AMNIOCENTESIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Amniocentesis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83696-5 1. Amniocentesis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on amniocentesis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AMNIOCENTESIS ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Amniocentesis ............................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AMNIOCENTESIS ............................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Finding Nutrition Studies on Amniocentesis.............................................................................. 99 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 100 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AMNIOCENTESIS ..................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 103 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 108 General References ..................................................................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AMNIOCENTESIS ....................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Dissertations on Amniocentesis................................................................................................. 111 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 112 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND AMNIOCENTESIS .................................................................. 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Recent Trials on Amniocentesis................................................................................................. 113 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 113 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON AMNIOCENTESIS .................................................................................. 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Patents on Amniocentesis .......................................................................................................... 115 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 129 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON AMNIOCENTESIS ..................................................................................... 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 131 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 132 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 133 Chapters on Amniocentesis........................................................................................................ 133 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON AMNIOCENTESIS........................................................................... 135 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 135 Bibliography: Multimedia on Amniocentesis............................................................................. 135 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AMNIOCENTESIS ........................................................ 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 137 Academic Periodicals covering Amniocentesis .......................................................................... 140 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 143 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 145 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 148 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 149 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 149 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 149 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 153 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 155 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 155
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Preparation................................................................................................................................. 155 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 155 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 155 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 161 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 162 AMNIOCENTESIS DICTIONARY ............................................................................................ 163 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 213
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with amniocentesis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about amniocentesis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to amniocentesis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on amniocentesis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to amniocentesis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on amniocentesis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AMNIOCENTESIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on amniocentesis.
Federally Funded Research on Amniocentesis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to amniocentesis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to amniocentesis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore amniocentesis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for amniocentesis: •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Newport, Donald J.; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Recent studies of perinatal psychiatric treatment have focused almost exclusively upon antidepressants. However, the introduction of
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics, which do not impede ovulation, has provided new treatment alternatives for women with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychiatric illnesses. The presentation of these disorders often occurs during the childbearing years; however, clinical reproductive safety data for these medications (and those in development) is limited and slow to accumulate. As such, there is an urgent need for data defining both obstetrical outcome and functional CNS exposure for these compounds. The current study combines a naturalistic clinical investigation with detailed animal studies to provide novel obstetrical outcome data and a scientific basis for comparing CNS effects of individual medications. The clinical study includes prospective documentation of anticonvulsant and atypical antipsychotic exposures, assessment of placental passage via collection of umbilical cord blood, lactational exposure via collection of breast milk and serum of nursing infants, and prenatal exposure via collection of amniotic fluid in the event of amniocentesis. Pediatric records will be obtained annually to monitor child developmental milestones. Considering the difficulty of quantifying human brain exposure, the clinical study is complemented with an animal study using the rat as a model to study infant CNS exposure. Administering a fixed dose of an atypical antipsychotic or anticonvulsant to both pregnant and newly delivered breast-feeding dams, offspring CNS exposure will be determined by comparing medication levels in maternal brain and blood with concentrations in offspring brain, blood, and other tissues. The functional impact of CNS exposure will be assessed by ex-vivo serotonin and dopamine transporter and receptor analysis. This study moves beyond the exclusive focus of previous studies upon antidepressants to include atypical antipsychotics and anticonvulsants, and provides the first glimpse into infant CNS exposure. Such information will be relevant to clinical decision-making as psychiatrists endeavor to treat severe peripartum illness while minimizing infant exposure. These study procedures will furthermore be applicable to future research investigating other classes of psychotropic medications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION IN DOWN SYNDROME PLACENTAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gross, Susan J.; Montefiore Medical Center (Bronx, Ny) Bronx, Ny 104672490 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Pregnant woman are offered multiple marker serum testing for fetal Down syndrome (DS) in the second trimester as routine standard of care. However, serum markers are only a screening tool and not a diagnostic test. Thus, when patients are screen positive, they are offered amniocentesis to confirm the suspicion of fetal DS. These serum markers are nonspecific for DS and, as a result, this test is burdened with a significant false positive and false negative rate. Consequently, the vast majority of patients with a positive test will undergo amniocentesis with the real possibility of fetal loss for an unaffected pregnancy. Our hypothesis is that microarray technology available at our center can by used to isolate differentially expressed genes from DS placentae. Our proposed strategy is to apply this high-throughput method of gene expression analysis to identify gene expression changes in placentae from pregnancies affected with Down syndrome, followed by characterization of these genes and their gene products. These findings will form the basis of a subsequent grant submission that will be directed towards the ultimate goal of our placental research program identification and development of specific protein assays for fetal Down syndrome. The specific aim of this current submission is to determine qualitative or quantitative
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differences in gene expression between DS and normal placentae using microarray chip technology, which will allow for the screening of thousands of genes at once. Differential expression revealed in the microarray studies will be confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EVALUATING A DECISION TOOL FOR PRENATAL TESTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuppermann, Miriam; Ob, Gyn and Reproductive Scis; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: This proposal seeks to pilot test, refine and evaluate an existing computerized prenatal testing decision-assisting tool. The tool is designed to assist pregnant women and their partners in making choices regarding prenatal diagnostic testing for fetal chromosomal abnormalities, including maternal serum screening, chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, ultrasonography and no testing. We believe that the evaluation of such decision-assisting tools is timely and important; the need for methods to support patient decision making will grow as prenatal testing guidelines change to accommodate individual preferences, and as new genetic screens become available as a result of the Human Genome Project. We will conduct a randomized controlled trial in 400 eligible women to measure the effect of the tool on knowledge about prenatal testing and its outcomes; satisfaction with decision making; and utilization of prenatal diagnostic testing. We hypothesize that women randomized to use the tool will have higher satisfaction and greater knowledge regarding prenatal testing. We also hypothesize that they will seek prenatal diagnostic testing at a different rate than women randomized to the control intervention. We will test these hypotheses in women who are currently eligible for testing: women who are 35 or older or who have abnormal maternal serum screening results. We will assemble a racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse cohort for the study. The proposed study builds on our previous research in prenatal diagnostic testing, and represents the next logical step in that body of work. In our most recent previous study, we surveyed over 1,000 racially/ethnically and socioeconmically diverse pregnant women, using a computerized preference-elicitation tool we developed and translated into Spanish and Chinese. Our long-term research goal is to develop methods to assist women of all ages to make informed decisions about prenatal testing, and to gain insight into how to develop patient-centered decision-assisting tools for other health decisions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EXPLOITING A CYTOCHEMICAL AND GATE IN HEMATOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Saunders, Alex M.; Chronomed, Inc. 299 Old County Rd, #28 San Carlos, Ca 94070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The P1 has invented a means of compacting cytochemical information from two activities, such as intracellular enzyme actions, into one signal. This method enables, for example, cell identification by one characteristic and a cell quality, such as degree of maturation, by another. Output becomes readable by less complex instrumentation. Cytochemistry of the AND Gate will be applied to several existing clinical cytometers which have limited parameter expansion capability for hardware reasons. The same instruments will then have new clinical and diagnostic information. A bead model used to develop the chemistries will be further developed
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into an improved equivalent of ELISA assays where wash of a solid phase is not required. Phase I will demonstrate feasibility of the chemistries. Phase II will adapt the chemistries to specific instruments in the field that are manufactured by other companies. Diagnostic application will be found for the products in hematological screening by automated instrumentation, in monitoring diseases such as infection, marrow dysplasia and leukemia, an In screening for chromosomal disorders of a fetus in pregnancy. Product definition of the bead assay should be complete by the end of Phase I. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Envisioned products resulting from this research are new tests for existing devices. Actual products are new software and new reagents. Product sales in the introduction year would be $10MM and grow to $50MM in 5 years. Part of the benefit to the collaborating manufacturers will be extension of product life in a competitive market, at least equivalent to the new reagent sales. A decrease in amniocentesis means a potential savings of $1.61313 to the US health care system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FEASIBILITY OF PRENATAL SCREENING FOR SLO SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Haddow, James E.; Vice President and Medical Director; Foundation for Blood Research Box 190, 69 Rte 1 Scarborough, Me 04070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of routinely identifying Smith-LemliOpitz Syndrome (SLOS) prenatally. This serious inherited metabolic disorder (birth prevalence 1:20,000) is characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation and congenital anomalies. Two circumstances now make it possible to carry out the proposed intervention trial. First, the cause of SLOS is now known to be a defect in the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. This discovery makes it possible to confirm the diagnosis biochemically by measuring cholesterol precursors in the serum of affected individuals and in amniotic fluid. Secondly, the array of maternal serum analytes currently measured routinely to screen for Down syndrome in 2,000,000 U.S. pregnancies annually includes unconjugated estriol (uE3). This analyte requires cholesterol as a precursor, and its concentration in maternal serum is lower when the fetus has SLOS. The major barrier to identifying SLOS prenatally is the absence of sound screening methodology that takes into account the detection rate, the false positive rate, and the prevalence. The investigators have developed a model, based on actual data from SLOS pregnancies, and propose to test it in 1,000,000 pregnancies in which maternal serum uE3 (and other) measurements are currently being done routinely. The screening false positive rate is projected to be 0.2 percent, the detection rate 57 percent, and the odds of being affected given a positive result 1:70. These rates all compare favorably with routine prenatal screening tests. Diagnostic testing in amniotic fluid is highly reliable and will correctly identify the affected and unaffected pregnancies. In the proposed trial, the investigators will introduce this SLOS model into several major U.S. prenatal screening centers, and develop informational materials for both physicians and patients. Diagnostic testing will be provided by participating expert laboratories. It will also be possible, for the first time, to determine whether SLOS diagnostic studies can be carried out in maternal urine, rather than amniotic fluid, thereby avoiding invasive procedures. The study will also aid in refining prevalence estimates by race and ethnicity, and will determine whether several rare disorders in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway would be detectable. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM IN AMNIOTIC FLUID INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Han, Yiping W.; Periodontics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Preterm birth (PTB) is the number one cause of infant mortality and morbidity. Amniotic fluid (AF) infections are prevalent in PTB. One hypothesis to explain this is that the organisms originate from the vagina and ascend into the uterus. However, some organisms from AF appear to be of oral origin. One of the most frequently isolated species from AF, Fusobacterium nucleatum, is highly prevalent in periododontal plaques and infections. F. nucleatum is capable of invading human gingival epithelial and umbilical cord vein endothelial cells. Preliminary studies revealed that haematogenous infection of. F nucleatum induced pregnancy complications in mice. Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that the hematogenous route of transmission may also occur in humans. To test this possibility, we aim to investigate the source of the F. nucleatum infection in AF. AF samples will be collected via amniocentesis from 400 patients in preterm labor with intact fetal membranes at a gestational age of < 32 weeks. Vaginal, blood, and subgingival plaque samples from these patients will also be collected. AF infections by all bacteria and by F. nucleatum, along with the control urogenital species, Ureaplasma urealyticum, will be examined by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using primers specific for the conserved and hypervariable regions of 16S ribosomal RNA, respectively. Once F.nucleatum is identified in AF, the vaginal, blood, and plaque samples of the same patient will be examined by PCR. in addition, since F. nucleatum is highly heterogeneous, in order to clearly identify the source of infection, F. nucleatum will be isolated and identified to the subspecies level and differentiated by DNA fingerprinting. The results from this pilot study will enable subsequent investigation into the mechanism of infection, identifying virulent strains of AF-associated F. nucleatum for diagnostic purposes, and intervention studies aimed at reducing the incidence of preterm birth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENE, INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT AND PCOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dunaif, Andrea F.; Chief, Division of Women's Health; Northwestern University 633 Clark St Evanston, Il 60208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is among the most common endocrine disorders in premenopausal women. Women with PCOS have profound insulin resistance as well as pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, independent of obesity and glucose intolerance. However, skeletal muscle insulin resistance reverse in cultured myotubes suggesting that insulin resistance in this tissue is induced by factors in the in vivo environment. We have recently shown that hyperandrogenemia is the reproductive phenotype in males as well as female relatives of PCOS women. Moreover, Urbanek and colleagues have shown (Project 2) that this phenotype appears to have a genetic basis in PCOS families and shows significant linkage and association with a marker locus on chromosome 19P in the region of the insulin receptor (allele 8 of D19S884). We now have extremely existing evidence that this allele is also associated with a metabolic phenotype in PCOS probands and their brothers: increased post-challenge glucose levels, apparent defects in insulin secretion, especially in response to sulfonylurea, and accelerated weight gain with age. Abbott (Project 3) has shown that in utero testosterone excess can reproduce many features of the PCOS reproductive and metabolic phenotype in female
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rhesus monkeys, including decreased insulin secretion and increased LH levels. Levine (Project 4) has shown that one mechanism for these changes is androgen-mediated sulfonylurea-stimulated insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells. Taken together, these observations have led to a new hypothesis for the etiology of PCOS: genetic variation resulting in hyperandrogenemia results in many of the reproductive and metabolic features of PCOS by fetal androgen programming. In this Project, we will test two components of the hypothesis. First, is the metabolic phenotype that is associated with the marker locus decreased insulin secretion, consistent with androgen-mediated suppression of K+/ATP channels? Second, is there in utero androgen excess, decreased fetal insulin secretion and/or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in the female offspring of PCOS women, and does the marker allele identify a subpopulation of offspring with these findings? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENOMICS OF HUMAN FETAL MORPHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Manson, Jeanne M.; Professor; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent technological advances in genomics, including the sequencing of the genome in humans and several laboratory model species, provide valuable information on similarities in the number and organization of genes among species. An important finding is that many developmental components and processes involved in organization of the body plan are shared across phyla. In particular, the homeobox (HOX) genes are important in developmental patterning, and are involved in establishing cell identities along the anterior-posterior axis of all higher metazoans. Because HOX genes are conserved across phyla and have been well described in the fruitfly, roundworm, zebra fish and the mouse, it is possible to identify related human sequences. Sequence variations in human fetal HOX genes have yet to be systematically evaluated for their relationship to human fetal survival and developmental defects. The goals of the proposed research are to establish a bank of human fetal tissues and to evaluate selected HOX genes known to control morphogenesis in laboratory models. Chorionic villus samples can be collected as early as 10 to 12 weeks and amniotic fluid samples at 16 to 20 weeks of human pregnancy. When collected in a clinical setting, these samples can be linked to pregnancy outcome through ultrasound findings and results of routine obstetrical care. A data base can be developed to catalog the spectrum and allelic frequencies of polymorphisms in HOX genes during normal development, and to determine whether sequence variations are associated with fetal lethality and/or dysmorphogenesis. Accomplishment of these goals will require the interaction of molecular epidemiologists, obstetricians, developmental toxicologists, molecular biologists and statisticians. The investigators for this proposal collectively represent these areas of expertise and have a history of working together in molecular epidemiology research and graduate teaching focused on the study of developmental defects. Interdisciplinary collaborations will be enhanced by participation of investigators in a seminar series on Molecular, Epidemiology of Developmental Defects. In addition, investigators will collaborate in establishing a tissue bank of human fetal tissues and in conducting a pilot project on the relationship between sequence variations in human HOX genes and developmental defects. The primary goal of this proposal is to provide a framework for interdisciplinary collaboration of investigators to foster research in the area of gene-environment interactions in the etiology of human developmental defects. The specific aims are to: (1)
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establish an interdisciplinary team of investigators with expertise in the areas of molecular epidemiology, obstetrics, developmental toxicology, environmental health sciences, molecular biology and biostatistics; (2) establish a bank of human fetal tissues consisting of chorionic villus samples and amniocytes and to develop a database to link these samples to clinical information on pregnancy outcome; (3)identify allelic frequencies of polymorphisms in selected HOX genes from human fetal DNA collected at different times in gestation from pregnancies with clinically normal outcomes; and (4) evaluate whether specific polymorphisms in these genes are associated with fetal lethality and/or dysmorphogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPROVED CLASSIFIERS FOR AUTOMATED MULTIPLEX FISH Principal Investigator & Institution: Castleman, Kenneth R.; Vice-Pres for Research & Development; Advanced Digital Imaging Research, Llc 2450 S Shore Blvd, Ste 305 League City, Tx 775732997 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 09-JUL-2001; Project End 09-JUL-2002 Summary: (Abstract, from the application): Automated karyotyping is an important procedure in cytogenetics labs worldwide. Multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) is a recent development that uses multicolor chromosome painting probes and multispectral image analysis to identify subtle and complex chromosomal rearrangements. It promises to make automated karyotyping faster, more accurate, and easier to interpret both in clinical situation and in cancer research. The major factor limiting the ability of M-FISH to resolve the chromosomal origin of the DNA in abnormal chromosomes is pixel classification accuracy. The goal of this project to develop improved software techniques for M-FISH to improve significantly the accuracy of pixel classification in M-FISH systems, but maximizing the impact of this important new technology on the practice of cytogenetics. The instruments that are commercially available now implement only rudimentary pixel classification algorithms for identifying the homologue origin of DNA. In this project, we will apply state-of-theart pattern recognition techniques to M-FISH to improve pixel classification accuracy far beyond what is current offered by commercial systems. The improved M-FISH system that will result will automatically find and flag both subtle and complex structural abnormalities (insertions and translocations of genetic material) assisting both cancer research and genetic diagnosis. Once we have established feasibility in Phase I, we will use Phase II to develop the improvements fully and test the system in routine clinical use on prenatal, postnatal and cancer specimens from amniocentesis, peripheral blood, and bone marrow. The enhancements will be integrated into PSI's M- FISH instrument, currently part of the PowerGene line of cytogenetics automation products. The resulting commercial instrument will be superior to currently available systems for elucidating structural rearrangements within chromosomes. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: As soon as the new techniques are developed and qualified for routine application, they will be incorporated into PSI's PowerGene product line of cytogenetics automation equipment, both in new systems sold and as an upgrade to existing systems already in use in cytogenetics labs. Newly developed chromosome painting probes will be added to PSI's reagent product line, thus commercializing the technology quickly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INDUCTION OF CERVICAL RIPENING W/ INTERLEUKIN 8 IN PREGNANT RHESUS MONKEYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Novy, Miles J.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a cytokine that induces selective neutrophil chemotaxis and activation. Progesterone inhibits and antiprogestins stimulate production of IL-8 by chorion and decidua. Cervical ripening is associated with an influx of inflammatory cells into the cervix but the role of IL-8 in primate parturition remains to be established. To investigate the role of IL-8 in cervical ripening, we administered purified, human fibroblast-derived IL-8 intravaginally in 3 pregnant monkeys beginning at 137-9 days of gestation (term = 167 days) at a dose of 150 ng/kg. The cervix was evaluated by a modified Bishop=s Score. IL-8 was administered in vehicle (2.5% HPC with 300 ?l Evans Blue solution) by inserting a 1.0 or 3.0 ml syringe into the vaginal vault. Amniocentesis was performed at intervals to determine changes in amniotic fluid prostaglandins (PGs) and cytokines. After a recovery period of 4-5 days, a second dose of IL-8 (300 ng/kg) was administered. Res ults The effect of graded doses of intravaginal IL-8 on Modified Bishop=s Scores (mean ? SEM) is summarized in the table below. Two out of three animals showed an increase in amniotic fluid IL-8 concentrations but there were no changes in amniotic fluid PGE2 or PGF2?. One animal delivered after the second dose of IL-8. Dose 0 hours 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours 150 ng/kg 0.6 ? 0.3 5.6 ? 0.3* 5.0 ? 1.2* 5.3 ? 0.3* 300 ng/kg 2.0 ? 1.0 4.0 ? 3.0 6.5 ? 0.5* *different from time 0 hrs at P<0.05 (t-test). Conclusion Intravaginal application of purified human fibroblast-derived IL-8 induces significant cervical ripening in late pregnant rhesus monkeys. FUNDING NIH HD06159, Toray Industries Inc PUBLICATIONS Haluska GJ, Naruto M, Ida N, Cook MJ, Novy MJ. Induction of cervical ripening with interleukin-8 (IL-8) in pregnant rhesus monkeys. In Society for Gynecological Investigation Program and Abstracts 45th Annual Meeting (held in Atlanta, GA, March 11-14, 1998), p 190A (abstract #T615). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MULTICENTER NETWORK OF MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE UNITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moawad, Atef H.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: This is the competitive renewal application (HD 27861, 06-10) of Network 14 in the NICHD Maternal-Fetal-Trials Unit (MFMU) Network located at the University of Chicago's Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Its Principal and Co-Principal Investigators have extensive experience in both clinical and basic research, while the team of Investigators includes eight Maternal-Fetal Medicine specialists, a Neonatologist, an Internist who specializes in medical disorders of pregnancy, and an Obstetrician- Epidemiologist with a Ph.D in Public Health experienced in the conduct of clinical trials. There are also five Research Nurses, supervised by a proven NurseEducator Coordinator with an MPH. The applicant institution, the seat of a State designated Perinatal Center, experiences approximately 3,000 births yearly, approximately 50% of which are high risk-including a 21% prematurity rate. Other major problems include low birth weight (21%), hypertension (8%), diabetes (5%), and asthma (7%). Most gravidas are managed by the full-time staff. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (44 beds) next to the delivery suite is served by nine Neonatologists. The
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clinics, four of which are "high risk," abut their support services (ultrasonography, genetic counselling, and fetal diagnostic units), and contain a computerized record system which captures comprehensive information on all patients and produces a variety of reports used throughout the hospital. A second record-storing computer system will shortly link the Perinatal Center with all its participating hospitals. The pharmacy has a specialized trials section, while laboratory support includes genetic diagnosis and perinatal pathology. Special strengths include NIH funded Clinical pharmacology Training Program and Clinical Research, Nutrition, and Diabetes Research & Training Centers. The application commences with a review of the 01-04 years characterizing l) our participation in eight Network protocols, and 2) the interaction of investigators and nurses with the Steering Committee (which includes authorship on five Network abstracts and two typescripts). Also noted are our 05 year alliances with two nearby hospitals the University of Illinois Medical Center and Mercy Hospital (a University of Chicago 'Hospital affiliate) which will increase our patient recruitment base to approximately 9,10O by the 06 yr. The former alliance provides additional resources including access to Schools of Nursing and Public Health. In summary, the proposed application to continue in the Network demonstrates our continued ability to meet the requirements of the RFA solicitation, reviews our Network performance during the current award period, and describes steps taken to insure a large patient base during the period of anticipated changes in health care delivery patterns which is currently gripping our nation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRENATAL SCHIZOPHRENIA
INFECTION,
BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Gilmore, John H.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): The causes of schizophrenia remain elusive, though there is strong evidence that pre- and perinatal complications, including prenatal exposure to infection, increase the risk of a person ultimately developing schizophrenia. In spite of their etiological importance, not only for schizophrenia, but also for other neurodevelopmental diseases (including lissencephaly, neural tube defects, autism, and mental retardation), the mechanisms by which clinical pre- and perinatal risk factors such as infection alter the developing brain have remained largely unstudied. It is hypothesized that pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukinlbeta (IL-1B), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-A), generated by the maternal, and/or placental immune system in response to infection play a key role in the association between prenatal infection and schizophrenia. Amniotic fluid and fetal cord blood levels of cytokines are increased in human pregnancies complicated by infection. IL-1B, IL-6, and TNF-A can all be neurotoxic to developing cortical neurons; the actions of cytokines on developing neurons are consistent with abnormalities of cortical neuron number, size, and "connectivity" found in the brains of patients with schizophrenia. There is also evidence that cytokines regulate more classic neurotrophic factors. The goal of this research is to characterize cytokine (IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-A) and neurotrophic factor [brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), nerve growth factor (NGF)] responses to prenatal infection and to study cytokine regulation of cortical neuron development. A clinical study of amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis from human pregnancies with and without prior exposure to infection will be used to determine cytokine and neurotrophic factor response to prenatal
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infection. Pre-clinical studies in a rat model of early infection (E. coli lipopolysaccaride exposure) will investigate the regulation of cytokine and neurotrophic factor (BDNF, NT-3, NGF) protein in the developing cortex. In addition, in vitro primary cell culture techniques will be used to study cytokine regulation of embryonic cortical neuron survival, growth, and synapse formation. These studies will provide a better understanding of how this clinically important risk factor for schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders can alter cortical neuron development, and may ultimately provide a rational basis on which to develop preventative treatment strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROCINE MODEL FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ryan, Peter; Mississippi State University P. O. Box 6156 Mississippi State, Ms 39762 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Disruption or modification of endocrine homeostasis during development by agricultural pesticides possessing estrogen-like or estrogen disruptive activities has been suggested on me basis of reports of abnormal sexual development observed in wildlife species and rodent animal models. Of great concern is the impact these types of environmental contaminants may have on human health, in particular, the effects of exposure on fetal development during organogenesis or differentiation of the endocrine and nervous systems. However, the lack of an ideal animal model to examine potential adverse effects in humans resulting from in utero exposure has hampered progress in this area. Typical laboratory rodents are not ideal models for human reproductive physiology. Thus, the primary goal of this study is to develop the pregnant pig as a novel animal model for investigating the impact of in utero exposure to estrogenic and non-estrogenic endocrine-active agricultural pesticides on sexual dimorphism in humans. The rationale for selecting the pig, as opposed to the traditional rodent model, is based on the fact that porcine physiology is remarkably similar to that of humans with particular regard to the reproductive and endocrine systems. In addition, a need exists to test the predictive value of amniotic fluid as a useful surrogate marker of fetal exposure to environmental contaminants during critical stages of development. Xenobiotics and naturally occurring compounds that mimic endogenous hormones have been found in human serum, breast milk and umbilical cord blood, but these fluids are not good indices of in utero contamination. Exposure estimation is often the weakest link in assessing risks to human health posed by environmental contaminants. Since amniocentesis is a relatively routine procedure performed during human pregnancy, the pig makes sampling of amniotic fluid feasible, which would be difficult to perform in the rodent model without compromising pregnancy. We propose that the pregnant pig will serve as a physiologically representative animal model for investigating the impact and mechanisms ofaction of endocrine disruptive chemicals on human sexual development. Moreover, we hypothesize that high concentration of agricultural pesticides containing amniotic fluid will be associated with aberrant reproductive development and lower birth weight of piglets. To undertake these goals, we have formulated the following two specific aims: 1) we will a) verify that the pregnant pig is a suitable animal model for assessing the impact of in utero exposure to endocrine-disruptive chemicals on sexual development, and b) test the usefulness of monitoring amniotic fluid for endocrine disruptive chemical exposure for hazard assessment. 2) we will use the pregnant pig model to investigate the endocrine disruptive potential of in utero exposure to two agricultural
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pesticides with known estrogen-like or estrogen disruptive activities (e.g., atrazine and methoxychlor) leading to reproductive developmental side effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SCANNING CYTOMETRY TO SORT FETAL NRBCS IN MATERNAL BLOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Price, Jeffrey H.; Assistant Research Scientist and Lecture; Bioengineering; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: The finding of rare fetal nucleated red blood cells (fnRBCS) in the maternal circulation has led to the idea of developing prenatal genetic screening using peripheral venipuncture. The motivations for developing this a minimally invasive method for obtaining fetal cells for genetic testing are to reduce cost and risk, and increase the availability of the procedure. Genetic anomalies are to be detected by ultrasound, amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Although ultrasound is non- invasive, many genetic abnormalities do not result in detectable morphological abnormalities. Thus, ultrasound is combined with amniocentesis or chronic villus sampling (depending on gestational age) for screening at-risk pregnancies. These techniques involve inserting a needle into the uterus and entail risks to the fetus that include a small chance of miscarriage. A simple blood test would represent a low-risk technique with tremendous potential for use in widespread screening. The challenge in utilizing peripheral maternal blood is locating the estimated 1/10,000,000 fnRBCs. Thus far, flow cytometry and other sorting methods have failed to achieve the accuracy and throughput necessary for this magnitude of rare event cell selection. In addition, all currently proposed methods apply enrichment steps to the nRBC- containing buffy coat. These enrichment steps further reduce the number of fnRBCs. The acceptable level of fnRBC loss in enrichment is unknown because the direct measurements of the numbers (and variations) in maternal peripheral blood have not been possible. We propose to further develop image-based cell analysis technology. We propose to further develop image-based cell analysis technology (scanning cytometry) to: 1) measure directly the number of fetal fnRBCs residing in the maternal buffy coat, and 2) evaluate the technology as a routine cell selection method for prenatal genetic screening. Two strategies for scanning cytometry development- a slower, technologically low-risk method and a more untested high-speed continuous-scanning method-are proposed for further development of image-based in situ sorting. The proposed high-performance scanning cytometry for large-scale rare event detection has potential for extremely broad clinical and research use. Revisions (in new font): The primary critiques and revisions are biological (the instrumentation portion received excellent reviews). Dr. Karen Arden, an medical genetics and FISH expert, was added as an investigator to lead the combining of our previously perfected DAPI/anti- HbF-FITC dual stain with a dual X and Y chromosome FISH stain for a 4-color fluorescence technique. Full statistical analysis of the distribution of fnRBCs vs. gestation age will also be performed, but a proposed work will, however, provide the first direct measurement of the numbers of fnRBCs using an instrument with demonstrated high ultra-rate event accuracy on an appropriate number of patients for this first study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with amniocentesis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for amniocentesis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A 35-year-old pregnant woman considering maternal serum screening and amniocentesis, 1 year later. Author(s): Daley J, Delbanco TL, Hartman EE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 December 11; 276(22): 1840. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8946906&dopt=Abstract
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A 35-year-old pregnant woman considering maternal serum screening and amniocentesis. Author(s): Mennuti M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 May 8; 275(18): 1440-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8618372&dopt=Abstract
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A case of mosaic trisomy 2 diagnosed at amniocentesis in an abnormal fetus and confirmed in multiple fetal tissues. Author(s): Robinson J, Stewart H, Moore L, Gaunt L. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1997 June; 51(6): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237507&dopt=Abstract
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A case of successful management of maternal septic shock with multiple organ failure following amniocentesis at midgestation. Author(s): Hamanishi J, Itoh H, Sagawa N, Nakayama T, Yamada S, Nakamura K, Saito A, Kumakura E, Yura S, Fujii S. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2002 October; 28(5): 25861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428695&dopt=Abstract
3
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A cohort study of pregnancy outcome after amniocentesis in twin pregnancy. Author(s): Kidd SA, Lancaster PA, Anderson JC, Boogert A, Fisher CC, Robertson R, Wass DM. Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 1997 April; 11(2): 200-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9131711&dopt=Abstract
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A false-positive diagnosis of Turner syndrome by amniocentesis. Author(s): Fejgin MD, Arbel-DeRowe Y, Shul N, Amiel A. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1997 January; 17(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9021835&dopt=Abstract
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A false-positive diagnosis of Turner syndrome by amniocentesis. Author(s): Griffiths MJ, Miller PR, Stibbe HM. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 May; 16(5): 463-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8844007&dopt=Abstract
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A high-sensitivity alternative to “routine” genetic amniocentesis: multiple urinary analytes, nuchal thickness, and age. Author(s): Bahado-Singh R, Oz U, Kovanci E, Cermik D, Copel J, Mahoney MJ, Cole L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 January; 180(1 Pt 1): 16973. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9914599&dopt=Abstract
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A negative second trimester triple test and absence of specific ultrasonographic markers may decrease the need for genetic amniocentesis in advanced maternal age by 60%. Author(s): Rosen DJ, Kedar I, Amiel A, Ben-Tovim T, Petel Y, Kaneti H, Tohar M, Fejgin MD. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 January; 22(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810653&dopt=Abstract
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A new double hole pencil point atraumatic needle for amniocentesis. Author(s): Eldor J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 March-April; 7(2): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284198&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective comparative study on transabdominal chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis performed at 10-13 week's gestation. Author(s): Cederholm M, Axelsson O. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1997 April; 17(4): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9160382&dopt=Abstract
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A randomised trial of progesterone prophylaxis after midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Corrado F, Dugo C, Cannata ML, Di Bartolo M, Scilipoti A, Carlo Stella N. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 January 10; 100(2): 196-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750964&dopt=Abstract
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A reappraisal of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein measurement at the time of genetic amniocentesis and midtrimester ultrasonography. Author(s): Silver RK, Leeth EA, Check IJ. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2001 June; 20(6): 631-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400937&dopt=Abstract
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A study of early amniocentesis for prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis. Author(s): Daniel A, Ng A, Kuah KB, Reiha S, Malafiej P. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 January; 18(1): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9483636&dopt=Abstract
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A syringe adapter to facilitate aspiration at amniocentesis. Author(s): Robinson JN, Loeffler HH, Norwitz ER. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 July; 96(1): 138-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928904&dopt=Abstract
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Abdominal wall endometriosis after amniocentesis. A case report. Author(s): Hughes ML, Bartholomew D, Paluzzi M. Source: J Reprod Med. 1997 September; 42(9): 597-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9336759&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal triple-test result plus normal ultrasonographic results equal amniocentesis? Author(s): Ginsberg N, Cadkin A, Strom CM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 October; 175(4 Pt 1): 10812. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8885787&dopt=Abstract
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Acceptance of amniocentesis by women in the state of Montana (USA) who are screen positive for Down's syndrome. Author(s): Priest JH, FitzGerald JM, Haag MM, Streets K, Vanisko M, Johnson JP. Source: Journal of Medical Screening. 1998; 5(4): 178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9934647&dopt=Abstract
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Accuracy of the TDx-FLM assay of amniotic fluid: a comparison of vaginal pool samples with amniocentesis. Author(s): Cleary-Goldman J, Connolly T, Chelmow D, Malone F. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 June;11(6):374-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389651&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse pregnancy outcome following post-chorionic villus sampling amniocentesis compared to chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Kim SK, Cho DJ, Kim JW, Chung JE, Yang YH. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2000 June; 26(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10932984&dopt=Abstract
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Age-specific incidences of chromosome abnormalities at the second trimester amniocentesis for Japanese mothers aged 35 and older: collaborative study of 5484 cases. Author(s): Yaegashi N, Senoo M, Uehara S, Suzuki H, Maeda T, Fujimori K, Hirahara F, Yajima A. Source: Journal of Human Genetics. 1998; 43(2): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9621511&dopt=Abstract
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Alpha-fetoprotein and AChE in early amniocentesis. Author(s): Eiben B, Goebel R, Hansen S, Hammans W. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 January; 16(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8821860&dopt=Abstract
