Amnesia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

AMNESIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

Author: ICON Health Publications

24 downloads 469 Views 3MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

AMNESIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Amnesia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84329-5 1. Amnesia-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on amnesia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AMNESIA ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Amnesia ........................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 32 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 33 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AMNESIA ......................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding Nutrition Studies on Amnesia ....................................................................................... 75 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 81 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AMNESIA................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 83 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 107 General References ..................................................................................................................... 109 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AMNESIA .................................................................................. 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Dissertations on Amnesia .......................................................................................................... 111 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 113 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON AMNESIA ............................................................................................. 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Patents on Amnesia ................................................................................................................... 115 Patent Applications on Amnesia................................................................................................ 121 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 126 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON AMNESIA ................................................................................................. 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 127 Chapters on Amnesia ................................................................................................................. 129 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON AMNESIA ...................................................................................... 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 131 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AMNESIA ................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 133 Academic Periodicals covering Amnesia.................................................................................... 135 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 139 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 141 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 143 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 145 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 148 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 151 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 151 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 151

viii Contents

ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 157 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 157 AMNESIA DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 159 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 205

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with amnesia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about amnesia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to amnesia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on amnesia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to amnesia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on amnesia. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AMNESIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on amnesia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and amnesia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Severe Amnesia After Hypoglycemia. Clinical, Psychometric, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlations Source: Diabetes Care. 14(10): 922-925. October 1991. Summary: This article presents a case report demonstrating the correlation between clinical, psychometric, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings after an episode of hypoglycemic coma resulting in amnesia. Detailed psychometric assessment, particularly memory testing, was performed using MRI on a man with severe amnesia after hypoglycemic coma. Psychometric testing confirmed impaired immediate recall. MRI findings were consistent with a lesion in the left temporal lobe. 1 figure. 13 references. (AA-M).

4

Amnesia

Federally Funded Research on Amnesia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to amnesia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to amnesia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore amnesia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for amnesia: •

Project Title: ANESTHETIC EFFECTS ON SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Antognini, Joseph F.; Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: The long term goal of our research efforts is to elucidate the interactive contributions of the spinal cord and brain to anesthetic efficacy. Recent data suggest that -isoflurane action in the spinal cord suppresses movement responses to noxious stimuli. Isoflurane (ISO) and halothane (HAL), between 0.6 and 0.9 MAC, depress the number of movements (with less effect on the force of the movements) that occur during and after supramaximal noxious stimulation, and at the 0.9 to 1.1 MAC transition, decrease the number of movements and the force of the movements. It is unclear, however, how specific sites within the central nervous system participate in these anesthetic effects. Possible spinal and supraspinal sites include the dorsal horn, central pattern generators, ON- and OFF-cells of the rostralventral medulla (RVM) and cerebral cortex. The specific aims of this proposal are to determine 1) anesthetic effects on ON/OFF cells and dorsal horn cells (wide dynamic-range and nociceptive specific), and how these effects correlate with the movement pattern; 2) whether decerebration, dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) lesions and reversible cooling block of the cervical spinal cord alters the movement pattern arising from supramaximal stimulation by eliminating any descending influences; 3) anesthetic effects on central pattern generators. We hypothesize that 1) ON/OFF and dorsal horn cell activity is correlated with movement at low but not moderate ISO and HAL concentrations; 2) DLF lesions (by severing communication between the RVM and spinal dorsal horn cells), spinal cord cooling (reversible spinalization) and pre-collicular decerebration will depress the movement pattern at low ISO and HAL concentrations; 3) ISO and HAL will disrupt central pattern generators at clinically relevant concentrations. Understanding the brain/spinal cord relationship vis-a-vis anesthetic action will aid elucidation of the relationship among critical end-points of anesthesia (amnesia, unconsciousness, immobility in response to

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

noxious stimulation), will guide further research into anesthetic mechanisms, and will lead to site-specific anesthetics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA FOR CONTEXTUAL FEAR Principal Investigator & Institution: Fanselow, Michael S.; Professor; Psychology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): While the necessity of the hippocampal formation for some types of learning and memory largely is agreed upon, the exact role that the hippocampus plays in contextual fear conditioning is unknown. The proposed project is based on a theoretical model of how the hippocampus interacts with the amygdala in fear conditioning. The model is used to generate a set of predictions about the circumstances under which the hippocampus becomes involved in context conditioning. Furthermore, predictions are made regarding the effects of hippocampal manipulations (anatomical and pharmacological) on the establishment and performance of conditioned fear. With a cohesive set of manipulations and training parameters, the proposed studies will evaluate the model's applicability to fear conditioning phenomena. Firstly, the experiments will establish a temporal profile of hippocampal involvement. Pre- and post-training manipulations of the chemical and anatomical integrity of the hippocampus will reveal the points at which the hippocampus is necessary for learning. Secondly, a direct comparison of electrolytic and excitotoxic lesions will lend insight into the relationship between environmental explorations and context processing. Thirdly, the experiments will examine the effects of hippocampal manipulations on the immediate shock deficit, an exploration-related impairment in context fear conditioning. Finally, the cholinergic innervation of the hippocampus will be manipulated to determine its role in retrograde and anterograde amnesia produced by hippocampal lesions. At each stage in the experimentation, specific predictions are made based upon manipulations of hippocampal integrity and the disruption of hippocampus-amygdala interactions. It is hoped that, in addition to providing crucial information for the investigation of learned fear, the experiments will provide insight into the condition of those suffering from hippocampal damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: ASSOCIATIVE RECOGNITION MEMORY IN AMNESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Giovanello, Kelly S.; Psychiatry; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project aims to investigate the status of associative recognition memory in global amnesia in the context of a dual-process model that postulates two separate bases for recognition performance, recollection and familiarity. Four studies will be conducted to examine this issue. The goal of Experiment 1 is to determine whether associative recognition for unrelated word pairs, as compared to single word recognition, is disproportionately impaired in amnesia. Experiment 2 compares associative memory for stimuli in which there is a pre-existing representation of an association (i.e., compound words) to stimuli in which there is not (i.e., unrelated words pairs). Experiment 3 examines whether associative recognition in amnesia is better preserved under the former conditions. Finally, Experiment 4 aims to specify the

6

Amnesia

nature of the familiarity process contributing to amnesics? associative recognition (i.e., conceptual or perceptual) for compound stimuli. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BASIC MECHANISMS /COOPERATING SYSTEMS IN LEARNING MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcclelland, James L.; Co-Director; Carnegie-Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project seeks to foster the further development of a parallel-distributed processing approach to learning and memory through the incorporation of findings and insights from neurosciences (Center Aim 3), informed by a parallel-distributed processing perspective on the roles of different brain areas in information processing. There are three key tenets of the effort: (1) Learning and memory depend fundamentally on an essentially Hebbian principle of learning (Center Aim 2): The brain tends to strengthen whatever response it makes to given inputs. (2) This tendency to strengthen elicited responses can lead to progress in learning, but it can also lead to failures; and if it is left to operate without modulation or control, a mechanism of this sort may be too weak to lead to sophisticated cognitive competencies. This leads to the idea that acquisition of cognitive competencies in a Hebbian system depends on the modulation of the Hebbian learning process in target brain regions in response to task demands, outcome information, and constraining input from other brain regions, so that overall learning functions of the system as a whole emerge from cooperation among many brain areas (Center Aim 1). (3) Overt manifestations of successes and failures in learning or memory reflect both the basic mechanisms involved and their integration within a system of interacting brain structures. Three specific aims will be pursued: Aim 1: Phonological learning in adulthood. This work extends a simple preliminary model that captures aspects of phonological category learning in adulthood, in an effort to provide a more detailed and more biologically constrained account of some of the factors that contribute to successes and failures in the acquisition of new phonological distinctions in adult. The work will incorporate specific assumptions embodying the first and second tenets above to address data from behavioral and functional imaging experiments. Aim 2: Priming of perceptual processing in normal and amnesic populations. This part of the work will investigate patterns of findings seen in a range of tasks that have been used with normal and amnesic individuals, in hopes of further exploring the nature of the basic mechanisms underlying learning as well as clarifying the nature of the contributions of different brain regions in these types of tasks. Aim 3: Acquisition of semantic information with and without amnesia. This part of the work will be similar to the second, in that it will investigate patterns of success and failure in learning in both normal and amnesic persons, but within the context of tasks that appear to tap the acquisition of factual or semantic information. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: HIPPOCAMPUS

BRAINSTEM-DIENCEPHALIC

MODULATION

OF

THE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Vertes, Robert P.; Ctr/Complex Scis/Brain Scis; Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Fl 33431 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-JUL-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2007

Studies

7

Summary: (provided by applicant): We have previously demonstrated that the nucleus pontis oralis (RPO) and the median raphe nucleus are directly involved in the synchronization (theta rhythm) and desynchronization of the hippocampal EEG, respectively, and that the suprammillary nucleus serves as a critical relay between RPO and the septum/hippocampus in the control of the theta rhythm. In recent work, we have shown that cells in several structures of "Papez's circuit" fire rhythmically with theta including the mammillary bodies, the ventral tegmental nucleus of Gudden and the anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus. This suggests that a theta rhythmic signal may resonate throughout Papez's circuit, possibly involved in mnemonic functions of the circuit. The proposed studies will involve three main areas: ascending theta synchronizing systems, ascending hippocampal desynchronizing systems and theta output systems from the hippocampus. Theta synchronizing structures include the supramammillary nucleus and nucleus reuniens of the thalamus; desynchronizing structures include the median raphe nucleus, and theta output structures include the anterior ventral nucleus of thalamus, the presubiculum and the retrosplenial cortex. We will: (1) describe the neurochemical identity of cells together with their physiological profiles using juxtacellular labeling techniques; (2) examine the activity of cells in anesthetized and freely moving rats with respect to the hippocampal EEG; (3) examine the anatomical projections of cells including transmitter specific projections at the light and electron microscopic level; and (4) examine overall patterns of glucose utilization throughout the brain following continuous theta using the 2-DG technique. With this series of studies, we intend to fully characterize systems involved in the generation of theta and those that block its expression in the hippocampus (hippocampal EEG desynchronization) as well as define theta-mediated actions of the hippocampus on extra-hippocampal structures, primarily those of the limbic system and Papez's circuit. An accumulating body of evidence, including several recent reports showing task related theta activity in humans, indicates that the theta rhythm serves a critical role in memory. If, as indicated, theta proves to be critical for memory, we believe it is vitally important to fully understand the neural mechanisms responsible for the generation of theta as well as its actions on other regions of the brain. This work may have important implications for disorders of memory including Korsakoff's syndrome, diencephalic amnesia and Alzheimer's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CNS TARGETS OF PROPOFOL'S HYPNOTIC AND MEMORY EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Veselis, Robert A.; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Many sedative/hypnotic drugs used in anesthesia are given specifically to ablate memory formation during unpleasant medical experiences. The production of this reversible memory impairment, with the avoidance of excessive sedation, is of key concern to both patients and clinicians on a daily basis. These drugs may impair memory solely by their sedative effects on arousal and attention systems in the brain, or additionally by specifically affecting memory processes. We have shown that one such drug, propofol, has memory effects independent of sedation during behavioral testing. We wish to delineate the physiologic basis for this finding. Recent functional neuroimaging studies have identified differing neuroanatomical regions mediating arousal, attention and memory processes in humans who have not had any drug. Thus, the separate memory and sedative effects of propofol could be mediated in different

8

Amnesia

neuroanatomical regions. The main hypothesis tested in this research proposal is that there are differing neuroanatomical regions mediating drug-induced sedation and amnesia, and that these can be identified by specific changes in electrophysiology and more precisely by changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). If a physiologic basis for the separation of drug- induced memory from sedation effects can be shown, then it is possible that these can be manipulated separately, and that sensitive and specific measures of these functional effects can be developed. Even in the absence of explicit recall, poorly understood unconscious memory processes are still present during anesthesia. These are of clear concern to both patients receiving anesthesia and clinicians administering anesthetic drugs. The methods developed and used in this proposal will be applicable to the study of anesthetic effects, and possibly the study of memory enhancing drugs, on memory processes. Propofol and thiopental, models of anesthetic drugs with differing sedative and memory effects, will be studied over a wide dose range. Current measures of sedation are inadequate monitors over both sedative and anesthetic concentrations of drug. The first specific aim will determine the best electrophysiologic measure of sedation over all concentrations of the drugs studied, and locate generators of this measure in the brain with a low resolution technique. The sedation independent effect of propofol on memory will be delineated using this electrophysiologic parameter. The second specific aim will locate the neuroanatomical regions mediating the sedative/hypnotic and memory effects of propofol using a high resolution rCBF technique by separately manipulating memory versus sedative processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMPARATIVE COGNITION AND HIPPOCAMPAL FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Eichenbaum, Howard B.; Professor; Psychology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: An understanding of the fundamental cognitive and neural processing mechanisms underlying higher order memory depends critically on animal models of human amnesia, yet the development of a valid animal model has not been fully realized because of differences in conceptualizations of memory processes and experimental approaches to the study of memory in humans and animals. In our view these differences can be bridged with a comparative neuroscience approach. Our aim is to continue to develop a rodent model of memory capacities heretofore generally recognized only in humans by identifying cognitive processes that characterize both human and animal memory performance. At the same time, our perspective addresses evolutionary differences in the expression of memory in the animals and humans by exploiting the superb olfactory learning and memory capacities of rodents. If successful our approach may lead to modifications in memory assessments aimed towards understanding, and ultimately , treating disease associated with dysfunction of the hippocampal system, including Alzheimer~s disease, schizophrenia, and autism. Guided by current theoretical conceptions of human amnesia, we will develop new behavioral paradigms that dissociate impaired and preserved learning and memory capacities in animals with hippocampal system damage. In the initial funding period we have successfully shown that the hippocampus is critical to the organization of memories according to relevant relations among the items in memory and to flexible memory expression across a broad scope of learning materials, consistent with characterizations of declarative memory dependent on the hippocampal region in humans. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that anatomically distinct components of

Studies

9

hippocampal system subserve different roles in memory processing. The proposed experiments will serve to further specify this characterization of hippocampal memory processing. So far, our research has focused on hippocampal function in mediating the organization of information according to associations or logical relations among the items independent of when the information was obtained. The proposed studies are aimed to determine whether the hippocampal system also mediates the acquisition of flexible expression of temporally organized material. Furthermore, we will characterize the role of hippocampal structures in memory for unique events, by assessing memory performance across a range of tasks involving different types of learning materials and different demands for flexible memory expression. In addition, we will examine the phenomenon of memory consolidation, determining which hippocampal structures are required for permanent memory storage and exploring the link between hippocampal processing of stimulus relations and mechanisms of consolidation. Finally, we compare the effects of different types of damage to the hippocamapal system. In addition, we will test specific hypotheses about the distinct roles of the hippocampus and parahippocampal region, and about potential specializations of the dorsal and vental hippocampus and of the perirhinal and postrhinal cortex. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DHEAS, SULFATASE INHIBITION & COGNITION IN LESIONED RATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, David A.; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Duquesne University 600 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa 15282 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Neurosteroids are concentrated within and are known to produce effects that modulate central nervous system function. Among the effects associated with the administration of the excitatory neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), is the enhancement of memory. The mechanism for this enhancement is not well understood, however, DHEAS can increase the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus of rats and also facilitate neurotransmission mediated by NMDA receptors. Moreover, some cognitive effects of DHEAS are potentiated by the co-administration of steroid sulfatase inhibitors (SSI). The SSI (P-o-Sulfamoyl)-N-tetradeconoyl tyramine (DU-14) can enhance hippocamal ACh as well as block scopolamine induced amnesia. Cholinergic neurons emanating from basal forebrain structures play an important role in memory function. However, it is possible that DHEAS may facilitate cognitive function by other mechanisms as well. The questions to be determined by this investigation are whether acute and/or chronic peripheral administration of DHEAS or the steroid sulfatase inhibitor can facilitate hippocampal neurotransmission and cognitive function following cholinergic lesioning of the medial septum with either a nonselective or selective cholinergic neurotoxin. In particular, this study will seek to determine the effects of DHEAS and/or DU-14 administration on the performance of rats following either ibotenate or 192IgG-saporin immunotoxin induced basal forebrain cholinergic lesions in passive avoidance and the delayed matching to position T-maze cognitive tests. Hippocampal levels of the neurotransmitters, ACh, glutamate and GABA as well as acetylcholinesterase activity in the basal forebrain will be determined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

10

•

Amnesia

Project Title: DISSOCIATING BASAL FOREBRAIN VS. MEDIAL TEMPORAL AMNESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Myers, Catherine E.; Psychology; Rutgers the State Univ of Nj Newark Blumenthal Hall, Suite 206 Newark, Nj 07102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Anterograde amnesia is a specific memory impairment that can result from damage to the medial temporal (MT) lobes -- including hippocampus -- as well as from damage to the basal forebrain. Clinically, both MT and basal forebrain amnesics appear similar, which has led many researchers to posit a unified "organic amnesia" syndrome following either etiology. The proposed study will more closely examine the underlying brain mechanisms of this memory impairment and offer an alternate model resulting in the dissociation of these two etiologies. Based on evidence from both animal studies and computational modeling of hippocampal-basal forebrain interaction, we propose to differentiate distinct patterns of learning and memory impairments between persons with MT and basal forebrain amnesia. Specifically, our developed computational model predicts that simple associative learning should generally be spared following MT damage but slowed (although not abolished) following basal forebrain damage. Conversely, our model predicts that more complex forms of associative learning, which require hippocampal-region mediation in animals, may be abolished in MT amnesia but remain intact in basal forebrain amnesia. Thus, the model predicts that specific areas of memory are differentially affected in different forms of amnesia. Initial pilot work to test our model has provided further evidence for this dissociation, whereby a simple form of associative memory (classical delay eyeblink conditioning), which has previously been shown to be spared in persons with MT amnesia, was demonstrated to be severely disrupted in persons with ACoA amnesia. The proposed study seeks to extend these findings and provide further evidence for this dissociation in human amnesia by using a battery of iteratively acquired associative learning tasks to extend the pilot findings to a variety of other learning paradigms, comparing performance among individuals with MT amnesia, individuals with basal forebrain amnesia subsequent to ACoA aneurysm, and matched controls. If our proposed dissociation holds, the findings will not only expand our understanding of hippocampus and basal forebrain interactions, but may also provide a foundation for the development of useful therapeutic interventions. Specifically, the identification of distinct patterns of memory impairments between these two groups may suggest future approaches for optimizing patient rehabilitation by tailoring therapy based on an amnesic individual's specific pattern of impairment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: EFFECT OF ESTROGEN ON HIPPOCAMPAL SINGLE UNIT ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tropp, Jennifer; Psychology; University of Connecticut Storrs Unit 1133 Storrs-Mansfield, Ct 06269 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002 Summary: The hippocampus plays an important role in the formation of memories. Damage to this brain region is related to memory impairment found in aging., Alzheimer's Disease, and amnesia. It has been shown that estrogen has an effect on the anatomy and activity in this brain region. The main objective of the proposed project is to investigate the dynamics of the firing patterns of normally cycling as well as in estrogen depletion animals. Specifically, we will examine (1) the effects of the absence of

Studies

11

estrogen (ovariectomized females) and estrogen replacement on the hippocampal representation in a familiar experiment; (2) changes in firing patterns of hippocampal neurons that may occur across the rat's natural estrous cycle, while performing a simple motor tasks; (3) the influence of environmental cues on the firing patterns of hippocampal place cells on a more complex tasks that assesses working memory ability in naturally cycling animals. The findings from the present study will have important implications for understanding: (1) the process in which memories are formed, (2) potential therapeutic effects of estrogen in aging especially in menopausal women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RECEPTORS

EFFECTS/ETHANOL/SPECIFIC

SITES/AMPA

GLUTAMATE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Akinshola, Babatunde E.; Pharmacology; Howard University 2400 6Th St Nw Washington, Dc 20059 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this project is to determine the molecular site of ethanol action on AMPA (a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) glutamate receptor. AMPA receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel that mediates the majority of fast excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and plays a central role in synaptic plasticity and stabilization, learning and memory. Ethanol is the most widely abused drug in the world, but the CNS mechanisms responsible for the behavioral effects of alcohol such as intoxication, amnesia and physical dependence is unknown. It is however known that ethanol has a depressant effect on mammalian brain, receptors, including ionotropic glutamate receptors of which AMPA receptor belong. Although AMPA receptor currents are inhibited by ethanol, the mechanism of ethanol inhibition and the site of ethanol interaction on the receptor are unknown. The major goal of this proposal is to investigate the site of ethanol interactions on AMPA receptor subunits and use Ns knowledge to postulate a mechanism for ethanol effect on AMPA receptors in the brain. We propose to study target sites for ethanol on AMPA receptors by these Specific Aims. Specific Aim 1. To use truncated carboxyl (C) terminal domain receptor subunit mutants to study receptor sensitivity to ethanol and determine whether the intracellular Cterminal domain is the target site for ethanol inhibition of AMPA receptor. Specific Aim 2. To use truncated alternative splice variable region of AMPA receptor subunits to study receptor sensitivity to ethanol and determine whether the amino acids constituting the extracellular "flip/flop" region is the target site for ethanol inhibition of receptor function. The results of these studies will answer some questions on the contribution of the intracellular and extracellular domains of the AMPA receptor to the inhibitory effects of ethanol. This grant will contribute significantly to the career establishment and development of the investigator by providing the time, salary support and supplies needed for education and training in alcohol research in a minority institution. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DISEASE

ENVIRONMENTAL

CAUSES

OF

SPORADIC

ALZHEIMER'S

Principal Investigator & Institution: Charlton, Clivel G.; Professor and Chairman; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007

12

Amnesia

Summary: This study will test a proposition that environmental toxins are involved in the cause of Sporadic AIzheimer's disease (AD) by inducing, early in life, a less resilient but functional set of Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (NBM) acetylcholinergic (Ach) neurons that cannot withstand the stress placed on them later in life. Two stages of afflictions, therefore, are involved. The 1st is a predisposing or sensitizing stage that occurs early in life, causes mostly epigenetic changes that impair the phenotype and/or reduce the number of the NBM Ach neurons. The 2nd superimposing/precipitating stage occurs when age-related wear-and-tear or other interventions damage the already susceptible NBM neurons and precipitate AD. The project will identify interventions that will mimic the two stages. The plant-derived tubulin assembling inhibitors, colchicines; the fungal-derived protein synthesis inhibitor, puromycin, and the fungal and plantsderived mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitroproprionic acid (3-NP) will be administered during the period of differentiation of the NBM Ach neurons of the embryos in timed-pregnant mice to induce the 1st stage. Age-related studies will verify the trans-placental or indirect in utero changes related to memory functions and the anatomy and histochemistry of the NBM Ach neurons, thus testing the vulnerability of the neurons to the wear-and-tear of life. The anticholinergic agent, scopolamine, that causes amnesia will be used, also, to mimic the 2nd stage and rationally to precipitate Alzheimer's disease-like changes in the pups. It is proposed that the ED50 for the induction of amnesia will be lower in the 1st stage treated mice, as compare to control. A new model for AD may be identified, based on chemically producing a less resilient but functional NBM Ach neuronal phenotype early in life and stressing those susceptible neurons later in life. Interventions that prevent or delay the toxic responses will be tested. This concept is relevant to the role of the environmental in about 90% of AD cases, and it may be used to study other neurodegenerative disorders but focusing on other neuronal sets. The mechanisms that underlie the proposed sensitization and precipitating stages, such as DNA and RNA editing and protein modifications, will be studied in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ETHANOL AND HIPPOCAMPAL FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Stackman, Robert W.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Acute ethanol exposure impairs learning and memory in humans and laboratory animals. Ethanol-induced deficits in spatial memory are believed to involved a suppression of hippocampal neuroplasticity. This pilot project examines spatial memory, spatial firing patterns of hippocampal neurons, and their sensitivity to acute ethanol, across inbred strains of mice. Two types of hippocampal neurons exhibit firing rates that are influenced by spatial information, location (place cells) and direction (head direction (HD) cells). The place and HD cell signals are thought to support spatial memory. Specific Aim 1 examines hippocampal-dependent spatial memory and its sensitivity to ethanol in five inbred strains of mice. Specific examine hippocampaldependent spatial memory and its sensitivity to ethanol in five inbred strains of mice. Specific Aim 2 examines the spatial firing properties of place and HD cells and the influence of ethanol in the same inbred mouse strains. Amnestic doses of ethanol (from Aim 1) are predicted to influence spatial firing of place and HD cells. This research examines hippocampal functional cross inbred strains of mice and examines whether sensitivity to the behavioral effects of ethanol includes ethanol-induced amnesia. The goal of this project is to generate preliminary data for an R01 application to support

Studies

13

research on the cognitive and neurophysiological effects of acute ethanol in inbred mouse strains. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FRONTAL/MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE CONTRIBUTIONS TO MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Ojemann, Jeffrey G.; Neurological Surgery; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neuroimaging studies have suggested involvement of both frontal and medial temporal regions during memory formation. The evaluation of medial temporal lobe function is necessary prior to temporal lobectomy for epilepsy to avoid postoperative amnesia. Injection of the anesthetic, amytal, into the internal carotid artery has been used to predict whether the side opposite surgery can sustain memory. The resulting memory impairment is poorly predictive of postoperative memory decline. Frontal lobe activation in memory could explain these results given the limited perfusion of medial temporal lobe structures with amytal injections. Further, similar lateralizing effects of the type of material memorized have been described for both frontal lobe activation and cerebral amytal results. In the proposed studies, functional MRI (fMRI) of memory encoding would be performed in patients undergoing cerebral amytal testing and subsequent temporal lobectomy. These fMRI studies are proposed to: 1) Image medial temporal lobe (MTL) functional activity in patients who are candidates for temporal lobectomy to treat seizures. Activation of both left and right MTL will be optimized using different encoding paradigms. 2) Demonstrate superior predictive value of postoperative memory performance with fMRI of memory compared to the predictive value of the cerebral amytal test. Preoperative fMRI studies will attempt to demonstrate both the integrity of the MTL opposite the side of operation as well as any remaining function on the side of surgery. 3) Demonstrate better correlation with frontal lobe activations than MTL activations with results of the cerebral amytaL consistent with the known distribution of intracarotid injections. 4) Follow the plasticity of frontal lobe activations following temporal lobectomy. Functional MRI of postoperative patients, who undergo temporal lobectomy, will be performed to determine if frontal lobe activation during memory encoding remains, and if it retains its preoperative lateralization with encoding different material. This final aim will help establish the relationship between ipsilateral frontal and medial temporal lobe activation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: FUNCTIONS OF CHOLINESTERASES IN HYPOXIA INDUCED BRAIN DAMAGE AND AMNESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Moss, Donald E.; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: GENERALIZATION OF SEMANTIC LEARNING IN AMNESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Gordon, Barry; Professor; Neurology and Neurosurgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218

14

Amnesia

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Individuals with amnesia caused by medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage have marked difficulties learning new semantic (factual) and episodic information. Furthermore, what semantic information they can learn typically seems to be hyperspecific and cannot be flexibly applied. This limitation has been theoretically important. It has been interpreted as indicating that one of the functions of the MTL is to generalize incoming information, by coarse coding and by distributing connections among related information. However, learning without the MTL may not be as hyperspecific as data from amnesia may suggest. The errorless training methods that have been used to teach factual information to individuals with amnesia may encourage narrow, inflexible learning. Moreover, it has been shown empirically that learning can be made more general and more flexible by introducing variance into the materials to be learned. Neural network theorizing has suggested an explanation for this, in terms of the creation and broadening of basins of attraction in memory. Theoretical considerations also suggest that the timing of such training may also be very important. Accordingly, we will study individuals with amnesia caused by MTL damage (confirmed by 3D MRI reconstructions) and matched controls on two types of material: factual information (three word, subject-verb-object sentences such as Harry loves Sally); and face-name associations. Training in the Variance Condition will introduce variations into the verb (loves -> adores) or into the face (different views) and be compared to training without such variations in the No-Variance Condition. Furthermore, the effect of the timing in training when variations are introduced (from the beginning or after the canonical item has been introduced) will be tested. We expect that introducing variation into training will help the material that is learned become more generalizable and more flexible. In addition to standard measures of recall and recognition accuracy, we will also assess learning using reaction time and looking time techniques. Preliminary data from one amnesic individual studied so far supports our predictions and provides evidence for the feasibility and potential theoretical and practical yields of the proposed research. Therefore, the proposed studies will apply evidence and innovative notions from several different areas of investigation to the scientifically important problem of amnesia due to MTL damage. The results from this study would be expected to help initiate new lines of investigation into the interrelated challenges as to what fundamental mechanisms are involved in memory and what the best approaches are for learning new semantic information. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HIPPOCAMPAL INVOLVEMENT IN EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Leritz, Elizabeth C.; Clinical & Health Psychology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-MAR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): For years, memory research has been concerned with theoretical and functional distinctions between explicit and implicit memory. The performance of neurologically-impaired populations on direct and indirect measures of memory has varied depending on the particular experimental paradigm, type of task used, and specific processes engaged during both study and test phases. One theoretical question that has been raised in the literature concerns whether explicit and implicit memory may rely similarly on structures such as the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe for certain types of implicit memory. While findings largely suggest that priming for preexisting information is independent of such regions, results

Studies

15

are much more inconsistent with regard to implicit memory for novel memory representations. To this point, the majority of conclusions have been based on research in patients with amnesia. The varying degrees of severity and locus of damage across studies have made it difficult to make precise statements regarding the role of the hippocampus in implicit memory. The current proposal will provide additional data on this issue through application of explicit and implicit memory paradigms to a population of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who have well-defined medial temporal lobe lesions. Specifically, we will investigate the ability of TLE patients to show explicit and implicit memory for novel item specific and associative information. Performance on these measures will be correlated with available anatomic data that includes hippocampal volumes and subfield cell counts. This research will serve to further elucidate the role of the hippocampus in mediating explicit and implicit memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HIPPOCAMPAL SYSTEM & RELATIONAL MEMORY PROCESSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Cohen, Neal J.; Professor; None; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed work employs a multidisciplinary approach to empirically test the idea that the hippocampus is involved in, and amnesia is a deficit in, relational memory processing. This form of memory processing is thought to support memory for all manner of relationships among perceptually distinct objects, permitting remembering of the constituent elements of the events, situations, or scenes encountered in daily life or in the laboratory. Based on results from preliminary work that combines eye movement studies, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, and studies of amnesic patients with severe memory disorders, we propose a series of 11 studies that sample memory for the repetition of items and memory for the relations among items (relational memory). These studies manipulate the amount and type of information to be remembered, the nature of the task demands, the modality of presentation of the stimuli, and the context in which the information is to be remembered. The specific hypotheses to be tested in the present project are that amnesic patients are selectively impaired on tasks that require relational memory processing, that hippocampal activity is associated selectively with relational memory processing, and that non-relational forms of memory are associated with brain systems other than the hippocampus. These experiments constitute a strong test of the claimed link between relational memory processing, amnesia, and hippocampal function. They should also serve to further clarify the nature of relational memory processing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: HYPERTONIC SALINE FOR INCREASED ICP FOLLOWING HEAD INJU* Principal Investigator & Institution: Marshall, Lawrence F.; Professor; Surgery; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Refractory intracranial hypertension is a leading cause of death in head injured children who reach the hospital alive. There is increasing evidence that hypertonic saline can reduce intracranial pressure (ICP) sufficiently if used as upfront therapy to avoid uncontrollable intracranial hypertension. A well-

16

Amnesia

established relationship between adequate control of the ICP and outcome, methods to improve ICP control are still urgently needed. A pilot prospective randomized trial of standard therapy recommended by the American Association of Neurolological Surgeons, adjusted for children, and standard therapy plus hypertonic saline is proposed. 40 children will be randomized into the 2 groups. The primary outcome measure will be percent time that the ICP is greater than 20. Secondary outcome measures of efficacy will include the frequency of objective neuroworsening as defined by Morris et al., the 6-month Glasgow Outcome Scale, the COAT (Children's Orientation Amnesia Test), and the Divided Attention Test. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMPAIRED AND PRESERVED MEMORY PROCESSES IN AMNESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Verfaellie, Mieke H.; Associate Professor; Neurology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-MAR-1998; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project examines associative memory (i.e., memory for the link or relation among different events or items) in patients with amnesia due to lesions of the medial temporal lobes or diencephalon. To date, studies of implicit and explicit memory in amnesia have focused largely on item memory. By providing an information processing analysis of amnesic patients' performance on tasks of associative memory, we hope to provide further insight into the nature of the memory processes that are impaired and preserved in amnesia. The first section of this proposal focuses on amnesics' implicit memory for novel associations. We propose to systematically investigate amnesics' performance across a range of implicit memory tasks in which new associative priming occurs at a perceptual and at a conceptual level, and in which associations are formed within-domain and across-domain. Comparison of amnesics' performance across these tasks will allow us to assess the validity of the notion that amnesia reflects a general deficit in relational memory. The second section of the proposal focuses on amnesics' explicit memory for novel associations. We evaluate whether amnesics' recognition memory for associative information is disproportionately impaired in comparison to their recognition memory for item information. We also examine whether amnesics are differentially impaired on associative memory tasks that vary in their underlying processing demands. These studies are aimed at assessing the validity of the notion that amnesics' impairment in associative recognition is due to a disproportionate impairment in recollection. Converging evidence from these two lines of study should provide important insights into the nature of associative memory and its status in amnesia. By specifying the nature of the memory processes that allow the establishment and retrieval of different forms of novel associations, this project will further our understanding of the form of memory that is critical for remembering relational information. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: LEARNING INTERACTIONS

