics and view quality during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Karaoglu S, Dogru K, Kabak S, Inan M, Halici M. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 2002 July; 10(4): 226-8. Epub 2001 November 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172716
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Effects of intrathecal clonidine on duration of bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia, haemodynamics, and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Niemi L. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1994 October; 38(7): 724-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7839785
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Effects of intrathecal fentanyl on duration of bupivacaine spinal blockade for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Roussel JR, Heindel L. Source: Aana Journal. 1999 August; 67(4): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10497456
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Effects of tourniquet time in knee arthroscopy patients receiving intraarticular morphine combined with bupivacaine. Author(s): Klinken C. Source: Crna. 1995 February; 6(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7599546
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Endogenous cortisol production in response to knee arthroscopy and total knee arthroplasty. Author(s): Leopold SS, Casnellie MT, Warme WJ, Dougherty PJ, Wingo ST, Shott S. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 November; 85A(11): 2163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14630847
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Extraarticular pigmented villonodular synovitis: a cause for failed knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Chin KR, Brick GW. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 November; (404): 330-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439277
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Fatal pulmonary embolism after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Navarro-Sanz A, Fernandez-Ortega JF. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 March; 32(2): 525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977685
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Fatal pulmonary embolus after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Rozencwaig R, Shilt JS, Ochsner JL Jr. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1996 April; 12(2): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8777005
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Hospital discharge after ambulatory knee arthroscopy: A comparison of epidural 2chloroprocaine versus lidocaine. Author(s): Neal JM, Deck JJ, Kopacz DJ, Lewis MA. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2001 January-February; 26(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172509
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Impact of MRI on a knee arthroscopy waiting list. Author(s): Williams RL, Williams LA, Watura R, Fairclough JA. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1996 September; 78(5): 4502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8881730
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Incidence of venographically proved deep vein thrombosis after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Demers C, Marcoux S, Ginsberg JS, Laroche F, Cloutier R, Poulin J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998 January 12; 158(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9437378
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Incidence, natural history and risk factors of deep vein thrombosis in elective knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Delis KT, Hunt N, Strachan RK, Nicolaides AN. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2001 September; 86(3): 817-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11583313
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Infection following knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Wind WM, McGrath BE, Mindell ER. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 October; 17(8): 878-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600988
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Influence of magnetic resonance imaging on a knee arthroscopy waiting list. Author(s): Warwick DJ, Cavanagh P, Bell M, Marsh CH. Source: Injury. 1993 July; 24(6): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8406742
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Inhalation anaesthesia is cost-effective for ambulatory surgery: a clinical comparison with propofol during elective knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Dolk A, Cannerfelt R, Anderson RE, Jakobsson J. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2002 February; 19(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999607
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Intra-articular absorption and distribution of ketoprofen after topical plaster application and oral intake in 100 patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Rolf C, Engstrom B, Beauchard C, Jacobs LD, Le Liboux A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 June; 38(6): 564-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10402079
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Intraarticular analgesia following knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Joshi GP, McCarroll SM, O'Brien TM, Lenane P. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993 February; 76(2): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8424511
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Intra-articular buprenorphine after knee arthroscopy. A randomised, prospective, double-blind study. Author(s): Varrassi G, Marinangeli F, Ciccozzi A, Iovinelli G, Facchetti G, Ciccone A. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1999 January; 43(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9926189
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Intra-articular clonidine analgesia after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Buerkle H, Huge V, Wolfgart M, Steinbeck J, Mertes N, Van Aken H, Prien T. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2000 May; 17(5): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10926069
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Intraarticular morphine administration provides pain relief after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Kanbak M, Akpolat N, Ocal T, Doral MN, Ercan M, Erdem K. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1997 March; 14(2): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9088813
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Intra-articular morphine and postoperative analgesia after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Drosos GI, Vlachonikolis IG, Papoutsidakis AN, Gavalas NS, Anthopoulos G. Source: The Knee. 2002 December; 9(4): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12424044
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Intra-articular morphine for pain after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Khoury GF, Stein C, Garland DE. Source: Lancet. 1990 October 6; 336(8719): 874. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1976892
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Intraarticular morphine for pain relief after knee arthroscopy performed under regional anaesthesia. Author(s): Niemi L, Pitkanen M, Tuominen M, Bjorkenheim JM, Rosenberg PH. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1994 May; 38(4): 402-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8067231
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Intra-articular morphine for pain relief after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A, Skoglund A, Breivik H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1999 March; 43(3): 252-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10081529
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Intra-articular morphine for pain relief after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Joshi GP, McCarroll SM, Cooney CM, Blunnie WP, O'Brien TM, Lawrence AJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1992 September; 74(5): 749-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1527127
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Intra-articular ropivacaine injection does not alleviate pain after day-case knee arthroscopy performed under spinal anaesthesia. Author(s): Santanen U, Rautoma P, Luurila H, Erkola O. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 2001; 90(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11336370
