NISE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Anise: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83733-3 1. Anise-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on anise. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANISE ........................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Anise ............................................................................................. 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANISE ................................................................................................ 5 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 5 Finding Nutrition Studies on Anise .............................................................................................. 5 Federal Resources on Nutrition ..................................................................................................... 7 Additional Web Resources ............................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANISE .......................................................................... 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................... 9 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 12 General References ....................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ANISE ..................................................................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 Patents on Anise .......................................................................................................................... 17 Patent Applications on Anise ...................................................................................................... 28 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ANISE ........................................................................................................ 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 33 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 33 Chapters on Anise ........................................................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANISE........................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 35 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 36 Academic Periodicals covering Anise .......................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 39 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 40 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 43 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 45 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 49 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 53 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 53 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 59 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 59
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ANISE DICTIONARY..................................................................................................................... 61 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 83
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with anise is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about anise, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to anise, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on anise. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to anise, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on anise. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANISE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on anise.
Federally Funded Research on Anise The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to anise. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to anise. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore anise.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with anise, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “anise” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for anise (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
Characterization of allergens in Apiaceae spices: anise, fennel, coriander and cumin. Author(s): Jensen-Jarolim E, Leitner A, Hirschwehr R, Kraft D, Wuthrich B, Scheiner O, Graf J, Ebner C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 November; 27(11): 1299-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9420134&dopt=Abstract
•
Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and food allergy because of aniseed sensitization. Author(s): Garcia-Gonzalez JJ, Bartolome-Zavala B, Fernandez-Melendez S, BarceloMunoz JM, Miranda Paez A, Carmona-Bueno MJ, Vega-Chicote JM, Negro Carrasco MA, Ameal Godoy A, Pamies Espinosa R. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 May; 88(5): 518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027075&dopt=Abstract
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANISE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and anise.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Anise The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “anise” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Anise
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “anise” (or a synonym): •
Allozyme inheritance in anise hyssop [Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze] (Lamiaceae). Author(s): Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Source: Fuentes Granados, R.G. Widrlechner, M.P. Wilson, L.A. American-Society-forHorticultural-Science (USA). (September 1998). volume 123(5) page 868-874. essential oil crops labiatae allozymes genetic inheritance progeny crossbreds loci chemical composition enzyme polymorphism genes segregation 0003-1062
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Antimicrobial properties of star anise (Illicium verum Hook f). Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700 019, India. Source: De, Minakshi De, Amit Krishna Sen, Parimal Banerjee, Arun Baran PhytotherRes. 2002 February; 16(1): 94-5 0951-418X
•
Convulsants from star anise (Illicium verum Hook.F.). Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan. Source: Okuyama, E Nakamura, T Yamazaki, M Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1993 September; 41(9): 1670-1 0009-2363
•
Determination of photoanethole from a stored essential oil of anise fruits as 4,4'dimethoxystilbene by high performance liquid chromatography--ultraviolet coupling. Source: Miething, H. Seger, V. Hansel, R. Phytother-Res-PTR. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. June 1990. volume 4 (3) page 121-123. 0951-418X
•
Differential responses of methods of sowing and seed rates on seed yield and quality of anise oil. Source: Maheshwari, S.K. Gupta, R.S. Yadav, S. Indian-Perfum. Kanpur : Essential Oil Association of India. July/December 1984. volume 28 (3/4) page 133-137. 0019-607X
•
Essential oils of Turkish anise seeds and their use in the aromatization of raki. Author(s): Istanbul Technical Univ., Faculty of Chemistry-Metallurgy, Istanbul (Turkey). Dept. of Food Engineering TUBITAK, Marmara Research Center, Gebze-Kocaeli (Turkey). Dept. of Food and Refrigeration Technology Source: Karaali, A. Basoglu, N. Zeitschrift-fuer-Lebensmittel-Untersuchung-undForschung (Germany). (1995). volume 200 page 440-442. pimpinella anisum essential oils aromatized wines turkey
•
Mycoflora of anise and fennel seeds in Egypt. Author(s): Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt. Source: Moharram, A M Abdel Mallek, A Y Abdel Hafez, A I J-Basic-Microbiol. 1989; 29(7): 427-35 0233-111X
•
Neurotropic components from star anise (Illicium verum Hook. fil.) Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan. Source: Nakamura, T Okuyama, E Yamazaki, M Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1996 October; 44(10): 1908-14 0009-2363
•
Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and food allergy because of aniseed sensitization. Author(s): Allergy Section, Complejo Hospitalario Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain.
[email protected]
Nutrition
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Source: Garcia Gonzalez, Juan Jesus Bartolome Zavala, Borja Fernandez Melendez, Salvador Barcelo Munoz, Jose Manuel Miranda Paez, Alfonso Carmona Bueno, Maria Jose Vega Chicote, Jose Maria Negro Carrasco, Maria A Ameal Godoy, Ana Pamies Espinosa, Rafael Ann-Allergy-Asthma-Immunol. 2002 May; 88(5): 518-22 1081-1206 •
Phenolic content in differentiated tissue cultures of untransformed and Agrobacterium-transformed roots of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Author(s): Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA. Source: Andarwulan, N Shetty, K J-Agric-Food-Chem. 1999 April; 47(4): 1776-80 00218561
•
Star anise, Illicium verum Hook f. as a potential grain protectant against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Source: Ho, S.H. Ma, Y. Goh, P.M. Sim, K.Y. Postharvest-biol-technol. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science B.V. October 1995. volume6 (3/4) page 341-347. 0925-5214
•
Supercritical Extraction of Essential Oil from Aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L) Using CO(2): Solubility, Kinetics, and Composition Data. Author(s): LASEFI-DEA/FEA-UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6121, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; IAC, Caixa Postal 28, CEP 13001-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; and DE, IMECUNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6065, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Source: Rodrigues, V M Rosa, P T Marques, M O Petenate, A J Meireles, M A J-AgricFood-Chem. 2003 Mar 12; 51(6): 1518-23 0021-8561
•
Synthesis and cytokinin activity of alpha-anomeric N6-benzyladenosine [isolated from anise, Pimpinella anisum]. Author(s): Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu (Japan). Faculty of Agriculture Source: Hashizume, T. Hosoi, M. Sugiyama, T. Agricultural-and-Biological-Chemistry (Japan). (January 1985). volume 49(1) page 225-227. pimpinella anisum adenosine cytokinins processing chemistry chemical structure 0002-1369
•
Water-soluble constituents of anise: new glucosides of anethole glycol and its related compounds. Author(s): Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Ishikawa, T Fujimatu, E Kitajima, J Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2002 November; 50(11): 1460-6 0009-2363
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to anise; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Muenster Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANISE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to anise. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to anise and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “anise” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to anise: •
Aniseed oil increases glucose absorption and reduces urine output in the rat. Author(s): Kreydiyyeh SI, Usta J, Knio K, Markossian S, Dagher S. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 December 19; 74(5): 663-673. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14623036&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms. Author(s): Elgayyar M, Draughon FA, Golden DA, Mount JR. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 July; 64(7): 1019-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11456186&dopt=Abstract
•
Antimicrobial properties of star anise (Illicium verum Hook f). Author(s): De M, De AK, Sen P, Banerjee AB.