IN

HIPPOCAMPUS

WITH

NEOCORTICAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rodriguez, Paul F.; Neurological Surgery; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-JUN-2002 Summary: This research investigates the role of the hippocampus in memory and learning of sequence processing and the nature of the cortical interactions. It has long

Studies

17

been known from studies with Amnesia patients that hippocampus is important for learning new memories and consolidation for long-term memory. From studies with rodents it is also known that the hipppocampus is important for learning task are dependent on context in a flexible and unconstrained manner. The main questions we are asking is: What is the nature of , hippocampus activity and of the interaction with cortex. The biologically plausible model of the CA3 region of the hippocampus has already been shown capable of learning temporal associations for sequence prediction, sequence disambiguation, and transitive inference tasks. The model will be augmented to simulate the cortical teaching function of the hippocampus in the context known paradigms, such as trace conditioning, to explore how reciprocal interaction may lead to enhanced time-spanning abilities, potential for chunking associated elements, and development of synchronous activity across neural systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LONG TERM HIPPOCAMPAL MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Dash, Pramod K.; Professor; Neurobiology and Anatomy; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1994; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-term goal of our research is to elucidate some of the biochemical and molecular events underlying the formation and storage of memory. Memory is initially stored in a transient state and later converted into more long-lasting forms. Long-term memory, unlike short-term memory, requires gene expression and protein synthesis. Inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis during, or shortly after, training blocks the formation of long-term memory without any effect on short-term memory. The identification of proteins and genes which are activated during training and participate in long-term memory storage is an intense area of current research. The goals of this proposal are: 1) to identify the second messenger kinases activated during behavioral training and examine their causal role, and 2) to investigate if the transcription factor CREB (Ca2+/cAMP response element binding protein) participates in the formation of long-term memory. Understanding the molecular basis of memory storage will be of value in the future development of pharmacological agents to treat amnesia associated with neurological disorders and other mental health related problems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: MAGNETIC STIMULATION THERAPY: A NEW CONVULSIVE TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Lisanby, Sarah H.; Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1999; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is the most effective somatic treatment for major depression. Yet, cognitive side effects limit its utility and substantial number fail to respond. Electrical dosage and current paths are critical to both the efficacy and side effects of ECT, suggesting that changes in activity of discrete neural systems underlie the behavioral effects. Thus, to ensure efficacy and limit side effects, clinicians need better control over current density and greater specificity in the brain regions targeted. Implementing these advances is hampered by the use of externally applied electricity. The impedance of the skull and scalp degrade the stimulus, resulting in poor control over the strength and distribution

18

Amnesia

of stimulation and variability both between and within patients. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) avoids these pitfalls by inducing current non-invasively using rapidly alternating magnetic fields that are transparent to tissue. Capitalizing on recent technical advances, we have induced seizures magnetically in anesthetized monkeys. Our data support the feasibility of magnetic seizure induction (MST) as a novel convulsive technique with enhanced control over dosing, offering the promise of fewer side effects and improved efficacy. While studies of subconvulsive rTMS are encouraging, antidepressant effect sizes are small and the likelihood of soon replacing ECT remains low. The goals of this project are to establish the feasibility and safety of MST, and compare its cognitive, physiological, and neuropathological effects with electroconvulsive shock (ECS). Four rhesus monkeys will be implanted with multicontact intracerebral electrodes to provide data on the spatial distribution of induced current and intracerebral electrophysiological effects of both ECS and MST, and address the surprising paucity of data on ECT. In a double-masked, parallel group, random assignment design, 24-monkeys will receive either sham, ECS or MST interventions over a 6-week period. Treatment groups will be compared in terms of acute recovery of orientation, amnesia, systemic side effects, ECG and EEG effects. Neuropathological studies will include gross and microscopic exam, hippocampal and anterior frontal cortex cell counts, and neuronal sprouting in hippocampus. This work will address the neuropathological consequences of the interventions, an issue of considerable public concern, and provide the basis for human trials contrasting the efficacy and adverse effects of ECT and MST. This research will also explore the mechanisms of action of this clinically relevant putative treatment and lay the foundation for its development as a new treatment for psychiatric patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE MOUSE MODELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hock, Brian J.; Genetics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2001 Summary: While numerous rodent models of AD have been examined by spatial motor tasks such as the water maze, the specific relevance of this test to AD remains unclear, as spatial memory impairments are typical of only later stage AD. In order to examine transgenic mouse models for memory impairments typically found early in AD, several different APP and PS-1 YAC transgenic mice lines as well as a well-defined cDNA-based APP transgenic mouse line (Tg2576) will be compared with late-onset APOE transgenic mice for pathological and behavioral differences in both simple and conditional odordiscrimination tasks. In the simple odor- discrimination task, mice must learn to associate which odor/sand mixture (e.g. cumin) contains a cereal reward, while the other odor/sand mixture (e.g. cocoa) contains no reward. The mice will be trained on three different odor pairs (e.g. marjoram vs. paprika and thyme vs. ginger) for a total of ten trials spread across three days. This task is unique in that we can see the exact moment memory becomes impaired by either retrograde amnesia for one of the 3 odor discriminations or impaired learning of the odor discriminations, as measured on the last day of training. The mice will be tested for retrograde amnesia by imposing an 8, 14, or 21-day retention interval for each respective odor pair. Memory will be measured by first choice reponses and time (in seconds) spent digging in each odor cup. Five groups of animals will be tested, four cross-sectional (at 12, 18 and 24 months of age) and one longitudinally until 24 months of age. The same groups will also be tested in the

Studies

19

conditional odor-discrimination task, where mice must associate their internal hunger state with the correct odor to retrieve a cereal reward. Thus, mice must learn that when they are food deprived they must dig in cocoa and when satiated, dig in cumin. Animals will be trained for 17 days and tested on days 18 and 19 in each satiation level around 24 months of age. It is hypothesized that at the time we begin to see memory impairments (around 14 months of age), Abeta deposits should be noticeable by histological analysis and when the animals are older (24 months) the pathology should be much worse as correlated with greater impairment on both the simple and conditional odordiscrimination tasks. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MEMORY SYSTEMS OF THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Squire, Larry R.; Research Career Scientist and Professor; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1979; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Studies are proposed to investigate the structure and function of mammalian memory systems. We propose neuropsychological studies of amnesic patients and patients with Parkinson's disease, studies of human eyeblink conditioning, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, and new studies in the rat, which will complement the studies in humans. The work is organized as five topics. 1. The organization of declarative memory proposes seven experiments that concern medial temporal lobe function: a) episodic and semantic memory; b) the functions of the perirhinal cortex; c) the problem of task classification; d) the hypothesis that declarative memory is flexible and non-declarative memory, less flexible. 2. Non-declarative memory as an independent entity proposes three experiments concerning a) category (prototype) learning and b) conceptual priming. 3. Eyeblink conditioning proposes four experiments to pursue our finding that awareness of the stimulus contingencies is a prerequisite for differential trace conditioning. We propose to study a) single-cue conditioning; b) the development of awareness during conditioning; c) trace conditioning in amnesia; d) the effects of divided attention on retention of trace conditioning. 4. Declarative and nondeclarative memory as revealed in fMRI proposes five experiments using blocked and event-related techniques. We will a) compare perceptual priming and recognition; b) compare priming and recognition in amnesia; and c) study medial temporal lobe activation during retrieval as a function of retention interval. 5. Complementary studies in rats proposes six experiments in our newly operational rat laboratory (up and going since March, 1998. We will assess visual recognition memory following ibotenic or radio-frequency lesions of the hippocampus using a) non- matching to sample; b) the visual paired-comparison task; c) the socially- acquired food preference task. We will also d) determine the locus and size of the effective lesion in the case of task (b) and compare the findings to what has been determined for a spatial task (Moser et al. 1993). Finally 3), we will study the temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia. It is worth noting that a key component of the work in humans is the availability of two profoundly amnesic patients who have no capacity for declarative memory. A second key component of our program is our new work with rats, which is conceptually closely related to our work with humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

20

•

Amnesia

Project Title: AMNESIA

NEUROBIOLOGICAL

MECHANISMS

OF

DIENCEPHALIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Mair, Robert G.; Professor; Psychology; University of New Hampshire Service Building Durham, Nh 038243585 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1988; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): This is a competing continuation of a project to study amnesia resulting from damage to nuclei of the diencephalon. Many current theories of learning and memory stress the role of frontal cortex and limbic cortical areas (e.g. perirhinal and entorhinal cortex and hippocampus). In contrast Korsakoff's disease and similar amnesia result presumably from damage to thalamic nuclei. The previous 10-years of this project have shown that in a rodent model of thiamine-deficiency amnesia (similar to Korsakoff's), the critical lesions occurred in the intralaminar nuclei (ILn) of the thalamus. Results have suggested that reciprocal "loops" connecting ILn with motor, prefrontal and limbic regions are critical to diencephalic amnesia. The project will pursue the role of the reciprocal connections with motor, prefrontal and limbic brain areas first by selective lesions targeted at restricted regions of ILn associated with projections to and from each brain area. Second, the experiments will compare lesions of prefrontal cortex and striatum with ILn lesions to determine the role of reciprocal cortico-basal ganglion projections in amnesia. Third, the role of hippocampal projections will be determined by lesioning the perirhinal cortical and thalamic sites of hippocampal projections. Finally, lesions of the projection targets (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) will be compared with results indicating that ILn lesions (similar to Korsakoff's disease) cause a slowing of reaction time in a serial reaction task. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUROIMAGING CORRELATES OF ECT OUTCOMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Nobler, Mitchell S.; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): ECT is a highly effective treatment tar major depressive episodes (MDE), but cognitive side effects limit its use. This study attempts to isolate the neural pathways and physiological alterations associated with ECTs most significant side effect. retrograde amnesia. At baseline, patients with MDE often have reductions in global and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Paradoxically, ECT further reduces resting rCBF and rCMR, and our preliminary data indicate that a particular topographic alteration is strongly associated with efficacy. However, our data also suggest that regional changes in resting rCBF, rCMR, and EEG following ECT are each linked to the magnitude of distinct amnestic effects. These pilot data challenge the traditional view that the amnestic effects of ECT are uniformly due to disruption of medial temporal lobe function. Rather, reduced temporopolar and prefrontal function may strongly contribute to retrograde amnesia (RA), the most persistent adverse effect of ECT. ECT provides a unique context in which to investigate the mechanisms and neural systems underlying long-term memory and retrograde amnesia, since patients can be studied both before and after they develop amnestic effects, as well as after recovery from amnesia. Forty patients with MDE and 20 matched normal controls will participate. The ECT methods selected from a randomized study will result in the greatest level of RA and yet produce marked indivudal differences in the magnitude of amnestic effects, without differences in efficacy. All participants will undergo fully

Studies

21

quantitative 0-15 PET assessments of resting rCBF and rCBF response to cognitive challenge, consisting of cued recall of recent and remote personal (episodic) and nonpersonal, fact-based (semantic) memories, using a matched task paradigm. Both groups will undergo serial neurocognitive testing with a focus on retrograde memory. Assessments will be conducted at three time points, corresponding to preECT, 3-5 days postECT, and two-month follow-up in patients. The follow-up data will provide critical information on the long-term impact of ECT on brain functional activity and the relations between these changes and the resolution/persistence of amnestic deficits. In addition to providing key information about the neurophysiology of the amnestic effects of ECT, this study will advance our understanding of (a) the functional abnormalities in MOE, (b) the pathways that subserve autobiographical (episodic) memory in normal functioning, and (c) the pathways compromised in RA. Furthermore. this work should inform the development of new therapies that more focally modulate the neural systems implicated in therapeutic response. and avoid stimulation of the neural systems implicated in the development of RA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUROIMAGING OF BENZODIAZEPINE-INDUCED AMNESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mintzer, Miriam Z.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) There is concern about the abuse and long term use of benzodiazepine anxiolytic/hypnotic drugs by polydrug abusers and patients. One of the most insidious adverse effects of benzodiazepines is a profound impairment in the ability to form memories of personally experienced events (episodic memory encoding). This project will characterize the changes in brain activity reliably associated with benzodiazepine-induced impairment of episodic memory encoding by parametrically manipulating the level of impairment, and will examine the pharmacological and neurochemical mechanisms underlying these changes. Three double blind, placebocontrolled, within-subject outpatient studies in healthy volunteers are proposed, employing well-established methods in cognitive neuroscience. Following acute drug administration, brain activity associated with performance of a verbal episodic memory encoding task will be measured by regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using positron emission tomography (PET) with 15O-H20. Experiment 1 will manipulate the level of encoding impairment via administration of three dose levels of the benzodiazepine hypnotic triazolam. Experiment 2 will manipulate the level of encoding impairment via conjoint administration of triazolam and the benzodiazepine receptor specific antagonist flumazenil, which has been shown to reverse benzodiazepine-induced amnesia; this experiment will also provide information about the pharmacological mechanisms underlying benzodiazepine-induced changes in rCBF during encoding. Experiment 3 will provide information about the neurochemical specificity of benzodiazepineinduced changes in rCBF during encoding by comparing the pattern of rCBF changes produced by triazolam to that produced by scopolamine, a compound which induces comparable decrements in episodic memory encoding but which acts via different receptor site/neurochemical mechanisms. Results of this project will enhance the understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying a serious adverse effect of a widely prescribed and abused class of drugs. Ultimately, data from this research may contribute to the development of new classes of anxiolytic/hypnotic compounds with reduced memory impairing potential, as well as compounds which act to reverse the memory-impairing effects of benzodiazepines. Results of the proposed research also will

22

Amnesia

enhance the understanding of the functional neuroanatomy of basic human memory processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUROLOGY OF MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Zola, Stuart M.; Director; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: This is our second competing continuation for a project begun in 1983. Work during the most recent funding period (1987-present) has resulted in 27 publications that lay out the steps that have established an animal model of amnesia in the monkey and in identifying the anatomical components of the medial temporal lobe memory system. These developments allow us to now address a fundamental issue concerning memory function, that is, how individual structures of this system contribute to memory. The present proposal involves detailed behavioral and anatomic analyses of a group of normal monkeys and seven operated groups of monkeys including those with damage to components of the medial temporal lobe memory system and to area TE. Two major long-standing issues will be addressed: (1) Short-term Memory. Despite its theoretical importance, and its sparing in human amnesia, short-term memory has rarely been assessed in monkeys or other animals. We will determine whether damage to the medial temporal lobe spares short-term memory. A key aspect of this component of the project is to ask whether the pattern of performance on tests of short-term memory following lesions that involve the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex resembles more closely the pattern associated with lesions of the hippocampus or the pattern associated with TE lesions. (2) Specialization of Function Within the Medial Temporal Lobe. We will determine if the components of the medial temporal lobe memory system have specialized memory functions by determining if lesions of these structures result in disproportionate deficits in any of two domains of memory relative to recognition memory: objective-reward association and spatial memory. We will also reference the effects of lesions in the medial temporal lobe, which are predicted to affect memory without affecting visual processing, to the effects of damage in an area where we expect to find a visual processing deficit. Thus, we will also determine the effect on these domains of lesions to area TE. This work is advantaged by new facts about the neuroanatomy of the primate temporal lobe that make differential predictions about the effects of specific lesions on visual and spatial memory task performance. In addition, we will compare the effects of circumscribed hippocampal and amygdala lesions to the effects of larger lesions that include adjacent cortex. A finding that hippocampal damage effects spatial memory to the same degree as do larger lesions would suggest that the hippocampus has a special role in spatial memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: NEUROMODULATION AND CORTICAL MEMORY FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hasselmo, Michael E.; Professor; Psychology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This continuation application focuses on how different time courses of acetylcholine (ACh) and GABA effects influence the functional dynamics of cortical structures. Preliminary data shows that presynaptic muscarinic and GABAb receptors selectively suppress potentials at

Studies

23

excitatory cortical feedback connections, and that these effects have different time courses. ACh and GABA input from the medial septum are associated with theta rhythm oscillation in the hippocampal EEG. Network modeling shows that phasic changes in GABAb modulation of synaptic transmission during theta may enhance sequence storage in hippocampal region CA3. Modeling also shows that suppression of feedback from hippocampus to neocortex by high ACh levels during awake behavior may decrease interference during the encoding of new information in the hippocampus, whereas slow drops in ACh during quite waking and slow wave sleep may set dynamics for consolidation (transfer of information from hippocampus to neocortex). Models motivate testing of two physiological hypotheses: Hypothesis #1. Changes in GABA interneuron activity during theta rhythm oscillations may cause phasic changes in modulation of synaptic potentials. Tests of this hypothesis include measuring size of evoked potentials at different phases of the theta rhythm cycle, testing the time course of GABAb modulation in heterosynaptic depression and after brief applications of GABA, and testing enhancement of encoding by phasic modulation in simulations of hippocampal region CA3. Hypothesis #2. Changes in acetylcholine levels may cause slow state changes in modulation of synaptic feedback from hippocampus to entorhinal cortex. Test of this hypothesis include measuring size of EPSPs induced in entorhinal cortex by stimulation of region CA1 during theta and non-theta EEG states, testing the time course of muscarinic recrptor activation in brain slice preparation, and testing other modulatory effects of acetylcholine in cortical structures. ACh levels and GABAergic interneuron activity change dramatically during different stages of waking and sleep. ACh blockade can cause amnesia and hallucinations. Loss of GABA effects can result in seizures. Disorders of this modulation may contribute to memory deficits in Alzheimers disease and Lewy Body dementia, disorders of REM sleep in depression, and breakdown of slow wave sleep in developmental disorders such as Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Research could guide combined use of drugs influencing GABAb and ACh receptors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEURONAL PATHWAYS UNDERLYING IN VITRO MOTOR LEARNING Principal Investigator & Institution: Keifer, Joyce N.; Associate Professor; Anatomy; University of South Dakota 414 E Clark St Vermillion, Sd 57069 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Insights into the processes of learning and memory have fundamental implications for understanding memory disorders such as occur during amnesia and Alzheimer's disease. Conditioned response learning is a simple form of associative learning. A promising model to study the neural mechanisms underlying associative learning is the classically conditioned eye-blink reflex. The classically conditioned eyeblink reflex has been widely adopted for physiologic studies of the mechanisms of associative learning. Simple in vitro model systems of associative learning have been established in several species of marine mollusks. These preparations have greatly facilitated our understanding of the neural mechanisms of learning and memory. Similar model systems of learning in vertebrates have previously been hampered by the technical limitations of maintaining the viability of large portions of intact neural tissue in isolation. This problem was recently overcome by the development of an in vitro brainstem-cerebellum preparation from the turtle which takes advantage of this species' extraordinary resistance to anoxia. Using this preparation, conditioning of reflex pathways was undertaken simply by using electrical stimulation of sensory nerves

24

Amnesia

rather than more natural stimuli such as a tone or airpuff. Preliminary data show that a neural correlate of the conditioned eye-blink reflex, the abducens nerve response, can be generated entirely in vitro. Using this model, studies of the neural mechanisms underlying this form of motor learning will complement those studies using whole animal preparations. The goals of the present project are to elucidate the synaptic organization of the abducens eye-blink reflex circuitry and the mechanisms that may underlie associative learning in this in vitro preparation. The Specific Aims are: to evaluate whether NMDA receptors are required for classical conditioning by training the preparation in the presence or absence of the NMDA receptor antagonist APV, to examine the morphological distribution of synaptic inputs from nerves V (US) and pVIII (CS) onto abducens motoneurons using anterograde transport of Fluoro-Ruby and intracellular Lucifer yellow fills in fixed slices, to examine the morphological distribution of NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors on LY-filled abducens motoneurons using immunocytochemistry, to identify the premotor pathways afferent to the abducens motoneurons using retrograde and anterograde tract tracing methods, and to determine the behavioral correlate of the abducens nerve CR by recording EMGs in a reduced preparation and by classical conditioning of the eye-blink reflex in alert turtles. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PRESERVED AND DISRUPTED MEMORY PROCESSING IN AMNESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Schnyer, David M.; Psychiatry; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): An intense and continuing debate about the nature of memory in the human brain was triggered by the discovery that amnesic patients, despite being unable to explicitly report a prior event, displayed changes in behavior due to that event. While behavioral research has illuminated many important aspects of this phenomenon, referred to as repetition priming, basic questions regarding brain mechanisms require functional brain imaging techniques. Recent developments in fMRI and its multimodal integration with EEG and MEG are beginning to provide sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to address questions about the neural basis of preserved priming in amnesia. The candidate, a Clinical Neuropsychologist with a published background in human EEG, is proposing a 5-year program of education, training and research focused on developing expertise in fMRI and MEG, their multimodal integration, and the application of these techniques to the study amnesia. Serving as a primary mentor, Dr. Mieke Verfaellie, Director of the Memory Disorders Research Center at Boston University, will provide her extensive research experience in the study of patients suffering non-progressive memory loss. As secondary mentors, Dr. Anders Dale (Associate Director, Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center) and Dr. Eric Halgren (Director, MEG Core MGH-NMR Center) will contribute with expertise in the use and integration of fMRI, EEG and MEG as well as adding important access to the rapidly growing NMR research center at MGH. This unique team of mentors will provide the needed combination of expertise and resources for the candidate to carry out a 5-year program of research focused to address three specific aims. First, we propose to map the functional neuroanatomy of two forms of priming (with and without awareness of a priming stimulus) and determine the extent to which amnesics and normals recruit the same neural mechanisms. Secondly, we propose to examine the effect of time between events on priming, which we predict will affect amnesics and

Studies

25

normals differentially. Finally, we will attempt to determine which neural processing events are crucial for priming to take place and how these relate to effects previously observed in neuroimaging studies of priming. These studies will integrate the training, education and research components of this proposal in order for the candidate to emerge as an independent and productive researcher with a unique set of methodological skills to apply towards the study of amnesia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PRIMING DEFICITS & BRAIN SYSTEMS IN DEMENTIA & AMNESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Jernigan, Terry L.; Clinical Research Psychologist; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): Priming is a form of implicit memory, and refers to the fact that the mere processing of an item can facilitate subsequent processing of that same item. Priming effects can occur in the absence of conscious recollection of the prior study episode, and it has been suggested that priming and explicit memory are mediated by different memory systems. Evidence from memory disordered patients is critical for this hypothesis, since if it is possible to link the breakdown of explicit memory and priming to damage to different brain regions this would strengthen the independent memory systems hypothesis. Many studies have found normal priming effects in amnesic patients and some investigators have reported impaired priming in patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, many difficulties are associated with evaluating priming effects in memory impaired subjects. The priming measures may be less sensitive than explicit memory measures, and the lack of group differences on priming measures may simply reflect low measurement sensitivity. The degree of priming obtained in a given task is related to processing efficiency (i.e., baseline performance) with less efficient processing resulting in greater priming. Therefore, if patients have even mild processing deficits this may mask priming impairments. The proposed project consists of a series of experiments designed to manipulate baseline performance and sensitivity of the priming measures. Normal control subjects across the adult age range and three groups of patients will be investigated; patients with probable Alzheimer's disease, patients with Huntington's disease and amnestic patients. These patient groups differ in the severity of their explicit memory deficits and in the extent to which different component processes contributing to their baseline performance are compromised. In addition to the behavioral measures, measures of volume loss in specific brain structures will be obtained from MRI. These brain measures will be related to the behavioral indices, using a multiple regression approach, to determine the specific role of each brain region in baseline processing speed, explicit memory, and strength of priming. Specific hypotheses about the relationship between the behavioral and structural brain measures derived from the investigators' previous studies will be tested. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: PRIMING NEW ASSOCIATES IN AMNESIA--A PROCESS ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rajaram, Suparna; Psychology; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2004

26

Amnesia

Summary: The long-term research objectives of this project are: (a) to identify the experimental conditions under which implicit memory for new verbal associations can be developed in normals as well as amnesics, and (b) to specify the cognitive processes that "unitize" or bind the elements of these associations. Two major classes of theories of memory - the systems approach and the processing approach -provide the framework for the proposed studies. In order to understand the conditions and processes that mediate implicit memory for new verbal associations, an experimental analysis of three pivotal issues unexamined in the existing literature is proposed. The first set of studies will examine the role of repetition in binding the elements of the new association at the perceptual level, at the conceptual level, or both. The second set of studies will determine the role of cue constraints in the priming of new verbal associations in amnesia. It is hypothesized here that perceptually constrained cues will be more effective in reducing interference from other responses and in accessing the unitized representations of new associations. The third set of studies will manipulate proactive interference to assess whether new associations in amnesia are perceptual and/or conceptual in nature. Manipulations of these variables will provide converging evidence on the nature of unitization of new associations in implicit memory. Accuracy data in test performance will be collected from three groups of subjects, amnesic patients, matched controls-Implicit, and matched controls- Explicit. These studies are expected to provide mutual knowledge about the functioning of implicit memory in normals as well as amnesics. Specifically, these studies will identify the mechanisms by which new implicit memories may develop in normals when explicit memory contamination is greatly reduced. An understanding of the facilitatory and inhibitory factors in the development of new memories in amnesics has important implications for the management of amnesia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROGESTERONE TREATMENT OF BLUNT TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kellermann, Arthur L.; Emergency Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of premature death and disability worldwide. Few effective treatments exist. Based on encouraging results from studies with animals, we hypothesize that early administration of progesterone to victims of moderate to severe TBI reduces secondary brain injury and improves neurological outcomes. Prior to proceeding with a full-scale clinical trial, we propose to conduct a pilot study by identifying and recruiting eligible subjects at a single level I trauma center. Consenting subjects will be randomly assigned to receive either IV infusion of progesterone or an equivalent volume of placebo. The study team, which will be blinded to treatment status, will monitor each subject's clinical progress and assess outcome at one month post-injury. The primary objectives of this pilot study are to: 1) achieve proper dosing of the study drug, 2) gather data on drug safety, and 3) generate preliminary evidence of efficacy. The secondary objective is to identify the most appropriate clinical subgroup(s) for subsequent treatment in a multi-center trial. To identify the correct dosage and infusion rate to achieve a steady state serum progesterone concentration (SSSPC) level of 450 nmole/L + 100 in our subjects, we will statistically examine the SSSPCs of the first ten subjects randomized to progesterone. To test the safety of the progesterone infusion, we will monitor patients for several unlikely, but potential complications of progesterone administration. To assess the

Studies

27

potential efficacy of the progesterone for TBI, we will compare treatment groups with respect to duration of coma, death at one month post-injury, and most important, neurological outcome at one month post-injury. Three measures of neurological outcome will be used: the Glasgow Outcome Score, the Disability Rating Scale, and the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test. Once these objectives are accomplished, we will apply the lessons learned in this pilot study to mount a multi-center, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous progesterone for treatment of traumatic brain injury. If the therapeutic benefits observed in animals are replicated in humans, administration of intravenous progesterone should produce several benefits, including: a) decreased duration of coma; b) decreased mortality; and c) improved neurological function. If these hypotheses are verified, this it will represent a major advance in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF ACUTE TBI Principal Investigator & Institution: Hillary, Frank G.; Kessler Medical Rehab Res & Educ Corp Research & Education Corp. West Orange, Nj 07052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Each year 230,000 people are hospitalized and survive moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). As a result, a large number of individuals with TBI endure life-long impairment and disability. Acute rating scales such as the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) have shown limited predictive validity regarding patient outcome and traditional neuroimaging techniques such as CT and MRI maintain limited correlations with brain injury severity and cognitive functioning. Continued advances in neuroimaging, however, have provided researchers with an important opportunity to study the pathophysiology of brain dysfunction following TBI. According to the NCMRR, "the neurobiology of TBI in humans should be studied with modern imaging techniques". The purpose of this study is to correlate proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), an advanced neuroimaging technique, with behavioral measures of TBI severity and cognitive outcome. MRS measures the concentration of cerebral metabolites such as N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and glutamate (Glu). While MRS has shown promise in predicting brain injury severity and patient outcome, the exact protocols for using MRS with TBI remain undetermined and the purpose of the proposed study is to examine three critical areas: (1) the post-injury time period when the MRS data should be acquired (e.g., within one week or within one month of injury); (2) how metabolites should be measured (i.e., absolute concentrations or changes in concentration over time); and (3) the brain locations best suited for MRS data acquisition (i.e., acquisition near lesion sites or acquisition at sites remote from probable brain lesion). The proposed study will make determinations in these three areas through the use of two acute MRS scans following TBI to measure concentrations of NAA, Cho and Glu and their correlation with injury severity and cognitive variables. In addition, correlation of acute MRS data with behavioral data (e.g., duration of loss of consciousness, duration of post-traumatic amnesia) will elucidate the relationship between changes in brain metabolism and changes in patient behavior during acute recovery from TBI. The present proposal will employ a promising, noninvasive neuroimaging technique, MRS, to determine the most appropriate protocols (i.e., timing, metabolic measurement, brain location for data acquisition) for application of MRS to acute TBI. With an established protocol for using MRS, this instrument should prove

28

Amnesia

useful for determining the effectiveness of acute interventions (e.g. hypothermia, pharmacologic intervention) and for predicting the acute course of patient recovery. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RETRIEVAL PROCESSES IN MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Ratcliff, Roger; Northwestern University 633 Clark Street Evanston, Il 60208

Professor;

Psychology;

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1989; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The highest level goal of the proposed research is an understanding of the processes and structures of human memory and the processes involved in simple decision making. Investigation is planned in five theoretically related domains. In the first domain, three models of choice reaction time (the diffusion model, the OU model, and the accumulator model) will be tested against data from simple perceptual decision tasks and from higher level cognitive tasks. Second, the models' abilities to elucidate the processes by which information is retrieved from long term memory will be examined. The aim is to see whether the reaction time models can be usefully combined with the new memory models that have been developed recently, and if so, provide simultaneous empirical tests of both kinds of model. Third, relatively little work has been done on testing models for situations in which there are more than two response choices, in part because multichoice models of reaction time are often mathematically intractable and they have many parameters. But with fast computers and large experiments, we will be able to constrain and test the models. Fourth, our work with reaction time models has naturally led to tests of the currently leading models for categorization, exemplar models and distance from criterion models. We plan to examine ways to distinguish between these classes of models and also add to them mechanisms for predicting decision response times. Fifth, we continue work on implicit memory models. Research on implicit memory has usually progressed without any specific models of the processes involved in the tasks used to assess implicit memory. By proposing such models, we hope to raise the debate about implicit memory to consideration of the mechanisms by which priming effects come about. We plan to develop models for the frequently used picture naming and stern completion tasks. Overall, the proposed research represents the interaction of two methodologies: the development of explicit models of processing and representation and the development of empirical tests and data bases for those models. An important theme is the use of new models to serve as competitors for well established views, with the aim of driving research in new directions. The proposed research is relevant to themes described in the NIMH "Decade of the Brain" report to Congress. The broad class of models to be examined can be seen as neurally inspired, and these models have been applied to various pathologies (e.g., amnesia and dyslexia). Future applications of well-validated models could help discriminate such issues as whether memory deficits are due to encoding or retrieval problems or whether rapid automatic processes or slower more conscious ones are faulty. Reaction time models especially might lead to diagnostic techniques that are non-invasive and relatively inexpensive. In general, the more we know about the human cognitive system, the more we can improve and augment traditional diagnostic methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RETROGRADE AMNESIA AFTER HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Sutherland, Robert James.; Professor; University of Lethbridge 4401 University Dr Lethbridge,

Studies

29

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Memory disorders are probably the most common symptom after any process that disrupts normal medial temporal lobe functioning. The most severe form of disorder involves the loss of ability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) and the loss of memories from before the damage (retrograde amnesia). Three experiments with rats are proposed which address fundamental properties of the neural mechanisms of retrograde amnesia. The first evaluates the temporal dependence of retrograde amnesia produced by nearly complete, selective hippocampal formation damage caused by multiple microinjections of N-methylDaspartate. Using both a between- and within-subject design, we evaluate the severity of retrograde amnesia for 4 types of information, spatial map, contextual conditioning, configural discriminations, and socially transmitted diet preference. Several intervals between training and hippocampal damage are sampled, between 1 and 64 weeks. Further, we independently test the effects of memory reactivations and subject age at the time of remote learning. Second, we compare the selectivity of the retrograde deficits with anterograde deficits for certain types of information. Anterograde amnesia affects declarative/relational/configural information and not nondeclarative/nonrelational/elemental information. Using variants of 4 tasks involving Morris water task, Pavlovian fear conditioning, socially transmitted diet preference, and transverse patterning we examine this distinction in retrograde amnesia after hippocampal damage. Third, we compare the retrograde gradients and the task specificity with different extents of hippocampal damage, using varying numbers of NMDA microinjections and colchicine dentate gyrus microinjections. The comparisons will address the hypotheses that temporal gradients in retrograde amnesia are related to the amount of spared hippocampal circuitry and that dentate gyrus circuitry contributes only at the time of initial memory acquisition. The results bear upon fundamental aspects of hippocampal dependent, long-term memory consolidation theories and will delineate a more precise role for the hippocampus formation in long-term memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STAGES OF MOTOR SKILL CONSOLIDATION IN THE HUMAN BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Shadmehr, Reza; Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: We aim to study the changes that take place in the output of the motor system and its neural correlates in the brain as humans learn a motor skill with the arm, and describe how the neural and functional representation of the skill changes in the hours after completion of practice. We hypothesize that during these hours, motor memories undergo a process of consolidation. Our principal experimental tool is a robotic system that subjects learn to control with their arm. We will perform psychophysical and neuroimaging experiments coupled with computational modeling to pursue the following objectives: To understand, using a mathematical model, the changes that take place in the motor output as reaching movements are made in a novel force field; To describe the time course of changes in functional properties of motor memory in the hours after completion of practice; To describe the neural correlates of motor memory consolidation through functional imaging; To ask whether the timedependent functional properties associated with motor memory are intact in amnesia; To better understand the role of the cerebellum and the striatum in learning of reaching movements by studying motor learning in patients with cerebellar disease and