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Intraarticular sufentanil administration facilitates recovery after day-case knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Vranken JH, Vissers KC, de Jongh R, Heylen R. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 March; 92(3): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11226089
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Intra-articular tenoxicam improves postoperative analgesia in knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Colbert ST, Curran E, O'Hanlon DM, Moran R, McCarroll M. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1999 July; 46(7): 653-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10442960
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Intraoperative small-dose ketamine enhances analgesia after outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Menigaux C, Guignard B, Fletcher D, Sessler DI, Dupont X, Chauvin M. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 September; 93(3): 606-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11524327
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Intra-synovial, compared to intra-articular morphine provides better pain relief following knee arthroscopy menisectomy. Author(s): Kligman M, Bruskin A, Sckliamser J, Vered R, Roffman M. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 April; 49(4): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927477
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Intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 3 mg + fentanyl 10 microg for outpatient knee arthroscopy with tourniquet. Author(s): Korhonen AM, Valanne JV, Jokela RM, Ravaska P, Korttila K. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 March; 47(3): 342-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648202
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Intrathecal ropivacaine and clonidine for ambulatory knee arthroscopy: a doseresponse study. Author(s): De Kock M, Gautier P, Fanard L, Hody JL, Lavand'homme P. Source: Anesthesiology. 2001 April; 94(4): 574-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11379675
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Intravenous ketorolac tromethamine does not worsen platelet function during knee arthroscopy under general anesthesia. Author(s): Thwaites BK, Nigus DB, Bouska GW, Mongan PD, Ayala EF, Merrill GA. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995 July; 81(1): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7598238
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Intravenous ketorolac tromethamine worsens platelet function during knee arthroscopy under spinal anesthesia. Author(s): Thwaites BK, Nigus DB, Bouska GW, Mongan PD, Ayala EF, Merrill GA. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1996 June; 82(6): 1176-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8638787
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Is bilateral knee arthroscopy suitable as a day-case procedure? Author(s): Kulkarni A, Brooks S, Pynsent PB. Source: The Knee. 2003 September; 10(3): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893152
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Is tourniquet use necessary for knee arthroscopy? Author(s): Johnson DS, Stewart H, Hirst P, Harper NJ. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2000 September; 16(6): 648-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10976127
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Isokinetic strength following knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Nelson WE, Henderson RC, Hooker DN, Cross N. Source: Orthopedics. 1996 June; 19(6): 501-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8792368
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Knee arthroscopy after yttrium or osmic acid injection. Author(s): Guaydier-Souquieres C, Beguin J, Ollivier D, Loyau G. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1989; 5(1): 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2706055
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Knee arthroscopy and arthrotomy under local anesthesia. Author(s): Kirkeby OJ, Aase S. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1987 April; 58(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3604628
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Knee arthroscopy and local anesthesia. Author(s): Farr J. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1991; 7(4): 416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1755894
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Knee arthroscopy and venous blood flow in the lower leg. Author(s): Sperber A, Jogestrand T, Wredmark T. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1996 December; 67(6): 553-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9065065
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Knee arthroscopy for the non-orthopaedist. Author(s): Fullerton LR Jr. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1986 November; 75(11): 664-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3805921
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Knee arthroscopy in a case of ochronotic arthropathy. Author(s): Tudisco C, Mariani PP, D'Arrigo C. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1992; 18(1): 107-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1399524
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Knee arthroscopy in children and adolescents. Author(s): Saciri V, Pavlovcic V, Zupanc O, Baebler B. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2001 October; 10(4): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11727374
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Knee arthroscopy in Chinese children and adolescents: an eight-year prospective study. Author(s): Maffulli N, Chan KM, Bundoc RC, Cheng JC. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1997 February; 13(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9043600
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Knee arthroscopy in local versus general anaesthesia. The incidence of rearthroscopy. Author(s): Forssblad M, Weidenhielm L. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1999; 7(5): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10525703
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Knee arthroscopy in the day surgery unit. Author(s): Hamilton MA, el-Behesey B. Source: Hosp Med. 2000 April; 61(4): 292. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10858817
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Knee arthroscopy in the military population: an analysis of 600 knee arthroscopies. Author(s): Fullerton LR Jr. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1986; 2(4): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3801105
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Knee arthroscopy in the office. Author(s): Michalska M. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1997 March 15; 32(3): 179-82, 184, 190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9078979
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Knee arthroscopy under local anaesthesia: results and evaluation of patients' satisfaction. Author(s): Iossifidis A. Source: Injury. 1996 January; 27(1): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8746316
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Knee arthroscopy using local anesthesia. Author(s): Hultin J, Hamberg P, Stenstrom A. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1992; 8(2): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1637439
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Knee arthroscopy using local anesthetic. Author(s): Yoshiya S, Kurosaka M, Hirohata K, Andrish JT. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1988; 4(2): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3395422
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Knee arthroscopy using regional nerve blockade. Author(s): Anapolle DM, Badach M, McInerney VK, Umanoff M, Ghobadi F. Source: Orthop Rev. 1994 May; 23(5): 449-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8041580
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Knee arthroscopy with local anesthesia in ambulatory patients. Methods, results and patient compliance. Author(s): Eriksson E, Haggmark T, Saartok T, Sebik A, Ortengren B. Source: Orthopedics. 1986 February; 9(2): 186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3960760
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Knee arthroscopy with the use of local anesthesia--an increased risk for repeat arthroscopy? A prospective, randomized study with a six-month follow-up. Author(s): Jacobson E, Forssblad M, Weidenhielm L, Renstrom P. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 January-February; 30(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11798998