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Alpha-fetoprotein values in amniotic fluid obtained during early amniocentesis (1113 weeks). Author(s): Nwebube NI, Lockitch G, Halstead C, Johnson J, Wilson RD. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2002 January-February; 17(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803212&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis after multifetal pregnancy reduction: is it safe? Author(s): Stephen JA, Timor-Tritsch IE, Lerner JP, Monteagudo A, Alonso CM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 April; 182(4): 962-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10764481&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis and amnioinfusion during pregnancy. Report of four complicated cases. Author(s): Winer N, David A, Leconte P, Aubron F, Rogez JM, Rival JM, Pinaud M, Roze JC, Boog G. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 December 10; 100(1): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728671&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Alfirevic Z, Sundberg K, Brigham S. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd003252. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917956&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Wilson RD. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2000 April; 12(2): 81-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10813568&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis and the specialist midwife. The developing role. Author(s): Kirwan D, Walkinshaw S. Source: Pract Midwife. 2000 May; 3(5): 14-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11272977&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis and women with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Davies G, Wilson RD, Desilets V, Reid GJ, Shaw D, Summers A, Wyatt P, Young D; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2003 February; 25(2): 145-48, 149-52. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577132&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis as a possible risk factor for mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Author(s): Minola E, Maccabruni A, Pacati I, Martinetti M. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2001 May; 33(5): 1341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11343269&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis before 14 completed weeks as an alternative to transabdominal chorionic villus sampling: a controlled trial with infant follow-up. Author(s): Nagel HT, Vandenbussche FP, Keirse MJ, Oepkes D, Oosterwijk JC, Beverstock G, Kanhai HH. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 May; 18(5): 465-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9621380&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis before 15 weeks' gestation: outcome, risks, and technical problems. Author(s): Hanson FW, Zorn EM, Tennant FR, Marianos S, Samuels S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 June; 156(6): 1524-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3591865&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis before the 15th gestational week in single and twin gestationscomplications and quality of genetic analysis. Author(s): Jorgensen C, Andolf E. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1998 February; 77(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9512317&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis for selection before rescue cerclage. Author(s): Mays JK, Figueroa R, Shah J, Khakoo H, Kaminsky S, Tejani N. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 May; 95(5): 652-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10775723&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling in multiple gestations? Experience with 500 cases. Author(s): van den Berg C, Braat AP, Van Opstal D, Halley DJ, Kleijer WJ, den Hollander NS, Brandenburg H, Pijpers L, Los FJ. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 March; 19(3): 234-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10210122&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis. The experience in a district hospital. Author(s): Ogueh O, Baffour M, Hibbert K, McMillan L. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 23(3): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8894318&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis-related fetal loss: a cohort study. Author(s): Tongsong T, Wanapirak C, Sirivatanapa P, Piyamongkol W, Sirichotiyakul S, Yampochai A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 July; 92(1): 64-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9649095&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis--too dangerous and too late? Author(s): Pitcher R. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2000 April; 90(4): 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10957910&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis--too dangerous and too late? Author(s): Rosendorff J, Evan P. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1999 November; 89(11): 1120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599277&dopt=Abstract
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Amniocentesis--too dangerous and too late? Author(s): Viljoen D, Kromberg J, de Ravel TJ, Krause A, Donaldson S, Craig P, Oliveira V. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1999 November; 89(11): 1118, 1120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599276&dopt=Abstract
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Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein determination at the time of genetic amniocentesis: has it outlived its usefulness? Author(s): Shields LE, Uhrich SB, Komarniski CA, Wener MH, Winter TC. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1996 November; 15(11): 735-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8908583&dopt=Abstract
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Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein determination at the time of genetic amniocentesis: has it outlived it's usefulness? Author(s): Benkendorf JL, Ghidini A. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1997 September; 16(9): 638-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9321787&dopt=Abstract
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Amniotic fluid index variations after amniocentesis, amnioinfusion and amnioreduction: preliminary data. Author(s): Gramellini D, Piantelli G, Di Marino O, Avanzini A, Vadora E. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 24(2): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9342465&dopt=Abstract
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Amniotic fluid insulin levels and fetal abdominal circumference at time of amniocentesis in pregnancies with diabetes. Author(s): Schaefer-Graf UM, Kjos SL, Buhling KJ, Henrich W, Brauer M, Heinze T, Dudenhausen JW, Vetter K. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2003 May; 20(5): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752482&dopt=Abstract
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Amniotic fluid insulin testing in gestational diabetes: safety and acceptance of amniocentesis. Author(s): Haeusler MC, Konstantiniuk P, Dorfer M, Weiss PA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 October; 179(4): 917-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9790370&dopt=Abstract
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An additional report of prenatal detection of mosaic isochromosome 20q at amniocentesis. Author(s): Storto P, Diehn T. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1997 January; 17(1): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9021836&dopt=Abstract
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An alternative for women initially declining genetic amniocentesis: individual Down syndrome odds on the basis of maternal age and multiple ultrasonographic markers. Author(s): Bahado-Singh R, Deren O, Oz U, Tan A, Hunter D, Copel J, Mahoney MJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 August; 179(2): 514-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9731862&dopt=Abstract
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An elevated amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 level at the time of midtrimester genetic amniocentesis is a risk factor for spontaneous preterm delivery. Author(s): Yoon BH, Oh SY, Romero R, Shim SS, Han SY, Park JS, Jun JK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 November; 185(5): 1162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11717651&dopt=Abstract
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Aspects of early amniocentesis. A cytogenetic and clinical evaluation of the filter technique. Author(s): Sundberg K. Source: Dan Med Bull. 2003 March; 50(1): 1-14. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705142&dopt=Abstract
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Association between congenital foot anomalies and gestational age at amniocentesis. Author(s): Yoon G, Chernos J, Sibbald B, Lowry RB, Connors G, Simrose R, Bernier FP. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2001 December; 21(13): 1137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787039&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder visualisation as a prognostic sign in oligohydramnios-polyhydramnios sequence in twin pregnancies treated using therapeutic amniocentesis. Author(s): Kilby MD, Howe DT, McHugo JM, Whittle MJ. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1997 August; 104(8): 939-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255086&dopt=Abstract
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Blood contamination of amniotic fluid after amniocentesis in relation to placental location. Author(s): Giorlandino C, Gambuzza G, D'Alessio P, Santoro ML, Gentili P, Vizzone A. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 February; 16(2): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8650131&dopt=Abstract
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Bloody tap amniocentesis: discrimination between fetal and maternal blood by means of hemoglobin electrophoresis. Author(s): Richards SR, Miller MM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 April 1; 145(7): 837-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6837663&dopt=Abstract
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Can ultrasonography replace amniocentesis in fetal gender determination during the early second trimester? Author(s): Reece EA, Winn HN, Wan M, Burdine C, Green J, Hobbins JC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 March; 156(3): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3548380&dopt=Abstract
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Canadian multicenter randomized clinical trial of chorion villus sampling and amniocentesis. chromosome mosaicism in CVS and amniocentesis samples. Author(s): Teshima IE, Kalousek DK, Vekemans MJ, Markovic V, Cox DM, Dallaire L, Gagne R, Lin JC, Ray M, Sergovich FR, et al. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 May; 12(5): 443-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1523211&dopt=Abstract
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Canadian multicenter randomized clinical trial of chorion villus sampling and amniocentesis. Detailed obstetrical procedures and results. Author(s): Shime J, Benzie R, Mohide P, Wilson D, Natale R, Johnson J. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 May; 12(5): 411-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1523207&dopt=Abstract
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Canadian multicenter randomized clinical trial of chorion villus sampling and amniocentesis. Fetal and neonatal losses. Author(s): Shime J, Benzie R, Mohide P, Wilson D, Natale R, Johnson J. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 May; 12(5): 423-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1523208&dopt=Abstract
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Canadian multicenter randomized clinical trial of chorion villus sampling and amniocentesis. List of all cytogenetic abnormalities detected. Author(s): Tomkins DJ, Vekemans MJ, Teshima IE, Cox DM, Dallaire L, Gagne R, Kalousek DK, Lin JC, Markovic VD, Ray M, et al. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 May; 12(5): 439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1523210&dopt=Abstract
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Canadian multicenter randomized clinical trial of chorion villus sampling and amniocentesis. Surviving births. Author(s): Shime J, Benzie R, Mohide P, Wilson D, Natale R, Johnson J. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 May; 12(5): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1523209&dopt=Abstract
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Canadian multicentre randomized clinical trial of chorion villus sampling and amniocentesis. Final report. Author(s): Lippman A, Tomkins DJ, Shime J, Hamerton JL. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 May; 12(5): 385-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1523206&dopt=Abstract
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Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal circulation after amniocentesis. Author(s): Samura O, Miharu N, Hyodo M, Honda H, Ohashi Y, Honda N, Hara T, Ohama K. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2003 July; 49(7): 1193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816922&dopt=Abstract
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Changing trends in patient decisions concerning genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Kocun CC, Harrigan JT, Canterino JC, Feld SM, Fernandez CO. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 May; 182(5): 1018-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819814&dopt=Abstract
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Children whose mothers had second trimester amniocentesis: follow up at school age. Author(s): Finegan JA, Sitarenios G, Bolan PL, Sarabura AD. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1996 March; 103(3): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8630304&dopt=Abstract
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Chorioamniotic separation after second-trimester genetic amniocentesis: importance and frequency. Author(s): Levine D, Callen PW, Pender SG, McArdle CR, Messina L, Shekhar A, Wong GP. Source: Radiology. 1998 October; 209(1): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9769829&dopt=Abstract
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Chorion villus sampling versus amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Alfirevic Z, Gosden CM, Neilson JP. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000055. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796107&dopt=Abstract
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Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Stranc LC, Evans JA, Hamerton JL. Source: Lancet. 1997 March 8; 349(9053): 711-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9078211&dopt=Abstract
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Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis: what are the risks in current practice? Author(s): Papp C, Papp Z. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2003 April; 15(2): 159-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634608&dopt=Abstract
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Chorionic villus sampling and early amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Johnson P. Source: Lancet. 1997 May 10; 349(9062): 1396; Author Reply 1396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9149724&dopt=Abstract
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Chorionic villus sampling and early amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Greenough A, Nicolaides KH. Source: Lancet. 1997 May 10; 349(9062): 1395-6; Author Reply 1396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9149723&dopt=Abstract
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Chorionic villus sampling followed by amniocentesis in the same pregnancy. Author(s): Donnenfeld AE, Librizzi RJ, Dunn LK, Craparo F, Godmilow L, Weiner S. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1993 February 1; 45(3): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7679544&dopt=Abstract
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Chorionic villus sampling followed by genetic amniocentesis and septic shock. Author(s): Muggah HF, D'Alton ME, Hunter AG. Source: Lancet. 1987 April 11; 1(8537): 867-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2882274&dopt=Abstract
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Chorionic villus sampling versus early amniocentesis. Author(s): Gurwitz D. Source: Lancet. 1997 October 25; 350(9086): 1254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9652594&dopt=Abstract
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Chorionic villus sampling versus early amniocentesis. Author(s): Eiben B, Hammans W, Goebel R. Source: Lancet. 1997 October 25; 350(9086): 1253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9652593&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarette smoking and trisomy 21 at amniocentesis. Author(s): Kline J, Levin B, Stein Z, Warburton D, Hindin R. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1993; 10(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8472933&dopt=Abstract
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Clients undergoing chorionic villus sampling versus amniocentesis: contrasting attitudes toward pregnancy. Author(s): Burke BM, Kolker A. Source: Health Care for Women International. 1993 March-April; 14(2): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8509322&dopt=Abstract
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Clostridium welchii infection following amniocentesis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Hamoda H, Chamberlain PF. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 September; 22(9): 783-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224071&dopt=Abstract
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Club foot, an adverse outcome of early amniocentesis: disruption or deformation? CEMAT. Canadian Early and Mid-Trimester Amniocentesis Trial. Author(s): Farrell SA, Summers AM, Dallaire L, Singer J, Johnson JA, Wilson RD. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 November; 36(11): 843-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10544229&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison between CVS and early amniocentesis. Author(s): Tavares P, Tavares A, Rendeiro P, Palmares C. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 January; 18(1): 87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9483647&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of amniocentesis and transabdominal and transcervical chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Ward H, Rodeck C. Source: Lancet. 1993 January 16; 341(8838): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8093797&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of cell cultures, chromosome quality and karyotypes obtained after chorionic villus sampling and early amniocentesis with filter technique. Author(s): Sundberg K, Lundsteen C, Philip J. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 January; 19(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073899&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of chorion villus sampling and early amniocentesis for karyotyping in 1,492 singleton pregnancies. Author(s): Nicolaides KH, Brizot ML, Patel F, Snjders R. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1996 January-February; 11(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8719715&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis for fetal karyotyping at 10-13 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Nicolaides K, Brizot Mde L, Patel F, Snijders R. Source: Lancet. 1994 August 13; 344(8920): 435-9. Erratum In: Lancet 1994 September 17; 344(8925): 830. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7914564&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis: current status of prenatal diagnosis in Japan. Author(s): Suzumori K, Okada S, Adachi R, Iida T, Sumi T, Tanemura M, Yagami Y. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 June; 14(6): 479-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937586&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of first-trimester transvaginal amniocentesis with chorionic villus sampling and mid-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Shalev E, Weiner E, Yanai N, Shneur Y, Cohen H. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 April; 14(4): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8066037&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of miscarriage rates between early and late amniocentesis. Author(s): Mulvey S, Wallace EM. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2000 March; 20(3): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10719337&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of multiple-marker screening with amniocentesis for the detection of fetal aneuploidy in women > or = 35 years old. Author(s): Wenstrom KD, Desai R, Owen J, DuBard MB, Boots L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 October; 173(4): 1287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7485339&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of phospholipids in vaginal and amniocentesis specimens of patients with premature rupture of membranes. Author(s): Shaver DC, Spinnato JA, Whybrew D, Williams WK, Anderson GD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 February; 156(2): 454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3826185&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of transabdominal and transcervical CVS and amniocentesis: sampling success and risk. Author(s): Smidt-Jensen S, Philip J. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1991 August; 11(8): 529-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1722576&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of women who do and do not have amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Halliday J, Lumley J, Watson L. Source: Lancet. 1995 March 18; 345(8951): 704-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7885127&dopt=Abstract
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Complete resolution of CMV-associated acute hydramnios by single large volume reduction amniocentesis and maternal indomethacin. A case report. Author(s): Bondagji N, Manning FA, Martel J, Harman CR, Morrison I. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1996 September-October; 11(5): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8894630&dopt=Abstract
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Complications of third-trimester amniocentesis using continuous ultrasound guidance. Author(s): Gordon MC, Narula K, O'Shaughnessy R, Barth WH Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 February; 99(2): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814506&dopt=Abstract
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Congenital nonpigmented epithelial iris cyst after amniocentesis. Clinicopathologic report on two children. Author(s): Rummelt V, Rummelt C, Naumann GO. Source: Ophthalmology. 1993 May; 100(5): 776-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8493023&dopt=Abstract
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Congenital third nerve palsy associated with mid-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Patel CK, Taylor DS, Russell-Eggitt IM, Kriss A, Demaerel P. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993 August; 77(8): 530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8025056&dopt=Abstract
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Coping styles in women undergoing amniocentesis in the second trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Harward J. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1993 January-February; 13(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8445446&dopt=Abstract
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Cordocentesis versus amniocentesis for rapid fetal karyotyping in cases of late referral of women. Author(s): Boulot P, Lefort G, Bachelard B, Humeau C, Hedon B, Laffargue F, Viala JL. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1992; 20(2): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1501060&dopt=Abstract
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Cri-du-chat syndrome diagnosed by amniocentesis performed due to abnormal maternal serum test. Author(s): Fankhauser L, Brundler AM, Dahoun S. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 October; 18(10): 1099-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9826907&dopt=Abstract
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Cytogenetic evaluation of cystic hygroma associated with hydrops fetalis, oligohydramnios or intrauterine fetal death: the roles of amniocentesis, postmortem chorionic villus sampling and cystic hygroma paracentesis. Author(s): Chen CP, Liu FF, Jan SW, Lee CC, Town DD, Lan CC. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1996 May; 75(5): 454-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8677770&dopt=Abstract
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Decision analysis and screening for Down's syndrome. Estimate of uptake of amniocentesis is overoptimistic. Author(s): Murray D, Tennison B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 November 18; 311(7016): 1371; Author Reply 1372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7496307&dopt=Abstract
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Decisions about amniocentesis by advanced maternal age patients following maternal serum screening may not always correlate clinically with screening results: need for improvement in informed consent process. Author(s): Marini T, Sullivan J, Naeem R. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 May 1; 109(3): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977174&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased fetal activity and fetal heart rate changes after amniocentesis complicated by fetal hemorrhage. Author(s): Sadovsky E, Eyal FG, Perlman M, Beyth Y. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1981 October; 19(5): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6120110&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatoglyphics of two fetuses with trisomy 21 diagnosed by amniocentesis. Author(s): Okajima M, Ikeuchi H, Tonomura A. Source: Jinrui Idengaku Zasshi. 1981 March; 26(1): 61-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6455546&dopt=Abstract
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Detecting neural tube defects by amniocentesis between 11 and 15 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Crandall BF, Chua C. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 April; 15(4): 339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7542382&dopt=Abstract
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Detection at amniocentesis of a maternally inherited X;Y translocation. Author(s): Speevak M, Clifford B, Cox DM, Hunter AG. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1985 June; 27(6): 595-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3860319&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of congenital toxoplasmosis by chorionic villus sampling and early amniocentesis. Author(s): Foulon W, Naessens A, de Catte L, Amy JJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 November; 163(5 Pt 1): 1511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2240098&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of sex by amniocentesis for the purpose of sex selection. Author(s): Schmickel R. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1980; 38: 95-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7384156&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of a triploid fetus at genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Porreco RP, Matson MR, Young PE, Bradshaw C, Leopold G, Jones OW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 July; 56(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7383475&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of feto-maternal haemorrhage after genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Gigli C, Leopardi A, Casaccia R, Fischer-Tamaro L, Mandruzzato GP. Source: J Nucl Med Allied Sci. 1989 July-September; 33(3 Suppl): 118-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2480408&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of the respiratory distress syndrome by amniocentesis. Author(s): Gluck L, Kulovich MV, Borer RC Jr, Brenner PH, Anderson GG, Spellacy WN. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971 February 1; 109(3): 440-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5107880&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of the respiratory distress syndrome by amniocentesis. 1971. Author(s): Gluck L, Kulovich MV, Borer RC Jr, Brenner PH, Anderson GG, Spellacy WN. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 August; 173(2): 629; Discussion 630. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7645644&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic amniocentesis and bacteraemia. Author(s): Klein SA, Gobbo PN, Ristuccia PA, Epstein H, Cunha BA. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1987 January; 9(1): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2880905&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic amniocentesis in early pregnancy. Author(s): Lawrence M. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 July 16; 2(6080): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=406009&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic uses of amniocentesis in late pregnancy. Author(s): Lind T. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1971 November; 64(11): 1140-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5131245&dopt=Abstract
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Differences between rates of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and other chromosomal abnormalities diagnosed in livebirths and in cells cultured after second-trimester amniocentesis--suggested explanations and implications for genetic counseling and program planning. Author(s): Hook EB. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1978; 14(6C): 249-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=153158&dopt=Abstract
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Difficulties encountered in a randomization trial of CVS versus amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Muggah H, Hunter AG, Ivey B, Cox DM. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1987 October; 32(4): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3677462&dopt=Abstract
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Digoxin and decompression amniocentesis for treatment of feto-fetal transfusion. Author(s): Roman JD, Hare AA. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995 May; 102(5): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7612540&dopt=Abstract
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Discoloration of amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis. Author(s): Stephens JD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 October; 159(4): 1020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3177521&dopt=Abstract
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Discrepant karyotypes after secondand third-trimester combined placentacentesis/amniocentesis. Author(s): Caspari D, Bartels I, Rauskolb R, Prange G, Osmers R, Eiben B. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 July; 14(7): 569-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971758&dopt=Abstract
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Does amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein have diagnostic or prognostic value at the time of second midtrimester genetic amniocentesis? Author(s): Mandruzzato GP, Fischer-Tamaro L, De Seta F, D'Ottavio G, Rustico MA, Conoscenti G, Meir YL, Pinzano R, Maso G, Grasso A, Gigli C. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2002 May-June; 17(3): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914566&dopt=Abstract
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Does local anesthesia at mid-trimester amniocentesis decrease pain experience? A randomized trial in 220 patients. Author(s): Van Schoubroeck D, Verhaeghe J. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 November; 16(6): 536-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169347&dopt=Abstract
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Doppler assessment of umbilical flow after genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Martinez JM, Comas C, Ojuel J, Puerto B, Borrell A, Fortuny A. Source: Early Human Development. 1996 February 23; 44(2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8745422&dopt=Abstract
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Double sacs amniocentesis in twin pregnancy. Author(s): Liu DL, Zhou ZL. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 1984 June; 97(6): 465-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6437769&dopt=Abstract
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Down syndrome in the Cape Peninsula and the value of amniocentesis as a preventive measure. Author(s): Smart RD. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1981 May 2; 59(19): 670-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6452706&dopt=Abstract
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Down's syndrome, amniocentesis, and abortion: prevention or elimination? Author(s): Smith JD. Source: Mental Retardation. 1981 February; 19(1): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6454053&dopt=Abstract
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Dye use during amniocentesis and birth defects. Author(s): Cragan JD, Martin ML, Khoury MJ, Fernhoff PM. Source: Lancet. 1993 May 22; 341(8856): 1352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8098486&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis and congenital foot deformities. Author(s): Nikkila A, Valentin L, Thelin A, Jorgensen C. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2002 May-June; 17(3): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914562&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis and fetal nuchal translucency in women requesting karyotyping for advanced maternal age. Author(s): Salvesen DR, Goble O. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 October; 15(10): 971-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8587866&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis at 10-12 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Diaz Vega M, De La Cueva P, Leal C, Aisa F. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 April; 16(4): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8734803&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis for biochemical genetic prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Toone JR, Applegarth DA, Vallance HD, Wilson RD. Source: Lancet. 1998 April 18; 351(9110): 1207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643719&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis versus chorionic villus sampling for fetal karyotyping. Author(s): Boulos A, Tsirigotis M, Yazdani N, Craft I. Source: Lancet. 1994 September 17; 344(8925): 826. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7916108&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis versus chorionic villus sampling for fetal karyotyping. Author(s): Bombard AT, Carter SM, Nitowsky HM. Source: Lancet. 1994 September 17; 344(8925): 826. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7916107&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis versus chorionic villus sampling for fetal karyotyping. Author(s): Saura R, Roux D, Taine L, Maugey B, Laulon D, Laplace JP, Horovitz J. Source: Lancet. 1994 September 17; 344(8925): 825-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7916106&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis versus chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Eiben B, Hammans W, Trawicki W, Goebel R. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 April; 18(4): 405-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9602491&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis versus transabdominal chorion villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Alfirevic Z. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000077. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796116&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis with the filtration technique: neonatal outcome in 123 singleton pregnancies. Author(s): Farran I, Sanchez MA, Mediano C, Plaja A, Guzman A, de la Riva AM, Cabero L. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 October; 22(10): 859-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378565&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis. Author(s): Smidt-Jensen S, Sundberg K. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1995 April; 7(2): 117-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7787119&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis. What exactly does it mean? Author(s): Evans MI, Johnson MP, Holzgreve W. Source: J Reprod Med. 1994 February; 39(2): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8169933&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis: a clinical review. Author(s): Wilson RD. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 December; 15(13): 1259-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8710766&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis: alphafetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid, extraembryonic coelomic fluid and maternal serum between 8 and 13 weeks. Author(s): Fogarty PP. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1992 June; 99(6): 530. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1379067&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis: effect of removing a reduced volume of amniotic fluid on pregnancy outcome. Author(s): Tharmaratnam S, Sadek S, Steele EK, Harper MA, Stewart FJ, Nevin J, Nevin NC, Dornan JC. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 August; 18(8): 773-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9742564&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis: outcome, risks, and technical problems at less than or equal to 12.8 weeks. Author(s): Hanson FW, Tennant F, Hune S, Brookhyser K. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 June; 166(6 Pt 1): 1707-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1615978&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis: time for a rethink. Author(s): Whittle MJ. Source: Lancet. 1998 January 24; 351(9098): 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9457086&dopt=Abstract
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Early amniocentesis--a cytogenetic evaluation of over 1500 cases. Author(s): Eiben B, Goebel R, Hansen S, Hammans W. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 June; 14(6): 497-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937588&dopt=Abstract
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Early and mid-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Sebire NJ. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2000 January; 20(1): 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10701859&dopt=Abstract
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Early filtration amniocentesis for further investigation of mosaicism diagnosed by chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Sundberg K, Lundsteen C, Philip J. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 December; 16(12): 1121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8994248&dopt=Abstract
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Early genetic amniocentesis and its relationship to respiratory difficulties in paediatric patients: a report of findings in patients and matched controls 3-5 years post-procedure. Author(s): Calhoun BC, Brehm W, Bombard AT. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 March; 14(3): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8052570&dopt=Abstract
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Early genetic amniocentesis--4 years' experience. Author(s): Kerber S, Held KR. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1993 January; 13(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8446568&dopt=Abstract
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Early pregnancy prenatal diagnostic testing: risks associated with chorionic villus sampling and early amniocentesis and screening options. Author(s): Himes P. Source: The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing. 1999 September; 13(2): 1-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10818850&dopt=Abstract
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Early twin amniocentesis prior to 14 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Shulman LP, Elias S, Phillips OP, Dungan JS, Grevengood C, Simpson JL. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 July; 12(7): 625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1508853&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of pre-amniocentesis uterine manipulation on amniocyte concentration and culture duration: a randomized, clinical trial. Author(s): Fischer RL, LaMotta J, McMorrow LE, Hediger ML. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 July; 16(7): 673-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8843481&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of therapeutic amniocentesis on uterine and umbilical artery velocimetry in cases of severe symptomatic polyhydramnios. Author(s): Guzman ER, Vintzileos A, Benito C, Houlihan C, Waldron R, Egan S. Source: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 1996 November-December; 5(6): 299304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8972403&dopt=Abstract
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Elective amniocentesis in low-risk pregnancies: decision making in the era of information and uncertainty. Author(s): Lesser Y, Rabinowitz J. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 April; 91(4): 639-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11291381&dopt=Abstract
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Elective cytogenetic amniocentesis in the third trimester for pregnancies with high risk factors. Author(s): Shalev J, Meizner I, Rabinerson D, Mashiach R, Peleg D, Orvieto R, Levi T, Ben-Rafael Z. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 August; 19(8): 749-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451520&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated amniotic fluid C-reactive protein at the time of genetic amniocentesis is a marker for preterm delivery. Author(s): Ghezzi F, Franchi M, Raio L, Di Naro E, Bossi G, D'Eril GV, Bolis P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 February; 186(2): 268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854648&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated amniotic fluid ferritin levels are associated with inflammation-related pregnancy loss following mid-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Ramsey PS, Andrews WW, Goldenberg RL, Tamura T, Wenstrom KD, Johnston KE. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 May;11(5):302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389670&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels at genetic amniocentesis predict subsequent pregnancy loss. Author(s): Wenstrom KD, Andrews WW, Tamura T, DuBard MB, Johnston KE, Hemstreet GP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 October; 175(4 Pt 1): 830-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8885730&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated concentrations of interleukin-6 in intra-amniotic infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum in asymptomatic women during genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Bashiri A, Horowitz S, Huleihel M, Hackmon R, Dukler D, Mazor M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1999 May; 78(5): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326880&dopt=Abstract
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Emotion in women undergoing amniocentesis in the second trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Harward JR. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1992 September; 12(3): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1432284&dopt=Abstract
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Equalization of amniotic fluid volumes after decompression amniocentesis for treatment of the twin oligohydramnios-polyhydramnios sequence. Author(s): Bruner JP, Crean DM. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1999 March-April; 14(2): 80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10085504&dopt=Abstract
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Estimating the spontaneous loss of Down syndrome fetuses between the times of chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis and livebirth. Author(s): Bray IC, Wright DE. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 October; 18(10): 1045-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9826896&dopt=Abstract
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Ethnicity, bioethics, and prenatal diagnosis: the amniocentesis decisions of Mexicanorigin women and their partners. Author(s): Browner CH, Preloran HM, Cox SJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1999 November; 89(11): 1658-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10553385&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of amniotic fluid cell filtration: an experimental approach to early amniocentesis. Author(s): Kennerknecht I, Kramer S, Grab D, Terinde R. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1993 April; 13(4): 247-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8506228&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of auditory system in preschool children whose mothers had mid-second trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Annapoorna V, Seng CY, Tong MH, Anandakumar C, Yeoh KH, Arulkumaran S, Ratnam SS. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1996; 24(3): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827568&dopt=Abstract
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Experience with early amniocentesis. Author(s): Sundberg K, Jorgensen FS, Tabor A, Bang J. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1995; 23(3): 149-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8568606&dopt=Abstract
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Extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESAC) detected at amniocentesis: frequency in approximately 75,000 prenatal cytogenetic diagnoses and associations with maternal and paternal age. Author(s): Hook EB, Cross PK. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1987 February; 40(2): 83-101. Erratum In: Am J Hum Genet 1988 January; 42(1): 210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3471088&dopt=Abstract
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Factors affecting the decision regarding amniocentesis in women at genetic risk because of age 35 years or older. Author(s): Vergani P, Locatelli A, Biffi A, Ciriello E, Zagarella A, Pezzullo JC, Ghidini A. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 September; 22(9): 769-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224068&dopt=Abstract
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Factors associated with maternal cell contamination in amniocentesis samples as evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Author(s): Hockstein S, Chen PX, Thangavelu M, Pergament E. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 October; 92(4 Pt 1): 551-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764627&dopt=Abstract
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Factors influencing the uptake of screening for open neural-tube defects and amniocentesis to test for Down's syndrome. Author(s): Marteau TM, Johnston M, Shaw RW, Slack J. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1989 June; 96(6): 739-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2478187&dopt=Abstract
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False negative cytogenetic results following amniocentesis. Author(s): Fraser S, Drew JH, Fraser C. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1996 May; 36(2): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8798301&dopt=Abstract