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Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 February; 16(1): 94-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807977&dopt=Abstract •
Assessing the separation of neutral plant secondary metabolites by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Author(s): Micke GA, Moraes EP, Farah JP, Tavares MF. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 July 4; 1004(1-2): 131-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12929969&dopt=Abstract
•
Convulsants from star anise (Illicium verum Hook.F.). Author(s): Okuyama E, Nakamura T, Yamazaki M. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1993 September; 41(9): 1670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8221981&dopt=Abstract
•
Degradation of the natural mutagenic compound safrole in spices by cooking and irradiation. Author(s): Farag SE, Abo-Zeid M. Source: Die Nahrung. 1997 December; 41(6): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9467788&dopt=Abstract
•
Development of a toxic bait for control of eastern lubber grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Author(s): Barbara KA, Capinera JL. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 2003 June; 96(3): 584-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852592&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of cinnamon, clove and some of their constituents on the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and alanine absorption in the rat jejunum. Author(s): Kreydiyyeh SI, Usta J, Copti R. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2000 September; 38(9): 755-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10930696&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi. Author(s): Soliman KM, Badeaa RI. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 November; 40(11): 1669-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12176092&dopt=Abstract
•
Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents. Author(s): Albert-Puleo M.
Alternative Medicine 11
Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1980 December; 2(4): 337-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6999244&dopt=Abstract •
Fumigant activity of (E)-anethole identified in Illicium verum fruit against Blattella germanica. Author(s): Chang KS, Ahn YJ. Source: Pest Management Science. 2002 February; 58(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852640&dopt=Abstract
•
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteriditis by combinations of plant oils and derivatives of benzoic acid: the development of synergistic antimicrobial combinations. Author(s): Fyfe L, Armstrong F, Stewart J. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1997 January; 9(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9552716&dopt=Abstract
•
Mycoflora of anise and fennel seeds in Egypt. Author(s): Moharram AM, Abdel-Mallek AY, Abdel-Hafez AI. Source: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 1989; 29(7): 427-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2600777&dopt=Abstract
•
Neurotropic components from star anise (Illicium verum Hook. fil.) Author(s): Nakamura T, Okuyama E, Yamazaki M. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1996 October; 44(10): 1908-14. Erratum In: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1996 December; 44(12): 2344. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8904818&dopt=Abstract
•
Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Author(s): Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2000 July 1; 57(13): 1221-7; Quiz 122830. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902065&dopt=Abstract
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Role of learning in the selection of dietary protein in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Author(s): DiBattista D, Mercier S. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 1999 June; 113(3): 574-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443784&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitizing and irritating properties of star anise oil. Author(s): Rudzki E, Grzywa Z.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1976 December; 2(6): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1032123&dopt=Abstract •
Studies on essential oils: part 10; antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some spices. Author(s): Singh G, Kapoor IP, Pandey SK, Singh UK, Singh RK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 November; 16(7): 680-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410554&dopt=Abstract
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Sugar and spice: similarities and sensory attributes. Author(s): Blank DM, Mattes RD. Source: Nursing Research. 1990 September-October; 39(5): 290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2399134&dopt=Abstract
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Terpene hydrocarbons in Pimpinella anisum L. Author(s): Burkhardt G, Reichling J, Martin R, Becker H. Source: Pharm Weekbl Sci. 1986 June 20; 8(3): 190-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3737372&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of fruit essential oil of the Pimpinella anisum on acquisition and expression of morphine induced conditioned place preference in mice. Author(s): Sahraei H, Ghoshooni H, Hossein Salimi S, Mohseni Astani A, Shafaghi B, Falahi M, Kamalnegad M. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 April; 80(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891086&dopt=Abstract
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The importance of anise (Fructus anisi vulgaris) from the point of view of Turkish medical history and its place in the traditional treatments in Turkey. Author(s): Demirhan Erdemir A. Source: Rev Hist Pharm (Paris). 1996; 44(312 Suppl): 359-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11618672&dopt=Abstract
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The in vivo pediculicidal efficacy of a natural remedy. Author(s): Mumcuoglu KY, Miller J, Zamir C, Zentner G, Helbin V, Ingber A. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 October; 4(10): 790-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389342&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to anise; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cough Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Infantile Colic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Chinese Medicine Baiiaohuixiang Alternative names: Chinese Star Anise; Fructus Anisi Stellati Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Herbs and Supplements Anise Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Caraway Alternative names: Carum carvi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Estrogens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Fennel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Fennel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,20,00.html Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Illicium Alternative names: Star Anise; Illicium verum (Hook, F.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sassafras Alternative names: Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ANISE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “anise” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on anise, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Anise By performing a patent search focusing on anise, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will
5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on anise: •
Additive for stimulants Inventor(s): Paczolay; Kinga (PF 590, H-1539 Budapest, HU), Pintz; Gyorgy (PF 590, H1539 Budapest, HU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,235,317 Date filed: June 16, 1999 Abstract: An additive for stimulants, useful in particular to reduce the health-damaging effects of coffee beverages, contains one or several vitamins, dandelion root extract, and, if required, one or several mineral salts. The additive characterized in that it contains anise extract and adenosine. Excerpt(s): Subject of the invention is an additive for stimulants, useful in particular to reduce the health-damaging effects of coffee beverages. Since many centuries coffee has been one of the most popular enjoyable consumer's goods. Owing to its caffeine content coffee has a stimulatory effect. But besides its agreeable properties coffee has also some disadvantages. It disturbs the acid-base balance of the organism, stimulates the stomach. Caffeine has also some toxic effect. It increases the risk of myocardial infarction (American Journal of Epidemiology, 1988/9, 570-8, Rosenberg et al.), reduces the effectiveness of the immunity (International Journal of Immunopharmacology 1990/1, 129-34, Melamed et al.), may induce mutation of genes (Food-Chemical-Toxicology 1989/4, 22714 32, Aeschbacher et al.), increases the risk of generating several cancer diseases. Moderate consumers of coffee are, naturally, less exposed to the above dangers. A substitution of the coffee by some other beverages is--because of its high enjoyable and stimulatory effect--hardly to be expected. Therefore, any endeavor aiming at diminishing the harmful effects of coffee shall be welcomed. Such an effort was also the development of decaffeinated coffee. Raw natural coffee after having been cleaned by the Wimmer-Roselius procedure is treated by steam and afterwards extracted and roasted. A disadvantage of decaffeinated coffee is that, because of its lack of stimulating effects, many people don't like it. Many procedures are known to extract, by means of solvents, certain substances from the coffee, at the same time retaining its caffeine content. Such procedures are the subject of the publications DE-OS 16 92 284, DE-OS 19 60 694, DE-OS 20 31 830, DE-OS 26 18 545, DE-PS 27 20 204, CH-PS 568 719. All these procedures have the disadvantage that they more or less alter the aroma of the coffee, as the extraction cannot be carried out with the necessary selectivity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06235317__
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Anti-tussive composition Inventor(s): Medenica; Rajko D. (2250 Broadway & 81st, Apt. 7A, New York, NY 10024) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,660,833 Date filed: June 5, 1996