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Knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Wirtz PD. Source: J Iowa Med Soc. 1978 December; 68(12): 447-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=722125
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Knee arthroscopy: a cost analysis of general and local anesthesia. Author(s): Trieshmann HW Jr. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1996 February; 12(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8838730
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Knee arthroscopy: a follow-up of patients initially not recommended for further surgery. Author(s): Carruthers CC, Kennedy M. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1980 March-April; (147): 275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7371309
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Local anesthesia for knee arthroscopy. Efficacy and cost benefits. Author(s): Shapiro MS, Safran MR, Crockett H, Finerman GA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995 January-February; 23(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7726350
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Local anesthesia in outpatient knee arthroscopy: a comparison of efficacy and cost. Author(s): Lintner S, Shawen S, Lohnes J, Levy A, Garrett W. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1996 August; 12(4): 482-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8864008
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Low-dose intra-articular morphine analgesia in day case knee arthroscopy: a randomized double-blinded prospective study. Author(s): Dalsgaard J, Felsby S, Juelsgaard P, Froekjaer J. Source: Pain. 1994 February; 56(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8008405
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Management of knee arthroscopy portals. Author(s): Hussein R, Southgate GW. Source: The Knee. 2001 December; 8(4): 329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11706698
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Massive intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal accumulation of irrigation fluid as a complication during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Romero J, Smit CM, Zanetti M. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 May-June; 14(4): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9620652
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Moderate-to-severe pain after knee arthroscopy is relieved by intraarticular saline: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Rosseland LA, Helgesen KG, Breivik H, Stubhaug A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 June; 98(6): 1546-51, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15155303
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Mortality of untreated deep vein thrombosis following knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Egermayer P. Source: Chest. 1999 February; 115(2): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10027474
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Negative knee arthroscopy: Is it really negative? Author(s): Hossain S, Sundar MS. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 July; 17(6): 620-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11447550
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Neurovascular complications of knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Kim TK, Savino RM, McFarland EG, Cosgarea AJ. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 July-August; 30(4): 619-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12130419
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No additional analgesic effect of intra-articular morphine or bupivacaine compared with placebo after elective knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Aasbo V, Raeder JC, Grogaard B, Roise O. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1996 May; 40(5): 585-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8792889
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Outcome from day-case knee arthroscopy in a major teaching hospital. Author(s): Cardosa M, Rudkin GE, Osborne GA. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1994 December; 10(6): 624-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7880353
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Pain relief after knee arthroscopy: intra-articular morphine, intra-articular bupivacaine, or subcutaneous morphine? Author(s): Cepeda MS, Uribe C, Betancourt J, Rugeles J, Carr DB. Source: Reg Anesth. 1997 May-June; 22(3): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9168214
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Patients' recollection of day case knee arthroscopy procedure. Author(s): Madan S, Kulkarni S, Friedrichs I, Barrett DS. Source: Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 2001-2002; 60(2): 76-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12003358
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Performing knee arthroscopy under local anesthesia. Author(s): Kleinstuber M, Reed D. Source: Todays or Nurse. 1985 November; 7(11): 22-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3853390
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Peroral tramadol premedication increases postoperative nausea and delays homereadiness in day-case knee arthroscopy patients. Author(s): Liukkonen K, Santanen U, Pere P, Erkola O, Rautoma P. Source: Scand J Surg. 2002; 91(4): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558088
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Pneumoperitoneum as a complication of carbon dioxide knee arthroscopy. A case report. Author(s): Bourne MH, Watson RC, Carmichael SW. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993 July-August; 21(4): 623-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8368427
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Poor accuracy and interobserver reliability of knee arthroscopy measurements are improved by the use of variable angle elongated probes. Author(s): Oakley SP, Portek I, Szomor Z, Turnbull A, Murrell GA, Kirkham BW, Lassere MN. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 June; 61(6): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006330
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Postoperative analgesia by intraarticular clonidine and neostigmine in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Gentili M, Enel D, Szymskiewicz O, Mansour F, Bonnet F. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2001 July-August; 26(4): 342-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11464354
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Postoperative analgesia by intra-articular neostigmine in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Yang LC, Chen LM, Wang CJ, Buerkle H. Source: Anesthesiology. 1998 February; 88(2): 334-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9477052
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Postoperative epidural injection of saline can shorten postanesthesia care unit time for knee arthroscopy patients. Author(s): Brock-Utne JG, Macario A, Dillingham MF, Fanton GS. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1998 May-June; 23(3): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9613534
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Postoperative pain following knee arthroscopy: the effects of intra-articular ketorolac and/or morphine. Author(s): Gupta A, Axelsson K, Allvin R, Liszka-Hackzell J, Rawal N, Althoff B, Augustini BG. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1999 May-June; 24(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10338172
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Prevention of venous thromboembolism after knee arthroscopy with low-molecular weight heparin (reviparin): Results of a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Wirth T, Schneider B, Misselwitz F, Lomb M, Tuylu H, Egbring R, Griss P. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 April; 17(4): 393-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11288011
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Pseudoaneurysm after therapeutic knee arthroscopy: imaging findings. Author(s): Hilborn M, Munk PL, Miniaci A, MacDonald SJ, Rankin RN, Fowler PJ. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1994 September; 163(3): 637-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8079859
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Pseudoaneurysm as a complication of knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Sarrosa EA, Ogilvie-Harris DJ. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1997 October; 13(5): 644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9343657