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False-positive acetylcholinesterase with early amniocentesis. Author(s): Burton BK, Nelson LH, Pettenati MJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 October; 74(4): 607-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2797638&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal sepsis due to Escherichia coli after second-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Ayadi S, Carbillon L, Varlet C, Uzan M, Pourriat JL. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1998 March-April; 13(2): 98-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9650655&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal aneuploidy diagnosed by fluorescence in-situ hybridisation within 24 hours after amniocentesis. Author(s): Van Opstal D, Van Hemel JO, Sachs ES. Source: Lancet. 1993 September 25; 342(8874): 802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103886&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal checkup.A simple blood test can replace invasive procedures such as amniocentesis. Author(s): Beardsley T. Source: Scientific American. 1997 January; 276(1): 38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8972617&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal choroid plexus cysts revisited--is genetic amniocentesis indicated? Author(s): Hershey DW. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1992 April; 11(4): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1560507&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal complications of amniocentesis. Author(s): Grove CS, Trombetta GC, Amstey MS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 April 15; 115(8): 1154. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4691474&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal complications of diagnostic amniocentesis: a review and report of a case with pneumothorax. Author(s): Cook LN, Shott RJ, Andrews BF. Source: Pediatrics. 1974 March; 53(3): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4815262&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal death after exposure to methylene blue dye during mid-trimester amniocentesis in twin pregnancy. Author(s): Kidd SA, Lancaster PA, Anderson JC, Boogert A, Fisher CC, Robertson R, Wass DM. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 January; 16(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8821851&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal exsanguination after amniocentesis. Author(s): Kirshen EJ, Benirschke K. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 October; 42(4): 615-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4742667&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal fibronectin in cervical secretions after mid-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Rizzo G, Capponi A, Rinaldo D, Arduini D, Romanini C. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 November; 15(11): 1087-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8606893&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal heart rate response to maternal hypotension during amniocentesis. Author(s): Ron M, Yaffe H, Polishuk WZ. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1976; 14(6): 503-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=20348&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal intraluminal gastric masses after second trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Daly-Jones E, Sepulveda W, Hollingsworth J, Fisk NM. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1994 December; 13(12): 963-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7877208&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal lateral ventricle choroid plexus cysts: the dilemma of amniocentesis. Author(s): Achiron R, Barkai G, Katznelson MB, Mashiach S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 November; 78(5 Pt 1): 815-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1923204&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal loss rate after chorionic villus sampling and subsequent amniocentesis. Author(s): Brandenburg H, Jahoda MG, Pijpers L, Reuss A, Kleyer WJ, Wladimiroff JW. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1990 February; 35(2): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2309754&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal loss rate after second trimester amniocentesis at different gestational age. Author(s): Saltvedt S, Almstrom H. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1999 January; 78(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926885&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal outcome and maternal morbidity after early amniocentesis. Author(s): Collins VR, Webley C, Sheffield LJ, Halliday JL. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 August; 18(8): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9742563&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal pyelectasis and Down syndrome: is genetic amniocentesis warranted? Author(s): Corteville JE, Dicke JM, Crane JP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 May; 79(5 ( Pt 1)): 770-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1533023&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal responses to inadvertent contact with the needle during amniocentesis. Author(s): Petrikovsky BM, Kaplan GP. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1995 March-April; 10(2): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7794520&dopt=Abstract
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Feto-maternal haemorrhage associated with genetic amniocentesis: results of a randomized trial. Author(s): Tabor A, Bang J, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1987 June; 94(6): 528-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2441735&dopt=Abstract
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Fetomaternal haemorrhage treated with intravascular transfusion: a late complication of amniocentesis? Author(s): Kohlenberg CF, Ellwood DA. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994 October; 101(10): 912-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999699&dopt=Abstract
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Fetomaternal hemorrhage after midtrimester genetic amniocentesis at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Author(s): Tannirandorn Y, Romayanan O. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 November; 82(11): 1089-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659542&dopt=Abstract
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First trimester amniocentesis between the seventh and 13th weeks: evaluation of the earliest possible genetic diagnosis. Author(s): Wathen NC, Campbell DJ, Chard T. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1993 March; 13(3): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8506225&dopt=Abstract
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First trimester amniocentesis between the seventh and 13th weeks: evaluation of the earliest possible genetic diagnosis. Author(s): Kennerknecht I, Baur-Aubele S, Grab D, Terinde R. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 July; 12(7): 595-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1508849&dopt=Abstract
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First trimester chorionic villus sampling versus mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis-preliminary results of a controlled prospective trial. Author(s): Crane JP, Beaver HA, Cheung SW. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1988 June; 8(5): 355-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3043414&dopt=Abstract
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First trimester prenatal diagnosis: amniocentesis. Author(s): Delisle MF, Wilson RD. Source: Semin Perinatol. 1999 October; 23(5): 414-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10551794&dopt=Abstract
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First trimester prenatal diagnosis: chorion villus sampling or amniocentesis? Author(s): Neilson JP, Gosden CM. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991 September; 98(9): 849-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1911603&dopt=Abstract
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First-trimester transcervical chorionic villus sampling by biopsy forceps versus midtrimester amniocentesis: a randomized controlled trial project. Author(s): Borrell A, Fortuny A, Lazaro L, Costa D, Seres A, Pappa S, Soler A. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 December; 19(12): 1138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10590432&dopt=Abstract
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First-trimester transvaginal amniocentesis for genetic evaluation of multiple gestation. Author(s): Shalev E, Dan U, Machiach S, Chaki R, Shalev J, Barkai G, Goldman B. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1990 May; 10(5): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2388886&dopt=Abstract
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FISHing cuts the angst in amniocentesis. Author(s): Roberts L. Source: Science. 1991 October 18; 254(5030): 378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1925595&dopt=Abstract
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Five cases of brain injury following amniocentesis in mid-term pregnancy. Author(s): Squier M, Chamberlain P, Zaiwalla Z, Anslow P, Oxbury J, Gould S, McShane MA. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2000 August; 42(8): 554-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981934&dopt=Abstract
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Five-year experience with midtrimester amniocentesis performed by a single group of obstetriciangynecologists at a community hospital. Author(s): Bsat F. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 187(6): 1728. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501096&dopt=Abstract
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Five-year experience with midtrimester amniocentesis performed by a single group of obstetrician-gynecologists at a community hospital. Author(s): Welch RA, Blessed WB, Lacoste H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 February; 188(2): 600; Author Reply 600-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592284&dopt=Abstract
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Five-year experience with midtrimester amniocentesis performed by a single group of obstetricians-gynecologists at a community hospital. Author(s): Blackwell SC, Abundis MG, Nehra PC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 June; 186(6): 1130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066085&dopt=Abstract
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Follow-up of elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels: ultrasonography only or amniocentesis? Author(s): Whitehead N, MacMahon W, Fernhoff P, Priest J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 June; 164(6 Pt 1): 1688-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1710875&dopt=Abstract
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Frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities at amniocentesis: over 20 years of cytogenetic analyses in one laboratory. Author(s): Caron L, Tihy F, Dallaire L. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 January 15; 82(2): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9934980&dopt=Abstract
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Further insights gained from diagnosis of two abnormal cell lines at amniocentesis. Author(s): Barrett IJ, Kalousek DK. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 June; 18(6): 635-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9664615&dopt=Abstract
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Gangrene of a fetal limb due to amniocentesis. Author(s): Lamb MP. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1975 October; 82(10): 829-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1191591&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis after multifetal pregnancy reduction. Author(s): Selam B, Torok O, Lembet A, Stone J, Lapinski R, Berkowitz RL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 January; 180(1 Pt 1): 22630. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9914608&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Schemmer G, Johnson A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 1993 September; 20(3): 497-521. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8278147&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis at 14 weeks or less. Author(s): Johnson A, Godmilow L. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 June; 31(2): 345-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3042220&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis at 7-14 weeks of gestation. Author(s): Jorgensen FS, Bang J, Lind AM, Christensen B, Lundsteen C, Philip J. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 April; 12(4): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1614985&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis following multifetal pregnancy reduction does not increase the risk of pregnancy loss. Author(s): McLean LK, Evans MI, Carpenter RJ Jr, Johnson MP, Goldberg JD. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 February; 18(2): 186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9516022&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis following multifetal pregnancy reduction to twins: assessing the risk. Author(s): Tabsh KM, Theroux NL. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 March; 15(3): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784379&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in biamniotic twin pregnancies by a single transabdominal insertion of the needle. Author(s): Buscaglia M, Ghisoni L, Bellotti M, Marconi AM, Zamperini P, Stripparo L, Molinari A, Grimoldi MG, Rossella F. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 January; 15(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7739992&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in multifetal pregnancies reduced to twins compared with nonreduced twin gestations. Author(s): Antsaklis A, Daskalakis G, Papantoniou N, Mesogitis S, Michalas S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 November; 74(5): 1051-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11056260&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in multiple gestation: a new technique to diagnose monoamniotic twins. Author(s): Tabsh K. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 February; 75(2): 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2405325&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in multiple gestations. Author(s): Filkins K, Russo J, Brown T, Schmerler S, Searle B. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1984 May-June; 4(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6235484&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in multiple pregnancy. Author(s): Wolf DA, Scheible FW, Young PE, Matson MR. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1979 June; 7(3): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=110844&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in seventy twin pregnancies. Author(s): Librach CL, Doran TA, Benzie RJ, Jones JM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 March 1; 148(5): 585-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6199976&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in twin gestations. Author(s): Elias S, Gerbie AB, Simpson JL, Nadler HL, Sabbagha RE, Shkolnik A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 September 15; 138(2): 16974. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7424980&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancies. Author(s): Pijpers L, Jahoda MG, Vosters RP, Niermeijer MF, Sachs ES. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1988 April; 95(4): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2454650&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancy. Author(s): Bovicelli L, Michelacci L, Rizzo N, Orsini LF, Pilu G, Montacuti V, Bacchetta M, Pittalis MC. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1983 April-June; 3(2): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6194520&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancy. Author(s): Field B, Picker R. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1982 May; 22(2): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958254&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancy. Author(s): Tabsh KM, Crandall B, Lebherz TB, Howard J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 June; 65(6): 843-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3158849&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis in women 20-34 years old: associated risks. Author(s): Antsaklis A, Papantoniou N, Xygakis A, Mesogitis S, Tzortzis E, Michalas S. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2000 March; 20(3): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10719331&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Fuchs F. Source: Scientific American. 1980 June; 242(6): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6155696&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis: 505 cases performed before the sixteenth week of gestation. Author(s): Stripparo L, Buscaglia M, Longatti L, Ghisoni L, Dambrosio F, Guerneri S, Rosella F, Lituania M, Cordone M, De Biasio P, et al. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1990 June; 10(6): 359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2217077&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis: a six-years experience in an isolated region of northeastern Quebec (Canada). Author(s): Hamel G, Simard L, Gagne R, De Braekeleer M. Source: Genet Couns. 1993; 4(2): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7689325&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis: a twelve years' experience. Author(s): Dacus JV, Wilroy RS, Summitt RL, Garbaciak JA, Abdella TN, Spinnato JA, Luthardt FW, Flinn GS, Lewis BA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1985 March; 20(3): 443-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2581445&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis: gestation-specific pregnancy outcome and comparison of outcome following early and traditional amniocentesis. Author(s): Roper EC, Konje JC, De Chazal RC, Duckett DP, Oppenheimer CA, Taylor DJ. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 September; 19(9): 803-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10521835&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis: impact of placental position upon the risk of pregnancy loss. Author(s): Crane JP, Kopta MM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 December 1; 150(7): 813-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6391172&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis: significance of intraamniotic bleeding and placental location. Author(s): Lenke RR, Ashwood ER, Cyr DR, Gravett M, Smith JR, Stenchever MA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 June; 65(6): 798-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2582322&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic amniocentesis--indications and risks. Author(s): Tabor A. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1988 December; 35(6): 520-37. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3064975&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic diagnostic amniocentesis. Author(s): Valenti C, Ellis PM, Musenga M. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985; 163B: 183-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3983144&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic screening by amniocentesis. The current status. Author(s): Welch JP. Source: N S Med Bull. 1973 June; 52(3): 115-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4518522&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic sonography: a cost-effective method for evaluating women 35 years and older who decline genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): DeVore GR, Romero R. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2002 January; 21(1): 5-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794403&dopt=Abstract
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Genetics, amniocentesis, and abortion. Author(s): Hirschhorn K. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1984 January-February; 51(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6608672&dopt=Abstract
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Gram stain results from amniocentesis in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes--comparison of maternal and fetal characteristics. Author(s): Asrat T, Nageotte MP, Garite TJ, Gocke SE, Dorchester W. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 September; 163(3): 887-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1698335&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines for amniocentesis and genetic counselling. Author(s): Jackson LG. Source: Pa Med. 1982 June; 85(6): 35-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7202182&dopt=Abstract
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Hazards of amniocentesis. Author(s): Parkin DM. Source: Lancet. 1979 March 31; 1(8118): 733. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=85982&dopt=Abstract
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Hazards of amniocentesis. Author(s): Milunsky A. Source: Lancet. 1979 March 10; 1(8115): 546-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=85120&dopt=Abstract
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Hazards of amniocentesis: an unidentifiable fragment. Author(s): Lieber E, Shah P, Hack M. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1978 September; 14(3): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=699351&dopt=Abstract
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Health-related quality-of-life assessment of prenatal diagnosis: chorionic villi sampling and amniocentesis. Author(s): Feeny D, Townsend M, Furlong W, Tomkins DJ, Robinson GE, Torrance GW, Mohide PT, Wang Q. Source: Genetic Testing. 2002 Spring; 6(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180075&dopt=Abstract
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Hemorrhage after amniocentesis. Author(s): Jackson FI. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1984 February; 3(2): 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6699927&dopt=Abstract
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Hormone levels in amniotic fluid and maternal serum in women who undergo spontaneous abortion after second trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Bremme K, Eneroth P, Nilsson B. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1984; 18(2): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6479699&dopt=Abstract
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Hostility in women before and after amniocentesis. Author(s): Fava GA, Trombini G, Michelacci L, Linder JR, Pathak D, Bovicelli L. Source: J Reprod Med. 1983 January; 28(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6834343&dopt=Abstract
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How do carriers of hemophilia experience prenatal diagnosis (PND)? Carriers' Immediate and later reactions to amniocentesis and fetal blood sampling. Author(s): Tedgard, Ljung R, McNeil T, Tedgard E, Schwartz M. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1989 September; 78(5): 692-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2596275&dopt=Abstract
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How to do an amniocentesis. Author(s): Mellows HJ. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1980 September; 24(3): 268, 270-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7437616&dopt=Abstract
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How to improve your amniocentesis technique. Author(s): Jeanty P, Rodesch F, Romero R, Venus I, Hobbins JC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 July 15; 146(6): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6869429&dopt=Abstract
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Hypomelanosis of Ito associated with mosaicism for trisomy 7 and apparent 'pseudomosaicism' at amniocentesis. Author(s): Jenkins D, Martin K, Young ID. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1993 September; 30(9): 783-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8411076&dopt=Abstract
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Iatrogenic monoamniotic twins as a complication of therapeutic amniocentesis. Author(s): Feldman DM, Odibo A, Campbell WA, Rodis JF. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 May; 91(5 Pt 2): 815-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9572172&dopt=Abstract
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Immediate and unexplained fetal death during mid-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Shapiro LR, Singer N, Mannor SM. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1983 April-June; 3(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6684772&dopt=Abstract
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Immediate effect of amniocentesis on fetal breathing and gross body movements. Author(s): Hill LM, Platt LD, Manning FA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 November 1; 135(5): 68990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=507121&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of prenatal testing on maternal-fetal bonding: chorionic villus sampling versus amniocentesis. Author(s): Caccia N, Johnson JM, Robinson GE, Barna T. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 October; 165(4 Pt 1): 11225. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1951527&dopt=Abstract
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Implications for amniocentesis. Author(s): Bruce S. Source: Midwives Chron. 1979 November; 92(1102): 389-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=92748&dopt=Abstract
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Importance of complete follow-up of spontaneous fetal loss after amniocentesis and chorion villus sampling. Author(s): Halliday JL, Lumley J, Sheffield LJ, Robinson HP, Renou P, Carlin JB. Source: Lancet. 1992 October 10; 340(8824): 886-90. Erratum In: Lancet 1992 November 14; 340(8829): 1236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1357305&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro characteristics of human fetal cells obtained from chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. Author(s): Chang HC, Jones OW. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1988 June; 8(5): 367-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3405974&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence and significance of chromosome mosaicism involving an autosomal structural abnormality diagnosed prenatally through amniocentesis: a collaborative study. Author(s): Hsu LY, Yu MT, Richkind KE, Van Dyke DL, Crandall BF, Saxe DF, Khodr GS, Mennuti M, Stetten G, Miller WA, Priest JH. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 January; 16(1): 1-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8821848&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of abortion after genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancies. Author(s): Pruggmayer M, Baumann P, Schutte H, Osmers R, Bartels I, Jovanovich V, Rauskolb R. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1991 August; 11(8): 637-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1766936&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of rhesus immunisation after genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Tovey LA. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 October 4; 293(6551): 885. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3094701&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of rhesus immunisation after genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Tabor A, Jerne D, Bock JE. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 August 30; 293(6546): 533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3092903&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of spontaneous abortion after amniocentesis: influence of placental localization and past obstetric and gynecologic history. Author(s): Andreasen E, Kristoffersen K. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1989 April; 6(2): 268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2653338&dopt=Abstract
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Increased risk of abortion after genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancies. Author(s): Palle C, Andersen JW, Tabor A, Lauritsen JG, Bang J, Philip J. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1983 April-June; 3(2): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6622400&dopt=Abstract
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Indications and techniques for genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Johnson M. Source: J Reprod Med. 1982 September; 27(9): 557-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7143323&dopt=Abstract
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Infant outcome following mid-trimester amniocentesis: development and physical status at age six months. Author(s): Finegan JA, Quarrington BJ, Hughes HE, Rudd NL, Stevens LJ, Weksberg R, Doran TA. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1985 October; 92(10): 1015-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4052343&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of triple-marker screen risk versus a priori risk in decision for amniocentesis in women of advanced maternal age. Author(s): Johnson JP, Streets K, Fitzgerald J, Priest J, Vanisko M, Haag M. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 September; 18(9): 979-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9793986&dopt=Abstract
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Interpretation of chorionic villus sampling laboratory results is just as reliable as amniocentesis. Author(s): Wright DJ, Brindley BA, Koppitch FC 3rd, Drugan A, Johnson MP, Evans MI. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 November; 74(5): 739-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2812650&dopt=Abstract
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Intestinal atresia caused by second trimester amniocentesis. Case report. Author(s): Therkelsen AJ, Rehder H. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981 May; 88(5): 559-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7236559&dopt=Abstract
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Intra-amniotic membranes following amniocentesis. Author(s): Carlan SJ, Greenbaum LD, Parker JV, Pena AJ, Esmail-Rawji H, Jones MH. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1993 July-August; 21(6): 402-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8227384&dopt=Abstract
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Intra-amniotic pressure is not affected by amniocentesis between 13 and 18 weeks of gestation. Author(s): Barbera A, Buscaglia M, Ferrazzi E, Ghisoni L, Molteni F, Costantino ML. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1993 August; 50(3): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8262294&dopt=Abstract
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Intraoperative amniocentesis and indomethacin treatment in the management of an immature pregnancy with completely dilated cervix. Author(s): Evans DJ, Kofinas AD, King K. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 May; 79(5 ( Pt 2)): 881-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1565396&dopt=Abstract
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Intrauterine amputations after amniocentesis. Author(s): Opitz JM, Laxova R, Herrmann J. Source: Lancet. 1978 April 1; 1(8066): 716. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=76252&dopt=Abstract
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Intrauterine amputations after amniocentesis. Author(s): Rehder H, Weitzel H. Source: Lancet. 1978 February 18; 1(8060): 382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=75411&dopt=Abstract
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Intrauterine bleeding following transplacental amniocentesis. Author(s): Perkes EA, Baim RS, Clair MR, Goodman K, Allen RE. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1983 February; 2(2): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6842658&dopt=Abstract
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Intrauterine diagnosis of cytomegalovirus and rubella infections by amniocentesis. Author(s): Springate R. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1992 January 15; 146(2): 101, 104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1310429&dopt=Abstract
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Intrauterine diagnosis of cytomegalovirus and rubella infections by amniocentesis. Author(s): Skvorc-Ranko R, Lavoie H, St-Denis P, Villeneuve R, Gagnon M, Chicoine R, Boucher M, Guimond J, Dontigny Y. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1991 September 15; 145(6): 649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1654193&dopt=Abstract
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Intrauterine diagnosis of triploidy: the use of radiologic and ultrasonographic techniques in conjunction with amniocentesis. Author(s): Bocian M, Karp LE, Mohandas T, Sarti D, Lachman R, Wisot A. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1978; 1(3): 323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=677172&dopt=Abstract
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Intra-uterine fetal demise caused by amniotic band syndrome after standard amniocentesis. Author(s): Strauss A, Hasbargen U, Paek B, Bauerfeind I, Hepp H. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2000 January-February; 15(1): 4-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10705208&dopt=Abstract
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Intrauterine Listeria infection: prenatal diagnosis by biophysical assessment and amniocentesis. Author(s): Liner RI. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 November; 163(5 Pt 1): 1596-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2240111&dopt=Abstract
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Intrauterine viral infection at the time of second trimester genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Wenstrom KD, Andrews WW, Bowles NE, Towbin JA, Hauth JC, Goldenberg RL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 September; 92(3): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9721782&dopt=Abstract
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Introduction of early amniocentesis to routine prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Djalali M, Barbi G, Kennerknecht I, Terinde R. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 August; 12(8): 661-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1438059&dopt=Abstract
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Is amniocentesis a disease prevention measure? Author(s): Crum GE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1979 September; 69(9): 955-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=474855&dopt=Abstract
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Is amniocentesis necessary before elective repeat cesarean section? Author(s): Chervenak FA, Shamsi HH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 September; 60(3): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7121910&dopt=Abstract
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Is fetal hyperechoic bowel on second-trimester sonogram an indication for amniocentesis? Author(s): Bromley B, Doubilet P, Frigoletto FD Jr, Krauss C, Estroff JA, Benacerraf BR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 May; 83(5 Pt 1): 647-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8164918&dopt=Abstract
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Is genetic amniocentesis warranted when isolated choroid plexus cysts are found? Author(s): Gray DL, Winborn RC, Suessen TL, Crane JP. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 November; 16(11): 983-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8953631&dopt=Abstract
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Is routine amniocentesis for advanced maternal age still indicated? Author(s): Dommergues M, Audibert F, Benattar C, Champagne C, Gomel V, Frydman R. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2001 November-December; 16(6): 372-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694741&dopt=Abstract
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Is routine fetal karyotyping necessary for patients undergoing amniocentesis for elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein? Author(s): Gonzalez D, Barrett T, Apuzzio J. Source: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 2001 December; 10(6): 376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11798446&dopt=Abstract
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Isochromosome 5p mosaicism at prenatal diagnosis: observations and outcomes in six cases at chorionic villus sampling and one at amniocentesis. Author(s): Wilson SC, Susman M, Bain S, Wohlferd M, Van Dyke DL, Daniel A, White B, Gardner RJ. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 August; 22(8): 681-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210576&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated choroid plexus cyst(s): an indication for amniocentesis. Author(s): Kupferminc MJ, Tamura RK, Sabbagha RE, Parilla BV, Cohen LS, Pergament E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 October; 171(4): 1068-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7943072&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated choroid plexus cysts in the second-trimester fetus: is amniocentesis really indicated? Author(s): Nadel AS, Bromley BS, Frigoletto FD Jr, Estroff JA, Benacerraf BR. Source: Radiology. 1992 November; 185(2): 545-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1410370&dopt=Abstract
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Jejunal atresia related to the use of methylene blue in genetic amniocentesis in twins. Author(s): van der Pol JG, Wolf H, Boer K, Treffers PE, Leschot NJ, Hey HA, Vos A. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1992 February; 99(2): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1554667&dopt=Abstract
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Jejunal atresia related to the use of toluidine blue in genetic amniocentesis in twins. Author(s): Dinger J, Autenrieth A, Kamin G, Goebel P, Hinkel GK. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2003; 31(3): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825485&dopt=Abstract
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Justifying prenatal screening and genetic amniocentesis programs by costeffectiveness analyses: a re-evaluation. Author(s): Ganiats TG. Source: Medical Decision Making : an International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making. 1996 January-March; 16(1): 45-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8717598&dopt=Abstract
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Karyotypic abnormalities and hydramnios. Role of amniocentesis. Author(s): Zahn CM, Hankins GD, Yeomans ER. Source: J Reprod Med. 1993 August; 38(8): 599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8410864&dopt=Abstract
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Karyotyping urine sediment cells confirms trisomy 12 mosaicism detected at amniocentesis. Author(s): Leschot NJ, Wilmsen-Linders EJ, van Geijn HP, Samsom JF, Smit LM. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1988 August; 34(2): 135-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3056641&dopt=Abstract
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Laceration of fetal spleen during amniocentesis. Author(s): Egley CC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 June 15; 116(4): 582-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4709495&dopt=Abstract
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Laceration of umbilical artery and abruptio placentae secondary to amniocentesis. Author(s): James JD, Nickerson CW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 July; 48(1 Suppl): 44S-45S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=940636&dopt=Abstract
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Laceration of umbilical cord vessels secondary to amniocentesis. Author(s): Gassner CB, Paul RH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 November; 48(5): 627-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=980291&dopt=Abstract
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Large-volume therapeutic amniocentesis in the treatment of hydramnios. Author(s): Elliott JP, Sawyer AT, Radin TG, Strong RE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 December; 84(6): 1025-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7970458&dopt=Abstract
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Late terminations of pregnancy following second trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Timothy J, Harris R. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1986 April; 93(4): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3964610&dopt=Abstract
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Latinas, amniocentesis and the discourse of choice. Author(s): Browner CH, Preloran HM. Source: Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 2000 September; 24(3): 353-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11012104&dopt=Abstract
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Leiomyomata uteri, genetic amniocentesis, and the risk of second-trimester spontaneous abortion. Author(s): Salvador E, Bienstock J, Blakemore KJ, Pressman E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 May; 186(5): 913-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015511&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Alphafetoprotein assay in all amniocentesis samples. Author(s): Brock DJ, Scrimgeour JB. Source: Lancet. 1976 June 26; 1(7974): 1404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=59035&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Amniocentesis and prenatal diagnosis in medical practice. Author(s): Lowry RB, Miller JR. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1974 October 5; 111(7): 633. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4414112&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Hsu LY, Yahr F, Godmilow L, Hirschhorn K. Source: Lancet. 1976 January 24; 1(7952): 206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=54728&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Laxova R, Lewis BV, Suddaby M. Source: Lancet. 1976 April 3; 1(7962): 746. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=56558&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Antenatal diagnosis via amniocentesis. Author(s): Welt SI. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 December 15; 117(8): 1149. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4758313&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Complications of amniocentesis. Author(s): Davey MG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1976 April 17; 1(16): 594. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=819763&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Diagnostic amniocentesis and fetal-maternal bleeding. Author(s): Blajchman MA, Maudsley RF, Uchida I, Zipursky A. Source: Lancet. 1974 May 18; 1(7864): 993-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4133683&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Needle puncture of fetus during amniocentesis. Author(s): Weiss DB, Aboulafia Y, Dollberg M. Source: Lancet. 1975 November 1; 2(7940): 867. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=53345&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Needle puncture of the fetus during amniocentesis. Author(s): Broome DL, Kellogg B, Weiss BA, Wilson MG. Source: Lancet. 1975 September 27; 2(7935): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=51426&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Restrictive consent and amniocentesis. Author(s): Hecht F, Garlinger P, Prescott GH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 November 8; 289(19): 1044-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4742217&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Ultrasonic uterine examination prior to amniocentesis. Author(s): Fisher CC, Angell R, Garrett WJ, Kossoff G. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 June 15; 119(4): 574-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4842600&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Ultrasound and amniocentesis. Author(s): Conrad MR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 May 24; 235(21): 2284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=946614&dopt=Abstract
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Lewis and ABH substances in amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis. Author(s): Arcilla MB, Sturgeon P. Source: Pediatric Research. 1972 December; 6(12): 853-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4643534&dopt=Abstract
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Listeria monocytogenes chorioamnionitis: diagnosis by transabdominal amniocentesis. Author(s): Petrilli ES, D'Ablaing G, Ledger WJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 March; 55(3 Suppl): 5S-8S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7360450&dopt=Abstract
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Listeria monocytogenes. The role of transabdominal amniocentesis in febrile patients with preterm labor. Author(s): Mazor M, Froimovich M, Lazer S, Maymon E, Glezerman M. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1992; 252(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1471911&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term follow-up of children born after amniocentesis. Author(s): Gillberg C, Rasmussen P, Wahlstrom J. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1982 January; 21(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7067165&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term follow-up of children born to women who had amniocentesis. Author(s): Gillberg C, Rasmussen P, Wahlstrom J. Source: Lancet. 1979 June 23; 1(8130): 1341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87793&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term follow-up of infants after transcervical chorionic villus sampling and after amniocentesis to compare congenital abnormalities and health status. Author(s): Schaap AH, van der Pol HG, Boer K, Leschot NJ, Wolf H. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 July; 22(7): 598-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12124696&dopt=Abstract
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Low-risk amniocentesis in the third trimester under ultrasound control. Author(s): Piiroinen O, Erkkola R, Gronroos M. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1984 November; 4(4): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6394326&dopt=Abstract
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Lung function following first-trimester amniocentesis or chorion villus sampling. Author(s): Thompson PJ, Greenough A, Nicolaides KH. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1991; 6(3-4): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1789920&dopt=Abstract
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Lung volume measured by functional residual capacity in infants following first trimester amniocentesis or chorion villus sampling. Author(s): Thompson PJ, Greenough A, Nicolaides KH. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1992 June; 99(6): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1637763&dopt=Abstract
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Major intraperitoneal bleeding complicating amniocentesis--case report. Author(s): Di Francesco A. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1972 November; 12(4): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4512386&dopt=Abstract
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Malformations and minor anomalies in children whose mothers had prenatal diagnosis: comparison between CVS and amniocentesis. Author(s): Kaplan P, Normandin J Jr, Wilson GN, Plauchu H, Lippman A, Vekemans M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1990 November; 37(3): 366-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2260567&dopt=Abstract
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Management of amniocentesis in women with oligohydramnios due to membrane rupture: evaluation of a cervical adapter. Author(s): Vaitkiene D, Bergstrom S. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1995; 40(1): 28-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7557639&dopt=Abstract
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Management of platelet and RhD maternal immunizations by PCR phenotypings after early amniocentesis. Author(s): Sagot P, Bonneville F, Bignon JD, Cesbron A, Boog G, Muller JY. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1995 November-December; 10(6): 373-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8579775&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal age and amniocentesis. Author(s): Hershey DW. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1988 January; 8(1): 83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2964005&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal age and amniocentesis: should this be lowered to 30 years? Author(s): Crandall BF, Lebherz TB, Tabsh K. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1986 July-August; 6(4): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2944088&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal age and recommendation of amniocentesis. Author(s): Reynolds T, Dawson A. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1993 February 1; 45(3): 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7679546&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal age-specific rates of 47,+21 and other cytogenetic abnormalities diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy in chorionic villus biopsy specimens: comparison with rates expected from observations at amniocentesis. Author(s): Hook EB, Cross PK, Jackson L, Pergament E, Brambati B. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1988 June; 42(6): 797-807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2967030&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal cell contamination of amniotic fluid samples obtained by open needle versus trocar technique of amniocentesis. Author(s): Steed HL, Tomkins DJ, Wilson DR, Okun N, Mayes DC. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002 March; 24(3): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196873&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal complications following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal karyotyping. Author(s): Cederholm M, Haglund B, Axelsson O. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 April; 110(4): 392-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699801&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal Jka sensitization following amniocentesis and intrauterine transfusion. Author(s): Harrison KL, Popper EI. Source: Transfusion. 1981 January-February; 21(1): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7466912&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal pain and anxiety in genetic amniocentesis: expectation versus reality. Author(s): Ferber A, Onyeije CI, Zelop CM, O'Reilly-Green C, Divon MY. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 January; 19(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11851963&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening and fetal chromosome anomalies: is lowering maternal age for amniocentesis preferable? Author(s): Kaffe S, Hsu LY. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 April 1; 42(6): 801-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1372793&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal serum screening should not replace amniocentesis. Author(s): Hsu LY, Shapiro LR, Kaffe S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 September; 173(3 Pt 1): 977-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7573291&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal sex chromosome mosaicism diagnosed by amniocentesis and percutaneous umbilical cord sampling. Author(s): Hunter AG, D'Alton M, Ivey B, Wang HS, Thompson DW. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1988 November; 8(9): 673-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3211856&dopt=Abstract