30

Amnesia

Huntington's Disease. With a better understanding of how the normal brain learns a new motor skills and how time influences its representation, we will better understand motor learning and rehabilitation processes in the damaged brain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STIMULUS SELECTION AND INFANTILE AMNESIA ALLEVIATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Spear, Norman E.; Distinguished Professor of Psychology; Psychology; State University New York Binghamton Vestal Pky E Binghamton, Ny 13901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-SEP-1980; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: STRATEGY SHIFTS AND AUTOMATIZATION OF COGNITIVE SKILLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rickard, Timothy C.; Psychology; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The proposed research will employ a variety of skill learning tasks to investigate four basic aspects of human cognition: 1) The limitations of parallel information processing, 2) The mechanisms of strategy choice, 3) The properties of the memory system involved in skill learning, and the relations between that memory system and human memory more generally, and 4) The specificity of memory. The research will test and extend the PI's previous work in the areas of skill acquisition, skill transfer, and memory and amnesia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: THE ROLE OF PERCEPTUAL FLUENCY IN RECOGNITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Westerman, Deanne L.; Psychology; State University New York Binghamton Vestal Pky E Binghamton, Ny 13901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recognition memory is the ability to discriminate between events that have and have not occurred in the past. A thorough understanding of recognition memory is essential to many important topics, such as eyewitness memory, memories of traumatic events, and memory disorders such as amnesia and the symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease. All current theories of recognition memory propose that recognition performance is based on the assessed familiarity of a stimulus, with greater levels of familiarity increasing the probability that an item will be classified as "old" on a recognition memory test. One factor that contributes to the assessed familiarity of a stimulus is the speed and ease with which that stimulus is perceived--a factor that has been termed perceptual fluency (Jacoby & Dallas, 1981). Stimuli that are perceived fluently are more likely to be called "old" on a recognition test compared to stimuli that are perceived less fluently, regardless of whether they are old or new. It is theorized that the relationship between perceptual fluency and recognition memory is mediated by an attributional process whereby perceptual fluency is interpreted as a sign of previous experience with a stimulus. The primary question that is addressed in this proposal is whether the attributional process that mediates the role fluency in recognition is sensitivity to the relevance of perceptual fluency as a sign of

Studies

31

prior occurrence. The results of numerous experiments investigating the relative size of perceptual priming effects as a function of differences in the perceptual form of targets and lures suggest that perceptual fluency is more relevant as a sign of prior experience in situations in which there is a perceptual match between the first and subsequent presentations of a stimulus (e.g., Blaxton, 1989; Rajaram & Roediger, 1993; Weldon, 1991). Therefore, the perceptual match between the study and test phases of recognition memory experiments will be manipulated in the proposed experiments. Eleven experiments are described. In all experiments, the perceptual fluency of a portion of the test items is enhanced through priming. The results of Experiments 1-3 (total N = 168) provide pilot data that demonstrate that the role of perceptual fluency in recognition depends on the sensory match between the study and test phases of the experiment. Eight additional experiments are proposed that will a.) further investigate how variations in perceptual form between the study and test phases of the experiment moderate the influence of perceptual fluency in recognition memory b.) examine alternate theoretical accounts for experimental results and c.) investigate potential differenced between the role of fluency in recognition and other types of judgments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE ROLE OF THE AMYGDALA IN ANESTHETIC-INDUCED AMNESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Alkire, Michael T.; Assistant Anesthesiology; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600

Professor;

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): General anesthetic agents have two fundamental properties, an ability to cause immobility in response to pain and an ability to cause amnesia. Understanding anesthesia requires understanding both phenomenon. We recently demonstrated, using inhibitory avoidance learning in rats, that the basolateral amygdala (BL) is critically nvolved with mediating the amnesic effects of propofol general anesthesia. Propofol does not produce amnesia if the BL is lesioned. Further pilot work found that intra-amygdala microinfusions of the GABA antagonist bicuculline also attenuated the amnesic effects of propofol, suggesting that GABAergic mechanisms may underlie this response. This proposal will help fill the gap in knowledge that exists regarding the role of the amygdala as a mediator of anestheticinduced amnesia. We specifically aim to: 1) determine whether the amygdala mediates the amnesia of volatile anesthetic agents studied under steady-state learning conditions at equivalent MAC% doses, 2) further elucidate the cellular mechanisms of propofol's amnesic effects, and 3) begin to determine how neuroanatomic pathways to and from the amygdala mediate these effects. We will use the rat inhibitory avoidance model to assess, in vivo, the effects of various anesthetics and amygdala manipulations on memory processing. Initial experiments, following appropriate dose-response studies, will determine whether excitotoxic-induced bilateral lesions of the BL will block the amnesia of the volitile anesthetic agents halothane (thought to act preferentially on the amygdala) and isoflurane (a commonly used inhalational agent). Subsequent experiments will use intra-amygdala microinfusion techniques with the specific GABA blocker picrotoxin to assess the contribution played by the GABAergic system in mediating propofol-induced amnesia. Lesions of a main amygdala pathway, the stria terminalis, will also be studied. Collectively, the proposed experiments should provide the most complete understanding to date of specific brain systems mediating anestheticinduced amnesia and will provide a solid foundation for further work on the mechanisms of drug induced amnesia.

32

Amnesia

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for amnesia in the PubMed Central database: •

Basolateral Amygdala Lesions Block Diazepam-Induced Anterograde Amnesia in an Inhibitory Avoidance Task. by Tomaz C, Dickinson-Anson H, McGaugh JL.; 1992 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48919

•

Developmental amnesia: Effect of age at injury. by Vargha-Khadem F, Salmond CH, Watkins KE, Friston KJ, Gadian DG, Mishkin M.; 2003 Aug 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187763

•

Posttraumatic Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia: Pathophysiology and Implications in Grading and Safe Return to Play. by Cantu RC.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155413

•

Reversible Inactivation of the Insular Cortex by Tetrodotoxin Produces Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia for Inhibitory Avoidance and Spatial Learning. by Bermudez-Rattoni F, Introini-Collison IB, McGaugh JL.; 1991 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51876

•

The Animal Model of Human Amnesia: Long-Term Memory Impaired and ShortTerm Memory Intact. by Alvarez P, Zola-Morgan S, Squire LR.; 1994 Jun 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44051

•

Visual memory-deficit amnesia: A distinct amnesic presentation and etiology. by Rubin DC, Greenberg DL.; 1998 Apr 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20275

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

Studies

33

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with amnesia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for amnesia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 51-year-old woman with disorientation and amnesia. Author(s): Denays R, Collier A, Rubinstein M, Atsama P. Source: Lancet. 1999 November 20; 354(9192): 1786. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10577641&dopt=Abstract

•

A case of amnesia at an early age. Author(s): Brizzolara D, Casalini C, Montanaro D, Posteraro F. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 605-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14584545&dopt=Abstract

•

A case of reversible amnesia. Author(s): Stone J, Campbell IW, Moran GD, Mumford CJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 January; 77(903): 54-5, 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11123403&dopt=Abstract

•

A cholinergic explanation of dense amnesia. Author(s): Easton A, Parker A. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 813-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14584554&dopt=Abstract

•

A comparison of normal forgetting, psychopathology, and information-processing models of reported amnesia for recent sexual trauma. Author(s): Mechanic MB, Resick PA, Griffin MG. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1998 December; 66(6): 948-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9874908&dopt=Abstract

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

34

Amnesia

•

A comparison of three tests to detect feigned amnesia: the effects of feedback and the measurement of response latency. Author(s): Bolan B, Foster JK, Schmand B, Bolan S. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002 April; 24(2): 154-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992198&dopt=Abstract

•

A meta-analysis of GCS 15 head injured patients with loss of consciousness or posttraumatic amnesia. Author(s): Batchelor J, McGuiness A. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2002 November; 19(6): 515-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421774&dopt=Abstract

•

A neuropsychological analysis of memory and amnesia. Author(s): Verfaellie M, O'Connor M. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 2000; 20(4): 455-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11149701&dopt=Abstract

•

A SPECT study of the anatomy of transient global amnesia. Author(s): Warren JD, Chatterton B, Thompson PD. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2000 January; 7(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10847653&dopt=Abstract

•

A study of anxiety, and midazolam-induced amnesia in patients having lower third molar teeth extracted. Author(s): Bell GW, Kelly PJ. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2000 December; 38(6): 596602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092773&dopt=Abstract

•

A tiny hippocampal ischemic lesion associated with transient global amnesia. Author(s): Jeong Y, Kim GM, Min Song Y, Na DL. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 16(4): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130190&dopt=Abstract

•

Acquisition and transfer of new verbal information in amnesia: retrieval and neuroanatomical constraints. Author(s): Rajaram S, Coslett HB. Source: Neuropsychology. 2000 July; 14(3): 427-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928746&dopt=Abstract

Studies

35

•

Acquisition of novel semantic information in amnesia: effects of lesion location. Author(s): Verfaellie M, Koseff P, Alexander MP. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2000; 38(4): 484-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10683398&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Bourgeois JA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 November; 157(11): 1884-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058494&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia and neonaticide. Author(s): Mendlowicz MV, Rapaport MH, Fontenelle L, Jean-Louis G, De Moraes TM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 March; 159(3): 498-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870035&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia and the declarative/nondeclarative distinction: a recurrent network model of classification, recognition, and repetition priming. Author(s): Kinder A, Shanks DR. Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2001 July 1; 13(5): 648-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506662&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia due to fornix infarction. Author(s): Moudgil SS, Azzouz M, Al-Azzaz A, Haut M, Gutmann L. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2000 June; 31(6): 1418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10835465&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia during cold water immersion: a case report. Author(s): Castellani JW, Young AJ, Sawka MN, Backus VL, Canete JJ. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 1998 Fall; 9(3): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11990187&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia for childhood in patients with unexplained neurological symptoms. Author(s): Stone J, Sharpe M, Elrington G. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 March; 72(3): 416-7. Erratum In: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002 May; 72(5): 684. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11861716&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia is a deficit in relational memory. Author(s): Ryan JD, Althoff RR, Whitlow S, Cohen NJ. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2000 November; 11(6): 454-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11202489&dopt=Abstract

36

Amnesia

•

Amnesia treated successfully. Author(s): Walstra GJ, Overweg J. Source: Age and Ageing. 2002 January; 31(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850314&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia, cerebral atrophy, and autoimmunity. Author(s): Schott JM, Harkness K, Barnes J, della Rocchetta AI, Vincent A, Rossor MN. Source: Lancet. 2003 April 12; 361(9365): 1266. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699955&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia, flashbacks, nightmares, and dissociation in aging concentration camp survivors. Author(s): Merckelbach H, Dekkers T, Wessel I, Roefs A. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003 March; 41(3): 351-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600404&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia, neuroendocrine levels and PTSD in motor vehicle accident victims. Author(s): Flesher MR, Delahanty DL, Raimonde AJ, Spoonster E. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2001 October; 15(10): 879-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11595084&dopt=Abstract

•

An emotion-induced retrograde amnesia in humans is amygdala- and betaadrenergic-dependent. Author(s): Strange BA, Hurlemann R, Dolan RJ. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 November 11; 100(23): 13626-31. Epub 2003 October 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14595032&dopt=Abstract

•

An individual patient comparison of response to a memory training program-psychogenic V organic amnesia: brief report. Author(s): Izumi SI, Yasueda M, Hihara N, Yamamoto E, Sawatari M, Ishida A. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1998 September-October; 77(5): 458-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9798841&dopt=Abstract

•

An unusual presentation of inhalant abuse with dissociative amnesia. Author(s): Miller PW, Mycyk MB, Leikin JB, Ruland SD. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 2002 February; 44(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824766&dopt=Abstract

Studies

37

•

Anomia for people's names, a restricted form of transient epileptic amnesia. Author(s): Ghika-Schmid F, Nater B. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 November; 10(6): 651-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14641509&dopt=Abstract

•

Are aphasic patients who fail the GOAT in PTA? A modified Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test for persons with aphasia. Author(s): Jain NS, Layton BS, Murray PK. Source: Clin Neuropsychol. 2000 February; 14(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10855056&dopt=Abstract

•

Assumptions of infantile amnesia: are there differences between early and later memories? Author(s): West TA, Bauer PJ. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1999 May; 7(3): 257-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659077&dopt=Abstract

•

Basal forebrain amnesia: does the nucleus accumbens contribute to human memory? Author(s): Goldenberg G, Schuri U, Gromminger O, Arnold U. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 August; 67(2): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10406982&dopt=Abstract

•

Bilateral astrocytoma involving the limbic system precipitating disabling amnesia and seizures. Author(s): Gillespie JS, Craig JJ, McKinstry CS. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 2000 June; 9(4): 301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10880295&dopt=Abstract

•

Cerebral perfusion during transient global amnesia: findings with HMPAO SPECT. Author(s): Schmidtke K, Reinhardt M, Krause T. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 January; 39(1): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9443755&dopt=Abstract

•

Changes in cerebral blood flow and vasoreactivity in response to acetazolamide in patients with transient global amnesia. Author(s): Sakashita Y, Kanai M, Sugimoto T, Taki S, Takamori M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1997 November; 63(5): 605-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9408101&dopt=Abstract

38

Amnesia

•

Childhood amnesia: on answering questions about very early life events. Author(s): Eacott MJ, Crawley RA. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1999 May; 7(3): 279-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659078&dopt=Abstract

•

Cognitive functions after transient topographical amnesia. Author(s): Stracciari A, Lorusso S, Delli Ponti A, Mattarozzi K, Tempestini A. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2002 July; 9(4): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099925&dopt=Abstract

•

Cognitive procedural learning in amnesia. Author(s): Schmidtke K, Handschu R, Vollmer H. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1996 December; 32(3): 441-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8975682&dopt=Abstract

•

Comments on Mayes and Downes: “What do theories of the functional deficit(s) underlying amnesia have to explain?”. Author(s): Kopelman MD. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1997 January-March; 5(1-2): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9190277&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of the serial position effect in very mild Alzheimer's disease, mild Alzheimer's disease, and amnesia associated with electroconvulsive therapy. Author(s): Bayley PJ, Salmon DP, Bondi MW, Bui BK, Olichney J, Delis DC, Thomas RG, Thal LJ. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2000 March; 6(3): 290-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10824501&dopt=Abstract

•

Conducting without memory - a case report on transient global amnesia. Author(s): Evers S, Frese A, Bethke F. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2002 November; 9(6): 695-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453094&dopt=Abstract

•

Consolidating dispersed neocortical memories: the missing link in amnesia. Author(s): Paller KA. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1997 January-March; 5(1-2): 73-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156092&dopt=Abstract

Studies

39

•

Consolidation theory and retrograde amnesia in humans. Author(s): Brown AS. Source: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2002 September; 9(3): 403-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412884&dopt=Abstract

•

Continuing cognitive impairment after isolated transient global amnesia. Author(s): Kessler J, Markowitsch HJ, Rudolf J, Heiss WD. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2001; 106(3-4): 159-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264917&dopt=Abstract

•

Contrast study on cognitive function with MRI and positron emission tomography imaging in transient global amnesia. Author(s): Jia J, Wang L, Yin L, Tang H. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2002 September; 115(9): 1321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411103&dopt=Abstract

•

Contribution of recollection and familiarity judgements to rate of forgetting in organic amnesia. Author(s): Green RE, Kopelman MD. Source: Cortex. 2002 April; 38(2): 161-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056687&dopt=Abstract

•

Cross-cultural and gender differences in childhood amnesia. Author(s): MacDonald S, Uesiliana K, Hayne H. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 2000 November; 8(6): 365-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145068&dopt=Abstract

•

Dangerous T-cell amnesia. Author(s): Gorochov G. Source: Nature Medicine. 1999 May; 5(5): 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229218&dopt=Abstract

•

Degeneration of anterior thalamic nuclei differentiates alcoholics with amnesia. Author(s): Harding A, Halliday G, Caine D, Kril J. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2000 January; 123 ( Pt 1): 141-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10611128&dopt=Abstract

•

Detecting the faking of amnesia: a comparison of the effectiveness of three different techniques for distinguishing simulators from patients with amnesia. Author(s): Hanley JR, Baker GA, Ledson S. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1999 February; 21(1): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10421002&dopt=Abstract

40

Amnesia

•

Developmental amnesia and its relationship to degree of hippocampal atrophy. Author(s): Isaacs EB, Vargha-Khadem F, Watkins KE, Lucas A, Mishkin M, Gadian DG. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 October 28; 100(22): 13060-3. Epub 2003 Oct 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14555756&dopt=Abstract

•

Developmental amnesia associated with early hypoxic-ischaemic injury. Author(s): Gadian DG, Aicardi J, Watkins KE, Porter DA, Mishkin M, Vargha-Khadem F. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2000 March; 123 Pt 3: 499-507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686173&dopt=Abstract

•

Developmental amnesia: effect of age at injury. Author(s): Vargha-Khadem F, Salmond CH, Watkins KE, Friston KJ, Gadian DG, Mishkin M. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 August 19; 100(17): 10055-60. Epub 2003 Aug 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904585&dopt=Abstract

•

Diencephalic amnesia and apraxia after left thalamic infarction. Author(s): Warren JD, Thompson PD, Thompson PD. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 February; 68(2): 248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10702039&dopt=Abstract

•

Different patterns of autobiographical memory loss in semantic dementia and medial temporal lobe amnesia: a challenge to consolidation theory. Author(s): Westmacott R, Leach L, Freedman M, Moscovitch M. Source: Neurocase : Case Studies in Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioural Neurology. 2001; 7(1): 37-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239075&dopt=Abstract

•

Diffusion-weighted MRI characterizes the ischemic lesion in transient global amnesia. Author(s): Ay H, Furie KL, Yamada K, Koroshetz WJ. Source: Neurology. 1998 September; 51(3): 901-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9748056&dopt=Abstract

•

Diffusion-weighted MRI in transient global amnesia precipitated by cerebral angiography. Author(s): Woolfenden AR, O'Brien MW, Schwartzberg RE, Norbash AM, Tong DC. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1997 November; 28(11): 2311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9368581&dopt=Abstract

Studies

41

•

Diffusion-weighted MRI in transient global amnesia: elevated signal intensity in the left mesial temporal lobe in 7 of 10 patients. Author(s): Strupp M, Bruning R, Wu RH, Deimling M, Reiser M, Brandt T. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1998 February; 43(2): 164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9485057&dopt=Abstract

•

Disproportionate retrograde amnesia in a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis. Author(s): Fujii T, Yamadori A, Endo K, Suzuki K, Fukatsu R. Source: Cortex. 1999 December; 35(5): 599-614. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656630&dopt=Abstract

•

Dissociating habit and recollection: evidence from Parkinson's disease, amnesia and focal lesion patients. Author(s): Hay JF, Moscovitch M, Levine B. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(8): 1324-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931935&dopt=Abstract

•

Dissociation between specific personal episodes and other aspects of remote memory in a patient with hippocampal amnesia. Author(s): Hirano M, Noguchi K. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1998 August; 87(1): 99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9760633&dopt=Abstract

•

Dissociation of implicit and explicit knowledge in a case of psychogenic retrograde amnesia. Author(s): Campodonico JR, Rediess S. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1996 March; 2(2): 146-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375200&dopt=Abstract

•

Dissociations in cognitive memory: the syndrome of developmental amnesia. Author(s): Vargha-Khadem F, Gadian DG, Mishkin M. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2001 September 29; 356(1413): 1435-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571034&dopt=Abstract

•

Dissociative amnesia after general anesthesia--a case report. Author(s): Chang Y, Huang CH, Wen YR, Chen JY, Wu GJ. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 2002 June; 40(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194389&dopt=Abstract

42

Amnesia

•

Dissociative detachment and memory impairment: reversible amnesia or encoding failure? Author(s): Allen JG, Console DA, Lewis L. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1999 March-April; 40(2): 160-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10080264&dopt=Abstract

•

Dissociative disorder associated with a colloid cyst of the third ventricle: organic or psychogenic amnesia? Author(s): O'Neill of Tyrone A, Fernandez JM. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2000 March-April; 69(2): 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10671832&dopt=Abstract

•

Dissociative symptoms and amnesia in Dutch concentration camp survivors. Author(s): Merckelbach H, Dekkers T, Wessel I, Roefs A. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003 January-February; 44(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524638&dopt=Abstract

•

Distinguishing states of awareness from confidence during retrieval: evidence from amnesia. Author(s): Rajaram S, Hamilton M, Bolton A. Source: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2002 September; 2(3): 227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775187&dopt=Abstract

•

Disturbance of venous flow patterns in patients with transient global amnesia. Author(s): Sander D, Winbeck K, Etgen T, Knapp R, Klingelhofer J, Conrad B. Source: Lancet. 2000 December 9; 356(9246): 1982-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130530&dopt=Abstract

•

Disturbed memory and amnesia related to intensive care. Author(s): Jones C, Griffiths RD, Humphris G. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 2000 March; 8(2): 79-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10829125&dopt=Abstract

•

Does focal retrograde amnesia exist and if so, what causes it? Author(s): Mayes AR. Source: Cortex. 2002 September; 38(4): 670-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465680&dopt=Abstract

•

Does midazolam cause retrograde amnesia, and can flumazenil reverse that amnesia? Author(s): Koht A, Moss JI. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 July; 85(1): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9212149&dopt=Abstract

Studies

43

•

Does the intracarotid amobarbital procedure predict global amnesia after temporal lobectomy? Author(s): Kubu CS, Girvin JP, McLachlan RS, Pavol M, Harnadek MC. Source: Epilepsia. 2000 October; 41(10): 1321-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051129&dopt=Abstract

•

Drug-induced amnesia is a separate phenomenon from sedation: electrophysiologic evidence. Author(s): Veselis RA, Reinsel RA, Feshchenko VA. Source: Anesthesiology. 2001 October; 95(4): 896-907. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11605930&dopt=Abstract

•

Drugs for amnesia in the ICU. Author(s): Wagner BK, O'Hara DA, Hammond JS. Source: American Journal of Critical Care : an Official Publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 1997 May; 6(3): 192-201; Quiz 202-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9131198&dopt=Abstract

•

Dual task performance after diazepam intake: can resource depletion explain the benzodiazepine-induced amnesia? Author(s): Gorissen ME, Eling PA. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1998 August; 138(3-4): 354-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9725758&dopt=Abstract

•

Duration of transient amnesia correlates with cognitive outcome in acute encephalitis. Author(s): Hokkanen L, Launes J. Source: Neuroreport. 1997 August 18; 8(12): 2721-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9295107&dopt=Abstract

•

ECT for depression with amnesia. Author(s): Hirose S. Source: The Journal of Ect. 2002 March; 18(1): 60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925525&dopt=Abstract

•

ED evaluation of transient global amnesia. Author(s): Brown J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1997 October; 30(4): 522-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9326868&dopt=Abstract

44

Amnesia

•

Effect of stimulus intensity and number of treatments on ECS-related seizure duration and retrograde amnesia in rats. Author(s): Andrade C, Thyagarajan S, Vinod PS, Srikanth SN, Rao NS, Chandra JS. Source: The Journal of Ect. 2002 December; 18(4): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468995&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of midazolam--lest we forget: amnesia! Author(s): Verheecke G. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1999 October; 27(5): 538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10520401&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of NIK-247 on cholinesterase and scopolamine-induced amnesia. Author(s): Kojima J, Nakajima K, Ochiai M, Nakayama K. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1997 May; 19(4): 245-51. Erratum In: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1997 June; 19(5): 364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228650&dopt=Abstract

•

Electroencephalographic indices related to hypnosis and amnesia during propofol anaesthesia for cardioversion. Author(s): Baker GW, Sleigh JW, Smith P. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2000 August; 28(4): 386-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969364&dopt=Abstract

•

Emotional arousal and phobia in transient global amnesia. Author(s): Inzitari D, Pantoni L, Lamassa M, Pallanti S, Pracucci G, Marini P. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1997 July; 54(7): 866-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9236576&dopt=Abstract

•

Emotional perception and memory in amnesia. Author(s): Hamann SB, Cahill L, Squire LR. Source: Neuropsychology. 1997 January; 11(1): 104-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055274&dopt=Abstract

•

Episodic memory and the self in a case of isolated retrograde amnesia. Author(s): Levine B, Black SE, Cabeza R, Sinden M, Mcintosh AR, Toth JP, Tulving E, Stuss DT. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1998 October; 121 ( Pt 10): 1951-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9798749&dopt=Abstract

Studies

45

•

Episodic memory in transient global amnesia. Author(s): Zeman AZ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 February; 66(2): 135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071089&dopt=Abstract

•

Episodic memory in transient global amnesia: encoding, storage, or retrieval deficit? Author(s): Eustache F, Desgranges B, Laville P, Guillery B, Lalevee C, Schaeffer S, de la Sayette V, Iglesias S, Baron JC, Viader F. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 February; 66(2): 14854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071092&dopt=Abstract

•

Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis. Author(s): Aggleton JP, Brown MW. Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1999 June; 22(3): 425-44; Discussion 444-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301518&dopt=Abstract

•

Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia. Author(s): Squire LR, Zola SM. Source: Hippocampus. 1998; 8(3): 205-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9662135&dopt=Abstract

•

Errorless learning of novel associations in amnesia. Author(s): Squires EJ, Hunkin NM, Parkin AJ. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1997 August; 35(8): 1103-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9256375&dopt=Abstract

•

Evolution of temporal lobe hypoperfusion in transient global amnesia: a serial single photon emission computed tomography study. Author(s): Jovin TG, Vitti RA, McCluskey LF. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2000 October; 10(4): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11147408&dopt=Abstract

•

Executive amnesia in a patient with pre-frontal damage due to a gunshot wound. Author(s): de Oliveira-Souza R, Moll J, Moll FT, de Oliveira DL. Source: Neurocase : Case Studies in Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioural Neurology. 2001; 7(5): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744779&dopt=Abstract

46

Amnesia

•

Extending models of hippocampal function in animal conditioning to human amnesia. Author(s): Gluck MA, Ermita BR, Oliver LM, Myers CE. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1997 January-March; 5(1-2): 179-212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156098&dopt=Abstract

•

Failure to recall (but not to remember): pure transient amnesia during nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Author(s): Vuilleumier P, Despland PA, Regli F. Source: Neurology. 1996 April; 46(4): 1036-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8780086&dopt=Abstract

•

False attribution of suggestibility to explain recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse following extended amnesia. Author(s): Leavitt F. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1997 March; 21(3): 265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9134257&dopt=Abstract

•

FDG-PET analysis and findings in amnesia resulting from hypoxia. Author(s): Reed LJ, Marsden P, Lasserson D, Sheldon N, Lewis P, Stanhope N, Guinan E, Kopelman MD. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1999 September-November; 7(5-6): 599-612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659089&dopt=Abstract

•

Focal autobiographical amnesia in association with transient epileptic amnesia. Author(s): Manes F, Hodges JR, Graham KS, Zeman A. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2001 March; 124(Pt 3): 499-509. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222450&dopt=Abstract

•

Focal cerebral hyperemia in postconcussive amnesia. Author(s): Nariai T, Suzuki R, Ohta Y, Ohno K, Hirakawa K. Source: Journal of Neurotrauma. 2001 December; 18(12): 1323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780863&dopt=Abstract

•

Focal retrograde amnesia and the episodic-semantic distinction. Author(s): Wheeler MA, McMillan CT. Source: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2001 March; 1(1): 22-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467101&dopt=Abstract

Studies

47

•

Focal retrograde amnesia associated with vascular headache. Author(s): Reinvang I, Gjerstad L. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1998 December; 36(12): 1335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9863687&dopt=Abstract

•

Focal retrograde amnesia documented with matching anterograde and retrograde procedures. Author(s): Manning L. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(1): 28-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11595260&dopt=Abstract

•

Font-specific priming following global amnesia and occipital lobe damage. Author(s): Vaidya CJ, Gabrieli JD, Verfaellie M, Fleischman D, Askari N. Source: Neuropsychology. 1998 April; 12(2): 183-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9556765&dopt=Abstract

•

Functional anatomical study of psychogenic amnesia. Author(s): Yasuno F, Nishikawa T, Nakagawa Y, Ikejiri Y, Tokunaga H, Mizuta I, Shinozaki K, Hashikawa K, Sugita Y, Nishimura T, Takeda M. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 July 10; 99(1): 43-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10891648&dopt=Abstract

•

Functional changes in temporal lobe activity during transient global amnesia. Author(s): LaBar KS, Gitelman DR, Parrish TB, Mesulam MM. Source: Neurology. 2002 February 26; 58(4): 638-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865146&dopt=Abstract

•

Functional neuroanatomy of amnesia: positron emission tomography studies. Author(s): Eustache F, Desgranges B, Aupee AM, Guillery B, Baron JC. Source: Microscopy Research and Technique. 2000 October 1; 51(1): 94-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11002357&dopt=Abstract

•

Functional neuroimaging correlates of functional amnesia. Author(s): Markowitsch HJ. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1999 September-November; 7(5-6): 561-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659087&dopt=Abstract

•

Functional retrograde amnesia--mnestic block syndrome. Author(s): Markowitsch HJ. Source: Cortex. 2002 September; 38(4): 651-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465676&dopt=Abstract

48

Amnesia

•

Generalized dissociative amnesia: episodic, semantic and procedural memories lost and found. Author(s): van der Hart O, Nijenhuis E. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 35(5): 589600. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11551273&dopt=Abstract

•

Global transient amnesia and subclavian steal syndrome. Author(s): Blasco MR, Arjona A, Jimenez C, Escamilla C. Source: Lancet. 1996 June 8; 347(9015): 1636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8667913&dopt=Abstract

•

Grant-writing amnesia. Author(s): Calof AL. Source: Current Biology : Cb. 1999 December 2; 9(23): R869. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10607572&dopt=Abstract

•

Group and case study of the dysexecutive syndrome in alcoholism without amnesia. Author(s): Ihara H, Berrios GE, London M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 June; 68(6): 731-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10811696&dopt=Abstract

•

H.M., word knowledge, and aging: support for a new theory of long-term retrograde amnesia. Author(s): James LE, MacKay DG. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2001 November; 12(6): 485-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760136&dopt=Abstract

•

Hemorrhagic pituitary adenoma manifesting as transient global amnesia. Author(s): Honma Y, Nagao S. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1996 April; 36(4): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8741253&dopt=Abstract

•

High-altitude global amnesia. Author(s): Litch JA, Bishop RA. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 2000 Spring; 11(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731904&dopt=Abstract

Studies

49

•

Hippocampal amnesia. Author(s): Spiers HJ, Maguire EA, Burgess N. Source: Neurocase : Case Studies in Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioural Neurology. 2001; 7(5): 357-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744778&dopt=Abstract

•

Hippocampal ischemia in a patient who experienced transient global amnesia after undergoing cerebral angiography. Case illustration. Author(s): Tanabe M, Watanabe T, Ishibashi M, Hirano N, Tabuchi S, Takigawa H. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1999 August; 91(2): 347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10433329&dopt=Abstract

•

Hippocampal, but not parahippocampal, damage in a case of dense retrograde amnesia: a pathological study. Author(s): Chan D, Revesz T, Rudge P. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 August 23; 329(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161263&dopt=Abstract

•

How can be best explain retrograde amnesia in human memory disorder? Author(s): Kapur N. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1997 January-March; 5(1-2): 115-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156096&dopt=Abstract

•

How should a database on human amnesia evolve? Comments on Mayes and Downes “What do theories of the functional deficit(s) underlying amnesia have to explain?”. Author(s): Parkin AJ, Hunkin NM. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1997 January-March; 5(1-2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156094&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnosis, memory and amnesia. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1997 November 29; 352(1362): 1727-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9415925&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotic amnesia and learning: a dissociation interpretation. Author(s): Kinnunen T, Zamansky HS. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1996 April; 38(4): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8799032&dopt=Abstract

50

Amnesia

•

Hypnotic amnesia and the paradox of intentional forgetting. Author(s): Bowers KS, Woody EZ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1996 August; 105(3): 381-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8772008&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotizability, the dissociative experiences scale, HGSHS: A amnesia, and automatic writing: is there an association? Author(s): Green JP. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1997 January; 45(1): 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8991297&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypothalamic amnesia and frontal lobe function disorders after Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Author(s): Manning L, Sellal F. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 September; 74(9): 1348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12933957&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypothalamic amnesia with spontaneous confabulations: a clinicopathologic study. Author(s): Ptak R, Birtoli B, Imboden H, Hauser C, Weis J, Schnider A. Source: Neurology. 2001 June 12; 56(11): 1597-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402128&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypothesis: inhaled anesthetics produce immobility and amnesia by different mechanisms at different sites. Author(s): Eger EI 2nd, Koblin DD, Harris RA, Kendig JJ, Pohorille A, Halsey MJ, Trudell JR. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 April; 84(4): 915-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9085981&dopt=Abstract

•

Impaired delay eyeblink classical conditioning in individuals with anterograde amnesia resulting from anterior communicating artery aneurysm rupture. Author(s): Myers CE, DeLuca J, Schultheis MT, Schnirman GM, Ermita BR, Diamond B, Warren SG, Gluck MA. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 2001 June; 115(3): 560-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11439446&dopt=Abstract