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Pseudoaneurysm complicating knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Aldrich D, Anschuetz R, LoPresti C, Fumich M, Pitluk H, O'Brien W. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1995 April; 11(2): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794439
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Pseudoaneurysm complicating knee arthroscopy. A case report. Author(s): Audenaert E, Vuylsteke M, Lissens P, Verhelst M, Verdonk R. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2003 August; 69(4): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14526648
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Randomized comparison of remifentanil-propofol with a sciatic-femoral nerve block for out-patient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Casati A, Cappelleri G, Berti M, Fanelli G, Di Benedetto P, Torri G. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2002 February; 19(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999592
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Regional anaesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a randomized clinical comparison of two different anaesthetic techniques. Author(s): Casati A, Cappelleri G, Fanelli G, Borghi B, Anelati D, Berti M, Torri G. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2000 May; 44(5): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10786739
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Regional anesthesia in knee arthroscopy: a new technique involving femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Cappellino A, Jokl P, Ruwe PA. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1996 February; 12(1): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8838743
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Selection criteria for knee arthroscopy in the osteoarthritic patient. Author(s): Novak PJ, Bach BR Jr. Source: Orthop Rev. 1993 July; 22(7): 798-804. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8414655
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Selective spinal anesthesia: a comparison of hyperbaric bupivacaine 4 mg versus 6 mg for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Valanne JV, Korhonen AM, Jokela RM, Ravaska P, Korttila KK. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 December; 93(6): 1377-9, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11726410
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Serum bupivacaine concentrations after intraarticular injection for pain relief after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Solanki DR, Enneking FK, Ivey FM, Scarborough M, Johnston RV. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1992; 8(1): 44-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1550650
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Serum lidocaine and bupivacaine levels in local technique knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Weiker GG, Kuivila TE, Pippinger CE. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991 September-October; 19(5): 499502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1962717
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Should Esmarch bandages be used for exsanguination in knee arthroscopy and knee replacement surgery? A prospective trial of Esmarch exsanguination versus simple elevation. Author(s): Marshall PD, Patil M, Fairclough JA. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1994 June; 39(3): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7932344
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Simplified technique for posterior knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Lewicky RT, Abeshaus MM. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1982 January-February; 10(1): 22-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7053633
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Simultaneous live video presentation during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Tanaka M, Takahashi T, Yamamoto H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2003; 8(4): 518-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898303
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Spinal anesthesia improves the early recovery profile of patients undergoing ambulatory knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Wong J, Marshall S, Chung F, Sinclair D, Song D, Tong D. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2001 April; 48(4): 369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11339779
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Spinal anesthesia with low dose meperidine for knee arthroscopy in ambulatory surgical patients. Author(s): Trivedi NS, Halpern M, Robalino J, Shevde K. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1990 May; 37(4 Pt 2): S46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2361293
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Spinal, epidural or propofol anaesthesia for out-patient knee arthroscopy? Author(s): Dahl V, Gierloff C, Omland E, Raeder JC. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1997 November; 41(10): 1341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9422303
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Subcutaneous pigmented villonodular synovitis caused by portal contamination during knee arthroscopy and open synovectomy. Author(s): Lu KH. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2004 April; 20(4): E9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15067291
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Sural artery pseudoaneurysms after knee arthroscopy: treatment with transcatheter embolization. Author(s): Carlin RE, Papenhausen M, Farber MA, Ronningen E, Mauro MA, Marston WA, Keagy BA, Burnham SJ. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2001 January; 33(1): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11137938
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Surgical analgesia for knee arthroscopy with epidural lignocaine and sufentanil-effect of varying sufentanil doses. Author(s): Reynvoet M, Dionys J, Vermaut G, Van Aken H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1990; 41(4): 319-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2150738
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Surgical trainee assessment using a VE knee arthroscopy training system (VE-KATS): experimental results. Author(s): Sherman KP, Ward JW, Wills DP, Sherman VJ, Mohsen AM. Source: Stud Health Technol Inform. 2001; 81: 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11317792
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The cost-effectiveness of routine pathology consultation in knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Kirkley A, Adlington J, Wall R, Griffin S, Guiraudon C. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 October; 14(7): 690-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9788364
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The effectiveness of a pain wrap compared to a standard dressing on the reduction of postoperative morbidity following routine knee arthroscopy: a prospective randomized single-blind study. Author(s): Hayden JK, Cole BJ. Source: Orthopedics. 2003 January; 26(1): 59-63; Discussion 63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12555836
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The effects of preoperative inflammation on the analgesic efficacy of intraarticular piroxicam for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Izdes S, Orhun S, Turanli S, Erkilic E, Kanbak O. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 October; 97(4): 1016-9, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500150
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The efficacy of intra-articular morphine for postoperative knee arthroscopy analgesia. Author(s): Richardson MD, Bjorksten AR, Hart JA, McCullough K. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1997 October; 13(5): 584-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9343646
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The pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine when injected intra-articularly after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Katz JA, Kaeding CS, Hill JR, Henthorn TK. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1988 September; 67(9): 872-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3414999
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The posteromedial portal in knee arthroscopy: an analysis of diagnostic and surgical utility. Author(s): Gold DL, Schaner PJ, Sapega AA. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1995 April; 11(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794424