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Meconium-stained liquor at second trimester amniocentesis--is it significant? Author(s): Svigos JM, Stewart-Rattray SF, Pridmore BR. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1981 February; 21(1): 5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6942822&dopt=Abstract
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Medico-legal and ethical approach to the legal interruption of pregnancy after aspiration biopsy of the chorionic villi and early amniocentesis. Author(s): Beric B, Krstic A, Popovic D, Cvejic-Jancic O. Source: Acta Med Leg Soc (Liege). 1988; 38(2): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2979476&dopt=Abstract
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Method of risk assessment affects acceptance rate of amniocentesis. Author(s): de la Vega A, Verdiales M, Leavitt G. Source: P R Health Sci J. 2002 September; 21(3): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243114&dopt=Abstract
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Mid-pregnancy amniocentesis. Author(s): Ju KS, Lee SK, Kim SB, Lee JH. Source: Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985 March; 11(1): 55-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3893404&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Ghiatas A. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1984 October; 81(10): 867-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6594527&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester amniocentesis in twin pregnancies. Author(s): Goldstein AI, Stills SM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 November; 62(5): 659-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6621955&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester amniocentesis. An analysis of 923 cases with neonatal follow-up. Author(s): Cruikshank DP, Varner MW, Cruikshank JE, Grant SS, Donnelly E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 May 15; 146(2): 204-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6189400&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester amniocentesis. Indications, technique, risks and potential for prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Roberts NS, Dunn LK, Weiner S, Godmilow L, Miller R. Source: J Reprod Med. 1983 March; 28(3): 167-88. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6189994&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester amniocentesis. Influence of operator caseload on sampling efficiency. Author(s): Silver RK, Russell TL, Kambich MP, Leeth EA, MacGregor SN, Sholl JS. Source: J Reprod Med. 1998 March; 43(3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564643&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester amniocentesis: is it safe? A single centre controlled prospective study of 517 consecutive amniocenteses. Author(s): Sant-Cassia LJ, MacPherson MB, Tyack AJ. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1984 August; 91(8): 736-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6380566&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester amniocentesis: obstetric outcome and neonatal neurobehavioral status. Author(s): Finegan JK, Quarrington BJ, Hughes HE, Rudd NL, Stevens LJ, Weksberg R, Doran TA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 December 15; 150(8): 98997. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6507537&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester amniocentesis: ten year experience in South Dakota. Author(s): Johnson VP. Source: S D J Med. 1989 July; 42(7): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2756415&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester genetic amniocentesis in eastern Ontario: a review from 1970 to 1985. Author(s): Hunter AG, Thompson D, Speevak M. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1987 June; 24(6): 335-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3612705&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester genetic amniocentesis of a twin gestation complicated by immediate severe fetal bradycardia with subsequent associated fetal anomalies. Author(s): Sherer DM, Salafia CM. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1996 August; 13(6): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865980&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester genetic amniocentesis with simultaneous ultrasound guidance. Author(s): Lenke RR, Cyr DR, Mack LA. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1985 June; 13(5): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3924976&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester genetic amniocentesis. A review of the fetal risks. Author(s): O'Brien WF. Source: J Reprod Med. 1984 January; 29(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6708022&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester genetic amniocentesis. Use of ultrasound direction vs. blind needle insertion. Author(s): Carpenter RJ Jr, Hinkley CM, Carpenter AF. Source: J Reprod Med. 1983 January; 28(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6834345&dopt=Abstract
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Midtrimester screening for open neural tube defects: correlation of sonography with amniocentesis results. Author(s): Lindfors KK, McGahan JP, Tennant FP, Hanson FW, Walter JP. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1987 July; 149(1): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2438918&dopt=Abstract
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Misinterpretation of trisomy 18 as a pseudomosaicism at third-trimester amniocentesis of a child with a mosaic 46,XY/47,XY, +3/48,XXY, +18 karyotype. Author(s): van Ravenswaaij-Arts CM, Tuerlings JH, Van Heyst AF, Nijhuis JG, Niehof J, Smeets DF. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1997 April; 17(4): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9160391&dopt=Abstract
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Mosaic isochromosome 20q found on amniocentesis with normal outcome. Author(s): Chodirker BN, Jenkins R. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1990 July; 10(7): 469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2235906&dopt=Abstract
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Mosaic trisomy 15 found at amniocentesis. Author(s): Lahdetie J, Lakkala T. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 June; 12(6): 551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1513763&dopt=Abstract
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Mosaic trisomy 16 ascertained through amniocentesis: evaluation of 11 new cases. Author(s): Hsu WT, Shchepin DA, Mao R, Berry-Kravis E, Garber AP, Fischel-Ghodsian N, Falk RE, Carlson DE, Roeder ER, Leeth EA, Hajianpour MJ, Wang JC, RosenblumVos LS, Bhatt SD, Karson EM, Hux CH, Trunca C, Bialer MG, Linn SK, Schreck RR. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 December 28; 80(5): 473-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9880211&dopt=Abstract
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Mosaic trisomy 9 detected by amniocentesis. Author(s): Freud M, Witters N, van Lierde M, Grosseye S, Goret-Nicaise M, Manzanares MC, de St Georges P, de Meyer R. Source: J Genet Hum. 1989 January; 37(1): 87-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2715786&dopt=Abstract
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Mother-to-fetus HIV transmission during amniocentesis--ethical concerns. Author(s): de Decker HP. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2002 February; 92(2): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894643&dopt=Abstract
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Nasopharyngeal teratoma and mosaic tetrasomy 1q detected at amniocentesis. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Beverstock GC, Mollevanger P, Baaij M, Lind J, van Ieperen L, Bartelings MM, Teunissen K, Brandenburg H, Van Opstal D, Los F. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1999 November; 115(1): 11-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565293&dopt=Abstract
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Need for urgent delivery after third-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Stark CM, Smith RS, Lagrandeur RM, Batton DG, Lorenz RP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 January; 95(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10636501&dopt=Abstract
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Needle control during amniocentesis. Author(s): Herrmann J. Source: Lancet. 1984 September 22; 2(8404): 694. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6147713&dopt=Abstract
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Needle puncture of fetus: a complication of second-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Broome DL, Wilson MG, Weiss B, Kellogg B. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 September 15; 126(2): 24752. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=961765&dopt=Abstract
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Needle puncture scars from midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Raimer SS, Raimer BG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 October; 120(10): 1360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6486849&dopt=Abstract
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Needle size and risk of miscarriage after amniocentesis. Author(s): Tabor A, Philip J, Bang J, Madsen M, Obel EB, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Source: Lancet. 1988 January 23; 1(8578): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2893021&dopt=Abstract
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Needle tract endometriosis: an unusual complication of amniocentesis. Author(s): Kaunitz A, Di Sant'Agnese PA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 December; 54(6): 753-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=160025&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal lung function following mid-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Hunter AG. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1987 July; 7(6): 433-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3658917&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema secondary to diagnostic amniocentesis. Author(s): Leake RD, Hobel CJ, Lachman RS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 June; 43(6): 884-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4829284&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal small-bowel obstruction associated with amniocentesis. Author(s): Swift PG, Driscoll IB, Vowles KD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 March 17; 1(6165): 720. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=155486&dopt=Abstract
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New estimates of Down syndrome risks at chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and livebirth in women of advanced maternal age from a uniquely defined population. Author(s): Halliday JL, Watson LF, Lumley J, Danks DM, Sheffield LJ. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 May; 15(5): 455-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7644436&dopt=Abstract
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New technique for genetic amniocentesis in twins. Author(s): Bahado-Singh R, Schmitt R, Hobbins JC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 February; 79(2): 304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1731302&dopt=Abstract
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Noninfectious peritonitis: a complication of abdominal amniocentesis in acute hydramnios. Report of a case. Author(s): Neri A, Eckerling B. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1966 April; 27(4): 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5325000&dopt=Abstract
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Normal fetal growth despite persistent amniotic fluid leakage after genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Simpson JL, Socol ML, Aladjem S, Elias S. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1981 October; 1(4): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7346829&dopt=Abstract
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Normal midtrimester (17-20 weeks) genetic sonogram decreases amniocentesis rate in a high-risk population. Author(s): Pinette MG, Garrett J, Salvo A, Blackstone J, Pinette SG, Boutin N, Cartin A. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2001 June; 20(6): 639-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400938&dopt=Abstract
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Numerous needle-mark injuries following midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Kozma C, Benkendorf J. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 1998 July; 7(3): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9690001&dopt=Abstract
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Ob-Gyn section: amniocentesis. Author(s): Goldkrand JW. Source: Nebr Med J. 1980 July; 65(7): 171. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7402399&dopt=Abstract
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Observed versus expected rates of unbalanced fetal karyotype at second trimester amniocentesis when one parent carries a balanced translocation. Author(s): Yaegashi N, Uehara S, Maeda T, Fujimori K, Okamura K, Yajima A. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2001; 51(2): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11223699&dopt=Abstract
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Obstetrician-gynecologists performing genetic amniocentesis may be misleading themselves and their patients. Author(s): Clewell WH, Bogle A, Weston N, Greensher S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 April; 186(4): 851; Author Reply 851. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967521&dopt=Abstract
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Obstetrician-gynecologists performing genetic amniocentesis may be misleading themselves and their patients. Author(s): Blessed WB, Lacoste H, Welch RA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 June; 184(7): 1340-2; Discussion 1342-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408850&dopt=Abstract
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Obstetricians should learn the technic of amniocentesis. Author(s): Thiede HA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1968 January; 31(1): 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5635841&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular injury from amniocentesis. Author(s): Hershey DW. Source: Ophthalmology. 1993 November; 100(11): 1601-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305036&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular trauma during amniocentesis. Author(s): Cross HE, Maumenee AE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 November 9; 287(19): 993-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5078156&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular trauma during amniocentesis. Author(s): Cross HE, Maumenee AE. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1973 October; 90(4): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4746645&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular trauma following amniocentesis as the cause of leukocoria. Author(s): Admoni MM, BenEzra D. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1988 July-August; 25(4): 196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3411423&dopt=Abstract
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Oligohydramnios is a contraindication to amniocentesis. Author(s): Scrimgeour JB, Wild SR, Watt MS. Source: Lancet. 1980 March 8; 1(8167): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6102258&dopt=Abstract
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On counselling in twin pregnancies discovered at amniocentesis. Author(s): Mitelman F, Aberg A. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1979 December; 16(6): 448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=527251&dopt=Abstract
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On the complication risk of early amniocentesis versus standard amniocentesis. Author(s): Eiben B, Hammans W, Hansen S, Trawicki W, Osthelder B, Stelzer A, Jaspers KD, Goebel R. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1997 May-June; 12(3): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9313070&dopt=Abstract
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Ophthalmic complications of amniocentesis. Author(s): Naylor G, Roper JP, Willshaw HE. Source: Eye (London, England). 1990; 4 ( Pt 6): 845-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2101118&dopt=Abstract
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Organization of amniocentesis for antenatal genetic diagnosis. Author(s): Rothe DJ, Cederqvist LL, Zervoudakis IA, Fuchs F. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1978; 57(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=622893&dopt=Abstract
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Origin of amniocentesis-induced rises of alpha-fetoprotein concentrations in maternal serum. Author(s): Dallaire L, Belanger L, Smith CJ, Kelleher PC. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1980 October; 87(10): 856-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6158990&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of cases of de novo structural rearrangements diagnosed at amniocentesis. Author(s): Warburton D. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1984 Spring; 4 Spec No: 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6463034&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of pregnancies after non-amniocentesis-induced premature rupture of membranes at 14 to 23 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Scholz HS, Arikan MG, Benedicic C, Petru E, Haas J, Weiss PA. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 January 15; 114(1-2): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407936&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of pregnancies complicated by ruptured membranes after genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Borgida AF, Mills AA, Feldman DM, Rodis JF, Egan JF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 October; 183(4): 937-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11035342&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of pregnancy after amniocentesis for chromosome analysis. Author(s): Philip J, Bang J. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 October 28; 2(6146): 1183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=719342&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of pregnancy after prenatal diagnosis amniocentesis. Author(s): Legge M. Source: N Z Med J. 1982 May 26; 95(708): 344-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6954397&dopt=Abstract
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Pain with amniocentesis and transabdominal CVS. Author(s): de Crespigny L, Robinson HP, Ngu A. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1990 November; 30(4): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2082884&dopt=Abstract
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PCR and optical trapping may team up for single cell genetic screening. First target: replacing amniocentesis. Author(s): Stevenson R. Source: Am Biotechnol Lab. 1991 October; 9(9): 14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1367559&dopt=Abstract
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Perceived risk not actual risk predicts uptake of amniocentesis. Author(s): Marteau TM, Kidd J, Cook R, Michie S, Johnston M, Slack J, Shaw RW. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991 March; 98(3): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2021567&dopt=Abstract
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Per-urethral transvesical first-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Frydman R, Pons JC, Borghi E, Selva J, Olivennes F, O'Donovan F, Fernandez H, Le Lorc'h M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1993 February; 48(2): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8491338&dopt=Abstract
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Physical and psychomotor development of 1799 children born after second trimester amniocentesis for maternal serum positive triple test screening and normal prenatal karyotype. Author(s): Witters I, Moerman P, Van Assche A, Fryns JP. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 December; 39(12): E75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471213&dopt=Abstract
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Pitfall: amniocentesis fails to detect mosaic trisomy 8 in a male newborn. Author(s): Schneider M, Klein-Vogler U, Tomiuk J, Schliephacke M, Leipoldt M, Enders H. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 July; 14(7): 651-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971770&dopt=Abstract
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Place of amniocentesis in the assessment of preterm labour. Author(s): Tsatsaris V, Carbonne B, Cabrol D. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2000 November; 93(1): 19-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000498&dopt=Abstract
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Placental echolucencies: does their presence influence outcome following genetic amniocentesis? Author(s): Carter SM, Bombard AT, Sachs G, Finn-Powers JM, Schwartz AD. Source: Military Medicine. 1996 April; 161(4): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8935517&dopt=Abstract
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Placental mosaicism in a case of 46,XY,-22,+t(22;22)(p11;q11) or i(22q) diagnosed at amniocentesis. Author(s): Spinner NB, Gibas Z, Kline R, Berger B, Jackson L. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 January; 12(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1557310&dopt=Abstract
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Platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase activity following chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. Author(s): Saleh AA, Pryde PG, Isada NB, Johnson MP, Evans MI, Sokol RJ, Zhao B, Johnston JM. Source: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 1994 April-June; 1(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9419761&dopt=Abstract
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Population-based study of long-term outcomes after amniocentesis. Author(s): Baird PA, Yee IM, Sadovnick AD. Source: Lancet. 1994 October 22; 344(8930): 1134-6. Erratum In: Lancet 1994 December 3; 344(8936): 1582. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7934498&dopt=Abstract
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Porencephaly secondary to fetal trauma during amniocentesis. Author(s): Eller KM, Kuller JA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 May; 85(5 Pt 2): 865-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7724140&dopt=Abstract
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Possibility of screening for fetal hyperinsulinism at genetic amniocentesis in women of advanced maternal age. Author(s): Paulin F, Hidvegi J, Rigo J Jr, Papp Z. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 February; 15(2): 199-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784376&dopt=Abstract
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Preferences of pregnant women for amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling for prenatal testing: comparison of patients' choices and those of a decision-analytic model. Author(s): Heckerling PS, Verp MS, Hadro TA. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1994 November; 47(11): 1215-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7722557&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy loss rates following second trimester genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Reid KP, Gurrin LC, Dickinson JE, Newnham JP, Phillips JM. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1999 August; 39(3): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10554934&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy outcome and long term prognosis in 868 children born after second trimester amniocentesis for maternal serum positive triple test screening and normal prenatal karyotype. Author(s): Witters I, Legius E, Devriendt K, Moerman P, Van Schoubroeck D, Van Assche A, Fryns JP. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 May; 38(5): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403044&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy outcome following amniocentesis at 11-14 versus 16-19 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Wilson RD, Johnson JA, Dansereau J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 October; 88(4 Pt 1): 638-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8841234&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy outcome following genetic amniocentesis at 11-14 versus 16-19 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Brumfield CG, Lin S, Conner W, Cosper P, Davis RO, Owen J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 July; 88(1): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8684742&dopt=Abstract
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Preimplantation genetic diagnosis as an alternative to amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: psychosocial and ethical aspects. Author(s): Vergeer MM, van Balen F, Ketting E. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 1998 September; 35(1): 5-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9832892&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis by amniocentesis before 15 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Yang CH, Chu Ho ES, Liu CC, Lo FJ, Hsieh WK. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1993 August; 52(2): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8402372&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis in amniocentesis. Author(s): Hsieh FJ, Ko TM, Tseng LH, Chang LS, Pan MF, Chuang SM, Lee TY, Chen HY. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1992 March; 91(3): 276-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1354688&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis--a current audit. A review of 2000 cases of prenatal cytogenetic diagnoses after amniocentesis, and comparisons with early experience. Author(s): Bell JA, Pearn JH, Wilson BH, Ansford AJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1987 January 5; 146(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3796389&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal detection of 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX mosaicism through amniocentesis: mosaicism confirmed in cord blood, amnion, and chorion. Author(s): Schwartz S, Raffel LJ. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 December; 12(12): 1043-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1283786&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal determination of human platelet antigen type using DNA amplification following amniocentesis. Author(s): Bennett PR, Warwick R, Vaughan J, Chana H, Lubenko A, Fisk NM. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994 March; 101(3): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8193101&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis in 82 pregnancies after in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Wurfel W, Haas-Andela H, Krusmann G, Rothenaicher M, Hirsch P, Kwapisz HK, Haas J, Hogemann I, Fiedler K. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1992 March 23; 44(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1534056&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis in advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis or CVS, a patient's choice or lack of information? Author(s): Brandenburg H, van der Zwan L, Jahoda MG, Stijnen T, Wladimiroff JW. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1991 September; 11(9): 685-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1788174&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis in multiple gestation: 20 years' experience with amniocentesis. Author(s): Anderson RL, Goldberg JD, Golbus MS. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1991 April; 11(4): 263-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1896412&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis in twin gestations: a comparison between second-trimester amniocentesis and first-trimester chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Wapner RJ, Johnson A, Davis G, Urban A, Morgan P, Jackson L. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 July; 82(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8515925&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection by virus isolation after amniocentesis. Author(s): Grose C, Meehan T, Weiner CP. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1992 August; 11(8): 605-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1326094&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: false-negative amniocentesis at 20 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Catanzarite V, Dankner WM. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1993 November; 13(11): 1021-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8140063&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis of fetal chromosomal anomalies: current opinion on amniocentesis versus chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Hod M, Royburt M, Neri A, Friedman S, Kaplan B, Ovadia J. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1994 September; 30(9): 714-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8088987&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis of Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa by amniocentesis. Author(s): Marinkovich MP, Meneguzzi G, Burgeson RE, Blanchet-Bardon C, Holbrook KA, Smith LT, Christiano AM, Ortonne JP. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 November; 15(11): 1027-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8606881&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis of Sanfilippo syndrome type A by early amniocentesis. Author(s): Thompson JN, Huffman P, McConkie-Rosell A, Hessling J. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993 April; 29(5): 793-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8508132&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal diagnosis of the carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1A (CDG1A) by a combination of enzymology and genetic linkage analysis after amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Charlwood J, Clayton P, Keir G, Mian N, Young E, Winchester B. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 July; 18(7): 693-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9706650&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal genetic testing by amniocentesis appears to result in a lower risk of fetal loss than chorionic villus sampling in singleton pregnancies achieved by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Author(s): Kolibianakis E, Osmanagaoglu K, De Catte L, Camus M, Bonduelle M, Liebaers I, Van Steirteghem A, Devroey P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 February; 79(2): 374-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568848&dopt=Abstract
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Probable amniotic fluid embolism precipitated by amniocentesis and treated by exchange transfusion. Author(s): Dodgson J, Martin J, Boswell J, Goodall HB, Smith R. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 May 23; 294(6583): 1322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3109636&dopt=Abstract
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Procedure-related fetal losses in transplacental versus nontransplacental genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Bombard AT, Powers JF, Carter S, Schwartz A, Nitowsky HM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 March; 172(3): 868-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892877&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective pilot evaluation of early (11-14 weeks' gestation) amniocentesis in 75 patients. Author(s): Bombard T, Rigdon DT. Source: Military Medicine. 1992 July; 157(7): 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1528466&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological effects of having amniocentesis: are these due to the procedure, the risk or the behaviour? Author(s): Marteau TM, Kidd J, Cook R, Michie S, Johnston M, Slack J, Shaw RW. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1992 May; 36(4): 395-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1534372&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological response to prenatal genetic counseling and amniocentesis. Author(s): Tercyak KP, Johnson SB, Roberts SF, Cruz AC. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2001 April; 43(1): 73-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311841&dopt=Abstract
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Qualitative amniotic fluid volume versus amniocentesis in predicting infection in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Author(s): Vintzileos AM, Campbell WA, Nochimson DJ, Weinbaum PJ, Escoto DT, Mirochnick MH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 April; 67(4): 579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3515258&dopt=Abstract
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Questionable role of amniocentesis in the etiology of amniotic band formation. A case report. Author(s): Lage JM, VanMarter LJ, Bieber FR. Source: J Reprod Med. 1988 January; 33(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3351810&dopt=Abstract
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Randomised comparison of amniocentesis and transabdominal and cervical chorionic villus sampling: duplicate publication. Author(s): Campbell S. Source: Lancet. 1993 March 6; 341(8845): 635. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8094864&dopt=Abstract
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Randomised comparison of amniocentesis and transabdominal and transcervical chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Smidt-Jensen S, Permin M, Philip J, Lundsteen C, Zachary JM, Fowler SE, Gruning K. Source: Lancet. 1992 November 21; 340(8830): 1237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1359317&dopt=Abstract
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Randomised controlled trial of genetic amniocentesis in 4606 low-risk women. Author(s): Tabor A, Philip J, Madsen M, Bang J, Obel EB, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Source: Lancet. 1986 June 7; 1(8493): 1287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2423826&dopt=Abstract
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Randomised study of risk of fetal loss related to early amniocentesis versus chorionic villus sampling. Author(s): Sundberg K, Bang J, Smidt-Jensen S, Brocks V, Lundsteen C, Parner J, Keiding N, Philip J. Source: Lancet. 1997 September 6; 350(9079): 697-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9291904&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized trial comparing first-trimester transcervical chorionic villus sampling and second-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Ammala P, Hiilesmaa VK, Liukkonen S, Saisto T, Teramo K, von Koskull H. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1993 October; 13(10): 919-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8309899&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid determination of zygosity and common aneuploidies from amniotic fluid cells using quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction following genetic amniocentesis in multiple pregnancies. Author(s): Chen CP, Chern SR, Wang W. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2000 April; 15(4): 929-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10739844&dopt=Abstract
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Rare major maternal complications after second trimester amniocentesis: sequelae of avoiding a transplacental approach. Author(s): Kin LT, Ngong LT, Yeung LT, Wah SP, Hung TW. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2001 November; 41(4): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787933&dopt=Abstract
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Rare neurologic injury from amniocentesis. Author(s): Raymond GV. Source: Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2003 March; 67(3): 205-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797464&dopt=Abstract
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Rare non-mosaic trisomies in chorionic villus tissue not confirmed at amniocentesis. Author(s): Dorfmann AD, Perszyk J, Robinson P, Black SH, Schulman JD. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 November; 12(11): 899-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1494542&dopt=Abstract
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Rates of mutant and inherited structural cytogenetic abnormalities detected at amniocentesis: results on about 63,000 fetuses. Author(s): Hook EB, Cross PK. Source: Annals of Human Genetics. 1987 January; 51 ( Pt 1): 27-55. Erratum In: Ann Hum Genet 1988 Jan; 52(Pt 1): 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3479040&dopt=Abstract
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Real-time ultrasound guidance of fetal manipulation during genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Hill LM, Breckle R. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1985 May; 4(5): 267-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3889367&dopt=Abstract
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Reasons for women's non-uptake of amniocentesis. Author(s): Julian-Reynier C, Macquart-Moulin G, Moatti JP, Aurran Y, Chabal F, Ayme S. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 September; 14(9): 859-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7845894&dopt=Abstract
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Reducing the need for amniocentesis in women 35 years of age or older with serum markers for screening. Author(s): Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Knight GJ, Cunningham GC, Lustig LS, Boyd PA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 April 21; 330(16): 1114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7510852&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction in amniocentesis risks using a real-time needle guide procedure. Author(s): Williamson RA, Varner MW, Grant SS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 May; 65(5): 751-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3885108&dopt=Abstract
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Reseal of ruptured membranes after genetic amniocentesis. A case report. Author(s): Hazan Y, Ben-Arie A, Blickstein I, Hagay Z. Source: J Reprod Med. 2000 October; 45(10): 847-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11077637&dopt=Abstract
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Restrictive consent and amniocentesis. Author(s): Garlinger P, Hecht F, Prescott GH, Wyandt HE, Tolby BE, Milbeck RL, Overton K. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 May 10; 288(19): 1028. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4696248&dopt=Abstract
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Review of the effect of early amniocentesis on foot deformity in the neonate. Author(s): Tredwell SJ, Wilson D, Wilmink MA; Canadian Early and Mid-Trimester Amniocentesis Trial Group (CEMAT), and the Canadian Pediatric Orthopedic Review Group. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2001 September-October; 21(5): 636-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521033&dopt=Abstract
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Rh immune globulin after genetic amniocentesis: impact on pregnancy outcome. Author(s): Crane JP, Rohland B, Larson D. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1984 December; 19(4): 763-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6097129&dopt=Abstract
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Rh isoimmunization related to amniocentesis. Author(s): Murray JC, Karp LE, Williamson RA, Cheng EY, Luthy DA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1983 December; 16(4): 527-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6419606&dopt=Abstract
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Rhesus sensitization after midtrimester genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Brandenburg H, Jahoda MG, Pijpers L, Wladimiroff JW. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1989 February; 32(2): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2494888&dopt=Abstract
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Ring 17 chromosome detected by amniocentesis. Author(s): Weinberg AG, Bair JL, Harrod MJ. Source: Humangenetik. 1975 July 23; 28(3): 269-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1150287&dopt=Abstract
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Risk assessment of amniocentesis between 11 and 15 weeks: comparison to later amniocentesis controls. Author(s): Crandall BF, Kulch P, Tabsh K. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 October; 14(10): 913-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7534922&dopt=Abstract
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Risk estimation of intraamniotic infection development after serial amniocentesis. Author(s): Terzic MM, Plecas DV, Stimec BV, Petkovic SV. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1994 January-February; 9(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8142050&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors predisposing to fetal loss following a second trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Papantoniou NE, Daskalakis GJ, Tziotis JG, Kitmirides SJ, Mesogitis SA, Antsaklis AJ. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 October; 108(10): 1053-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702837&dopt=Abstract
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Risk for chromosome abnormality at amniocentesis following a child with a noninherited chromosome aberration. A European Collaborative Study on Prenatal Diagnoses 1981. Author(s): Stene J, Stene E, Mikkelsen M. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1984 Spring; 4 Spec No: 81-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6235486&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of amniocentesis in women screened positive for Down syndrome with second trimester maternal serum markers. Author(s): Muller F, Thibaud D, Poloce F, Gelineau MC, Bernard M, Brochet C, Millet C, Real JY, Dommergues M. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 November; 22(11): 1036-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424771&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of Down's syndrome and amniocentesis rate. Author(s): Spencer K, Carpenter P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 March 7; 304(6827): 640-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1532761&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of Down's syndrome and amniocentesis rate. Author(s): MacIntosh MC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 February 29; 304(6826): 573. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1532759&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of Down's syndrome and amniocentesis rate. Author(s): Fleming C, Goldie DJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 January 25; 304(6821): 252. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531427&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of fetal loss in twin pregnancies undergoing second trimester amniocentesis(1). Author(s): Yukobowich E, Anteby EY, Cohen SM, Lavy Y, Granat M, Yagel S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 August; 98(2): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506838&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of fetal loss in twin pregnancies undergoing second trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Nelson LH 3rd. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 November; 98(5 Pt 1): 876-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704191&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of hepatitis B transmission after amniocentesis in chronic hepatitis B carriers. Author(s): Alexander JM, Ramus R, Jackson G, Sercely B, Wendel GD Jr. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999; 7(6): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10598917&dopt=Abstract
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Risks of fetomaternal hemorrhage resulting from amniocentesis with and without ultrasound placental localization. Author(s): Harrison R, Campbell S, Craft I. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 October; 46(4): 389-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1165872&dopt=Abstract
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Risks of genetic amniocentesis in women less than 35 years old. Author(s): Ghidini A, Prince M. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2000 December; 20(12): 1018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11113919&dopt=Abstract
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Risks of midtrimester amniocentesis; assessment in 3000 pregnancies. Author(s): Leschot NJ, Verjaal M, Treffers PE. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1985 August; 92(8): 804-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4027202&dopt=Abstract
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Risks of prophylactic anti-D immunoglobulin after second-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Tabsh KM, Lebherz TB, Crandall BF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 May 15; 149(2): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6326576&dopt=Abstract
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Risks of unbalanced progeny at amniocentesis to carriers of chromosome rearrangements: data from United States and Canadian laboratories. Author(s): Daniel A, Hook EB, Wulf G. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1989 May; 33(1): 14-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2750783&dopt=Abstract
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Role of amniocentesis for the diagnosis of subclinical intra-amniotic infection in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Author(s): Blackwell SC, Berry SM. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1999 December; 11(6): 541-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674829&dopt=Abstract
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Role of amniocentesis in ultrasound-detected fetal malformations. Author(s): Platt LD, DeVore GR, Lopez E, Herbert W, Falk R, Alfi O. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 August; 68(2): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3526215&dopt=Abstract
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Role of prenatal genetic counseling before amniocentesis. A survey of genetics centers. Author(s): Lorenz RP, Willard D, Botti JJ. Source: J Reprod Med. 1986 January; 31(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3950874&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and fetal outcome of early and midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Konje JC, de Chazal R, Abrams K, Taylor DJ. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 9; 351(9113): 1434; Author Reply 1435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9593438&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and fetal outcome of early and midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Eiben B, Hammans W, Goebel R, Epplen JT. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 9; 351(9113): 1435; Author Reply 1435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9593440&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and fetal outcome of early and midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Saura R, Taine L, Guyon F, Mangione R, Horovitz J. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 9; 351(9113): 1434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9593439&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of amniocentesis. Author(s): Tabor A, Philip J, Bang J, Madsen M, Obel EB, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1988 February; 8(2): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3283720&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of early amniocentesis versus CVS. Author(s): Eiben B, Osthelder B, Hammans W, Goebel R. Source: Lancet. 1994 November 5; 344(8932): 1303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7968015&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of early amniocentesis. Author(s): Vandenbussche FP, Kanhai HH, Keirse MJ. Source: Lancet. 1994 October 8; 344(8928): 1032. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7934420&dopt=Abstract
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Screening and diagnosis of fetal neural tube defects, abdominal wall defects and Down's syndrome. With special reference to biochemical and ultrasound screening in the second trimester of pregnancy and to early amniocentesis. Author(s): Jorgensen FS. Source: Dan Med Bull. 2001 August; 48(3): 127-45. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556264&dopt=Abstract
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Second trimester amniocentesis in twin pregnancies: maternal haemoglobin as a dye marker to differentiate diamniotic twins. Author(s): Beekhuis JR, De Bruijn HW, Van Lith JM, Mantigh A. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1992 February; 99(2): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1554663&dopt=Abstract
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Second trimester chorioamniotic separation and amniocentesis. Author(s): Borlum KG. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1989 January; 30(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2924991&dopt=Abstract