•

Impaired episodic memory retrieval in a case of probable psychogenic amnesia. Author(s): Markowitsch HJ, Calabrese P, Fink GR, Durwen HF, Kessler J, Harting C, Konig M, Mirzaian EB, Heiss WD, Heuser L, Gehlen W. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 May 16; 74(2): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204514&dopt=Abstract

Studies

51

•

Impaired recall and preserved encoding in prominent amnesic syndrome: a case of basal forebrain amnesia. Author(s): Fukatsu R, Yamadori A, Fujii T. Source: Neurology. 1998 February; 50(2): 539-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9484394&dopt=Abstract

•

Impaired trace eyeblink conditioning in bilateral, medial-temporal lobe amnesia. Author(s): McGlinchey-Berroth R, Carrillo MC, Gabrieli JD, Brawn CM, Disterhoft JF. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 1997 October; 111(5): 873-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9383510&dopt=Abstract

•

Impaired transverse patterning in human amnesia is a special case of impaired memory for two-choice discrimination tasks. Author(s): Reed JM, Squire LR. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 1999 February; 113(1): 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10197901&dopt=Abstract

•

Impaired verbal category learning in amnesia. Author(s): Kitchener EG, Squire LR. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 2000 October; 114(5): 907-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11085604&dopt=Abstract

•

Implicit and explicit memory in amnesia: some explanations and predictions by the TraceLink model. Author(s): Murre JM. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1997 January-March; 5(1-2): 213-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156099&dopt=Abstract

•

Implicit learning of complex information in amnesia. Author(s): Meulemans T, Van der Linden M. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 July; 52(2): 250-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821108&dopt=Abstract

•

Implicit memory in posttraumatic stress disorder with amnesia for the traumatic event. Author(s): Krikorian R, Layton BS. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 Summer; 10(3): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9706546&dopt=Abstract

52

Amnesia

•

Implicit memory: what must theories of amnesia explain? Author(s): Curran T, Schacter DL. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1997 January-March; 5(1-2): 37-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156090&dopt=Abstract

•

Inattentional blindness versus inattentional amnesia for fixated but ignored words. Author(s): Rees G, Russell C, Frith CD, Driver J. Source: Science. 1999 December 24; 286(5449): 2504-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617465&dopt=Abstract

•

Incidence of transient global amnesia in the Belluno province, Italy: 1985 through 1995. Results of a community-based study. Author(s): Lauria G, Gentile M, Fassetta G, Casetta I, Caneve G. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1997 May; 95(5): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9188907&dopt=Abstract

•

Infantile amnesia reconsidered: a cross-cultural analysis. Author(s): Wang Q. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 2003 January; 11(1): 65-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653489&dopt=Abstract

•

Intact and impaired conceptual memory processes in amnesia. Author(s): Keane MM, Gabrieli JD, Monti LA, Fleischman DA, Cantor JM, Noland JS. Source: Neuropsychology. 1997 January; 11(1): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055270&dopt=Abstract

•

Intact enhancement of declarative memory for emotional material in amnesia. Author(s): Hamann SB, Cahill L, McGaugh JL, Squire LR. Source: Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). 1997 September-October; 4(3): 301-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10456071&dopt=Abstract

•

Interaction of cortex and hippocampus in a model of amnesia and semantic dementia. Author(s): Murre JM. Source: Rev Neurosci. 1999; 10(3-4): 267-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10526891&dopt=Abstract

•

Interidentity amnesia for neutral, episodic information in dissociative identity disorder. Author(s): Huntjens RJ, Postma A, Peters ML, Woertman L, van der Hart O. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003 May; 112(2): 290-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784839&dopt=Abstract

Studies

53

•

Interpretations of retrograde amnesia: old problems redux. Author(s): Millin PM, Moody EW, Riccio DC. Source: Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2001 January; 2(1): 68-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11253361&dopt=Abstract

•

Is amnesia for intraoperative events good enough? Author(s): Andrade J, Jones JG. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 May; 80(5): 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9691855&dopt=Abstract

•

Is benzodiazepine-induced amnesia due to deactivation of the left prefrontal cortex? Author(s): Bagary M, Fluck E, File SE, Joyce E, Lockwood G, Grasby P. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 June; 150(3): 292-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923757&dopt=Abstract

•

Is implicit learning spared in amnesia? Rule abstraction and item familiarity in artificial grammar learning. Author(s): Channon S, Shanks D, Johnstone T, Vakili K, Chin J, Sinclair E. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(12): 2185-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208014&dopt=Abstract

•

Is memory loss without anatomical damage tantamount to a psychogenic deficit? The case of pure retrograde amnesia. Author(s): Di Renzi E, Lucchelli F, Muggia S, Spinnler H. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1997 June; 35(6): 781-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204485&dopt=Abstract

•

Is transient global amnesia related to endogenous benzodiazepines? Author(s): Danek A, Uttner I, Straube A. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 May; 249(5): 628. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021956&dopt=Abstract

•

Isolated and focal retrograde amnesia: a hiatus in the past. Author(s): Yamadori A, Suzuki K, Shimada M, Tsukiura T, Morishima T, Fujii T. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2001 January; 193(1): 57-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321051&dopt=Abstract

•

Isolated cerebellar syndrome following head injury with short posttraumatic amnesia. Author(s): Michell AW, Burn DJ. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 December; 15(6): 526-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814009&dopt=Abstract

54

Amnesia

•

Isolated retrograde amnesia. Author(s): Fast K, Fujiwara E. Source: Neurocase : Case Studies in Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioural Neurology. 2001; 7(4): 269-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557823&dopt=Abstract

•

Johann August Philipp Gesner (1738-1801). A review of his essay “The language amnesia” in the bicentennial anniversary of his death. Author(s): Luzzatti C. Source: Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 2002 March; 11(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12012573&dopt=Abstract

•

Journey to the center of the category: the dissociation in amnesia between categorization and recognition. Author(s): Smith JD, Minda JP. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2001 July; 27(4): 984-1002. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11486931&dopt=Abstract

•

Knowledge of New English vocabulary in amnesia: an examination of premorbidly acquired semantic memory. Author(s): Verfaellie M, Reiss L, Roth HL. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1995 September; 1(5): 443-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375230&dopt=Abstract

•

Lack of evidence of acute ischemic tissue change in transient global amnesia on single-shot echo-planar diffusion-weighted MRI. Author(s): Gass A, Gaa J, Hirsch J, Schwartz A, Hennerici MG. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1999 October; 30(10): 2070-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10512909&dopt=Abstract

•

Latent learning in medial temporal amnesia: evidence for disrupted representational but preserved attentional processes. Author(s): Myers CE, McGlinchey-Berroth R, Warren S, Monti L, Brawn CM, Gluck MA. Source: Neuropsychology. 2000 January; 14(1): 3-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674794&dopt=Abstract

•

Long-term amnesia: a review and detailed illustrative case study. Author(s): Mayes AR, Isaac CL, Holdstock JS, Cariga P, Gummer A, Roberts N. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 567-603. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14584544&dopt=Abstract

Studies

55

•

Long-term perceptual priming in transient global amnesia. Author(s): Kapur N, Abbott P, Footitt D, Millar J. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1996 June; 31(1): 63-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8790935&dopt=Abstract

•

Long-term retention of classical eyeblink conditioning in amnesia. Author(s): Schugens MM, Daum I. Source: Neuroreport. 1999 January 18; 10(1): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094152&dopt=Abstract

•

Long-term retrograde amnesia.the crucial role of the hippocampus. Author(s): Cipolotti L, Shallice T, Chan D, Fox N, Scahill R, Harrison G, Stevens J, Rudge P. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2001; 39(2): 151-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163373&dopt=Abstract

•

Mammillary body and cerebellar shrinkage in chronic alcoholics with and without amnesia. Author(s): Shear PK, Sullivan EV, Lane B, Pfefferbaum A. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1996 November; 20(8): 1489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8947329&dopt=Abstract

•

Massive and persistent anterograde amnesia in the absence of detectable brain damage: anterograde psychogenic amnesia or gross reduction in sustained effort? Author(s): Kessler J, Markowitsch HJ, Huber M, Kalbe E, Weber-Luxenburger G, Kock P. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1997 August; 19(4): 604-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9342692&dopt=Abstract

•

Measurement of post-traumatic amnesia: how reliable is it? Author(s): King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Moss NE, Wade DT, Caldwell FE. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1997 January; 62(1): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9010398&dopt=Abstract

•

Measurement properties of the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) and improvement patterns during inpatient rehabilitation. Author(s): Bode RK, Heinemann AW, Semik P. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2000 February; 15(1): 637-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10745181&dopt=Abstract

56

Amnesia

•

Measuring recovery from post traumatic amnesia. Author(s): Wilson BA, Evans JJ, Emslie H, Balleny H, Watson PC, Baddeley AD. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1999 July; 13(7): 505-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10462148&dopt=Abstract

•

Mechanisms in 'pure retrograde amnesia': functional, physiological or pathophysiological? Author(s): Kapur N. Source: Cortex. 2002 September; 38(4): 660-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465678&dopt=Abstract

•

Medial temporal lobe amnesia: a case study for nursing. Author(s): Burleson GA, Therrien B. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 2000 April; 32(2): 74-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826292&dopt=Abstract

•

Medial temporal lobe amnesia: Gradual acquisition of factual information by nondeclarative memory. Author(s): Bayley PJ, Squire LR. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2002 July 1; 22(13): 5741-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097527&dopt=Abstract

•

Memories of childhood abuse: dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration. Author(s): Chu JA, Frey LM, Ganzel BL, Matthews JA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 May; 156(5): 749-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10327909&dopt=Abstract

•

Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia and the hippocampal complex. Author(s): Nadel L, Moscovitch M. Source: Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 1997 April; 7(2): 217-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9142752&dopt=Abstract

•

Memory deficits in schizophrenia: inadequate assimilation or true amnesia? Findings from the Wechsler Memory Scale--revised. Author(s): Hawkins KA, Sullivan TE, Choi EJ. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1997 May; 22(3): 169-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9183115&dopt=Abstract

Studies

57

•

Memory for murder. A psychological perspective on dissociative amnesia in legal contexts. Author(s): Porter S, Birt AR, Yuille JC, Herve HF. Source: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2001 January-February; 24(1): 2342. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346990&dopt=Abstract

•

Memory for object locations in Korsakoff's amnesia. Author(s): Kessels RP, Postma A, Wester AJ, de Haan EH. Source: Cortex. 2000 February; 36(1): 47-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728896&dopt=Abstract

•

Memory without context: amnesia with confabulations after infarction of the right capsular genu. Author(s): Schnider A, Gutbrod K, Hess CW, Schroth G. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 August; 61(2): 186-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8708688&dopt=Abstract

•

Memory, amnesia, and the issue of recovered memory: neurobiological aspects. Author(s): Zola SM. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 1998 December; 18(8): 915-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9885767&dopt=Abstract

•

Mesograde amnesia during the sleep onset transition: replication and electrophysiological correlates. Author(s): Wyatt JK, Bootzin RR, Allen JJ, Anthony JL. Source: Sleep. 1997 July; 20(7): 512-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322267&dopt=Abstract

•

MHC multimerization, antigen expression and the induction of APC amnesia in the developing immune response. Author(s): Lake RA, Robinson BW, Hayball JD. Source: Immunology and Cell Biology. 1999 February; 77(1): 99-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10101691&dopt=Abstract

•

Midazolam amnesia and conceptual processing in implicit memory. Author(s): Hirshman E, Passannante A, Arndt J. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 2001 September; 130(3): 453-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561920&dopt=Abstract

58

Amnesia

•

Midazolam sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: comparison between the states of patients in partial and complete amnesia. Author(s): Ishiguro T, Ishiguro C, Ishiguro G, Nagawa H. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 March-April; 49(44): 438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11995468&dopt=Abstract

•

Midazolam sedation to produce complete amnesia for bronchoscopy: 2 years' experience at a district general hospital. Author(s): Williams TJ, Bowie PE. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1999 May; 93(5): 361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10464905&dopt=Abstract

•

Midazolam: effects on amnesia and anxiety in children. Author(s): Kain ZN, Hofstadter MB, Mayes LC, Krivutza DM, Alexander G, Wang SM, Reznick JS. Source: Anesthesiology. 2000 September; 93(3): 676-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969300&dopt=Abstract

•

Migrainous stroke causing thalamic infarction and amnesia during treatment with propranolol. Author(s): Mendizabal JE, Greiner F, Hamilton WJ, Rothrock JF. Source: Headache. 1997 October; 37(9): 594-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385761&dopt=Abstract

•

Multimodal event-related potential P3 after transient global amnesia. Author(s): Trinka E, Pfisterer G, Unterrainer J, Staffen W, Wranek U, Loscher NW, Ladurner G. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2000 January; 7(1): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809919&dopt=Abstract

•

Multiples: no amnesia for child abuse. Author(s): Klein DF. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 June; 156(6): 976-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360158&dopt=Abstract

•

Multiples: no amnesia for child abuse. Author(s): Nakdimen KA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 June; 156(6): 976; Author Reply 977. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360157&dopt=Abstract

Studies

59

•

Myelopathy and amnesia following accidental electrical injury. Author(s): Kalita J, Jose M, Misra UK. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2002 May; 40(5): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11987009&dopt=Abstract

•

Neural mechanisms in dissociative amnesia for childhood abuse: relevance to the current controversy surrounding the “false memory syndrome”. Author(s): Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Southwick SM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 July; 153(7 Suppl): 71-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8659644&dopt=Abstract

•

Neurophysiological characterization of transitory global amnesia syndrome. Author(s): Tikhonova IV, Gnezditskii VV, Stakhovskaya LV, Skvortsova VI. Source: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 2003 February; 33(2): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669789&dopt=Abstract

•

Neuroscience. Video game images persist despite amnesia. Author(s): Helmuth L. Source: Science. 2000 October 13; 290(5490): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11183369&dopt=Abstract

•

Neurosyphilis showing transient global amnesia-like attacks and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities mainly in the limbic system. Author(s): Fujimoto H, Imaizumi T, Nishimura Y, Miura Y, Ayabe M, Shoji H, Abe T. Source: Intern Med. 2001 May; 40(5): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393420&dopt=Abstract

•

New learning and remote memory in the same and different domains of experience: implications for normal memory and amnesia. Author(s): Poliakoff E, Meudell PR. Source: Cortex. 2000 April; 36(2): 195-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10815706&dopt=Abstract

•

Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus-related encephalopathy presenting with amnesia, personality change, and autonomic seizure. Author(s): Kashihara K, Shohmori T, Otsuki S. Source: Intern Med. 1997 September; 36(9): 633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9313107&dopt=Abstract

60

Amnesia

•

Normal perceptual priming of orthographically illegal nonwords in amnesia. Author(s): Keane MM, Gabrieli JD, Noland JS, McNealy SI. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1995 September; 1(5): 425-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375228&dopt=Abstract

•

On the transition from childhood amnesia to the recall of personal memories. Author(s): Bruce D, Dolan A, Phillips-Grant K. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2000 September; 11(5): 360-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228905&dopt=Abstract

•

Oral sedation allows for comfort and amnesia during office surgery. Author(s): Gatti JE. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2000 May; 44(5): 502-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10805300&dopt=Abstract

•

Organic retrograde amnesia. Author(s): Kopelman MD. Source: Cortex. 2002 September; 38(4): 655-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465677&dopt=Abstract

•

Overcoming social amnesia: the role for a social perspective in psychiatric research and practice. Author(s): Cohen CI. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2000 January; 51(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10647136&dopt=Abstract

•

P300 event-related potentials in probable dissociative generalized amnesia. Author(s): Fukuzako H, Fukuzaki S, Fukuzako T, Jing H, Ueyama K, Takigawa M. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1999 November; 23(8): 1319-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10631760&dopt=Abstract

•

Perceptual learning in amnesia. Author(s): Fahle M, Daum I. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(8): 1167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931920&dopt=Abstract

Studies

61

•

Positron emission tomographic study of post-ischaemic-hypoxic amnesia. Author(s): De Reuck J, Vanwalleghem I, Hemelsoet D, De Weweire M, Strijckmans K, Lemahieu I. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 49(3): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646754&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia for a first romantic relationship: Forgetting the entire relationship versus forgetting selected events. Author(s): Cox RE, Barnier AJ. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 2003 May; 11(3): 307-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908678&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia for autobiographical episodes: a laboratory model of functional amnesia? Author(s): Barnier AJ. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2002 May; 13(3): 232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009043&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia for material learned before hypnosis. Author(s): Bryant RA, Barnier AJ, Mallard D, Tibbits R. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1999 January; 47(1): 46-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9889487&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia for material learned before or during hypnosis: explicit and implicit memory effects. Author(s): Barnier AJ, Bryant RA, Briscoe S. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2001 October; 49(4): 286-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596825&dopt=Abstract

•

Posttraumatic amnesia and recall of a traumatic event following traumatic brain injury. Author(s): Feinstein A, Hershkop S, Ouchterlony D, Jardine A, McCullagh S. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 Winter; 14(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884651&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-Traumatic amnesia: consistency-of-recovery and duration-to-recovery following traumatic brain impairment. Author(s): McFarland K, Jackson L, Geffe G. Source: Clin Neuropsychol. 2001 February; 15(1): 59-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11778579&dopt=Abstract

62

Amnesia

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following a head injury: does amnesia for the event influence the development of symptoms? Author(s): Turnbull SJ, Campbell EA, Swann IJ. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2001 September; 15(9): 775-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516346&dopt=Abstract

•

Predicting duration of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) from early PTA measurements. Author(s): Tate RL, Perdices M, Pfaff A, Jurjevic L. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2001 December; 16(6): 525-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732969&dopt=Abstract

•

Preservation of autobiographical memory in a case of pure progressive amnesia. Author(s): Joubert S, Barbeau E, Walter N, Ceccaldi M, Poncet M. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 November; 53(2): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14607155&dopt=Abstract

•

Preserved ability to recognize keywords related to remote events in the absence of retrieval of relevant knowledge: a case of postencephalitic amnesia. Author(s): Tsukiura T, Ohtake H, Fujii T, Miura R, Ogawa T, Yamadori A. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 February; 51(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633586&dopt=Abstract

•

Preserved memory traces within diencephalic amnesia. Author(s): Walla P, Lehrner JP, Nasel C, Baumgartner C, Deecke L, Lang W. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2003 May; 110(5): 53743. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721814&dopt=Abstract

•

Preserved recognition in a case of developmental amnesia: implications for the acquisition of semantic memory? Author(s): Baddeley A, Vargha-Khadem F, Mishkin M. Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2001 April 1; 13(3): 357-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11371313&dopt=Abstract

•

Preserved semantic access in global amnesia and hippocampal damage. Author(s): Giovagnoli AR, Erbetta A, Bugiani O. Source: Clin Neuropsychol. 2001 December; 15(4): 508-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935452&dopt=Abstract

Studies

63

•

Profound amnesia and confabulation following traumatic brain injury. Author(s): Demery JA, Hanlon RE, Bauer RM. Source: Neurocase : Case Studies in Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioural Neurology. 2001; 7(4): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557825&dopt=Abstract

•

Prose recall and amnesia: implications for the structure of working memory. Author(s): Baddeley A, Wilson BA. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(10): 1737-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992661&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychogenic amnesia. Author(s): Markowitsch HJ. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 November; 20 Suppl 1: S132-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14597306&dopt=Abstract

•

Pure retrograde amnesia exists but what is the explanation? Author(s): Hodges JR. Source: Cortex. 2002 September; 38(4): 674-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465681&dopt=Abstract

•

Pure retrograde amnesia following a mild head trauma: a neuropsychological and metabolic study. Author(s): Sellal F, Manning L, Seegmuller C, Scheiber C, Schoenfelder F. Source: Cortex. 2002 September; 38(4): 499-509. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465665&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantitative single photon emission tomography analysis for the diagnosis of transient global amnesia: adaptation of statistical parametric mapping. Author(s): Asada T, Matsuda H, Morooka T, Nakano S, Kimura M, Uno M. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 December; 54(6): 691-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145470&dopt=Abstract

•

Questionable validity of 'dissociative amnesia' in trauma victims. Evidence from prospective studies. Author(s): Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI, Bodkin JA, Oliva P. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1998 March; 172: 210-5; Discussion 216-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9614469&dopt=Abstract

64

Amnesia

•

Rate of forgetting in amnesia: I. Recall and recognition of prose. Author(s): Isaac CL, Mayes AR. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1999 July; 25(4): 942-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10439502&dopt=Abstract

•

Rate of forgetting in amnesia: II. Recall and recognition of word lists at different levels of organization. Author(s): Isaac CL, Mayes AR. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1999 July; 25(4): 963-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10439503&dopt=Abstract

•

Recognition memory and familiarity judgments in severe amnesia: no evidence for a contribution of repetition priming. Author(s): Stark CE, Squire LR. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 2000 June; 114(3): 459-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883797&dopt=Abstract

•

Recognition memory in amnesia: effects of relaxing response criteria. Author(s): Verfaellie M, Giovanello KS, Keane MM. Source: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2001 March; 1(1): 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467099&dopt=Abstract

•

Recognizing identical versus similar categorically related common objects: further evidence for degraded gist representations in amnesia. Author(s): Koutstaal W, Verfaellie M, Schacter DL. Source: Neuropsychology. 2001 April; 15(2): 268-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11324869&dopt=Abstract

•

Recollection and familiarity deficits in amnesia: convergence of remember-know, process dissociation, and receiver operating characteristic data. Author(s): Yonelinas AP, Kroll NE, Dobbins I, Lazzara M, Knight RT. Source: Neuropsychology. 1998 July; 12(3): 323-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9673991&dopt=Abstract

•

Recovery of function processes in human amnesia: evidence from transient global amnesia. Author(s): Kapur N, Millar J, Abbott P, Carter M. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1998 January; 36(1): 99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9533392&dopt=Abstract

Studies

65

•

Resolution of disorientation and amnesia during post-traumatic amnesia. Author(s): Tate RL, Pfaff A, Jurjevic L. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 February; 68(2): 17885. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10644784&dopt=Abstract

•

Resting and acetazolamide-challenged technetium-99m-ECD SPECT in transient global amnesia. Author(s): Takeuchi R, Yonekura Y, Matsuda H, Nishimura Y, Tanaka H, Ohta H, Sakahara H, Konishi J. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 August; 39(8): 1360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708507&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde amnesia and consolidation: anatomical and lesion considerations. Author(s): Jarrard LE. Source: Hippocampus. 2001; 11(1): 43-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261771&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde amnesia for facts and events: findings from four new cases. Author(s): Reed JM, Squire LR. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1998 May 15; 18(10): 3943-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9570821&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde amnesia for world knowledge and preserved memory for autobiographic events. A case report. Author(s): Markowitsch HJ, Calabrese P, Neufeld H, Gehlen W, Durwen HF. Source: Cortex. 1999 April; 35(2): 243-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369096&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde amnesia in normal subjects, amnesic patients and patients with unilateral cerebral lesions. Author(s): Sanders HI, Warrington EK. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1973; 9 Suppl: 119-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189881&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde amnesia in patients with diencephalic, temporal lobe or frontal lesions. Author(s): Kopelman MD, Stanhope N, Kingsley D. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1999 July; 37(8): 939-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426519&dopt=Abstract

66

Amnesia

•

Retrograde amnesia with electroconvulsive therapy: characteristics and implications. Author(s): Weiner RD. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000 June; 57(6): 591-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839337&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde amnesia. Author(s): Squire LR, Clark RE, Knowlton BJ. Source: Hippocampus. 2001; 11(1): 50-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261772&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde amnesia: clinical and methodological caveats. Author(s): Kapur N, Thompson P, Kartsounis LD, Abbott P. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1999 January; 37(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9920468&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde temporal order amnesia resulting from damage to the fornix. Author(s): Yasuno F, Hirata M, Takimoto H, Taniguchi M, Nakagawa Y, Ikejiri Y, Nishikawa T, Shinozaki K, Tanabe H, Sugita Y, Takeda M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 July; 67(1): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369832&dopt=Abstract

•

Reversible amnesia in a Type 1 diabetic patient and bilateral hippocampal lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Author(s): Holemans X, Dupuis M, Misson N, Vanderijst JF. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2001 September; 18(9): 761-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11606176&dopt=Abstract

•

Right medial thalamic lesion causes isolated retrograde amnesia. Author(s): Miller LA, Caine D, Harding A, Thompson EJ, Large M, Watson JD. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2001; 39(10): 1037-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440756&dopt=Abstract

•

Semantic acquisition without memories: evidence from transient global amnesia. Author(s): Guillery B, Desgranges B, Katis S, de la Sayette V, Viader F, Eustache F. Source: Neuroreport. 2001 December 4; 12(17): 3865-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726810&dopt=Abstract

•

Semantic amnesia without dementia: documentation of a case. Author(s): Rusconi ML, Zago S, Basso A. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1997 June; 18(3): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241565&dopt=Abstract

Studies

67

•

Sensorimotor skill learning in amnesia: additional evidence for the neural basis of nondeclarative memory. Author(s): Tranel D, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Brandt JP. Source: Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). 1994 September-October; 1(3): 165-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10467594&dopt=Abstract

•

Severe amnesia associated with human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis after bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): MacLean HJ, Douen AG. Source: Transplantation. 2002 April 15; 73(7): 1086-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11965036&dopt=Abstract

•

Severe amnesia following a unilateral temporal lobe stroke. Author(s): Grewal RP. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2003 January; 10(1): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464535&dopt=Abstract

•

Severe amnesia: an usual late complication after temporal lobectomy. Author(s): Oxbury S, Oxbury J, Renowden S, Squier W, Carpenter K. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1997 July; 35(7): 975-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9226659&dopt=Abstract

•

Severe anterograde amnesia with extensive hippocampal degeneration in a case of rapidly progressive frontotemporal dementia. Author(s): Caine D, Patterson K, Hodges JR, Heard R, Halliday G. Source: Neurocase : Case Studies in Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioural Neurology. 2001; 7(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239076&dopt=Abstract

•

Severe anterograde amnesia with onset in childhood as a result of anoxic encephalopathy. Author(s): Broman M, Rose AL, Hotson G, Casey CM. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1997 March; 120 ( Pt 3): 417-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9126054&dopt=Abstract

•

Sildenafil and transient global amnesia. Author(s): Gandolfo C, Sugo A, Del Sette M. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 October; 24(3): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14598059&dopt=Abstract

68

Amnesia

•

Spared discrimination and impaired reversal eyeblink conditioning in patients with temporal lobe amnesia. Author(s): Carrillo MC, Gabrieli JD, Hopkins RO, McGlinchey-Berroth R, Fortier CB, Kesner RP, Disterhoft JF. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 2001 December; 115(6): 1171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11770049&dopt=Abstract

•

Spatial location memory in amnesia: binding item and location information under incidental and intentional encoding conditions. Author(s): Chalfonte BL, Verfaellie M, Johnson MK, Reiss L. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1996 November; 4(6): 591-614. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8934456&dopt=Abstract

•

Strategic retrieval and the frontal lobes: evidence from confabulation and amnesia. Author(s): Moscovitch M, Melo B. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1997 July; 35(7): 1017-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9226662&dopt=Abstract

•

Structural MRI volumetric analysis in patients with organic amnesia, 1: methods and comparative findings across diagnostic groups. Author(s): Colchester A, Kingsley D, Lasserson D, Kendall B, Bello F, Rush C, Stevens TG, Goodman G, Heilpern G, Stanhope N, Kopelman MD. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 July; 71(1): 13-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413256&dopt=Abstract

•

Structural MRI volumetric analysis in patients with organic amnesia, 2: correlations with anterograde memory and executive tests in 40 patients. Author(s): Kopelman MD, Lasserson D, Kingsley D, Bello F, Rush C, Stanhope N, Stevens T, Goodman G, Heilpern G, Kendall B, Colchester A. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 July; 71(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413257&dopt=Abstract

•

Study of cases of anterograde amnesia in a disease of mental disintegration. Author(s): Janet P, Nicolas S, Penel A. Source: History of Psychiatry. 2001 December; 12(48 Pt 4): 481-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11951870&dopt=Abstract

•

Successful prophylaxis of recurrent transient global amnesia with metoprolol. Author(s): Berlit P. Source: Neurology. 2000 December 26; 55(12): 1937-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134409&dopt=Abstract

Studies

69

•

Syndromes of retrograde amnesia: a conceptual and empirical synthesis. Author(s): Kapur N. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 1999 November; 125(6): 800-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589303&dopt=Abstract

•

The “psychogenic” versus “organic” conundrum of pure retrograde amnesia: is it still worth pursuing? Author(s): Lucchelli F, Spinnler H. Source: Cortex. 2002 September; 38(4): 665-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465679&dopt=Abstract

•

The contribution of autobiographical significance to semantic memory: evidence from Alzheimer's disease, semantic dementia, and amnesia. Author(s): Westmacott R, Black SE, Freedman M, Moscovitch M. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42(1): 25-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14615074&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of retrieval instructions on false recognition: exploring the nature of the gist memory impairment in amnesia. Author(s): Verfaellie M, Schacter DL, Cook SP. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(13): 2360-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417465&dopt=Abstract

•

The impact of disrupted cortico-cortico connectivity: a long-term follow-up of a case of focal retrograde amnesia. Author(s): Evans JJ, Graham KS, Pratt KH, Hodges JR. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 767-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14584552&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of explicit memory processes in cross-modal priming: an investigation of stem completion priming in amnesia. Author(s): Verfaellie M, Keane MM, Cook SP. Source: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2001 September; 1(3): 222-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467122&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient aphasia and persistent amnesia after surgery for internal carotid artery-posterior communicating artery aneurysm. Author(s): Maeshima S, Ueyoshi A, Tsuura M, Takemoto H, Itakura T, Yoshida M, Matsumoto T. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2002 November; 9(6): 710-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604293&dopt=Abstract

70

Amnesia

•

Transient epileptic amnesia: an under-diagnosed phenomenon? Three more cases. Author(s): Mendes MH. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 2002 June; 11(4): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027570&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient global amnesia after sex. Author(s): Dang CV, Gardner LB. Source: Lancet. 1998 November 7; 352(9139): 1557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9820339&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient global amnesia after sildenafil (Viagra) use. Author(s): Savitz SA, Caplan LR. Source: Neurology. 2002 September 10; 59(5): 778. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221181&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient global amnesia and a father's worst nightmare. Author(s): Marinella MA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 February 19; 350(8): 843-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14973221&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient global amnesia and transient topographical amnesia: an observation favoring the hypothesis of a common pathogenesis. Author(s): Stracciari A. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 May; 250(5): 633-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814122&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient global amnesia associated with an acute infarction in the retrosplenium of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Saito K, Kimura K, Minematsu K, Shiraishi A, Nakajima M. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 June 15; 210(1-2): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736096&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient global amnesia in a young adult with cyanotic heart disease. Author(s): Ullrich NJ, Urion DK. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 October; 29(4): 334-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14643397&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient Global Amnesia. Evidence against vascular ischemic etiology from diffusion weighted imaging. Author(s): Huber R, Aschoff AJ, Ludolph AC, Riepe MW. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 November; 249(11): 1520-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420091&dopt=Abstract

Studies

71

•

Transient global amnesia: a clinical and sonographic study. Author(s): Maalikjy Akkawi N, Agosti C, Anzola GP, Borroni B, Magoni M, Pezzini A, Rozzini L, Vignolo LA, Padovani A. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 49(2): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584412&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient global amnesia: a complication of incremental exercise testing. Author(s): Richardson RS, Leek BT, Wagner PD, Kritchevsky M. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998 October; 30(10 Suppl): S403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9789867&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient global amnesia: concomitant episodic memory and positron emission tomography assessment in two additional patients. Author(s): Guillery B, Desgranges B, de la Sayette V, Landeau B, Eustache F, Baron JC. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 May 31; 325(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023067&dopt=Abstract

•

Transient global amnesia: increased signal intensity in the right hippocampus on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Matsui M, Imamura T, Sakamoto S, Ishii K, Kazui H, Mori E. Source: Neuroradiology. 2002 March; 44(3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942379&dopt=Abstract

•

Traumatic amnesia, repression, and hippocampus injury due to emotional stress, corticosteroids and enkephalins. Author(s): Joseph R. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 1998 Winter; 29(2): 169-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9816735&dopt=Abstract

•

Two cases of functional focal retrograde amnesia with impairment of object use. Author(s): Nakamura H, Kunori Y, Mori K, Nakaaki S, Yoshida S, Hamanaka T. Source: Cortex. 2002 September; 38(4): 613-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465671&dopt=Abstract

•

Una conferencia de amnesia. Author(s): Haas GJ. Source: Common Factor. 1995 April; (No 10): 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11362352&dopt=Abstract

72

Amnesia

•

Unconsciousness, amnesia and psychiatric symptoms following road traffic accident injury. Author(s): Mayou RA, Black J, Bryant B. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2000 December; 177: 540-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11102330&dopt=Abstract

•

Unexpected amnesia: are there lessons to be learned from cases of amnesia following unilateral temporal lobe surgery? Author(s): Kapur N, Prevett M. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 December; 126(Pt 12): 2573-85. Epub 2003 September 04. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12958081&dopt=Abstract

•

Unexplained sudden amnesia, postencephalitic Parkinson disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and Alzheimer disease: does viral synergy produce neurofibrillary tangles? Author(s): Ball MJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 April; 60(4): 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707087&dopt=Abstract