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The use of the Cryo/Cuff versus ice and elastic wrap in the postoperative care of knee arthroscopy patients. Author(s): Whitelaw GP, DeMuth KA, Demos HA, Schepsis A, Jacques E. Source: Am J Knee Surg. 1995 Winter; 8(1): 28-30; Discussion 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7866800
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The value of intercondylar notch visualization of the posteromedial and posterolateral compartments during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Amin KB, Cosgarea AJ, Kaeding CC. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1999 November-December; 15(8): 813-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10564858
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The value of knee arthroscopy in patients with severe radiological osteoarthritis. Author(s): Bohnsack M, Lipka W, Ruhmann O, Peters G, Schmolke S, Wirth CJ. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2002 November; 122(8): 451-3. Epub 2002 July 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12442182
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Thromboembolic complications of knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Dunn PM, Post RH, Jones SR. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1984 February; 140(2): 291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6730482
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Tissue absorption and distribution of ketoprofen after patch application in subjects undergoing knee arthroscopy or endoscopic carpal ligament release. Author(s): Osterwalder A, Reiner V, Reiner G, Lualdi P. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2002; 52(11): 822-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12489253
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Total intravenous anaesthesia with methohexitone or propofol for knee arthroscopy in day-case surgery. Author(s): Piotrowski D, Gaszynski W, Ulbrich K, Kaszynski Z. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2000 January-February; 6(1): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11208290
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Tourniquet versus no tourniquet use in routine knee arthroscopy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Kirkley A, Rampersaud R, Griffin S, Amendola A, Litchfield R, Fowler P. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2000 March; 16(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10705321
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Tramadol or fentanyl analgesia for ambulatory knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Cagney B, Williams O, Jennings L, Buggy D. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1999 March; 16(3): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10225168
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Trans-section of a peroneal nerve as a complication of routine knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Rodeo SA. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1999 May; 15(4): 459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10355726
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Transsection of the peroneal nerve complicating knee arthroscopy: case report and cadaver study. Author(s): Bennett WF. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 September; 14(6): 662-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9754492
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Transsection of the peroneal nerve complicating knee arthroscopy: case report and cadaver study. Author(s): Peicha G, Pascher A, Schwarzl F, Pierer G, Fellinger M, Passler JM. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 March; 14(2): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9531137
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Two-versus three-portal technique for routine knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Stetson WB, Templin K. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 January-February; 30(1): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11799005
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Unilateral bupivacaine spinal anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Italian Study Group on Unilateral Spinal Anesthesia. Author(s): Fanelli G, Borghi B, Casati A, Bertini L, Montebugnoli M, Torri G. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2000 August; 47(8): 746-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958090
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Unilateral spinal anesthesia or combined sciatic-femoral nerve block for day-case knee arthroscopy. A prospective, randomized comparison. Author(s): Cappelleri G, Casati A, Fanelli G, Borghi B, Anelati D, Berti M, Albertin A. Source: Minerva Anestesiol. 2000 March; 66(3): 131-6; Discussion 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817002
•
Unilateral spinal block for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a dose-finding study. Author(s): Borghi B, Stagni F, Bugamelli S, Paini MB, Nepoti ML, Montebugnoli M, Casati A. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2003 August; 15(5): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507560
•
Unusual complication during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Tommaso OD, Nistico A, Vitullo A. Source: Anaesthesia. 2004 March; 59(3): 305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984540
•
Value of knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Magill CD. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1977 July-August; 74(4): 203-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=897501
•
Zone approach to knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Rich C, Drez D Jr, DeLee J. Source: Orthopedics. 1986 September; 9(9): 1249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3763496
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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND KNEE ARTHROSCOPY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to knee arthroscopy. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to knee arthroscopy and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “knee arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to knee arthroscopy: •
A 57-year-old man with osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Lonner JH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 26; 289(8): 1016-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597755
•
Arthroscopic knee surgery. Daddy will make it better, even if it's arthritis. Author(s): Gillett G. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 2002 September-October; 32(5): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360776
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•
Back pain following epidural anesthesia with 2-chloroprocaine (EDTA-free) or lidocaine. Author(s): Drolet P, Veillette Y. Source: Reg Anesth. 1997 July-August; 22(4): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9223193
•
Comparison of the effects of exercise in water and on land on the rehabilitation of patients with intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Author(s): Tovin BJ, Wolf SL, Greenfield BH, Crouse J, Woodfin BA. Source: Physical Therapy. 1994 August; 74(8): 710-9. Erratum In: Phys Ther 1994 December; 74(12): 1165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8047560
•
Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation in the treatment of pain. Recommendations for use in the treatment of sports injuries. Author(s): Jensen JE, Etheridge GL, Hazelrigg G. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1986 March-April; 3(2): 79-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3008290
•
EMG feedback-assisted postoperative rehabilitation of minor arthroscopic knee surgeries. Author(s): Levitt R, Deisinger JA, Remondet Wall J, Ford L, Cassisi JE. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1995 September; 35(3): 21823. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8775650
•
Increased interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression is related to aseptic loosening of total hip replacement. Author(s): Lassus J, Waris V, Xu JW, Li TF, Hao J, Nietosvaara Y, Santavirta S, Konttinen YT. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2000; 120(5-6): 328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10853906
•
Methodological differences in clinical trials evaluating nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Author(s): Boutron I, Tubach F, Giraudeau B, Ravaud P. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 August 27; 290(8): 1062-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12941679
•
Music and the surgical patient. The effect of music on anxiety. Author(s): Moss VA.