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Abstract: An anti-tussive composition comprising essence of anise, senega dry extract, and pure licorice root extract, in combination with a pharmaceutically-suitable liquid carrier, and a method of treating cough in humans, is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention is directed to an anti-tussive containing natural plant extracts which is non-addictive and effectively suppresses coughing due to various etiologies. The cough mechanism is an explosive expiration which provides a means for clearing the tracheal and bronchial trees of accumulated secretions and/or foreign bodies. Coughing is among the most frequently reported cardio-respiratory symptoms and perhaps the most common symptom for which medical attention is sought. The cough mechanism is initiated by an appropriate stimulus which elicits a deep inspiration. Physiologically, this is followed by closure of the epiglottis and relaxation of the diaphragm. A sharp muscle contraction against the closed epiglottis then follows. This produces a greatly increased intra-thoracic and intra-airway pressure. The positive intra-thoracic pressure causes a narrowing of the trachea due to enfolding of its compliant posterior membrane. At this point, the epiglottis opens. When the epiglottis opens, the combination of the large pressure differential between the thoracic cavity and the atmosphere, coupled with the narrowing of the trachea, produces a massively increased rate of air flow through the trachea. In fact, at the instant the epiglottis opens, the air flow rate through the trachea momentarily approaches the speed of sound. The shearing force created by this massively increased flow rate is normally effective to expectorate mucus and foreign materials from the airway. Thickening of mucosal secretions or physical blockage of the epiglottis (as when an endo-tracheal tube is present), however, greatly decreases the effectiveness of the coughing mechanism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05660833__ •
Composition and method for discouraging spiders, insects or the like Inventor(s): Plummer; Donald E. (10165 NW. 8th La., Ocala, FL 32675), Plummer; Sonja A. (10165 NW. 8th La., Ocala, FL 32675) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,240,708 Date filed: July 3, 1991 Abstract: A composition and method for spraying an area to inhibit web growth and discourage spiders, other insects or the like from returning to the sprayed area. The solution includes liquid soap that is blended with oil of anise and coriander oil. Capsicum is then added and completely blended in the soap mixture. The mixture is blended with an acetic acid solution to form the solution. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition of matter for use as a pesticide or pest preventative and a method for making and using the composition. More particularly, this invention relates to a solution of organic materials for inhibiting and discouraging spiders, insects and other pests from reoccurring once sprayed on a surface. A common problem with many houses and buildings is spider web growth. Spiders tend to congregate in corners of buildings and build webs. Elimination of these webs require constant cleanup by knocking the webs down with brooms and brushes. Various pesticides and insecticides are available for killing spiders, insects and other bugs to prevent web reoccurrence. However, most pesticides contain toxic materials that are harmful to humans if swallowed. Further, many of the current pesticides only last a short amount of time and must be re-applied to maintain effectiveness. Many pesticides
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stain surfaces such as walls, carpet, draperies, wallpaper, etc. on contact. Accordingly, these pesticides may not be applicable for indoor use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05240708__ •
Composition for live fishbait coating Inventor(s): Kienast; Dallas R. (4458 Omro Rd., Oshkosh, WI 54901), Kienast; Patricia L. (4458 Omro Rd., Oshkosh, WI 54901) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,486,460 Date filed: July 25, 1983 Abstract: A coating for live fishbait, such as minnows, worms and the like which includes cornmeal, a specific color ingredient and scent ingredient to more effectively attract fish to the bait. The coating composition is such that it will not easily wash off of the live fishbait and will remain on the live fishbait for an extended period of time after the live fishbait has been placed in water during normal fishing procedures. The coating composition is in powder form with the individual ingredients being thoroughly mixed and the live fishbait is provided with the coating by merely laying the live fishbait on the powder coating material and rolling or otherwise turning the live fishbait so that the external surface thereof is thoroughly coated with the coating composition. The coating composition consists of ground cornmeal, a coloring agent and anise oil in which the cornmeal is ground to a very fine consistency and the coloring agent is a commercially available radiant fluorescent pigment and the ingredients of the composition are mixed in a precise ratio so that it will effectively attract fish and remain on the live fishbait for an extended period of time. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to a composition for coating live fishbait which is in powder form and can be easily packaged and distributed in conventional packaging with the live fishbait, such as minnows, worms, insects and the like, so that the live fishbait may be easily coated by a person engaged in various fishing procedures in a quick and efficient manner with the coating remaining on the fish bait for long periods of time even when immersed in water and providing a coating which forms an attractant to the fish thereby rendering the fishing procedures more efficient in catching fish. The present invention generally relates to a composition for coating live fishbait without causing injury to or death of the live fishbait and at the same time providing an attractant to fish being sought with the coating being such that it will remain on the exterior of the live fishbait for an extended period of time even when immersed in water. Another object of the invention is to provide a life fishbait coating which is in powder form which can be easily packaged and distributed and easily applied to the external surface of various types of live fishbait such as minnows, worms, insects and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04486460__
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Cosmetic compositions containing anise extract and retinoids Inventor(s): Granger; Stewart Paton (Paramus, NJ), Mahajan; Manisha Narayan (Westwood, NJ), Pillai; Sreekumar (Wayne, NJ) Assignee(s): Unilever Home & Personal Care USA, division of Conopco, Inc. (Greenwich, CT) Patent Number: 6,395,286 Date filed: November 15, 2000 Abstract: Cosmetic skin care compositions containing anise seed extract in combination with retinoids. Excerpt(s): Cosmetic compositions containing anise extract in combination with retinoids and methods of conditioning skin by applying such compositions to the skin. Retinol (vitamin A) is an endogenous compound which occurs naturally in the human body and is essential for normal epithelial cell differentiation. Natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives have been used extensively in the treatment of a variety of skin disorders and as skin repair and renewal agents. Retinoic acid has been used to treat a variety of skin conditions such as acne, wrinkles, psoriasis, age spots and skin discoloration. Within the cells, retinol and retinoic acid are bound to specific cellular binding proteins, 2 of the major proteins are CRABP-1 and 2 (Roos et al., Pharmacological reviews: 50, 315-333, 1998). These proteins act in regulating the intracellular concentration of retinoids by acting as both storage or shuttle proteins in retinoid metabolism. The levels of this protein are regulated by the amount of retinoic acid within the cells. Higher cellular levels of retinoids increase the expression of CRABP-2. Therefore, the amount of this protein in the cells, is a measure of the retinoid activity of the cells. Skin cells contain CRABP-2 both in the epidermis and the dermis. CRABP-2 response to retinoid administration in fibroblasts in vitro is used as a reproducible measure of retinoid bioactivity that predict human skin responses (Elder et al., J. Invest. Dermatol., 106: 517-521, 1996). Therefore, CRABP-2 expression of fibroblasts is a measure of retinoid activity leading to various cosmetic skin benefits (antiaging, anti wrinkling, skin conditioning etc.). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06395286__
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Fish attractant with sensory enhancements Inventor(s): Bethshears; William D. (Bruceton, TN) Assignee(s): Flow-Rite of Tennessee, Inc. (Bruceton, TN) Patent Number: 4,828,829 Date filed: February 22, 1988 Abstract: A visual fish attractant that visually attracts fish and aids in the dispersion of traditional scent and taste attractants is disclosed. The fish attractant compositions, if oil based, include one or more oils, such as mineral oil, cod liver oil, menhaden oil, herring oil, anise oil, salmon oil, as well as pigments, fragrances, fish scent, dispersed pigments, and light-reflective particles that act both as a visual attractant and as an aid to controlled dispersion of the oil and scent components. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to fish attractants and, more particularly, to novel visual fish attractants that both visually attract fish and aid in the dispersion of traditional scent and taste attractants. Various oil and water based fish attractants have