•

Unexplained sudden amnesia. Author(s): Fisher CM. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2002 August; 59(8): 1310-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164729&dopt=Abstract

•

Unilateral temporal lobe stroke causing ischemic transient global amnesia: role for diffusion-weighted imaging in the initial evaluation. Author(s): Greer DM, Schaefer PW, Schwamm LH. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2001 July; 11(3): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11462302&dopt=Abstract

•

Unraveling the enigma of transient global amnesia. Author(s): Hodges JR. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1998 February; 43(2): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9485054&dopt=Abstract

•

Unravelling the cognitive architecture of transient global amnesia. Author(s): Kapur N, Logie R. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 September; 126(Pt 9): 1915-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937066&dopt=Abstract

Studies

73

•

Unreliable admissions to homicide. A case of misdiagnosis of amnesia and misuse of abreaction technique. Author(s): Gudjonsson GH, Kopelman MD, MacKeith JA. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 May; 174: 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616616&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of a comprehensive program of external cueing to chance procedural memory in a patient with dense amnesia. Brain Injury, 10(1): 17-25. Author(s): Giles GM, Haussman P. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1997 June; 11(6): 466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9171932&dopt=Abstract

•

Validity of the Orientation Log, relative to the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test. Author(s): Novack TA, Dowler RN, Bush BA, Glen T, Schneider JJ. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2000 June; 15(3): 957-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10785625&dopt=Abstract

•

Value of recording duration of post-traumatic amnesia. Author(s): Greenwood R. Source: Lancet. 1997 April 12; 349(9058): 1041-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9107239&dopt=Abstract

•

Very long-term amnesia in association with temporal lobe epilepsy: evidence for multiple-stage consolidation processes. Author(s): Kapur N, Millar J, Colbourn C, Abbott P, Kennedy P, Docherty T. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1997 October; 35(1): 58-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9339302&dopt=Abstract

•

Violent behavior, impulsive decision-making, and anterograde amnesia while intoxicated with flunitrazepam and alcohol or other drugs: a case study in forensic psychiatric patients. Author(s): Daderman AM, Fredriksson B, Kristiansson M, Nilsson LH, Lidberg L. Source: J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2002; 30(2): 238-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108561&dopt=Abstract

•

Visual hallucinations and amnesia associated with the use of zolpidem. Author(s): van Puijenbroek EP, Egberts AC, Krom HJ. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 July; 34(7): 318. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8832310&dopt=Abstract

74

Amnesia

•

Visual memory-deficit amnesia: a distinct amnesic presentation and etiology. Author(s): Rubin DC, Greenberg DL. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998 April 28; 95(9): 5413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9560290&dopt=Abstract

•

Voxel-based mapping of brain hypometabolism in permanent amnesia with PET. Author(s): Aupee AM, Desgranges B, Eustache F, Lalevee C, de la Sayette V, Viader F, Baron JC. Source: Neuroimage. 2001 June; 13(6 Pt 1): 1164-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11352622&dopt=Abstract

•

What basal forebrain lesions cause amnesia? Author(s): Mayes AR. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 August; 67(2): 140. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10406977&dopt=Abstract

•

What do theories of the functional deficit(s) underlying amnesia have to explain? Author(s): Mayes AR, Downes JJ. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 1997 January-March; 5(1-2): 3-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156089&dopt=Abstract

•

Word priming with brief multiple presentation technique: preservation in amnesia. Author(s): Beauregard M, Chertkow H, Gold D, Karama S, Benhamou J, Babins L, Faucher A. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1997 May; 35(5): 611-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9153024&dopt=Abstract

•

Word repetition in amnesia. Electrophysiological measures of impaired and spared memory. Author(s): Olichney JM, Van Petten C, Paller KA, Salmon DP, Iragui VJ, Kutas M. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2000 September; 123 ( Pt 9): 1948-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960058&dopt=Abstract

•

Working memory and executive functions in transient global amnesia. Author(s): Quinette P, Guillery B, Desgranges B, de la Sayette V, Viader F, Eustache F. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 September; 126(Pt 9): 1917-34. Epub 2003 July 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876141&dopt=Abstract

75

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AMNESIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and amnesia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Amnesia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

76

Amnesia

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “amnesia” (or a synonym): •

A threshold for the protective effect of over-reinforced passive avoidance against scopolamine-induced amnesia. Author(s): Behavioral Pharmacology, Enep-Iztacala, National University of Mexico; Mexico, D.F. Source: Cruz Morales, S E Duran Arevalo, M Diaz Del Guante, M A Quirarte, G Prado Alcala, R A Behav-Neural-Biol. 1992 May; 57(3): 256-9 0163-1047

•

American ginseng extract reduces scopolamine-induced amnesia in a spatial learning task. Author(s): CV Technologies, Edmonton, Alta. [email protected] Source: Sloley, B D Pang, P K Huang, B H Ba, F Li, F L Benishin, C G Greenshaw, A J Shan, J J J-Psychiatry-Neurosci. 1999 November; 24(5): 442-52 1180-4882

•

Amnesia induced by 2-deoxygalactose in the day-old chick: lateralization of effects in two different one-trial learning tasks. Author(s): Brain and Behaviour Research Group, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom. Source: Barber, A J Rose, S P Behav-Neural-Biol. 1991 July; 56(1): 77-88 0163-1047

•

Amnesia produced by anisomycin in an appetitive task is not due to conditioned aversion. Source: Patterson, T A Rosenzweig, M R Bennett, E L Behav-Neural-Biol. 1987 January; 47(1): 17-26 0163-1047

•

Attenuation of ECS-induced retrograde amnesia by using an herbal formulation. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, India. Source: Vinekar, A S Andrade, C Sriprada, V T George, J Joseph, T Chandra, J S J-ECT. 1998 June; 14(2): 83-8 1095-0680

•

Brain opioid peptides may participate in the reversal of pentylenetetrazol-induced amnesia. Author(s): Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Baratti, C M de Erausquin, G A Faiman, C P Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 1990 September; 12(7): 451-6 0379-0355

•

Cholecystokinin-related peptides, after systemic or central administration, prevent carbon monoxide-induced amnesia in mice. Author(s): Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Maurice, T Hiramatsu, M Kameyama, T Hasegawa, T Nabeshima, T JPharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1994 May; 269(2): 665-73 0022-3565

•

Delayed amnesia and disorientation after electroconvulsive treatment. Author(s): Ness-Ziona Mental Health Center. Source: Grinshpoon, A Mester, R Spivak, B Berg, Y Bleich, A Weizman, A J-PsychiatryNeurosci. 1992 November; 17(5): 191-3 1180-4882

•

Dynorphin A-(1-13) and (2-13) improve beta-amyloid peptide-induced amnesia in mice. Author(s): Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan. Source: Hiramatsu, M Inoue, K Kameyama, T Neuroreport. 2000 February 28; 11(3): 4315 0959-4965

Nutrition

77

•

ECT-induced anterograde amnesia: can the deficits be minimized? Author(s): Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, India. Source: Andrade, C Joseph, J Chandra, J S Vankataraman, B V Rani, M A Convuls-Ther. 1994 March; 10(1): 59-64 0749-8055

•

Effect of hachimijiogan, an oriental herbal medicinal mixture, on experimental amnesia in mice. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan. Source: Hirokawa, S Nose, M Ishige, A Amagaya, S Ogihara, Y Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1994 September; 17(9): 1182-6 0918-6158

•

Effects of central muscarinic blockade on passive avoidance: anterograde amnesia, state dependency, or both? Author(s): Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Mexico, D.F., Mexico. Source: Quirarte, G L Cruz Morales, S E Cepeda, A Garcia Montanez, M Roldan Roldan, G Prado Alcala, R A Behav-Neural-Biol. 1994 July; 62(1): 15-20 0163-1047

•

Effects of DM-9384, a cyclic derivative of GABA, on amnesia and decreases in GABAA and muscarinic receptors induced by cycloheximide. Author(s): Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Nabeshima, T Tohyama, K Murase, K Ishihara, S Kameyama, T Yamasaki, T Hatanaka, S Kojima, H Sakurai, T Takasu, Y et al. J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1991 April; 257(1): 271-5 0022-3565

•

Effects of Gastrodia elata and its active constituents on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China. Source: Wu, C R Hsieh, M T Huang, S C Peng, W H Chang, Y S Chen, C F Planta-Med. 1996 August; 62(4): 317-21 0032-0943

•

Effects of glutaurine treatment on electroshock-induced amnesia. Antiamnesic action of glutaurine. Author(s): Dept. Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical Univ. Szeged, Hungary. Source: Balazs, M Telegdy, G Neuropeptides. 1988 Aug-September; 12(2): 55-8 0143-4179

•

Effects of Jen-San-Yaung-Jung-Tang on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan. Source: Lu, M C Am-J-Chin-Med. 1998; 26(2): 117-25 0192-415X

•

Effects of paeoniflorin derivatives on scopolamine-induced amnesia using a passive avoidance task in mice; structure-activity relationship. Author(s): Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku (Traditional Sino-Japanese Medicines), Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Source: Abdel Hafez, A A Meselhy, M R Nakamura, N Hattori, M Watanabe, H Murakami, Y El Gendy, M A Mahfouz, N M Mohamed, T A Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1998 November; 21(11): 1174-9 0918-6158

78

Amnesia

•

Effects of Uncaria tomentosa total alkaloid and its components on experimental amnesia in mice: elucidation using the passive avoidance test. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Source: Mohamed, A F Matsumoto, K Tabata, K Takayama, H Kitajima, M Watanabe, H J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2000 December; 52(12): 1553-61 0022-3573

•

Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on scopolamine-induced amnesia in the rat. Author(s): Research Laboratory, Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Yamaguchi, Y Kobayashi, H Neuropeptides. 1994 March; 26(3): 153-8 0143-4179

•

Glycopyrrolate versus atropine in post-ECT amnesia in the elderly. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA. Source: Sommer, B R Satlin, A Friedman, L Cole, J O J-Geriatr-Psychiatry-Neurol. 1989 Jan-March; 2(1): 18-21 0891-9887

•

High level of footshock during inhibitory avoidance training prevents amnesia induced by intranigral injection of GABA antagonists. Author(s): Department of Physiology, National University of Mexico, Mexico, DF 04510, Mexico. Source: Cobos Zapiain, G G Salado Castillo, R Sanchez Alavez, M Quirarte, G L Roldan Roldan, G Diaz del Guante, M A Prado Alcala, R A Neurobiol-Learn-Mem. 1996 May; 65(3): 202-6 1074-7427

•

Inhibitors of phospholipase A2 produce amnesia for a passive avoidance task in the chick. Author(s): Brain and Behaviour Research Group, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom. Source: Holscher, C Rose, S P Behav-Neural-Biol. 1994 May; 61(3): 225-32 0163-1047

•

Inhibitors of PLA2 and NO synthase cooperate in producing amnesia of a spatial task. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. Source: Holscher, C Canevari, L Richter Levin, G Neuroreport. 1995 March 27; 6(5): 7302 0959-4965

•

Interaction between midazolam-induced anterograde amnesia and memory enhancement by treatments given immediately after training on an inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Author(s): Laboratorio de Neurotoxicologia, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciuma, SC, Brazil. [email protected] Source: Quevedo, J de Paris, F Vianna, M R Barichello, T Roesler, R Kapczinski, F BehavPharmacol. 2002 July; 13(4): 319-22 0955-8810

•

Interleukin-2 enhances scopolamine-induced amnesia and hyperactivity in the mouse. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milano, Italy. Source: Bianchi, M Panerai, A E Neuroreport. 1993 August; 4(8): 1046-8 0959-4965

•

Is aluminium an etiologic contributor to alcoholic amnesia and dementia? Source: Davis, W M Med-Hypotheses. 1993 October; 41(4): 341-3 0306-9877

Nutrition

79

•

Mitochondrial diazepam-binding inhibitor receptor complex agonists antagonize dizocilpine amnesia: putative role for allopregnanolone. Author(s): Fidia-Georgetown Institute for the Neurosciences, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia. Source: Romeo, E Cheney, D L Zivkovic, I Costa, E Guidotti, A J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1994 July; 270(1): 89-96 0022-3565

•

Novelty causes time-dependent retrograde amnesia for one-trial avoidance in rats through NMDA receptor- and CaMKII-dependent mechanisms in the hippocampus. Author(s): Centro de Memoria, Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Ciencias Basicas da Saude (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcellos, Porto Allegre, Brazil. [email protected] Source: Izquierdo, I Schroder, N Netto, C A Medina, J H Eur-J-Neurosci. 1999 September; 11(9): 3323-8 0953-816X

•

Nutrients, free radicals, and amnesia. Source: Essman, W.B. Nutritional modulation of neural function / edited by John E. Morley, M. Barry Sterman, John H. Walsh. San Diego : Academic Press, c1988. page 165177. ISBN: 0125064551

•

Oral sedation allows for comfort and amnesia during office surgery. Author(s): Division of Plastic Surgery, Virtua West Jersey Health System, Camden, USA. Source: Gatti, J E Ann-Plast-Surg. 2000 May; 44(5): 502-7 0148-7043

•

Post-training injection of GABAergic antagonists into the striatum produces retrograde amnesia. Author(s): Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Mexico, Mexico, D. F. Source: Chavez, M E Salado Castillo, R Sanchez Alavez, M Quirarte, G L Prado Alcala, R A Neurobiol-Learn-Mem. 1995 May; 63(3): 296-300 1074-7427

•

Post-training intrahippocampal infusion of protein kinase C inhibitors causes amnesia in rats. Author(s): Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Biociencias, UFRGS (centro), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Source: Jerusalinsky, D Quillfeldt, J A Walz, R Da Silva, R C Medina, J H Izquierdo, I Behav-Neural-Biol. 1994 March; 61(2): 107-9 0163-1047

•

Radix Angelica Sinensis extracts ameliorate scopolamine- and cycloheximide-induced amnesia, but not p-chloroamphetamine-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan. Source: Hsieh, M T Lin, Y T Lin, Y H Wu, C R Am-J-Chin-Med. 2000; 28(2): 263-72 0192415X

•

Scopolamine amnesia of passive avoidance: a deficit of information acquisition. Author(s): Cassella AG, CNS Pharmacology, Frankfurt, West Germany. Source: Rush, D K Behav-Neural-Biol. 1988 November; 50(3): 255-74 0163-1047

•

Scopolamine intoxication as a model of transient global amnesia. Author(s): Instituto Colombiano de Neuropsicologia. Source: Ardila, A Moreno, C Brain-Cogn. 1991 March; 15(2): 236-45 0278-2626

•

Serial position effect and selective amnesia induced by scopolamine in mice. Author(s): Department of Psychology, Keio University. Source: Watanabe, S Yanagisawa, N Nihon-Shinkei-Seishin-Yakurigaku-Zasshi. 2000 February; 20(1): 17-20 1340-2544

80

Amnesia

•

Sigma1 (sigma 1) receptor agonists and neurosteroids attenuate B25-35-amyloid peptide-induced amnesia in mice through a common mechanism. Author(s): I.N.S.E.R.M. Unite 336, Developpement, Plasticite et Vieillissement du Systeme Nerveux, Montpellier, France. Source: Maurice, T Su, T P Privat, A Neuroscience. 1998 March; 83(2): 413-28 0306-4522

•

Social amnesia in mice lacking the oxytocin gene. Author(s): The Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences and Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Source: Ferguson, J N Young, L J Hearn, E F Matzuk, M M Insel, T R Winslow, J T NatGenet. 2000 July; 25(3): 284-8 1061-4036

•

Strength of scopolamine-induced amnesia as a function of time between training and testing. Author(s): Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016. Source: Quartermain, D Leo, P Behav-Neural-Biol. 1988 November; 50(3): 300-10 01631047

•

The ameliorating effect of the water layer of Fructus Schisandrae on cycloheximideinduced amnesia in rats: interaction with drugs acting at neurotransmitter receptors. Author(s): Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College, 91 Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40421, Republic of China. [email protected] Source: Hsieh, M T Wu, C R Wang, W H Lin, L W Pharmacol-Res. 2001 January; 43(1): 17-22 1043-6618

•

The effect of vasopressin analogue [d(CH2)5(1),Tyr(Me)2]AVP on memory process in rats with experimental amnesia. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland. Source: Car, H Borawska, M Wisniewski, K Acta-Neurobiol-Exp-(Warsz). 1995; 55(3): 207-11 0065-1400

•

The effects of ascorbic acid and oxiracetam on scopolamine-induced amnesia in a habituation test in aged mice. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology, University of Trieste, Italy. Source: de Angelis, L Furlan, C Neurobiol-Learn-Mem. 1995 September; 64(2): 119-24 1074-7427

•

The effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia in rats. Transmitter-mediated action. Author(s): Department of Pathophysiology, Szent-Gyorgyi A. University Medical School, Szeged, Hungary. Source: Bidzseranova, A Penke, B Toth, G Telegdy, G Neuropeptides. 1991 June; 19(2): 103-6 0143-4179

•

The role of GABAA and GABAB receptors in the development of amnesia. Author(s): Institute of Physiology, Siberian Division, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR [SO AMN SSSR], Novosibirsk. Source: Parkhomenko, R I Dubrovina, N I Il'yuchenok RYu Neurosci-Behav-Physiol. 1990 Jul-August; 20(4): 317-22 0097-0549

•

Transient global amnesia, migraine, thalamic infarct, dihydroergotamine, and sumatriptan. Author(s): Service de M?edecine Interne IV-Centre Migraine et C?ephal?ees, Hopital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France.

Nutrition

81

Source: Pradalier, A Lutz, G Vincent, D Headache. 2000 April; 40(4): 324-7 0017-8748 •

Vasopressin and memory: improvement in normal short-term recall and reduction of alcohol-induced amnesia. Source: Millar, K Jeffcoate, W J Walder, C P Psychol-Med. 1987 May; 17(2): 335-41 00332917

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

82

•

Amnesia

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

83

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AMNESIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to amnesia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to amnesia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to amnesia: •

“Collective Amnesia:” the absence of religious faith and spirituality in health communication research and practice. Author(s): Parrott R. Source: Health Communication. 2004; 16(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14979848&dopt=Abstract

•

A critical evaluation of the Shane technique of intravenous amnesia. Author(s): Miller A. Source: Pa Dent J (Harrisb). 1971 September; 38(7): 10-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4107722&dopt=Abstract

•

A method for the recovery of mishap related events lost to amnesia. Author(s): Levy RA.

84

Amnesia

Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1987 March; 58(3): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3555450&dopt=Abstract •

A physiological investigation of volitional and nonvolitional experience during posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Schuyler BA, Coe WC. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981 June; 40(6): 1160-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7264881&dopt=Abstract

•

A process model of posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Huesmann LR, Gruder CL, Dorst G. Source: Cognitive Psychology. 1987 January; 19(1): 33-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3816145&dopt=Abstract

•

A simplified herbal formulation attenuates electroconvulsive shock-induced anterograde amnesia. Author(s): Andrade C, Anitha K, Moola B, Hegde R, Chandra JS. Source: The Journal of Ect. 1999 June; 15(2): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10378157&dopt=Abstract

•

A technique for promoting robust free recall in chronic organic amnesia. Author(s): Kovner R, Mattis S, Goldmeier E. Source: J Clin Neuropsychol. 1983 February; 5(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6826765&dopt=Abstract

•

American ginseng extract reduces scopolamine-induced amnesia in a spatial learning task. Author(s): Sloley BD, Pang PK, Huang BH, Ba F, Li FL, Benishin CG, Greenshaw AJ, Shan JJ. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1999 November; 24(5): 442-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10586535&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia and hypnosis. Author(s): Thorne DE. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1969 October; 17(4): 225-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5354926&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia and hypnotic time estimation. Author(s): St Jean R, MacLeod C, Coe WC, Howard M. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1982 April; 30(2): 127-37. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7085135&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 85

•

Amnesia for homicide (“pedicide”). Its treatment with hypnosis. Author(s): Meyerson AT. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1966 May; 14(5): 509-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5930468&dopt=Abstract

•

Amnesia, subjective organization, and learning of a list of unrelated words in hypnotic and task-motivated subjects. Author(s): Spanos NP, Radtke-Bodorik HL, Shabinsky MA. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1980 April; 28(2): 126-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7364522&dopt=Abstract

•

An event-related potential investigation of posthypnotic recognition amnesia. Author(s): Allen JJ, Iacono WG, Laravuso JJ, Dunn LA. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1995 August; 104(3): 421-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673565&dopt=Abstract

•

An experimental study of compliance and post-hypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Wagstaff GF. Source: Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1977 September; 16(3): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=912235&dopt=Abstract

•

Anterograde amnesia for Pavlovian fear conditioning and the role of one-trial overshadowing: effects of preconditioning exposures to morphine in the rat. Author(s): McNally GP, Westbrook RF. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes. 2003 July; 29(3): 222-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884681&dopt=Abstract

•

Anticholinesterase-induced amnesia and its temporal aspects. Author(s): Deutsch JA, Hamburg MD, Dahl H. Source: Science. 1966 January 14; 151(707): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5948540&dopt=Abstract

•

Attempting to breach posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF, Evans FJ, Orne EC, Orne MT. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1980 October; 89(5): 603-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7410720&dopt=Abstract

•

Attention-related electroencephalographic and event-related potential predictors of responsiveness to suggested posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Schnyer DM, Allen JJ.

86

Amnesia

Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1995 July; 43(3): 295-315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7635581&dopt=Abstract •

Attenuation of ECS-induced retrograde amnesia by using an herbal formulation. Author(s): Vinekar AS, Andrade C, Sriprada VT, George J, Joseph T, Chandra JS. Source: The Journal of Ect. 1998 June; 14(2): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641803&dopt=Abstract

•

Auto-interpretation of dreams and art productions. Hypoanalysis of a case of amnesia. Author(s): Barahal HS. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 1967 October; 41(4): 607-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4169684&dopt=Abstract

•

Barber's task-motivational theory and post-hypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Norris DL. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1973 January; 15(3): 181-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4780118&dopt=Abstract

•

Belladonna alkaloids-induced behavioral changes and amnesia on open-field and step-through in 18-, 28-, and 38-day-old mice. Author(s): Pan SY, Han YF, Xu QP, Liu MY, Ma HZ, Ding WJ, Zhu RL. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1998 March; 19(2): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374631&dopt=Abstract

•

BR-16A protects against ECS-induced anterograde amnesia. Author(s): Joseph J, Venkataraman BV, Rani MA, Andrade C. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1994 October 1; 36(7): 478-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7811845&dopt=Abstract

•

Breaching hypnotic amnesia by manipulating expectancy. Author(s): Silva CE, Kirsch I. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1987 November; 96(4): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3693682&dopt=Abstract

•

Carbon monoxide, amnesia and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Samuels AH, Vamos MJ, Taikato MR. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 June; 26(2): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1642626&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 87

•

Cognitive activity in response to hypnotic suggestion: goal-directed fantasy and selective amnesia. Author(s): Spanos NP, Ham ML. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1973 January; 15(3): 191-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4780119&dopt=Abstract

•

Cold-induced amnesia blocks escape deficits in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana). Author(s): Brown GE, Moore A, Tallman D. Source: Psychological Reports. 1995 December; 77(3 Pt 1): 1051-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8559907&dopt=Abstract

•

Complete amnesia induced by ECS and complete recovery of memory following reinstatement treatment. Author(s): Devietti TL, Hopfer TM. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1974 April; 12(4): 599-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4856810&dopt=Abstract

•

Context and cognition in posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1978 October; 26(4): 246-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=681028&dopt=Abstract

•

Contextual forgetting: posthypnotic source amnesia. Author(s): Evans FJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1979 October; 88(5): 556-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500965&dopt=Abstract

•

Creatively imagined “amnesia”. Author(s): McConkey KM. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1980 April; 22(4): 197-205. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7424798&dopt=Abstract

•

Decursin from Angelica gigas mitigates amnesia induced by scopolamine in mice. Author(s): Kang SY, Lee KY, Park MJ, Kim YC, Markelonis GJ, Oh TH, Kim YC. Source: Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 2003 January; 79(1): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482674&dopt=Abstract

•

Detection of simulated hypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Spanos NP, James B, de Groot HP.

88

Amnesia

Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1990 May; 99(2): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2348012&dopt=Abstract •

Different temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia produced by carbon dioxide anesthesia and electroconvulsive shock. Author(s): Paolino RM, Quatermainquartermain D, Miller NE. Source: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1966 October; 62(2): 270-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6008013&dopt=Abstract

•

Directed forgetting and posthypnotic amnesia: information processing and social contexts. Author(s): Coe WC, Basden BH, Basden D, Fikes T, Gargano GJ, Webb M. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989 February; 56(2): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2926622&dopt=Abstract

•

Disorganized recall during suggested amnesia: fact not artifact. Author(s): Spanos NP, Radtke-Bodorik HL, Stam HJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1980 February; 89(1): 1-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7365112&dopt=Abstract

•

Disorganized recall, hypnotic amnesia and subjects' faking: more disconfirmatory evidence. Author(s): Spanos NP, Radtke HL, Bertrand LD, Addie DL, Drummond J. Source: Psychological Reports. 1982 April; 50(2): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7089127&dopt=Abstract

•

Disorganized recall, suggested amnesia, and compliance. Author(s): Wagstaff GF. Source: Psychological Reports. 1982 December; 51(3 Pt 2): 1255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7167621&dopt=Abstract

•

Disrupted retrieval in directed forgetting: a link with posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Geiselman RE, Bjork RA, Fishman DL. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 1983 March; 112(1): 58-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6221062&dopt=Abstract

•

Dissociation in posthypnotic amnesia: knowing without knowing. Author(s): Bartis SP, Zamansky HS. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1986 October; 29(2): 103-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3776893&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 89

•

ECT-induced anterograde amnesia: can the deficits be minimized? Author(s): Andrade C, Joseph J, Chandra JS, Vankataraman BV, Rani MA. Source: Convuls Ther. 1994 March; 10(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8055293&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of hachimijiogan, an oriental herbal medicinal mixture, on experimental amnesia in mice. Author(s): Hirokawa S, Nose M, Ishige A, Amagaya S, Ogihara Y. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994 September; 17(9): 1182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841938&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of four non-cholinergic cognitive enhancers in comparison with tacrine and galanthamine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Chopin P, Briley M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1992; 106(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1738791&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of Fructus schizandrae on cycloheximide-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Hsieh MT, Tsai ML, Peng WH, Wu CR. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 May; 13(3): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10353174&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of Gastrodia elata and its active constituents on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Wu CR, Hsieh MT, Huang SC, Peng WH, Chang YS, Chen CF. Source: Planta Medica. 1996 August; 62(4): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792662&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of isolation on retrograde amnesia produced by ECS in multiple trial learning. Author(s): Adams HE, Calhoun KS, Davis JW, Peters RD. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1974 March; 12(3): 499-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4856542&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of Jen-San-Yaung-Jung-Tang on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Lu MC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1998; 26(2): 117-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9799963&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of paeoniflorin derivatives on scopolamine-induced amnesia using a passive avoidance task in mice; structure-activity relationship. Author(s): Abdel-Hafez AA, Meselhy MR, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Watanabe H, Murakami Y, El-Gendy MA, Mahfouz NM, Mohamed TA.

90

Amnesia

Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1998 November; 21(11): 1174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9853408&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of shosaikoto, an oriental herbal medicinal mixture, on age-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Amagaya S, Umeda SH, Ogihara Y. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990 March; 28(3): 349-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2335963&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of social-physiological variables on hypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Spanos NP, Stam HJ, D'Eon JL, Pawlak AE, Radtke-Bodorik HL. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1980 October; 39(4): 737-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7431211&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of Uncaria tomentosa total alkaloid and its components on experimental amnesia in mice: elucidation using the passive avoidance test. Author(s): Mohamed AF, Matsumoto K, Tabata K, Takayama H, Kitajima M, Watanabe H. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2000 December; 52(12): 1553-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197086&dopt=Abstract

•

Electrodermal measures in experimental amnesia. Author(s): STERN JA, EDMONSTON W, ULETT GA, LEVITSKY A. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1963 October; 67: 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14049520&dopt=Abstract

•

Electroencephalographic indices related to hypnosis and amnesia during propofol anaesthesia for cardioversion. Author(s): Baker GW, Sleigh JW, Smith P. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2000 August; 28(4): 386-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969364&dopt=Abstract

•

Electromyographic feedback and taped relaxation instructions to modify hypnotic susceptibility and amnesia. Author(s): Simon MJ, Salzberg HC. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1981 July; 24(1): 14-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7315754&dopt=Abstract

•

Electroshock amnesia to aversive heart-rate conditioning in rats. Author(s): Hine B, Paolino RM.

Alternative Medicine 91

Source: Behav Biol. 1974 February; 10(2): 247-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4856065&dopt=Abstract •

Episodic and semantic memory in posthypnotic amnesia: A reevaluation. Author(s): Spanos NP, Radtke HL, Dubreuil DL. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1982 September; 43(3): 565-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7131241&dopt=Abstract

•

Evidence for hypnotically induced amnesia as an analog of repression. Author(s): LEVITT EE, PERSKY H, BRADY JP, FITZGERALD J, den BREEIJEN A. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1961 September; 133: 218-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14464716&dopt=Abstract

•

Expectation and spontaneous posthypnotic amnesia: an experimental note. Author(s): DITTBORN JM, ARISTEGUIETA A. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1962 April; 4: 268-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13886589&dopt=Abstract

•

Facilitating telephone number recall in a case of psychogenic amnesia. Author(s): Lyon LS. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1985 June; 16(2): 1479. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3900141&dopt=Abstract

•

Factors in the modification by isolation of electroconvulsive shock-produced retrograde amnesia in the rat. Author(s): Calhoun KS, Prewett MJ, Peters RD, Adams HE. Source: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1975 January; 88(1): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1168207&dopt=Abstract

•

False attribution of suggestibility to explain recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse following extended amnesia. Author(s): Leavitt F. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1997 March; 21(3): 265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9134257&dopt=Abstract

•

Functional isolation of associations during suggested posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Stewart CG, Dunlap WP. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1976 October; 24(4): 426-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1002346&dopt=Abstract

92

Amnesia

•

Hypnosis as a retrieval cue in posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF, Brenneman HA, Pistole DD, Shor RE. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1985 August; 94(3): 264-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4031223&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnosis to facilitate recall in psychogenic amnesia and fugue states: treatment variables. Author(s): MacHovec FJ. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1981 July; 24(1): 7-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7315763&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnosis, memory and amnesia. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1997 November 29; 352(1362): 1727-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9415925&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotherapy in a case of amnesia with suicide attempt. Author(s): ZECKEL A. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 1951 July; 25(3): 484-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14875785&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotic amnesia and learning: a dissociation interpretation. Author(s): Kinnunen T, Zamansky HS. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1996 April; 38(4): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8799032&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotic amnesia and the paradox of intentional forgetting. Author(s): Bowers KS, Woody EZ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1996 August; 105(3): 381-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8772008&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotic amnesia as a strategic enactment: breaching amnesia in highly susceptible subjects. Author(s): Spanos NP, Radtke HL, Bertrand LD. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1984 November; 47(5): 1155-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6520706&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotic amnesia in psychotherapy. Author(s): Kline MV.

Alternative Medicine 93

Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1966 April; 14(2): 112-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5938788&dopt=Abstract •

Hypnotic amnesia revisited. Author(s): Thorne DE, Hall HV. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1974 April; 22(2): 167-78. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4423243&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotic amnesia, disorganized recall, and inattention. Author(s): Spanos NP, D'Eon JL. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1980 December; 89(6): 744-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7451731&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotic exploration of amnesia after cerebral injuries. Author(s): Milos R. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1975 April; 23(2): 103-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1120625&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotic susceptibility, amnesia, and IQ in chronic schizophrenia. Author(s): Lavoie G, Sabourin M, Langlois J. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1973 July; 21(3): 157-68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4701787&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotically induced amnesia versus ablation of memory. Author(s): Goldstein MS, Sipprelle CN. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1970 July; 18(3): 211-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5484104&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotizability, the dissociative experiences scale, HGSHS: A amnesia, and automatic writing: is there an association? Author(s): Green JP. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1997 January; 45(1): 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8991297&dopt=Abstract

•

Hysterical amnesia treated by hypnosis; psychiatric and psychological aspects. Author(s): IZNER SM, GOLDMAN J, LEISER R. Source: Dis Nerv Syst. 1953 October; 14(10): 313-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13095272&dopt=Abstract

•

Impulse-defense implications in a case of amnesia. Author(s): Stross L.

94

Amnesia

Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1966 April; 14(2): 89-103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5938795&dopt=Abstract •

Increasing contextual pressures to breach posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Coe WC, Sluis AS. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989 November; 57(5): 885-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2810028&dopt=Abstract

•

Intensity of amnesia during hypnosis is positively correlated with estimated prevalence of sexual abuse and alien abductions: implications for the false memory syndrome. Author(s): Dittburner TL, Persinger MA. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1993 December; 77(3 Pt 1): 895-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8284172&dopt=Abstract

•

Isoflurane causes anterograde but not retrograde amnesia for pavlovian fear conditioning. Author(s): Dutton RC, Maurer AJ, Sonner JM, Fanselow MS, Laster MJ, Eger EI 2nd. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 May; 96(5): 1223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981164&dopt=Abstract

•

Items for assessing posthypnotic recognition amnesia with the HGSHS:A and the SHSS:C. Author(s): Allen JJ, Law H, Laravuso JJ. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1996 January; 44(1): 52-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8582778&dopt=Abstract

•

Memories of childhood abuse: dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration. Author(s): Chu JA, Frey LM, Ganzel BL, Matthews JA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 May; 156(5): 749-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10327909&dopt=Abstract

•

Mesograde amnesia during the sleep onset transition: replication and electrophysiological correlates. Author(s): Wyatt JK, Bootzin RR, Allen JJ, Anthony JL. Source: Sleep. 1997 July; 20(7): 512-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322267&dopt=Abstract

•

Models of posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF.