Alternative Medicine 33
Source: Aorn Journal. 1988 July; 48(1): 64-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3421678 •
Pressure on acupoints decreases postoperative pain. Author(s): Felhendler D, Lisander B. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1996 December; 12(4): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8969878
•
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Author(s): Miller RL. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 2003 March-April; 22(2): 91-9; Quiz 100-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12703392
•
The effect of pre-emptive acupuncture treatment on analgesic requirements after daycase knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Pelimon A. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 June; 55(6): 603-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10866744
•
The effect of pre-emptive acupuncture treatment on analgesic requirements after daycase knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Gupta S, Francis JD, Tillu AB, Sattirajah AI, Sizer J. Source: Anaesthesia. 1999 December; 54(12): 1204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10594420
•
The use of transcutaneous neural stimulation and isokinetic testing in arthroscopic knee surgery. Author(s): Jensen JE, Conn RR, Hazelrigg G, Hewett JE. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1985 January-February; 13(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3872082
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
35
APPENDICES
37
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute4: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
4
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.5 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:6 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
5
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 6 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway7 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.8 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “knee arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 4673 145 519 12 2 5351
HSTAT9 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.10 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.11 Simply search by “knee arthroscopy” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
7
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
8
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 9 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 10 11
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists12 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.13 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.14 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
12 Adapted 13
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 14 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on knee arthroscopy can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to knee arthroscopy. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to knee arthroscopy. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “knee arthroscopy”:
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Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Bursitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bursitis.html Cartilage Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cartilagedisorders.html Dislocations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dislocations.html Elbow Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/elbowinjuriesanddisorders.html Hip Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hipinjuriesanddisorders.html Knee Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kneeinjuriesanddisorders.html Osteoarthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html Osteonecrosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteonecrosis.html Shoulder Arthroscopy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/shoulderarthroscopyloader.html Shoulder Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shoulderinjuriesanddisorders.html Sports Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsinjuries.html Tendinitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tendinitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to knee arthroscopy. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively
Patient Resources
45
rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to knee arthroscopy. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with knee arthroscopy. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about knee arthroscopy. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “knee arthroscopy” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.
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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “knee arthroscopy”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “knee arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “knee arthroscopy” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
47
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.15
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
15
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)16: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
16
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
53
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on knee arthroscopy: •
Basic Guidelines for Knee Arthroscopy Knee arthroscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002972.htm
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Signs & Symptoms for Knee Arthroscopy problems breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm
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Diagnostics and Tests for Knee Arthroscopy Arthroscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003418.htm
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Background Topics for Knee Arthroscopy Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm
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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
55
KNEE ARTHROSCOPY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. [NIH]
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Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and
Dictionary 57
clearance. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]
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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU]
Dictionary 59
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Convalescence: The period of recovery following an illness. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU]
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Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Nerve: A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]
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Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hemarthrosis: Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also
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inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes
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as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to indomethacin. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meperidine: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH]
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Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an
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analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteonecrosis: Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long
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half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]
Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH]
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Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH]
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Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sports Medicine: The field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in sports activities. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH]
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Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU]
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Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH]
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INDEX A Adrenal Cortex, 55, 59 Adrenal Medulla, 55, 60 Adrenaline, 12, 55 Adrenergic, 55, 56, 60, 69 Agonist, 55, 57 Algorithms, 55, 56 Alkaloid, 55, 57, 64, 70 Alternative medicine, 55 Aluminum, 55, 70 Ampulla, 55, 60 Anaesthesia, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 24, 26, 29, 30, 33, 55, 62 Anaesthetic, 8, 24, 55 Analgesic, 8, 22, 27, 33, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 69 Anesthetics, 55, 60 Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 32, 55 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 56, 66 Antibiotic, 56, 66 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 56, 66 Anti-inflammatory, 56, 59, 61, 63, 65 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 56, 63 Antipyretic, 56, 59, 63 Anxiety, 32, 56 Arteries, 9, 56, 57, 59, 63 Artery, 26, 56, 59, 60, 67, 69 Arthropathy, 18, 56 Arthroplasty, 13, 56 Articular, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 56, 65 Aseptic, 32, 56 Atmospheric Pressure, 56, 61 B Bacteria, 56, 60 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 56, 62 Bilateral, 17, 56 Biochemical, 56, 65 Biotechnology, 4, 39, 56 Biotransformation, 56 Blood pressure, 57, 64, 68 Blood vessel, 57, 60, 68, 69, 70 Blood-Brain Barrier, 57, 64, 65 Bronchi, 57, 60 Bupivacaine, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 22, 25, 27, 30, 57, 63 Buprenorphine, 15, 57 Bursitis, 44, 57
C Cadaver, 29, 57 Carbon Dioxide, 22, 57, 61, 67, 70 Cardiac, 57, 60, 63, 64, 68 Case report, 22, 24, 29, 57 Case series, 57 Caudal, 57, 66 Cell, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67 Cerebral, 57, 60 Choroid, 57, 67 Chronic, 57, 62 Clinical study, 12, 57 Clinical trial, 3, 32, 39, 57, 59, 67 Cloning, 56, 58 Complement, 58 Complementary and alternative medicine, 31, 34, 58 Complementary medicine, 31, 58 Compress, 58, 69 Computational Biology, 39, 58 Conduction, 4, 58 Consciousness, 55, 56, 58 Consultation, 27, 58 Contamination, 26, 58 Contraindications, ii, 59 Control group, 4, 59 Convalescence, 9, 59 Coronary, 59, 63 Coronary Thrombosis, 59, 63 Cortisol, 13, 59 Cryotherapy, 11, 59 Cytokine, 59, 62 D Degenerative, 59, 65 Diagnostic procedure, 59 Diclofenac, 5, 11, 59 Diclofenac Sodium, 59 Diffusion, 59, 62 Direct, iii, 59, 67 Dorsal, 59, 66 Double-blind, 5, 7, 8, 12, 15, 21, 29, 59 Double-blinded, 5, 8, 21, 59 Duodenum, 59, 60, 68 Dysmenorrhea, 59, 65 Dysplasia, 8, 59 Dystrophy, 33, 59 E Efficacy, 20, 27, 59
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Effusion, 59, 69 Elastic, 28, 60, 68, 69 Elective, 9, 14, 22, 25, 60 Emboli, 26, 60 Embolization, 26, 60 Embolus, 13, 60, 62 Endoscope, 60 Endoscopic, 28, 56, 60 Endothelial cell, 57, 60, 62 Environmental Health, 38, 40, 60 Epidural, 5, 13, 23, 26, 32, 60 Epinephrine, 12, 55, 60 Exogenous, 56, 60 Extremity, 60, 68 F Family Planning, 39, 60 Fat, 60 Femoral, 9, 24, 30, 60 Femoral Nerve, 9, 24, 30, 60 Femur, 55, 60, 69 Fentanyl, 5, 7, 10, 12, 16, 29, 60 Fibroblasts, 60, 62 G Gas, 57, 59, 60, 61, 70 Gas exchange, 61, 70 Gastrointestinal, 60, 61, 66 Gene, 56, 61 Glucocorticoid, 9, 61 Glucuronic Acid, 61 Governing Board, 61, 66 Gravis, 61, 64 H Half-Life, 61, 66 Hemarthrosis, 9, 61 Hemodynamics, 12, 61 Hemophilia, 61 Heparin, 23, 61, 66 Hormone, 55, 59, 60, 61, 67 Hyperbaric, 16, 25, 61 Hyperbaric oxygen, 61 I Ibuprofen, 61, 63 Immunosuppressive, 61 In vivo, 61 Indomethacin, 61, 63 Induction, 62, 63 Infarction, 56, 59, 62, 63 Infection, 14, 56, 62, 67 Infiltration, 8, 62, 66 Inflammation, 4, 27, 56, 57, 62, 66, 69 Infusion, 5, 10, 11, 62 Inhalation, 14, 62, 66
Innervation, 60, 62, 65, 68, 69 Interleukin-8, 32, 62 Intraperitoneal, 21, 62 Intrathecal, 12, 16, 62 Intravenous, 17, 29, 62 Invasive, 62, 63 Irrigation, 21, 62 Isoflurane, 7, 62 K Kb, 38, 62 Keratinocytes, 62 Ketamine, 16, 63 Ketoprofen, 6, 14, 28, 63 Ketorolac, 5, 17, 23, 63 Ketorolac Tromethamine, 17, 63 Kinetic, 63 L Lidocaine, 5, 9, 12, 13, 25, 32, 63 Ligament, 28, 55, 63 Liver, 61, 63 Lumbar, 60, 63, 68, 69 Lymphocytes, 62, 63 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 14, 63 Medical Staff, 59, 63 MEDLINE, 39, 63 Membrane, 57, 58, 63, 67, 69, 70 Meperidine, 26, 63 MI, 54, 63 Modification, 6, 63 Molecular, 23, 39, 41, 56, 58, 61, 64, 66 Monitor, 4, 29, 64 Monocytes, 62, 64 Morphine, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 27, 57, 63, 64 Motion Sickness, 64 Muscle relaxant, 56, 64 Muscular Dystrophies, 59, 64 Myasthenia, 64 Myocardium, 63, 64 N Narcotic, 60, 63, 64, 69 Nausea, 22, 64 Necrosis, 62, 63, 64 Neostigmine, 23, 64 Nerve, 19, 55, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69 Nervous System, 64, 65, 69 Neural, 32, 33, 64 Neutrophils, 62, 64 Nuclei, 63, 64, 65 O Opiate, 64
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Opium, 64 Optic Nerve, 65, 67 Osteoarthritis, 4, 28, 31, 32, 44, 63, 65 Osteonecrosis, 44, 65 Outpatient, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 65 P Palsy, 10, 65 Patch, 28, 65 Patient Compliance, 20, 65 Peripheral Nervous System, 65 Peritoneal, 62, 65 Peritoneal Cavity, 62, 65 Peroneal Nerve, 10, 29, 65, 68 Pharmacokinetic, 65 Pharmacologic, 55, 61, 65, 69 Phenyl, 63, 65 Physical Fitness, 32, 65, 68 Physostigmine, 64, 65 Piroxicam, 8, 27, 65 Plants, 55, 57, 66 Plasma, 12, 56, 66 Platelet Factor 4, 62, 66 Plexus, 60, 66, 68 Pneumonia, 59, 66 Poisoning, 64, 66 Posterior, 25, 57, 59, 66 Postoperative, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 22, 23, 27, 28, 32, 33, 63, 65, 66 Practice Guidelines, 40, 66 Premedication, 11, 22, 66 Preoperative, 27, 66 Procaine, 63, 66 Progression, 4, 66 Progressive, 64, 65, 66 Propofol, 5, 14, 24, 26, 29, 66 Prospective study, 18, 21, 66 Protein S, 56, 67 Proteins, 58, 61, 66, 67 Public Policy, 39, 67 Pulmonary, 13, 57, 67 Pulmonary Artery, 57, 67 Pulmonary Embolism, 13, 67 Pulse, 64, 67 R Radiological, 28, 67 Radiology, 67 Randomized, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 59, 67 Randomized clinical trial, 29, 67 Reaction Time, 11, 67 Refer, 1, 58, 67
Regimen, 59, 65, 67 Reliability, 23, 67 Respiration, 57, 64, 67 Retina, 9, 57, 65, 67, 70 Rheumatoid, 63, 65, 67 Rheumatoid arthritis, 63, 65, 67 Risk factor, 14, 66, 68 S Saline, 12, 21, 23, 68 Sciatic Nerve, 24, 65, 68, 69 Screening, 57, 68 Sensibility, 55, 68 Septic, 56, 68 Side effect, 62, 66, 68, 69 Smooth muscle, 64, 68 Sodium, 59, 68 Sound wave, 58, 68 Specialist, 45, 68 Species, 60, 68 Spinal cord, 60, 62, 64, 65, 68 Sports Medicine, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 20, 21, 22, 25, 30, 32, 33, 48, 68 Sterile, 56, 68 Steroid, 59, 68 Stimulus, 62, 67, 68 Stomach, 61, 64, 65, 68 Stress, 59, 64, 67, 69 Subcutaneous, 22, 26, 69 Sufentanil, 16, 26, 69 Sympathomimetic, 60, 69 Synovial, 4, 16, 69 Synovial Membrane, 69 Synovitis, 13, 26, 69 Systemic, 57, 60, 61, 62, 69 T Tendinitis, 44, 69 Tendon, 57, 69 Thigh, 60, 69 Thrombosis, 14, 21, 56, 67, 69 Tibia, 55, 69 Tibial Nerve, 68, 69 Tissue, 28, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69 Tolerance, 57, 69 Topical, 14, 69 Tourniquet, 13, 16, 17, 29, 69 Toxic, iv, 69 Toxicokinetics, 69 Toxicology, 40, 69 Tramadol, 22, 29, 69 Transcutaneous, 32, 33, 69 Transfection, 56, 70
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Trauma, 9, 28, 32, 61, 64, 70 Tubocurarine, 64, 70 V Vascular, 8, 26, 57, 62, 70 Vasoconstriction, 60, 70 Vein, 14, 21, 62, 70 Venous, 18, 23, 56, 67, 70 Venous blood, 18, 70
Veterinary Medicine, 39, 70 Vitreous, 67, 70 Vitreous Body, 67, 70 Vitro, 61, 70 W Withdrawal, 63, 70 Y Yttrium, 17, 70
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