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Second-trimester amniocentesis vs. chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis in multiple gestations. Author(s): Antsaklis A, Souka AP, Daskalakis G, Kavalakis Y, Michalas S. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 20(5): 476-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423485&dopt=Abstract
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Second-trimester genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancy. Author(s): Ko TM, Tseng LH, Hwa HL. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1998 June; 61(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9688491&dopt=Abstract
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Second-trimester placental biopsy versus amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia. Author(s): Monni G, Olla G, Rosatelli C, Cao A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 January 4; 322(1): 60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2294421&dopt=Abstract
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Separation of amniotic membranes after amniocentesis in an individual with the classic form of EDS and haploinsufficiency for COL5A1 expression. Author(s): Stoler JM, Bromley B, Castro MA, Cole WG, Florer J, Wenstrup RJ. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 June 15; 101(2): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11391664&dopt=Abstract
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Sepsis due to Clostridium perfringens after second-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Hovav Y, Hornstein E, Pollack RN, Yaffe C. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 July; 21(1): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7578749&dopt=Abstract
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Severe malformation of one foot from amniocentesis needle injury. Author(s): Holmes LB. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 1997 July; 6(3): 273-9; Discussion 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9220200&dopt=Abstract
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Sex chromosome mosaicism not detected at amniocentesis. Author(s): Roland B, Cox DM, Rudd NL. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1990 May; 10(5): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2143821&dopt=Abstract
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Should patients with elevated levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein always undergo amniocentesis? Author(s): Benacerraf BR. Source: Radiology. 1993 July; 188(1): 17-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7685530&dopt=Abstract
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Significance of mosaic isochromosome 20q on amniocentesis. Author(s): Donnenfeld AE, Kershner MA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1993 December 1; 47(8): 1196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8291555&dopt=Abstract
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Simplifying amniocentesis in paraplegic women-the wheelchair tilting manoeuvre. Author(s): Bar-Hava I, Orvieto R, Ben-Rafael Z. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 November; 19(11): 1089-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589073&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous placentacentesis and amniocentesis for prenatal karyotyping: report on 250 cases. Author(s): Gatz G, Rauskolb R, Werner L, Gellert G, Eiben B, Bartels I. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1990 June; 10(6): 365-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2217078&dopt=Abstract
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Single uterine entry for genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancies. Author(s): Sebire NJ, Noble PL, Odibo A, Malligiannis P, Nicolaides KH. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 January; 7(1): 26-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8932628&dopt=Abstract
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Single-center comparison of results of 1000 prenatal diagnoses with chorionic villus sampling and 1000 diagnoses with amniocentesis. Author(s): Young SR, Shipley CF, Wade RV, Edwards JG, Waters MB, Cantu ML, Best RG, Dennis EJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 August; 165(2): 255-61; Discussion 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1872325&dopt=Abstract
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Single-needle insertion in twin amniocentesis. Author(s): Jeanty P, Shah D, Roussis P. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1990 September; 9(9): 511-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2214010&dopt=Abstract
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Single-needle insertion: an alternative technique for early second-trimester genetic twin amniocentesis. Author(s): van Vugt JM, Nieuwint A, van Geijn HP. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1995 May-June; 10(3): 178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7639939&dopt=Abstract
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Single-operator comparison of early and mid-second-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Assel BG, Lewis SM, Dickerman LH, Park VM, Jassani MN. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 June; 79(6): 940-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1579318&dopt=Abstract
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Skin dimpling as a consequence of amniocentesis. Author(s): Cambiaghi S, Restano L, Cavalli R, Gelmetti C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 November; 39(5 Pt 2): 888-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9810923&dopt=Abstract
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Small marker chromosomes in a series of 1,000 prenatal diagnoses by amniocentesis. Author(s): Carrasco Juan JL, Otero Gomez A, Vilar Mesa MC, Garcia Miranda JL, Troyano Luque JM, Lopez Ramon y Cajal C, Parache Hernandez J. Source: Annales De Genetique. 1990; 33(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2369071&dopt=Abstract
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Sociocultural differences in the impact of amniocentesis. An anthropological research report. Author(s): Rapp R. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1993 April; 8 Suppl 1: 90-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8512656&dopt=Abstract
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Sonographically demonstrated intra-amniotic hemorrhage following transplacental genetic amniocentesis. Frequency, sonographic appearance, and clinical significance. Author(s): Chinn DH, Towers CV, Beeman RG, Miller EI. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1990 September; 9(9): 495-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2214008&dopt=Abstract
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Sonography at the time of genetic amniocentesis to screen for fetal malformations. Author(s): Hegge FN, Prescott GH, Watson PT. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 April; 71(4): 522-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3281073&dopt=Abstract
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Sonography of umbilical cord hematoma following genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Morin LR, Bonan J, Vendrolini G, Bourgeois C. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1987; 66(7): 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3326394&dopt=Abstract
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Spectrophotometry of amniotic fluid: a simple and rapid method for distinguishing between gestational sacs in second-trimester amniocentesis of twin pregnancies. Author(s): Chitayat D, Ohel G, Marion R, Einarson TR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 October; 86(4 Pt 1): 569-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7675381&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous abortion following mid-trimester amniocentesis. Clinical significance of placental perforation and blood-stained amniotic fluid. Author(s): Kappel B, Nielsen J, Brogaard Hansen K, Mikkelsen M, Therkelsen AJ. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1987 January; 94(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3814555&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous reseal of high-leak PROM following genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Kishida T, Yamada H, Sagawa T, Fujimoto S. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1994 October; 47(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7529200&dopt=Abstract
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Stuck twin with cotwin nonimmune hydrops: successful treatment by amniocentesis. Author(s): Wax JR, Blakemore KJ, Blohm P, Callan NA. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1991; 6(3-4): 126-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1789918&dopt=Abstract
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Studies of placental pathology in randomized women undergoing either amniocentesis or CVS. Author(s): Carpenter B, Jimenez CL, Gordon JE, Greenwood H, Hunter AG. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 May; 12(5): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1523212&dopt=Abstract
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Studies of various aspects of Down syndrome in Denmark, and their use as an epidemiological basis for a cost benefit analysis of genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Goldstein H. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1992 December; 39(6): 489-508. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1468262&dopt=Abstract
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Subarachnoid cyst with hydrocephalus--a complication of mid-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Chong SK, Levitt GA, Lawson J, Lloyd U, Newman CG. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1989 September; 9(9): 677-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2798353&dopt=Abstract
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Sudden fetal death following diagnostic amniocentesis. Author(s): Goodlin RC, Clewell WH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 January 15; 118(2): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4809415&dopt=Abstract
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Suprapubic vs. periumbilical amniocentesis. Author(s): Gordon HR, Deukmedjian AG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 June 1; 122(3): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1130452&dopt=Abstract
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Technical factors in early amniocentesis predict adverse outcome. Results of the Canadian Early (EA) versus Mid-trimester (MA) Amniocentesis Trial. Author(s): Johnson JM, Wilson RD, Singer J, Winsor E, Harman C, Armson BA, Benzie R, Dansereau J, Ho MF, Mohide P, Natale R, Okun N. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 August; 19(8): 732-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451517&dopt=Abstract
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Temporal changes in Ohio amniocentesis utilization during the first twelve years (1972-1983), and frequency of chromosome abnormalities observed. Author(s): Naber JM, Huether CA, Goodwin BA. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1987; 7(1): 51-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2950387&dopt=Abstract
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The amniocentesis decision: ten years of decision analytic experience. Author(s): Pauker SP, Pauker SG. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1987; 23(2): 151-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3593909&dopt=Abstract
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The amniotic band syndrome: a possible complication of amniocentesis. Author(s): Kohn G. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1987 May; 7(4): 303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3588546&dopt=Abstract
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The construction and utility of an amniocentesis trainer. Author(s): Maher JE, Kleinman GE, Lile W, Tolaymat L, Steele D, Bernard J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 November; 179(5): 1225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9822505&dopt=Abstract
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The diffusion of genetic amniocentesis in Ontario: 1969-1987. Author(s): McDonough PA. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1990 November-December; 81(6): 431-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2282603&dopt=Abstract
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The early amniocentesis study: a randomized clinical trial of early amniocentesis and midtrimester amniocentesis. II. Evaluation of procedure details and neonatal congenital anomalies. Author(s): Wilson RD, Johnson J, Windrim R, Dansereau J, Singer J, Winsor EJ, Kalousek D. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1997 March-April; 12(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9218950&dopt=Abstract
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The early amniocentesis study: a randomized clinical trial of early amniocentesis versus midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Johnson JM, Wilson RD, Winsor EJ, Singer J, Dansereau J, Kalousek DK. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1996 March-April; 11(2): 85-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8838763&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of early amniocentesis on foot deformity in the neonate. Author(s): Garcia-Alvarez F, Bello ML. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 May-June; 22(3): 411-2; Author Reply 412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961468&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of mid-trimester amniocentesis on lung function in the neonatal period. Author(s): Milner AD, Hoskyns EW, Hopkin IE. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 June; 151(6): 458-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1628677&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of maternal serum screening on the birth prevalence of Down's syndrome and the use of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling in South Australia. Author(s): Cheffins T, Chan A, Haan EA, Ranieri E, Ryall RG, Keane RJ, Byron-Scott R, Scott H, Gjerde EM, Nguyen AM, Ford JH, Sykes S. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 December; 107(12): 1453-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192100&dopt=Abstract
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The importance of genetic counseling before amniocentesis. Author(s): Cohn GM, Gould M, Miller RC, Habecker-Green J, Macri CJ, Gimovsky ML. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1996 September-October; 16(5): 352-7; Quiz 358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8915933&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of IVF, multiple gestation and miscarriage on the acceptance of genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Elimian A, Demsky M, Figueroa R, Ogburn P, Spitzer AR, Gerald Quirk J. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2003 June; 23(6): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813766&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of serum screening on the amniocentesis rate in women of advanced maternal age. Author(s): Beekhuis JR, De Wolf BT, Mantingh A, Heringa MP. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 March; 14(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8052569&dopt=Abstract
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The Korean collaborative study on 11,000 prenatal genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Yang YH, Ju KS, Kim SB, Cho YH, Lee JH, Lee SH, Choi OH, Chun JH, Kim JI, Kim HJ, Sohn YS. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1999 October; 40(5): 460-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565257&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein in women undergoing early amniocentesis. Author(s): Brumfield CG, Cloud GA, Davis RO, Finley SC, Hauth JC, Boots L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 September; 163(3): 903-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1698336&dopt=Abstract
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The rise and fall of early amniocentesis. Author(s): Mackenzie WE, Wyldes MP. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 December; 105(12): 1242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9883913&dopt=Abstract
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The risk of second-trimester amniocentesis in twin gestations: a case-control study. Author(s): Ghidini A, Lynch L, Hicks C, Alvarez M, Lockwood CJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 October; 169(4): 1013-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8238111&dopt=Abstract
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The role of physician preferences in the choice of amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling for prenatal genetic testing. Author(s): Heckerling PS, Verp MS, Albert N. Source: Genetic Testing. 1998; 2(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10464598&dopt=Abstract
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The roles of ultrasonography and amniocentesis in evaluation of elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Author(s): Lindfors KK, Gorczyca DP, Hanson FW, Tennant FR, McGahan JP, Peterson AG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 June; 164(6 Pt 1): 1571-5; Discussion 1575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1710874&dopt=Abstract
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The significance of choroid plexus cysts in fetuses at 18-20 weeks. An indication for amniocentesis? Author(s): Howard RJ, Tuck SM, Long J, Thomas VA. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1992 August; 12(8): 685-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1438061&dopt=Abstract
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The significance of prenatally identified isolated clubfoot: is amniocentesis indicated? Author(s): Shipp TD, Benacerraf BR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 March; 178(3): 600-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9539532&dopt=Abstract
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The use of color Doppler ultrasound to identify fetuses at increased risk for trisomy 21: an alternative for high-risk patients who decline genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): DeVore GR, Alfi O. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 March; 85(3): 378-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7862376&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic amniocentesis in twin-twin transfusion syndrome appearing in the second trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Saunders NJ, Snijders RJ, Nicolaides KH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 March; 166(3): 820-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1550147&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic amniocentesis using a vacuum bottle aspiration system. Author(s): Dolinger MB, Donnenfeld AE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 January; 91(1): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9464739&dopt=Abstract
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Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis: 5 years' experience at a university centre. Author(s): Palo P, Piiroinen O, Honkonen E, Lakkala T, Aula P. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 March; 14(3): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8052561&dopt=Abstract
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Transcervical chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis: a comparison of reliability, culture findings, and fetal outcome. Author(s): Ferguson JE 2nd, Vick DJ, Hogge JS, Hogge WA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 September; 163(3): 926-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2403170&dopt=Abstract
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Transient anhydramnios after early amniocentesis complicated by membrane rupture. Author(s): Abbound P, Mansour G, Zejli A. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 20(5): 519-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423496&dopt=Abstract
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Transplacental amniocentesis: is it really a higher-risk procedure? Author(s): Giorlandino C, Mobili L, Bilancioni E, D'Alessio P, Carcioppolo O, Gentili P, Vizzone A. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 September; 14(9): 803-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7845887&dopt=Abstract
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Transplacental early amniocentesis and pregnancy outcome. Author(s): Tharmaratnam S, Sadek S, Steele EK, Harper MA, Nevin NC, Dornan JC. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 February; 105(2): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501792&dopt=Abstract
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Transplacental needle passage and other risk-factors associated with second trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Marthin T, Liedgren S, Hammar M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1997 September; 76(8): 728-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9348248&dopt=Abstract
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Transplacental needle passage in early amniocentesis and pregnancy loss. Author(s): Bravo RR, Shulman LP, Phillips OP, Grevengood C, Martens PR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 September; 86(3): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7651657&dopt=Abstract
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Traumatic arteriovenous fistula: a complication of amniocentesis. Author(s): Ledbetter DJ, Hall DG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1992 June; 27(6): 720-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1501031&dopt=Abstract
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Traumatic prenatal sigmoid perforation due to amniocentesis. Author(s): Fines B, Ben-Ami TE, Yousefzadeh DK. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2001 June; 31(6): 440-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436892&dopt=Abstract
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Trisomy 12 mosaicism detected by mid-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Petrella R, Hirschhorn K. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1990 December; 10(12): 781-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2075180&dopt=Abstract
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Trisomy 12 mosaicism diagnosed by amniocentesis. Author(s): Brosens JJ, Overton C, Lavery SA, Thornton S. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1996 January; 75(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8561005&dopt=Abstract
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True trisomy 15 mosaicism, detected by amniocentesis at 12 weeks of gestation and fetal echocardiography. Author(s): Sundberg K, Brocks V, Jacobsen JR, Beck B. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 July; 14(7): 559-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971757&dopt=Abstract
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Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: aggressive therapeutic amniocentesis. Author(s): Dennis LG, Winkler CL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 August; 177(2): 342-7; Discussion 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9290449&dopt=Abstract
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Twin-twin transfusion syndrome--possible roles for Doppler ultrasound and amniocentesis. Author(s): Machin GA. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 July; 15(7): 681-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8532634&dopt=Abstract
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Twin-twin transfusion syndrome--possible roles for Doppler ultrasound and amniocentesis. Author(s): Donner C, Noel JC, Rypens F, van Kerkem J, Avni F, Rodesch F. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 January; 15(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7739999&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasonic assessment of fetal response to second-trimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Gianopoulos J, Elias SS, Simpson JL, Tamura R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 March; 67(3): 410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3511420&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasonic identification of needle tips in amniocentesis. Author(s): McDicken WN, Anderson T, MacKenzie WE, Dickson H, Scrimgeour JB. Source: Lancet. 1984 July 28; 2(8396): 198-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6146754&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasonic placental localization and bloody taps in midtrimester amniocentesis for prenatal genetic diagnosis. Author(s): Karp LE, Rothwell R, Conrad SH, Hoehn HW, Hickok DE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 November; 50(5): 589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=909665&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasonic placental localization in relation to spontaneous abortion after midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Hill JA, Reindollar RH, McDonough PG. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1982 October; 2(4): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7156025&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasonography for guidance of amniocentesis in genetic counseling. Author(s): Levine SC, Filly RA, Golbus MS. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1978 September; 14(3): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=699352&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasonography preceding diagnostic amniocentesis and its effect on amniotic fluid cell growth. Author(s): Nelson LH, Goodman HO, Brown SH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 July; 50(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=876525&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasonography-guided early amniocentesis in singleton pregnancies. Author(s): Hanson FW, Happ RL, Tennant FR, Hune S, Peterson AG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 June; 162(6): 1376-81; Discussion 1381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2193512&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound aspiration biopsy transducer amniocentesis. Author(s): Sneider P. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1979 May 19; 55(21): 829-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=472910&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound assisted amniocentesis in prenatal genetic counseling. Author(s): Arger PH, Freiman DB, Komins JI, Schwarz RH. Source: Radiology. 1976 July; 120(1): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=935439&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound during amniocentesis. Author(s): Lachman E. Source: Lancet. 1977 October 15; 2(8042): 832. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=71646&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound examination before amniocentesis and success of culture in genetic referrals. Six years' experience in Cape Town. Author(s): Smart RD, Jordaan H, Ross J, Nelson MM, Coetzee EJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1985 March 9; 67(10): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3885421&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound examination before amniocentesis. Its effect on cell culture for cytogenetic studies. Author(s): Smart RD, Nelson MM, Coetzee EJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1981 April 18; 59(17): 599-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7221773&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology with special reference to amniocentesis. Author(s): Didolkar SM. Source: S D J Med. 1978 March; 31(3): 5-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=273987&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound needle guidance for amniocentesis in pregnancies with low amniotic fluid. Author(s): McGahan JP, Tennant F, Hanson FW, Lindfors KK, Quilligan EJ. Source: J Reprod Med. 1987 July; 32(7): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3305928&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound placental site in relation to bloody taps in midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Hohler CW, Doherty RA, Lea J, Newhouse J, Felix J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 November; 52(5): 555-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=724173&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound prior to amniocentesis for genetic counseling. Author(s): Gerbie AB, Shkolnik AA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 December; 46(6): 716-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1187078&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound squares off against amniocentesis. Author(s): Frazer HA. Source: Diagn Imaging (San Franc). 1991 March; 13(3): 71-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10149712&dopt=Abstract
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Umbilical artery Doppler flow velocity waveforms after transplacental amniocentesis. Author(s): Haugen G, Helbig A, Husby H. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 April; 101(4): 697-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12681873&dopt=Abstract
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Umbilical cord damage and placental abruption during amniocentesis. Author(s): Zakut H, Lotan M, Achiron R. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1984; 63(3): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6730948&dopt=Abstract
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Umbilical vessel trauma: a potentially fatal complication of amniocentesis. Author(s): Painter CJ, Braun RD. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1982 March; 75(3): 182-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7087462&dopt=Abstract
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Uniocular congenital blindness as a complication of midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Merin S, Beyth Y. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1980 February; 89(2): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7355981&dopt=Abstract
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Uptake of amniocentesis in women aged 38 years or more by the time of the expected date of delivery: a two-year retrospective study. Author(s): Knott PD, Penketh RJ, Lucas MK. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1986 December; 93(12): 1246-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3801354&dopt=Abstract
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Use of a high-frequency aspiration-biopsy transducer for direct ultrasound-guided amniocentesis. Author(s): Bree RL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 April; 53(4): 523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=440660&dopt=Abstract
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Use of amniocentesis in preterm gestation with ruptured membranes. Author(s): Cotton DB, Hill LM, Strassner HT, Platt LD, Ledger WJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 January; 63(1): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6691016&dopt=Abstract
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Use of indigo carmine for twin amniocentesis and its effect on bilirubin analysis. Author(s): Horger EO 3rd, Moody LO. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 December 1; 150(7): 85860. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6507511&dopt=Abstract
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Use of needle guide to improve sonographically directed amniocentesis. Author(s): Williamson RA, Varner MW, Weiner CP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 May 1; 149(1): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6720767&dopt=Abstract
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Use of programmed counseling in amniocentesis. Author(s): McCormack MK, McCormack PG. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1982 November; 34(6): 1021-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6184985&dopt=Abstract
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Use of the ultrasound aspiration transducer in midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Farahani G, Goldman MA, Davis JG, Kardon NB, Mohandes E, Pek H, Fenton AN. Source: J Reprod Med. 1984 April; 29(4): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6201613&dopt=Abstract
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Use of ultrasound for placental localization in genetic amniocentesis. Author(s): Miskin M, Doran TA, Rudd N, Gardner HA, Liedgren S, Benzie R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 June; 43(6): 872-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4829282&dopt=Abstract
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Use, risks and complications of amniocentesis and chorionic villous sampling for prenatal diagnosis in early pregnancy. Author(s): Jauniaux E, Rodeck C. Source: Early Pregnancy. 1995 December; 1(4): 245-52. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9363255&dopt=Abstract
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Uses of amniocentesis. Author(s): Edwards JH. Source: Lancet. 1970 March 21; 1(7647): 608-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4190556&dopt=Abstract
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Utilization of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling by South Carolina women 35 years of age and older. Author(s): Knutson C, Young SR, Wade RV, Best RG. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1989 October; 85(10): 463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2811307&dopt=Abstract
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Very echogenic amniotic fluid: ultrasonography-amniocentesis correlation. Author(s): Brown DL, Polger M, Clark PK, Bromley BS, Doubilet PM. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1994 February; 13(2): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7932968&dopt=Abstract
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Waiting for the amniocentesis. Author(s): Hodge SE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 January 5; 320(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2909885&dopt=Abstract
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When is an amniocentesis for fetal maturity unnecessary in nondiabetic pregnancies at risk? Author(s): Gross TL, Sokol RJ, Kazzi GM, Wolfson RN, Kazzi NJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 June 1; 149(3): 311-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6731508&dopt=Abstract
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Who should perform genetic amniocentesis? Author(s): Fleisher AA 2nd. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 February; 186(2): 338. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854662&dopt=Abstract
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Who's for amniocentesis. Author(s): Wyatt PR. Source: Lancet. 1977 June 18; 1(8025): 1315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=68416&dopt=Abstract
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Who's for amniocentesis? Author(s): Polani EO. Source: Lancet. 1977 May 21; 1(8021): 1099. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=68193&dopt=Abstract
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Why cell culture is successful after early amniocentesis. Author(s): Byrne D, Azar G, Nicolaides K. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1991; 6(1-2): 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1768350&dopt=Abstract
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Women's informed choice of prenatal diagnosis: early ultrasound examinationroutine ultrasound examination-age-independent amniocentesis. Author(s): Crang-Svalenius E, Dykes AK, Jorgensen C. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1996 January-February; 11(1): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8719717&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AMNIOCENTESIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and amniocentesis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Amniocentesis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “amniocentesis” (or a synonym): •
A randomised trial of progesterone prophylaxis after midtrimester amniocentesis. Author(s): Institute of Gynecology, Policlinico Universitario, 98100, Messina, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Corrado, Francesco Dugo, Corrado Cannata, Maria L Di Bartolo, Massimo Scilipoti, Angela Carlo Stella, Narcisio Eur-J-Obstet-Gynecol-Reprod-Biol. 2002 January 10; 100(2): 196-8 0301-2115
•
Complete resolution of CMV-associated acute hydramnios by single large volume reduction amniocentesis and maternal indomethacin. A case report. Author(s): Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Source: Bondagji, N Manning, F A Martel, J Harman, C R Morrison, I Fetal-Diagn-Ther. 1996 Sep-October; 11(5): 345-7 1015-3837
•
Intraoperative amniocentesis and indomethacin treatment in the management of an immature pregnancy with completely dilated cervix. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, York Hospital, Pennsylvania. Source: Evans, D J Kofinas, A D King, K Obstet-Gynecol. 1992 May; 79(5 ( Pt 2)): 881-2 0029-7844
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Nutrition 101
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. AMNIOCENTESIS
ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to amniocentesis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to amniocentesis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to amniocentesis: •
A case of conflict. Religious belief, medicine, and civil liability. Author(s): Farber D. Source: Second Opinion (Park Ridge, Ill.). 1987; (5): 58-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10284748&dopt=Abstract
•
A case of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency with later prenatal diagnosis of an unaffected sibling. Author(s): Tsuchiyama A, Oyanagi K, Hirano S, Tachi N, Sogawa H, Wagatsuma K, Nakao T, Tsugawa S, Kawamura Y. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1983; 6(3): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6422150&dopt=Abstract
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•
A protocol to address the depressive effects of abortion for fetal abnormalities discovered prenatally via amniocentesis. Author(s): Rucquoi JK, Mahoney MJ. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1992; 28(1): 57-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1340236&dopt=Abstract
•
Birth defects: a geneticist's review of current concepts. Author(s): Wallace DC. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1972 May; 12(2): 110-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4509095&dopt=Abstract
•
Care of critically ill newborns in India. Legal and ethical issues. Author(s): Subramanian KN, Paul VK. Source: The Journal of Legal Medicine. 1995 June; 16(2): 263-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7636406&dopt=Abstract
•
Chorionic villus sampling in continuing pregnancies. II. Cytogenetic reliability. Author(s): Martin AO, Simpson JL, Rosinsky BJ, Elias S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 June; 154(6): 1353-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3013009&dopt=Abstract
•
Detection of phytoestrogens in samples of second trimester human amniotic fluid. Author(s): Foster WG, Chan S, Platt L, Hughes CL Jr. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 March 28; 129(3): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888703&dopt=Abstract
•
Does light pressure effleurage reduce pain and anxiety associated with genetic amniocentesis? A randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Fischer RL, Bianculli KW, Sehdev H, Hediger ML. Source: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 2000 September-October; 9(5): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132586&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of Viscum album L. on rapidly proliferating amniotic fluid cells. Sister chromatid exchange frequency and proliferation index. Author(s): Bussing A, Lehnert A, Schink M, Mertens R, Schweizer K. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1995 January; 45(1): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7893276&dopt=Abstract
•
Evidence mounts for sex-selective abortion in Asia. Author(s): Westley SB.
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Source: Asia Pac Pop Policy. 1995 May-June; (34): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12319402&dopt=Abstract •
Fabricating a face: the essence of embryology in the dental curriculum. Author(s): Sperber GH. Source: J Dent Educ. 2003 March; 67(3): 370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12665068&dopt=Abstract
•
Factor IX and prothrombin in amniotic fluid and fetal plasma: constraints on prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia B and evidence of proteolysis. Author(s): Thompson AR. Source: Blood. 1984 October; 64(4): 867-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6478059&dopt=Abstract
•
Female infanticide and amniocentesis. Author(s): Jeffery R, Jeffery P, Lyon A. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1984; 19(11): 1207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6395348&dopt=Abstract
•
Fetal movement. Author(s): Sorokin Y, Dierker LJ Jr. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 December; 25(4): 719-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6761026&dopt=Abstract
•
Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Author(s): Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Source: Chemical Senses. 1995 April; 20(2): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7583013&dopt=Abstract
•
Gastrointestinal disorders of the fetus. Author(s): Gleason PF, Eddleman KA, Stone JL. Source: Clin Perinatol. 2000 December; 27(4): 901-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816493&dopt=Abstract
•
Generating man. Author(s): Vaux K. Source: Tex Rep Biol Med. 1974 Spring; 32(1): 351-68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4529450&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic decision making and pastoral care. Clergy involvement. Author(s): Baumiller RC.
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Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1983 April; 18(4): 38A, 38D-38F. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6404781&dopt=Abstract •
Incidence of tetraploidy as related to amniotic fluid cell types. Author(s): Tegenkamp TR, Hux CH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 December 15; 120(8): 106670. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4473898&dopt=Abstract
•
Italian validation of the Symptom Rating Test (SRT) and Symptom Questionnaire (SQ). Author(s): Fava GA, Kellner R, Perini GI, Fava M, Michelacci L, Munari F, Evangelisti LP, Grandi S, Bernardi M, Mastrogiacomo I. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1983 March; 28(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6839279&dopt=Abstract
•
KAP study on mothers of children with Down syndrome. Author(s): Lakshminarayana P, Ibrahim S, Venkataraman P, Jagatheesan T, Kamala KG. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1991 September; 28(9): 997-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1839390&dopt=Abstract
•
Laminaria augmentation of intra-amniotic PGF2 for midtrimester pregnancy termination. Author(s): Stubblefield PG, Naftolin F, Frigoletto F, Ryan KJ. Source: Prostaglandins. 1975 September; 10(3): 413-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1105692&dopt=Abstract
•
Letter: Amniocentesis in Tay-Sachs disease. Author(s): Rosner F. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 May 13; 228(7): 829. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4406299&dopt=Abstract
•
Moral and religious influences on the amniocentesis decision. Author(s): Seals BF, Ekwo EE, Williamson RA, Hanson JW. Source: Soc Biol. 1985 Spring-Summer; 32(1-2): 13-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4081804&dopt=Abstract
•
Moral dilemmas that are acute within a religious tradition. A Catholic perspective. Author(s): McCormick R.
Alternative Medicine 107
Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1983 July; 18(7): 196-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6407972&dopt=Abstract •
Multivitamin/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects. Author(s): Milunsky A, Jick H, Jick SS, Bruell CL, MacLaughlin DS, Rothman KJ, Willett W. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 November 24; 262(20): 2847-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2478730&dopt=Abstract
•
Patient attitudes to prenatal screening and termination of pregnancy at Groote Schuur Hospital: a two year prospective study. Author(s): Viljoen D, Oosthuizen C, van der Westhuizen S. Source: East Afr Med J. 1996 May; 73(5): 327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8756038&dopt=Abstract
•
Perinatal bereavement counseling in genetics. Author(s): Benkendorf J, Corson V, Allen JF, Ilse S. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1990; 26(3): 136-48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2092834&dopt=Abstract
•
Polyhydramnios as a sign of fetal pseudohypoaldosteronism. Author(s): Narchi H, Santos M, Kulaylat N. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2000 April; 69(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760533&dopt=Abstract
•
Preamniocentesis counseling. Author(s): Temple MJ. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1983 June; 18(6): 94E-F, 94K-N, 94T. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6406357&dopt=Abstract
•
Prenatal HLA typing of uncultured amniocytes prior to the collection of related allogeneic cord blood. Author(s): Bugert P, Zieger W, Kluter H, Eichler H. Source: Tissue Antigens. 2001 August; 58(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11696225&dopt=Abstract
•
Shall we “reproduce”? II. Rejoinders and future forecast. Author(s): Ramsey P.
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Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 June 12; 220(11): 1480-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5067583&dopt=Abstract •
The effect of diet supplementation and addition of zinc in vitro on the growthsupporting property of amniotic fluid in African women. Author(s): Appelbaum PC, Ross SM, Dhupelia I, Naeye RL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 September 1; 135(1): 82-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=474664&dopt=Abstract
•
The measurement of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in human amniotic fluid. Author(s): Bleasdale JE, Davis CS, Agranoff BW. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1978 March 30; 528(3): 331-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=205249&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the
Alternative Medicine 109
MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AMNIOCENTESIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to amniocentesis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “amniocentesis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on amniocentesis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Amniocentesis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to amniocentesis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Study of the Relationship between Manifest Anxiety and Social Work Intervention of Couples Having Amniocentesis for Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Defects. by Ashery, Rebecca Sager, Dsw from The Catholic University of America, 1976, 283 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7611189
•
Amniocentesis and Prenatal Diagnosis of Sex in Cattle by Bongso, T. A; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK28048
•
Consequences of Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling for Prenatal Diagnosis by Cederholm, Maria; Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2002, 43 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f737169
112 Amniocentesis
•
Emotional Responses of Pregnant Women Undergoing Chorionic Villus Sampling or Amniocentesis by Spencer, John Wayne; Phd from Simon Fraser University (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30753
•
Factors Influencing Amniocentesis Refusal by Bishop, Kathleen Kirk, Dsw from The Catholic University of America, 1987, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8712626
•
Families Who Must Decide: Amniocentesis and Child-keeping Decisions by Seals, Brenda Faith, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1989, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9019975
•
Family Resources: Perception of Social Readjustment Associated with Amniocentesis by Davis, Carol Lynn, Phd from University of Maine, 1983, 318 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8412523
•
Medical Innovation and Decision-making: Factors Affecting the Use of Midtrimester Amniocentesis by Nielsen, Caroline Craven, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1980, 284 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8103216
•
The Amniocentesis - Abortion Experience: a Study of Psychological Effects and Healing Process by Menary, Jeanne Elise, Edd from Harvard University, 1987, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8711669
•
The Determinants of Utilization of Genetic Amniocentesis by Late Maternal Age Women by Dawe, Ursula; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL42466
•
The Influence of Genetic Amniocentesis on Obstetric Outcome and Neonatal Behaviour by Finegan, Jo-anne Kathryn; Phd from York University (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK58736
•
The Roles of Social Support in Coping with the Amniocentesis by Goell-varkovitzky, Elana, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1986, 380 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8621287
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND AMNIOCENTESIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning amniocentesis.
Recent Trials on Amniocentesis The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to amniocentesis.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Prenatal Testing: Amniocentesis Versus Transabdominal Chorionic Villus Sampling (TA CVS) Condition(s): Pregnancy Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Prenatal diagnosis can provide information to parents about specific fetal disorders. However, invasive prenatal diagnostic procedures are associated with risks to the fetus. This study will compare the safety and effectiveness of two methods of invasive prenatal diagnosis: amniocentesis and transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (TA CVS). Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065897
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. 5
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “amniocentesis” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
•
For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON AMNIOCENTESIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.6 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “amniocentesis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on amniocentesis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Amniocentesis By performing a patent search focusing on amniocentesis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 6Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on amniocentesis: •
Affinity-binding separation and release of one or more selected subset of biological entities from a mixed population thereof Inventor(s): Church; Ellen S. (Trenton, NJ), Terstappen; Leon W. M. M. (Huntingdon Valley, PA), Feeley; Brian P. (Easton, PA), Rao; Galla C. (Princeton, NJ), Gohel; Dhanesh I. (Levittown, PA), Gross; Steven (Ambler, PA), Liberti; Paul A. (Huntington Valley, PA) Assignee(s): Immunivest Corporation (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 5,646,001 Date filed: February 28, 1995 Abstract: A method for separation of a mixture of biological entities into at least three distinct, subpopulations. Different antibodies are provided, with each antibody bound to a solid support in a unique manner such that by a manipulation of the physical or chemical environment, the bonds between the antibodies and the solid supports can be selectively broken. The mixed population of cells is incubated with the antibodies. The cells are magnetically separated from a test medium and collected in a monolayer upon a collection surface. Then by manipulation of the physicochemical environment, specific linkages can be broken and desired cell subpopulations released from the collection surface. This method has medically significant diagnostic and therapeutic applications, as entire cell types can be separated from non-malignant medically vital cell types. Cancer can be diagnosed, staged, and monitored. Genetic analysis from maternal blood, CVS, or amniocentesis samples is possible. Diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis or hepatitis can be monitored. This invention also has utility in the fields of bone marrow transplantation, fetal cell research, in vitro fertilization, and gene therapy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to affinity-binding separation of a mixed population of biological entities in which the method of capture is performed such that it is possible to selectively release a distinct subset of biological entities, or several such subsets in sequence, from the captured population by controlled dissociation from the capture agent. This invention has utility in the fields of diagnostic and therapeutic medicine, genetic manipulation, in-vitro fertilization, forensic science, food and environmental testing, and scientific research. Separation technology has evolved over centuries and is extensively applied in numerous industries, including such basic techniques as winnowing grain from chaff. Low cost separation processes are based on differences in gross physical properties, e.g., size, shape, density, oil/water solubility, and utilize a variety of physical forces or barriers such as gravity, centrifugation, flotation and sieving. More demanding separations are based on chemical and/or physicochemical properties which function at the molecular level, such as charge density and molecular size and shape. When entities are virtually identical at the gross and molecular level, affinity-binding is often relied on as the basis for separation. Affinity-binding discriminates at the molecular level, via a molecular "lock & key" mechanism, which is commonly referred to as a specific binding pair, e.g. ligand/receptor, interaction. The immune system in which antibodies and/or cells attack and destroy specific pathogens, as well as the endocrine system, in which hormones secreted by one gland create physiological effects in target tissue elsewhere in the body, are examples of nature's use of the affinity-binding principle. Affinity-binding technology often makes use of receptors such as polyclonal antibodies and lectins, as well as hapten-labeling of molecules for recognition by anti-haptens. The emergence of monoclonal antibody technology has made affinity-binding separations a cost-effective
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and efficient reality. The next generation of affinity-binding technology will likely include the use of single chain antibodies, peptides and oligonucleotides or a combination thereof. Single chain antibodies (scFv) are engineered proteins which may be expressed on the surface of phages such as M13 or fd, and which bind to antigenic determinants in a manner similar to monoclonal antibodies which are traditionally generated from hybridomas. Relatively short peptides can also contain a binding site capable of discriminating antigenic determinants and can be further linked to small immuno-specifically recognizable substances, which effectively replace the "conserved" region of an antibody, and thus can themselves be immuno-specifically bound using a "second antibody" capture technique. Oligonucleotides may be chemically conjugated to either peptides or small molecules, and the resulting conjugate can specifically bind to antigenic determinants. In other cases, the oligonucleotide alone can bind to an antigenic determinant with high specificity. In order to obtain the desired specificity of these antigen binding probes, libraries have been constructed which contain a large diversity of such probes. Antigen binding probes can be isolated from such libraries by presentation of the appropriate antigen. After isolation of the antigen binding probes with the desired specificity, the probe can be further characterized and large quantities can be produced. See, for example, De Kruif, et al., PNAS in press; De Kruif, et al., JMB, in press; Chen & Gold, Biochemistry, 33(29):8746-56 (1994); Fodor, et al., Science, 251:767-73 (1991); and McCafferty, Nature, 348:552-54 (1990). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05646001__ •
Amniocentesis needle Inventor(s): Young; Ruperto S. (Amsterdam, NY) Assignee(s): Universal Medical Instrument Corporation (Ballston Spa, NY) Patent Number: 4,308,875 Date filed: March 11, 1981 Abstract: Discloses an amniocentesis needle for use in performing amniocentesis to obtain a amniotic fluid and fetal debris from a pregnant woman's uterus for diagnostic purposes. The amniocentesis needle comprises a hollow needle and a stylet. The hollow needle has a lumen removably and complementally receiving the stylet in close-fitting relationship. The hollow needle has a non-cutting tip and a distal portion which has side holes communicating with the lumen. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the procedure of amniocentesis and, in particular, relates to a needle for specific use in such procedure. Amniocentesis is a procedure utilized to obtain 10 to 20 cc of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman's uterus for diagnostic purposes. Such fluid is obtained, in the prior art, by inserting a long spinal needle, having a sharp-cutting tip, through the skin, fascia and uterine muscle into the uterine cavity and obtaining therefrom such amniotic fluid by aspiration. Complications, including trauma, hemorrhage and infection have resulted from employing such prior-art surgical needle in such procedure. Concomitantly, the fetus, umbilical cord or placenta may be punctured by such sharp-cutting surgical needle and with such resulting injuries that vary from scratching of parts of the fetus to intrauterine hemorrhage, causing fetal distress and intrauterine death. Fetal pneumothorax and cord hematomas have occurred. Prior to this invention, there was no safe needle specifically designed for this procedure. The medical literature is replete with documented cases substantiating the prior-art problems, to wit: fetal bleeding and death from puncture of the umbilical cord; free flow of blood from needle puncture of the umbilical cord
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wrapped around the baby's neck with puncture of the nuchal cord; puncture through a vessel on the fetal surface of the placenta; thoracic puncture resulting in pneumothorax; laceration of the fetal spleen with rupture of the membranes; surgical emphysema and pneumothroax; puncture of the eye requiring its subsequent surgical removal; spontaneous abortion resulting from leakage of amniotic fluid; gangrene of fetal limb as a result of the subclavian artery being punctured; amputations of the fetal limbs within the mother's womb; blindness resulting from ocular puncture; puncture of the fetal peritoneal cavity causing ileal atresia and ileocutaneous fistula; obstruction of the small bowel; scars all over the fetal bodies from needle laceration and needle scratchings; laceration of the spleen, cardiac tamponade, subdural hematoma, arteriovenous fistula; rupture of fetal membranes; the complications of needle-tract endometriosis; respiratory difficulties, major orthopaedic deformities, premature ruptures of the membranes, hemorrhage; needle injury to the myocardium, lung, liver, spleen and brain; fetal exsanguination. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04308875__ •
Amniocentesis needle with improved sonographic visibility Inventor(s): Hurwitz; Robert (2310 Tustin Ave., Newport Beach, CA 92660) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,977,897 Date filed: August 17, 1988 Abstract: Disclosed is a medical cannula or amniocentesis needle of improved sonographic visibility. The invention comprises a needle or cannula having one or more sounding apertures formed therein. The diameter of each sounding aperture is substantially equal to a predetermined wavelength of an incident ultrasonic beam. As a result, the beam will diffract upon striking the sounding aperture and the resultant echo will ddiffuse isotropically therefrom, thereby improving the ultrasonic detectability thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the medical arts and more particularly to a needle or other tubular cannula having improved sonographic visibility. The present invention is particularly suited for use in amniocentesis procedures and will be described herein as an improved "amniocentesis needle". It must be appreciated, however, that the means for improving acoustical detectability of the present invention may have broad applicability and may find utility in connection with virtually any needle, tube, catheter, cannula, trocar, or object wherein improved ultrasonic visibility is desired Specific examples of devices other than amniocentesis needles wherein the acoustical improvements of the present invention may be applicable include, but are certainly not limited to, various biopsy needles, aspiration cannulae, trocars, insertable scopes, surgical instruments, drug-containing implant devices, and cardiovascular catheters of the type routinely placed by echocardiographic guidance. Referring specifically to amniocentesis procedures, the safety and efficiency of such procedures has been substantially improved in recent years by the application of real time ultrasonic imaging as a means for monitoring the percutaneous transabdominal insertion and intrauterine placement of the aspiration needle. Such ultrasonic imaging and guidance provides a safe and non-invasive means for ensuring proper placement of the needle to avoid inadvertant aspiration of blood from the uterus or placenta or damage to the fetus The proper placement of the needle prior to aspiration is particularly important in that any contamination of the amniotic fluid sample by blood
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from the uterus or placenta may render the sample unacceptable for analysis, thus requiring that the entire procedure be repeated, thereby multiplying the attendant risk of injury to the mother and/or fetus. Another benefit derived from routine ultrasonic guidance has been a significant decrease in the incidence of fetal injury. Most injuries to the fetus during amniocentesis have previously occurred due to direct traumatization of the fetus by the aspiration needle. Thus, the ability to carefully monitor placement of the needle tip relative to the fetus is a key factor in avoiding injury to the fetus. Unfortunately, the acoustical properties and resultant "imageability" of the commonly used amniocentesis needles are generally less than optimal for the reasons hereinafter discussed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04977897__ •
Differential expansion of fetal stem cells in maternal circulation for use in prenatal genetic analysis Inventor(s): Alter; Blanche P. (Galveston, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 5,580,724 Date filed: March 25, 1994 Abstract: The methods of the present invention use blood of pregnant females and fetal cell amplification to facilitate prenatal diagnosis without invading fetal space. This method is less invasive and simpler than amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling because it involves only drawing blood from the mother to obtain a fetal cell sample. If there is a specific disease with known molecular mutations being sought, cells from the sample are a source of DNA enriched for fetal material. If the disease is one involving red cells, this method provides fetal red cells for analysis. If the disease involves white cells, different cytokines can be used to selectively produce fetal leukocytes. When an abnormal chromosome pattern without a specific diagnostic risk (e.g., advanced maternal age) is being sought, then the culture method provides dividing cells of fetal origin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to noninvasive sampling of fetal cells for the purpose of prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases. Candidate cells proposed by others include leukocytes, erythroid cells, and trophoblasts. Estimates of the amount of fetal blood which crosses into the maternal circulation in the first or second trimester include 2.mu.L per day or a total of 50 to 200.mu.L by the midtrimester (Parks et al.). Other estimates suggest that about 1/50,000 cells are fetal (Schroder et al. ). A recent study determined that this ratio increased from 1/144,000 at 15 weeks gestation to 1/4,000 later in pregnancy (Hamada et al.). Zipursky et al. were the first to demonstrate fetal red cells in maternal blood (albeit, immediately following delivery), using the KleihauerBetke stain for fetal hemoglobin (Zipursky et al.). Schr oder reviewed this topic in 1975 and suggested that more than 1 fetal cell per 50,000 maternal cells was present in 5-10% of pregnancies in the second trimester (Schr oSder et al.). Parks and Herzenberg used fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and found Rh D.sup.+ red cells in the blood of all Rh D.sup.- ABO compatible mothers in frequencies ranging from 1:4,000 to 1:80,000, corresponding to 200.mu.L of fetal blood (Parks et al.). Fetal erythroblasts (and reticulocytes) in maternal blood were identified as early as 16 weeks gestation using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) with monoclonal antibodies to the transferrin receptor (TFR) by Bianchi et al. (1990) Price et al. enhanced the enrichment with the addition of antibody to glycophorin A (GPA), and sorting according to cell size (forward
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angle light scatter) and granularity (side scatter). They concluded that there was an enrichment from 1 fetal nucleated red cell per 10.sup.7 maternal cells to 1 per 10-20 cells, using in situ hybridization with markers for X and Y chromosomes. G anshirt-Ahlert et al. suggested that magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) with microbeads would be faster than FACS, but found that antibody to TFR was not efficient for the enrichment of nucleated fetal cells, since many erythroblasts were non-reactive, and many reticulocytes (fetal and maternal) were TFR-positive. Bianchi et al. (1993) then combined antibodies to TFR, GPA, and to the thrombospondin receptor (TSPR), and found that GPA was the most important marker for recovery of fetal nucleated cells. Many of the analyses using TFR and GPA did not determine the final proportion of fetal/maternal cells; they used either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA for Southern blots or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect male cells or fetal aneuploidy. The presence of fetal white cells in the pregnant mother's blood was suggested as early as 1969 by Walknowska et al., based on the detection of XY karyotype in 0.2 to 1% of lymphocytes. In similar studies, examining for Y chromosomes or Y fluorescence in interphase cells, fetal lymphocytes comprised about 0.1 to 1% (Schroder et al., 1972; De Grouchy et al.; Schroder et al., 1975; Grosset, et al.; Siebers et al.; and Kirsch-Voiders et al.). Herzenberg et al. used FACS to sort for paternal HLA types, and found Y-positive cells at an incidence of 3 per 1,000 sorted cells; a larger study by the same group found an incidence of 1/800 to 1/60,000 (Iverson et al.). One group stained maternal mononuclear cells (MNC) for.alpha.-fetoprotein and found 1/1,000 positive cells (Kulozik et al.). Nakagome et al. used PCR amplification of Y DNA from unseparated maternal cells and found no positives, indicating that fetal cells were less than 1/25,000 maternal cells. However, Kao et al. were able to correctly identify male fetuses with this approach and indicated that 2 fetal cells were sufficient. Lo et al. used nested PCR with 2 sets of Y-specific primers, and could find 1 male in 300,000 female cells. To circumvent the possibility of residual lymphocytes from earlier male pregnancies, Wessman et al. used anti-My7 to identify granulocytes on cytospin slides of maternal mononuclear cells and found that about 0.1% were Y.sup.+ using in situ hybridization. Thus, the sensitivity of detection of fetal leukocytes in maternal blood varies widely, perhaps dependent on the assay method, the method of enrichment, and the gestational age; the specificity also varies, with most reports including false negatives as well as false positives. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05580724__ •
Disposable universal needle guide apparatus (for amniocentesis) Inventor(s): Ng; Raymond C. (1737 Oak Grove, San Marino, CA 91108) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,100,387 Date filed: July 19, 1990 Abstract: A surgical needle guide apparatus comprising a substantially horizontal base to be applied to a surface on or adjacent a patient's body surface zone to be punctured by the needle; an upright guide flange mounted on the base, there being pivot structure associated with the flange and base and projecting beyond the base, to overhang an open zone adjacent the surface and offset from the flange; and elongated, tubular guide structure having a lower end portion carried by the pivot structure to be manually pivoted so that the needle structure swings adjacent the guide flange, the tubular structure adapted to receive needle structure for guiding movement thereof toward the
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open zone and at an angle determined by selective swinging of the tubular guide structure relative to the base. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to amniocentesis procedures, and more particularly to apparatus and techniques enhancing the accuracy and safety of such procedures. Amniocentesis is an obstetrical procedure in which a small gauge needle is inserted percutaneously through the uterus into the pregnancy sac to obtain a sample of the amniotic fluid for prenatal genetic and biochemical studies. In order to reduce the possibility of needle injuries to the placenta and the fetus, this invasive procedure is performed under direct vision techniques using ultrasound, as the needle is being inserted through the tissue layers into the pregnancy sac. Both free hand insertion and techniques employing needle guides are presently used. Needle guides are designed to increase the accuracy of the insertion as compared to the free hand technique. Presently used needle guides are constructed as parts of transducer probes, and because of such attachment, much of the desired maneuverability is lost. An "articulated" needle guide has been described recently (OB-GYN, Vol. 74, No., 1989), but it still has to be attached to the transducer probe itself and thereby offers no maneuverability advantage. Besides, due to the employment of a large number of moving parts (and joints) in this needle guide, the design has defeated its purpose by unnecessarily requiring a large number of variables that need to be adjusted and fixed to properly position the needle, thereby increasing the chance of inaccuracy in setting the needle direction. This also produces considerable clumsiness in its overall application. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05100387__ •
Enriching and identifying fetal cells in maternal blood for in situ hybridization Inventor(s): Bresser; Joel (Bellaire, TX), Asgari; Morteza (Houston, TX), Prashad; Nagindra (Houston, TX), Blick; Mark (Houston, TX), Cubbage; Michael L. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Aprogenex, Inc. (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 5,629,147 Date filed: January 17, 1995 Abstract: Fetal cells may be obtained from amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, percutaneous umbilical cord sampling or in vitro fertilization embryos or products of conception, but are preferably from maternal peripheral blood. Fetal cells may be enriched by density gradient centrifugation. Fetal cells may also be enriched by removing maternal cells with an antibody to a cell surface antigen, e.g. anti-CD45, either immobilized or by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Fetal cells are also distinguishable from maternal cells by staining, e.g. with a labeled antibody to cytokeratin or to fetal hemoglobin, or for fetal hemoglobin by hematoxylin/eosin, or by in situ hybridization to detect one or more fetal mRNAs, e.g., of fetal hemoglobin or fetoprotein. Amplification may be used in conjunction with the in situ hybridization. Fetal cells circulating in maternal blood may be separated by flow cytometry, sorting on their intrinsic light scattering properties. Fetal nucleated erythrocytes may be identified by a label for fetal hemoglobin. Fetal cells may be treated to determine genetic characteristics or abnormalities, infectious agents or other properties by nucleic acid hybridization. Genetic abnormalities may include deletions, additions, amplifications, translocations or rearrangements. Multiple abnormalities may also be detected simultaneously, and they may be visually distinguished by color. Kits are provided for the disclosed procedures.
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Excerpt(s): This invention generally pertains to a method of enriching fetal cells from maternal blood and to a method for identifying such fetal cells, and further to a process whereby such cells are specimens in an in situ hybridization to detect nucleic acid sequences of clinical interest, e.g. to identify the sex of a fetus, and to detect genetic abnormalities and/or viral infections in fetal cells. The sex of a human fetus and certain fetal chromosomal abnormalities are conventionally detected or confirmed by directly examining the chromosomes in fetal cells by cytogenetic analysis or by testing for specific sequences of DNA within the chromosomes using nucleic acid analysis. These tests require the collection and culturing of living cells obtained through an outpatient surgical procedure involving some risk to the mother or fetus. Cells, which have been shed from the fetus, may be obtained by amniocentesis. Amniocentesis involves inserting a needle through the abdominal wall into the uterus and withdrawing a small amount of amniotic fluid. An alternative procedure involves sampling the tissue of chorionic villi from the surface of the placenta by inserting a catheter through the cervix or abdomen. However, spontaneous miscarriage or other serious complications may occur in about 0.5% of amniocentesis procedures and about 1% of chorionic villus procedures. Fetal cells collected by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling are grown in culture for several days and then examined for abnormalities. Various kinds of fetal cells have been characterized. Fetal cells include, but are not limited to, fetal erythrocytes, lymphocytes or trophoblasts. Trophoblasts include cytotrophoblast or syncytiotrophoblast cells and cells which may be sampled from embryos produced by in vitro fertilization techniques. As used herein, the term "erythrocytes" includes erythroblasts, normoblasts and reticulocytes, as well as erythrocytes, unless the contrary is clear from the context. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05629147__ •
Fetal anatomic sex assignment by ultrasonography during early pregnancy Inventor(s): Stephens; John D. (14171 Stanford Ct., Los Altos Hills, CA 94022) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,986,274 Date filed: December 4, 1989 Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for fetal anatomic sex assignment by ultrasound during early pregnancy based on pattern recognition that allows identification of external genitalia during the gestational age range of 12 to 14 weeks. The pattern recognition derives from knowledge of the embryology of the developing external genitalia of the fetus and the relationship between embryologic events and recognizing patterns specific for male and female obtained by ultrasonic imaging. Fetal anatomic sex has been accurately diagnosed using high resolution digital linear-array real-time ultrasound in over 500 pregnancies that were scheduled for ultrasound except for detected cases of sex reversal, sex chromosome mosaicism, prior to genetic amniocentesis, and ambiguous sex chromosomes, except as noted, ultrasonic imaging of the penile or clitoral structure corresponded to later sex determination by karyotype. Imaging of the external genitalia can be included as part of a complete fetal anatomic survey, which includes gestational age dating and inspection for gross abnormalities. Sex assignment requires 30 seconds to 10 minutes. Fetal anatomic sex assignment can be performed by ultrasound early in pregnancy, that is, during the twelfth to fourteenth weeks from the last menstrual period of the mother, yet the results are as accurate as those obtained by chromosome analysis from genetic amniocentesis which can be safely
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performed only after the sixteenth week of pregnancy. Fetal anatomic sex assignment is particularly useful in genetic counseling with regard to X-linked disorders and can be clinically important when either sex reversal, sex chromosome mosaicism, or ambiguous sex chromosomes are detected by prenatal diagnosis. Other features are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to ultrasonography and, more particularly, to medical techniques which employ ultrasonography. Specifically, the invention is directed to the use of ultrasonic imaging for assigning the anatomic sex of a human fetus during early pregnancy, that is, in the period between the twelfth week and the fourteenth week of gestation. Technological progress continues to improve the spatial resolution of images obtained using linear-array real-time ultrasound in obstetrical genetics. The change from analog to digital ultrasound systems has contributed to this improvement. With the improvement in resolution in digital linear-array real-time ultrasound systems has come marked improvement in identification of specific parts of fetal anatomy at an increasingly earlier stage of gestation. The use of ultrasound, or high-frequency sound waves, to produce an image on a screen of a developing fetus and surrounding tissues has increased dramatically in recent years, not only in hospitals, but in doctors' offices. A panel recently convened by the National Institutes of Health concluded that there are more than two dozen medical reasons which warrant the use of ultrasound scans in some cases, including the detection of abnormalities in a fetus, when a doctor has evidence that a medical problem exists; the detection of the presence of twins; the collection of information for the evaluation of fetal growth, activity, and position; and the determination of fetal age for better management of the pregnancy. National Institutes of Health, Consensus Development Conference Consensus Statement, "The Use of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging in Pregnancy," Feb. 6-8, 1984. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04986274__ •
Method for carrying out a medical procedure using a three-dimensional tracking and imaging system Inventor(s): Burkhoff; Daniel (Tenafly, NJ), Klein; George (London, CA), Smith; Wayne (London, CA), Vesely; Ivan (Cleveland Heights, OH) Assignee(s): Sonometrics Corporation (Ontario, CA) Patent Number: 6,246,898 Date filed: May 8, 1998 Abstract: A method for carrying out a medical procedure using a 3-D tracking and imaging system (1600). A surgical instrument, such as a catheter, probe, sensor, pacemaker lead, needle, or the like is inserted into a living being, and the position of the surgical instrument is tracked as it moves through a medium in a bodily structure. The location of the surgical instrument relative to its immediate surroundings is displayed to improve a physician's ability to precisely position the surgical instrument. The medical procedures including targeted drug delivery, sewing sutures, removal of an obstruction from the circulatory system, a biopsy, amniocentesis, brain surgery, measurement of cervical dilation, evaluation of knee stability, assessment of myocardial contractibility, eye surgery, prostate surgery, trans-myocardial revascularization (TMR), robotic surgery, and evaluation of RF transmissions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to a method for carrying out medical procedures, and more particularly to a method for carrying out medical procedures using a 3-D locating and imaging system. Using the time-of-flight principle of high
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frequency sound waves, it is possible to accurately measure distances within an aqueous medium, such as inside the body of a living being during a surgical procedure. High frequency sound, or ultrasound, is defined as vibrational energy that ranges in frequency from 100 kHz to 10 MHz. The device used to obtain three-dimensional measurements using sound waves is known as a sonomicrometer. Typically, a sonomicrometer consists of a pair of piezoelectric transducers (i.e., one transducer acts as a transmitter while the other transducer acts as a receiver). The transducers are implanted into a medium, and connected to electronic circuitry. To measure the distance between the transducers, the transmitter is electrically energized to produce ultrasound. The resulting sound wave then propagates through the medium until it is detected by the receiver. The transmitter typically takes the form of a piezoelectric crystal that is energized by a high voltage spike, or impulse function lasting under a microsecond. This causes the piezoelectric crystal to oscillate at its own characteristic resonant frequency. The envelope of the transmitter signal decays rapidly with time, usually producing a train of six or more cycles that propagate away from the transmitter through the aqueous medium. The sound energy also attenuates with every interface that it encounters. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06246898__ •
Method for determining the risk of trisomy 21 in the second trimester Inventor(s): Egan; James F.X. (Longmeadow, MA), Vintzileos; Anthony M. (Bridgewater, NJ) Assignee(s): University Of Medicine & Dentistry of NJ (Newark, NJ) Patent Number: 5,622,176 Date filed: July 26, 1995 Abstract: The present invention pertains to a method for the prenatal detection of trisomy 21 in the second trimester by adjusting the risk of trisomy 21 based on fetal long bone biometry which comprises the steps of (a) measuring ultrasonically the biparietal diameter and the length of the femur, humerus, tibia, and fibula bones in fetuses of a patient population in the second trimester; (b) performing amniocentesis on the patient population in step (a) to determine which fetuses are normal and which fetuses have trisomy 21; (c) from the normal fetuses, deriving equations describing the predicted lengths of the lemur, humerus, tibia, and fibula based on the biparietal diameter measurements; (d) calculating a ratio of observed lengths to predicted lengths of the femur, humerus, tibia, and fibula for all fetuses; (e) comparing the ratios calculated in step (d) for normal fetuses against the ratios calculated for fetuses having trisomy 21 and determining a threshold, as a percentile of these ratios, for abnormally short bone lengths in the fetuses having trisomy 21; and (f) employing the threshold determined in step (e) to detect prenatally trisomy 21 by fetal long bone biometry. In another embodiment, the method comprises the steps of (f) employing the threshold determined in step (e) to determine sensitivity and specificity in detecting prenatally trisomy 21 by fetal long bone biometry; and (g) employing the sensitivity and specificity determined in step (f) to adjust the risk of trisomy 21. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for the prenatal detection of trisomy 21 in the second trimester by adjusting the risk of trisomy 21 based on fetal long bone biometry. More particularly, this invention relates to (a) measuring ultrasonically the biparietal diameter and the length of the femur, humerus, tibia, and fibula bones in fetuses of a patient population in the second trimester; (b) performing amniocentesis on
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the patient population in step (a) to determine which fetuses are normal and which fetuses have trisomy 21; (c) from the normal fetuses, deriving equations describing the predicted lengths of the femur, humerus, tibia, and fibula based on the biparietal diameter measurements; (d) calculating a ratio of observed lengths to predicted lengths of The femur, humerus, tibia, and fibula for all fetuses; (e) comparing the ratios calculated in step (d) for normal fetuses against the ratios calculated for fetuses having trisomy 21 and determining a threshold, as a percentile of these ratios, for abnormally short bone lengths in the fetuses having trisomy 21; and (f) employing the threshold determined in step (e) to detect prenatally trisomy 21 by fetal long bone biometry. In another embodiment, the method comprises the steps of (f) employing the threshold determined in step (e) to determine sensitivity and specificity in detecting prenatally trisomy 21 by fetal long bone biometry; and (g) employing the sensitivity and specificity determined in step (f) to adjust the risk of trisomy 21. The disclosures referred to herein to illustrate the background of the invention and to provide additional detail with respect to its practice are incorporated herein by reference. For convenience, the disclosures are referenced in the following text and respectively grouped in the appended bibliography. Trisomy 21 (trisomy G, Down's syndrome, mongolism) is a condition characterized by a small, anteroposteriorly flattened skull, short, flat-bridged nose, epicanthal fold, short phalanges, and widened space between the first and second digits of hands and feet, with moderate to severe retardation, and associated with a chromosomal abnormality. In about 85% of cases of trisomy 21, there is an extra chromosome 21. Typically, the affected children are born to older mothers, but sporadic or trisomic mongolism may also occur in children of young mothers. The overall incidence of trisomy 21 is about 1:700 live births, but there is a marked variability depending on maternal age. In the early child-bearing years, the incidence of trisomy 21 is about 1:2000 live births whereas for mothers over 40, the incidence rises to about 45:1000 live births. Close to 50% of infants with trisomy 21 are born to mothers over 35. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that the extra chromosome 21 can occasionally come from the father. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05622176__ •
Method for determining tissue of origin and presence and extent of cellular abnormalities Inventor(s): Penman; Sheldon (Brookline, MA), Fey; Edward G. (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 4,885,236 Date filed: December 23, 1986 Abstract: A biochemical procedure for identification and characterization of cells in a biopsy or sample of a body fluid. The method can be used to determine cell type, i.e. epidermal, neuronal; tissue of origin, i.e. breast tissue, liver tissue; and degree of abnormality. The procedure can also be used to make antibodies and hybridization probes to detect cell or tissue specific antigens and nuclear matrix associated nucleic acids in cellular material and body fluids.The procedure is based on the isolation and analysis of the components of a specific subcellular protein fraction referred to here as the "nuclear matrix". The nuclear matrix includes proteins and nuclear matrix associated DNA specific to different cell types. These proteins and nucleic acids are altered or new ones expressed as a result of viral infection, genetic defects or malignancy.The method has a number of important clinical applications in determining tissue type, tissue of
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origin, degree of malignancy and extent of metastasis in cancer patients; in detecting and analyzing chromosomal deficiencies or genetic defects, especially in cells obtained by amniocentesis; in identifying viral or other infections; and in measuring the extent and location of cell damage, particularly in patients with localized cell damage or autoimmune disease. The isolated nuclear matrix proteins are also useful in screening for drugs binding to and affecting the nuclear matrix. Excerpt(s): Diagnosis of viral infection, cancer, chromosomal defects or autoimmune disease is often difficult and inexact. Heretofore, determining the properties of tumor cells or other abnormal cells has been the province of the clinical pathologist. Diagnosis is generally based on the morphology of the cells in histological preparations. Such diagnosis has serious limitations and cannot always distinguish tumor type and tissue of origin. There is a great need for alternative means of identifying cell type and stage of malignancy or abnormality. Chromosomal defects can be detected only in the case of gross morphological defects or where the proteins encoded by the missing or defective genes are known and can be assayed for. Viral infections can usually be diagnosed only by measuring antibody levels, examination of cells, and presence of clinical symptoms. There is also a need for a means of identifying the site of tissue damage, not only in autoimmune diseases where the target cell is known, but also, for example, in bladder infection or myocardial infarction, where cell degradation products might be released into the urine or bloodstream. Attempts have been made to determine cell type by analysis of the protein composition of whole cell extracts. However, these extracts contain a number of different proteins, of which the vast majority do not vary between cell types. Even with techniques providing increased resolution between proteins, such as the more recent methods of two dimensional gel electrophoresis, such efforts have largely failed to find meaningful differences in proteins that could reliably serve as a basis for cell and tissue type identification. Even where there might be a change in proteins due to infection or malignancy, existing methods fail to differentiate the new or altered proteins from background proteins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04885236__ •
Method for positioning a fluid withdrawing means by detecting local temperature Inventor(s): Barrada; M. Ismail (45 E. Pleasant Lake Rd., North Oaks, MN 55110) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,280,508 Date filed: December 27, 1979 Abstract: A method for withdrawing a sample of enclosed fluid from an internal organ of a living mammal by using a temperature-sensitive probe to reliably position a fluid withdrawing means into the fluid containing organ. In particular, a method for detecting a change in temperature in the myometrium tissue during penetration of a cannula into a uterus to minimize the possibility of injury to a fetus in an amniocentesis procedure. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a medical diagnostic procedure having tissuepenetrating and fluid-withdrawing functions. An aspect of this invention relates to a method for penetrating into an internal fluid-filled cavity of a living mammal and withdrawing fluid from that cavity. An important aspect of this invention relates to the procedure termed amniocentesis. A common practice in many medical diagnostic procedures is to penetrate into some portion of a living mammal with a hollow needle
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or cannula through which tissue or fluid can be withdrawn. Amniocentesis is an example of such a procedure. Amniocentesis was first suggested more than 90 years ago. Following up on this suggestion, physicians were able to relieve an overdistended uterus by tapping some of the amniotic fluid. Still later, it was discovered that amniotic fluid could be used for diagnostic purposes, e.g. in studies of Rh-sensitized women, assessment of fetal maturity, antenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders (including chromosomal abnormalities, inborn errors of metabolism, congenital malformations, etc.), determination of fetal sex, and the like. The procedure has been used particularly in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. In the second trimester, it is typically carried out for the diagnosis of genetic disorders and to determine the sex of the fetus, whereas in the third trimester, fetal maturity studies and Rh factor determination are perhaps the most common indications for the procedure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04280508__ •
Separation of fetal cells from maternal blood Inventor(s): Ledley; Robert (1002 La Grande Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20903) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,639,669 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: It is often important for medical purposes to obtain nucleated fetal cells during pregnancy. For example, the procedures of amniocentesis or chrionic villae extraction are carried out for this purpose. But these methods are invasive, and carry a small but positive risk to the patient, and are complicated to perform. On the other hand, the purpose of my invention is to obtain nucleated fetal cells (fetal nucleated reticulocytes) from maternal blood, which eliminates the need for invasive methods. There are a small number of nucleated fetal red blood cells (reticulocytes) in maternal blood and my invention is a method and apparatus for separating these fetal cells from maternal blood.Several methods have previously been proposed, involving fluorescent antibody antigen reactions (immunofluorescence), other antibody-antigen means, that depend on the difference between the cell walls of maternal and fetal blood cells, but all of these methods have been unsatisfactory because they have proved to be unreliable and expensive, and to involve some final additional technique to isolate the cells, such as flow cytometry. On the other hand, my invention does not use antibody-antigen means, but is based on the fundamental difference between maternal and fetal cells, namely that the former contains adult hemoglobin (HbA) while the latter contains fetal hemoglobin (HbF). The difference in the properties of these hemoglobin molecules themselves enables the fetal cells to be separated from the maternal cells by a magnetic field means. Excerpt(s): It is often important for medical purposes to obtain nucleated fetal cells during pregnancy. For example, the procedures of amniocentesis or chrionic villae extraction are carried out for this purpose. But these methods are invasive, and carry a small but positive risk to the patient, and are complicated to perform. On the other hand, the purpose of my invention is to obtain nucleated fetal cells (fetal nucleated reticulocytes) from maternal blood, which eliminates the need for invasive methods. There are a small number of nucleated fetal red blood cells (reticulocytes) in maternal blood and my invention is a method and apparatus for separating these fetal cells from maternal blood. Several methods have previously been proposed, involving fluorescent antibody antigen reactions (immunofluorescence), other antibody-antigen means, that depend on the difference between the cell walls of maternal and fetal blood cells, but all
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of these methods have been unsatisfactory because they have proved to be unreliable and expensive, and to involve some final additional technique to isolate the cells, such as flow cytometry. On the other hand, my invention does not use antibody-antigen means, but is based on the fundamental difference between maternal and fetal cells, namely that the former contains adult hemoglobin (HbA) while the latter contains fetal hemoglobin (HbF). The difference in the properties of these hemoglobin molecules themselves enables the fetal cells to be separated from the maternal cells by a magnetic field means. Hemoglobin (Hb) is a tetrameric protein composed of four subchains, or globin monomers, each of which contains a heme group with an iron (Fe) atom at its center. The function of Hb is to carry oxygen (O.sub.2) to body tissues, and depends on the binding of O.sub.2 to the Fe in the heme group of each monomer. The iron is normally in the ferrous (Fe(II)) oxidation state whether or not the heme is oxygenated. The change from deoxygenated Hb (deoxyHb) to oxygenated Hb (oxyHb) involves a change in the electronic state of the Fe(II)-heme as indicated by the change in color of venous blood from the dark purplish hue to the brilliant red color of arterial blood. This change also explains why deoxyHb is paramagnetic, whereas oxyHb is nonparamagnetic. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05639669__ •
Transurethrovesical biopsy, amniocentesis and biological sampling guide Inventor(s): Wright; Jeffrey (San Antonio, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 5,147,335 Date filed: August 24, 1989 Abstract: A metehod and device for transurethrovesical biopsies, amniocenteses and other biological sampling procedures utilizing a double lumen catheter is achieved by the present invention. The catheter includes a rigid lumen to guide a needle and a second lumen able to pass fluid. In transurethrovesical sampling procedures, the catheter is positioned across the bladder with one end of the catheter against the bladder wall which adjoins the uterus wall. Fluids pass through the second lumen to fill the bladder and increase sonographic visibility allowing the user better visibility for precise placement of the catheter. Preferably, an amniocentesis or biopsy needle is passed through the first rigid lumen, through the bladder wall, through the uterus wall and into the amniotic sac to allow withdrawal of amniotic fluid or other biological sample. The needle may then be withdrawn through the rigid lumen and the catheter removed. In other biosampling procedures, the catheter is positioned across a body cavity to permit filling the cavity with fluid, sampling the target and sonographically viewing the biosampling operation. Excerpt(s): The invention in a broad aspect relates to a multi-lumen catheter and a method for using the catheter for performing transurethrovesical biopsies, amniocenteses and other biological sampling procedures. More particularly, the invention provides for filling a bladder or other body cavity with a solution to increase sonographic visibility, during sonographic monitoring, and guiding a needle through the bladder or other cavity to accomplish a biopsy, amniocentesis or other biological sampling procedure. Conventional amniocentesis is performed by passing an amniocentesis needle through the abdominal wall to gain access to the amniotic sac. Care must be exercised when passing the needle to avoid misguidance of the needle resulting in injury to the mother or fetus. Because X-ray imaging may damage the fetus,
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the preferred imaging method to aid in guiding the amniocentesis needle is sonographic. Typically, a sonographic transducer is positioned to allow observation of the amniotic sac and the amniocentesis needle as the needle approaches and enters the amniotic sac. When a sonographic image is made through a cavity, the quality of the image, referred to as sonographic visibility, is improved when the cavity is filled with a fluid, preferably a liquid, rather than merely air. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05147335__
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with amniocentesis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on amniocentesis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning amniocentesis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON AMNIOCENTESIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to amniocentesis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on amniocentesis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on amniocentesis: •
Medical Management of Pregnancy Complicated by Diabetes. 3rd ed Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2000. 176 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400132. Summary: This book, which is part of the American Diabetes Association's Clinical Education Series, provides health professionals with protocols that have resulted in healthy infants in pregnancies complicated by type 1, type 2, or gestational diabetes. The first section focuses on prepregnancy counseling and management of women with preexisting diabetes or previous gestational diabetes. The next section discusses contraceptive methods, including oral contraceptives, the norplant system, barrier methods, intrauterine devices, the rhythm method, and permanent sterilization. This is
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followed by a section that examines the psychological impact of diabetes and pregnancy. Topics include the response to pregnancy in women with preexisting diabetes, the response to a diagnosis of gestational diabetes, long term adaptation, personality types and individualizing treatment, pregnancy crises, and the importance of a team approach and a support system. The fourth section focuses on blood glucose monitoring. Topics include glycosylated hemoglobin measurements in pregnancy for women with preexisting or gestational diabetes, self monitoring of blood glucose and urine ketones, and medical tests to evaluate maternal status in women with preexisting or gestational diabetes. The next section offers guidelines for managing morning sickness with dietary remedies, insulin adjustments, and medical management. The sixth section discusses nutritional management during pregnancy in women with preexisting diabetes. Topics include patient responsibility; the nutrient needs of pregnancy; diet and eating habits; vitamin and mineral supplementation; calorie level; weight gain; meal planning; recordkeeping; use of sodium, caffeine, and artificial sweeteners; the management of hypoglycemia; and postpartum nutritional management. Section seven focuses on the use of insulin during pregnancy in women with preexisting diabetes. Topics include metabolic alterations during normal gestation, therapeutic insulin use, dosage adjustment, insulin during labor and delivery, postpartum insulin requirements, and oral hypoglycemic agents. The next section describes diagnostic tests and methods of fetal surveillance, including ultrasonography, alpha fetoprotein testing, genetic testing, fetal monitoring, and amniocentesis. The ninth section discusses gestational diabetes, focusing on epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, nutritional management, insulin therapy, exercise, and obstetric management. Section ten addresses the issue of neonatal care of infants of women with diabetes. Topics include perinatal mortality and morbidity, resuscitation, nursery care, and long term followup. The final section discusses postpartum followup of women with gestational diabetes. The book includes an index and resources for health care professionals. 3 figures. 39 tables. Numerous references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “amniocentesis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “amniocentesis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “amniocentesis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Tentative Pregnancy: How Amniocentesis Changes the Experience of Motherhood by Barbara Katz Rothman (1993); ISBN: 0393309983; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393309983/icongroupinterna
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Testing Women, Testing the Fetus : The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America (The Anthropology of Everyday Life) by Rayna Rapp; ISBN: 0415916453; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415916453/icongroupinterna
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The Tentative Pregnancy: Amniocentesis and the Sexual Politics of Motherhood by Barbara Katz Rothman; ISBN: 0044409125; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0044409125/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Amniocentesis: January 1973 through December 1975: 308 citations Author: National Library of Medicine (U.S.); Year: 1981; [Bethesda, Md.]: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, [1976]
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Amniocentesis [by] Richard H. Schwarz. The Breast; guest editor: Richard P. Dickey. Author: Schwarz, Richard H.; Year: 1975; Hagerstown, Md., Medical Dept., Harper; Row, 1975
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The Safety and accuracy of mid-trimester amniocentesis Author: Lowe, Charles U.; Year: 1980; Bethesda, Md.: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Child Health and Human Development, [1978?]
Chapters on Amniocentesis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to amniocentesis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and amniocentesis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on amniocentesis: •
Disorders of Chromosomal Origin Source: in Gerber, S.E. Etiology and Prevention of Communicative Disorders. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998. p. 13-40. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619)
7
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $65.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939476. Summary: This chapter on disorders of chromosomal origin is from a textbook that focuses on the primary and secondary prevention of communicative disorders. The author discusses the chromosomal system; the major chromosomal disorders, including disorders of number or structure, and disorders of sex chromosomes; and amniocentesis and prenatal diagnosis. Specific disorders covered are trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), Cri du Chat (5p-), XYY syndrome, Turner syndrome (45X), XXY (Klinefelter syndrome), and Fragile X syndrome. The author notes that although speech language pathologists and audiologists are not medical geneticists or genetic counselors, they should be familiar with chromosomal abnormalities, empathetic to patients with these conditions, and actively involved in preventive efforts. The chapter concludes with a glossary of terms and a reference list. 20 figures. 2 tables. 75 references.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON AMNIOCENTESIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on amniocentesis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Amniocentesis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in amniocentesis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on amniocentesis: •
Amniocentesis: indications and interpretation [videorecording] Source: John W. Larsen; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; New York: NCME, 1983
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Amniocentesis [videorecording] Source: Division of Educational Communications, State University of New York, Upstate Medical Center; Year: 1976; Format: Videorecording; Syracuse: The University: [for loan or sale by its Division of Educational Communications, 1976]
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Amniocentesis [videorecording] Source: produced for the Center for Disease Control by the National Medical Audiovisual Center, National Library of Medicine; Year: 1979; Format: Videorecording; [Bethesda, Md.]: National Medical Audiovisual Center, [1979]
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Amniocentesis [videorecording] Source: authors, Mary Jo Harrod, Jan Friedman; Year: 1980; Format: Videorecording; Dallas, Tex.: Dept. of Biomedical Communications, the University of Texas Health Science Center, c1980
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Counseling for amniocentesis [videorecording] Source: written by Lynn Hauck and Lewis Shenker and Samuel H. Behrend; [produced by] Biomedical Communications, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center; Year: 1984; Format: Videorecording; Tucson, Ariz.: The Center, c1984
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•
Diagnostic amniocentesis [slide] Source: Michigan Perinatal Education Project; [produced by] University of Michigan Medical Center, Independent Study Unit; Year: 1978; Format: Slide; Ann Arbor: The University: [for loan and sale by its Medical Center Media Library], c1978
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Diagnostic amniocentesis [videorecording]: indications and technique Source: a production of the Office of Health Extension, Public Service, and Research for the University of Alabama, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Year: 1981; Format: Videorecording; Carrboro, NC: Health Sciences Consortium, 1985, c1981
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Down's syndrome [slide]: amniocentesis and abortion Source: co-authored by Garrett E. Bergman, John H. Sorenson; produced by the Medical College of Pennsylvania, Office of Medical Education, Audiovisual Section; Year: 1978; Format: Slide; [Philadelphia]: The Section, c1978
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AMNIOCENTESIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover amniocentesis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on amniocentesis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to amniocentesis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “amniocentesis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for amniocentesis: •
Low risk of miscarriage from amniocentesis: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 08, 2002
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Amniocentesis-related miscarriage rate very low in community hospital setting Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 08, 2002
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Fetal loss following amniocentesis is more common among older women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 23, 2001
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Amniocentesis may provide source of fetal cells for research Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 10, 2001
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Fetal loss after amniocentesis higher for twins Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 31, 2001
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Value of genetic sonogram affirmed in reducing need for amniocentesis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 19, 2001
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Information, emotional preferences lead women to seek elective amniocentesis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 06, 2001
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Emotions cause women to choose amniocentesis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 03, 2001
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Triple serum test preferable to age-based amniocentesis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 30, 2000
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Risk of congenital foot abnormalities reduced when amniocentesis delayed Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 09, 2000
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Delaying amniocentesis may reduce clubfoot risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 09, 2000
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Second-trimester amniocentesis does not increase risk of fetal loss Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 22, 1998
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Amniocentesis In Second Trimester Safer Than In First Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 23, 1998
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Early Amniocentesis Linked To Risk Of Foot Deformities In Fetus Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 05, 1997
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Blood Test Alternative to Amniocentesis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 15, 1997
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First Trimester Amniocentesis " Proves Risky" Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 01, 1996
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Triple-Marker Prenatal Screening For Chromosomal Abnormalities A Substitute For Amniocentesis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 31, 1995
Periodicals and News
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Post-Amniocentesis Miscarriage May Be Due To Infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 20, 1995 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “amniocentesis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to amniocentesis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “amniocentesis” (or synonyms).
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Academic Periodicals covering Amniocentesis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to amniocentesis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering amniocentesis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
144 Amniocentesis
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “amniocentesis” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Patient and physician decision making in prenatal genetic testing Source: Chicago, IL: University of Illinois; Springfield, VA: distributed by National Technical Information Service. 1996. 37 pp. Contact: Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161. Telephone: (703) 605-6000 / fax: (703) 605-6900 / email:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.NTIS.gov. $21.50 plus $4.00 shipping and handling; prepayment required. Summary: This report looks at the decision making process in how mothers choose their prenatal genetic test, whether by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. The reports examines the relationship between maternal preferences for prenatal outcomes and prenatal test choice and the relationship between maternal and physician preferences. The methodology of the study is explained, findings are analyzed, and conclusions reached.
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.
11 12
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 7966 392 937 13 5 9313
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
13
Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
14
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
15
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 16 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 17
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on amniocentesis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to amniocentesis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to amniocentesis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “amniocentesis”:
150 Amniocentesis
•
Other guides Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Down Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/downsyndrome.html Genetic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticdisorders.html Genetic Testing/Counseling http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/genetictestingcounseling.html High Risk Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highriskpregnancy.html Infections and Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html Prenatal Testing http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenataltesting.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to amniocentesis, the following was listed: •
General/Overview Prenatal Testing: What's Involved and Who Should Consider It Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PR00014 Prenatal Tests Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/prenatal_tests.html Routine Tests during Pregnancy Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ84JKXODC &sub_cat=2005
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/159_521.asp Glucose Tests Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/glucose/test.html Maternal Blood Screening Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1166.asp Monitoring Fetal Health During Pregnancy Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZOA5KM97C &sub_cat=2005
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Triple Screen Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/159_522.asp Ultrasound-Obstetric Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/obstetric_ultrasound.htm •
Latest News Early Screening May Help Detect Down Syndrome Source: 10/08/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14221 .html
•
Organizations March of Dimes Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/
•
Research Study Finds Evidence Prenatal Screening Is Most Effective Strategy to Prevent Newborn Strep B Infections Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r020724b.htm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on amniocentesis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Amniocentesis Source: San Diego, CA: San Diego- Imperial Counties Developmental Services. n.d. 1 p.
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Contact: Available from James O. Cleveland, Ed, D., San Diego- Imperial Counties Developmental Services, 4355 Ruffin Road, Suite 205, San Diego, CA 92123. Telephone: (619) 576-2813 / fax: 619-576-2873. Summary: This booklet, available in English, Spanish, and Vietnamese, briefly explains the amniocentesis procedure and the purpose of of prenatal diagnosis. Indications for when an amniocentesis may be helpful are described. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau]. •
Genetic amniocentesis Source: Charleston, SC: Medical University of South Carolina. n.d. 28 pp. Contact: Available from Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Pediatrics, Genetics-Birth Defects Center, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425. Available at no charge. Summary: This booklet, written for parents, is to help a couple make an informed decision about genetic amniocentesis. Reasons to seek genetic counseling are given. The procedure is clearly described with photographs of each step of the procedure. The consent form is described. Included are photographs of normal and abnormal chromosome spreads. Parents are warned of mild complications that may arise. The risks of an amniocentesis are listed. Also described are the disorders that an amniocentesis may reveal and what further steps may be taken if a birth defect does appear. This booklet also explains the length of the wait for the results of the test. Funding was provided by the Department of Health and Environmental Control, Children's Rehabilitative Services, Section on Genetics, Columbia, SC 29201.
•
Prenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis Source: New York, NY: Beth Israel Medical Center and New York State Department of Health. n.d. 1 p. Contact: Available from Beth Israel Medical Center, Division of Medical Genetics, First Avenue and 16th Street, New York, NY 10003. Telephone: (212) 420-4179. Summary: This pamphlet, written in Chinese, discusses basic facts about the amniocentesis procedure and what the procedure can reveal about the health status of the unborn baby. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Amniocentesis Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2207
Patient Resources
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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to amniocentesis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to amniocentesis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with amniocentesis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about amniocentesis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at
154 Amniocentesis
http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “amniocentesis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “amniocentesis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “amniocentesis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “amniocentesis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on amniocentesis: •
Basic Guidelines for Amniocentesis Amniocentesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003921.htm
•
Diagnostics and Tests for Amniocentesis Alpha fetoprotein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003573.htm Bilirubin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003479.htm Pregnancy ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003778.htm Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm
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Nutrition for Amniocentesis Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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AMNIOCENTESIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abruptio Placentae: Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with
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similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allantois: An embryonic diverticulum of the hindgut of reptiles, birds, and mammals; in man its blood vessels give rise to those of the umbilical cord. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement
Dictionary 165
of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amniocentesis: Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Band Syndrome: A disorder present in the newborn infant in which constriction rings or bands, causing soft tissue depressions, encircle digits, extremities, or limbs and sometimes the neck, thorax, or abdomen. They may be associated with intrauterine amputations. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]
Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneuploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1). [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix.
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[NIH]
Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH]
Dictionary 167
Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Authorship: The profession of writing. Also the identity of the writer as the creator of a literary production. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]
Axillary Vein: The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein. [NIH]
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Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Beta-Thalassemia: A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biometry: The use of statistical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena. [NIH]
Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH]
Dictionary 169
Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Groups: The classification systems (or schemes) of the different antigens located on erythrocytes.The antigens are the phenotypic expression of the genetic differences characteristic of specific blood groups. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH]
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Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachiocephalic Trunk: The first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. It distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm. [NIH] Bradycardia: Excessive slowness in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate below 60 beats per minute. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome: An inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism manifesting as a genetic multisystem disorder of autosomal recessive inheritance. A predominant feature is severe central and peripheral nervous system involvement resulting in psychomotor retardation, seizures, cerebellar ataxia, and other symptoms which include growth retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, hypothyroidism, and fatty liver. The notable biochemical feature is the deficiency of a large number of blood glycoproteins and decreased activities of various blood coagulation factors. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH]
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Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Extracts: Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH]
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Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical Ripening: A change in the cervix with respect to its readiness to relax. The cervix becomes softer, more flexible, more distensible, and shorter in the final weeks of pregnancy. Though naturally occurring during normal pregnancy, it can also be induced for certain cases of prolonged or high-risk pregnancy by administration of hormones. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Checkup: A general physical examination. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Child Development: The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth up to but not including adolescence. It includes healthy responses to situations, but does not include growth in stature or size (= growth). [NIH] Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chorioamnionitis: An inflammatory process involving the chorion, its fetal blood vessels, the umbilical cord, and the amnion by extension of the inflammation, as the amnion itself has no blood supply. This inflammatory process is potentially fatal to mother and fetus. [NIH]
Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Chorionic Villi: The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion which enter into the formation of the placenta. [NIH] Chorionic Villi Sampling: A method for diagnosis of fetal diseases by sampling the cells of the placental chorionic villi for DNA analysis, presence of bacteria, concentration of metabolites, etc. The advantage over amniocentesis is that the procedure can be carried out in the first trimester. [NIH]
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Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroid Plexus: A villous structure of tangled masses of blood vessels contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the brain. It regulates part of the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid. [NIH] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH] Chromosome Abnormalities: Defects in the structure or number of chromosomes resulting in structural aberrations or manifesting as disease. [NIH] Chromosome Painting: A technique for visualizing chromosome aberrations using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clitoral: Pertaining to the clitoris. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clubfoot: A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is
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differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray
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machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH]
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Cytogenetic Analysis: Examination of chromosomes to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, karyotyping is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU]
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Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU]
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Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duplicate Publication: Simultaneous or successive publishing of identical or near- identical material in two or more different sources without acknowledgment. It differs from reprinted publication in that a reprint cites sources. It differs from plagiarism in that duplicate publication is the product of the same authorship while plagiarism publishes a work or parts of a work of another as one's own. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH]
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Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]
Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and
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dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythroblasts: Immature, nucleated erythrocytes occupying the stage of erythropoiesis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells and precedes formation of reticulocytes. Popularly called normoblasts. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythroid Progenitor Cells: Committed, erythroid stem cells derived from myeloid stem cells. The progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E). BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by erythropoietin, and then further differentiate into erythroblasts when stimulated by other factors. [NIH] Erythropoiesis: The production of erythrocytes. [EU] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estriol: (16 alpha,17 beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol. A metabolite of estradiol and usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite in urine. During pregnancy, large amounts of estriol are produced by the placenta. It has also been obtained from plant sources. The 16 beta-isomer has also been isolated from the urine of pregnant women. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH]
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Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. [NIH] Fetal Death: Death of the young developing in utero. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetal Distress: Adverse or threatening condition of the fetus identified by fetal bradycardia or tachycardia and passage of meconium in vertex presentation. [NIH] Fetal Heart: The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time. [NIH] Fetal Hemoglobin: The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This hemoglobin has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by leukemia and several types of anemia. [NIH] Fetal Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which surround the embryo or fetus and provide for its nutrition, respiration, excretion and protection; they are the yolk sac, allantois, amnion, and chorion. [NIH] Fetal Monitoring: Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. It is usually done during labor and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery. [NIH] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to
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detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called
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folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Foot Deformities: Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]
Functional Residual Capacity: The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume. Common abbreviation is FRC. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic Screening: Searching a population or individuals for persons possessing certain genotypes or karyotypes that: (1) are already associated with disease or predispose to disease; (2) may lead to disease in their descendants; or (3) produce other variations not known to be associated with disease. Genetic screening may be directed toward identifying phenotypic expression of genetic traits. It includes prenatal genetic screening. [NIH]
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Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycophorin: The major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. It consists
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of at least two sialoglycopeptides and is composed of 60% carbohydrate including sialic acid and 40% protein. It is involved in a number of different biological activities including the binding of MN blood groups, influenza viruses, kidney bean phytohemagglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hematogenous: Originating in the blood or spread through the bloodstream. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels
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of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin E: An abnormal hemoglobin that results from the substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 26 of the beta chain. It is most frequently observed in southeast Asian populations. [NIH] Hemoglobin H: An abnormal hemoglobin composed of four beta chains. It is caused by the reduced synthesis of the alpha chain. This abnormality results in alpha-thalassemia. [NIH] Hemoglobin M: A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis C: A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Human Development: Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic
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cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]
Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrops Fetalis: Edema of the entire body due to abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the tissues, associated with severe anemia and occurring in fetal erythroblastosis. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens).
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[NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigo Carmine: An indolesulfonic acid that is used as a dye in renal function testing and as a reagent for the detection of nitrates and chlorates and in the testing of milk. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infanticide: The killing of infants at birth or soon after. [NIH]
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Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interphase: The interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually distinguishable and DNA replication occurs. [NIH] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized cause-
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effect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Lemur: A genus of the family Lemuridae consisting of five species: L. catta (ring-tailed lemur), L. fulvus, L. macaco (acoumba or black lemur), L. mongoz (mongoose lemur), and L. variegatus (white lemur). Most members of this genus occur in forested areas on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. [NIH]
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Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligase: An enzyme that repairs single stranded discontinuities in double-stranded DNA molecules in the cell. Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune
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system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a fullterm fetus. It consists of secretions of the intestinal glands, bile pigments, fatty acids, amniotic fluid, and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. [NIH]
Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH]
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Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects. [NIH] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU]
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Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mosaicism: The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single zygote, as opposed to chimerism in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Multiple Organ Failure: A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ. [NIH]
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Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH]
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Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Matrix: The fibrogranular network of residual structural elements within which are immersed both chromatin and ribonucleoproteins. It extends throughout the nuclear interior from the nucleolus to the nuclear pore complexes along the nuclear periphery. [NIH] Nuclear Pore: An opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the cell nucleus and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oligohydramnios: Presence of less than 300 ml of amniotic fluid at term. Principal causes include malformations of fetal urinary tracts, intra-uterine growth retardation, high maternal blood pressure, nicotine poisoning, and prolonged pregnancy. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH]
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Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Paracentesis: A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pastoral Care: Counseling or comfort given by ministers, priests, rabbis, etc., to those in need of help with emotional problems or stressful situations. [NIH] Paternal Age: Age of the father. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU]
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Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH]
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Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plagiarism: Passing off as one's own the work of another without credit. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]
Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyhydramnios: Excess of amniotic fluid greater than 2,000 ml. It is a common obstetrical complication whose major causes include maternal diabetes, chromosomal disorders, isoimmunological disease, congenital abnormalities, and multiple gestations. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation
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analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Complications: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU]
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Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first
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described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyruvate Carboxylase: A biotin-dependent enzyme belonging to the ligase family that catalyzes the addition of carbon dioxide to pyruvate. It is occurs in both plants and animals. Deficiency of this enzyme causes severe psychomotor retardation and lactic acidosis in infants. EC 6.4.1.1. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of
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an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Residual Volume: The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH]
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Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Reticulocytes: Immature erythrocytes. In humans, these are erythroid cells that have just undergone extrusion of their cell nucleus. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. ribosomes are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the endoplasmic reticulum), hence the name reticulocytes. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rhythm Method: A contraceptive method whereby abstinence is practiced a few days before and after the estimated day of ovulation. [NIH] Ribonucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with ribonucleic acids (RNA) or specific RNA. Many viruses are ribonucleoproteins. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and
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monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important
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physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a
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subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]
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Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subcutaneous Emphysema: Presence of air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues of the body. [NIH]
Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surgical Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU]
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Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
210 Amniocentesis
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Triploid: Pertaining to an organism with more than three chromosome sets in its vegetative cells. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical cord blood: Blood from the placenta (afterbirth) that contains high concentrations of stem cells needed to produce new blood cells. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH]
Dictionary 211
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Villus: Cell found in the lining of the small intestine. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH]
212 Amniocentesis
Welchii: A genus of anerobic spore-forming bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
213
INDEX A Abdomen, 122, 163, 165, 170, 172, 187, 190, 191, 198, 207, 209 Abdominal, 16, 20, 66, 82, 122, 128, 163, 172, 190, 197, 198 Abdominal Pain, 163, 198 Aberrant, 12, 163 Abruptio Placentae, 56, 163 Acceptor, 163, 197 Acetylcholine, 163, 172 Acetylcholinesterase, 38, 163 Acidosis, 163, 202 Adaptation, 132, 163 Adenosine, 163, 170 Adjustment, 132, 163 Adolescence, 163, 172 Adrenal Cortex, 163, 180, 200 Adrenergic, 163, 166, 178, 180, 208 Adverse Effect, 12, 164, 206 Affinity, 116, 164, 206 Agar, 164, 199 Agonist, 164, 178, 196 Akathisia, 164, 166 Alertness, 164, 170 Algorithms, 9, 164, 169 Allantois, 164, 181 Allergen, 164, 205 Allogeneic, 107, 164 Alpha-fetoprotein, 16, 17, 20, 31, 42, 54, 61, 69, 83, 89, 90, 164, 182 Alternative medicine, 139, 164 Amino Acid Sequence, 164, 166, 183 Amino Acid Substitution, 164, 186 Amino Acids, 164, 165, 183, 198, 200, 201 Amnion, 73, 165, 172, 181 Amniotic Band Syndrome, 53, 87, 165 Amplification, 73, 119, 120, 121, 165 Anal, 71, 87, 165, 182 Analog, 123, 165 Analytes, 6, 15, 150, 165 Anatomical, 165, 167, 188, 191 Anemia, 165, 168, 181, 183, 187, 209 Anesthesia, 31, 165 Aneuploidy, 26, 38, 120, 165 Angiogenesis, 165, 192 Animal model, 12, 165 Annealing, 165, 199 Anomalies, 6, 13, 21, 59, 61, 63, 74, 88, 166
Antagonism, 166, 170 Anterior chamber, 166, 190 Antibacterial, 166, 207 Antibiotic, 166, 207 Antibodies, 116, 120, 125, 166, 185, 187, 192, 194, 199 Antibody, 116, 119, 121, 126, 127, 164, 166, 174, 185, 186, 188, 189, 192, 194, 205, 207 Anticoagulant, 166, 201 Anticonvulsant, 4, 166 Antiemetic, 166 Antigen, 73, 117, 121, 127, 164, 166, 174, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 205 Anti-inflammatory, 166, 188 Antipsychotic, 4, 166, 195 Anus, 165, 166, 167, 170 Anxiety, 61, 104, 111, 164, 167 Aorta, 167, 208, 211 Aperture, 118, 167, 202 Applicability, 118, 167 Aqueous, 124, 167, 168, 176, 191 Arachidonic Acid, 167, 201 Arterial, 128, 167, 171, 187, 201, 208 Arteries, 167, 169, 175, 193, 194, 210 Arteriovenous, 91, 118, 167 Arteriovenous Fistula, 91, 118, 167 Aspiration, 16, 61, 90, 94, 96, 117, 118, 167, 181 Assay, 6, 17, 56, 120, 167 Asymptomatic, 36, 167, 168, 186 Ataxia, 167, 170, 187 Atresia, 51, 55, 118, 167 Atrium, 167, 211 Atypical, 4, 167 Auditory, 37, 167 Autacoids, 167, 188 Authorship, 11, 167, 178 Autoimmune disease, 126, 167 Autonomic, 163, 166, 167, 196, 198 Axillary, 167, 208 Axillary Vein, 167, 208 B Bacteraemia, 30, 168 Bacteria, 7, 166, 168, 172, 179, 193, 205, 207, 211, 212 Bacterial Physiology, 163, 168 Bacteriophage, 168, 199, 211 Basal Ganglia, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172
214 Amniocentesis
Base, 8, 11, 120, 168, 176, 177, 183, 190 Basophils, 168, 185, 191 Benign, 168, 170, 185, 204 Bereavement, 107, 168 Beta-Thalassemia, 83, 168 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 168, 189 Bile, 168, 183, 191, 192 Bilirubin, 96, 161, 168 Biochemical, 32, 82, 121, 125, 168, 170, 181, 182, 190, 205 Biological Transport, 168, 177 Biometry, 124, 168 Biopsy, 41, 60, 61, 83, 94, 96, 118, 123, 125, 128, 168, 198 Biopsy specimen, 60, 168 Biotechnology, 14, 133, 139, 145, 169 Biotin, 169, 202 Bipolar Disorder, 4, 169 Bladder, 21, 126, 128, 169, 188, 195, 201, 210, 211 Blastocyst, 169, 175, 178, 199 Blood Coagulation, 169, 170, 209 Blood Coagulation Factors, 169, 170 Blood Glucose, 132, 169, 185, 187, 189 Blood Groups, 169, 185 Blood Platelets, 169, 199, 205 Blood pressure, 169, 172, 187, 194, 196, 206 Blood vessel, 164, 165, 169, 170, 173, 178, 179, 185, 191, 206, 207, 209, 211 Blot, 5, 169 Body Fluids, 125, 169, 178, 206 Bone Marrow, 9, 116, 169, 188, 191, 194, 208 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 116, 169 Bone scan, 169, 205 Bowel, 54, 66, 118, 165, 170, 177, 190, 195, 198 Bowel Movement, 170, 177 Brachiocephalic Trunk, 170, 208 Bradycardia, 63, 170, 181 Brain Neoplasms, 170, 187 Branch, 159, 170, 176, 191, 197, 206 C Caffeine, 132, 170 Calcium, 170, 174, 192, 201 Cannula, 118, 126, 127, 170, 197 Carbohydrate, 74, 170, 184, 185, 200 Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome, 74, 170 Carbon Dioxide, 170, 182, 183, 199, 202, 203, 211 Cardiac, 118, 170, 180, 194, 197, 204
Cardiovascular, 118, 170, 206 Case report, 16, 25, 27, 51, 59, 65, 75, 78, 100, 171, 173 Case series, 171, 173 Catecholamine, 171, 178 Catheters, 118, 171 Caudal, 171, 200 Causal, 171, 190 Cell Division, 168, 171, 176, 189, 193, 199 Cell Extracts, 126, 171 Cell membrane, 168, 171, 198 Cell Size, 119, 171, 182 Central Nervous System, 163, 170, 171, 183, 184, 185, 187, 205 Central Nervous System Infections, 171, 185, 187 Centrifugation, 116, 121, 171 Cerebellar, 167, 170, 171 Cerebral, 167, 168, 170, 171, 175, 176, 179, 180, 183, 187, 201 Cerebral Infarction, 171, 187 Cerebrospinal, 171, 173, 187 Cerebrospinal fluid, 171, 173, 187 Cervical, 10, 39, 59, 75, 123, 172, 204 Cervical Ripening, 10, 172 Cervix, 10, 52, 100, 122, 172 Cesarean Section, 54, 172 Checkup, 38, 172 Chemoreceptor, 166, 172 Chemotaxis, 10, 172 Chest wall, 172, 199 Child Development, 4, 172 Chlorates, 172, 188 Cholesterol, 6, 168, 172 Choline, 163, 172 Cholinergic, 166, 172, 196 Chorea, 166, 172 Chorioamnionitis, 58, 172 Chorion, 10, 22, 23, 25, 33, 41, 50, 59, 73, 172, 181 Chorionic Villi, 48, 61, 122, 172 Chorionic Villi Sampling, 48, 172 Choroid, 38, 40, 54, 55, 90, 173, 204 Choroid Plexus, 38, 40, 54, 55, 90, 173 Chromaffin System, 173, 179 Chromatin, 173, 179, 196 Chromosomal, 5, 6, 9, 30, 43, 74, 122, 125, 126, 127, 133, 134, 138, 165, 173, 194, 199 Chromosome Aberrations, 173 Chromosome Abnormalities, 17, 87, 173 Chromosome Painting, 9, 173 Chronic, 13, 80, 173, 186, 189, 208
Index 215
Circulatory system, 123, 173, 179 Clinical Medicine, 173, 200 Clinical study, 4, 11, 173 Clinical trial, 3, 10, 35, 113, 114, 145, 173, 201, 203 Clitoral, 122, 173 Cloning, 169, 173, 191 Clubfoot, 90, 138, 173 Cofactor, 173, 201, 209 Collagen, 173, 181, 182, 192 Collapse, 174, 199 Colloidal, 174, 178 Complement, 174, 190, 199, 205 Complementary and alternative medicine, 103, 108, 174 Complementary medicine, 103, 174 Computational Biology, 145, 174 Computed tomography, 174, 175, 205 Computerized axial tomography, 174, 205 Conception, 121, 175, 182, 200 Congestion, 166, 175 Conjugated, 117, 175, 204 Connective Tissue, 169, 173, 175, 183, 191 Consciousness, 175, 176, 177, 204 Constipation, 166, 175, 198 Constriction, 165, 175 Contamination, 12, 21, 37, 60, 118, 175 Contraceptive, 131, 175, 204 Contraindications, ii, 175 Convulsions, 166, 175 Coronary, 175, 193, 194 Coronary Thrombosis, 175, 193, 194 Corpus, 175, 200 Corpus Luteum, 175, 200 Cortex, 12, 167, 175 Cortical, 11, 175, 205 Craniocerebral Trauma, 175, 185, 187 Cyanide, 175, 193 Cyanosis, 175, 186 Cyclic, 170, 175 Cyst, 27, 54, 86, 175 Cytogenetic Analysis, 122, 176 Cytogenetics, 9, 65, 176 Cytokine, 10, 11, 176, 189 Cytomegalovirus, 52, 53, 73, 74, 176 Cytoplasm, 168, 171, 176, 179, 185, 194 D Databases, Bibliographic, 145, 176 De novo, 69, 176 Decidua, 10, 176, 199 Decision Making, 5, 35, 55, 105, 146, 176 Decompression, 30, 36, 176
Decompression Sickness, 176 Degenerative, 176, 186, 194 Delirium, 166, 176 Dementia, 166, 177 Denaturation, 177, 199 Dendrites, 177, 195 Dendritic, 177, 207 Density, 116, 121, 171, 177, 182, 196, 206 Diabetes Mellitus, 177, 184, 185 Diagnostic procedure, 113, 115, 126, 139, 177 Diastolic, 177, 187 Diffusion, 88, 168, 177 Digestion, 168, 170, 177, 190, 191, 207 Digestive system, 114, 177 Dilatation, 177, 200 Dilation, 123, 177, 187 Diploid, 165, 177, 194, 199, 210 Direct, iii, 13, 96, 119, 121, 173, 177, 178, 203, 208 Discrimination, 22, 177 Dissociation, 116, 164, 177 Dissociative Disorders, 177 Distal, 117, 177, 201 Diuresis, 170, 177 Dopamine, 4, 166, 178 Dorsal, 178, 200 Duct, 170, 178, 204 Duplicate Publication, 75, 178 Dyskinesia, 166, 178 Dysplasia, 6, 178 Dystonia, 166, 178 Dystrophic, 178, 180 E Echocardiography, 92, 178 Efficacy, 6, 178 Elective, 35, 54, 138, 178 Electrolyte, 176, 178, 206 Electrons, 168, 178, 190, 197, 202 Electrophoresis, 126, 178 Embolism, 74, 178 Embryo, 165, 169, 178, 181, 188, 200, 207, 210, 212 Embryo Transfer, 178, 200 Embryology, 105, 122, 179, 181 Emphysema, 118, 179 Encephalocele, 179, 195 Endemic, 179, 207 Endocrine Glands, 179 Endocrine System, 12, 116, 179 Endocrinology, 179, 185 Endometrial, 179
216 Amniocentesis
Endometriosis, 16, 65, 118, 179 Endometrium, 176, 179, 192 Endothelial cell, 7, 179, 189, 209 Endotoxin, 179, 210 Environmental Health, 9, 144, 146, 179 Enzymatic, 170, 174, 179, 186, 199 Enzyme, 5, 163, 165, 179, 188, 191, 193, 199, 202, 209, 211, 212 Eosinophils, 179, 185, 191 Epidemic, 179, 207 Epidemiological, 86, 179 Epidermal, 125, 179, 190 Epidermis, 179, 190, 202 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 74, 179 Epinephrine, 163, 178, 180, 196, 210 Epithelial, 7, 27, 168, 176, 180, 186 Epithelium, 180, 190 Erythroblasts, 119, 122, 180 Erythrocyte Membrane, 180, 184 Erythrocytes, 121, 122, 165, 169, 180, 203, 204, 205 Erythroid Progenitor Cells, 180 Erythropoiesis, 180 Esophagus, 167, 177, 180, 207 Estradiol, 180 Estriol, 6, 180 Estrogen, 12, 180 Eukaryotic Cells, 180, 188, 196 Excitation, 172, 180, 182 Expiration, 180, 183, 203 Expiratory, 180, 183 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 180, 183 Extracellular, 175, 180, 181, 182, 192, 206 Extracellular Matrix, 175, 180, 181, 182, 192 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 181, 192 Extraction, 127, 172, 181 Extrapyramidal, 164, 166, 178, 181 Extravasation, 181, 185 F Family Planning, 145, 181 Fat, 167, 169, 181, 191, 206 Fatty acids, 181, 184, 192, 201 Febrile, 58, 181 Femur, 124, 181 Ferritin, 36, 181 Fertilization in Vitro, 181, 200 Fetal Blood, 48, 119, 127, 172, 181 Fetal Death, 28, 49, 87, 181 Fetal Development, 12, 181, 195 Fetal Distress, 117, 181 Fetal Heart, 28, 181
Fetal Hemoglobin, 119, 121, 127, 128, 181 Fetal Membranes, 7, 118, 181 Fetal Monitoring, 132, 181 Fetoprotein, 120, 121, 132, 161, 181 Fibrin, 169, 182, 198, 209 Fibroblasts, 182, 189 Fibronectin, 39, 182 Fibula, 124, 182 Filtration, 33, 34, 37, 182 Fistula, 118, 182 Fixation, 182, 205 Flow Cytometry, 13, 121, 127, 128, 182 Fluorescence, 9, 13, 38, 119, 121, 182 Fluorescent Dyes, 182 Folate, 182, 183 Fold, 125, 183 Folic Acid, 107, 183 Foot Deformities, 32, 138, 183 Foramen, 183, 198 Fourth Ventricle, 173, 183 Functional Residual Capacity, 59, 183 G Gallbladder, 163, 177, 183 Ganglia, 163, 183, 195, 198 Gangrene, 43, 118, 183 Gas, 170, 176, 177, 183, 187, 199, 208, 211 Gas exchange, 183, 211 Gastric, 39, 183, 186 Gastrointestinal, 105, 180, 183, 205, 208 Gastrointestinal tract, 183, 205 Gene, 4, 8, 116, 133, 169, 183, 191 Gene Expression, 4, 183 Genetic Code, 183, 196 Genetic Counseling, 30, 75, 81, 88, 93, 94, 95, 123, 152, 183 Genetic Screening, 13, 70, 183 Genetic testing, 13, 74, 89, 132, 146, 184, 200 Genital, 184, 185, 211 Genitourinary, 184, 211 Genomics, 8, 184 Genotype, 184, 198 Germ Cells, 184, 197, 212 Gestational, 7, 13, 19, 20, 21, 40, 86, 120, 122, 131, 184 Gestational Age, 7, 13, 21, 40, 120, 122, 184 Gland, 116, 163, 173, 184, 191, 197, 201, 205, 207 Glucose, 7, 132, 150, 169, 177, 184, 185, 189 Glucose Intolerance, 7, 177, 184 Glucose tolerance, 184 Glucose Tolerance Test, 184
Index 217
Glutamic Acid, 183, 184, 186 Glycerol, 184, 198 Glycerophospholipids, 184, 198 Glycophorin, 119, 184 Glycoprotein, 182, 185, 190, 209, 210 Governing Board, 185, 200 Granulocytes, 120, 185, 212 Grasses, 183, 185 H Haematoma, 185 Haemorrhage, 29, 40, 185 Haptens, 116, 164, 185 Headache, 170, 185, 187, 189 Health Status, 59, 152, 185 Hematogenous, 7, 185 Hematoma, 85, 118, 185 Hematoxylin, 121, 185 Heme, 128, 168, 185, 186 Hemoglobin, 22, 121, 127, 128, 132, 165, 168, 175, 180, 181, 185, 186, 209 Hemoglobin E, 22, 186 Hemoglobin H, 181, 186 Hemoglobin M, 127, 128, 132, 175, 186 Hemorrhage, 28, 41, 48, 80, 85, 117, 175, 185, 186, 202, 207, 209 Hemostasis, 186, 206 Hepatitis, 18, 80, 116, 186 Hepatitis C, 116, 186 Hepatocytes, 186 Heredity, 183, 184, 186 Heterogeneity, 164, 186 Histamine, 166, 186 Homeobox, 8, 186 Homeostasis, 12, 186 Homologous, 186, 205 Hormone, 48, 180, 186, 189, 200, 209 Human Development, 8, 31, 113, 133, 144, 151, 186 Hybrid, 186, 187 Hybridization, 120, 121, 125, 173, 186 Hybridomas, 117, 186, 189 Hydrocephalus, 86, 187, 190 Hydrogen, 163, 168, 170, 177, 181, 187, 194, 196, 197 Hydrogen Bonding, 187, 196 Hydrolysis, 163, 187, 200 Hydrops Fetalis, 28, 187 Hypersensitivity, 164, 187, 205 Hypertension, 10, 187, 190 Hypoglycemia, 132, 187 Hypoglycemic, 132, 187 Hypoglycemic Agents, 132, 187
Hypotension, 39, 166, 175, 187 Hypothyroidism, 170, 187 Hysterotomy, 172, 187 I Id, 62, 101, 108, 150, 153, 158, 160, 187 Ileal, 118, 187 Ileum, 187 Immune response, 166, 167, 185, 187, 188, 205, 208, 211 Immune system, 11, 116, 187, 188, 192, 211, 212 Immunization, 188, 205 Immunodeficiency, 18, 188 Immunofluorescence, 127, 188 Immunoglobulin, 80, 166, 188, 194 Immunologic, 184, 188 Immunology, 164, 182, 188 Impairment, 167, 176, 178, 188, 193, 201 Implantation, 175, 188 In situ, 9, 13, 37, 120, 121, 122, 188 In Situ Hybridization, 9, 37, 120, 121, 122, 188 In vitro, 12, 50, 73, 108, 116, 121, 122, 178, 188, 199 In vivo, 7, 188 Incision, 187, 188, 190 Incontinence, 187, 188 Incubated, 116, 188 Indicative, 132, 188, 197, 211 Indigo Carmine, 96, 188 Indomethacin, 27, 52, 100, 188 Induction, 10, 166, 188 Infant Mortality, 7, 188 Infanticide, 105, 188 Infarction, 171, 189 Inflammation, 36, 166, 172, 186, 189, 198, 204 Influenza, 185, 189 Informed Consent, 28, 189 Infusion, 189, 210 Ingestion, 105, 184, 189, 199 Inotropic, 178, 189 Insecticides, 189, 198 Insight, 5, 189 Insulin, 7, 20, 132, 184, 189 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 189 Interleukin-6, 36, 189 Interleukin-8, 10, 189 Interphase, 120, 189, 196 Intervention Studies, 7, 189 Intestine, 170, 190 Intoxication, 176, 190, 212
218 Amniocentesis
Intracellular, 5, 170, 189, 190, 203 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 187, 190 Intracranial Hypertension, 185, 187, 190 Intraperitoneal, 59, 190 Intravascular, 40, 190 Intrinsic, 121, 164, 190 Invasive, 6, 13, 38, 113, 118, 119, 121, 127, 190, 192 Involuntary, 172, 190, 194 Ions, 168, 177, 178, 187, 190, 201 Iris, 27, 166, 190, 202 K Karyotype, 64, 67, 70, 72, 120, 122, 165, 190 Kb, 144, 190 Keratinocytes, 189, 190 L Laceration, 55, 56, 118, 190 Large Intestine, 177, 190, 203, 206 Lectins, 116, 190 Lemur, 124, 190 Lesion, 191, 209 Lethargy, 187, 191 Leukemia, 6, 181, 191 Leukocytes, 119, 168, 169, 179, 185, 188, 191, 194, 210 Library Services, 158, 191 Ligament, 191, 201 Ligase, 191, 202 Linkage, 7, 74, 191 Lipid, 172, 184, 189, 191 Liquor, 61, 191 Lithium, 166, 191 Liver, 118, 125, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 176, 177, 183, 184, 186, 191, 194, 205 Liver cancer, 164, 191 Liver scan, 191, 205 Localization, 51, 80, 93, 96, 191 Localized, 126, 182, 185, 189, 191, 199 Lumen, 117, 128, 170, 191 Lymph, 167, 172, 173, 179, 191, 204 Lymph node, 167, 172, 191, 204 Lymphatic, 189, 191, 204, 207 Lymphatic system, 191, 204, 207 Lymphocyte, 166, 191, 192 Lymphoid, 166, 192 Lysine, 186, 192 Lytic, 192, 211 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 192, 205 Malformation, 83, 192 Malignancy, 125, 126, 192 Malignant, 116, 170, 191, 192, 209
Manic, 166, 169, 191, 192, 201 Matrix metalloproteinase, 21, 192 Meconium, 61, 181, 192 Mediate, 178, 192 Mediator, 192, 199, 206 Medical Records, 192, 204 MEDLINE, 145, 192 Megaloblastic, 183, 192 Melanin, 190, 192, 210 Membrane, 59, 91, 165, 171, 172, 173, 174, 179, 180, 190, 192, 196, 198, 204, 207, 208, 212 Meninges, 171, 175, 192, 208 Menopause, 192, 200 Menstrual Cycle, 192, 200 Menstruation, 176, 192, 193 Mental Disorders, 114, 193, 201 Mental Processes, 177, 193, 201 Mental Retardation, 6, 11, 31, 193 Mercury, 182, 193 Mesolimbic, 166, 193 Metabolic disorder, 6, 193 Metabolite, 180, 193 Metastasis, 126, 192, 193 Methoxychlor, 13, 193 Methylene Blue, 39, 55, 193 MI, 14, 33, 44, 51, 71, 162, 193 Microbiology, 163, 167, 193 Microorganism, 173, 193, 211 Microscopy, 185, 193, 196 Miscarriage, 13, 26, 65, 89, 122, 137, 139, 193 Mitosis, 190, 193 Modification, 12, 193 Molecular, 8, 77, 116, 119, 145, 147, 169, 174, 176, 193, 199, 203, 210 Molecule, 166, 168, 174, 177, 180, 187, 194, 196, 197, 199, 203 Monitor, 4, 15, 119, 194, 196 Monoclonal, 116, 119, 187, 194 Monoclonal antibodies, 117, 119, 194 Monocytes, 189, 191, 194 Mononuclear, 120, 194, 210 Monosomy, 165, 194 Morphogenesis, 8, 194 Morphological, 13, 126, 178, 194 Morphology, 126, 194 Mosaicism, 22, 34, 49, 50, 54, 55, 61, 71, 73, 83, 92, 122, 194 Motility, 188, 194, 206 Motivations, 13, 194 Movement Disorders, 166, 194
Index 219
Multiple Organ Failure, 14, 194 Musculoskeletal System, 194, 197 Mydriatic, 177, 194 Myocardial infarction, 126, 168, 175, 193, 194 Myocardium, 118, 193, 194 Myometrium, 126, 194 N Nausea, 166, 195 NCI, 1, 114, 143, 195 Necrosis, 171, 189, 193, 194, 195 Need, 4, 5, 12, 15, 28, 65, 77, 121, 126, 127, 131, 133, 138, 146, 154, 192, 195, 197 Neonatal, 10, 17, 22, 33, 35, 36, 62, 63, 65, 66, 88, 112, 132, 188, 195 Neonatal period, 88, 195 Neoplastic, 186, 195 Nerve, 11, 27, 164, 165, 167, 177, 192, 195, 196, 204, 205, 207, 210 Nerve Growth Factor, 11, 195 Nervous System, 12, 171, 192, 195, 198, 208, 211 Neural, 11, 28, 38, 64, 82, 107, 179, 182, 195 Neural tube defects, 11, 28, 64, 82, 107, 182, 195 Neuroleptic, 164, 166, 195 Neurologic, 77, 179, 187, 195 Neuromuscular, 163, 195 Neuromuscular Junction, 163, 195 Neuronal, 125, 195 Neurons, 11, 177, 183, 195, 196, 208 Neurosecretory Systems, 179, 195 Neurotoxic, 11, 196 Neutrophil, 10, 196 Nicotine, 196 Nitrates, 188, 196 Norepinephrine, 164, 178, 196 Nuclear, 125, 168, 178, 180, 195, 196 Nuclear Matrix, 125, 196 Nuclear Pore, 196 Nuclei, 178, 192, 193, 196, 204 Nucleic acid, 121, 122, 125, 183, 186, 188, 196 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 121, 186, 196 Nucleolus, 196 Nucleus, 167, 168, 173, 175, 176, 179, 180, 194, 196, 204, 207 O Ocular, 67, 68, 118, 196 Oligohydramnios, 21, 28, 36, 59, 68, 196 Opacity, 177, 196 Organelles, 171, 176, 194, 196, 204
Orthopaedic, 118, 197 Orthostatic, 166, 197 Outpatient, 122, 197 Ovaries, 197, 206, 209 Ovary, 7, 175, 180, 197 Ovulation, 4, 197, 204 Ovum, 175, 176, 184, 197, 200, 212 Oxidation, 128, 163, 186, 197 P Pacemaker, 123, 197 Paediatric, 15, 34, 197 Palsy, 27, 197 Pancreas, 163, 169, 177, 189, 197 Pancreatic, 7, 197 Paracentesis, 28, 197 Parkinsonism, 166, 197 Particle, 197, 206 Parturition, 10, 196, 197 Pastoral Care, 105, 197 Paternal Age, 37, 197 Pathologic, 163, 168, 175, 187, 197, 203 Patient Education, 72, 75, 151, 156, 158, 162, 197 Pelvic, 179, 197, 201 Peptide, 198, 200, 201 Percutaneous, 61, 118, 121, 165, 198 Perforation, 86, 92, 167, 183, 198 Perinatal, 3, 10, 11, 15, 27, 35, 36, 37, 55, 88, 107, 132, 136, 188, 198 Peripheral blood, 9, 13, 121, 198 Peripheral Nervous System, 170, 197, 198, 208 Peritoneal, 118, 190, 198 Peritoneal Cavity, 118, 190, 198 Peritoneum, 198 Peritonitis, 66, 198 Pesticides, 12, 189, 198 Petechiae, 185, 198 Pharmacologic, 165, 167, 198, 209 Phenotype, 7, 198 Phospholipids, 26, 181, 198 Physical Examination, 172, 184, 198 Physiologic, 164, 181, 192, 193, 198, 203 Physiology, 12, 179, 185, 190, 198 Pigment, 168, 199 Pilot study, 7, 199 Placenta, 117, 118, 121, 122, 163, 172, 180, 181, 199, 200, 202, 210 Plagiarism, 178, 199 Plants, 170, 172, 184, 194, 196, 199, 202, 209, 211 Plaque, 7, 199
220 Amniocentesis
Plasma, 105, 166, 168, 171, 182, 184, 185, 186, 199, 201, 205 Plasma cells, 166, 199 Plasma protein, 199, 201 Platelet Factor 4, 189, 199 Pneumothorax, 39, 66, 117, 199 Poisoning, 176, 190, 193, 195, 196, 199 Polyhydramnios, 21, 35, 36, 107, 199 Polymerase, 7, 76, 120, 199 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 7, 76, 120, 199 Polypeptide, 164, 173, 181, 186, 200, 209, 212 Polysaccharide, 166, 200 Posterior, 8, 165, 167, 173, 178, 190, 197, 200, 205 Postnatal, 9, 200, 207 Postoperative, 194, 200 Practice Guidelines, 147, 200 Precursor, 6, 167, 172, 178, 179, 196, 200, 201, 210 Pregnancy Complications, 7, 200 Pregnancy Outcome, 8, 15, 17, 34, 46, 78, 91, 200 Pregnancy Tests, 184, 200 Premenopausal, 7, 200 Prevalence, 6, 88, 107, 200 Probe, 117, 121, 123, 126, 200 Progeny, 81, 200 Progesterone, 10, 16, 100, 200 Progression, 165, 200 Progressive, 177, 185, 194, 195, 200, 204 Prophylaxis, 16, 100, 201, 204 Prospective study, 62, 107, 201 Prostaglandins, 10, 106, 167, 188, 201 Prostaglandins A, 188, 201 Prostate, 123, 201 Protein C, 126, 128, 164, 168, 181, 201 Protein S, 133, 169, 183, 201 Prothrombin, 105, 201, 209 Protocol, 104, 201 Proximal, 177, 201 Psychiatric, 3, 193, 201 Psychiatry, 3, 11, 56, 106, 182, 201 Psychic, 201, 205 Psychology, 177, 201 Psychomotor, 70, 170, 176, 179, 195, 201, 202 Psychosis, 166, 184, 201 Psychotropic, 4, 202 Public Policy, 145, 202 Publishing, 133, 178, 202 Puerperium, 196, 202
Pulmonary, 169, 202, 211 Pulmonary Artery, 169, 202, 211 Pulse, 194, 202 Pupil, 177, 194, 202 Purpura, 185, 202 Putrefaction, 183, 202 Pyruvate Carboxylase, 103, 202 R Race, 6, 190, 202 Radiation, 182, 202, 205, 212 Radioactive, 169, 187, 188, 191, 194, 196, 202, 205 Radiography, 184, 202 Radiological, 151, 198, 202 Random Allocation, 202 Randomization, 30, 202 Randomized, 5, 22, 23, 31, 35, 40, 41, 76, 86, 88, 104, 178, 203 Randomized clinical trial, 22, 23, 88, 104, 203 Reagent, 6, 9, 188, 203 Receptor, 4, 7, 116, 119, 163, 166, 172, 178, 203, 206 Receptors, Serotonin, 203, 206 Rectum, 166, 170, 177, 183, 188, 190, 201, 203, 206 Recurrence, 169, 203 Red blood cells, 13, 127, 180, 203 Refer, 1, 174, 182, 191, 195, 201, 203 Refraction, 203, 207 Regimen, 178, 203 Reliability, 91, 104, 203 Remission, 169, 203 Reproduction Techniques, 200, 203 Residual Volume, 183, 203 Resorption, 187, 203 Respiration, 170, 172, 181, 194, 203, 204 Respiratory distress syndrome, 29, 203 Restoration, 204, 212 Resuscitation, 132, 204 Reticulocytes, 119, 122, 127, 180, 204 Retina, 173, 204 Retinitis, 170, 204 Retinitis Pigmentosa, 170, 204 Retinoids, 204, 211 Retrospective, 95, 204 Retrospective study, 95, 204 Rhythm Method, 131, 204 Ribonucleoproteins, 196, 204 Risk factor, 11, 18, 21, 35, 79, 201, 204 Risk patient, 90, 204 Rodenticides, 198, 204
Index 221
Rubella, 52, 53, 204 S Salivary, 176, 177, 204 Salivary glands, 176, 177, 204 Scans, 123, 204 Scatter, 120, 205 Schizoid, 205, 212 Schizophrenia, 4, 11, 205, 212 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 205, 212 Sclera, 173, 205 Secretion, 7, 186, 187, 189, 205 Sediment, 55, 205 Seizures, 170, 176, 205 Semen, 201, 205 Sensitization, 61, 78, 205 Sensor, 123, 205 Sepsis, 38, 83, 205 Septic, 14, 24, 205 Sequencing, 8, 200, 205 Serotonin, 4, 166, 203, 205, 210 Serous, 187, 206 Sex Characteristics, 163, 206, 209 Sex Determination, 122, 206 Shock, 14, 24, 206, 210 Side effect, 13, 164, 166, 206, 209 Sigmoid, 92, 206 Sigmoid Colon, 206 Skeletal, 7, 206 Skeleton, 181, 206 Skull, 125, 175, 179, 195, 206 Small intestine, 186, 187, 190, 206, 211 Smooth muscle, 167, 170, 186, 194, 206, 208 Sodium, 132, 206 Soft tissue, 165, 169, 206 Sonogram, 54, 66, 138, 206 Sound wave, 123, 124, 206 Specialist, 18, 153, 177, 206 Species, 7, 8, 12, 164, 173, 180, 186, 190, 193, 194, 202, 206, 208, 210, 212 Specificity, 117, 120, 124, 125, 164, 207 Spectrum, 8, 207 Sperm, 74, 173, 207, 209 Spike, 124, 207 Spina bifida, 195, 207 Spinal cord, 171, 172, 192, 195, 198, 207, 208 Spleen, 55, 118, 176, 191, 207 Spontaneous Abortion, 48, 51, 56, 93, 118, 200, 207 Sporadic, 125, 207 Staging, 204, 207
Stem Cells, 119, 180, 207, 210 Sterilization, 131, 207 Stillbirth, 200, 207 Stimulant, 170, 186, 207 Stimulus, 180, 189, 207, 209 Stomach, 163, 177, 180, 183, 184, 186, 195, 198, 206, 207 Strand, 199, 207 Stroke, 114, 144, 207 Stroma, 190, 208 Stromal, 179, 208 Subacute, 189, 208 Subclavian, 118, 167, 208 Subclavian Artery, 118, 208 Subclinical, 81, 189, 205, 208 Subcutaneous, 66, 208 Subcutaneous Emphysema, 66, 208 Subspecies, 7, 207, 208 Substance P, 193, 205, 208 Suction, 182, 208 Supplementation, 107, 108, 132, 208 Suppression, 8, 208 Surgical Instruments, 118, 208 Sympathomimetic, 178, 180, 196, 208 Symphysis, 201, 208 Symptomatic, 35, 208 Synapses, 207, 208 Systemic, 167, 169, 176, 180, 189, 190, 208 Systolic, 187, 208 T Tachycardia, 181, 209 Tamponade, 118, 209 Tardive, 166, 209 Teratoma, 65, 209 Testicles, 209 Testosterone, 7, 209 Thalassemia, 168, 186, 209 Thermal, 177, 199, 209 Thoracic, 118, 208, 209 Thorax, 163, 165, 209 Threshold, 124, 125, 187, 209 Thrombin, 182, 199, 201, 209 Thrombomodulin, 201, 209 Thrombosis, 168, 201, 207, 209 Tin, 100, 209 Tooth Preparation, 163, 209 Toxic, iv, 175, 178, 185, 196, 209 Toxicology, 9, 104, 146, 209 Toxins, 166, 189, 194, 209 Toxoplasmosis, 29, 209 Trace element, 209, 210 Transfection, 169, 210
222 Amniocentesis
Transfusion, 30, 40, 61, 74, 90, 92, 186, 210 Translocation, 29, 67, 210 Transmitter, 124, 163, 178, 192, 196, 208, 210 Trauma, 68, 71, 95, 117, 176, 195, 210 Trigger zone, 166, 210 Triploid, 29, 210 Trisomy, 14, 24, 28, 30, 49, 55, 64, 70, 90, 92, 124, 134, 165, 210 Tryptophan, 174, 205, 210 Tuberculosis, 116, 210 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 11, 210 Tyrosine, 178, 210 U Ultrasonography, 5, 11, 16, 22, 42, 90, 93, 97, 122, 123, 132, 184, 210 Umbilical Arteries, 210 Umbilical Cord, 4, 7, 12, 56, 61, 85, 117, 121, 164, 172, 210 Umbilical cord blood, 4, 12, 210 Unconscious, 187, 210 Urethra, 201, 210, 211 Urinary, 15, 184, 187, 188, 196, 210, 211 Urinary tract, 196, 210 Urine, 6, 55, 126, 132, 169, 177, 180, 188, 210, 211 Urogenital, 7, 184, 211 V Vaccine, 201, 211 Vagina, 7, 172, 187, 193, 209, 211 Vaginal, 7, 10, 17, 26, 211 Vascular, 172, 173, 189, 199, 211 Vasodilator, 178, 186, 211
Vegetative, 210, 211 Vein, 7, 167, 196, 208, 210, 211 Venous, 128, 167, 168, 171, 201, 211 Venous blood, 128, 171, 211 Ventricle, 40, 202, 208, 211 Ventricular, 187, 211 Veterinary Medicine, 145, 211 Villi, 172, 187, 211 Villous, 97, 173, 211 Viral, 53, 122, 125, 126, 189, 211 Virulent, 7, 211 Virus, 18, 73, 168, 171, 186, 199, 204, 211 Vitamin A, 132, 211 Vitro, 116, 211 Vivo, 4, 211 W Weight Gain, 7, 132, 211 Welchii, 25, 212 White blood cell, 166, 188, 191, 192, 196, 199, 212 Withdrawal, 128, 176, 212 Womb, 118, 211, 212 Wound Healing, 192, 212 X Xenograft, 165, 212 X-ray, 128, 174, 182, 196, 205, 212 Y Yeasts, 198, 212 Yolk Sac, 181, 212 Z Zygote, 175, 194, 212 Zymogen, 201, 212
Index 223
224 Amniocentesis