Alternative Medicine 95

Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1977 October 7; 296: 284-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=279252&dopt=Abstract •

Modification by environmental conditions of retrograde amnesia produced by ECS. Author(s): Peters RD, Calhoun KS, Adams HE. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1973 December; 11(6): 889-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4797049&dopt=Abstract

•

More on volitional experiences and breaching posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Schuyler BA, Coe WC. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1989 October; 37(4): 320-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2793272&dopt=Abstract

•

Multimodal event-related potential P3 after transient global amnesia. Author(s): Trinka E, Pfisterer G, Unterrainer J, Staffen W, Wranek U, Loscher NW, Ladurner G. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2000 January; 7(1): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809919&dopt=Abstract

•

Neural mechanisms in dissociative amnesia for childhood abuse: relevance to the current controversy surrounding the “false memory syndrome”. Author(s): Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Southwick SM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 July; 153(7 Suppl): 71-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8659644&dopt=Abstract

•

Nonverbal signs of deception during posthypnotic amnesia: a brief communication. Author(s): Kennedy J, Coe WC. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1994 January; 42(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8112924&dopt=Abstract

•

On the mechanisms of posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Orne MT. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1966 April; 14(2): 121-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5938789&dopt=Abstract

•

Optimal scoring of amnesia on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF, Register PA. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1984 January; 32(1): 51-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6693222&dopt=Abstract

96

Amnesia

•

Post-hypnotic amnesia and post-hypnotic effect. Author(s): EDWARDS G. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1965 April; 111: 316-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14286963&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia and the cognitive efficiency of schizophrenics. Author(s): Obstoj I, Sheehan PW. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1983 July; 31(3): 155-69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6862717&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia as an active psychic process. The reversibility of amnesia. Author(s): Nace EP, Orne MT, Hammer AG. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1974 August; 31(2): 257-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4604926&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia as disrupted retrieval. Author(s): Evans FJ, Kihlstrom JF. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1973 October; 82(2): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4754373&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-hypnotic amnesia as disrupted retrieval: a role-playing paradigm. Author(s): Wagstaff GF. Source: Q J Exp Psychol. 1977 August; 29(3): 499-500. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=905500&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia for a first romantic relationship: Forgetting the entire relationship versus forgetting selected events. Author(s): Cox RE, Barnier AJ. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 2003 May; 11(3): 307-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908678&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia for autobiographical episodes: a laboratory model of functional amnesia? Author(s): Barnier AJ. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2002 May; 13(3): 232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009043&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia for material learned before hypnosis. Author(s): Bryant RA, Barnier AJ, Mallard D, Tibbits R.

Alternative Medicine 97

Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1999 January; 47(1): 46-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9889487&dopt=Abstract •

Posthypnotic amnesia for material learned before or during hypnosis: explicit and implicit memory effects. Author(s): Barnier AJ, Bryant RA, Briscoe S. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2001 October; 49(4): 286-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596825&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia for recently learned material: interactions with “episodic” and “semantic” memory. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF. Source: Cognitive Psychology. 1980 April; 12(2): 227-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7371378&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia, the hidden observer effect, and duality during hypnotic age regression. Author(s): Nadon R, D'Eon J, McConkey KM, Laurence JR, Perry C. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1988 January; 36(1): 19-37. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3343083&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia: evaluation of selective recall of successful experiences. Author(s): Pettinati HM, Evans FJ. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1978 October; 26(4): 317-29. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=681033&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia: experiments and theory. Author(s): Hilgard ER. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1966 April; 14(2): 104-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5938787&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-hypnotic amnesia: seeing is not remembering. Author(s): McConkey KM, Sheehan PW, Cross DG. Source: Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1980 February; 19(1): 99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7357233&dopt=Abstract

•

Posthypnotic amnesia: suggestions of an active process in dissociative phenomena. Author(s): Coe WC, Basden B, Basden D. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1976 October; 85(5): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=965572&dopt=Abstract

98

Amnesia

•

Post-traumatic amnesia. Author(s): Schwartz O, Sisler GC. Source: Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1971 August; 16(4): 337-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5165926&dopt=Abstract

•

Radix Angelica Sinensis extracts ameliorate scopolamine- and cycloheximide-induced amnesia, but not p-chloroamphetamine-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Hsieh MT, Lin YT, Lin YH, Wu CR. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2000; 28(2): 263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10999445&dopt=Abstract

•

Recall and recognition during posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF, Shor RE. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1978 October; 26(4): 330-49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=681034&dopt=Abstract

•

Recall and recognition memory during posthypnotic amnesia: a failure to confirm the disrupted-search hypothesis and the memory disorganization hypothesis. Author(s): St Jean R, Coe WC. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1981 June; 90(3): 231-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7288018&dopt=Abstract

•

Recognition memory in amnesia: effects of relaxing response criteria. Author(s): Verfaellie M, Giovanello KS, Keane MM. Source: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2001 March; 1(1): 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467099&dopt=Abstract

•

Recovery of memory after posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF, Evans FJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1976 December; 85(6): 564-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=993452&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduced clustering during hypnotic amnesia for a long word list: comment on Wilson and Kihlstrom. Author(s): Spanos NP, Bertrand LD, Perlini AH. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1988 August; 97(3): 378-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3192836&dopt=Abstract

•

Reexamination of prolonged retrograde amnesia in one-trial learning. Author(s): Chorover SL, Schiller PH.

Alternative Medicine 99

Source: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1966 February; 61(1): 34-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5948228&dopt=Abstract •

Relation of predicted to actual hypnotic responsiveness, with special reference to posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Shor RE, Pistole DD, Easton RD, Kihlstrom JF. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1984 October; 32(4): 376-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6526536&dopt=Abstract

•

Relationship of posthypnotic amnesia to waking memory performance. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF, Twersky M. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1978 October; 26(4): 292-306. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=681031&dopt=Abstract

•

Repression and hypnotic amnesia. Author(s): CLEMES S. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1964 July; 69: 62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14177066&dopt=Abstract

•

Repression and hypnotic amnesia: a failure to replicate and an alternative formulation. Author(s): Stam HJ, Radtke-Bodorik HL, Spanos NP. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1980 August; 89(4): 551-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7400454&dopt=Abstract

•

Residual effect of suggestions for posthypnotic amnesia: a reexamination. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF, Evans FJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1977 August; 86(4): 327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=903486&dopt=Abstract

•

Restricted use of success cues in retrieval during posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Pettinati HM, Evans FJ, Orne EC, Orne MT. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1981 August; 90(4): 345-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7264065&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrieval inhibition in directed forgetting and posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Basden BH, Basden DR, Coe WC, Decker S, Crutcher K. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1994 July; 42(3): 184-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8063460&dopt=Abstract

•

Retroactive inhibition, hypnosis, and hypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Graham KR, Patton A.

100

Amnesia

Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1968 January; 16(1): 68-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5658513&dopt=Abstract •

Retrograde amnesia for forty years. Author(s): Andrews E, Poser CM, Kessler M. Source: Cortex. 1982 October; 18(3): 441-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7151452&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde amnesia in a murder suspect. Author(s): Brunn JT. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1968 January; 10(3): 209-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5641839&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrograde amnesia in praying mantis after two successive learning processes. Author(s): Zabala NA, Maldonado H. Source: Acta Cient Venez. 1990; 41(3): 186-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2152377&dopt=Abstract

•

Return of the repressed: hypnoanalysis of a case of total amnesia. Author(s): Eisen MR. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1989 April; 37(2): 107-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2722300&dopt=Abstract

•

Role of expectancy, amnesia, and hypnotic induction in the performance of posthypnotic behavior. Author(s): Gandolfo RL. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1971 June; 77(3): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5556942&dopt=Abstract

•

Scopolamine intoxication as a model of transient global amnesia. Author(s): Ardila A, Moreno C. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1991 March; 15(2): 236-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2043366&dopt=Abstract

•

Selective amnesia for events within hypnosis in relation to repression. Author(s): HILGARD ER, HOMMEL LS. Source: Journal of Personality. 1961 June; 29: 205-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13714233&dopt=Abstract

•

Selective hypnotic amnesia: is it a successful attempt to forget or an unsuccessful attempt to remember? Author(s): Davidson TM, Bowers KS.

Alternative Medicine 101

Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1991 May; 100(2): 133-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2040763&dopt=Abstract •

Serial organization during posthypnotic amnesia using a modified version of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Author(s): Spanos NP, de Groh MM, Bertrand LD. Source: Psychological Reports. 1986 February; 58(1): 311-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3961076&dopt=Abstract

•

Social psychological factors in the genesis of posthypnotic source amnesia. Author(s): Spanos NP, Gwynn MI, Della Malva CL, Bertrand LD. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1988 August; 97(3): 322-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3192825&dopt=Abstract

•

Somatic and autonomic indexes of recovery from electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Miller RR, Kraus JN. Source: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1977 April; 91(2): 434-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=558233&dopt=Abstract

•

Some characteristics of posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): WILLIAMSEN JA, JOHNSON HJ, ERIKSEN CW. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1965 April; 70: 123-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14274316&dopt=Abstract

•

Source of cues for cue-dependent amnesia in rats. Author(s): Lewis DJ, Bregman NJ. Source: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1973 November; 85(2): 421-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4756919&dopt=Abstract

•

Spontaneous and suggested posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Hilgard ER, Cooper LM. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1965 October; 13(4): 261-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5877359&dopt=Abstract

•

Spontaneous and suggested posthypnotic source amnesia. Author(s): Cooper LM. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1966 April; 14(2): 180-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5938794&dopt=Abstract

•

Spontaneous recovery of memory during posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF, Easton RD, Shor RE.

102

Amnesia

Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1983 October; 31(4): 309-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6618732&dopt=Abstract •

Steps toward healing: false memories and traumagenic amnesia may coexist in vulnerable populations. Author(s): Baars BJ, McGovern K. Source: Consciousness and Cognition. 1995 March; 4(1): 68-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7497104&dopt=Abstract

•

Subjective and categorical organization of recall during posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Wilson L, Kihlstrom JF. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1986 August; 95(3): 264-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3745649&dopt=Abstract

•

Suggested amnesia and disorganized recall in hypnotic and task-motivated subjects. Author(s): Spanos NP, Bodorik HL. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1977 June; 86(3): 295-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=874188&dopt=Abstract

•

Suggested amnesia and order of recall as a function of hypnotic susceptibility and learning conditions in chronic schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Lieberman J, Lavoie G, Brisson A. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1978 October; 26(4): 268-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=681029&dopt=Abstract

•

Suggested posthypnotic amnesia in four diagnostic groups of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Author(s): Evans FJ, Staats JM. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1989 July; 32(1): 27-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2773818&dopt=Abstract

•

Suggested posthypnotic amnesia in psychiatric patients and normals. Author(s): Frischholz EJ, Braun BG, Lipman LS, Sachs R. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1992 July; 35(1): 29-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1442638&dopt=Abstract

•

Symposium on posthypnotic amnesia: discussion. Author(s): Watkins JG. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1966 April; 14(2): 139-49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5938791&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 103

•

Symposium on posthypnotic amnesia: discussion. Author(s): Wright ME. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1966 April; 14(2): 135-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5938790&dopt=Abstract

•

Temporal organization and hypnotic amnesia using a modification of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Author(s): Radtke HL, Spanos NP, Della Malva CL, Stam HJ. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1986 January; 34(1): 41-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3949427&dopt=Abstract

•

Temporal organization of recall during posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Kihlstrom JF, Wilson L. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1984 May; 93(2): 200-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6725753&dopt=Abstract

•

Temporal sequencing during posthypnotic amnesia: a methodological critique. Author(s): Radtke HL, Spanos NP. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1981 October; 90(5): 476-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7298996&dopt=Abstract

•

Temporally graded retrograde amnesia of contextual fear after hippocampal damage in rats: within-subjects examination. Author(s): Anagnostaras SG, Maren S, Fanselow MS. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1999 February 1; 19(3): 1106-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9920672&dopt=Abstract

•

Temporally graded, context-specific retrograde amnesia and its alleviation by context preexposure: effects of postconditioning exposures to morphine in the rat. Author(s): McNally GP, Westbrook RF. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes. 2003 April; 29(2): 130-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735277&dopt=Abstract

•

Test of the dissipation hypothesis of hypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Bertrand LD, Spanos NP, Parkinson B. Source: Psychological Reports. 1983 April; 52(2): 667-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6878560&dopt=Abstract

•

Thalamic amnesia following venous infarction: evidence from a single case study. Author(s): Peru A, Fabbro F.

104

Amnesia

Source: Brain and Cognition. 1997 April; 33(3): 278-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9126396&dopt=Abstract •

The ameliorating effect of the water layer of Fructus Schisandrae on cycloheximideinduced amnesia in rats: interaction with drugs acting at neurotransmitter receptors. Author(s): Hsieh MT, Wu CR, Wang WH, Lin LW. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2001 January; 43(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207061&dopt=Abstract

•

The ameliorating effects of cognition-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamine- and MK-801-induced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Lin YC, Wu CR, Lin CJ, Hsieh MT. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2003; 31(4): 543-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14587877&dopt=Abstract

•

The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamineinduced amnesia in rats. Author(s): Hsieh MT, Peng WH, Wu CR, Wang WH. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2000 August; 14(5): 375-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10925408&dopt=Abstract

•

The credibility of posthypnotic amnesia: a contextualists' view. Author(s): Coe WC. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1978 October; 26(4): 218-45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=681027&dopt=Abstract

•

The dissipation hypothesis of hypnotic amnesia: more disconfirming evidence. Author(s): Spanos NP, Tkachyk ME, Bertrand LD, Weekes JR. Source: Psychological Reports. 1984 August; 55(1): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6484074&dopt=Abstract

•

The dissociation of anterograde and retrograde amnesia in a patient with herpes encephalitis. Author(s): O'Connor M, Butters N, Miliotis P, Eslinger P, Cermak LS. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1992 March; 14(2): 159-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1572943&dopt=Abstract

•

The dissociative reactions; dissociation, double personality, depersonalization, amnesia, fugue states, somnambulism, and hypnosis. Author(s): LAUGHLIN HP.

Alternative Medicine 105

Source: Med Ann Dist Columbia. 1953 October; 22(10): 541-51; Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13098444&dopt=Abstract •

The effect of manipulated expectancies on posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Simon MJ, Salzberg HC. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1985 January; 33(1): 40-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3988385&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of context and subjects' perceived control in breaching posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Howard ML, Coe WC. Source: Journal of Personality. 1980 September; 48(3): 342-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7411377&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of live, taped, and no music on people experiencing posttraumatic amnesia. Author(s): Baker F. Source: J Music Ther. 2001 Fall; 38(3): 170-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570931&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of spoken versus written recall on suggested amnesia in hypnotic and task-motivated subjects. Author(s): Radtke-Bodorik HL, Spanos NP, Haddad MG. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1979 July; 22(1): 8-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=495529&dopt=Abstract

•

The encoding capacity of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis. Author(s): Cermak LS. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1976; 14(3): 311-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=958600&dopt=Abstract

•

The hypnotic treatment of amnesia in an Air Force basic trainee. Author(s): Garver RB, Fuselier GD, Booth TB. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1981 July; 24(1): 3-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7315756&dopt=Abstract

•

The impact of posthypnotic amnesia and directed forgetting on implicit and explicit memory: new insights from a modified process dissociation procedure. Author(s): David D, Brown R, Pojoga C, David A.

106

Amnesia

Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2000 July; 48(3): 267-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902293&dopt=Abstract •

The impact of videotape playback of hypnotic events on posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): McConkey KM, Sheehan P. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1981 February; 90(1): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7264054&dopt=Abstract

•

The mesograde amnesia of sleep may be attenuated in subjects with primary insomnia. Author(s): Perlis ML, Smith MT, Orff HJ, Andrews PJ, Giles DE. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2001 September 1-15; 74(1-2): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564454&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of amnesia in dentistry: a case report. Author(s): Newman M. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1971 October; 14(2): 127-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5163596&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of expectancies in the occurrence of posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Ashford B, Hammer AG. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1978 October; 26(4): 281-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=681030&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in post-traumatic amnesia: a report of two cases. Author(s): Childs A, Crismon ML. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1988 July-September; 2(3): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3262394&dopt=Abstract

•

The ventral hippocampus and fear conditioning in rats. Different anterograde amnesias of fear after tetrodotoxin inactivation and infusion of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol. Author(s): Bast T, Zhang WN, Feldon J. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2001 July; 139(1): 39-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11482842&dopt=Abstract

•

Toward a theory of “hypnotic” behavior: experimental analyses of suggested amnesia. Author(s): Barber TX, Calverley DS.

Alternative Medicine 107

Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1966 April; 71(2): 95-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5910959&dopt=Abstract •

Transient global amnesia and migraine. A case control study. Author(s): Schmidtke K, Ehmsen L. Source: European Neurology. 1998 July; 40(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9693225&dopt=Abstract

•

Trauma-induced dissociative amnesia in World War I combat soldiers. II. Treatment dimensions. Author(s): Brown P, van der Hart O, Graafland M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 June; 33(3): 392-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442796&dopt=Abstract

•

Two types of posthypnotic amnesia: recall amnesia and source amnesia. Author(s): Evans FJ, Thorn WA. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1966 April; 14(2): 162-79. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5938793&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of retrieval cues in breaching hypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Radtke HL, Thompson VA, Egger LA. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1987 November; 96(4): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3693684&dopt=Abstract

•

Volitional experiences associated with breaching posthypnotic amnesia. Author(s): Coe WC, Yashinski E. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985 March; 48(3): 716-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3989665&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

108

Amnesia

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to amnesia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Chinese Medicine Bushen Yinao Pian Alternative names: Bushen Yinao Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Guilu Bushen Wan Alternative names: Guilu Bushen Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qingnao Jiangya Pian Alternative names: Qingnao Jiangya Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

•

Herbs and Supplements Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

Alternative Medicine 109

Melatonin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

111

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AMNESIA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to amnesia. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “amnesia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on amnesia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Amnesia ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to amnesia. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Case of Philosophical Amnesia: Russell, Wittgenstein and a Forgotten Manuscript (Russell Bertrand) by Shosky, John Edwin, PhD from The American University, 1992, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9237229

•

Africans on This Soil: the Counter-Amnesia of the New York African Burial Ground by Pearce, Susan Carol, PhD from New School for Social Research, 1997, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9717884

•

Amnesia for CER Following Amygdaloid Elicited Behavioural Convulsions in Intact and Split-Brain Rats by McIntyre, Dan C; AdvDeg from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07953

•

Associative Recognition Memory in Global Amnesia by Giovanello, Kelly Sullivan, PhD from Boston University, 2003, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083836

112

Amnesia

•

Autobiographical Amnesia: Memory, Myth, Curriculum by Nixon, Gregory Michael, PhD from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1992, 370 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9316988

•

Children's Explicit and Implicit Memory for Faces of Preschool Classmates: Implications for Childhood Amnesia by Lie, Eunhui, PhD from Temple University, 1996, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9623784

•

Conditional Discrimination Learning in Patients with Bilateral Medial TemporalLobe Amnesia by Fortier, Catherine Brawn, PhD from Boston University, 2003, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068033

•

Erasure, Amnesia, and Denial: The Challenges of White Blindness for Moral Agency and Emancipatory Praxis of White Christians by Case, Karin Ann; PhD from Union Theological Seminary, 2001, 313 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3033624

•

Ideology and Amnesia: The Public Debate on Women in the American Military, 19401973 by Fenner, Lorry Marie, PhD from The University of Michigan, 1995, 631 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9527620

•

Literary Melancholia, or the Refusal to Mourn: Amnesia and Anamnesis. Memories of Love, Loss, and Abjection in Feminine Writing (Hilda Doolittle, Djuna Barnes, Marguerite Duras, France) by Iannetta, Maria Elena, PhD from University of California, Santa Cruz, 2002, 332 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057709

•

Memory: Social Construction and Critique (Social Memory, Collective Amnesia) by Santos, Myrian Sepulveda, PhD from New School for Social Research, 1993, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9420280

•

One-trial Learning Paradigms and the Study of Ecs-produced Amnesia by Pinel, John P. J; AdvDeg from McGill University (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05388

•

Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Convulsions : Delayed Development of Retrograde Amnesia by Weening, David L; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK15763

•

Personal Amnesia (Impartiality; Objectivity; Ethics) by Dorbolo, Jon, PhD from University of Oregon, 1987, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8721233

•

Priming Effects during Hypnotic Amnesia by Bertrand, Lorne D; PhD from Carleton University (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL35863

•

Recall Organization and Volitional/Non-Volitional Experiencing in Posthypnotic and Intrahypnotic Amnesia Inattention Versus Dissociation Hypotheses by Davidson, Thomas McCabe; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL29611

•

Suggested Amnesia in the Context of Directed Forgetting by Rivers, Stephen; PhD from Carleton University (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK49535

Dissertations 113

•

Temporal Patterning of Electroshock and Retrograde Amnesia by Jamieson, John Leslie; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13231

•

The Effect of Methodological Factors on Hypnotic Amnesia and Disorganization by Radtke, H. Lorraine; PhD from Carleton University (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK59984

•

The Effects of Changes in the Contextual Demands on the Verbal Report of Posthypnotic Amnesia by Howard, Mark L; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK40019

•

The Effects of Changes in the Contextual Demands on the Verbal Report of Posthypnotic Amnesia. by Howard, Mark Lester, PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1588822

•

The Use of Post-Hypnotic Suggestions for Recall and Amnesia to Facilitate Retention and to Produce Forgetting for Previously Learned Materials in a Classroom Situation by Hagedorn, Judith Wright, EDD from The University of Tulsa, 1969, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7007537

•

The Use of Post-Hypnotic Suggestions for Recall and Amnesia to Facilitate Retention and to Produce Forgetting for Previously Learned Materials in a Classroom Situation by Kizziar, Janet Wright, EDD from The University of Tulsa, 1969, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7007538

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

115

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON AMNESIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “amnesia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on amnesia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Amnesia By performing a patent search focusing on amnesia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

116

Amnesia

will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on amnesia: •

Aromatic pyrrolidine amide prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors Inventor(s): Faraci; W. Stephen (East Lyme, CT), Nagel; Arthur A. (Gales Ferry, CT), Spencer; Robin W. (East Lyme, CT), Vinick; Fredric J. (Waterford, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 5,847,155 Date filed: January 26, 1996 Abstract: A series of aromatic pyrrolidine derivatives and suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are disclosed. These compounds are useful as PEP inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, amnesia, dementia, anxiety ischemia, or stroke. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to aromatic pyrrolidine and thiazolidine amides, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, to methods of preparing such compounds, and to the use of such compounds for enhancing learning behavior and memory and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and in prevention of ischemic damage following a stroke or other injury to the central nervous system. The foregoing compounds are prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) inhibitors. Prolyl endopeptidase is a cytosolic serine protease that hydrolyzes polypeptides after the amino acid proline in the peptide sequence. This enzyme is also known to cut (in vitro) LHRH, vasopressin, neurotensin, oxytocin, substance P and bradykinin. PEP has been found to be inhibited by Z-prolyl-prolinal as well as other compounds, some of which are believed to have an anti-amnesia effect. (W. Frogtl, et al., Pharmacopsychiat., 22 54-100 (Supplement) (1989); S. Wilk, et al., J. Neurochem, 4 (1983), 69-75; N. Katsube, et al., Japan J. Pharmacol. 49 (1989)). Some substituted pyrolidine compounds are also believed to be PEP inhibitors (See, European Patent Nos. 88-294328 and 88-294329). As stated above PEP hydrolyzes proline-containing peptides having biological activity, one of which is vasopressin, a peptide which is believed to be involved with memory processes in the brain. Since compounds that inhibit PEP have been found to have some anti-amnesic effects, it is believed that these inhibitors, as a result of blocking the activity of PEP, have the effect of leading to an increase in the concentration of vasopressin or its metabolites in the brain (T. Yoshimoto, et al., J. Pharmacobio-Dyn., 10, 730-735 (1987); J. P. H. Burbach, et al, Science, 221, 1310-1312 (1983)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05847155__

•

Assay for the measurement of neuronal degradation and uses thereof Inventor(s): Bach; Mary E. (Bronx, NY), Kandel; Eric R. (Riverdale, NY), Zhuo; Min (St. Louis, MO) Assignee(s): The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 6,096,302 Date filed: October 4, 1996 Abstract: The present invention provides a method to determine the extent of neuronal degradation due to aging, a learning disability, or a neurological disorder, which includes: (a) stimulating a neuronal cell population under suitable conditions so as to

Patents 117

induce a late-phase long term potentiation; (b) stimulating a normal neuronal cell population under suitable conditions so as to induce a late-phase long term potentiation; and (c) comparing the duration of the late-phase long term potentiation of the neuronal cell population in step (a) with that of the normal neuronal cell population of step (b) so as to determine the extent of neuronal degradation due to aging, the learning disability or the neurological disorder. The learning disability or neurological disorder may be Alzheimer's Disease, a degenerative disorder associated with learning, memory or cognitive dysfunction, cerebral senility, multi-infarct dementia and senile dementia, electric shock induced amnesia or amnesia. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications are referenced by author and date. Full citations for these publications may be found listed alphabetically at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to those skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein. An age related decline in explicit forms of memory has been consistently observed in various species including human, non-human primates and rodents (Gage et al., 1989; Barnes, 1994). In experimental animals, including monkeys, rats, and mice, age is also accompanied by a loss of explicit forms of learning and memory evident in spatial tasks (deToledo-Morell et al., 1988; Aggleton et al., 1989; Fischer et al., 1989). The search for central loci in the brain responsible for these changes in explicit memory and. defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to such changes is the focus of many researchers. Among the many model systems used to study this phenomena, the hippocampus and its related structures have been the most intensively studied in aging (Landfield, 1988; Barnes, 1994). The hippocampus and its related temporal lobe structures are important for explicit forms of memory (Squire & Zola-Moran, 1991; Squire, 1992). Interestingly, severe cases of explicit memory impairment and loss are seen in patients with amnesia or Alzheimer's disease which are known to have hippocampal disruptions. Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is a well established cellular model for memory storage (Bliss & Collingridge, 1993). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06096302__ •

Educational organizer Inventor(s): Bergman; Marilyn M. (Narberth, PA) Assignee(s): Mastery Rehabilitation Systems, Inc. (bala Cynwyd, Pa) Patent Number: 5,601,432 Date filed: January 20, 1995 Abstract: A compensatory assistive device for students with cognitive impairment (including but not limited to traumatic brain injury, stroke, electrocution, anoxia, mental retardation, dementia, amnesia, and learning disabilities) and/or physical disabilities (such as cerebral palsy) is provided via an interactive computer system that provides an easy-to-use, multi-subject, school planner using a graphical user interface configured with particular color associations, pointer travel limitations, simplified option selections and active view-screen limitations. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to devices that provide cognitively-impaired students with a compensatory assistance apparatus. In particular, the invention pertains to a graphically interactive computer system that allows the student to read and respond to

118

Amnesia

lessons, schedules, etc., while permitting access to an instructor for supervision purposes and access to a remotely-located storage/servicing entity via a modem line. Providing the cognitively-impaired student with an easy and fun way of learning and organizing tasks relies on the use of orthosis (the correction of mental or physical distortion) devices rather than prosthesis (replacement of missing body parts) devices. In other words, the learning disabled student is provided with prompts, cues, or other indicia which minimize or simplify a particular mental or physical distortion experienced by the student in order to facilitate the student's response to a particular task without the use of medical devices coupled to the student. Desk-top personal computers provide the ideal technologic opportunity for implementation of an assistive device to enable cognitively or physically disabled students to accomplish an unlimited number of tasks. Examples of this are the software packages provided by Laureate Learning Systems, Inc., of Winooski, Vt. Laureate Learning Systems, Inc. provide talking software that allows the disabled student to develop abilities, develop language skills, treat aphasia (a total or partial loss of the power of using or understanding words, usually caused by brain damage or injury) and traumatic brain injury, and reading difficulties. Any computer system having a keyboard, mouse and/or touch-screen can support these software packages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05601432__ •

Human G-protein receptor HCEGH45 Inventor(s): Li; Yi (Gaithersburg, MD), Rosen; Craig A. (Laytonsville, MD), Ruben; Steven M. (Olney, MD), Soppet; Daniel R. (Centreville, VA) Assignee(s): Human Genome Sciences, Inc. (rockville, Md) Patent Number: 5,869,632 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: A human G-protein receptor HCEGH45 polypeptide and DNA (RNA) encoding such polypeptide and a procedure for producing such polypeptide by recombinant techniques is disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing such polypeptide for identifying antagonists and agonists to such polypeptide. Antagonists against such polypeptides may be used therapeutically to treat PACAP hypersecretory conditions and to create pharmacological amnesia models while the agonists may be employed to treat amnesia and Alzheimer's disease. Also disclosed are diagnostic methods for detecting a mutation in the receptor nucleic acid sequences and detecting a level of the soluble form of the receptors in a sample derived from a host. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides, the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, as well as the production of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. More particularly, the polypeptide of the present invention is a human 7-transmembrane receptor. The transmembrane receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor. More particularly, the 7transmembrane receptor has been putatively identified as a human G-protein pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)-like receptor for amnesiac like neuropeptides, sometimes hereinafter referred to as "HCEGH45". The invention also relates to inhibiting the action of such polypeptides. It is well established that many medically significant biological processes are mediated by proteins participating in signal transduction pathways that involve G-proteins and/or second messengers, e.g., cAMP (Lefkowitz, Nature, 351:353-354, 1991). Herein these proteins are referred to as proteins participating in pathways with G-proteins or PPG proteins. Some examples of

Patents 119

these proteins include the GPC receptors, such as those for adrenergic agents and dopamine (Kobilka, B. K., et al., PNAS, 84:46-50 (1987); Kobilka, B. K., et al., Science, 238:650-656 (1987); Bunzow, J. R., et al., Nature, 336:783-787 (1988)), G-proteins themselves, effector proteins, e.g., phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins, e.g., protein kinase A and protein kinase C (Simon et al., Science, 252:802-8, 1991). For example, in one form of signal transduction, the effect of hormone binding is activation of an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, inside the cell. Enzyme activation by hormones is dependent on the presence of the nucleotide GTP, and GTP also influences hormone binding. A G-protein connects the hormone receptors to adenylate cyclase. G-protein was shown to exchange GTP for bound GDP when activated by hormone receptors. The GTP-carrying form then binds to an activated adenylate cyclase. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, catalyzed by the G-protein itself, returns the G-protein to its basal, inactive form. Thus, the G-protein serves a dual role, as an intermediate that relays the signal from receptor to effector, and as a clock that controls the duration of the signal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05869632__ •

N-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-fluorobenzamide hydrate Inventor(s): Baba; Yukihisa (Nishinomiya, JP), Kitamura; Satoshi (Suita, JP), Mimura; Hisashi (Kobe, JP), Yamasaki; Hiroshi (Kobe, JP) Assignee(s): Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 6,147,079 Date filed: June 14, 1999 Abstract: Hydrates of N-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-fluorobenzamide, which are stable against heat, light, and humidity, are described. The material is easy to handle under ordinary interior humidity conditions. N-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-fluorobenzamide hydrate is useful as a medicament in the treatment of amnesia and senile dementia. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to N-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-fluorobenzamide hydrate which is useful as a medicament. This invention relates to N-(4-acetyl-1piperazinyl)-4-fluorobenzamide hydrate. One object of this invention is to provide N-(4acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-fluorobenzamide in a form easy to handle under ordinary interior humidity conditions and resistant to stress testings, i.e. N-(4-acetyl-1piperazinyl)-4-fluorobenzamide hydrate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06147079__

•

Peptides for antagonizing the effects of amyloid.beta.protein Inventor(s): Roberts; Eugene (Monrovia, CA) Assignee(s): City of Hope (duarte, Ca) Patent Number: 5,470,951 Date filed: September 29, 1993 Abstract: Three non-amnestic and non-memory enhancing peptides, Asp Phe Phe Val Gly (SEQ ID NO: 1), Gln Phe Val Gly (SEQ ID NO: 2), and Ala Ile Phe Thr (SEQ ID NO: 3), that block the effects of.beta.-(12-28), a peptide homologous to amyloid.beta. protein (A.beta.) are disclosed. This invention relates to amelioration of amnesia and other