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been formulated and used as a means to attract fish and enhance the ability of both competitive and non-competitive fishing enthusiasts to attract and catch various species of fish. Such specialty formulations have been made for salt water and fresh water fish, and, in some instances, have attempted to simulate the taste and scent of such commonly used natural bait as crawfish, shad and shrimp. Typically, such formulations are in paste or liquid forms and are sprayed or otherwise applied onto lures or live bait. Other attractants have been made in solid form and are physically attached to the fishing line adjacent to the lure. Although such commonly used fish attractants have successfully capitalized on the scent and taste senses of fish, none has been capable of attracting fish by appealing to visual, scent and taste senses simultaneously. Nor has any commonly used fish attractant been easily dispersed in a controlled fashion. The present invention provides a fish attractant composition that aids the visual impact of a bait by furnishing a natural visual discharge appearance similar to the colorful oil and scale discharge of active, live bait. In addition, the visual fish attractant composition of the present invention acts to improve the dispersibility of traditional fish attractants in water, so that the combined formulation can be dispersed and discharged in a controlled fashion, resembling the visual appearance of the reflective scales and particles that come off a live bait. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04828829__ •
Fisherman's hand towel and method Inventor(s): Kinnear; Duane W. (R.D. 1, East Springfield, PA 16411) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,437,253 Date filed: April 4, 1983 Abstract: To prevent bait from acquiring human odors in the process of handling the bait during each baiting a fish line, the fisherman's hands are first wiped with an absorbent towel impregnated with an anise odor containing substance. This leaves a residual anise odor on the hands which is picked up by the bait in amounts sufficient to mask human odors. In a convenient form the anise odor containing substance may be added to whatever solution impregnates the damp or wet paper towels commercially available for hand cleaning purposes. Excerpt(s): I have discovered that mere handling of the bait as part of the process of baiting a fish line causes the bait to acquire human odors which repel fish. Human odors are those naturally present on human hands and other odors picked up from soaps, detergents, automobiles, outboard motors and other devices with which fishermen come into contact. Human odors cannot be eliminated by washing because soaps and detergents have a fish repelling odor. I have further discovered that this fish repelling action is overcome if the fisherman immediately before handling the bait or lures in the process of baiting the line, first wipes his hands with a damp absorbent towel impregnated with an anise odor containing substance. The towel absorbs some of the human odor substances and leaves a residual anise odor on the hands in amount sufficient to mask or neutralize or override any remaining human odor. While wiping alone does remove some of the fish repelling substance, this alone is not enough. It is necessary that the towel leave an anise odor on the fisherman's hands which will in part be transferred to the bait or lure. Instead of acquiring a fish repelling human odor, the bait acquires an anise odor which masks the fish repelling human odor.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04437253__ •
Method and product for promoting hair growth and treating skin conditions Inventor(s): Eliaz; Isaac G. (San Rafael, CA), Gonen; Shmuel (Kiryat Ono, IL) Assignee(s): Universal Biologics, Inc. (San Rafael, CA) Patent Number: 6,203,782 Date filed: May 14, 1996 Abstract: Methods and compositions for promoting hair growth, preventing or minimizing hair loss, enhancing or restoring hair color or remelanization and treating other hair and skin conditions are disclosed. The methods include topical application of the compositions to the skin or hair follicles being treated. The compositions include as an essential component a treatment agent in an amount effective for treating the condition and selected from the class of compounds consisting of anole, anethole, analogs thereof, polymers thereof and mixtures thereof. Various combinations of these compounds may be found in herb families including umbelliferae, magnoliaceae, labiatae and rutaceae. The invention preferably contemplates selecting the treatment agent from the class of herbs consisting of Foeniculum vulgares (fennel seed), Pimpinella anisum (anise), Carum carvi (caraway seeds) and mixtures thereof with each other and/or other herbs. Excerpt(s): The present intention relates to methods and products for treating hair and skin conditions. Hair treatments include promoting hair growth in general and, in particular, promoting growth of hair transplants, preventing, stopping or minimizing hair loss, reducing and/or preventing hair fallout during chemotherapy, conditioning the hair and scalp, thickening the hair, eyebrows and eyelashes, treating dandruff, etc. Treatments for skin conditions include smoothing of the skin, treating seborrheic dermatitis, treating cuticles, nails, and nail fungus, treating psoriasis, healing of wounds in the skin, etc. Treatments for hair loss and other scalp and hair disorders addressed by the invention have long been sought, and many treatments utilizing compositions based on extracts from naturally-occurring herbs have been proposed. However, conclusive evidence of the efficacy of known compositions has been hard to find, and many of the reported or suggested results achieved with the prior art compositions lack scientific credibility. The present inventors, however, have discovered a composition which has been conclusively demonstrated to produce a significant improvement in the conditions for which it is used as a treatment. Most unexpectedly, the composition has been found to be effective for treating hair loss in women, as well as in men. The present inventors have conducted scientific studies demonstrating the effectiveness of the composition of the invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06203782__
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Method and product for treating skin afflictions Inventor(s): Eliaz; Isaac G. (34 Ash Ave., San Anselmo, CA 94960), Gonen; Shmuel (Kiryat-Ono, IL) Assignee(s): The Partnership Of Isaac G. Eliaz and Samuel Gonen (San Rafael, CA) Patent Number: 5,422,100 Date filed: August 16, 1993
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Abstract: Methods and products for promoting hair growth, preventing or minimizing hair loss, enhancing or restoring hair color or remelanization and treating other hair and skin afflictions are disclosed. The methods includes topical application of the products to the skin or hair follicles being treated. The product includes as an essential component a treatment agent in an amount effective for treating the affliction and selected from the class of chemicals consisting of anol, anethole, analogs of the above, polymers of the above and mixtures thereof. Various combinations of these chemicals may be found in herb families including umbelliferae, magnoliaceae, labiatae and rutaceae. The invention preferably contemplates selecting the treatment agent from the class of herbs consisting of Foeniculum vulgares (fennel seed), Pimpinella anisum (anise), Carum carvi (caraway seeds) and mixtures of the above herbs with each other and/or with other herbs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and products for treating hair and skin conditions. In addition to hair treatments including promoting of hair growth, preventing, stopping or minimizing hair loss, conditioning the hair and scalp, thickening the hair, treating dandruff, etc. and treatments for skin conditions including smoothing of the skin, treating seborrheic dermatitis, treating psoriasis and treating like conditions, possibly including healing of wounds in the skin. The invention has also been found effective for restoring or enhancing hair color or remelanization. A wide variety of materials or compositions have been disclosed in the prior art as being effective for promoting hair growth and/or for preventing, stopping or minimizing hair loss as well as treating related conditions such as dandruff, itching of the scalp, etc. A number of such treatment agents were disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,791 issued Oct. 17, 1989 to Adachi, et al. In addition, that patent disclosed and claimed a hair-growing agent containing as an effective ingredient an aliphatic carboxylic acid having an odd number of carbon atoms or a derivative thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05422100__ •
Method of making pizza dough Inventor(s): Poulgouras; Konstantinos (Box 1975, Tisdale, Saskatchewan, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,954,357 Date filed: May 3, 1989 Abstract: There is described an improved method of making pizza dough in which flavor material is added to the dough prior to cooking it. The flavor material could be of any suitable form such as anise, basil, mint or any herb, fruit, spice, artifical or natural flavoring. An improved dough and an improved pizza crust permeated by the required flavor is obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pizza doughs and pizzas and particularly to the preparation thereof. In the normal preparation of pizzas a plain bread-like dough is prepared to which the ingredients forming the pizza filling are added immediately prior to cooking. After cooking the taste of the pizza is obtained from the fillings cooked with the pizza dough, the pizza dough itself maintaining a bread-like taste and texture. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved pizza dough culminating in an improved pizza shell or crust. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04954357__
Patents 25
•
Natural pesticide Inventor(s): Chang; Chun-Hua Lily (Ventura, CA), Hsu; Hsinhung John (Ventura, CA), Zhou; Jian (Ventura, CA) Assignee(s): Safer Gro Laboratories, Inc. (Ventura, CA) Patent Number: 6,231,865 Date filed: March 23, 1999 Abstract: The invention describes a synergistic effect when garlic oil or extract is combined with essential oils which results in an improved insecticide/fungicide which is natural and contains no chemical additives. Essential oils are defined in this application to be volatile liquids obtained from plants and seeds including cotton seed oil, soybean oil, cinnamon oil, corn oil, cedar oil, castor oil, clove oil, geranium oil, lemongrass oil, linseed oil, mint oil, sesame oil, thyme oil, rosemary oil, anise oil basil oil, camphor oil, citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, lemon oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, pine needle oil, pepper oil, rose oil, tangerine oil, tea tree oil, tee seed oil, mineral oil and fish oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition of matter used as a natural pesticide and a method for inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi and insect pests. Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) and/or its extract have been reported to have antibacterial and/or antifungal properties. It is known that Allicin isolated from the cloves of garlic had antibacterial properties against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Further, aqueous extracts of garlic have been reported to inhibit the growth of a variety of yeast-like fungi in the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhudotoruto, Torulopsis and Trichosporon. It has also been previously reported that garlic extract and chips inhibit the growth of fungi such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Because of its antifungal and antibacterial properties, garlic or its extract have been used as pesticides to control plant diseases such as mildew. It has also been used as an insecticide to control plant insects such as army worms, aphids and Colorado beetles. Most recently, a method used to repel mosquitos using garlic extract and water was granted U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,552 issued to Anderson et. al. The present invention is directed to a composition of matter which comprises garlic extract and essential oils. This combination of natural ingredients, when applied to plants, has superior antifungal and anti-bacterial qualities, than if applied separately. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231865__
•
Odoriferous fishing device Inventor(s): Visser; Melvin J. (6212 Hampton, Portage, MI 49081) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 3,953,934 Date filed: April 2, 1975 Abstract: A fish attractant device and method for manufacturing the same adapted for use in its various embodiments as a sinker, lure, spinner, or the like to be immersed in water adjacent one or more hooks. The device is a rigid, sintered metal body having a network of interconnected pores filled with a fish attractant such as anise oil, menhaden oil, rhodinol, or bacon fat. The attractant is released into the water from the pores at a uniform, slow rate to attract fish to the hook. The method includes immersing the body
26
Anise
in a container in a quantity of the fish attractant and evacuating the container to a predetermined vacuum to cause the attractant to impregnate the rigid body. Excerpt(s): A wide variety of conventionally known fishing lures have been developed to attract fish to a hook to be caught. Many fishermen prefer live bait for this purpose. It has been found advantageous to use, in addition to live bait and artificial baits or lures, substances which are known to have fish-attractant properties. Such substances include oils and extracts which provide an odor in the water which attracts fish to the area. Although it is desirable to use such fish attractants, a recurring problem has been the delivery of such attractants to the area where the fish will be caught beneath the water. One method has been to pour or spread the fish attractant on the water surface in the form of an oil. Since the oil remains on or near the surface and does not move with the lure, such method is of limited value especially when trolling. Another method is to rub the desired oil, extract, or fish attractant directly on the exterior of the bait or lure being used. Contact with the water quickly disperses the small amount of oil retained on the surface of the lure necessitating frequent reapplication and preventing prolonged use of the enhanced lure. Similarly, filling a flexible, sponge-like lure or part thereof with fish attractant requires frequent reapplication and is not susceptible of prolonged use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03953934__ •
Pad for applying medicaments Inventor(s): Vu; Van N. (72 Maple Ave., Atherton, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,480,646 Date filed: October 12, 1994 Abstract: A pad lined with a mixture of cinnamon, aloe wood and anise star powders having a pervious surface for contacting the skin and exposing the skin to emanations from the powders. The pad has a plurality of chambers which contain portions of the powder and maintain the even distribution of the powder as a lining in the pad. In one embodiment, The pad is an insole worn in footwear. In another embodiment, the pad is provided with bands for strapping the pad to various areas of the body. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pads containing medicaments for application against the surface of the body and particularly to the soles of the feet. The external application of herbal based formulations and/or various forms of massage have long been traditional methods of treatments for a long list of complaints including sore muscles, aching joints, respiratory congestion, external bacterial or fungal attacks, etc. Acupressure therapy, adopted by many, is based on the premise that pressure applied to certain areas of the body is effective in relieving a number of complaints, each complaint being specific to the area of the body to which pressure is applied. In particular, pressure applied to the sole of the foot is believed to be effective in relieving a number of common complaints. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05480646__
Patents 27
•
Perfume compositions containing ethyl 3,4-dichloro-5-isothiazolecarboxylate Inventor(s): Virgilio; Joseph A. (Wayne, NJ) Assignee(s): Givaudan Corporation (Clifton, NJ) Patent Number: 4,132,676 Date filed: December 9, 1977 Abstract: Ethyl 3,4-dichloro-5-isothiazolecarboxylate possesses a minty anise odor which is valuable in perfumery. Excerpt(s): A novel odorant ester. Ethyl 3,4-dichloro-5-isothiazolecarboxylate has not been described in the prior art. Its preparation is accomplished by reacting ethanol and the corresponding acid under esterifying conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04132676__
•
Process for emulsifying and stabilizing anise essences, anethole and essential oils or fats in the aqueous phase Inventor(s): Voisin; Max (23, Rue Fourcroy, 75017 Paris, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,411,813 Date filed: May 28, 1981 Abstract: New process for emulsifying and stabilizing anise essences, anethole and essential oils or fats in the aqueous phase.The invention relates to a process enabling stable emulsions to be prepared based on essential oils in the aqueous phase using 50 to 100 parts of essential oils and 0.5 to 10 parts of an emulsifying agent and water.In particular an alcohol-free pastis can be prepared. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new stable aqueous emulsions of essential oils and the process which enables these emulsions to be obtained. Stable emulsions of essential oils are generally hard to obtain and are considered possible only in certain polar organic solvents like alcohols, for example. On the other hand, stable concentrated emulsions of essential oils are not known. The present invention involves such emulsions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04411813__
•
Process for lowering the freezing point of anise essences and anethole by natural products Inventor(s): Voisin; Max (23, Rue Fourcroy, 75017 Paris, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,371,559 Date filed: May 21, 1981 Abstract: The invention relates to a process enabling the freezing point of anise essence and anethole based drinks to be lowered by adding in a natural product that is soluble and miscible in anethole and alcohols, having a very low melting point, this product
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Anise
having had its wax and odor removed, which prevents flakes or leaflets from forming in this type of beverage. Excerpt(s): For a long time chemists have been looking for methods of lowering the freezing point of anise essences or anethole with natural products. The freezing point of these products varies between 16.degree. and 18.degree. C. depending on the product quality. for manufacturers, constant-temperature delivery trucks, expensive special packaging cartons, storage in premises heated to 20.degree. C. for the retailer and housewives the drawback remains the same and remelting frozen anetholeflakes in the alcohol or aqueous medium raises problems which many users have difficulty in solving or never solve at all. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04371559__ •
Use of essential oils to repel and treat head lice Inventor(s): Whitledge; Karen L. (14575 Harrison Rd., Romulus, MI 48174) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,342,253 Date filed: May 18, 2000 Abstract: Natural compositions of three essential oils effective as both a head lice repellent and treatment of pediculosis capitis. The compositions comprise essential anise oil present in an amount of about 3.5% to 50% by volume, essential tea tree oil present in an amount of about 2.5% to 40% by volume, and essential lemon oil present in an amount of about 2% to 20% by volume, the active agent can be combined with a pharmaceutically and/or cosmetically acceptable carrier for topical administration, such as aqueous or alcohol solutions, a gel, or a cream and administered with or without additives such as preservatives, antioxidants, fragrances, agents increasing solubility or delaying release of active agents. The active agent in concentrated form can be added to shampoos, hair sprays, rinses, styling gels or other personal preference haircare products. The active agent can also be used to treat material such as bedding, hair bows, headbands, caps, hats, helmet liners, brushes, and combs. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to natural compositions and methods that both repel head lice and treat pediculosis capitis. Head lice infestation (pediculosis capitis) is a major problem in the United States, throughout Europe and Asia. In the United States alone 10 million cases of pediculosis capitis occurred in 1989. Lice are external parasites of warm blooded animals. They spread by crowding and sharing of personal items such as combs, hats, brushes and clothing. Humans are host to three different types of lice, 1) head lice, 2) body lice, 3) crab or pubic lice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06342253__
Patent Applications on Anise As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take
6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 29
several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to anise: •
FABRIC PROTECTANT AGAINST PESTS Inventor(s): SUGANO, MASAYO; (OSAKA, JP), WATANABE, KEISUKE; (ASHIYASHI, JP) Correspondence: PILLSBURY MADISON & SUTRO; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GROUP; 1100 NEW YORK AVENUE NW; NINTH FLOOR EAST TOWER; WASHINGTON; DC; 200053918 Patent Application Number: 20010006685 Date filed: February 18, 1999 Abstract: A fabric protectant comprising of a carrier and a plant oil selected from the group consisting of horseradish oil, bay oil, basil oil, calamus oil, ginger oil, palmarosa oil, cinnamon oil, ylang-ylang oil, perilla oil, valerian oil, clove oil, star anise oil, milfoil oil, fennel oil, oregano oil and angelica oil, efficaciously controls fabric-related pests. In addition, a method of protecting fabric which comprises dispersing, spraying, spreading and setting an effective amount of the plant oil selected from the group given above is an excellent method to control fabric-related pests. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fabric protectant that has a plant oil as an active ingredient. A fabric protectant is usually deployed to keep treated fabric unencumbered from certain damages. One of the damages a fabric material may encounter is related to pests. An assortment of pests are known to damage fabrics by means such as feeding upon the fabric material. Clothing may be victim to these fabricrelated pests and a fabric protectant against the said fabric-related pests would be an advantage. The objective of the present invention is to serve a fabric protectant that efficaciously controls fabric-related pests. The plant oils of horseradish oil, bay oil, basil oil, calamus oil, ginger oil, palmarosa oil, cinnamon oil, ylang-ylang oil, perilla oil, valerian oil, clove bud oil, star anise oil, milfoil oil and fennel oil surprisingly control fabric-related pests efficaciously and, therefore, are utilized to produce the fabric protectant of the present invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
HYBRID TEA ROSE PLANT NAMED 'JACWORRO' Inventor(s): Zary, Keith W.; (Thousand Oaks, CA) Correspondence: KLARQUIST SPARKMAN, LLP; One World Trade Center; Suite 1600; 121 S.W. Salmon Street; Portland; OR; 97204; US Patent Application Number: 20030106114 Date filed: November 30, 2001 Abstract: Hybrid tea rose plant having a light yellow flower color, good flower form, anise fragrance, long cut flower vase life, vigorous upright growth habit and large bloom size. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new and distinct variety of rose plant of the hybrid tea class which was originated by me by crossing the variety JACyap (unpatented) with an unnamed seedling (unpatented). The primary objective of this breeding was to produce a new rose variety having the vigorous upright habit and good
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hybrid tea flower form of the yellow and pink flowered female parent combined wtih the bright yellow flower color and good flower form of the male parent. 6. Large bloom size. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for killing house dust mites in clothing and other soft materials Inventor(s): Miller, Jeffrey D.; (Ridgefield, CT) Correspondence: DARBY & DARBY P.C.; 805 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020022043 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: The present inventor has found, surprisingly, that exposing woolen or other fabrics to the vapors of certain pleasant-smelling plant oils, including wintergreen oil, lavandin oil, Ylang-Ylang oil, and others, kills house dust mites in those fabrics. In one aspect of the present invention, a method for killing house dust mites which are living in or infesting a fabric substrate is disclosed. The method includes the step of exposing said mite-infested substrate to a vapor of at least one plant oil. The plant oil is selected from the group of Anise, Balsam, Basil, Bay, Birch, Cajeput, Camphor, Caraway, Cinnamon, Clove, Coriander, Dill, Fennell, Fir, Garlic, Lavender, Lavendin, Lemongrass, Marjoram, Nutmeg, Peppermint, Pine, Rosemary, Rue, Sage, Spearmint, Tea Tree, Thuja, Thyme, Wintergreen and Ylang-Ylang. In a preferred method, the exposing step comprises placing the mite-infested substrate in a closed drawer or other closed container along with a volume of the selected plant oil. The plant oil can be applied to the substrate in a variety of manners as can be understood from the following detailed description. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a method for killing house dust mites in soft materials such as clothing. It has been known for many years that common house dust is an important cause of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in allergic individuals. The mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and related mites are the major sources of house dust allergen in temperate climates including the United States. Dust mites are eight-legged arachnids, relatives of spiders. They live in close association with humans, their main food source being the shed scales from skin. A major protein allergen present in the fecal particles of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Der p I, can cause acute asthma symptoms when present at levels greater than 10.mu.g per gram of dust. Dust mites are photophobic, and live within soft materials such as pillows, mattresses, blankets and clothing. One study revealed 20,000 live dust mites in a jacket. Another study showed mean Der p I levels of 15.9.mu.g/gm in all clothing and 21.0.mu.g/gm in woolen garments. Hot water washing, dry cleaning, freezing and prolonged sun exposure can kill mites in fabrics. These methods are not practical for all fabrics, or may not be practical to do frequently. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with anise, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent,
Patents 31
and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “anise” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on anise. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning anise. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ANISE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to anise. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on anise include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “anise” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “anise” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “anise” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Anise by Maren Henry (2003); ISBN: 1587156997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587156997/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “anise” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 7
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed
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•
Seasoning herbs: mustard, cumin, coriander, fennel seeds, lovage seeds, asafoetida, dill, anise = rai & sarso, jeeraka, dhaniya, saunf, ajowan, hing, sowa, saunf Author: Krishnamurthy, K. H.,; Year: 1992; Delhi: Books for All, [1992?]
Chapters on Anise In order to find chapters that specifically relate to anise, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and anise using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “anise” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANISE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover anise.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on anise is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “anise” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to anise. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “anise” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for anise: •
FDA advises people not to drink star anise teas Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 11, 2003
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “anise” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “anise” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to anise, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “anise” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
Periodicals and News
37
to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “anise” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on anise: •
10 Tips on How to Fend Off Embarrassing Flatulence Source: Environmental Nutrition. 22(10): 2. October 1999. Contact: Available from Environmental Nutrition, Inc. 52 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10024-6599. (800) 829-5384. Summary: This brief newsletter article reviews the issue of flatulence (gas) and offers strategies to prevent the problem. The author first reassures readers that flatulence is as normal a physiologic function as blinking or sneezing. Nonetheless, it is still socially unacceptable, so the author lists 10 suggestions on how to reduce flatulence problems. The suggestions are incorporate dietary fiber increases gradually, learn about which foods are trigger foods, soak and cook gassy foods in water, check for lactose intolerance, try the product named Beano (a digestive enzyme), try Pepto Bismol (the bismol acts as a binder with the odiferous sulfur in intestinal gas), avoid swallowing air, do not use activated charcoal (it does not help the flatulence and it can interfere with the absorption of some medications), do not rely on simethicone (it may help reduce gas, but does nothing to prevent or reduce odor), and skip antacids (they do not relieve gas and those that contain carbonate or bicarbonate may even add to the discomfort of flatulence). One sidebar briefly reviews natural remedies that may sooth the digestive tract, including peppermint and chamomile teas, and seasonings including anise, caraway, coriander, fennel, and turmeric.
Academic Periodicals covering Anise Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to anise. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering anise that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for anise. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with anise. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following
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Anise
drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to anise: Granisetron •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Kytril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202724.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
43
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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Anise
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
45
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
46
Anise
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “anise” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 96 2 113 0 0 211
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “anise” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
11
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
12
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
16 Adapted 17
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
49
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on anise can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to anise. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to anise. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “anise”:
50
Anise
•
Other guides Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Food Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodsafety.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to anise. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Patient Resources
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to anise. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with anise. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about anise. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “anise” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “anise”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “anise” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
52
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “anise” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
53
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
54
Anise
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
55
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
57
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
58
Anise
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
59
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ANISE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.
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Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU]
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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blinking: Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes
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smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is
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important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the
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classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connexins: A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Crowding: Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokinin: One of a group of N-substituted adenines which promote the division of plant
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cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used
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to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epiglottis: Thin leaf-shaped cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which folds back over the entrance to the larynx, covering it, during the act of swallowing. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH]
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Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU]
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Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH]
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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions
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upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infections: The illnesses caused by an organism that usually does not cause disease in a person with a normal immune system. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH]
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Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood
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and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial
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swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]
Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pediculosis: Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]
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Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH]
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Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous
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membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Simethicone: A mixture of dimethyl polysiloxanes and silica gel used as an antiflatulent. Without the addition of silica gel (dimethicone), it is used as an ointment base ingredient and skin protectant. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU]
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Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a
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specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial
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infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 61, 67 Acne, 21, 61 Actin, 61, 74 Adenine, 61 Adenosine, 7, 18, 61, 64 Adverse Effect, 61, 78 Affinity, 61 Airway, 19, 61 Alanine, 10, 61 Alertness, 61, 63 Algorithms, 61, 63 Alimentary, 61, 67, 72 Alkaloid, 61, 74 Allergen, 30, 61, 78 Aloe, 26, 61 Alternative medicine, 36, 61 Amino Acids, 62, 75, 77, 79 Analgesic, 62, 74, 75 Anesthesia, 61, 62 Antagonism, 62, 64 Antibacterial, 12, 25, 62 Antibody, 61, 62, 65, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81 Anticoagulant, 62, 80 Antifungal, 25, 62 Antigen, 61, 62, 65, 71, 78 Anti-infective, 62, 64, 78 Antimicrobial, 6, 9, 11, 62, 67, 79 Antioxidants, 28, 62 Antipruritic, 62, 64 Anus, 62, 70, 72 Aphids, 25, 62 Aqueous, 25, 27, 28, 62, 63, 67, 68 Aromatic, 62, 79 Arterial, 63, 77 Arteries, 63, 66, 74 Astringents, 63, 69 Atrial, 63, 80 Atrial Fibrillation, 63, 80 B Bacteria, 25, 62, 63, 68 Bactericidal, 63, 69 Base, 18, 61, 63, 73, 74, 78 Benzoic Acid, 11, 63 Bile, 63, 74, 79 Bile Acids, 63, 79 Biotechnology, 3, 33, 36, 45, 63
Bladder, 63, 80 Blinking, 37, 63 Brachytherapy, 63, 72, 73, 77, 81 Branch, 57, 63, 75, 79 Breakdown, 63, 67, 70 Breeding, 29, 63 Bronchi, 63, 80 Bronchial, 19, 63 Bronchitis, 13, 63, 69 C Caffeine, 18, 63 Calcium, 64, 65 Camphor, 25, 30, 64 Cardiac, 63, 64, 74 Castor Oil, 25, 64 Caudal, 64, 76 Caustic, 64, 78 Cell, 21, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81 Cell Differentiation, 21, 64 Cell Division, 63, 64, 76, 78 Cell membrane, 64, 70, 76 Cellulose, 64, 70, 76 Central Nervous System, 61, 63, 64, 71, 74 Chamomile, 37, 64 Chemotherapy, 23, 64 Chlorophyll, 64, 70 Choline, 64 Chromosome, 65, 71, 78 Chronic, 13, 65, 77, 80 Clinical trial, 3, 45, 65, 77 Cloning, 63, 65 Coagulation, 64, 65, 80 Cod Liver Oil, 21, 65 Cofactor, 65, 77 Collagen, 65, 69 Communis, 64, 65 Complement, 65, 66, 78 Complementary and alternative medicine, 9, 16, 66 Complementary medicine, 9, 66 Computational Biology, 45, 66 Congestion, 26, 66 Conjugated, 63, 66 Connexins, 66, 70 Contraindications, ii, 66 Corn Oil, 25, 66 Corneum, 66, 68
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Coronary, 66, 74 Coronary Thrombosis, 66, 74 Coumarins, 64, 66 Crowding, 28, 66 Curative, 66, 79 Cyclic, 64, 66 Cysteine, 66, 79 Cytokinin, 7, 66 Cytoplasm, 64, 67 D Databases, Bibliographic, 45, 67 Decubitus, 67, 78 Decubitus Ulcer, 67, 78 Dermatitis, 12, 23, 24, 67, 68 Detergents, 22, 67, 78 Diagnostic procedure, 17, 36, 67 Diaphragm, 19, 67 Diarrhea, 67, 69, 73 Dietary Fiber, 37, 67 Digestion, 61, 63, 67, 72, 74, 79 Digestive tract, 37, 67, 78 Dimethyl, 67, 78 Diploid, 67, 76 Direct, iii, 39, 67, 77 Disease Vectors, 67, 72 Disinfectant, 67, 69 Dissociation, 61, 67 Distal, 67, 76 Diuresis, 64, 68 Dorsal, 68, 76 Drug Interactions, 40, 68 Duodenum, 63, 68, 73, 79 E Eczema, 30, 68 Efficacy, 12, 23, 68 Electrons, 63, 68, 73, 75, 77 Emboli, 68, 80 Embolism, 68, 77, 80 Embolization, 68, 80 Embryo, 64, 68 Emodin, 61, 68 Emollient, 68, 74, 75 Emulsions, 27, 68 Environmental Health, 44, 46, 68 Enzyme, 6, 37, 68, 73, 79, 80 Epidermis, 21, 66, 68, 71 Epiglottis, 19, 68 Epithelial, 21, 68 Erythrocytes, 69, 78 Esophagus, 67, 69, 79 Ethanol, 27, 69 Eucalyptus, 25, 69
Evoke, 69, 79 Exogenous, 68, 69 Expiration, 19, 69 Extensor, 69, 77 External-beam radiation, 69, 73, 77, 81 Extracellular, 69 Extracellular Matrix, 69 Extraction, 7, 18, 69 F Family Planning, 45, 69 Fat, 25, 67, 68, 69, 73 Fatty acids, 69, 78 Fibroblasts, 21, 69 Fixation, 69, 78 Flatulence, 37, 70 Flatus, 70 Flavoring Agents, 69, 70 Follicles, 70 Fungi, 10, 25, 62, 70, 81 Fungicide, 25, 70 Fungistatic, 63, 70 Fungus, 23, 70 G Gap Junctions, 66, 70 Gas, 37, 70, 71, 72 Gastrointestinal, 69, 70, 73 Gastrointestinal tract, 69, 70, 73 Gels, 28, 70 Gene, 33, 63, 66, 70, 78 Genetics, 70 Ginger, 25, 29, 70 Gland, 70, 78, 79 Glucose, 9, 64, 70 Glycine, 63, 70 Governing Board, 71, 76 Graft, 71 Growth, 19, 23, 24, 25, 29, 62, 70, 71, 75, 76 H Hair Color, 23, 24, 71 Hair follicles, 23, 24, 71, 80 Haploid, 71, 76 Haptens, 61, 71 Headache, 64, 71 Helminths, 71, 72 Heredity, 70, 71 Heterogeneity, 61, 71 Heterotrophic, 70, 71 Homologous, 66, 71, 78 Horny layer, 68, 71 Host, 28, 67, 71, 72 Hybrid, 29, 71 Hydrogen, 63, 71, 74, 75
Index 85
Hydrophilic, 67, 71 Hydrophobic, 67, 71 Hygienic, 71, 78 Hypersensitivity, 61, 71, 78 I Id, 8, 13, 50, 56, 58, 72 Ileum, 72, 73 Immune response, 62, 71, 72, 78, 80 Immunity, 18, 61, 72 Immunization, 72, 78 Immunology, 4, 61, 72 Implant radiation, 72, 73, 77, 81 In situ, 72 In vitro, 21, 72, 80 In vivo, 12, 72 Indicative, 33, 72, 75 Indigestion, 72, 73 Infarction, 72 Infections, 62, 69, 71, 72 Infestation, 28, 72, 75 Inflammation, 61, 63, 67, 72, 78, 80 Inorganic, 72, 74 Insecticides, 19, 72, 76 Internal radiation, 72, 73, 77, 81 Interstitial, 63, 72, 73, 81 Intestinal, 37, 72 Intestines, 61, 70, 72 Intracellular, 21, 64, 73, 76 Intrinsic, 61, 73 Invasive, 72, 73 Involuntary, 63, 73, 74, 78 Ions, 63, 67, 71, 73 Irradiation, 10, 73, 81 J Jejunum, 10, 73 K Kb, 44, 73 L Lactose Intolerance, 37, 73 Large Intestine, 67, 72, 73, 77, 78 Larynx, 68, 73, 80 Laxative, 68, 73, 74 Library Services, 56, 73 Lice, 28, 73, 75 Life cycle, 70, 73 Ligands, 73 Lipid, 65, 68, 73 Liver, 61, 63, 73 Localized, 69, 74, 76 Locomotion, 74, 76 M Mannans, 70, 74
MEDLINE, 45, 74 Membrane, 19, 64, 66, 68, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78 Methionine, 67, 74, 79 MI, 25, 28, 59, 74 Mineral Oil, 21, 25, 74 Miscible, 27, 74 Molecular, 45, 47, 63, 66, 74 Molecule, 62, 63, 65, 67, 74, 75, 77 Monoclonal, 73, 74, 77, 81 Morphine, 12, 74, 75 Morphological, 68, 70, 74 Mucus, 19, 74 Muscle Contraction, 19, 74 Mutagenic, 10, 74 Myocardial infarction, 18, 66, 74, 81 Myocardium, 74 Myosin, 74 N Narcotic, 74 Necrosis, 72, 74 Need, 34, 36, 51, 75 Nerve, 62, 75, 76, 79 Nervous System, 64, 75 Neuropathy, 75, 76 Neurotic, 75, 80 Neutrons, 73, 75, 77 Nucleus, 66, 67, 75 O Ointments, 64, 75, 78 Opium, 74, 75 Organ Culture, 75, 80 Organelles, 67, 75 Oxidation, 62, 75 P Palliative, 75, 79 Parasitic, 71, 72, 73, 75 Pathologic, 66, 71, 75, 77 Pediculosis, 28, 75 Peptide, 75, 77 Perennial, 76, 80 Peripheral Neuropathy, 76 Pesticides, 19, 25, 72, 76 Petroleum, 74, 76 Pharmacologic, 62, 76, 80 Phospholipids, 69, 76 Physiologic, 37, 76 Physiology, 76 Pigment, 20, 76 Plant Diseases, 25, 76 Plants, 9, 10, 25, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 76, 79, 80
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Plasma, 61, 64, 76 Polymers, 23, 24, 76, 77 Polymorphism, 6, 76 Posterior, 19, 68, 76 Potassium, 76, 78 Practice Guidelines, 46, 76 Progeny, 6, 77 Progressive, 64, 71, 74, 77 Prophylaxis, 77, 80 Protein S, 33, 63, 77 Proteins, 21, 62, 64, 65, 66, 70, 74, 75, 76, 77 Pruritic, 68, 77 Psoriasis, 21, 23, 24, 77 Public Policy, 45, 77 Pulmonary, 13, 77, 80 Pulmonary Embolism, 77, 80 R Radiation, 69, 72, 73, 77, 81 Radiation therapy, 69, 72, 73, 77, 81 Radioactive, 71, 72, 73, 77, 81 Radiolabeled, 73, 77, 81 Radiotherapy, 63, 73, 77, 81 Randomized, 68, 77 Rectum, 62, 67, 70, 73, 77 Refer, 1, 65, 69, 70, 74, 75, 77 Reflective, 21, 22, 77 Regimen, 68, 77 Retinoid, 21, 77 Retinol, 21, 77 Rhinitis, 30, 78 Ribose, 61, 78 Rigidity, 76, 78 Rodenticides, 76, 78 S Salicylate, 64, 78 Screening, 65, 78 Sebaceous, 78, 80 Secretion, 74, 78 Sedative, 78, 80 Segregation, 6, 78 Sensitization, 4, 6, 78 Side effect, 39, 61, 78, 80 Simethicone, 37, 78 Skin Care, 21, 78 Small intestine, 68, 72, 73, 78 Smooth muscle, 64, 74, 78 Sneezing, 37, 78 Soaps, 22, 78 Solvent, 69, 78 Somatic, 76, 78 Sound wave, 77, 79 Soybean Oil, 25, 79
Specialist, 51, 79 Species, 22, 64, 71, 74, 75, 79 Specificity, 61, 79 Spices, 4, 10, 12, 79 Spinous, 68, 79 Stimulant, 63, 79 Stimulus, 19, 79 Stomach, 18, 61, 67, 69, 70, 72, 78, 79 Subspecies, 79 Substrate, 30, 79 Sulfur, 37, 74, 79 Synergistic, 11, 25, 79 Systemic, 40, 73, 77, 79, 80, 81 T Taurine, 79 Tea Tree Oil, 15, 25, 28, 79 Therapeutics, 40, 79 Thoracic, 19, 67, 79 Thrombosis, 77, 79 Ticks, 72, 79 Tin, 76, 79 Tissue, 7, 61, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80 Tissue Culture, 7, 80 Topical, 23, 24, 28, 63, 69, 78, 79, 80 Toxic, iv, 10, 18, 19, 72, 75, 80 Toxicity, 68, 80 Toxicology, 10, 18, 46, 80 Trachea, 19, 63, 73, 80 Transfection, 63, 80 Trees, 19, 69, 80 U Unconscious, 72, 80 Urethra, 80 Urine, 9, 63, 68, 80 V Valerian, 29, 80 Venous, 77, 80 Venous Thrombosis, 80 Veterinary Medicine, 45, 80 Virus, 62, 80 Virus Diseases, 62, 80 Vitro, 80 Vivo, 80 Vulgaris, 12, 15, 80 W Warfarin, 11, 15, 80 White blood cell, 62, 74, 81 X X-ray, 73, 77, 81 X-ray therapy, 73, 81
Index 87
Y
Yeasts, 70, 81
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