120

Amnesia

neurotoxicitiy in Alzheimer disease (AD) caused by deposition of A.beta. and, therefore, relates to attenuation of the disease process and consequential improvement of the quality of life for individuals suffering from AD. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to amelioration of amnesia in Alzheimer disease (AD) caused by deposition of amyloid.beta. protein (A.beta.) and, therefore, to attenuation of the disease process and consequential improvement of the quality of life for individuals suffering from AD. More particularly the invention relates to prevention of deterioration of memory and quality of life in AD patients by administration of the peptides Asp Phe Phe Val Gly (SEQ ID NO: 1), Gln Phe Val Gly (SEQ ID NO: 2), and Ala Ile Phe Thr (SEQ ID NO: 3) or amides or esters thereof. Administration of these substances to human individuals with AD can enhance memory and attenuate progression of the disease, in this way improving the quality of life. Much data suggests that in Alzheimer disease (AD) there may be genetically and/or environmentally induced defects in the enzymatic machinery involved in degradation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) (for reviews, see refs. 1 and 2). Alternative splicing of mRNAs gives rise to at least five forms of APP, two of which possess a Kunitz-type protease inhibitory domain. Normal lysosomal processing of APPs involves highly coordinated sequences of desulfation, dephosphorylation, deglycosylation, and proteolytic splitting. The APPs may belong to a family of polypeptide precursors or polyproteins that upon processing give rise to a number of different bioactive peptides that may act individually or in concert to regulate cellular activation (3-5). The processing of the parent molecules and/or the extracellular secretion of the resulting subunits may vary with species, tissue, age, hormonal status, extent of phosphorylation (6), etc. Although the APPs may be cellsurface receptors (7, 8), some of the peptidic fragments derived from them may be ligands (9) for specific membrane sites. To some extent in normal aging and to greater extent in AD and in adult Down syndrome, abnormal processing of APP gives rise to an insoluble self-aggregating 42-amino acid polypeptide designated as amyloid.beta. protein (A.beta.) that is found in amyloid (10-14). The extent of A.beta. deposition correlates with the degree of neuronal damage, cognitive impairment, and memory loss (15-18). Amyloid-like fibrils arise readily in vitro under physiological conditions even from the following smaller peptides homologous to A.beta.:.beta.-(1-28) (N-terminus residues 1 to 28), [Gln.sup.11 ].beta.-(1-28),.beta.-(12-18), and.beta.-(18-28) (19-21). Extensive stacks of.beta.-pleated sheets are formed from the latter peptide (21). Functional deficits arise in AD from damage to nerve circuitry per se, which is known to occur in late phases of the disease (22, 23). It also is possible that binding of A.beta. and related peptides to components of the extracellular matrix (e.g., proteoglycans (24)) or to receptors on endothelial, glial, or neuronal cells in particular brain regions could have disruptive effects on neuronal communications at earlier stages of the disease when the deposits of these substances are diffused and typical cytopathologiocal evidence of AD often is absent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05470951__ •

Prophylactic or therapeutic agent for amnesia Inventor(s): O'Connell; Alan (Offaly, IE), O'Gorman; David (Dublin, IE), Regan; Ciaran (Dublin, IE), Shiotani; Tadashi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,281,242 Date filed: June 2, 2000

Patents 121

Abstract: A medicament comprising as an active ingredient a compound represented by the following formula: R.sup.2 --CH.sub.2 CONH--R.sup.1 wherein R.sup.1 represents pyridyl group, a substituted pyridyl group, phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group; and R.sup.2 represents a 2-oxo-1-phyrrolidinyl group which may be substituted (e.g., N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide), which is useful for preventive and/or therapeutic treatment of amnesia caused by, for example, an anesthetic agent for intravenous administration such as propofol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medicaments. More specifically, the present invention relates to medicaments which comprises as an active ingredient 2-(1pyrrolidinyl) acetamide derivatives, whose typical example includes neifracetam, and is useful for preventive and/or therapeutic treatment of amnesia caused by general anesthesia and the like. In emergency anesthesia, which accounts for 70% of all anesthesia used for surgical operations, certain and rapid recovery from anesthesia is desired for safety of a patient (Korttila, K., et al., Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 34, pp. 400403, 1990; Ogg, T. W., Brit, Med. J., 281, pp. 212-214, 1980; Noble, J., et al., Postgrad. Med., J., 61, pp. 103-104, 1985). Progress has been made in development of anesthetic agents that are rapidly metabolized and leave only slight hangover effects. However, there still remains a problem of significant cognitive disorders immediately after operations. For example, propofol (diisopropylphenol; Diprivan) is a short-time acting intravenous anesthetic agent that has been preferably used because of its fast and smooth anesthesia induction and rapid recovery. However, it has been suggested that propofol may possibly cause amnesia at wakening from anesthesia. Effects of propofol on memory formation have not fully revealed to date. In rodents, subanesthetic doses of propofol were demonstrated to induce anterograde amnesia as for avoidance tasks, whilst similar dose ranges failed to induce retrograde amnesia (Pang, R. et al., Pharmacol. Biochem. Behva., 44, pp. 145-151, 1993; a possible interpretation of these results is that retrograde amnesia was not observed because of the maximum dose of 100 mg/kg after training). Contrary to these results, the inventors of the present invention found that retrograde amnesia was also induced by administration of a higher dose of propofol (see, examples given in the present specification). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06281242__

Patent Applications on Amnesia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to amnesia: •

Agent for expression of long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission comprising compound having brain somatostatin activation property Inventor(s): Matsuoka, Nobuya; (Ikoma-shi, JP), Satoh, Masamichi; (Kyoto-shi, JP) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020090732 Date filed: January 10, 2002

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

122

Amnesia

Abstract: The present invention relates to an agent for the expression of long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission, which contains a compound having a brain somatostatin activation property as an active ingredient and to a screening method of an agent for the expression of long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission, which uses a somatostatin releasing property as an index The present invention is useful for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of cerebral diseases of dementia, amnesia, manicdepressive psychosis, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, psychosomatic disease and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an agent for the expression of long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission, an anti-dementia agent and an anti-amnesia agent, all of which containing a compound having a brain somatostatin activation property. More particularly, the present invention relates to an agent for the expression of long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission, an anti-dementia agent and an antiamnesia agent, all of which containing a compound exerting a brain somatostatin release promoting action through suppression of the negative feedback mechanism of brain somatostatin release. The present invention moreover relates to a method for expressing long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission, a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of dementia and amnesia, and a screening method of these drugs using a somatostatin releasing property as an index. The hippocampal function is said to be responsible for learning and memory. When an input neuron of the hippocampus is stimulated for a short time at high frequency, the efficiency of synaptic transmission continues to increase for a long time thereafter. This phenomenon is called long-term potentiation (hereinafter also referred to as LTP) of synaptic transmission, and has been recognized as a cellular model of learning and memory (T. V. P. Bliss and G. L. Collingridge, Nature vol.361, p.31, 1993). There is a demand for further elucidation of the mechanism of the LTP and the relation thereof with learning and memory. Also, a search for a compound having a property of long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission has been desired. Somatostatin has been known for quite a long time as a hypothalamic hormone capable of suppressing the secretion of somatotropin from the pituitary gland. It has been recently found that it is also present in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, that are important cerebral sites for memory and learning, at high concentrations, playing an important role in memory and learning as a neuromodulator. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Apparatuses and methods for automatically assessing and monitoring a patient's responsiveness Inventor(s): Hickle, Randall S.; (Lubbock, TX) Correspondence: Hogan & Hartson Llp; IP Group, Columbia Square; 555 Thirteenth Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030145854 Date filed: December 27, 2002 Abstract: A care system and associated methods are provided for alleviating patient pain, anxiety and discomfort associated with medical or surgical procedures. The care system facilitates a procedural clinician's safely and efficaciously providing sedation and analgesia and in some measure, amnesia to a patient by providing a responsiveness monitoring system which monitors the responsiveness of the patient and generates a value representing the level of patient responsiveness. In further aspects of the invention, the responsiveness monitoring system is an automated system which

Patents 123

includes patient query and response devices. Additional embodiments of the system and methods are directed to alleviating patient pain or discomfort while enabling safe drug delivery (automated, clinician-controlled or patient-controlled) in correlation with the monitoring of patient health conditions. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/324,759, filed Jun. 3, 1999 which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/087,841 filed Jun. 3, 1998, and is incorporated herein by reference. The present application also claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/342,773 filed Dec. 28, 2001 and incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for relieving patient pain and/or anxiety. More particularly, this invention relates to a system and method for providing sedation, analgesia and/or amnesia to a conscious patient undergoing a painful or anxiety-producing medical or surgical procedure, or suffering from post-procedural or other pain or discomfort. The invention electronically integrates through conservative software management the delivery of one or more sedative, analgesic or amnestic drugs with the electronic monitoring of one or more patient physiological conditions. In one form, the invention includes the use of one or more sets of stored data-defining parameters reflecting patient and system states, the parameters being accessed through software to conservatively manage and correlate drug delivery to safe, cost effective, optimized values related to the conscious patient's vital signs and other physiological conditions. This invention is directed to providing a conscious patient who is undergoing a painful, uncomfortable or otherwise frightening (anxiety-inspiring) medical or surgical procedure, or who is suffering from postprocedural or other pain or discomfort, with safe, effective and cost-effective relief from such pain and/or anxiety. Focuses of the invention include, but are not limited to, enabling the provision of sedation (inducement of a state of calm), analgesia (insensitivity to pain) and/or amnesia to a conscious patient (sometimes referred to collectively as "conscious sedation") by a nonanesthetist practitioner, i.e., a physician or other clinician who is not an anesthesiologist (M.D.A.) or certified nurse anesthetist (C.R.N.A.), in a manner that is safe, effective and cost-effective; the provision of same to patients in ambulatory settings such as hospital laboratories, ambulatory surgical centers, and physician's offices; and the provision of patient post-operative or other pain relief in remote medical care locations or in home care environments. To those ends, the invention mechanically integrates through physical proximity and incorporation into an overall structural system and electronically integrates through conservative, decisionmaking software management, the delivery of one or more sedative, analgesic or amnestic drugs to the patient with the electronic monitoring of one or more patient physiological conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Drug delivery system for conscious sedation Inventor(s): Burns, William H. JR.; (Orchard Park, NY), McNeirney, John C.; (Fairburn, GA), Terrell, Ross C.; (Phillipsburg, NJ) Correspondence: Martin G. Linihan; Hodgson Russ Llp; Suite 2000; One M&t Plaza; Buffalo; NY; 14203-2391; US Patent Application Number: 20030233086 Date filed: October 17, 2002

124

Amnesia

Abstract: Inhalant anesthetics are developed with a number of properties including rapid onset and recovery, controllability, and, ideally, a broad safety profile. The efficacy of these agents is measured by their ability to create anesthesia within the framework of the other desirable properties. The instant invention focuses on the dosage level where analgesia occurs but amnesia or lack of consciousness does not. In addition to identifying the dosage level where pain is sharply reduced or eliminated but awareness remains, a delivery system for safe and effective delivery of the agent is described. Excerpt(s): Applicants hereby claim priority based on U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/330,063, filed Oct. 17, 2001 entitled "Drug Delivery System for Conscious Sedation" which is incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to the field of analgesia and conscious sedation. More particularly, this invention provides an apparatus and method for the delivery of halogenated ethers for producing analgesia in a patient. Since the mid-1800's conscious sedation/analgesia has been used in hospital and pre-hospital settings to relieve pain. Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been the primary inhalant agent in this regard. Sedative hypnotics such as diazepam and midazolam have been used as alternatives as have any number of barbitutes, opiods and agonist/antagonist agents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Enhancement of learning and memory and treatment of amnesia Inventor(s): Chien, Wei-Lin; (Taipei, TW), Fu, Wen-Mei; (Taipei, TW), Kuo, Sheng-Chu; (Taichung, TW), Lee, Fang-Yuan; (Taichung, TW), Liang, Keng-Chen; (Taipei, TW), Teng, Che-Ming; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20030105149 Date filed: September 13, 2002 Abstract: A method for enhancing learning and memory or treating amnesia. The method includes administrating to a subject in need thereof a compound of the formula (I): 1A is H, R, or 2each of Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, and Ar.sub.3, independently, is phenyl, thienyl, furyl, or pyrrolyl; each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6, independently, is H, nitro, halogen, R, OH, OR, C(O)OH, C(O)OR, C(O)SH, C(O)SR, C(O)NH.sub.2, C(O)NHR, C(O)NRR', ROH, ROR', RSH, RSR', ROC(O)R'OH, NHR, NRR', RNHR', or RNR'R"; or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together, or R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 together are ORO; wherein each of R, R', and R", independently is C.sub.1.about.C.sub.6 alkyl; and n is 1, 2, or 3. The compound is in an effective amount for enhancing learning and memory or treating amnesia. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/322,389 filed on Sep. 14, 2001. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting form of synaptic plasticity that contributes to some types of learning and memory. For review, see, e.g., Bliss & Collingridge (1993) Nature 361: 31-39. In the hippocampus CA1 region, induction of LTP is dependent on Ca.sup.2+ entry into the postsynaptic neuron triggered by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. See, e.g., Tsien et al. (1996) Cell 87: 1327-1338. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor has drawn particular interest since it appears to be involved in a broad spectrum of Central Nervous System disorders. See, e.g., Foster et al. (1987) Nature 329: 395-396; and Mayer et al. (1990) Trends in Pharmacol. Sci. 11: 254-260. Nitric oxide is a diffusible molecule that can act as a novel

Patents 125

type of intercellular messenger in the brain and may act as a retrograde messenger during LTP. See, for example, Son et al. (1996) Cell 87: 1015-1023; and Wilson et al. (1997) Nature 386: 338. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme for nitric oxide production, can prevent induction of LTP. One of the downstream effectors of nitric oxide is cGMP, which is also involved in the induction of LTP. cGMP is generated by a soluble guanylyl cyclase. Inhibitors of the soluble guanylyl cyclase suppress LTP. See, for example, Zhuo et al. (1994) Nature 368: 635-639; and Boulton et al. (1995) Neuroscience 69: 699-703. In addition, cGMP controls activities of many proteins, including cGMP-dependent protein kinase G, which may play a role in the induction of LTP. Inhibitors of protein kinase G block induction of LTP, and activators of protein kinase G facilitate the LTP induction in response to weak tetanic stimuli. See, for example, Zhuo et al. (1994) Nature 368: 635-639. Zhuo et al. (1994) Nature 368:, 635-639. Accordingly, a signaling pathway including nitric oxide, cGMP, and protein kinase G is involved in induction of LTP. Identification of compounds that modulate the signaling pathway could provide new therapeutics useful in enhancing learning and memory. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for specifically potentiating N-type Ca2+ channel activity Inventor(s): Kaneko, Shuji; (Kyoto-shi, JP), Matsuoka, Nobuya; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030045529 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of specifically potentiating an Ntype Ca.sup.2+ channel activity, which includes administering, to a subject, a compound of the following formula (I): 1wherein R.sup.1 is lower alkyl, aryl, ar(lower)alkoxy or a heterocyclic group, the above groups being optionally substituted by halogen, R.sup.2 is hydrogen atom or lower alkyl, R.sup.3 is cyclo(lower)alkyl, aryl or ar(lower)alkyl, the above groups being optionally substituted by halogen, A is --CO--, --SO.sub.2-- or lower alkylene, and Y shows --CO--, --SO.sub.2-- or --CONH-- (compound (I)), a salt thereof, a prodrug thereof or a solvate thereof; a method for the prophylaxis or treatment of brain disorders such as dementia and amnesia, which includes such administration; and a screening method particularly useful for screening a compound having a similar effect as compound (I). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for specifically potentiating an Ntype Ca.sup.2+ channel activity. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for the prophylaxis or treatment of brain disorders, which comprises administering an effective amount of a compound having an effect of specifically potentiating an N-type Ca.sup.2+ channel activity to patients. The present invention further relates to a screening method of a compound having an effect of specifically potentiating an N-type Ca.sup.2+ channel activity and a method for the prophylaxis or treatment of brain disorders, which comprises administering an effective amount of a compound obtained by such a screening method to patients. The calcium channel (also referred to as a Ca.sup.2+ channel in the present specification) is an ion channel that selectively allows permeation of a calcium ion and includes a voltage-dependent calcium channel and other calcium channels. The voltage-dependent calcium channel is a calcium channel that opens on depolarization of a cell membrane potential, and is widely distributed in excitable cells of nerves, muscles, secretory cells and the like. The

126

Amnesia

calcium channel is divided into L-type, N-type, P-type, T-type and the like, based on voltage-dependency, activation-inactivation rates, tissue distribution and differences in pharmacological properties. The calcium channel consists of several subunits, inclusive of.alpha.sub.1 subunit responsible for the function as a channel, selectivity to calcium, voltage-dependency and the like, and other subunits (e.g.,.beta. subunit and.alpha.sub.2.delta. subunit in N-type calcium channel) considered to modify the function. Hippocampus is a brain region located in the interior of the temporal lobe, and controls learning and memory. When the input neuron of hippocampus is stimulated at high frequency in a short time, a phenomenon where synaptic transmission efficiency keeps increasing for a long time thereafter is observed. This phenomenon is called a long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission (hereinafter to be also referred to as LTP), and is recognized to be a cellular model of learning and memory (T. V. P. Bliss and G. L. Collingridge, Nature, 361, 31 (1993)). Further elucidation of the mechanism of LTP and the relationship between the mechanism and learning/memory has been desired. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with amnesia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on amnesia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning amnesia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

127

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON AMNESIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to amnesia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on amnesia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “amnesia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “amnesia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “amnesia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome: An Information Processing Approach to Amnesia by Nelson Butters; ISBN: 0121483800; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121483800/icongroupinterna

•

Amnesia by John Malloy; ISBN: 1561632961; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561632961/icongroupinterna

•

Amnesia by Andrew Neiderman (Author); ISBN: 0743412672; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743412672/icongroupinterna

•

Amnesia by G. H. Ephron (Author); ISBN: 0312981244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312981244/icongroupinterna

•

Amnesia by Judy Mercer; ISBN: 8478884718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8478884718/icongroupinterna

•

Amnesia by Monica Amor, et al; ISBN: 1889195251; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889195251/icongroupinterna

128

Amnesia

•

Amnesia by Sinclair Smith; ISBN: 0590509527; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0590509527/icongroupinterna

•

Amnesia by Jose L. Ocasar Ariza (Author), Jose L. Ocasar Ariza (Author); ISBN: 3190041636; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3190041636/icongroupinterna

•

Amnesia by Douglas Anthony Cooper; ISBN: 1857020901; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1857020901/icongroupinterna

•

Amnesia (By Request) by Winters, et al; ISBN: 0263824152; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0263824152/icongroupinterna

•

Amnesia: Clinical, Psychological and Medicolegal Aspects by Charles William Michael. Whitty; ISBN: 0407000569; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0407000569/icongroupinterna

•

Dennis Adams: The Architecture of Amnesia by Mary Anne Staniszewski, et al; ISBN: 1878607073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878607073/icongroupinterna

•

Fugue : on the amnesia of antinomies by A. M. Alpert; ISBN: 0819152358; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0819152358/icongroupinterna

•

Human Memory and Amnesia by L. Cermak; ISBN: 0898590957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898590957/icongroupinterna

•

Karl Krolow and the Poetics of Amnesia in Postwar Germany by Neil H. Donahue (Author); ISBN: 1571132511; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571132511/icongroupinterna

•

Memory And Amnesia: An Introduction by Alan J. Parkin; ISBN: 0863776353; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863776353/icongroupinterna

•

Memory and Amnesia: The Role of the Spanish Civil War in the Transition to Democracy by Paloma Aguilar Fernandez, et al; ISBN: 1571814965; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571814965/icongroupinterna

•

Memory, Amnesia, and the Hippocampal System by Neal J. Cohen (Author), Howard Eichenbaum (Author); ISBN: 0262531321; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262531321/icongroupinterna

•

Milk of Amnesia by Leandro Katz; ISBN: 0939784114; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939784114/icongroupinterna

•

Practicing Amnesia by Heather Thomas; ISBN: 0935162208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935162208/icongroupinterna

•

The Amnesia Club by David Baru; ISBN: 1858639131; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1858639131/icongroupinterna

•

The Amnesia Factor: Extraterrestrial Communications Breakthrough by Joseph H., Mathes; ISBN: 0890870233; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890870233/icongroupinterna

•

The Cowardice of Amnesia by Ellyn Maybe, et al; ISBN: 1880985586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880985586/icongroupinterna

•

The Vintage Book of Amnesia : An Anthology of Writing on the Subject of Memory Loss by Jonathan Lethem (Editor); ISBN: 0375706615; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375706615/icongroupinterna

Books

129

•

Theories Of Amnesia: A Special Issue Of The Journal "Memory" by Andrew R. Mayes (Editor), John Joseph Downes (Editor); ISBN: 0863779522; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863779522/icongroupinterna

•

Toward Amnesia by Sarah Van Arsdale; ISBN: 999623245X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/999623245X/icongroupinterna

•

Transient Amnesia: Clinical and Neuropsychological Aspects (Major Problems in Neurology, Vol. 24) by John R. Hodges; ISBN: 0702015539; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0702015539/icongroupinterna

•

Transient Global Amnesia and Related Disorders by Hans J. Markowitsch (Editor); ISBN: 0920887708; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920887708/icongroupinterna

•

Transient Global Amnesia and Related Disorders; ISBN: 3456818874; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3456818874/icongroupinterna

•

Trauma, Amnesia & the Denial of Abuse by R. Falconer, et al; ISBN: 9998159113; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998159113/icongroupinterna

•

Traumatic Amnesias by William Ritchie Russell; ISBN: 0198572042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198572042/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Amnesia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to amnesia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and amnesia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on amnesia: •

Clinical Assessment of Memory Disorders in Amnesia and Dementia Source: Annual Review of Psychology. Number 46: 493-523. 1995. Summary: This review summarizes important theoretical divisions of memory that have arisen from the cognitive psychological literature, presents a critical overview of traditional and experimental neuropsychological techniques used in the clinical assessment of memory functioning, and discusses the characteristic memory deficits associated with selected dementing illnesses and amnesic syndromes. Specific topics include discussions on the conceptual divisions of memory such as short-term versus long-term memory, encoding versus retrieval, retroactive versus proactive interference, and declarative versus nondeclarative memory; clinical assessment of memory using memory scales, verbal and nonverbal tests, and retrograde memory tests; memory profiles associated with dementia such as dementia of the Alzheimer's type, frontal lobe dementia, subcortical dementia, and alcoholic dementia; and the memory profiles associated with amnesia, i.e., temporal lobe amnesia and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. 136 references.

131

CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON AMNESIA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on amnesia. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on amnesia is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “amnesia” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on amnesia: •

Confusion Source: Baltimore, MD: University of Maryland Video Press. 1993. Contact: Availabile from the University of Maryland Video Press. 100 North Greene Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 328-7450 or (410) 706-5497 or FAX (410) 7065497. PRICE: $150.00. Also available as part of AZAV07855, a 7-video set (price for set: $950.00). Summary: This video, which features narration by Dr. Peter Rabins, coauthor of the '36Hour Day,' and footage of actual patients, explores the underlying causes of confusion in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and discusses strategies for managing this problem. Confusion is common among nursing home residents, especially those suffering from AD. Four categories of AD symptoms contribute to confusion: amnesia (inability to learn new things), aphasia (inability to communicate effectively), apraxia (inability to do things), and agnosia (impaired perceptual ability). Medications, illness, environmental changes, and depression may add to confusion. When developing care

132

Amnesia

plans for confused patients, caregivers should first identify the cause of confusion, then explore different management strategies. Effective strategies include reorientation, simplifying environment and activities, using gestures in addition to verbal cues, and eliminating sources of anxiety or frustration.

133

CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AMNESIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover amnesia.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on amnesia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to amnesia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “amnesia” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for amnesia: •

Shock of trauma triggers amnesia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 26, 2000

•

Transient Global Amnesia Linked To Migraine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 08, 1997

134

•

Amnesia

Sex Can Trigger Amnesia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 05, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “amnesia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to amnesia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “amnesia” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

135

Academic Periodicals covering Amnesia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to amnesia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering amnesia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

137

APPENDICES

139

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

140

Amnesia

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

141

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

142

Amnesia

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 8015 81 478 10 132 8716

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “amnesia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

143

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

145

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on amnesia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to amnesia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to amnesia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “amnesia”:

146

•

Amnesia

Other guides Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Dementia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dementia.html Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/posttraumaticstressdisorder.html Seniors' Health Issues http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/seniorshealthissues.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to amnesia, the following was listed: •

Diagnosis/Symptoms Alzheimer's Disease Info: Questions to Ask the Doctor Source: Administration on Aging http://www.aoa.gov/alz/public/alzcarefam/disease_info/questions_to_ask.asp

•

Coping Keeping Health in Mind: Ten Tips to Keep Your Memory Sharp Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HA00001

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Alzheimer's and Dementia Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AZ00003 Dissociative Disorders Source: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Disorder s.htm Memory Loss: Not Always Permanent Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01072 Mild Cognitive Impairment: Possible Predictor of Alzheimer's Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AZ00014 Questions and Answers about Memories of Childhood Abuse Source: American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/mem.html Transient Global Amnesia Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00248

Patient Resources

•

147

Children Memory Matters Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/brain/memory.html

•

From the National Institutes of Health Forgetfulness: It's Not Always What You Think Source: National Institute on Aging http://www.niapublications.org/engagepages/forgetfulness.asp

•

Latest News Genes Influence Memory in Alzheimer Families Source: 02/13/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_16061 .html

•

Organizations National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ National Institute on Aging http://www.nia.nih.gov/

•

Research Ecstasy Damages the Brain and Impairs Memory in Humans Source: Drug Enforcement Administration http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/mdma/ecstasy020700.htm Human Gene Affects Memory Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2003/nimh-23.htm Monkey's Memory Cells Caught in the Act of Learning Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2003/nimh-05.htm Researchers Find Evidence That Prenatal Use of Ecstasy Can Cause Long-Term Memory Loss and Other Impairments in Offspring Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2001/nida-02.htm Researchers Gain Insight into Function of Memory Enhancing Drugs Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2002/nichd-15.htm

148

Amnesia

Training Improves Cognitive Abilities of Older Adults Source: National Institute on Aging http://www.nia.nih.gov/news/pr/2002/1112a.htm You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to amnesia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to amnesia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with amnesia.

Patient Resources

149

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about amnesia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “amnesia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “amnesia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “amnesia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “amnesia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

151

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

152

Amnesia

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

153

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

154

Amnesia

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

155

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

156

Amnesia

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

157

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

159

AMNESIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of Zinn. [NIH] Abducens Nerve: The 6th cranial nerve. The abducens nerve originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abreaction: A process in psychotherapy in which the patient is "desensitized" to emotionally painful, often forgotten (repressed) memories by recalling and reacting to them in the "safety" of the treatment setting. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agents: Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of

160

Amnesia

adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agnosia: Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alexia: The inability to recognize or comprehend written or printed words. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as

Dictionary 161

standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH]

162

Amnesia

Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system. [NIH]

Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Anterior Thalamic Nuclei: Three nuclei located beneath the dorsal surface of the most rostral part of the thalamus. The group includes the anterodorsal nucleus, anteromedial nucleus, and anteroventral nucleus. All receive connections from the mamillary body and fornix, and project fibers to the cingulate body. [NIH] Anterograde: Moving or extending forward; called also antegrade. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are

Dictionary 163

highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition,

164

Amnesia

or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Avoidance Learning: A response to a cue that is instrumental in avoiding a noxious experience. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Vein: The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH]

Dictionary 165

Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bicuculline: Isoquinoline alkaloid from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants that is a competitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus causes convulsions. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and

166

Amnesia

is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Canonical: A particular nucleotide sequence in which each position represents the base more often found when many actual sequences of a given class of genetic elements are compared. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and

Dictionary 167

oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardioversion: Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm, formerly using alternatic current, but now employing direct current. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]

168

Amnesia

Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Cerebral Aqueduct: Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH]

Dictionary 169

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices

170

Amnesia

are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Conscious Sedation: An alternative to general anesthesia in patients for whom general anesthesia is refused or considered inadvisable. It involves the administering of an antianxiety drug (minor tranquilizer) and an analgesic or local anesthetic. This renders the patient free of anxiety and pain while allowing the patient to remain in verbal contact with the physician or dentist. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The

Dictionary 171

comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and

172

Amnesia

citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Deception: The act of deceiving or the fact or condition of being deceived. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH]

Dictionary 173

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Dihydroergotamine: A derivative of ergotamine prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of ergotamine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dreams: A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents

174

Amnesia

in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (receptors, opioid, kappa) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters. [NIH] Dyslexia: Partial alexia in which letters but not words may be read, or in which words may be read but not understood. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electroconvulsive Therapy: Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroshock: Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of

Dictionary 175

this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ependyma: A thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithalamus: The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is

176

Amnesia

generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (habenula) and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the thalamic nuclei although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is an alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist and is commonly used in the treatment of migraine headaches. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU]

Dictionary 177

Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. [NIH] Flunitrazepam: Benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of diazepam. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug. Steps are being taken to reclassify this substance as a Schedule 1 drug with no accepted medical use. [NIH] Fornix: A bundle of nerves connected to the hippocampus. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]

Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]

Galanthamine: A cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used to reverse the muscular effects of gallamine and tubocurarine and has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body

178

Amnesia

through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU]

Dictionary 179

Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gyrus Cinguli: One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and interhemispheric commissure and forms part of the limbic system. [NIH] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: An inflammatory disease of the skin or mucous membrane characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homicide: The killing of one person by another. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin

180

Amnesia

help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ibotenic Acid: Neurotoxic isoxazole substance found in Amanita muscaria and A. pantherina. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires

Dictionary 181

and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunotoxin: An antibody linked to a toxic substance. Some immmunotoxins can bind to cancer cells and kill them. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU]

182

Amnesia

Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH]

Dictionary 183

Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lateral Ventricles: Cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobectomy: The removal of a lobe. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries

184

Amnesia

cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with dementia; craniocerebraltrauma; encephalitis; alcoholism (see also alcohol amnestic

Dictionary 185

disorder); schizophrenia; and other conditions. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metoprolol: Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH]

186

Amnesia

Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscimol: Neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from Amanita muscaria and A. phalloides and also obtained by decarboxylation of ibotenic acid. It is a potent agonist at GABA-A receptors and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH]

Dictionary 187

Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. [NIH]

Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]

Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurofibrillary Tangles: Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) ubiquitin. As one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease. [NIH] Neurofilaments: Bundle of neuronal fibers. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosciences: The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous sytem. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotensin: A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter. [NIH] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only

188

Amnesia

messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an

Dictionary 189

analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] P-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of amphetamine. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Perirhinal: Transitional region between the older and newer cortex. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions

190

Amnesia

between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GABA-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH]

Dictionary 191

Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyproteins: Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the

192

Amnesia

diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prosencephalon: The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the diencephalon and telencephalon. [NIH]

Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to

Dictionary 193

proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU]

194

Amnesia

Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Puromycin: An antibiotic from Streptomyces alboniger that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is a antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU]

Dictionary 195

Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Redux: Appetite suppressant. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrograde Amnesia: Amnesia extending backward, to include material antedating the onset of amnesia proper. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Role-play: In this method, a conflict is artificially constructed, and the trainee is given a strategic position in it. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Satiation: Full gratification of a need or desire followed by a state of relative insensitivity to that particular need or desire. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the

196

Amnesia

bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Senility: Old age; the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age. [EU] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septal Nuclei: Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and

Dictionary 197

cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of forebrain and brainstem areas including the hippocampus, the lateral hypothalamus, the tegmentum, and the amygdala. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]

198

Amnesia

Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Somnambulism: A parasomnia characterized by a partial arousal that occurs during stage IV of non-REM sleep. Affected individuals exhibit semipurposeful behaviors such as ambulation and are difficult to fully awaken. Children are primarily affected, with a peak age range of 4-6 years. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Dictionary 199

Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis- (aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally

200

Amnesia

conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Subthalamus: A transition zone in the anterior part of the diencephalon interposed between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon. Components of the subthalamus include the subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, nucleus of field H, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis. The latter contains the entopeduncular nucleus. [NIH] Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a

Dictionary 201

radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Terminalis: A groove on the lateral surface of the right atrium. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetrodotoxin: Octahydro-12-(hydroxymethyl)-2-imino-5,9:7,10a-dimethano10aH(1,3)dioxocino(6,5-a)pyrimidine-4,7,10,11,12-pentol. An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order Tetradontiformes (pufferfish, globefish, toadfish), which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Nuclei: Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Theta Rhythm: One of four types of brain waves, characterized by a frequency of 4-7 Hz, usually observed in the temporal lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed and sleepy. [NIH] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation.

202

Amnesia

[NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transient Global Amnesia: Partial or total loss of memory. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. [NIH]

Dictionary 203

Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, single-chain polypeptide isolated from the intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It is also found in several parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems and is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary

204

Amnesia

artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

205

INDEX A Abducens, 24, 159 Abducens Nerve, 24, 159 Ablate, 7, 159 Ablation, 93, 159 Abreaction, 73, 159 Acetylcholine, 9, 22, 159, 168, 188 Acetylcholinesterase, 9, 159 Actin, 159, 187 Adaptation, 63, 159, 190 Adenoma, 48, 159 Adenylate Cyclase, 118, 159 Adjustment, 159 Adrenal Cortex, 159, 192 Adrenal Medulla, 159, 167, 175, 188 Adrenergic, 36, 119, 159, 160, 173, 175, 176, 185, 192, 200, 203 Adrenergic Agents, 119, 159 Adverse Effect, 18, 20, 21, 160, 197 Aerobic, 160, 176 Afferent, 24, 160, 191, 196 Affinity, 160, 163 Agnosia, 131, 160 Agonist, 106, 124, 160, 173, 176, 180, 186, 200 Agoraphobia, 160, 190 Albumin, 160, 185 Alexia, 160, 174 Algorithms, 160, 165 Alkaline, 160, 166 Alkaloid, 78, 90, 160, 164, 165, 169, 186, 196, 203 Allergen, 160, 196 Alprenolol, 160, 185 Alternative medicine, 134, 160 Ameliorating, 80, 104, 161 Amino Acids, 11, 161, 178, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197 Amnestic, 12, 20, 25, 119, 123, 161, 184, 185 Amphetamine, 161, 189 Amygdala, 5, 22, 31, 32, 36, 161, 183, 197, 201 Amyloid, 76, 80, 119, 120, 161 Anaesthesia, 44, 53, 90, 161, 181 Analgesic, 123, 161, 170, 186, 189 Analog, 91, 161, 189 Anaphylatoxins, 161, 169

Anatomical, 5, 7, 22, 47, 53, 65, 161, 163, 181 Anesthesia, 4, 7, 31, 41, 42, 50, 88, 121, 124, 161, 170, 185 Anesthetics, 5, 31, 50, 124, 161, 164, 175 Aneurysm, 10, 50, 69, 161 Angina, 162, 185, 192 Angina Pectoris, 162, 185, 192 Animal model, 8, 22, 162 Anisomycin, 76, 162 Anoxia, 23, 117, 162 Anterior Thalamic Nuclei, 39, 162 Antibacterial, 162, 198 Antibiotic, 162, 171, 192, 194, 198, 199 Antibody, 160, 162, 169, 179, 181, 184, 194, 196, 198 Anticholinergic, 12, 162 Anticoagulant, 162, 193 Antidepressant, 18, 162 Antidote, 162, 177, 190 Antigen, 57, 160, 162, 169, 179, 180, 181, 184, 196 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 162, 169 Antineoplastic, 162, 194 Antioxidant, 162, 163 Antispasmodic, 163, 189, 196 Anxiety, 34, 58, 116, 122, 123, 132, 163, 170, 190, 192 Anxiolytic, 21, 163, 185 Aphasia, 37, 69, 118, 131, 161, 163 Aponeurosis, 163, 177 Applicability, 5, 163 Apraxia, 40, 131, 163 Arginine, 161, 163, 188 Aromatic, 116, 163 Arterial, 163, 180, 193, 200 Arteries, 163, 165, 171, 185, 186 Arteriolar, 163, 166 Ascorbic Acid, 80, 163 Aspartate, 124, 163 Astrocytes, 163, 186 Astrocytoma, 37, 163 Atmospheric Pressure, 163, 180 Atrial, 80, 163 Atrium, 163, 201, 203 Atrophy, 36, 40, 163 Atropine, 78, 164, 196 Attenuated, 31, 106, 164

206

Amnesia

Attenuation, 76, 86, 120, 164 Auditory, 164, 176, 192 Autoimmune disease, 164 Autoimmunity, 36, 164 Autonomic, 59, 101, 159, 164, 188, 189 Avoidance Learning, 31, 164 Axillary, 164, 199 Axillary Vein, 164, 199 Axons, 164, 172, 194 B Bacteria, 162, 164, 174, 185, 198, 202, 203 Bacterial Physiology, 159, 164 Bactericidal, 164, 176 Bacteriophage, 164, 202 Barbiturates, 164, 190 Basal Ganglia, 164, 177, 183, 188 Base, 164, 166, 172, 178, 182, 194, 201 Basement Membrane, 164, 176 Belladonna, 86, 164 Benign, 159, 165, 177, 179 Benzene, 165 Benzodiazepines, 21, 53, 165, 177 Beta-pleated, 161, 165 Bewilderment, 165, 170 Bicuculline, 31, 165 Bilateral, 31, 37, 51, 66, 112, 165 Bile, 165, 183, 199 Biochemical, 17, 165, 197 Biological Transport, 165, 173 Biosynthesis, 165, 197 Biotechnology, 32, 33, 134, 141, 165 Blood Coagulation, 165, 166, 201 Blood Glucose, 165, 180 Blood pressure, 165, 180, 186 Blood vessel, 165, 166, 167, 168, 175, 182, 183, 189, 198, 199, 202, 203 Blood-Brain Barrier, 165, 200 Body Image, 165, 172 Bone Marrow, 67, 165, 166, 181 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 67, 166 Bone scan, 166, 195 Bradykinin, 116, 166, 182, 188 Brain Stem, 166, 168, 187 Branch, 155, 166, 174, 198, 201 Breakdown, 23, 25, 166, 177 Bronchi, 166, 175 Bronchoscopy, 58, 166 C Calcium, 125, 166, 169, 197 Calcium Channels, 125, 166 Canonical, 14, 166 Capillary, 166

Capillary Permeability, 166 Capsular, 57, 166 Carbohydrates, 166, 167 Carbon Dioxide, 88, 166, 167, 172, 177, 190, 195 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 35, 167 Carcinogenic, 165, 167, 199 Cardiac, 167, 175, 185, 186, 199 Cardiorespiratory, 167, 185 Cardioselective, 167, 192 Cardiovascular, 161, 166, 167, 176, 197, 203 Cardioversion, 44, 90, 167 Case report, 3, 35, 38, 41, 65, 106, 167, 168 Catecholamine, 167, 173 Caudal, 167, 172, 180, 188, 191 Caudate Nucleus, 167, 188 Causal, 17, 167 Cause of Death, 15, 167 Cell, 4, 12, 15, 18, 39, 50, 57, 116, 119, 120, 124, 125, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202 Cell Count, 15, 18, 167 Cell Differentiation, 167, 197 Cell Division, 164, 167, 184, 185, 190, 192 Cell membrane, 125, 165, 166, 167, 172, 177 Cell proliferation, 167, 197 Cellulose, 166, 167, 190 Central Nervous System Infections, 168, 179, 180 Cerebellar, 29, 53, 55, 168 Cerebellum, 23, 29, 168, 177, 191 Cerebral Angiography, 40, 49, 168 Cerebral Aqueduct, 168, 177, 201 Cerebral Palsy, 117, 168 Cerebrum, 168 Cervical, 4, 168 Cervix, 168 Character, 162, 168, 172 Chemotactic Factors, 168, 169 Cholesterol, 165, 168, 199 Choline, 27, 159, 168 Cholinergic, 5, 9, 33, 89, 168, 197 Chronic, 9, 55, 84, 93, 102, 168, 181, 193, 199 Circulatory system, 168, 175, 182 Citrus, 163, 168 Clinical Medicine, 168, 191

Index

Clinical study, 168, 170 Clinical trial, 4, 26, 141, 168, 169, 193, 194 Cloning, 165, 169 Coenzyme, 163, 169 Cofactor, 169, 193, 201 Cognition, 30, 38, 51, 54, 55, 62, 64, 73, 87, 100, 102, 104, 169 Colchicine, 29, 169, 203 Collagen, 164, 169, 191, 192 Collapse, 166, 169 Complement, 19, 24, 161, 169, 170, 196 Complementary and alternative medicine, 83, 109, 169 Complementary medicine, 83, 170 Computational Biology, 141, 170 Computed tomography, 45, 170, 195 Computerized axial tomography, 170, 195 Computerized tomography, 170 Concomitant, 71, 170 Conduction, 170, 201 Confusion, 131, 170, 173 Connective Tissue, 163, 166, 169, 170, 177, 184 Conscious Sedation, 123, 124, 170 Consciousness, 27, 34, 102, 124, 161, 170, 172, 173, 199 Consolidation, 9, 17, 23, 29, 39, 40, 56, 65, 73, 170 Constriction, 170, 182, 193 Contamination, 26, 170 Contraindications, ii, 170 Controlled clinical trial, 27, 170 Convulsions, 111, 112, 165, 171, 174 Convulsive, 18, 171, 174 Coordination, 168, 171 Coronary, 162, 171, 185, 186 Coronary Thrombosis, 171, 185, 186 Corpus, 70, 171, 192, 197, 201 Corpus Callosum, 70, 171, 197, 201 Corpus Luteum, 171, 192 Cortex, 4, 7, 9, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 32, 33, 39, 41, 42, 47, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 65, 69, 71, 100, 122, 163, 171, 175, 176, 186, 189, 191, 194 Cortical, 16, 20, 22, 171, 176, 192, 194, 196 Corticosteroids, 71, 171 Cranial, 106, 159, 168, 171, 179, 182, 189 Craniocerebral Trauma, 171, 179, 180 Criterion, 28, 171 Cues, 11, 26, 99, 101, 107, 118, 132, 171 Curative, 171, 201 Cyclic, 77, 159, 171, 179, 188, 190, 196

207

Cycloheximide, 77, 79, 80, 89, 98, 104, 171 Cyst, 42, 171 Cytoplasm, 167, 171, 175, 179, 187, 195 Cytotoxic, 171, 197 D Databases, Bibliographic, 141, 171 Decarboxylation, 172, 186 Deception, 95, 172 Decision Making, 28, 172 Degenerative, 117, 172 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 9, 172 Dementia, 23, 40, 52, 66, 67, 69, 78, 116, 117, 119, 122, 125, 129, 146, 172, 184, 187 Dendrites, 172, 187, 194 Density, 17, 172, 188 Dentate Gyrus, 29, 172, 179 Depersonalization, 104, 172, 196 Depolarization, 125, 172, 197 Derealization, 172 Deuterium, 172, 180 Diabetes Mellitus, 59, 172, 178 Diagnostic procedure, 115, 134, 172 Diastolic, 172, 180 Diencephalon, 16, 20, 172, 175, 180, 187, 192, 200, 201 Diffusion, 28, 40, 41, 54, 70, 71, 72, 165, 166, 173 Dihydroergotamine, 80, 173 Dilatation, 161, 173 Dilation, 166, 173, 180 Diploid, 173, 190 Direct, iii, 5, 14, 167, 168, 173, 195, 199, 200 Discrimination, 18, 51, 68, 112, 173 Disinfectant, 173, 176 Disorientation, 33, 65, 76, 170, 173 Dissociation, 10, 36, 41, 49, 54, 56, 64, 88, 92, 94, 104, 105, 112, 160, 173 Dissociative Disorders, 146, 173 Dopamine, 119, 161, 173, 186 Dorsal, 4, 9, 162, 173, 175, 191, 197 Dorsum, 173, 177 Dreams, 86, 173 Drug Interactions, 173 Duodenum, 165, 173, 175, 187, 199 Dyes, 161, 173 Dynorphins, 174, 188 Dyslexia, 28, 174 E Edema, 174, 182 Effector, 119, 159, 169, 174, 187, 190 Effector cell, 174, 187 Efficacy, 4, 16, 17, 20, 26, 124, 174, 183

208

Amnesia

Elective, 100, 174 Electric shock, 117, 174 Electroconvulsive Therapy, 17, 38, 66, 174 Electrons, 163, 164, 174, 182, 184, 194 Electrophysiological, 18, 57, 74, 94, 174 Electroshock, 77, 90, 113, 174 Elementary Particles, 174, 184, 193 Embolus, 174, 181 Embryo, 167, 174, 181 Embryology, 174, 187 Empirical, 28, 69, 174 Encephalitis, 43, 67, 104, 105, 174, 175, 184 Encephalitis, Viral, 174, 175 Encephalopathy, 59, 67, 175 Endocrine System, 175, 187 Endorphins, 175, 188, 192 Endoscopic, 166, 175, 185 Endoscopy, 58, 175 Endothelium, 175, 188 Endothelium-derived, 175, 188 Endotoxins, 169, 175 Enhancers, 89, 175 Enkephalins, 71, 175, 188 Entorhinal Cortex, 20, 23, 175, 179 Environmental Health, 140, 142, 175 Enzymatic, 120, 166, 169, 175 Enzyme, 116, 119, 125, 159, 169, 174, 175, 179, 186, 190, 192, 193, 197, 200, 201, 204 Ependyma, 175, 201 Epinephrine, 159, 173, 175, 188, 203 Epithalamus, 172, 175, 183 Epithelial, 159, 165, 176 Ergotamine, 173, 176 Erythrocytes, 166, 176, 196 Estrogen, 10, 176 Ethanol, 11, 12, 176 Evoke, 176, 199 Evoked Potentials, 23, 176 Excitatory, 9, 11, 23, 176, 178, 180 Exercise Test, 71, 176 Extracellular, 11, 120, 161, 163, 170, 176 Extracellular Matrix, 120, 170, 176 Extracellular Space, 176 Extrapyramidal, 173, 176 F Family Planning, 141, 176 Fat, 165, 174, 176, 183, 198 Fissure, 171, 172, 176, 191 Fixation, 177, 196 Flumazenil, 21, 42, 177 Flunitrazepam, 73, 177 Fornix, 35, 66, 162, 177, 197

Fossa, 168, 177 Fourth Ventricle, 168, 177, 201 Frontal Lobe, 13, 50, 68, 129, 177, 191 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 15, 19, 177 G Galanthamine, 89, 177 Ganglia, 159, 177, 187, 189 Ganglion, 20, 177 Gap Junctions, 177, 200 Gas, 167, 173, 177, 180, 188, 195 Gastrin, 178, 179 Gastrointestinal, 58, 166, 175, 176, 178, 197, 198, 200, 203 Gastrointestinal tract, 176, 178, 197, 198 Gene, 17, 80, 147, 165, 178, 190, 198 Gene Expression, 17, 178, 198 Genetic Code, 178, 188 Genotype, 178, 190 Gestures, 132, 178 Ginger, 18, 178 Ginseng, 76, 84, 178 Gland, 159, 178, 180, 184, 189, 190, 196, 199 Glucose, 7, 163, 165, 167, 172, 178, 195 Glucose Intolerance, 172, 178 Glutamate, 9, 11, 24, 27, 178 Glutamic Acid, 178, 192 Glycine, 178, 197 Gonadal, 178, 199 Gout, 169, 178 Governing Board, 178, 191 Graft, 178, 180 Granule, 172, 178, 195 Granulocytes, 179, 197 Growth, 162, 167, 179, 184, 190, 196, 198, 203 Guanylate Cyclase, 179, 188 Gyrus Cinguli, 179, 183 H Habituation, 80, 179 Haploid, 179, 190 Headache, 47, 58, 81, 179, 180 Headache Disorders, 179 Hemorrhage, 171, 179, 199 Heredity, 178, 179 Herpes, 41, 104, 179 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis, 41, 179 Herpes Zoster, 179 Histiocytosis, 50, 179 Histology, 179, 187 Homicide, 73, 85, 179

Index

Homologous, 119, 120, 179, 196, 200 Hormonal, 120, 164, 179 Hormone, 119, 122, 171, 175, 178, 179, 189, 192, 196, 197, 198 Host, 118, 164, 180, 181, 204 Hydrocephalus, 180, 182 Hydrogen, 125, 164, 166, 172, 180, 186, 189, 193 Hydrolysis, 119, 159, 180, 190, 191, 193 Hyperbaric, 86, 180 Hyperbaric oxygen, 86, 180 Hypersensitivity, 160, 180, 196 Hypertension, 15, 180, 182, 185, 192 Hyperthyroidism, 180, 192 Hypoglycemic, 3, 180 Hypotension, 171, 180, 187 Hypothalamic, 50, 122, 180, 198 Hypothalamus, 172, 180, 183, 187, 190, 192, 197, 198, 200, 201 Hypothermia, 28, 180 Hypoxia, 46, 180 I Ibotenic Acid, 180, 186 Id, 81, 107, 146, 148, 154, 156, 180 Ileum, 181, 187 Immersion, 35, 181 Immune response, 57, 162, 164, 181, 196, 200, 204 Immune system, 164, 174, 181, 184, 203 Immunization, 181, 196 Immunotoxin, 9, 181 Impairment, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 21, 27, 39, 42, 61, 69, 71, 117, 120, 146, 160, 165, 181, 185, 193 In situ, 31, 181 In vitro, 23, 116, 120, 181 In vivo, 31, 181 Incision, 181, 182 Incontinence, 180, 181, 196 Indicative, 127, 181, 203 Induction, 12, 18, 57, 100, 121, 124, 174, 181 Infancy, 181 Infantile, 37, 52, 181 Infarction, 35, 40, 57, 58, 70, 103, 180, 181 Infection, 168, 174, 175, 181, 184, 199 Infusion, 26, 79, 106, 181 Inhalation, 181, 182, 191 Innervation, 5, 182 Inotropic, 173, 182 Insight, 5, 16, 147, 182 Insomnia, 106, 182, 202

209

Intensive Care, 42, 44, 90, 182 Intermediate Filaments, 182, 187 Intestinal, 182, 203 Intestines, 178, 182 Intoxication, 11, 79, 100, 182 Intracellular, 11, 24, 181, 182, 188, 196, 197 Intracranial Hypertension, 15, 179, 180, 182 Intracranial Pressure, 15, 182, 193 Intravenous, 27, 83, 121, 181, 182 Invasive, 28, 182, 184 Involuntary, 182, 186, 195, 198 Ion Channels, 163, 182, 188, 200 Ions, 164, 166, 173, 180, 182 Ipsilateral, 13, 182 Ischemia, 49, 116, 162, 163, 182 Isoflurane, 4, 31, 94, 182 K Kallidin, 166, 182 Kb, 140, 182 Kinetics, 166, 183 L Labile, 169, 183 Lactation, 183, 189 Latency, 34, 183 Lateral Ventricles, 183, 197, 201 Lens, 166, 183 Lesion, 3, 19, 27, 34, 35, 40, 41, 65, 66, 183 Leukocytes, 166, 168, 179, 183 Library Services, 154, 183 Life cycle, 159, 183 Ligands, 120, 183 Limbic, 7, 20, 37, 59, 161, 179, 183, 192 Limbic System, 7, 37, 59, 161, 179, 183, 192 Lipid, 166, 168, 183, 185 Liver, 160, 165, 183, 186, 195, 201 Liver scan, 183, 195 Lobe, 3, 13, 14, 19, 20, 22, 29, 40, 41, 45, 47, 51, 56, 65, 67, 68, 72, 73, 112, 117, 126, 129, 161, 183, 192, 201 Lobectomy, 13, 43, 67, 183 Localized, 177, 181, 183, 186, 190, 201 Locomotion, 183, 190 Long-Term Potentiation, 117, 121, 122, 126, 183 Lymph, 164, 168, 175, 183, 184 Lymph node, 164, 168, 184 Lymphocyte, 162, 184 Lymphoid, 171, 184 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 3, 59, 66, 71, 184, 195

210

Amnesia

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 27, 184 Malignant, 162, 179, 184 Malnutrition, 160, 163, 184 Mania, 184 Manic, 122, 184, 193 Manic-depressive psychosis, 122, 184, 193 Medial, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 29, 40, 51, 54, 56, 66, 112, 179, 184, 197 Mediate, 26, 31, 173, 184 Mediator, 31, 184, 197 Medicament, 119, 121, 184 MEDLINE, 141, 184 Meiosis, 184, 200 Membrane, 120, 163, 167, 169, 172, 175, 179, 182, 184, 186, 197, 200 Memory Disorders, 15, 23, 24, 30, 129, 184 Meninges, 167, 168, 171, 185 Menopause, 185, 192 Menstrual Cycle, 185, 192 Mental Health, iv, 4, 17, 76, 77, 140, 142, 147, 185 Mental Processes, 173, 185, 193 Mental Retardation, 117, 185 Mentors, 24, 185 Meta-Analysis, 34, 185 Metabolite, 185, 192 Metoprolol, 68, 185 MI, 101, 157, 185 Microbiology, 159, 185 Microorganism, 169, 185, 204 Microtubule-Associated Proteins, 185, 187 Microtubules, 182, 185, 187 Midazolam, 34, 42, 44, 57, 58, 78, 124, 185 Mitosis, 185, 198 Modeling, 10, 23, 29, 185 Modification, 91, 95, 103, 186, 194 Molecular, 11, 17, 117, 141, 143, 165, 170, 172, 182, 185, 186, 187, 203 Molecule, 124, 162, 164, 166, 169, 173, 174, 175, 180, 186, 194, 197, 203 Monitor, 26, 186, 188 Monoamine, 161, 186, 203 Monoamine Oxidase, 161, 186, 203 Morphine, 85, 103, 186, 188 Morphological, 24, 174, 186 Motion Sickness, 186, 196 Motor Skills, 30, 186 Mucinous, 177, 186 Mucosa, 186, 203 Muscimol, 106, 186 Mydriatic, 173, 186, 196

Myocardial infarction, 171, 185, 186, 192 Myocardium, 162, 185, 186 N Narcotic, 186 Necrosis, 181, 185, 186 Need, 3, 17, 124, 129, 131, 149, 160, 186, 195 Neocortex, 23, 186, 187 Nerve, 24, 120, 159, 161, 164, 172, 177, 182, 184, 186, 187, 191, 193, 199, 202 Nervous System, 4, 9, 11, 116, 124, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 174, 176, 177, 178, 184, 186, 187, 189, 191, 196, 197, 200, 203 Neural Pathways, 20, 187 Neuroanatomy, 22, 24, 47, 183, 187 Neuroendocrine, 36, 187 Neurofibrillary Tangles, 72, 187 Neurofilaments, 187 Neuromuscular, 159, 187, 201, 203 Neuromuscular Junction, 159, 187 Neuronal, 12, 18, 116, 120, 166, 187 Neurons, 9, 11, 12, 172, 176, 177, 186, 187, 194, 200 Neuropeptides, 77, 78, 80, 118, 187 Neurophysiology, 21, 67, 172, 187 Neurosciences, 6, 51, 54, 61, 63, 77, 79, 187 Neurosis, 187, 190 Neurotensin, 116, 187 Neurotoxin, 9, 187, 189 Neurotransmitters, 9, 187 Nitric Oxide, 125, 188 Nitrogen, 160, 177, 188 Nonverbal Communication, 188, 194 Norepinephrine, 159, 173, 188 Nuclear, 37, 65, 164, 174, 177, 183, 186, 188, 201, 203 Nuclei, 20, 161, 162, 174, 176, 184, 185, 188, 191, 193, 196, 201 Nucleic acid, 118, 178, 188, 194 Nucleus, 7, 12, 37, 159, 162, 171, 172, 174, 182, 184, 188, 191, 192, 193, 197, 200, 201 Nucleus Accumbens, 37, 188 O Occipital Lobe, 47, 188 Odour, 163, 188 Opacity, 172, 188 Opioid Peptides, 76, 174, 175, 188 Opium, 186, 188 Outpatient, 21, 189 Ovaries, 189, 201 Ovum, 171, 183, 189, 192

Index

Oxygen Consumption, 176, 189, 195 Oxytocin, 80, 116, 189 P Palliative, 189, 201 Pancreas, 189, 198 Paralysis, 163, 189, 201 Paresthesia, 189, 201 Particle, 189, 202 Pathogenesis, 70, 189 Pathologies, 28, 189 Pathophysiology, 27, 32, 77, 80, 189 P-Chloroamphetamine, 79, 98, 189 Peptide, 76, 80, 116, 119, 120, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 198 Perception, 44, 172, 189, 196 Perfusion, 13, 37, 180, 189, 202 Peripheral Nervous System, 175, 189, 198, 200, 203 Perirhinal, 9, 19, 20, 22, 189 PH, 45, 63, 98, 189 Pharmacologic, 28, 161, 177, 189, 202 Phenotype, 12, 189 Phenyl, 121, 124, 190 Phobia, 44, 190 Phobic Disorders, 190 Phosphodiesterase, 119, 190 Phospholipases, 190, 197 Phosphorus, 166, 190 Phosphorylation, 120, 190 Physiologic, 7, 23, 160, 165, 185, 190, 194 Physiology, 59, 77, 78, 79, 80, 87, 89, 95, 106, 174, 187, 190 Picrotoxin, 31, 190 Pilot study, 26, 190 Pituitary Gland, 122, 190, 192 Placenta, 190, 192 Plants, 12, 160, 164, 165, 167, 168, 178, 188, 190, 195, 202 Plasma, 160, 167, 178, 185, 190, 202 Plasticity, 11, 13, 124, 190 Platelet Activation, 191, 197 Platelet Aggregation, 161, 188, 191 Platelets, 188, 191, 197, 202 Pleated, 120, 191 Pleomorphic, 188, 191 Poisoning, 182, 190, 191 Polymorphic, 172, 191 Polypeptide, 118, 120, 169, 191, 198, 203, 204 Polyproteins, 120, 191 Polysaccharide, 162, 167, 191, 193 Pons, 159, 166, 177, 191

211

Posterior, 69, 168, 173, 175, 188, 189, 191 Postoperative, 13, 191 Postsynaptic, 124, 191, 197, 200 Post-traumatic, 27, 34, 55, 62, 65, 73, 98, 106, 179, 191 Potentiating, 125, 191 Potentiation, 117, 122, 124, 183, 191, 197 Practice Guidelines, 142, 191 Precursor, 120, 168, 173, 174, 175, 188, 191, 192, 203 Prefrontal Cortex, 20, 53, 191 Premedication, 192, 196 Presynaptic, 22, 192, 200 Prevalence, 94, 192 Prodrug, 125, 192 Progesterone, 26, 192, 199 Progression, 120, 162, 192 Progressive, 24, 62, 67, 167, 172, 179, 186, 191, 192, 203 Projection, 20, 188, 191, 192, 194 Proline, 116, 169, 192 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 175, 188, 192 Prophase, 192, 200 Prophylaxis, 68, 122, 125, 192 Propofol, 7, 31, 44, 90, 121, 192 Propranolol, 58, 192 Prosencephalon, 172, 192 Prospective Studies, 63, 192 Prosthesis, 118, 192 Protease, 116, 120, 192 Protein Binding, 192, 202 Protein C, 118, 160, 164, 193 Protein S, 12, 17, 119, 165, 171, 178, 193, 194, 195, 199 Proteoglycans, 120, 164, 193 Proteolytic, 120, 169, 193 Protocol, 27, 193 Protons, 180, 184, 193, 194 Proximal, 192, 193, 196 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 182, 193 Psychiatric, 17, 18, 20, 60, 72, 73, 86, 92, 93, 102, 193 Psychic, 96, 187, 193, 194, 196 Psychogenic, 36, 41, 42, 47, 50, 53, 55, 63, 69, 91, 92, 193 Psychopathology, 33, 193 Psychosis, 193 Psychosomatic, 122, 194 Psychotherapy, 42, 92, 159, 194 Public Policy, 141, 194 Publishing, 32, 194 Pulmonary, 165, 176, 194, 195, 203

212

Amnesia

Pulse, 186, 194 Purines, 194, 197 Puromycin, 12, 194 Pyramidal Cells, 172, 194 Q Quality of Life, 120, 194 Quaternary, 194, 196 R Radiation, 162, 174, 180, 194, 196, 204 Radiation therapy, 180, 194 Radioactive, 166, 180, 183, 188, 194, 195, 200, 203 Randomized, 16, 20, 26, 174, 194 Reaction Time, 14, 20, 28, 194 Receptor, 11, 21, 24, 79, 80, 118, 124, 159, 162, 173, 176, 177, 194, 197 Recombinant, 118, 194, 203 Recurrence, 184, 195 Redux, 53, 195 Refer, 1, 169, 175, 177, 179, 183, 193, 195, 197 Reflex, 23, 195 Refraction, 195, 198 Regimen, 174, 195 Remission, 184, 195 Respiration, 167, 186, 195 Respiratory System, 195, 203 Reversion, 167, 195 Ribosome, 162, 195 Rigidity, 182, 190, 195 Role-play, 96, 195 S Saline, 15, 195 Saponins, 195, 199 Satiation, 19, 195 Scans, 27, 195 Schizophrenia, 8, 56, 93, 122, 174, 185, 196 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 172, 196 Scopolamine, 9, 12, 21, 44, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 87, 89, 98, 100, 104, 164, 196 Screening, 122, 125, 169, 196 Second Messenger Systems, 188, 196 Secretion, 120, 122, 183, 196 Secretory, 125, 196, 200 Sedative, 7, 123, 124, 177, 185, 196 Seizures, 13, 18, 23, 37, 196, 199 Sella, 173, 190, 196 Senile, 117, 119, 196 Senility, 117, 196 Sensibility, 161, 196 Sensitization, 12, 196 Septal, 183, 196, 197

Septal Nuclei, 183, 196 Septum, 7, 9, 23, 183, 197 Septum Pellucidum, 183, 197 Sequencing, 103, 197 Serine, 116, 197 Serotonin, 186, 189, 197, 200 Serum, 26, 160, 161, 169, 197 Shock, 5, 18, 80, 84, 88, 91, 101, 133, 174, 197, 202 Side effect, 17, 20, 160, 182, 197, 202 Signal Transduction, 118, 197 Skeleton, 159, 197 Skull, 17, 171, 182, 197, 201 Small intestine, 173, 180, 181, 182, 197 Smooth muscle, 161, 186, 198, 200 Social Environment, 194, 198 Soft tissue, 165, 197, 198 Solvent, 165, 176, 198 Soma, 194, 198 Somatic, 17, 101, 183, 184, 185, 189, 192, 198 Somatostatin, 121, 122, 198 Somatotropin, 122, 198 Somnambulism, 104, 198 Spasm, 163, 171, 198 Specialist, 149, 173, 198 Species, 23, 117, 120, 162, 164, 169, 175, 184, 185, 198, 199, 204 Specificity, 17, 21, 29, 30, 160, 166, 198, 202 Spectrum, 124, 198 Sperm, 198, 203 Spinal cord, 4, 163, 166, 167, 168, 175, 177, 185, 187, 189, 195, 198 Stabilization, 11, 198 Staging, 195, 198 Standard therapy, 16, 199 Status Epilepticus, 46, 199 Steady state, 26, 199 Steroid, 9, 195, 199 Stimulant, 161, 182, 190, 199, 200 Stimulus, 9, 17, 19, 24, 30, 44, 174, 176, 182, 183, 190, 194, 195, 199, 201 Stomach, 178, 180, 182, 197, 199 Streptomycin, 171, 199 Stress, 12, 20, 51, 62, 71, 108, 119, 146, 167, 174, 199 Stria, 31, 197, 199 Striatum, 20, 29, 79, 188, 199 Stroke, 35, 40, 54, 58, 67, 72, 116, 117, 140, 147, 199 Structure-Activity Relationship, 77, 89, 199

Index

Subacute, 72, 181, 199 Subarachnoid, 177, 179, 199 Subclavian, 48, 164, 199 Subclinical, 181, 196, 199 Subiculum, 179, 199 Subspecies, 198, 199 Substance P, 185, 196, 199, 200 Substrate, 200, 203 Subthalamus, 172, 200 Sumatriptan, 80, 200 Suppression, 12, 23, 122, 200 Supraspinal, 4, 200 Sympathomimetic, 161, 173, 175, 188, 200, 203 Synapses, 183, 188, 200 Synapsis, 200 Synaptic, 11, 23, 24, 121, 122, 124, 126, 183, 197, 200 Synaptic Transmission, 23, 121, 122, 126, 200 Systemic, 18, 76, 165, 175, 181, 182, 187, 194, 200 Systolic, 180, 200 T Tacrine, 89, 200 Technetium, 65, 200 Terminalis, 31, 197, 201 Tetanic, 125, 201 Tetanus, 201 Tetrodotoxin, 32, 106, 201 Thalamic, 20, 40, 45, 58, 66, 80, 103, 176, 201 Thalamic Nuclei, 20, 176, 201 Thalamus, 7, 20, 162, 172, 176, 183, 191, 200, 201 Therapeutics, 78, 125, 186, 201 Thermal, 173, 201 Theta Rhythm, 7, 23, 201 Thiamine, 20, 201 Third Ventricle, 42, 176, 180, 183, 201 Threonine, 197, 201 Threshold, 76, 180, 201 Thrombin, 191, 193, 201 Thrombomodulin, 193, 201 Thrombosis, 193, 199, 202 Thrombus, 171, 181, 191, 202 Tissue Distribution, 126, 202 Tome, 78, 90, 202 Tomography, 21, 39, 47, 63, 71, 184, 202 Tooth Preparation, 159, 202 Topical, 176, 202 Torsion, 181, 202

213

Toxic, iv, 12, 164, 165, 167, 181, 202 Toxicity, 173, 202 Toxicology, 9, 142, 202 Toxins, 12, 162, 166, 174, 175, 181, 202 Transduction, 119, 197, 202 Transfection, 165, 202 Transmitter, 7, 80, 159, 163, 173, 182, 184, 188, 200, 202, 203 Trauma, 26, 33, 55, 62, 63, 73, 107, 129, 133, 186, 202 Triazolam, 21, 202 Tubercle, 188, 203 Tubocurarine, 177, 203 Tubulin, 12, 185, 203 Tumour, 177, 203 Tyramine, 9, 186, 203 Tyrosine, 173, 203 U Ubiquitin, 187, 203 Unconscious, 8, 161, 180, 203 Uranium, 200, 203 Urinary, 180, 181, 196, 203 Uterine Contraction, 189, 203 Uterus, 168, 171, 187, 189, 192, 203 V Vaccine, 193, 203 Vascular, 47, 70, 168, 175, 179, 181, 188, 190, 202, 203 Vasoactive, 78, 203 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, 78, 203 Vasodilator, 166, 173, 203 Vector, 202, 203 Vein, 161, 164, 182, 188, 199, 203 Venous, 42, 103, 164, 193, 203 Ventral, 7, 106, 180, 188, 191, 203 Ventricle, 161, 167, 179, 183, 188, 194, 200, 203 Vertebrae, 198, 204 Veterinary Medicine, 141, 204 Vinblastine, 203, 204 Vincristine, 203, 204 Viral, 72, 174, 175, 202, 204 Virulence, 164, 202, 204 Virus, 164, 168, 175, 202, 204 Viscera, 198, 204 Visceral, 183, 204 Vitro, 23, 204 Vivo, 204 X Xenograft, 162, 204 X-ray, 170, 188, 194, 196, 204

214

Amnesia

Y Yeasts, 190, 204

Z Zymogen, 193, 204

Index

215

216

Amnesia

Amnesia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Amnesia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents