Apomorphine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

APOMORPHINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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APOMORPHINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Apomorphine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00080-6 1. Apomorphine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on apomorphine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON APOMORPHINE ......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Apomorphine................................................................................. 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND APOMORPHINE ............................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Finding Nutrition Studies on Apomorphine ............................................................................... 69 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 71 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND APOMORPHINE ......................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 73 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 80 General References ....................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON APOMORPHINE ........................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Dissertations on Apomorphine .................................................................................................... 83 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON APOMORPHINE ...................................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patents on Apomorphine.............................................................................................................. 85 Patent Applications on Apomorphine.......................................................................................... 93 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON APOMORPHINE ....................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 101 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 102 Chapters on Apomorphine ......................................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON APOMORPHINE .......................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 105 Academic Periodicals covering Apomorphine............................................................................ 107 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 111 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 113 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 115 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 117 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 118 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 121 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 121 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 121 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 127 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 127

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APOMORPHINE DICTIONARY ............................................................................................... 129 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 183

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with apomorphine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about apomorphine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to apomorphine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on apomorphine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to apomorphine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on apomorphine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON APOMORPHINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on apomorphine.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and apomorphine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Central Control of Erection and Its Pharmacological Modification Source: Current Opinion in Urology. 10(6): 629-633. November 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 241 Borough High Street, London, SE1 1GB, UK. +44 (0) 171940-7500. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Advances in the understanding of the local mechanisms of penile erection have paralleled the use of pharmacological (drug) treatments of erectile dysfunction (ED, formerly called impotence). In contrast, the spinal and supraspinal mechanisms that control penile erection are less well understood. This article reviews the understanding of this central control of erection and its pharmacological modification. Although the role of hypothalamic areas (medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus) and brainstem nuclei (raphe nuclei) in penile erection has been evaluated, as has the role

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of an association between neuromediators and receptors, an integrative view of the central mechanisms of penile erection is still lacking. New strategies to treat erectile dysfunction employ oral agents, some of which target central brain nuclei. The effects of some amines, which act centrally (dopamine, noradrenalin, serotonin), are better understood; this may facilitate future treatments of erectile dysfunction through targeting the central nervous system. The recent use of apomorphine and, to a lesser extent, the past experience with the alpha 2 adrenoceptor antagonists (yohimbine and delequamine) have proved the efficacy of these agents in treating men with ED. The authors stress that the future of these treatments largely depends on a better understanding of the central mechanisms of penile erection. 36 references (3 annotated). •

Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetes: Pills for Penile Failure Source: Clinical Diabetes. 16(3): 108-119. 1998. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Summary: An understanding of the physiologial mechanism of erection has led to the development of new oral drug therapies for erectile dysfunction (ED or impotence) that target different sites in the sexual arousal process. This article reviews these oral medications, with a focus on their use in men with diabetes related ED. The authors discuss three medications: apomorphine (Spontane), which activates the arousal center of the brain; phentolamine (Vasomax), which increases penile blood flow; and sildenafil (Viagra), which enhances the action of nitric oxide, an endothelial-derived vasodilator and smooth muscle relaxant. The authors review the physiology of erection and discuss the problems commonly encountered in diabetes. The authors provide a patient care algorithm for the management of ED in diabetes and summarize the relevant studies that have included sufficient numbers of subjects with diabetes. The authors discuss the three treatment options for men with diabetes and ED: no treatment (withdrawal from offending medications with psychosexual counseling), medical treatment, or surgery. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of the treatment options for reversing neuropathy, the major cause of ED in people with diabetes. 4 figures. 5 tables. 9 references.

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Drug Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction Source: Family Urology. 5(3): 8-9, 12-13. 2000. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1126 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 242-2383 or (410) 468-1800. Fax (410) 468-1808. Website: www.afud.org. Summary: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse. This article reviews drug therapy for ED, encouraging readers to visit their physicians as soon as any potential problem with ED arises. The author first reviews the physiology of erection and the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction, followed by a discussion of drug treatment for the disorder. Penile erection is a neurovascular (nerve and blood system) event regulated by psychological factors and hormonal status. ED can be classified as psychogenic, organic (neurologic, hormonal, arterial, cavernosal, or drug induced), or a combination of the two. Common causes of psychogenic (psychological) ED include performance anxiety, a strained relationship, lack of sexual arousability, and overt psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. Neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer disease, stroke, and cerebral trauma often cause ED.

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Hormonally, androgen deficiency decreases nocturnal erections and libido. Common risk factors associated with generalized penile arterial insufficiency (not enough blood flow serving the penis) include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and pelvic irradiation. Many drugs have been reported to cause ED, and systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus can also have an impact on erectile function. The author notes that when a patient presents with ED, a thorough history is taken, and then the patient undergoes physical examination, and appropriate laboratory tests aimed at detecting systemic diseases that may be contributing to the problem. The remainder of the article discusses drug therapy for ED, including the use of androgens, sildenafil (Viagra), adrenergic receptor antagonists (including Yohimbine), apomorphine (Uprima), trazodone, transurethral alprostadil (MUSE) therapy, intracavernous therapy (self injection of alprostadil, papaverine, and phentolamine into the penis), and transdermal medications (still in development). •

Tools of the Trade 2000 Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 17(6): 8-10, 12, 14-15, 18-19. November-December 2000. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article describes products that have either come on the market in late 1999 or 2000 or products that are expected to be approved for marketing soon. The article begins by explaining the approval process for new products or new drugs. This is followed by a description of new products or drugs in the categories of insulin analogs, insulin delivery, diabetes drugs, sexual dysfunction treatments, diabetic gastroparesis devices, diabetic foot ulcer treatments, aids for the visually impaired, and blood glucose and other health indicator monitoring devices. Information provided about each product or drug includes its name; the name, telephone number, and website address of its manufacturer; its status; and what it does. During 2000, a rapid acting and a long acting insulin analog were approved and lispro received two new indications and had a slight label change. In 2000, two companies continued working on devices and forms of insulin that allow it to be inhaled through the lungs rather than injected, and insulin pump manufacturers enlarged their product lines. A diabetes drug that was approved in 2000 was a combination glyburide and metformin pill, and promising drugs undergoing clinical trials included nateglinide, pramlintide acetate, and amylin. A new product for sexual dysfunction currently available in the United States is the clitoral therapy device. Other promising sexual dysfunction products or drugs undergoing trials include the urethral suppository, apomorphine, phentolamine, and topiglan gel. A diabetic gastroparesis device approved in 2000 was the enterra implant, and a foot ulcer treatment also approved was the apligraf skin substitute. A new tool on the way for the visually impaired is a device that reads drug labels out loud. Products under development in the blood glucose monitoring category are devices that allow a person to obtain a blood sample from another part of the body, do not require a blood sample at all, or monitor blood glucose on a continuous basis. In addition, several manufacturers are developing more convenient ways of checking other health indicators. Drugs that were removed from the market during 2000 included troglitazone, cisapride, and pork insulins.

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Impotence Treatment Update Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 17(4): 110-111. July-August 2000.

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Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article provides updated information on treatments for erectile dysfunction. Many different factors can disrupt the process of male sexual arousal, including psychological barriers, heart disease, excess alcohol consumption, and diabetes. The latter contributes to erectile dysfunction because men who have diabetes are more likely to develop atherosclerosis, which makes it harder for blood to flow into the penis, and to have nerve damage, which can prevent normal transmission of nerve signals from the brain to the penis. When the drug sildenafil, commonly known as Viagra, was introduced to the United States in 1998, it was an immediate hit because it was the first impotence treatment to come in pill form. Despite its popularity, sildenafil can have dangerous and even fatal side effects, mainly when it interacts with nitratecontaining heart drugs. A second oral impotence treatment, apomorphine, may soon receive Food and Drug Administration approval. This drug, marketed under the brand name Uprima, is placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve. The drug works by stimulating a chemical in the brain called dopamine that helps initiate erections. However, this drug also has side effects, including nausea and vomiting, dizziness, and fainting. •

Future of Pharmacological Management of Impotence Source: Family Urology. p. 13, 15. Fall 1997. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Diseases, Inc. 300 West Pratt Street, Suite 401, Baltimore, MD 21201. (410) 727-2908. Summary: This article reports on recent advances in the pharmacological management (drug therapy) of impotence. There are many options for treating erectile dysfunction (impotence), including lifestyle changes, hormonal medications, professional counseling, vacuum devices, injection therapy, penile prosthesis, oral medication, and surgery. This article focuses on three new oral medications that are being shown to be successful in the treatment of impotence: sildenafil, oral phentolamine, and sublingual (under the tongue) apomorphine. Sildenafil has a unique mechanism of action that is focused on the penile erectile tissue despite being taken orally. In most men, sildenafil will produce an erection within 20 to 40 minutes, if accompanied by sexual stimulation. Sildenafil does not increase libido or sexual desire and thus it is not an aphrodisiac. Neither does it increase erectile performance beyond the normal response for that age. Oral phentolamine is a new rapid absorption formulation of a well established medication that produces blood vessel dilation. It also appears to be most effective within 20 to 40 minutes of swallowing and in the presence of sexual stimulation. Sublingual apomorphine acts at the center in the brain that is associated with initiating erections. It thus enhances the erectile response in men with erectile dysfunction. Similar to the other two drugs, it does not alter libido or desire. The author reports on when each of these drugs may be available commercially. The author concludes that these are only a portion of the types of treatments available for impotence. Readers are encouraged to work with their health care providers to address any concerns they may have about impotence.

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Restoring Erectile Function Source: Patient Care. 34(11): 76-78, 81-82, 84-85, 89-92, 95. June 15, 2000. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956.

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Summary: This article reviews the appropriate workup for patients who present with erectile dysfunction (ED, formerly called impotence). The authors note that now that an effective oral drug (sildenafil, or Viagra) is available for erectile dysfunction, primary care physicians have moved into the forefront of therapy. Despite the availability of sildenafil, however, the sexual and medical history and physical examination must not be curtailed, and basic laboratory testing is still necessary (although some tests may be postponed until after a trial of sildenafil). The authors stress that when sildenafil is contraindicated or unsuccessful, other forms of therapy are currently available, and more are in development. The frequency of occurrence of ED suggests that screening is appropriate; therefore physicians are counseled to include a question about sexual functioning during the initial visit of adult male patients. Common causes of ED include cardiovascular, neurologic, and hormonal diseases, as well as pelvic and perineal injuries and prostate irradiation and surgery. Since a large number of drugs can cause erectile dysfunction, a complete list of drugs being taken must be obtained. Patients with ED should be encouraged to stop smoking and adopt other lifestyle measures that are known to improve cardiovascular health. Any patient without a contraindication to sildenafil may be given a trial with this drug. If sildenafil is contraindicated or has failed, the patient can try a transurethral product, penile injection therapy, a vacuum constriction device, or, as a last resort, a prosthetic implant. Sidebars describe how sildenafil works, when it would be appropriate to say no to a patient requesting sildenafil, and other oral drugs for ED currently in development (phentolamine and apomorphine). A patient education handout on sildenafil is included in the same journal issue. 1 figure. 5 tables. 19 references. •

Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetes Source: Practical Diabetology. 19(2): 16, 18-23. June 2000. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This review article discusses the etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and management of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men who have diabetes. The causes of ED generally fall within the categories of organic or psychogenic. Organic causes include the categories of vascular, traumatic or postsurgical, neurologic, endocrinologic, and drug induced. Psychogenic causes include mood and anxiety disorders and relationship difficulties. Among men who have diabetes, risk factors for developing ED include age, poor glycemic control, hypertension, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, the presence of claudication, and neuropathy. The natural history of ED in men who have diabetes usually progresses gradually. Autonomic neuropathy appears to be a major contributor to the development of ED in men who have diabetes. Diagnosis of ED is based on the medical history, physical examination, and several simple diagnostic tests. The management of ED usually involves the use of oral agents such as sildenafil, yohimbine, apomorphine, and phentolamine. In men who are not candidates for oral therapy, intracavernosal injection with alprostadil can be an acceptable alternative. Other agents that have been used in injection therapy include papaverine, phentolamine, and moxisylyte hydrochloride. Mechanical treatments are also available for patients who are not candidates for drug therapy. These treatment options include external vacuum devices and constriction rings. Surgical therapy may also be considered when other forms of therapy have not been successful. The most utilized surgical procedure has been prosthetic penile implantation. Penile revascularization is another surgical option. Several preventive measures can help minimize the risk of developing ED, including

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improving glycemic control, quitting smoking, reducing excessive alcohol intake, and controlling hypertension. 1 figure. 3 tables. 23 references. •

Treating Impotence Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 15(5): 37, 41-43, 46-47. September-October 1998. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This review article examines the relationship between impotence and diabetes. It begins by explaining the physiological aspects of a normal erection and defining impotence. The article then discusses the ways impotence can result as a complication of diabetes. First, accelerated arteriosclerosis restricts blood flow to the penis, and, second, nerve damage prevents the normal transmission of nerve impulses to the blood vessels in the penis. Good blood sugar control may prevent or slow down the onset of complications related to diabetes, including erectile dysfunction. The article continues with information on the diagnosis and treatment of impotence as a complication of diabetes. An evaluation by a physician usually involves a review of a man's medical history, a physical examination, and laboratory tests. A nocturnal penile tumescence test may also be used to evaluate erectile dysfunction. A variety of options are available to treat impotence, including oral drugs such as Viagra, penile suppositories, penile injection therapy, external vacuum devices, penile implant surgery, vascular surgery, testosterone supplements, yohimbine extract, and counseling. In addition, several drugs are under investigation as treatments for impotence, including apomorphine, phentolamine, and prazosin. The article recommends that a man work with his partner in overcoming his impotence. 1 figure.

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Oral Medications for Erectile Dysfunction Source: Family Urology. 5(2): 19-20. 2000. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1126 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 242-2383 or (410) 468-1800. Fax (410) 468-1808. Website: www.afud.org. Summary: Today there are effective, safe, and easy to use oral medications for erectile dysfunction (ED, formerly called impotence). This article summarizes key information for three oral treatments for ED: sildenafil (Viagra), yohimbine (Yocon), and apomorphine SL (Uprima). For each drug, the author reviews efficacy, time to effect, side effects and contraindications, and interactions with other drugs. Sildenafil relaxes smooth muscle cells and allows increased blood flow into the erectile tissue, thus enhancing erection in the presence of sexual stimulation. It is indicated for the treatment of ED or organic, psychological, or combined causes. Sildenafil is effective for about 70 to 80 percent of men with ED; the drug is effective approximately an hour after oral ingestion. Yohimbine is a medicinal herb whose primary action is to increase blood flow to erectile tissue. Its effectiveness is relatively low, but it also has a low incidence of side effects. Beneficial effects are achieved after two to three weeks of taking yohimbine. Taken sublingually (under the tongue), Apomorphine SL is a centrally acting drug the stimulates erection through the brain and nervous system. The drug takes effect in 10 to 25 minutes and is effective in approximately half the men who use it; the drug has proven to be reliable and consistent in patients who have taken it for a year or more.

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Federally Funded Research on Apomorphine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to apomorphine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to apomorphine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore apomorphine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for apomorphine: •

Project Title: APOMORPHINE CHALLENGE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA & NORMALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Myung A.; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BASAL GANGLIA DISCHARGE PATTERNS IN PARKINSONISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Wichmann, Thomas N.; Associate Professor; Neurology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) The basal ganglia are part of larger circuit that involves thalamus and cortex. Cortical inputs reach striatum and subthalamic nucleus (STN), and are transmitted via internal pallidal segment (GPi) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) to influence the activity of thalamocortical neurons. The function of this circuitry is disturbed in Parkinson's disease because of loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia. Besides changes in discharge rates, basal ganglia neurons also develop significant abnormalities in their discharge patterns in parkinsonism. One of the most salient abnormalities is the appearance of synchronized oscillatory discharge in STN, the external pallidum (GPe), GPi/SNr, and frontal cortex (detected by EEG). Available data suggest that this may result from altered activity along the cortex-STN-GPi/SNrthalamocortical route. With a combination of extracellular basal ganglia recordings and EEG, the proposed primate experiments explore the relationship between oscillatory activity in cortex and basal ganglia and will test the hypothesis that oscillatory discharge in the cortex-basal ganglia circuitry contributes to parkinsonism. The correlation studies under specific aim (S.A.) 1 assess the link between neuronal discharge in the basal ganglia (GPe, STN GPi, SNr) and EEG with simultaneous recordings in both brain regions. The importance of striatal or

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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extrastriatal dopamine loss for the development of oscillatory discharge in parkinsonism will be tested under S.A. 2 by studying changes in oscillatory activity in basal ganglia and cortex induced by microinjections of the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine at striatal and extrastriatal basal ganglia sites in parkinsonian animals. The experiments under S.A. 3 will test whether blockade of glutamate receptors in STN (blocking corticosubthalamic inputs) reduces oscillatory activity in basal ganglia and cortex. Finally (S.A. 4), the hypothesis will be tested that synchronized oscillatory discharge in the basal ganglia, induced by electrical stimulation of STN with bursts of stimulation pulses at burst rates between 2 and 30 Hz, disrupts motor performance and induces parkinsonian motor abnormalities in normal monkeys. These studies will help to understand the significance of oscillatory discharge in the basal ganglia and cortex in parkinsonism. This may provide guidance in the development of drug treatments directed at normalizing abnormal discharge patterns, and may help to understand the mechanism of action of existing treatments for Parkinson's disease, including dopamine receptor agonists, glutamate receptor antagonists, and deep brain stimulators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BEHAVIORAL REGULATION OF NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rissman, Emillie F.; Professor; Biology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1996; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: This is a proposal for the continuation of a Research Scientist Development Award, now called an Independent Scientist Award (K02). During the first 4 years of this award the applicant's research program has expanded significantly. The applicant initiated a new line of research involving new collaborations and new technical skills. This program takes advantage of the laboratory mouse as a model system to study behavioral neuroendocrinology. The advantages that the mouse offers are the richness of its behavioral repertoire coupled with a superior knowledge of its genetics, and the ability to design and produce genetically engineered animals. The K02 award allowed the applicant to receive significant new training in neuro- and molecular biological techniques. The applicant's interest in sexual behaviors and the role of aromatization of androgen to estrogen in the activation of these behaviors lead her to begin working with the estrogen receptor alpha knockout mouse (ERaKOs). Her work to date has revealed that although sexual behavior and social preferences are deficient in ERaKO males and females, treatment with the dopamine agonist apomorphine can reinstate normal behavior. This finding challenges the dogma that aromatized estrogens masculinize brain development during the prenatal period. To further evaluate the role of steroid receptors in activation of sexual behavior the PI has obtained several additional KO mice; including the estrogen receptor beta knockout and Tfm mice (androgen receptor knockouts). During the upcoming K02 grant period the PI will examine the molecular bases for sexual behavior using a variety of approaches. These include; 1) in vivo microdialysis to examine neural catecholamine responses to nitric oxide and sexual encounters; 2) the use of high-density DNA arrays to monitor gene expression in response to hormones and/or behavioral interactions; and 3) training in molecular mouse genetics. The K02 award is extremely valuable since it frees the PI from much of her administrative and teaching responsibilities. This allows her to spend significant amounts of time in colleagues' laboratories learning new techniques and focus her energy on running her own program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHOLINERGIC MECHANISMS IN AGING AND AD Principal Investigator & Institution: Potter, Lincoln T.; Professor; Molecular and Cellular Pharm; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: This laboratory is using m1-toxin and m4-toxin as highly specific ligands to identify clinically relevant steps in muscarinic neurotransmission that can be controlled by specific agonists or antagonists for m1 or m4 receptors. Aim 1 concerns direct studies of these receptors. (1a) Human AD-m1 receptors will be isolated using biotinylated m1toxin and a monoavidin affinity resin. Biochemical studies of the receptor protein should explain its defective coupling to G protein and, incomplete immunoprecipitation with anti-m1 antibodies, and may show ways to improve the effectiveness of esterase inhibitors in AD. (1b) 125I-m1- Toxin and 125I-m4-toxin will be used to establish the distribution of m1+m4 receptors in the rat, to focus attention on sites where new drugs can act, either beneficially or to produce side effects. (1c) Autoradiography will be used to localize 125I-m4-toxin in the dorsal horns of the human and rat spinal cord, and dorsal root rhizotomy in the rat will indicate whether m4 receptors are on afferent nerve terminals, like opiate receptors. The results will show whether m4 agonists are likely to prove useful for pain. (1d) 125I-Toxins will be used to study toxin-receptor complexes, and the kinetics of binding of m4-toxin at 4 degrees and 37 degrees C. (1e) Changes of m1+m4 receptors in hemi- Parkinson (hemi-PD) rat brains will be studied by autoradiography with 125I-toxins. Aim 2 concerns the effects of unilateral striatal m4blockade on movement in rats. Optimum conditions for achieving specific m4- blockade will be assessed with 125I-m4-toxin by autoradiography 0.2-2 hours after right intrastriatal infusion of m4-toxin. Then rats +/- hemi-PD will be studied for altered spontaneous forearm use. Specific right m4 antagonism should increase left movement and correct the defective left movement of rats with right hemi-PD. Aim 3 concerns the effects pf established unilateral striatal m1-blockade ("ml knockdown") on movement in rats. Right intrastriatal m1-toxin is not expected to affect spontaneous left forearm use by itself or in right hemi-PD, but is expected to alter responses to apomorphine (dopamine agonist), pilocarpine and xanomeline (muscarinic agonists). At the least, the results will show whether a specific m1 antagonist can be used to control seizures. Aim 4 concerns mutant m1-toxins. The unique amino acids of the m1-isotoxins will be changed by site-directed mutagenesis to residues characteristic of toxins that bind to m2-m5 receptors, to produce mutant toxins with new selectivity profiles, to determine which residues confer the remarkable affinity and selectivity of m1-toxins, and to begin studies of the molecular fit between mutant m1-toxins and mutant m1 receptors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INHIBITION

CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING

FACTOR

IN

PREPULSE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Conti, Lisa H.; Pharmacology; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response is deficient in patients with schizophrenia. In rats, PPI has been used to study the effects of drugs that alter brain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission, since these systems are implicated in schizophrenia. Corticotropinreleasing factor (CRF) alters brain extracellular concentrations of DA, 5-HT, and norepinepherine (NE), and central administration of CRF has numerous behavioral

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effects. Preliminary data show that intracerebroventricular (IV) administration of CRF decreases PPI in both Brown Norway (BN) rats, a strain with low basal PPI, and in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, a strain with relatively high basal PPI. Experiments are designed to futher study the role of CRF in PPI in BN and WKY rats, and to examine whether the decrease in PPI caused by CRF is dependent on monoamine neurotransmission. Specific Aim 1 is to examine the effects of a range of doses of CRF (ICV) on PPI and startle amplitude, and to examine whether peripheral administration of CRF, which activated the pituitary/adrenal axis, is sufficient to decrese PPI. Specific Aim 2 is to examine whether administraion of a CRF antagonist (ICV) improves PPI in BN rats, and to examine whether administration of the antagonist, either prior to or following CRF administration, attenuates the effect of CRF on PPI. Specific Aim 3 is to examine whether selective depletion of the monoamines (DA, 5-HT, or NE), or adminstration of drugs that are antagonists at DA, 5-HT or NE receptors attenuates the decrease in PPI produced by CRF. Specific Aim 4 is to assess whether repeated CRF (ICV) results in sensitization or desensitization of the CRF-induced decrease in PPI or of the decrese in PPI caused by adminstration of the dopamine agonists, amphetamine and apomorphine. In addition to examining the effects of each treatment on PPI in both WKY and BN rats, effects of each treatment and of rat strain on startle amplitude and CRF-induced grooming willl be assessed. In the monoamine depletion studies, levels of DA, 5-HT, and NE in frontal cortex, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus will be assessed by HPLC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF DA D1 AND D2 AGONISTS ON REWARD SENSITIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Farmer-Dougan, Valeri A.; Psychology; Illinois State University Campus Box 3040 Normal, Il 61790 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of the proposed research is to investigate the role of dopamine (DA), and in particular DA D1 and D2 receptors, in choice behavior using a matching law model of choice. Traditionally, dopamine had been considered the neural substrate of reward. However, recent models relating dopamine to behavior have suggested a better description of dopamine may be as the neural substrate of arousal, novelty or surprise. Further, it appears dopaminergic D1- like and D2-like receptors may mediate different classes of behavior corresponding to changes in arousal, and that these different arousal topographies may differentially affect choice behavior. Previous investigations have focused on describing behavior resulting from stimulation of DA D1 or D2 receptors, including motoric or automated behavior changes, sniffing, grooming or chewing. However, few investigations have examined the relationship between dopaminergic arousal and choice. Thus, there remains a gap in research bridging the relationship between DA-elicited arousal and choice responding, particularly investigations relating changes in the response topography with changes sensitivity to reward. The proposed project examines how changes in arousal produced by DA D1 and D2 agonists may affect response topography, which in turn may affect operant responding. Changes in sensitivity will be examined using a matching law paradigm in conjunction with video analysis of changes in the topography of operant and adjunctive behavior as arousal levels are altered. The project attempts to determine if animals decrease all responding or simply alter their pattern of responding when exposed to DA D1-like and D2-like receptor agonists. Three experiments are outlined examining: 1) changes in sensitivity to reinforcement when animals are exposed to a

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series of doses of partial and full D1 agonist, SKF38393 and SKF82958 respectively; a D2 agonist quinpirole, a D3 selective agonist PD 128,907 used to control for D3 receptor effects, and a non-selective DA agonist, apomorphine; 2) how the value of the available operant reward and the value of adjunctive behaviors changes when animals are exposed to these agonists; and 3) how exposure to these agonists may affect withinsession contrast and induction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INHALED PARKINSONISM

DOPAMINE

AGONIST

FOR

LATE

STAGE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rabinowitz, Joshua D.; Alexza Molecular Delivery Corporation 1001 E Meadow Cir Palo Alto, Ca 94303 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAR-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Later stages of Parkinson's disease are often characterized by motor fluctuations that include unpredictable and severely disabling periods of complete immobility ("off" periods). The most effective pharmacological treatments for "off' periods are dopamine agonists, with the dopamine agonist apomorphine especially effective. Apomorphine, however, suffers from low oral bioavailability and a low therapeutic index, which limit its clinical use. The aim of this proposal is to develop inhalation devices that deliver apomorphine and at least one other dopamine agonist drug rapidly into the blood stream, enabling patients to titrate their drug intake to the minimum effective dose, thus reducing side effects. Our company has developed a unique aerosol generation method that produces very small particles for efficient deep lung inhalation without any excipients or entrainers. This technique has already been proven to result in rapid systemic delivery of several FDAapproved drugs to mammals. In this Phase I grant, we will verify our ability to use this technology to deliver reliably and reproducibly a therapeutic amount of apomorphine as well as at least one other dopamine agonist compound. In a subsequent Phase II grant, we intend to build a delivery device with an optimized patient interface and complete animal pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies sufficient to initiate human clinical trials. Eventual clinical approval of a dopamine agonist inhalation device will allow patients with late stage Parkinson's disease to control their Disease more effectively, and thus increases their overall quality of life. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MONKEYS

INTRANIGRAL

TRANSPLANTATION

IN

PARKINSONIAN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Subramanian, Thyagarajan; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): Recent investigations indicate that dopaminergic (DArgic) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) secrete dopamine not only in their axonal terminals within the striatum but also via their dendrites within the SN pars reticulata (SNr) and that loss of dopamine in the SNr may have a role in the development of parkinsonism in primates. As a corollary, restoration of both nigral and striatal dopamine inputs may produce better recovery of function in Parkinson's disease than restoration of dopamine inputs in the striatum alone. Therefore, the PI proposes to examine the effects of combined DArgic fetal ventral mesencephalic (FVM) cell transplantation into the SN and the striatum in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-

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tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated hemiparkinsonian (HP) monkeys and compare the results with FVM transplants in the striatum or SN alone. Animals will be periodically assessed by investigators blinded to the type of transplantation using a behavioral battery of tests (BBT). All animals will be treated with intracarotid MPTP injections to cause a stable HP state and briefly treated with oral levodopa to verify responsiveness to DArgic therapy prior to randomization into 4 equal groups (1-4). Microelectrode recordings of neuronal activity and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be used to guide all transplantation procedures. In specific aim 1 (SA 1), group 1 animals will receive simultaneous FVM transplants into both striatum and the SN, group 2 animals will receive striatal FVM transplants, group 3 animals will receive FVM transplants into the SN and group 4 animals will receive "control" fetal tissue transplants into the SN. Periodic BBT assessments and immunochemical assessment of the transplanted animals compared across groups 1-4 will be used to test the hypothesis that combined striatal and nigral FVM transplants ameliorates parkinsonism to a greater extent than striatal FVM or nigral FVM transplants alone. In SA 2, neuronal recordings will be obtained before and after tissue transplantation from all 4 groups of animals from the SNr and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and compared. This experiment will examine the hypothesis that striatal FVM transplantation will alter neuronal discharge patterns in both SNr and in the STN, while nigral FVM transplantation will alter neuronal discharge patterns in the SNr only. In SA 3, dopamine levels will be measured in vivo using microdialysis before and after nigral FVM transplantation from the SN and STN in group 3 and group 4 animals. This experiment will test the hypothesis that nigral FVM transplants restore dopamine content in the SN but do not effect dopamine content in the STN. These 3 experiments will objectively evaluate the role of restoring DArgic inputs into the SN in addition to restoring DArgic inputs into the striatum to ameliorate parkinsonian behavioral signs in primates and will help to understand the role of SNr in the pathophysiology of primate parkinsonism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LEVODOPA PHARMACOKINETCA AND PHARMACODYNAMICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nutt, John G.; Professor; Neurology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common disorder, occuring in 1-2 percent of people over the age of 55. The efficacy of levodopa, our best symptomatic therapy, is limited by the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Understanding the mechanisms underlying emergence of these motor complications is essential to developing methods to prevent or treat them. The goal of this proposal is to assess the contribution of the remaining striatal monoaminergic terminals to the clinical response to levodopa and its evolution during long-term levodopa therapy. There are three aims. 1) Determine the importance of reuptake of dopamine into residual dompamine terminals by examining the effects of inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT) using the DAT inhibitor, methylphenidate. The effects of methylphenidate alone and in combination with levodopa will be examined to determine if dopamine reuptake influences the off drug severity of PD and whether it alters the response to a 2 hour levodopa infusion, specifically, makes it appear more like that observed in advanced PD patients. 2) Determine if serotonin terminals and the serotonin transporter (SERT) assume a role in reuptake and storage of dopamine in advanced PD when the serotonergic terminals become a large portion of the residual stiatal monoaminergic terminals. The effects of paroxetine, a selective SERT inhibitor, on response to a 2 hour

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levodopa infusions will be examined. 3) Determine if autoreceptors on residual dopamine terminals influence PD severity by examining the response to a step wise infusion with apomorphine, a D-1, D-2 receptor agonist capable of inhibiting motor behavior at low doses in animals. These studies assess the importance of the remaining monoaminergic terminals on the response to levodopa, determine how loss of reuptake contributes to the development of motor complications and suggest whether the remaining terminals might be pharmacologically manipulated to therapeutic advantage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MENTORED DEVELOPMENT AWARD

PATIENT-ORIENTED

RESEARCH

CAREEER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Sakurai, Sharin Y.; Neurology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this K23 proposal is to provide the necessary training for the candidate to pursue a career as an independent clinical investigator. The didactic portion of the training will include participation in a K30 training grant in clinical research. As part of the curriculum, the candidate will enroll in the UM's School of Public Health and obtain a Master's of Science degree in clinical research design and statistical analysis. In addition, the candidate will have regular meetings with her mentor and participate in other regular educational activities related to her career plan. The investigator will also have extensive formal and informal interactions with the active community of neuroimaging researchers at the UM. The goal of the research portion of the training proposal is to evaluate the role nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation changes play in the decline of motor performance associated with normal aging and Parkinson's disease (PD). Nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation will be measured with [11C]-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine positron emission tomography (DTBZ-PET). Cerebral blood flow activation of relevant motor regions will also be determined during a motor task using PET with [150]H20. Several standardized behavioral measures of motor performance will also be evaluated. In normal subjects, the density of striatal presynaptic dopaminergic terminals will be measured and motor performance and cerebral activation will be evaluated to determine whether there is a correlated decline in these measures with aging. Subjects with mild PD will be assessed in a similar manner to determine whether the reduction in presynaptic dopaminergic innervation correlates with the severity of motor deficits and cerebral blood flow. Finally, the dopamine agonist, apomorphine, will be administered to determine whether the deficits in motor performance and in cerebral activation can be reversed. The didactic and research portions of of this proposal will enable the candidate to achieve her goals of becoming an independent clinical investigator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOTORIC DECLINES IN AGING: MRI STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhang, Zhiming; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-OCT-2002; Project End 30-SEP-2007 Summary: The central hypothesis of this grant is that age-related declines in motor function result from functional changes in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in animals and humans. To address this issue, our group has developed techniques to measure pharmacologically-evoked blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) changes in

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the basal ganglia of MRI-adapted, awake rhesus monkeys using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the studies proposed for this project, we will utilize fMRI to measure age-related changes in the BOLD response to various DA agonists. Specifically, we plan to compare the effects of apomorphine with the DA receptorspecific agonists SKF-81297 (D1 agonist) and LY17155 (quinpirole, a D2 agonist). We will then determine the relationship between pharmacologically evoked BOLD responses and underlying neural activity in specific regions of interest (ROD by using multiple single-unit electrophysiological recording. We will also utilize anatomical MRI to determine age-related changes in the volume of key basal ganglia structures. We will also measure iron accumulation in the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra. These anatomical measures will be conducted to test our hypothesis that age-related functional changes in these nuclei contribute more to behavioral deficits than do structural changes. We will assess the effects of GDNF on these functional and morphological measures in order to determine whether the potent DA neurotrophic factor possesses restorative properties in the basal ganglia. These studies will complement the behavioral, neurochemical and histopathological/biochemieal studies of Projects by Gash and Berhardt. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEURAL BASIS OF HERITABLE DA-MEDIATED GATING DEFICITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Swerdlow, Neal R.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a proposal to study the neural circuit basis for heritable differences in the regulation of sensorimotor gating by dopamine (DA) activity in rats. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex is a measure of sensorimotor gating that is impaired in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives. The inheritance of this phenotype in schizophrenia families must reflect inherited changes in brain circuitry that regulates PPI. PPI is also impaired in rats by DA agonists - e.g. apomorphine (APO) and amphetamine (AMPH) - and sensitivity to these effects appears to be genetically determined in rats, with robust and reliable innate differences seen across strains and substrains. Strain differences in the PPI-disruptive effects of DA agonists have large effect sizes - even across common outbred strains - and reflect differences in CNS effects, rather than differences in drug metabolism or distribution. Because the neurobiology of PPI is well understood in rats, it is possible to determine the neural basis for these inherited differences in the DA-regulation of PPI, and thereby to identify targets of inherited determinants of deficient PPI in schizophrenia families. Studies will use albino Sprague Dawley (SDH) and hooded Long Evans (LEH) rats, building on existing findings of strain differences in sensitivity to the PPI-disruptive effects of DA agonists. Aim 1 will compare PPI across strains after manipulations of"presynaptic" DA function, via stimulation of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA release. Strain differences in presynaptic DA substrates will also be assessed, including regional differences in DA, tyrosinase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Aim 2 will assess PPI in these rats after manipulations of"post-synaptic" DA function, via direct infusion of a D2 receptor agonist into mesolimbic and nigrostriatal terminal regions. Strain differences in DA receptor density and affinity will also be assessed. Aim 3 will determine strain differences in "post-receptor" immediate-early gene activating effects of DA receptor stimulation. Aim 4 will compare PPI in these strains after manipulations "downstream" from DA receptors, via GABA receptor blockade in the ventral pallidum. The heritability of strain differences in Aims 1-4 will be tested in an

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SDH x LEH cross. These studies will provide a clear understanding of the brain changes responsible for the expression of a heritable model of an important schizophrenia endophenotype. This new information will be a foundation for innovative models of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other inherited neuropsychiatric disorders, and for prospective strategies for novel drug development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEURAL CORRELATES OF EXERCISE THERAPY IN PD MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Woodward, Donald J.; Professor; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: The goal of this project is to characterize the neurophysiological changes induced during the recovery of function in awake behaving rat by the depletion of dopamine in striatum by the unilateral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine as a model for Parkinson's disease. Preliminary studies have shown that depletion of dopamine results in an elevation of resting firing rates of neurons in the neostriatum. This effect is maximum of the depleted side but is nearly equally apparent on the intact side with no depletion of DA. Activation of rotation activates reciprocal changes in neighboring neurons on both sides with no net changes in means rates, thus indicating the presence of an effective synaptic input to both intact and DA depleted striatum. An interpretation is that absence of dopamine induces a motor dysfunction directly on the affected side. This in turn activates a widespread motor recovery adaptive mechanism that engages both sides of the cortical striatal nigral thalamic system. Forced use of the limb on the DA depleted side by application of a cast to restrict use of the unaffected limb, specifically in the first 7 days after 6-OHDA, has recently been found to offer neuroprotection against 6-OHDA, and thus raised the possibility that the widespread bilateral elevation of activity may play both a neuroprotective as well as a compensatory role. An aim of this project is to record activity of populations of neurons recorded simultaneously from 64 microwires implanted bilaterally in striatum, substantia nigra reticulata/compacta, and forelimb sensorimotor cortex. These advanced recording procedures developed in this laboratory will determine activity of populations over the two weeks after 6-OHDA administration. Casting to restrict limb use will be done on both the DA depleted and intact side to compare effects of restriction of movement and to determine the neural signals during movements during tests of motor impairment. Casting will be done prior to 6-OHDA to test whether elevation of activity appears during the early period of motor reorganization and may serve to activate neuroprotection. Recordings made from dopamine neurons will test the emerging concept of a role in motor learning and reorganization. A prediction is that the novel movement patterns during forced use will produce many signals in striatum and cortex correlated with movement that are not present in over-trained circuits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROTRANSMITTER REGULATION OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Keenan, Bruce S.; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The hypothesis that some children with short stature have defects in their ability to regulate growth hormone secretion that is not detected by the standard

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Apomorphine

provocative test will be tested by studying several categories of short children. Studies will include 24hr pump for growth hormone secretion, insulin/L-dopa, apomorphine, clonidine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan tests. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NOVEL NEUROTENSIN ANALOGS AS ANTISCHIZOPRENICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dix, Thomas A.; Argolyn Bioscience, Inc. 710 Johnnie Dodds Blvd, Ste 202 Mount Pleasant, Sc 29464 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 30-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The brain peptide neurotensin (NT) and its active derivative NT [8-13] function as endogenous neuroleptics. Stable NT derivatives that cross the blood brain barrier therefore have significant potential for development as a new class of non-dopamineric antipsychotics expected not to display the adverse side effects associated with the dopaminergics. The best literature derivatives of NT [8-13] cross the BBB to a small extent (< 1 percent) and lose greater than 100-fold binding affinity for the NT-I receptor. One of these compounds was in clinical trials as an antischizophrenic before being dropped due to lack of l.V. activity. Using our patented technology for improving peptides as drug entities, we have synthesized and studied about 30 different NT [8-13] derivatives that drastically improve upon earlier compounds: NT receptor binding affinity is maintained or exceeded, the compounds exhibit up to 50 percent CNS bioavailability when l.V. Injected, their half-lives in serum have been increased from minutes to hours, and selectivities for each of the individual NT receptors has been observed. In the current proposal, we seek funding to: a) synthesize and study 12 "second generation" compounds predicted to show even better properties and b) evaluate our most active and representative compounds in two key predictive behavioral models of schizophrenia: a) antagonizing apomorphine reversal of prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle, b) blocking the locomotor activity stimulant effect of D-amphetamine. The best compounds emerging from these studies will be poised for development as a new class of antischizophrenic agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NOVEL SURGICAL THERAPIES FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Horne, Craig Van.; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Fetal cell transplantation strategies have targeted the striatum to reestablish dopaminergic (DA) function within the basal ganglia. Our preliminary data indicate that the DA reinnervation of other targets within the system produce significant behavioral changes, when established as single targets, and may be necessary in combination to maximize functional recovery in Parkinson's disease (PD). To test this hypothesis, we will first determine the effects of dopamine reinnervation of substantia nigra, in addition to the striatum, in a MPTP primate model of PD. In addition, the subthalamic nucleus is a major component of the indirect pathways and motor circuitry of the basal ganglia. Our preliminary studies of dopamine reinnervation of the STN as a single target have shown significant behavioral recoveries in models of PD. We will therefore explore the contribution of DA reinnervation of the STN in behavioral and functional recovery of MPTP-induced parkinsonism. We will transplant DA cells to subthalamic nucleus alone or in combination with placement in striatum and substantia nigra. The evaluation of functional effects in all of our experiments will be determined by PET and

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MRI studies, including 11C-CFT, dopamine D2 receptors with 11C-raclopride, pharmacological MRI studies of amphetamine and apomorphine stimulated changes in striatal blood volume. Studies of neurochemical include N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr) and choline (Cho). Behavioral Actigraph movement activity and video analysis completes the functional analysis. The functional data will be analyzed and intercorrelated. This project will determine how DA neural replacement in all of the regions denervated in PD will improve and fully restore the dysfunctional circuitry responsible for PD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SENSORY GATING AND HABITUATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Braff, David L.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1987; Project End 16-APR-2003 Summary: Attentional and information processing deficits have frequently been implicated in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. In recent years, the hypothesis of dopamine (DA) overactivity has also assumed significance in understanding schizophrenia. This proposal specifically outlines studies with humans and related animal models that will extend our knowledge of how DA overactivity relates to the sensory gating and habituation deficits that may underlie the cognitive fragmentation and thought disorder characteristic of schizophrenia. In animal experiments, we will further explore dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and specific anatomical pathways involved in the observed sensory gating deficits. To accomplish these goals, we propose to utilize the prepulse inhibition (PPI) and habituation of the startle reaction in humans and rats using the very similar paradigms, stimulus parameters, dependent measures, and statistical analyses that we have developed in our previous work. In humans, we will use electromyographic monitoring of the blink reflex component of the startle reaction (SR). In rats, we will use measures of whole body startle. Sensory gating will be accomplished by weak prestimulation and habituation using 121-trial tests in both humans and animals. Schizophrenic and control patients will be tested longitudinally and through various phases of their illness, while their clinical, symptomatic, neuropsychological, homovanillic acid levels, radioreceptor assay levels, and other measures are obtained. As an animal model of DA overactivity, rats having 6hydroxydopamine-induced depletions of nucleus accumbens DA will be tested in the PPI paradigm following systemic treatments with apomorphine, noradrenergic agonists, and/or various dopaminergic antagonists. Liquid chromatography will be used to confirm the DA depletions. Our objectives are to clarify the neurochemical and anatomical pathways that underlie sensory gating and habituation deficits in schizophrenia and to explore the functional importance of dopamine overactivity in schizophrenia. We intend to further our understanding of how DA overactivity and its underlying neuroanatomic correlates may relate to the specific cognitive dysfunction, symptoms, and outcome of the schizophrenic disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRIATAL DOPAMINE /MOTOR PERFORMANCE /AGING & PARKINSONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Frey, Kirk A.; Professor of Radiology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Summary: The overall goals of this project are to quantify dopaminergic innervation changes in the basal ganglia that occur with normal aging or with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to examine the consequences of these changes upon cerebral processes governing motor control. We will measure the pre-synaptic monoaminergic innervation of the striatum and in parallel several behavioral measures of motor performance. We will additionally determine the pattern and magnitude of cerebral blood flow (CBF) activation during a performance-standardized motor task. Positron emission tomography (PET) with (+0[11C]dihydrotetrabenazine will be used to examine the density of pre-synaptic monoaminergic terminals in the striatum and PET with [15O]H2O2 during a motor task involving a manual movement of a joystick will be used to determine cerebral activation as reflected by changes in CBF. Behavioral measures of motor performance will include the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) finger tapping rate and grooved pegboard testing. Three specific hypotheses will be tested: (1) the density of striatal monoaminergic pre-synaptic terminals decreases with normal aging, and correspondingly, aspects of motor performance and of cerebral activation with motor tasks decline in the cortical supplementary motor area (SMA); (2) in PD, the decrease in the density of striatal monoaminergic terminals is correlated is correlated with diminished motor performance and with diminished SMA activation; and (3) SMA activation and motor performance deficits attributable to reduced striatal to reduced striatal monoaminergic innervation will be reversible after acute administration of the mixed D1 and D2 receptor agonist apomorphine. The results of these studies will advance our present understanding of the relationships between dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathology and motor performance changes in PD, and provider specific information on the degree to which changes may be attributable to dopamine deficiency alone versus other, secondary mechanisms. Furthermore, testing the possibility that motor performance declines observed in aged subjects without PD may be partially due to striatal dopaminergic denervation will have important implications for possible therapeutic interventions in a large and growing elderly population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS OF DOPAMINERGICALLY MEDIATED MRI SIGNAL CHANGES Principal Investigator & Institution: Jenkins, Bruce G.; Director, Neurochemical Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The underlying goal of this project is to understand the molecular and synaptic processes that drive the hemodynamic response to a dopaminergic stimulus. This knowledge is crucial to proper interpretation of the changes observed in humans after pharmacologic challenges such as cocaine or amphetamine. First, we will study the effects of blockers of the dopamine transporter (DAT) (such as cocaine or amphetamine) on the regional distribution of hemodynamic responses in rat brains using pharmacological MRI (phMRI) measurements of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast or relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV). Then we will test the ability of selective dopamine D1 and D2 antagonists to block the phMRI signal changes. These experiments will be followed by study of the hemodynamic consequences of the interactions between dopamine receptors and adenosine receptors by selective antagonism of the adenosine system in combination with stimulus delivered using DAT blockers. Concurrently, we will test the hypothesis that hemodynamic changes are proportional to dopamine concentrations by making microdialysis measurements of

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dopamine concentrations in striatum and frontal cortex. Then we will preform selective pre-synaptic dopamine fiber lesions using unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine in the substantia nigra, and selective unilateral lesioning of the post-synaptic striatal neurons using quinolinic acid injections. Then we will perform rCBV measurements in these animals After stimulus using DAT blockers to test whether the origins of the phMRI signals are pre-or post-synaptic. We will also perform correlative positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of DAT, and D1 and D2 receptors to determine their correlations with the phMRI. Then, we will examine the role of receptor supersensitivity using the lesion models above to determine the quantitative differences between the two striata after stimulation with apomorphine or amphetamine, two compounds known to elicit opposite behavioral effects in these lesion models based upon dopamine receptor supersensitivity. These results will be correlated with quantitative PET measurements in the same animals of dopamine receptor binding properties. Lastly, these studies will be followed by quantitative PET measurements in rats who chronically self administer cocaine to determine what changes in dopamine receptor binding properties accompany chronic cocaine administration. These studies should lead to a fundamental understanding of the synaptic and molecular underpinnings of behavioral-metabolic coupling which is crucial to developing a biological basis for understanding of human drug abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TESTING DOPAMINERGIC FUNCTION USING PHARMACOLOGIC FMRI Principal Investigator & Institution: Black, Kevin J.; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Many important neurological and psychiatric illnesses involve abnormalities of dopamine function. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used to quantify the regional sensitivity of the brain to activation of dopaminergic pathways. However, for repeated serial studies or in children, PET may be less appropriate. This R21 application proposes to implement a novel method using functional MRI to measure cerebral blood oxygen-level dependent (COLD) responses to the mixed dopamine agonist apomorphine in normal humans. Furthermore, we will validate this pharmacological challenge functional MRI (phMRI) method in the following ways: (1) Test with a single-blind protocol whether such responses are specifically related to drug; (2) test whether the phMRI method is sensitive to important functional differences, by comparing BOLD responses are neurologically relevant, by determining the magnitude and time course of clinical improvement in PD patients at similar apomorphine blood levels to those achieved in controls, and by measuring in all subjects the growth hormone response to apomorphine. At present there are no published data with dopamine agonist phMRI in humans to guide this pilot study. However, successful apomorphine challenge phMRI experiments in non-human species and apomorphine challenge PET studies in humans, together with our own recent successful development of levodopa challenge phMRI in humans, suggest that the proposed approach is feasible. If this translational research is successful, it will bring a method previously tested only in other species to a finished state in which it could be immediately applied to the study of human diseases. In this laboratory, exp3ected applications of this method would include longitudinal studies of treatment-induced side effects in Parkinson's disease, and pathophysiological studies in Tourette syndrome or dopa-related dystonia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE NEURAL BASIS OF HYPERACTIVE WHEEL RUNNING IN MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rhodes, Justin S.; Zoology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002 Summary: The major goal of the proposed project is to investigate the neural basis of hyperactivity in a novel mouse model. Through artificial selection we have produced lines of mice that are internally motivated to run faster on running wheels than randombred controls, resulting in a 26-fold increase in wheel revolutions in a 24 hour period. Wheel-running in the hyperactive animals is composed of short bursts of activity separated by frequent short rests. High wheel-running mice are also more active in their home cages when deprived of wheels. The high-running mice may, therefore, be a good animal model for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). An association between deficiencies in dopamine transmission and ADHD has been suggested, and preliminary neuropharmacological results are consistent with the hypothesis that the hyperactive wheel running is caused by diminished dopaminergic function. To further explore the neural basis of genetic hyperactivity, I propose to examine whether: 1) apomorphine, and Ritalin(TM) attenuate wheel-running behavior in the high-running mice, 2) dopamine metabolism is slower in the high-running mice compared to controls at a given speed of running, and 3) the high-running mice contain fewer or smaller dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Together the proposed studies will help clarify the underlying neurochemistry and neuroanatomy of genetic hyperactivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: UTILITY OF MUSCARINIC AGONISTS IN SCHIZOPHERENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcguire, Edward J.; Cognitive Pharmaceuticals, Ltd 333 14Th St Toledo, Oh 43624 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of the proposed project is to develop a new muscarinic agonist for the treatment of schizophrenia. Compounds that activate M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors are expected to be particularly useful in treating memory and cognitive deficits, as well as the behavioral disturbances associated with schizophrenia. Recent studies at the University of Toledo have identified a novel class of compounds with strong activity at both M1 and M4 receptors. The compounds bind to muscarinic receptors in a unique manner that limits side effects associated with activation of other receptors. Of these compounds, CDD-0304 displays the highest activity at M1 receptors, which play an important role in memory and cognitive function, and the lowest activity at M3 receptors, which mediate a variety of unwanted actions, including salivation and diarrhea. The studies outlined here will expand upon previous work and initiate the commercialization of the technology that is owned by the University and licensed to Cognitive Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Initially, the work will focus on synthesizing analogs of CDD-0304 to optimize activity at M1 and M4 receptors, while limiting activity at M2 and M3 receptors. Compounds will be evaluated for receptor binding properties and agonist activity at muscarinic receptor subtypes utilizing cells expressing the individual human muscarinic receptor subtypes. For compounds that bind selectively, pharmacological screens will evaluate side effect profiles, while ex vivo binding assays and drug distribution studies will examine CNS penetration. For compounds that show low side-effect profiles and penetrate the CNS, antipsychotic activity will examined by measuring the ability of CDD-0304 and analogs to modulate the impairment of pre-pulse inhibition associated with administration of apomorphine,

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a dopamine agonist. The ability of compounds to enhance cognitive function also will be evaluated. The metabolism of compounds that are efficacious in the animal model will be examined in preliminary fashion. Together, the proposed studies will identify a lead compound to move into full preclinical development for the treatment of cognitive deficits and other symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: X RAY MAPPING OF DOPAMINE D2 AGONISTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stevens, Cheryl L.; Professor; Xavier University of Louisiana Box 121-C New Orleans, La 70125 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with apomorphine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for apomorphine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A European multicentre study to evaluate the tolerability of apomorphine sublingual administered in a forced dose-escalation regimen in patients with erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Von Keitz AT, Stroberg P, Bukofzer S, Mallard N, Hibberd M. Source: Bju International. 2002 March; 89(4): 409-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11872034

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneously injected apomorphine for parkinsonian off-state events. Author(s): Dewey RB Jr, Hutton JT, LeWitt PA, Factor SA. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 September; 58(9): 1385-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11559309

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Acute low single dose of apomorphine reduces periodic limb movements but has no significant effect on sleep arousals: a preliminary report. Author(s): Haba-Rubio J, Staner L, Cornette F, Lainey E, Luthringer R, Krieger J, Macher JP. Source: Neurophysiologie Clinique = Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 September; 33(4): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519546

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An open-label, uncontrolled dose-optimization study of sublingual apomorphine in erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Mulhall JP, Bukofzer S, Edmonds AL, George M; Apomorphine SL Study Group. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 August; 23(8): 1260-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11558862

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Apomorphine and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: a dilemma? Author(s): Depatie L, Lal S. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001 May; 26(3): 203-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394190

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Apomorphine as a neuroprotective drug: a study in MPTP-treated mice and potential relevance to ischemia. Author(s): Orzi F, Castri P, Fornai F. Source: Funct Neurol. 2001; 16(4 Suppl): 153-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11996511

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Apomorphine as an alternative to sildenafil in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): O'Sullivan JD. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 May; 72(5): 681. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11971072

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Apomorphine attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptotic cell death in SHSY5Y cells. Author(s): Hara H, Ohta M, Ohta K, Kuno S, Adachi T. Source: Redox Report : Communications in Free Radical Research. 2003; 8(4): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599342

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Apomorphine infusion and the long-duration response to levodopa in advanced Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Stocchi F, Berardelli A, Vacca L, Barbato L, Monge A, Nordera G, Ruggieri S. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2003 May-June; 26(3): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12782918

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Apomorphine monotherapy in the treatment of refractory motor complications of Parkinson's disease: long-term follow-up study of 64 patients. Author(s): Manson AJ, Turner K, Lees AJ. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 November; 17(6): 1235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12465062

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Apomorphine reduces BOLD signal in fMRI during voluntary movement in Parkinsonian patients. Author(s): Peters S, Suchan B, Rusin J, Daum I, Koster O, Przuntek H, Muller T, Schmid G. Source: Neuroreport. 2003 May 6; 14(6): 809-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12858037

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Apomorphine SL (Uprima): a new treatment for the management of erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Wagner G. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2001 August; 13 Suppl 3: S1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11477485

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Apomorphine SL (Uprima): preclinical and clinical experiences learned from the first central nervous system-acting ED drug. Author(s): Giuliano F, Allard J. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2002 February; 14 Suppl 1: S53-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11850736

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Apomorphine sublingual as primary or secondary treatment for erectile dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Strebel RT, Reitz A, Tenti G, Curt A, Hauri D, Schurch B. Source: Bju International. 2004 January; 93(1): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678378

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Apomorphine to Uprima: the development of a practical erectogenic drug: a personal perspective. Author(s): Morales A. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2001 August; 13 Suppl 3: S29-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11477489

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Apomorphine, dopamine and phenylethylamine reduce the proportion of phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1. Author(s): Chiarenza A, Scarselli M, Novi F, Lempereur L, Bernardini R, Corsini GU, Maggio R. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 December 14; 433(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11755133

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Apomorphine. A novel effect for an old compound. Author(s): Scarselli M, Armogida M, Pardini C, Chiacchio S, Corsini GU. Source: Adv Neurol. 2001; 86: 367-72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11553998

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Apomorphine: North American clinical experience. Author(s): Stacy M. Source: Neurology. 2004 March 23; 62(6 Suppl 4): S18-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037667

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Apomorphine-induced brain modulation during sexual stimulation: a new look at central phenomena related to erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Montorsi F, Perani D, Anchisi D, Salonia A, Scifo P, Rigiroli P, Zanoni M, Heaton JP, Rigatti P, Fazio F. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2003 June; 15(3): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904807

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Apomorphine-induced changes in synaptic dopamine levels: positron emission tomography evidence for presynaptic inhibition. Author(s): de La Fuente-Fernandez R, Lim AS, Sossi V, Holden JE, Calne DB, Ruth TJ, Stoessl AJ. Source: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2001 October; 21(10): 1151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598492

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Basal ganglia and gait control: apomorphine administration and internal pallidum stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Grasso R, Peppe A, Stratta F, Angelini D, Zago M, Stanzione P, Lacquaniti F. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1999 May; 126(2): 139-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10369137

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Beginning-of-dose motor deterioration following the acute administration of levodopa and apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Merello M, Lees AJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1992 November; 55(11): 1024-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1469397

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Behavioral effects and cerebral pharmacokinetics of apomorphine in the rat: dependence upon the route of administration. Author(s): Melzacka M, Wiszniowska G, Daniel W, Vetulani J. Source: Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1979 July-August; 31(4): 309-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=574957

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Behavioral effects of apomorphine during development of rats. Author(s): Brus R, Herman ZS, Jamrozik Z. Source: Acta Physiol Pol. 1977 May-June; 28(3): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=561515

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Behavioral effects of d-amphetamine and apomorphine in the hamster. Author(s): Peterson ME, Morin LP. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1984 June; 20(6): 855-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6540446

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Behavioral responses to apomorphine and amphetamine in differentially housed mice. Author(s): Wilmot CA, Vander Wende C, Spoerlein MT. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1984; 84(1): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6436876

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Behavioral supersensitivity to apomorphine following chronic narcotic treatment in the guinea pig. Author(s): Carlson KR, Almasi J. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1978 May 31; 57(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=97708

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Behavioral tolerance to chronic apomorphine administration in rats. Author(s): Wooten GF Jr, Cheng CH. Source: Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1979; 104: 219-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=576005

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Behavioural effects of cathinone, an amine obtained from Catha edulis Forsk.: comparisons with amphetamine, norpseudoephedrine, apomorphine and nomifensine. Author(s): Zelger JL, Schorno HX, Carlini EA. Source: Bull Narc. 1980; 32(3): 67-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6911034

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Behavioural effects of chronic treatment with apomorphine in combination with neuroleptic drugs. Author(s): Kenny M, Leonard BE. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Research. 1980; 5(4): 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6107385

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Behavioural responsiveness to muscimol and apomorphine 2 months after prolonged treatment with estradiol in rats. Author(s): Cuomo V, Cagiano R, Apud J, Masotto C, Racagni G. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1984; 84(2): 287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6438692

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Benzamides and classical neuroleptics: comparison of their actions using 6 apomorphine-induced effects. Author(s): Puech AJ, Simon P, Boissier JR. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1978 August 15; 50(4): 291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=29758

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Binding of 3H-neuroleptics and 3H-apomorphine in schizophrenic brains. Author(s): Lee T, Seeman P, Tourtellotte WW, Farley IJ, Hornykeiwicz O. Source: Nature. 1978 August 31; 274(5674): 897-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=683328

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Biological studies of DSM-III psychotic disorders. I. Platelet measures and apomorphine-induced growth hormone response. Author(s): Meltzer HY, Perline R, Lewine R. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1982 December; 170(12): 758-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6754871

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Biphasic effects of apomorphine on locomotor activity in rats. Author(s): Smee ML, Overstreet DH. Source: Commun Psychopharmacol. 1977; 1(2): 99-104. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=564257

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Block by 5-hydroxytryptamine and apomorphine of recombinant human neuronal nicotinic receptors. Author(s): Nakazawa K, Ohno Y. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1999 June 18; 374(2): 293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10422771

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Blockade of apomorphine-induced aggression by morphine or neuroleptics: differential alteration by antimuscarinics and naloxone. Author(s): Gianutsos G, Lal H. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1976 June; 4(6): 639-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=988593

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Blood pressure effects of apomorphine and domperidone in parkinsonism. Author(s): Pollak P, Mallaret M, Gaio JM, Hommel M, Perret J. Source: Adv Neurol. 1987; 45: 263-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3548261

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Blunted response of growth hormone to clonidine and apomorphine in endogenous depression. Author(s): Ansseau M, Von Frenckell R, Cerfontaine JL, Papart P, Franck G, TimsitBerthier M, Geenen V, Legros JJ. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1988 July; 153: 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3224252

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Brain activation patterns during video sexual stimulation following the administration of apomorphine: results of a placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Montorsi F, Perani D, Anchisi D, Salonia A, Scifo P, Rigiroli P, Deho F, De Vito ML, Heaton J, Rigatti P, Fazio F. Source: European Urology. 2003 April; 43(4): 405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12667722

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Cardiovascular effects of apomorphine in humans: evidence for peripheral mechanisms. Author(s): Rascol OJ, Montastruc JL. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1986; 9(6): 566-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3802109

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Cardiovascular effects of domperidone in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with apomorphine. Author(s): Sigurdardottir GR, Nilsson C, Odin P, Grabowski M. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2001 August; 104(2): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493225

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Cardiovascular reflexes in Parkinson's disease: effect of domperidone and apomorphine. Author(s): Merello M, Pirtosek Z, Bishop S, Lees AJ. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 1992 August; 2(4): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1392539

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Cardiovascular safety of sublingual apomorphine in patients on stable doses of oral antihypertensive agents and nitrates. Author(s): Fagan TC, Buttler S, Marbury T, Taylor A, Edmonds A; SL APO Study Group. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 October 1; 88(7): 760-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11589843

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CCK-8 antagonizes apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion in normal subjects. Author(s): Nair NP, Lal S, Eugenio H, Lizondo E, Thavundayil JX, Wood PL, Etienne P, Guyda H. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1986 January; 18(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3949282

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Characterising the benefit of apomorphine SL (Uprima) as an optimised treatment for representative populations with erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Heaton JP. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2001 August; 13 Suppl 3: S35-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11477490

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Clinical and electrophysiological effects of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease patients are not paralleled by amino acid release changes: a microdialysis study. Author(s): Fedele E, Stefani A, Bassi A, Pepicelli O, Altibrandi MG, Frasca S, Giacomini P, Stanzione P, Mazzone P. Source: Funct Neurol. 2001 January-March; 16(1): 57-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396272

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Clinical experience with apomorphine hydrochloride: the first 107 patients. Author(s): Martinez R, Puigvert A, Pomerol JM, Rodriguez-Villalba R. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 December; 170(6 Pt 1): 2352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14634414

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Clinical usefulness of apomorphine in movement disorders. Author(s): Colosimo C, Merello M, Albanese A. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1994 June; 17(3): 243-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9316670

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Combination therapy for erectile dysfunction: a randomized, double blind, unblinded active-controlled, cross-over study of the pharmacodynamics and safety of combined oral formulations of apomorphine hydrochloride, phentolamine mesylate and papaverine hydrochloride in men with moderate to severe erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Lammers PI, Rubio-Aurioles E, Castell R, Castaneda J, Ponce de Leon R, Hurley D, Lipezker M, Loehr LA, Lowrey F. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2002 February; 14(1): 54-9; Discussion 60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11896479

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Comparison of electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and atmospheric pressure photoionization in the identification of apomorphine, dobutamine, and entacapone phase II metabolites in biological samples. Author(s): Keski-Hynnila H, Kurkela M, Elovaara E, Antonio L, Magdalou J, Luukkanen L, Taskinen J, Kostiainen R. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 2002 July 15; 74(14): 3449-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139053

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Comparison of subcutaneous apomorphine versus dispersible madopar latency and effect duration in Parkinson's disease patients: a double-blind single-dose study. Author(s): Merello M, Pikielny R, Cammarota A, Leiguarda R. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1997 April; 20(2): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9099469

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Confirmation of the antidyskinetic effect of posteroventral pallidotomy by means of an intraoperative apomorphine test. Author(s): Merello M, Cammarota A, Nouzeilles MI, Betti O, Leiguarda R. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1998 May; 13(3): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9613748

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Continuous apomorphine infusion and neuropsychiatric disorders: a controlled study in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Di Rosa AE, Epifanio A, Antonini A, Stocchi F, Martino G, Di Blasi L, Tetto A, Basile G, Imbesi D, La Spina P, Di Raimondo G, Morgante L. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 October; 24(3): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14598073

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Continuous infusion of apomorphine improves torsion dystonia in a boy unresponsive to other dopaminergic drugs. Author(s): Zuddas A, Pintor M, DeMontis N, Giovanna Marrosu M, Cianchetti C. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1996 July; 11(4): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8807427

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Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine as replacement for levodopa in severe parkinsonian patients after surgery. Author(s): Broussolle E, Marion MH, Pollak P. Source: Lancet. 1992 October 3; 340(8823): 859-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1357288

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Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Simpkin DM, Milner R, Snell AP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 June 15; 156(12): 883-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1603020

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Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusions for fluctuating Parkinson's disease. Long-term follow-up in 18 patients. Author(s): Poewe W, Kleedorfer B, Wagner M, Bosch S, Schelosky L. Source: Adv Neurol. 1993; 60: 656-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8420206

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Controlled-release transdermal apomorphine treatment for motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Priano L, Albani G, Calderoni S, Baudo S, Lopiano L, Rizzone M, Astolfi V, Cavalli R, Gasco MR, Fraschini F, Bergamasco B, Mauro A. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 September; 23 Suppl 2: S99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548362

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Deep brain stimulation of both subthalamic nucleus and internal globus pallidus restores intracortical inhibition in Parkinson's disease paralleling apomorphine effects: a paired magnetic stimulation study. Author(s): Pierantozzi M, Palmieri MG, Mazzone P, Marciani MG, Rossini PM, Stefani A, Giacomini P, Peppe A, Stanzione P. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 January; 113(1): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11801431

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Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus: effectiveness in advanced Parkinson's disease patients previously reliant on apomorphine. Author(s): Varma TR, Fox SH, Eldridge PR, Littlechild P, Byrne P, Forster A, Marshall A, Cameron H, McIver K, Fletcher N, Steiger M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 February; 74(2): 1704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12531942

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Determination of apomorphine and N-n-propylnorapomorphine in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Author(s): Smith RV, De Moreno MR. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1983 May 13; 274: 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6874844

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Determination of apomorphine in human plasma by alumina extraction and highperformance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Bolner A, Barbato L, Tagliaro F, Monge A, Stocchi F, Nordera G. Source: Forensic Science International. 1997 September 19; 89(1-2): 81-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9306667

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Differences in the motor response to apomorphine between untreated and fluctuating patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Grandas F, Gancher ST, Rodriguez M, Lera G, Nutt JG, Obeso JA. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1992 February; 15(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1576595

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Different effects of levodopa and apomorphine on blink reflex recovery cycle in essential blepharospasm. Author(s): Napolitano A, Bonuccelli U, Rossi B. Source: European Neurology. 1997; 38(2): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9286635

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Differential effects of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic antagonists upon apomorphine- and lergotrile-induced hypothermia and stereotyped behaviour in rats. Author(s): Wade RL, Quock RM, Malone MH. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1984 October; 36(10): 673-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6150084

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Differential enhancement of behavioral sensitivity to apomorphine following chronic treatment of rats with (-)-sulpiride and haloperidol. Author(s): Montanaro N, Dall'Olio R, Gandolfi O, Vaccheri A. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1982 June 16; 81(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6889533

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Differential involvement of dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors in the circling behaviour induced by apomorphine, SK & F 38393, pergolide and LY 171555 in 6hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Author(s): Arnt J, Hyttel J. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1985; 85(3): 346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2860689

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Differential liabilities of haloperidol and thioridazine for inducing apomorphine hypersensitivity. Author(s): De Veaugh-Geiss J, Devanand DP, Carey RJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1982 November; 17(11): 1289-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6891268

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Distinct effects of two stresses on the behavioral response to apomorphine. Author(s): Csernansky JG, Csernansky CA, Hollister LE. Source: Life Sciences. 1984 October 1; 35(14): 1513-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6541282

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Diurnal responsiveness to apomorphine. Author(s): Gancher ST, Nutt JG. Source: Neurology. 1987 July; 37(7): 1250-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3601094

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Dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease: a look at apomorphine. Author(s): Lees AJ. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 7(3-4): 121-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8500783

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Dopamine and serotonin function in untreated schizophrenia: clinical correlates of the apomorphine and d-fenfluramine tests. Author(s): Duval F, Mokrani MC, Monreal J, Bailey P, Valdebenito M, Crocq MA, Macher JP. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 July; 28(5): 627-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727131

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Dopamine function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: growth hormone response to apomorphine stimulation. Author(s): Brambilla F, Bellodi L, Perna G, Arancio C, Bertani A. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 November 15; 42(10): 889-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9359974

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Dopamine hypersensitivity in migraine: role of the apomorphine test. Author(s): Cerbo R, Barbanti P, Buzzi MG, Fabbrini G, Brusa L, Roberti C, Zanette E, Lenzi GL. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1997 February; 20(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9037571

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Dopamine receptors in the striatum and limbic system of various strains of mice: relation to differences in responses to apomorphine. Author(s): Michaluk J, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Rokosz-Pelc A, Sansone M, Oliverio A, Vetulani J. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1982 December; 17(6): 1115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6891791

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Dose response and concentration response relationship of apomorphine in patients with Parkinson's disease and end-of-dose akinesia. Author(s): Harder S, Baas H, Demisch L, Simon E. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 July; 36(7): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9707348

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Double-blind, crossover comparison of 3 mg apomorphine SL with placebo and with 4 mg apomorphine SL in male erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Dula E, Bukofzer S, Perdok R, George M; Apomorphine SL Study Group. Source: European Urology. 2001 May; 39(5): 558-3; Discussion 564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11464037

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Drug-induced parkinsonism in schizophrenic patients: motor response and psychiatric changes after acute challenge with L-Dopa and apomorphine. Author(s): Merello M, Starkstein S, Petracca G, Cataneo EA, Manes F, Leiguarda R. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1996 October; 19(5): 439-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8889287

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Effect of apomorphine on cortical inhibition in Parkinson's disease patients: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Author(s): Pierantozzi M, Palmieri MG, Marciani MG, Bernardi G, Giacomini P, Stanzione P. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2001 November; 141(1): 52-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11685410

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Effect of apomorphine on melatonin secretion in normal subjects. Author(s): Lal S, Isaac I, Pilapil C, Nair NP, Hariharasubramanian N, Guyda H, Quirion R. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1987; 11(2-3): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3628830

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Effect of bromocriptine in patients with apomorphine-responsive erectile impotence: an open study. Author(s): Lal S, Kiely ME, Thavundayil JX, Stewart JD, Assalian P, Ackman CF. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1991 December; 16(5): 262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1797100

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Effects of apomorphine and L-dopa on the parkinsonian bladder. Author(s): Aranda B, Cramer P. Source: Neurourology and Urodynamics. 1993; 12(3): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8330043

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Effects of apomorphine on flexor reflex and periodic limb movement. Author(s): Paradiso G, Khan F, Chen R. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 May; 17(3): 594-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12112213

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Effects of apomorphine on globus pallidus neurons in parkinsonian patients. Author(s): Hutchinson WD, Levy R, Dostrovsky JO, Lozano AM, Lang AE. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1997 November; 42(5): 767-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9392576

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Effects of apomorphine on subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus neurons in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Levy R, Dostrovsky JO, Lang AE, Sime E, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2001 July; 86(1): 249-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11431506

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Effects of central dopaminergic stimulation by apomorphine on swallowing disorders in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Tison F, Wiart L, Guatterie M, Fouillet N, Lozano V, Henry P, Barat M. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1996 November; 11(6): 729-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8914103

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Effects of increasing doses of apomorphine during stereotaxic neurosurgery in Parkinson's disease: clinical score and internal globus pallidus activity. Short communication. Author(s): Stefani A, Stanzione P, Bassi A, Mazzone P, Vangelista T, Bernardi G. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1997; 104(8-9): 895-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9451721

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Effects of intravenous and subcutaneous administration of apomorphine on the clinical symptoms of chronic schizophrenics. Author(s): Syvalahti EK, Sako E, Scheinin M, Pihlajamaki K, Hietala J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1986 February; 148: 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3516291

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Effects of visual sexual stimuli and apomorphine SL on cerebral activity in men with erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Hagemann JH, Berding G, Bergh S, Sleep DJ, Knapp WH, Jonas U, Stief CG. Source: European Urology. 2003 April; 43(4): 412-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12667723

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Efficacy and safety of daily intake of apomorphine SL in men affected by erectile dysfunction and mild hyperprolactinemia: a prospective, open-label, pilot study. Author(s): Caruso S, Intelisano G, Farina M, DiMari L, Agnello C, Giammusso B. Source: Urology. 2003 November; 62(5): 922-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14624921

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Efficacy and tolerability of a novel sublingual apomorphine preparation in patients with fluctuating Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Ondo W, Hunter C, Almaguer M, Gancher S, Jankovic J. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1999 January-February; 22(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10047926

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Efficacy of apomorphine SL in erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Mirone VG, Stief CG. Source: Bju International. 2001 October; 88 Suppl 3: 25-9. Review. Erratum In: Bju Int 2002 January; 89(1): 140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11578276

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Electroencephalographic characterization of brain dopaminergic stimulation by apomorphine in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Luthringer R, Rinaudo G, Toussaint M, Bailey P, Muller G, Muzet A, Macher J. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1999; 39(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9892860

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Electrophysiological and clinical desensitization to apomorphine administration in parkinsonian patients undergoing stereotaxic neurosurgery. Author(s): Stefani A, Mazzone P, Bassi A, Bernardi G, Altibrandi MG, Peppe A, Pierantozzi M, Stanzione P. Source: Experimental Neurology. 1999 March; 156(1): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192792

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Elevated response of growth hormone to graded doses of apomorphine in schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Muller-Spahn F, Modell S, Ackenheil M, Brachner A, Kurtz G. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1998 September-October; 32(5): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9789204

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Evaluating dose regimens of apomorphine, an open-label study. Author(s): Kongkanand A, Opanuraks J, Tantiwongse K, Choeypunt N, Tantiwong A, Amornvejsukit T. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2003 April; 15 Suppl 2: S10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825098

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External and implanted pumps for apomorphine infusion in parkinsonism. Author(s): Pollak P, Benabid AL, Limousin P, Gervason CL, Jeanneau-Nicolle E. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1993; 58: 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8109301

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Extra cost of subcutaneous apomorphine would pay for personal nurses. Author(s): Hill-Smith I. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 August 29; 317(7158): 602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9721130

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Facilitation by alpha-adrenolytics of apomorphine gnawing behavior: depression of threshold apomorphine concentration in the striatum of the rat. Author(s): Wiszniowska-Szafraniec G, Danek L, Reichenberg K, Vetulani J. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1983 July; 19(1): 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6226051

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Failure of apomorphine to induce dopamine receptor hypersensitivity. Author(s): Flemenbaum A. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1979 April 11; 62(2): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=111281

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Failure of apomorphine to induce dopaminergic hypersensitivity: a replication. Author(s): Flemenbaum A. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1981; 68: 143-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7197786

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Failure of naloxone to reverse apomorphine effects in humans. Author(s): Rowbotham MC, Joseph MS, Jones RT, Keil LC. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1983; 8(1): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6308702

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Flavor aversions produced by contingent drug injection: relative effectiveness of apomorphine, emetine, and lithium. Author(s): Revusky S, Gorry T. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1973 November; 11(4): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4204785

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Formulating apomorphine for Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Woodcock DA. Source: Lancet. 1995 June 17; 345(8964): 1569. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7791452

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Freeze dried ondansetron: first observations with the fast dissolving oral antiemetic Zofran Zydis for the prophylaxis of the cisplatin-induced emesis in gynecological cancer patients. Author(s): Lehoczky O, Udvary J, Pulay T. Source: Neoplasma. 2002; 49(2): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088106

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Future delivery systems for apomorphine in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): van Laar T, Van der Geest R, Danhof M. Source: Adv Neurol. 1999; 80: 535-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10410768

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Gas chromatographic determination of apomorphine in plasma. Author(s): Baaske DM, Keiser JE, Smith RV. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1977 October 1; 140(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=893632

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Gas chromatographic determination of apomorphine O-methyl metabolites in urine. Author(s): Smith RV, Stocklinski AW. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1973 March 28; 77(2): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4695804

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Gastric fundus relaxation and emetic sequences induced by apomorphine and intragastric lipid infusion in healthy humans. Author(s): Castro A, Mearin F, Larish J, Malagelada JR. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 December; 95(12): 3404-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11151869

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Genetic control of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in two inbred mouse strains. Author(s): Kendler KS, Davis KL. Source: Brain Research. 1984 February 20; 293(2): 343-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6538107

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Gonadectomy and sex differences in the behavioral responses to amphetamine and apomorphine of rats. Author(s): Savageau MM, Beatty WW. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1981 January; 14(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7193328

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GPi firing rate modification during beginning-of-dose motor deterioration following acute administration of apomorphine. Author(s): Merello M, Lees AJ, Balej J, Cammarota A, Leiguarda R. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1999 May; 14(3): 481-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10348473

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Growth hormone and prolactin response to apomorphine in bipolar and unipolar depression. Author(s): McPherson H, Walsh A, Silverstone T. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 September; 76(1-3): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12943941

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Growth hormone and prolactin response to apomorphine in schizophrenia and the major affective disorders. Relation to duration of illness and depressive symptoms. Author(s): Meltzer HY, Kolakowska T, Fang VS, Fogg L, Robertson A, Lewine R, Strahilevitz M, Busch D. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1984 May; 41(5): 512-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721674

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Growth hormone response to apomorphine and diagnosis: a comparison of three diagnostic systems. Author(s): Hirschowitz J, Zemlan FP, Hitzemann RJ, Fleischmann RL, Garver DL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1986 May; 21(5-6): 445-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3697435

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Growth hormone response to apomorphine and family patterns of illness. Author(s): Sautter F, Garver DL, Zemlan FP, Hirschowitz J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1987 June; 22(6): 717-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3474033

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Growth hormone response to apomorphine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Pitchot W, Hansenne M, Moreno AG, Ansseau M. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1996 November; 21(5): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8973055

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Growth hormone response to apomorphine in panic disorder: comparison with major depression and normal controls. Author(s): Pichot W, Hansenne M, Gonzalez Moreno A, Ansseau M. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1995; 245(6): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8527467

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Growth hormone response to apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, in normal aging and in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Author(s): Lal S, Nair NP, Thavundayil JX, Tawar V, Tesfaye Y, Dastoor D, Gauthier S, Guyda H. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 1989 May-June; 10(3): 227-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2664540

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Growth hormone response to apomorphine. Author(s): Ferrier IN, Johnstone EC, Crow TJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1987 January; 44(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3800586

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Growth hormone response to placebo, apomorphine and growth hormone releasing hormone in abstinent alcoholics and control subjects. Author(s): Wiesbeck GA, Mueller T, Wodarz N, Davids E, Kraus T, Thome J, Weijers HG, Boening J. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1998 September 1; 52(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9788006

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Growth hormone responses to apomorphine HCl in schizophrenic patients on drug holidays and at relapse. Author(s): Cleghorn JM, Brown GM, Brown PJ, Kaplan RD, Dermer SW, MacCrimmon DJ, Mitton J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1983 May; 142: 482-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6135481

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Growth hormone responses to graded doses of apomorphine HCl in schizophrenia. Author(s): Cleghorn JM, Brown GM, Brown PJ, Kaplan RD, Mitton J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1983 August; 18(8): 875-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6137249

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Hormonal effects of apomorphine in schizophrenia. Author(s): Ferrier IN, Johnstone EC, Crow TJ. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1984 April; 144: 349-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6722395

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Hypophysectomy-induced striatal hypersensitivity and mesolimbic hyposensitivity to apomorphine. Author(s): Gordon JH. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1983 November; 19(5): 807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6139829

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Hypothermic effects of apomorphine homologues in mice. Author(s): Menon MK, Clark WG, Cannon JG. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1979 May; 31(5): 318-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=37302

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Impaired activation of the supplementary motor area in Parkinson's disease is reversed when akinesia is treated with apomorphine. Author(s): Jenkins IH, Fernandez W, Playford ED, Lees AJ, Frackowiak RS, Passingham RE, Brooks DJ. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1992 December; 32(6): 749-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1471865

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Impaired activity of the supplementary motor area in akinetic patients with Parkinson's disease. Improvement by the dopamine agonist apomorphine. Author(s): Rascol OJ, Sabatini U, Chollet F, Montastruc JL, Marc-Vergnes JP, Rascol A. Source: Adv Neurol. 1993; 60: 419-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8420165

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Implantable venous access system for apomorphine infusion in complicated Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Stocchi F, Farina C, Nordera G, Ruggieri S. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1999 March; 14(2): 358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10091634

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In vitro iontophoresis of R-apomorphine across human stratum corneum. Structuretransport relationship of penetration enhancement. Author(s): Li GL, van der Geest R, Chanet L, van Zanten E, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA. Source: Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society. 2002 November 7; 84(1-2): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399167

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Increased cortical inhibition induced by apomorphine in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Manfredi L, Garavaglia P, Beretta S, Pellegrini G. Source: Neurophysiologie Clinique = Clinical Neurophysiology. 1998 February; 28(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9562997

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Increased or decreased locomotor response in rats following repeated administration of apomorphine depends on dosage interval. Author(s): Castro R, Abreu P, Calzadilla CH, Rodriguez M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1985; 85(3): 333-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3923520

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Induction of mania by apomorphine in a depressed parkinsonian patient. Author(s): Przedborski S, Liard A, Hildebrand J. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1992; 7(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1620150

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Influence of estrogen and progesterone on behavioral effects of apomorphine and amphetamine. Author(s): Michanek A, Meyerson BJ. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1982 June; 16(6): 875-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7202216

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Inhibition of dihydropteridine reductase from human liver and rat striatal synaptosomes by apomorphine and its analogs. Author(s): Shen RS, Smith RV, Davis PJ, Abell CW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1984 July 25; 259(14): 8994-9000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6746636

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Interaction of apomorphine and amantadine with ethanol in men. Author(s): Alkana RL, Parker ES, Malcolm RD, Cohen HB, Birch H, Noble EP. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1982 Summer; 6(3): 403-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6751137

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Interaction of apomorphine and stressors in the production of hyperthermia in the rabbit. Author(s): Snow AE, Horita A. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1982 February; 220(2): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7199085

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Interactions of apomorphine with serum and tissue proteins. Author(s): Smith RV, Velagapudi RB, McLean AM, Wilcox RE. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1985 May; 28(5): 613-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3989821

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Interpretation of changes in apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour in rats receiving continuous administration of trifluorperazine for 15 months. Author(s): Rupniak NM, Boyce S, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1984 August; 23(8): 893-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6148709

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Interrelations between dopaminergic and GABA-ergic transmitter mechanisms in apomorphine stereotypy. Author(s): Markovska V, Georgiev V. Source: Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1982; 8(3): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6820612

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Intranasal apomorphine in parkinsonian on-off fluctuations. Author(s): van Laar T, Jansen EN, Essink AW, Neef C. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1992 May; 49(5): 482-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1580809

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Intranasal apomorphine rescue therapy for parkinsonian "off" periods. Author(s): Dewey RB Jr, Maraganore DM, Ahlskog JE, Matsumoto JY. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1996 June; 19(3): 193-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8726538

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Iontophoretic delivery of apomorphine. I: In vitro optimization and validation. Author(s): van der Geest R, Danhof M, Bodde HE. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1997 December; 14(12): 1798-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9453071

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Iontophoretic delivery of apomorphine. II: An in vivo study in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): van der Geest R, van Laar T, Gubbens-Stibbe JM, Bodde HE, Danhof M. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1997 December; 14(12): 1804-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9453072

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Iontophoretic delivery of apomorphine: from in-vitro modelling to the Parkinson patient. Author(s): Junginger HE. Source: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2002 November 1; 54 Suppl 1: S57-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12460716

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Iontophoretic R-apomorphine delivery in combination with surfactant pretreatment: in vitro validation studies. Author(s): Li GL, Grossklaus A, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2003 November 6; 266(1-2): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14559394

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Kainic acid lesions of the striatum dissociate amphetamine and apomorphine stereotypy: similarities to Huntingdon's chorea. Author(s): Mason ST, Sanberg PR, Fibiger HC. Source: Science. 1978 July 28; 201(4353): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=26976

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Key issues from the clinical trials of apomorphine SL. Author(s): Heaton JP. Source: World Journal of Urology. 2001 February; 19(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11289567

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Lack of effect of hyperglycaemia on apomorphine induced growth hormone release in normal man. Author(s): Nilsson KO. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1975 October; 80(2): 230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1242266

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Lesions of substantia nigra by kainic acid: effects on apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour. Author(s): Morelli M, Porceddu ML, Di Chiara G. Source: Brain Research. 1980 June 2; 191(1): 67-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7189684

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Letter: Paradoxical suppression of chorea by apomorphine. Author(s): Tolosa ES. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 September 16; 229(12): 1579-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4604687

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Levodopa-induced diphasic dyskinesias improved by subcutaneous apomorphine. Author(s): de Saint Victor JF, Pollak P, Gervason CL, Perret J. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1992; 7(3): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1620148

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Levodopa-induced dyskinesias and continuous subcutaneous infusions of apomorphine: results of a two-year, prospective follow-up. Author(s): Kanovsky P, Kubova D, Bares M, Hortova H, Streitova H, Rektor I, Znojil V. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 January; 17(1): 188-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11835461

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Lidocaine kindling is accompanied by an increase in apomorphine stereotypy and mesolimbic dopamine D2 receptor density. Author(s): Csernansky JG, Csernansky CA, Glick SA, Hollister LE. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1985; 21(3): 707-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2930865

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Linear increments in behavioral perseveration induced by repeated apomorphine administration. Author(s): Carey RJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1983 February; 18(2): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6681990

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Literature review: intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine therapy in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Factor SA. Source: Neurology. 2004 March 23; 62(6 Suppl 4): S12-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037666

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Local and distributed effects of apomorphine on fronto-temporal function in acute unmedicated schizophrenia. Author(s): Fletcher PC, Frith CD, Grasby PM, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1996 November 1; 16(21): 7055-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8824341

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Long term effect of teflutixol on apomorphine-induced stereotypy and vomiting in dogs. Author(s): Svendsen O. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1979 February 1; 53(4): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=570504

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Lontophoretic delivery of apomorphine in vitro: physicochemic considerations. Author(s): Li GL, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2001 November; 18(11): 1509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11758756

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Low tryptophan diet decreases brain serotonin and alters response to apomorphine. Author(s): Sahakian BJ, Wurtman RJ, Barr JK, Millington WR, Chiel HJ. Source: Nature. 1979 June 21; 279(5715): 731-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=571966

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Low-dose apomorphine and bromocriptine in neuroleptic-induced movement disorders. Author(s): Jeste DV, Cutler NR, Kaufmann CA, Karoum F. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1983 September; 18(9): 1085-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6640005

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Low-dose apomorphine challenge in tardive akathisia. Author(s): Sachdev P, Loneragan C. Source: Neurology. 1993 March; 43(3 Pt 1): 544-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8450998

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Low-dose apomorphine reduces serum homovanillic acid concentrations in schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Cutler NR, Jeste DV, Karoum F, Wyatt RJ. Source: Life Sciences. 1982 March 1; 30(9): 753-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7070229

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LSD-potentiated apomorphine hypermotility: a model for differentiating antipsychotic drugs. Author(s): Morgenstern R, Fink H, Oelssner W. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1983 January; 18(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6681904

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Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials. Apomorphine-induced transient potentiation of frontal components in Parkinson's disease and in parkinsonism. Author(s): Rossini PM, Bassetti MA, Pasqualetti P. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1995 May; 96(3): 236-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7750449

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Methodone interaction with apomorphine- and amphetamine-induced turning. Author(s): Stratten WP. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975 August; 11(4): 675-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1237160

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Methylphenidate, apomorphine, THIP, and diazepam in monkeys: dopamine-GABA behavior related to psychoses and tardive dyskinesia. Author(s): Gerlach J, Bjorndal N, Christensson E. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1984; 82(1-2): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6420823

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Microdialysis in Parkinsonian patient basal ganglia: acute apomorphine-induced clinical and electrophysiological effects not paralleled by changes in the release of neuroactive amino acids. Author(s): Fedele E, Mazzone P, Stefani A, Bassi A, Ansaldo MA, Raiteri M, Altibrandi MG, Pierantozzi M, Giacomini P, Bernardi G, Stanzione P. Source: Experimental Neurology. 2001 February; 167(2): 356-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11161624

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Midification of tardive dyskinesia and spasmodic torticollis by apomorphine. Possible role of dopamine autoreceptors. Author(s): Tolosa ES. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1978 July; 35(7): 459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=666598

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Migraine attacks induced by subcutaneous apomorphine in two migrainous parkinsonian patients. Author(s): Sabatini U, Rascol O, Rascol A, Montastruc JL. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1990 June; 13(3): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2357707

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Mode of action of a new oral treatment for erectile dysfunction: apomorphine SL. Author(s): Rampin O. Source: Bju International. 2001 October; 88 Suppl 3: 22-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11578275

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Mode of action of apomorphine and dexamphetamine on gnawing compulsion in rats. Author(s): Ernst AM. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1967; 10(4): 316-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5627343

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Modification of apomorphine induced aggression by changing central cholinergic activity in rats. Author(s): Gianutsos G, Lal H. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1977 January; 16(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=556812

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Modification of apomorphine induced stereotypies in rates by aversive conditioning. Author(s): Gale KN, Murray JP, Horita A. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 1975; 18: 375-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1237143

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Modification of apomorphine-, physostigmine- and pilocarpine-induced yawning after long-term treatment with neuroleptic or cholinergic agents. Author(s): Ushijima I, Noda Y, Mizuki Y, Yamada M. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1984 October; 271(2): 180-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6150689

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Modulation of apomorphine-induced stereotypy by estrogen: time course and dose response. Author(s): Gordon JH. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 1980 November-December; 5(6): 679-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7193504

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Motility and stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine and apomorphine on hypophysectomized and on thyroidectomized rats. Author(s): Benakis A. Source: Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1979; (2): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=288325

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Motor response following repeated apomorphine administration is reduced in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Grandas F, Obeso JA. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1989 February; 12(1): 14-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2713864

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Motor response to acute dopaminergic challenge with apomorphine and levodopa in Parkinson's disease: implications for the pathogenesis of the on-off phenomenon. Author(s): Colosimo C, Merello M, Hughes AJ, Sieradzan K, Lees AJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 June; 60(6): 634-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8648329

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Motor response to apomorphine and levodopa in asymmetric Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Kempster PA, Lees AJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1994 November; 57(11): 1444. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7964840

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Motor response to apomorphine and levodopa in asymmetric Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Rodriguez M, Lera G, Vaamonde J, Luquin MR, Obeso JA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1994 May; 57(5): 562-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8201324

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Motor response to apomorphine in patients with Parkinson's disease with longduration response to levodopa. Author(s): Bonuccelli U, Napolitano A, Del Dotto P, Quattrone A. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2002 March-April; 25(2): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981241

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Multidimensional nature of apomorphine SL (Ixense) therapy. Author(s): Costa P. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2003 April; 15 Suppl 2: S13-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825099

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Multihormonal responses to apomorphine in mental illness. Author(s): Mokrani MC, Duval F, Crocq MA, Bailey PE, Macher JP. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995; 20(4): 365-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8532820

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Naloxone blockade of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior: interaction of endogenous opiates with dopamine. Author(s): Margolin DI, Moon BH. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1979 September; 43(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=574897

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Naloxone partly counteracts apomorphine side effects. Author(s): Bonuccelli U, Piccini P, Del Dotto P, Rossi G, Corsini GU, Muratorio A. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1991 October; 14(5): 442-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1742754

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Naloxone potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing in mice and interaction with mu-, sigma- and kappa-opiate drugs. Author(s): Quock RM. Source: Life Sciences. 1982 December 20; 31(25): 2907-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6298534

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Narcotic antagonist potentiation of apomorphine drug effect: a stereospecific, centrally mediated drug action. Author(s): Quock RM, Kouchich FJ, Fries DS. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1985; 9(3): 23943. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4041065

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Nasal toxicological investigations of Carbopol 971P formulation of apomorphine: effects on ciliary beat frequency of human nasal primary cell culture and in vivo on rabbit nasal mucosa. Author(s): Ugwoke MI, Agu RU, Jorissen M, Augustijns P, Sciot R, Verbeke N, Kinget R. Source: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2000 February; 9(4): 387-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10664479

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Neurochemical and behavioral correlates of chronic apomorphine administration in the rat. Author(s): Kenny M, Leonard BE. Source: Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1978; 19: 347-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=567934

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Neuroendocrine effects of apomorphine in chronic schizophrenic patients under long-term neuroleptic therapy and after drug withdrawal: relations to psychopathology and tardive dyskinesia. Author(s): Muller-Spahn F, Ackenheil M, Albus M, May G, Naber D, Welter D, Zander K. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1984; 84(3): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6151210

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Neuroendocrine effects of apomorphine: characterization of response patterns and application to schizophrenia research. Author(s): Rotrosen J, Angrist B, Gershon S, Paquin J, Branchey L, Oleshansky M, Halpern F, Sachar EJ. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1979 November; 135: 444-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=540209

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Neuroendocrine responses to apomorphine in depressed patients and healthy control subjects. Author(s): Jimerson DC, Cutler NR, Post RM, Rey A, Gold PW, Brown GM, Bunney WE Jr. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1984 September; 13(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6595680

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Neuroendocrine tests during treatment with neuroleptic drugs. III. Plasma growth hormone and prolactin responses to apomorphine. Author(s): Kolakowska T, Gelder M, Fraser S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1981 November; 139: 408-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6120733

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Neuronal recordings in Parkinson's disease patients with dyskinesias induced by apomorphine. Author(s): Lozano AM, Lang AE, Levy R, Hutchison W, Dostrovsky J. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2000 April; 47(4 Suppl 1): S141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10762141

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Neuropeptides related to neurohypophyseal hormones interfere with apomorphineinduced behavioral changes. Author(s): Xiao XS, Veldhuis HD, Van Ree JM. Source: Neuropeptides. 1984 May; 4(3): 237-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6540377

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Neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic effects of apomorphine. Author(s): Kyriazis M. Source: Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine. 2003 Spring; 6(1): 21-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12941180

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Neuropsychiatric implications of drugs acting on dopamine receptors: the effect of apomorphine. Author(s): Corsini GU, Bernardi F, Marrosu F, Gessa GL. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1980; 39: 225-37. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6447296

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Nocturnal anomalous movement reduction and sleep microstructure analysis in parkinsonian patients during 1-night transdermal apomorphine treatment. Author(s): Priano L, Albani G, Brioschi A, Guastamacchia G, Calderoni S, Lopiano L, Rizzone M, Cavalli R, Gasco MR, Fraschini F, Bergamasco B, Mauro A. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 October; 24(3): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14598090

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Nocturnal subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. Author(s): Reuter I, Ellis CM, Ray Chaudhuri K. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1999 September; 100(3): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10478579

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Non-opiate beta-endorphin fragments and dopamine--I. The neuroleptic-like gammaendorphin fragments interfere with the behavioural effects elicited by small doses of apomorphine. Author(s): Van Ree JM, Innemee H, Louwerens JW, Kahn RS, De Wied D. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1982 November; 21(11): 1095-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6184639

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Non-opiate beta-endorphin fragments and dopamine--II. beta-Endorphin 2-9 enhances apomorphine-induced stereotypy following subcutaneous and intra-striatal injection. Author(s): Van Ree JM. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1982 November; 21(11): 1103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6891031

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Noradrenergic influence on the stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine, phenethylamine and apomorphine. Author(s): Mogilnicka E, Braestrup C. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1976 March; 28(3): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705

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Off-period belching due to a reversible disturbance of oesophageal motility in Parkinson's disease and its treatment with apomorphine. Author(s): Kempster PA, Lees AJ, Crichton P, Frankel JP, Shorvon P. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1989; 4(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2927402

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O-methylation of apomorphine and the metabolic prolongation of apomorphineinduced stereotyped behaviour. Author(s): Missala K, Lal S, Sourkes TL. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1973 April; 22(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4735946

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On the dopaminergic nature of the gnawing compulsion induced by apomorphine in mice. Author(s): Fekete M, Kurti AM. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1970 May; 22(5): 377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4392998

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Ontogenesis of rearing and stereotypy responses to apomorphine in the rat. Author(s): Nomura Y, Segawa T. Source: J Pharmacobiodyn. 1980 February; 3(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7193721

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Oral bioavailability of apomorphine in the rat with a portacaval venous anastomosis. Author(s): Campbell A, Kula NS, Jeppsson B, Baldessarini RJ. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1980 October 3; 67(1): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191371

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Oral treatment of erectile dysfunction with apomorphine SL. Author(s): Altwein JE, Keuler FU. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2001; 67(4): 257-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11741126

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Other formulations and future considerations for apomorphine for subcutaneous injection therapy. Author(s): Koller W, Stacy M. Source: Neurology. 2004 March 23; 62(6 Suppl 4): S22-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037668

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Panniculitis associated with subcutaneous apomorphine. Author(s): Acland KM, Leslie T, Dowd PM. Source: Hosp Med. 1998 May; 59(5): 413-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9722396

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Panniculitis in association with apomorphine infusion. Author(s): Acland KM, Churchyard A, Fletcher CL, Turner K, Lees A, Dowd PM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 March; 138(3): 480-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9580803

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Paradoxical akinetic response to apomorphine in parkinsonism. Author(s): Jenkins JR, Pearce JM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1992 May; 55(5): 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1602324

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Paradoxical response to apomorphine in a case of atypical parkinsonism. Author(s): Cicarelli G, Pellecchia MT, De Michele G, Pizzolato G, Barone P. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 May; 17(3): 604-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12112216

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Parkinson's disease and lower limb somatosensory evoked potentials: apomorphineinduced relief of the akinetic-rigid syndrome and vertex P37-N50 potentials. Author(s): Tinazzi M, Fiaschi A, Idone D, Tezzon F, Zanette G. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1999 April 1; 164(2): 163-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10402029

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Perfusion-weighted dynamic susceptibility (DSC) MRI: basal ganglia hemodynamic changes after apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Brusa L, Bassi A, Pierantozzi M, Gaudiello S Frasca F, Floris R, Stanzione P. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 September; 23 Suppl 2: S61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548344

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Perioperative problems in Parkinson's disease and their management: apomorphine with rectal domperidone. Author(s): Galvez-Jimenez N, Lang AE. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1996 August; 23(3): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8862842

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Pharmacodynamics of levodopa coadministered with apomorphine in parkinsonian patients with end-of-dose motor fluctuations. Author(s): Baas H, Harder S, Burklin F, Demisch L, Fischer PA. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1998 March-April; 21(2): 86-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9579293

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Pharmacokinetic study of apomorphine-induced stereotypy in food deprived rats. Author(s): Watanabe H, Nakano S, Ogawa N. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1981 April; 14(4): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7195038

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Pharmacokinetics of apomorphine in parkinsonian patients. Author(s): Nicolle E, Pollak P, Serre-Debeauvais F, Richard P, Gervason CL, Broussolle E, Gavend M. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 7(5): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8370571

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Pharmacokinetics, enantiomer interconversion, and metabolism of R-apomorphine in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Author(s): van der Geest R, van Laar T, Kruger PP, Gubbens-Stibbe JM, Bodde HE, Roos RA, Danhof M. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1998 May-June; 21(3): 159-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9617507

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Possible noradrenergic involvement in naloxone potentiation of apomorphineinduced stereotypic climbing in mice. Author(s): Quock RM, Bloom AS, Sadowski JA. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1984 November; 21(5): 733-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6096896

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Postpartum exposure to triethyl tin produces long-term alterations in responsiveness to apomorphine. Author(s): Harry GJ, Tilson HA. Source: Neurotoxicology. 1982 July; 3(1): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6890190

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Potentiation of apomorphine and D-amphetamine effects by naloxone. Author(s): Adams PM, Beauchamp R, Alston C. Source: Life Sciences. 1981 February 9; 28(6): 629-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7193793

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Potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotypies by naloxone and L-prolyl-L-leucylglycinamide. Author(s): Quock RM, Lucas TS, Hartl TJ. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1983 July; 19(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6137836

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Practical considerations in the use of apomorphine injectable. Author(s): Bowron A. Source: Neurology. 2004 March 23; 62(6 Suppl 4): S32-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037670

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Pre- and post-synaptic dopaminergic receptors involved in apomorphine-induced yawning. Author(s): Urba-Holmgren R, Holmgren B, Anias J. Source: Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 1982; 42(2): 115-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6891988

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Prostaglandin inhibition of apomorphine-induced circling in mice. Author(s): Schwarz RD, Uretsky NJ, Bianchine JR. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1982 December; 17(6): 1233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6819586

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Psychiatric and sexual disorders induced by apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Courty E, Durif F, Zenut M, Courty P, Lavarenne J. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1997 April; 20(2): 140-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9099466

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Psychooncology and cancer progression-related alterations of pleasure-associated neurochemical system: Abnormal neuroendocrine response to apomorphine in advanced cancer patients. Author(s): Lissoni P, Malugani F, Manganini V, Ardizzoia A, Gardani G, Bartolacelli E, Messina G, Tancini G. Source: Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2003 February-April; 24(1-2): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743532

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Quercetin inhibits the sulfation of r(-)-apomorphine in human brain. Author(s): Vietri M, Vaglini F, Cantini R, Pacifici GM. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 January; 41(1): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12564743

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Rapid development of hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity to apomorphine and haloperidol: role of norepinephrine receptor mechanisms in CNS. Author(s): Cools AR. Source: Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1980; 24: 215-22. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6996442

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Rapid method for the determination of apomorphine in plasma using highperformance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Smith RV, Klein AE, Clark AM, Humphrey DW. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1979 November 7; 179(1): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=550861

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Reactions to apomorphine and spiroperidol of rats with striatal lesions: the relevance of kind and size of the lesion. Author(s): Wolfarth S. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1974 March-April; 2(2): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4597891

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Recovery of erectile function by the oral administration of apomorphine. Author(s): Heaton JP, Morales A, Adams MA, Johnston B, el-Rashidy R. Source: Urology. 1995 February; 45(2): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7855966

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Rectal apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Hughes AJ, Bishop S, Lees AJ, Stern GM, Webster R, Bovingdon M. Source: Lancet. 1991 January 12; 337(8733): 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1670707

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Rectal apomorphine: a new treatment modality in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Van Laar T, Jansen EN, Essink AW, Rutten WJ, Neef C. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1992 August; 55(8): 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1527553

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Reduced growth hormone response to apomorphine in schizophrenic patients with poor premorbid social functioning. Author(s): Malas KL, van Kammen DP, de Fraites EA, Brown GM, Gold PW. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1987; 69(3-4): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3625198

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Regional blockade by neuroleptic drugs of in vivo 3H-spiperone binding in the rat brain. Relation to blockade of apomorphine induced hyperactivity and stereotypies. Author(s): Kohler C, Haglund L, Ogren SO, Angeby T. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1981; 52(3): 163-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7198139

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Relation between clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic parameters after sublingual apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Durif F, Paire M, Deffond D, Eschalier A, Dordain G, Tournilhac M, Lavarenne J. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1993 April; 16(2): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8477411

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Relation of clinical symptoms to apomorphine-stimulated growth hormone release in mood-incongruent psychotic patients. Author(s): Zemlan FP, Hirschowitz J, Garver DL. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986 December; 43(12): 1162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3778112

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Relationship of psychotic symptom clusters in schizophrenia to neuroleptic treatment and growth hormone response to apomorphine. Author(s): Zemlan FP, Hirschowitz J, Sautter F, Garver DL. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1986 July; 18(3): 239-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2875478

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Relationships between selective denervation of dopamine terminal fields in the anterior forebrain and behavioral responses to amphetamine and apomorphine. Author(s): Fink JS, Smith GP. Source: Brain Research. 1980 November 10; 201(1): 107-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191345

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Relief of akinesia by apomorphine and cerebral metabolic changes in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Broussolle E, Cinotti L, Pollak P, Landais P, Le Bars D, Galy G, Lavenne F, Khalfallah Y, Chazot G, Mauguiere F. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1993 October; 8(4): 459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8232355

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Reproducibility of motor effects induced by successive subcutaneous apomorphine injections in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Gervason CL, Pollak PR, Limousin P, Perret JE. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1993 April; 16(2): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8477407

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Responses of plasma oxytocin and arginine vasopressin to nausea induced by apomorphine and ipecacuanha. Author(s): Nussey SS, Hawthorn J, Page SR, Ang VT, Jenkins JS. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1988 March; 28(3): 297-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2901923

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Responses to apomorphine, amphetamine, and neuroleptics in schizophrenic subjects. Author(s): Angrist B, Rotrosen J, Gershon S. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1980 January; 67(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6102776

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Reverse tolerance to amphetamine of mice bearing unilateral striatal lesions: effect upon the circling response to apomorphine. Author(s): Echols SD. Source: Life Sciences. 1979 February 19; 24(8): 691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=571504

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Role of globus pallidus GABA and opiate receptors in apomorphine circling in nigrostriatal lesioned rats. Author(s): Slater P. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1982 April; 319(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6287299

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Role of subcutaneous apomorphine in parkinsonian voiding dysfunction. Author(s): Christmas TJ, Kempster PA, Chapple CR, Frankel JP, Lees AJ, Stern GM, Milroy EJ. Source: Lancet. 1988 December 24-31; 2(8626-8627): 1451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2904571

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Rotational behavior induced by unilateral electrical stimulations of nigro-striatal dopamine neurons: modification by low doses of apomorphine. Author(s): Barghon R, Costentin JH. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1980 May 30; 64(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6969658

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Safety and tolerability of apomorphine SL (Uprima). Author(s): Bukofzer S, Livesey N. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2001 August; 13 Suppl 3: S40-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11477491

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Safety and tolerability of apomorphine SL in patients with erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Buvat J, Montorsi F. Source: Bju International. 2001 October; 88 Suppl 3: 30-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11578277

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Selective and quantitative isolation and determination of apomorphine in human plasma. Author(s): Essink AW, Lohuis CP, Klein Elhorst JT, Rutten WJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1991 October 4; 570(2): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1797859

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Selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonists reverse apomorphine-induced blockade of prepulse inhibition. Author(s): Mansbach RS, Brooks EW, Sanner MA, Zorn SH. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1998 January; 135(2): 194-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9497025

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Selective effects of low doses of apomorphine on spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity in healthy volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Blin O, Mestre D, Masson G, Serratrice G. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 November; 32(5): 551-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1954070

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Sequential administration enhances the effect of apomorphine SL in men with erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Heaton JP, Dean J, Sleep DJ. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2002 February; 14(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11896482

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Sleep attacks with apomorphine. Author(s): Homann CN, Suppan K, Wenzel K, Ivanic G, Kriechbaum N, Ott E. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 June 14; 114(10-11): 430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12708100

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Stepwise intravenous infusion of apomorphine to determine the therapeutic window in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): van Laar T, van der Geest R, Danhof M, Bodde HE, Goossens PH, Roos RA. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1998 May-June; 21(3): 152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9617506

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Studies of interferences of apomorphine and its metabolites or decomposition products with immunochemical screening tests for legal and illicit drugs after therapeutic doses of apomorphine. Author(s): Schutz H, Erdmann F, Risse M, Weiler G. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2002; 52(9): 716-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12404888

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Subcutaneous apomorphine in late stage Parkinson's disease: a long term follow up. Author(s): Pietz K, Hagell P, Odin P. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1998 November; 65(5): 709-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9810943

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Subcutaneous apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Chaudhuri KR, Clough C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 February 28; 316(7132): 641. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9522772

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Subcutaneous apomorphine in Parkinson's disease: response to chronic administration for up to five years. Author(s): Hughes AJ, Bishop S, Kleedorfer B, Turjanski N, Fernandez W, Lees AJ, Stern GM. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1993 April; 8(2): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8474483

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Subcutaneous continuous apomorphine infusion in fluctuating patients with Parkinson's disease: long-term results. Author(s): Stocchi F, Vacca L, De Pandis MF, Barbato L, Valente M, Ruggieri S. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2001 February; 22(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11487217

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Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Author(s): LeWitt PA. Source: Neurology. 2004 March 23; 62(6 Suppl 4): S8-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037665

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Subdyskinetic apomorphine responses in globus pallidus and subthalamus of parkinsonian patients: lack of clear evidence for the 'indirect pathway'. Author(s): Stefani A, Bassi A, Mazzone P, Pierantozzi M, Gattoni G, Altibrandi MG, Giacomini P, Peppe A, Bernardi G, Stanzione P. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 January; 113(1): 91-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11801429

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Sublingual apomorphine for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Mulhall JP. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2002 February; 11(2): 295-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11829718

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Sublingual apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease complicated by motor fluctuations. Author(s): Hughes AJ, Webster R, Bovingdon M, Lees AJ, Stern GM. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1991 December; 14(6): 556-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1773424

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Suicidal behavior and growth hormone response to apomorphine test. Author(s): Pitchot W, Hansenne M, Moreno AG, Ansseau M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1992 June 15; 31(12): 1213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1391282

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Sulfation of R(-)-apomorphine in the human liver and duodenum, and its inhibition by mefenamic acid, salicylic acid and quercetin. Author(s): Vietri M, Vaglini F, Pietrabissa A, Spisni R, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2002 July; 32(7): 587-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12162854

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Supplementary and primary sensory motor area activity in Parkinson's disease. Regional cerebral blood flow changes during finger movements and effects of apomorphine. Author(s): Rascol O, Sabatini U, Chollet F, Celsis P, Montastruc JL, Marc-Vergnes JP, Rascol A. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1992 February; 49(2): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1736846

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The apomorphine test in gait disorders associated with parkinsonism. Author(s): Linazasoro G. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1996 April; 19(2): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8777771

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The apomorphine test in parkinsonian syndromes. Author(s): D'Costa DF, Abbott RJ, Pye IF, Millac PA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1991 October; 54(10): 8702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1744640

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The apomorphine test: a biological marker for heroin dependence disorder? Author(s): Guardia J, Casas M, Prat G, Trujols J, Segura L, Sanchez-Turet M. Source: Addiction Biology. 2002 October; 7(4): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14578019

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The clinical use of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Steiger MJ, Quinn NP, Marsden CD. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1992 August; 239(7): 389-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1403022

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The effect of apomorphine administration on smooth pursuit ocular movements in early Parkinsonian patients. Author(s): Bares M, Brazdil M, Kanovsky P, Jurak P, Daniel P, Kukleta M, Rektor I. Source: Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2003 January; 9(3): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12573868

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The effect of Yohimbine, an alpha2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, on the growth hormone response to apomorphine in normal subjects. Author(s): Lal S, Thavundayil JX, Krishnan B, Nair NP, Schwartz G, Guyda H. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1996 March; 21(2): 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8820174

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The effects of apomorphine on attentional processing in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Ruzicka E, el Massioui F, Pillon B, Dubois B, Renault B, Agid Y. Source: Sb Lek. 1999; 100(2): 85-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11220166

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The effects of dieting and weight loss on neuroendocrine responses to tryptophan, clonidine, and apomorphine in volunteers. Important implications for neuroendocrine investigations in depression. Author(s): Goodwin GM, Fairburn CG, Cowen PJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1987 November; 44(11): 952-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3675135

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The growth hormone response to apomorphine at 4 days postpartum in women with a history of major depression. Author(s): Mc Ivor RJ, Davies RA, Wieck A, Marks MN, Brown N, Campbell IC, Checkley SA, Kumar R. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1996 October 14; 40(3): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8897112

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The pharmacology and clinical pharmacokinetics of apomorphine SL. Author(s): Argiolas A, Hedlund H. Source: Bju International. 2001 October; 88 Suppl 3: 18-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11578274

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The role of apomorphine SL in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Heaton JP, Altwein JE. Source: Bju International. 2001 October; 88 Suppl 3: 36-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11578278

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Time course of tolerance to apomorphine in parkinsonism. Author(s): Gancher ST, Nutt JG, Woodward WR. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1992 November; 52(5): 504-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1424425

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Time interval between repeated injections conditions the duration of motor improvement to apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Grandas F, Gancher S, Lera G, Rodriguez M, Woodward WR, Nutt J, Obeso JA. Source: Neurology. 1992 July; 42(7): 1287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1620335

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Tolerability and safety of apomorphine SL (Ixense (TM) ). Author(s): Montorsi F. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 2003 April; 15 Suppl 2: S7-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825097

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Transient atrial fibrillation after subcutaneous apomorphine bolus. Author(s): Stocchi F, De Pandis MF, Delfino FA, Anselmo T, Frongillo D. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1996 September; 11(5): 584-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8866506

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Transient increase of pancreatic enzymes evoked by apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Pinter MM, Helscher RJ, Mundsperger N, Binder H. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1998; 105(10-12): 123744. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9928892

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Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with subcutaneous apomorphine monotherapy. Author(s): Wang HC, Hsieh Y. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2001 July; 16(4): 765-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11481709

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Unexpected findings with apomorphine and their possible consequences. Author(s): Cotzias GC, Mena I, Papavasiliou PS, Mendez J. Source: Adv Neurol. 1974; 5: 295-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4440577

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Urine and plasma levels of dopamine metabolites in response to apomorphine and neuroleptics in schizophrenics. Author(s): Contreras SA, Maas JW, Seleshi E, Bowden CL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1988 November; 24(7): 818-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3067756

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Use of apomorphine in clinical practice. Author(s): MacMahon DG. Source: Adv Neurol. 1999; 80: 529-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10410767

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Use of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): O'Sullivan JD, Lees AJ. Source: Hosp Med. 1999 November; 60(11): 816-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10707193

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Use of apomorphine to test for dopamine responsiveness in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Frankel JP, Hughes A, Lees AJ, Stern GM, Walshe JM. Source: Lancet. 1989 September 30; 2(8666): 801-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2571037

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Use of the intracerebral injection technique to elucidate mechanisms of apomorphine climbing and its antagonism in the mouse. Author(s): Costall B, Naylor RJ, Nohria V. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1981; 73(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6785798

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Vasopressin and catecholamine secretion during apomorphine-induced nausea mediate acute changes in haemostatic function in man. Author(s): Grant PJ, Hughes JR, Dean HG, Davies JA, Prentice CR. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1986 November; 71(5): 621-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3769410

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Video assessment of yawning induced by sublingual apomorphine in migraine. Author(s): Del Bene E, Poggioni M, De Tommasi F. Source: Headache. 1994 October; 34(9): 536-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8002329

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND APOMORPHINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and apomorphine.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Apomorphine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “apomorphine” (or a synonym): •

Effects of yohimbine and apomorphine on the male sexual behaviour pattern of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Author(s): Departamento de Biologia de la Reproduccion, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Apartado Postal 55 535, 09340, Mexico City C.P., Mexico. Source: Arteaga, M Motte Lara, J Velazquez Moctezuma, J Eur-Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 February; 12(1): 39-45 0924-977X

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Further evidence for interaction between angiotensin II and dopamine receptors (experiments on apomorphine stereotypy). Author(s): Laboratory of Experimental Psychopharmacology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria. Source: Tchekalarova, J Georgiev, V Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 1998 June; 20(5): 419-24 0379-0355

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Hippocampal lesions enhance startle gating-disruptive effects of apomorphine in rats: a parametric assessment. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0804, USA. [email protected] Source: Swerdlow, N R Taaid, N Halim, N Randolph, E Kim, Y K Auerbach, P Neuroscience. 2000; 96(3): 523-36 0306-4522

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Neural mechanisms underlying peak-dose dyskinesia induced by levodopa and apomorphine are distinct: evidence from the effects of the alpha(2) adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan. Author(s): Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Source: Fox, S H Henry, B Hill, M P Peggs, D Crossman, A R Brotchie, J M Mov-Disord. 2001 July; 16(4): 642-50 0885-3185

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Potent neuroprotective and antioxidant activity of apomorphine in MPTP and 6hydroxydopamine induced neurotoxicity. Author(s): Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Eve Topf, Haifa, Israel. Source: Grunblatt, E Mandel, S Gassen, M Youdim, M B J-Neural-Transm-Suppl. 1999; 5557-70 0303-6995

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Subcutaneous apomorphine injections as a treatment for intractable pain in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Albany Medical College, Department of Neurology, New York, USA. Source: Factor, S A Brown, D L Molho, E S Mov-Disord. 2000 January; 15(1): 167-9 08853185

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The influence of apomorphine on the cardiovascular reactions induced by stimulation of the vagus nerve in the rabbit. Author(s): Katedra i Zaklad Fizjologii Czlowieka Akademii Medycznej w Lublinie. Source: Dyba, S Tychowska, I Klukowska, L Nadulska, A Ann-Univ-Mariae-CurieSklodowska-[Med]. 2000; 55: 253-9 0066-2240

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND APOMORPHINE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to apomorphine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to apomorphine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to apomorphine: •

A clinical comparison of syrup of ipecac and apomorphine use in adults. Author(s): Schofferman JA. Source: Jacep. 1976 January; 5(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6815

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A comparison of ipecac syrup and apomorphine in the immediate treatment of ingestion of poisons. Author(s): MacLean WC Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1973 January; 82(1): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4404603

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Apomorphine blocks form-deprivation myopia in chickens by a dopamine D2receptor mechanism acting in retina or pigmented epithelium. Author(s): Rohrer B, Spira AW, Stell WK.

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Source: Visual Neuroscience. 1993 May-June; 10(3): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8494798 •

Apomorphine disrupts the inhibition of acoustic startle induced by weak prepulses in rats. Author(s): Davis M, Mansbach RS, Swerdlow NR, Campeau S, Braff DL, Geyer MA. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1990; 102(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2392496

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Apomorphine pharmacokinetics in parkinsonism after intranasal and subcutaneous application. Author(s): Sam E, Jeanjean AP, Maloteaux JM, Verbeke N. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1995 January-March; 20(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7588990

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Apomorphine produces an acute dose-dependent therapeutic effect on neglect produced by unilateral destruction of the posterior parietal cortex in rats. Author(s): Corwin JV, Burcham KJ, Hix GI. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 1996 September; 79(1-2): 41-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8883815

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Apomorphine, d-amphetamine, strychnine and yohimbine do not alter prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Author(s): Davis M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1988; 95(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3137590

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Apomorphine-induced prepulse inhibition disruption is associated with a paradoxical enhancement of prepulse stimulus reactivity. Author(s): Yee BK, Russig H, Feldon J. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 February; 29(2): 240-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14666120

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Baclofen reverses the reduction in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response induced by dizocilpine, but not by apomorphine. Author(s): Bortolato M, Frau R, Aru GN, Orru M, Gessa GL. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2004 January; 171(3): 322-30. Epub 2003 September 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680072

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Circadian time does not modify the prepulse inhibition response or its attenuation by apomorphine. Author(s): Weiss IC, Feldon J, Domeney AM.

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Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1999 November; 64(3): 501-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548262 •

Comparison of apomorphine, amphetamine and dizocilpine disruptions of prepulse inhibition in inbred and outbred mice strains. Author(s): Varty GB, Walters N, Cohen-Williams M, Carey GJ. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 July 13; 424(1): 27-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11470257

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Continuous subcutaneous waking day apomorphine in the long term treatment of levodopa induced interdose dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Colzi A, Turner K, Lees AJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1998 May; 64(5): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598668

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Differential effects of apomorphine on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex in two rat strains. Author(s): Rigdon GC. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1990; 102(3): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2251339

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Differential effects of ascorbate and EDTA on high-affinity binding of 3Hapomorphine and 3H-ADTN to calf caudate membranes. Author(s): Arana GW, Baldessarini RJ, Kula NS. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1982 June; 21(6): 601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6810198

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Distribution of apomorphine enantiomers in plasma, brain tissue and striatal extracellular fluid. Author(s): Sam E, Sarre S, Michotte Y, Verbeke N. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1997 June 18; 329(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9218678

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Does sensitization occur to prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex effects of repeated apomorphine treatments in rats? Author(s): Martin-Iverson MT. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1999; 13(3): 261-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10512082

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Effect of diazepam, apomorphine and haloperidol on the audiogenic immobility reaction and on the open field behavior. Author(s): Hard E, Engel J, Larsson K, Musi B.

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Source: Psychopharmacology. 1985; 85(1): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3920692 •

Effect of naloxone on apomorphine-induced changes in locomotor activity of stressexposed rats. Author(s): Eroglu L, Genc E, Altug T. Source: Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1984 January-February; 36(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6540442

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Effect of RG-tannin on yawning behaviour induced by apomorphine or physostigmine in rats. Author(s): Starec M, Waitzova D, Elis J. Source: Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1989 April; 31(1): 71-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2571230

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Effects of apomorphine and haloperidol on the acoustic startle response in rats. Author(s): Davis M, Aghajanian GK. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1976 June 23; 47(3): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=823557

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Effects of apomorphine on punished and unpunished responding in the rat. Author(s): McMillan DE, Evans RL. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1988 July; 30(3): 753-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3211984

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Effects of apomorphine, ergocornine and piribedil on audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice. Author(s): Anlezark GM, Meldrum BS. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1975 March; 53(3): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1173346

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Effects of ketamine and apomorphine on inferior colliculus and caudal pontine reticular nucleus evoked potentials during prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in rats. Author(s): Sandner G, Canal NM, Brandao ML. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 2002 January 22; 128(2): 161-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11796161

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Effects of scopolamine in comparison with apomorphine and phencyclidine on prepulse inhibition in rats. Author(s): Jones CK, Shannon HE.

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Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2000 March 10; 391(1-2): 105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10720641 •

Effects of sigma(1) receptor ligand, MS-377 on apomorphine- or phencyclidineinduced disruption of prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rats. Author(s): Yamada S, Yamauchi K, Hisatomi S, Annoh N, Tanaka M. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2000 August 25; 402(3): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958892

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Free radical scavenging properties of apomorphine enantiomers and dopamine: possible implication in their mechanism of action in parkinsonism. Author(s): Sam EE, Verbeke N. Source: J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1995; 10(2-3): 115-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9620059

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Gene and protein expression profiles of anti- and pro-apoptotic actions of dopamine, R-apomorphine, green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechine-3-gallate, and melatonin. Author(s): Weinreb O, Mandel S, Youdim MB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 May; 993: 351-61; Discussion 387-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12853328

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Haloperidol- and apomorphine-induced changes in pup searching behaviour of house mice. Author(s): Wegener S, Schmidt WJ, Ehret G. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1988; 95(2): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3137610

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Infusion of apomorphine into the dorsocentral striatum produces acute drug-induced recovery from neglect produced by unilateral medial agranular cortex lesions in rats. Author(s): van Vleet TM, Heldt SA, Corwin JV, Reep RL. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 2003 August 14; 143(2): 147-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12900041

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Inhibitory effects of apomorphine and atropine and their combination on myopia in chicks. Author(s): Schmid KL, Wildsoet CF. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2004 February; 81(2): 137-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15127933

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Interaction between recovery from behavioral asymmetries induced by hemivibrissotomy in the rat and the effects of apomorphine and amphetamine. Author(s): Milani H, Schwarting RK, Kumpf S, Steiner H, Huston JP. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 1990 June; 104(3): 470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2354040

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Iron-reducing and free-radical-scavenging properties of apomorphine and some related benzylisoquinolines. Author(s): Ubeda A, Montesinos C, Paya M, Alcaraz MJ. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1993 August; 15(2): 159-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8397141

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Nasal mucoadhesive delivery systems of the anti-parkinsonian drug, apomorphine: influence of drug-loading on in vitro and in vivo release in rabbits. Author(s): Ikechukwu Ugwoke M, Sam E, Van Den Mooter G, Verbeke N, Kinget R. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1999 April 20; 181(1): 125-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10370209

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Non-monotonic dependency of PPI on temporal parameters: differential alteration by ketamine and MK-801 as opposed to apomorphine and DOI. Author(s): Canal NM, Gourevitch R, Sandner G. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 July; 156(2-3): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11549219

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Novel liquid chromatographic assay for the low-level determination of apomorphine in plasma. Author(s): Priston MJ, Sewell GJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1996 May 31; 681(1): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8798925

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Optimal conditions for [3H]apomorphine binding and anomalous equilibrium binding of [3H]apomorphine and [3H]spiperone to rat striatal membranes: involvement of surface phenomena versus multiple binding sites. Author(s): Leysen JE, Gommeren W. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 1981 January; 36(1): 201-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7463046

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Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex using visual and auditory prepulses: disruption by apomorphine. Author(s): Campeau S, Davis M.

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Source: Psychopharmacology. 1995 February; 117(3): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7770602 •

Problem-solving behaviour in apomorphine-susceptible and unsusceptible rats. Author(s): Coenders CJ, Kerbusch SM, Vossen JM, Cools AR. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1992 August; 52(2): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1523260

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Seroquel (ICI 204,636) restores prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in apomorphinetreated rats: Similarities to clozapine. Author(s): Swerdlow NR, Zisook D, Taaid N. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1994 May; 114(4): 675-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7855231

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Stability of apomorphine in plasma and its determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Sam E, Augustijns P, Verbeke N. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1994 August 19; 658(2): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820259

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Studies on the stability of 3H-dopamine, 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN: effects of sodium ascorbate and EDTA. Author(s): Cabbat FS, Manzino L, Heikkila RE. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1985 March; 47(3): 333-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3922020

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Tactile sensory input regulates basal and apomorphine-induced immediate-early gene expression in rat barrel cortex. Author(s): Steiner H, Gerfen CR. Source: The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1994 June 8; 344(2): 297-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8077463

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The adenosine A2A agonist CGS 21680 reverses the reduction in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response induced by phencyclidine, but not by apomorphine and amphetamine. Author(s): Sills TL, Azampanah A, Fletcher PJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 July; 156(2-3): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11549222

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The effect of imipramine after single and repeated administration on the apomorphine response in the acoustic startle reflex in rats. Author(s): Zajaczkowski W, Gorka Z.

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Source: Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1992 July-August; 44(4): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1363132 •

The effects of L0dopa, clonidine, and apomorphine on the acoustic startle reaction in rats. Author(s): Fechter LD. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1974; 39(4): 331-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4449930

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The neural mechanism of apomorphine-induced erection: an experimental study by comparison with electrostimulation-induced erection in the rat model. Author(s): Paick JS, Lee SW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1994 December; 152(6 Pt 1): 2125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7966700

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The novel atypical antipsychotic olanzapine, but not the CCK-B antagonist LY288513, blocks apomorphine-induced disruption of pre-pulse inhibition. Author(s): Rasmussen K, Gates MR, Burger JE, Czachura JF. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1997 January 24; 222(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9121724

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The role of EDTA in provoking allergic reactions to subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine in patients with Parkinson's disease: a histologic study. Author(s): van Laar T, van Hilten B, Neef C, Rutgers AW, Pavel S, Bruijn JA. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1998 January; 13(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9452326

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to apomorphine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Herbs and Supplements Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON APOMORPHINE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to apomorphine. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “apomorphine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on apomorphine, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Apomorphine ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to apomorphine. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Therapeutic effects of apomorphine on neglect following unilateral destruction of the medial agranular cortex by Van Vleet, Thomas Matthew; PhD from Northern Illinois University, 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3102772

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON APOMORPHINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “apomorphine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on apomorphine, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Apomorphine By performing a patent search focusing on apomorphine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on apomorphine: •

Amelioration of apomorphine adverse effects Inventor(s): El-Rashidy; Ragab (Deerfield, IL), Ronsen; Bruce (River Forest, IL) Assignee(s): Pentech Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Buffalo Grove, IL) Patent Number: 5,994,363 Date filed: August 24, 1998 Abstract: Symptoms of Parkinson's disease and psychogenic male erectile dysfunction (MED) can be ameliorated through the use of apomorphine. The adverse side effects of apomorphine administration, such as nausea, vomiting, yawning, and cardiovascular effects, can be significantly reduced by a dose escalating method of acclimatization. An initial dose of apomorphine is administered to the patient, and subsequently increased over a period of time until a final apomorphine dose in excess of a desired therapeutic dose has been received by the patient. Thereafter a therapeutic dose of apomorphine, less than the final apomorphine dose, is administered to the patient with attendant reduced side effects. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to amelioration of the adverse effects, such as nausea, yawning, vomiting, and cardiovascular effects, caused to human patients when taking apomorphine for Parkinson's disease, psychogenic male erectile dysfunction (MED), and female sexual dysfunction, or the like afflictions. Apomorphine has been used to treat Parkinsonian patients. See, for example, Deffond et al., J. Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 56:101-103 (1993) and Durif et al., Clinical Neuropharmacology 16(2):157-166 (1993). Additionally, apomorphine has been considered for the treatment of alcoholism, schizophrenia, dystonia musculorum deformans, hallucinations, migraine headaches, hiccups, Huntington's chorea, tardative dyskinesia, and more recently male erectile dysfunction. Administration of large doses of apomorphine to mammals such as humans, dogs and the like usually results in nausea and vomiting, and is believed to be due to the action of apomorphine on the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla oblongata, a structure of the mammalian central nervous system. It is also believed that additional chemoreceptors triggering emesis are present in the gastrointestinal tract as well. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05994363__

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Apomorphine derivatives and methods for their use Inventor(s): Gupta; Pramod K. (Gurnee, IL), Milkowski; Deborah (Chicago, IL), Sutkowski-Markmann; Debra (Willow Springs, IL) Assignee(s): TAP Pharmaceutical Products, Inc. (Lake Forest, IL) Patent Number: 6,506,765 Date filed: March 29, 2001 Abstract: Apomorphine derivative compounds; pharmaceutically active compositions of apomorphine derivative compounds; and the use of apomorphine derivative compounds in methods for treating sexual dysfunction or for enhancing apomorphine effectiveness for patients treated with apomorphine are disclosed. The apomorphine

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derivatives may be esters, ethers, amides, mixed anhydrides, hemiacetals, glucuronates, sulfates or phosphonates. A preferred apomorphine derivative is norapomorphine. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to apomorphine derivative compounds; pharmaceutically active compositions of apomorphine derivative compounds; and the use of apomorphine derivative compounds in methods for treating sexual dysfunction or for enhancing apomorphine effectiveness for patients treated with apomorphine. The apomorphine derivatives may be esters, ethers, amides, mixed anhydrides, hemiacetals, glucuronates, sulfates or phosphonates. A preferred apomorphine derivative is norapomorphine. The human sexual response in both males and females results from a complex interplay of psychological, hormonal and other physiological influences. Efforts are ongoing to provide effective treatments which are convenient and simple to use, do not require a constant dosage regimen or even multiple doses to achieve desired results, are non-invasive and allow a rapid and predictable capacity for sexual function on demand and in response to normal sexual stimulation. For males, methods involving various external devices for the treatment of impotence have been suggested such as tourniquets (see U.S. Pat. No. 2,818,855). In addition, penile implants, such as hinged or solid rods and inflatable, spring driven or hydraulic models, have been used for some time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06506765__ •

Apomorphine-containing dosage forms for ameliorating male erectile dysfunction Inventor(s): El-Rashidy; Ragab (Deerfield, IL), Ronsen; Bruce (River Forest, IL) Assignee(s): Pentech Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Buffalo Grove, IL) Patent Number: 6,121,276 Date filed: June 22, 1998 Abstract: Psychogenic impotence can be ameliorated without substantial undesirable side effects by administration of apomorphine and an antiemetic agent in an amount sufficient to substantially reduce nausea symptoms associated with the use of apomorphine. Excerpt(s): This invention, in one aspect, relates to dosage forms and methods for ameliorating erectile dysfunction in psychogenic male patients. In another aspect this invention relates to diagnosis of erectile dysfunction. More particularly, this invention relates to the use of apomorphine-containing compositions for amelioration of erectile dysfunction in psychogenic male patients and for diagnostic purposes. A normal erection occurs as a result of a coordinated vascular event in the penis. This is usually triggered neurally and consists of vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation in the penis and its supplying arterial vessels. Arterial inflow causes enlargement of the substance of the corpora cavernosa. Venous outflow is trapped by this enlargement, permitting sustained high blood pressures in the penis sufficient to cause rigidity. Muscles in the perineum also assist in creating and maintaining penile rigidity. Erection may be induced centrally in the nervous system by sexual thoughts or fantasy, and is usually reinforced locally by reflex mechanisms. Erectile mechanics are substantially similar in the female for the clitoris. Impotence or male erectile dysfunction is defined as the inability to achieve and sustain an erection sufficient for intercourse. Impotence in any given case can result from psychological disturbances (psychogenic), from physiological abnormalities in general (organic), from neurological disturbances (neurogenic), hormonal deficiencies (endocrine) or from a combination of the foregoing.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06121276__ •

Combination of phentolamine and apomorphine for the treatment of human sexual function and dysfunction Inventor(s): Estok; Thomas Mark (Plainfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 6,001,845 Date filed: June 10, 1999 Abstract: A method of treating sexual dysfunction comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of phentolamine and apomorphine, as well as pharmaceutical compositions and kits useful in those methods, are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a combination of phentolamine and apomorphine and to methods of treating sexual dysfunction, including erectile dysfunction, comprising administering an effective amount of a combination of phentolamine and apomorphine. The use of the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of this invention results in an unexpected potentiation of human sexual response. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of human sexual dysfunction comprising a therapeutically effective amount of phentolamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, crystalline polymorph form or free base thereof, and a therapeutically effective amount of apomorphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06001845__

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Method and compositions for the treatment of neurological disorders Inventor(s): Fuxe; Kjell Gunnar (Sollentuna, SW) Assignee(s): Astra Lakemedal Aktiebolag (Sodertalje, SW) Patent Number: 3,961,060 Date filed: May 15, 1974 Abstract: A novel method of treating Parkinsonism, a novel method of treating depressions and a novel method of treating patients who have suffered cerebral strokes, by providing novel pharmaceutical compositions containing a specified fosfodiesterase inhibitor together with a specified known anti-Parkinson agent including dopa, mtyrosine, apomorphine and ET 495. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel synergistic pharmaceutical compositions and to a method for the treatment of certain neurological disorders in mammals including man. More particularly, the invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions and a method for alleviating ailments caused by a lower than normal activity in the dopamine systems in the brain. Among such ailments may be mentioned parkinson's disease, which is considered to be a chronic neurological disorder and is characterized i.a. by tremor, rigidity of the limbs, hypokinesia, or abnormally decreased mobility, and akinesia, or abnormal absence or poverty of movements. Apomorphine is a dopaminergic agent which has been tested as an agent for treatment of parkinsonism, see Cotzias et al, The New England Journal of Medicine

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282 31-33 (1970). Apomorphine has been found to have an alleviating effect on akinesia and rigidity occurring in connection with Parkinson's disease but its severe drawbacks, mainly the short duration of its desired therapeutic effect and its emetic effect, render the therapeutical use of apomorphine for treatment of parkinsonism practically impossible. Or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof. The compound of the formula (III) is known to have cadiovascular effects, see Laubie et al, European Journal of Pharmacology 6 (1969) 75-82, and it is being used in therapy against various vascular diseases, mainly in the legs. The toxicity of ET 495 is also reported by Laubie et al. loc. cit. The synthesis of the compound is described by Regnier et al., J. Med. Chem. 11, 1151 (1968). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03961060__ •

Morphine/apomorphine rearrangement process Inventor(s): Lorenz; Roman R. (Schodack, NY), Parady; Edward D. (Schodack, NY), Thielking; William H. (Schodack, NY) Assignee(s): Sterling Drug Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,162,361 Date filed: May 18, 1978 Abstract: Apomorphine derivatives are prepared in improved yield by rearrangement of the corresponding morphine derivative in the presence of anhydrous orthophosphoric acid under a partial vacuum and hydrolysis of the resulting phosphate esters in an aqueous medium. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved process for preparing apomorphine and its derivatives by rearrangement of the corresponding morphine derivative. The use of a variety of acids to effect the morphine/apomorphine type rearrangement by heating the corresponding morphine derivative with the acid is known, including concentrated aqueous zinc chloride solutions [Mayer, Ber. 4, 121-128 (1871)-apomorphine (no yield given); Matthiessen et al., Ann. 158, 131-135 (1871)--apocodeine (no yield given); German Pat. No. 489,185, Frdl. 16 (II), 2485-2486 (1927-1929)-apocodeine (25% yield) and apomorphine ethyl ether (2% yield)], concentrated hydrochloric acid [Matthiessen et al., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) B17, 455-462 (1869)-apomorphine (no yield given)], anhydrous oxalic acid [Knorr et al., Ber. 40, 3355-3358 (1907)--apocodeine (no yield given); Folkers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58, 1814-1815 (1936)-apocodeine (12.8% yield); Corrodi et al., Helv. Chim. Acta. 38, 2038-2043 (1955)-norapocodeine (13% yield)], 85% or 90% phosphoric acid with current of anhydrous hydrogen chloride passed through mixture [Oparina, Khim. Farm. Prom. 15, 18-19 (1934); U.S.S.R. Pat. No. 40,981 (Jan. 31, 1935); C.A. 30, 7285 (1936)--apomorphine (4042%); Hensiak, J. Med. Chem. 8, 557-559 (1965)--N-allylnorapomorphine (46% yield)], 85% phosphoric acid with current of nitrogen passed through mixture [Koch et al., J. Med. Chem. 11, 977-981 (1968)--apocodeine (20% yield), norapomorphine (13% yield), N-ethylnorapomorphine (36% yield), N-propylnorapomorphine (37% yield), Npropargylnorapomorphine (20% yield), N-cyclopropylmethylnorapomorphine (33% yield), N-benzylnorapomorphine (37% yield), N-phenethylnorapomorphine (16% yield)], aqueous glacial phosphoric acid [(HPO.sub.3).sub.n -See Merck Index-Eighth Edition, page 824] [Wright, J. Chem. Soc. 25, 652-657 (1872)--apomorphine (0.6% yield)] and glacial phosphoric acid [Small et al., J. Org. Chem. 5, 334-349 (1940)--apocodeine (30% yield)]. This invention relates in a process aspect to a process for preparing apomorphine or N-(R.sub.2)-norapomorphines, where R.sub.2 has a significance to be

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described hereinafter, comprising reacting morphine or an N-(R.sub.2)-normorphine with anhydrous orthophosphoric acid under a partial vacuum and hydrolyzing the resulting phosphate esters in an aqueous medium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04162361__ •

Pharmaceutical compositions for intranasal administration of apomorphine Inventor(s): Merkus; Franciscus W. H. M. (Grootreesdijk 26, Kasterlee 2460, BE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,756,483 Date filed: December 4, 1995 Abstract: The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the intranasal administration of dihydroergotamine, apomorphine and morphine comprising one of these pharmacologically active ingredients in combination with a cyclodextrin and/or a disaccharide and/or a polysaccharide and/or a sugar alcohol. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to pharmaceutical compositions for nasal administration of dihydroergotamine, apomorphine and morphine, and methods of administering such compositions. Dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE) has been used in migraine therapy already for a long time. In patients with migraine attacks, DHE is suitable for basic interval treatment using tablets or solution, both for oral application, as well as for acute treatment by intravenous or intramuscular injection. DHE has been introduced in a nasal spray to avoid the parenteral and the oral route of administration. The nasal spray seems a good alternative, because it is less painful, less expensive and less inconvenient than injection therapy. Secondly, nausea and vomiting are common in migraine patients, making a nasal spray much more efficient than oral treatment. A nasal spray containing DHE 4 mg/ml in an aqueous solution has been studied extensively by a number of investigators. Some of these investigators report, that besides DHE the nasal spray also contains glucose 5% and caffeine 1%. It was found that 1 mg of DHE, nasally administered, had the equivalence of 10 mg orally, and almost 40% of the bioavailability of the i.m. administration (PG Andersson and LT Jespersen, Cephalalgia 1986; 6: 51-54). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05756483__

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Transdermal administration of apomorphine Inventor(s): Durif; Franck (Durtol, FR), El-Rashidy; Ragab (Deerfield, IL) Assignee(s): Pentech Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Wheeling, IL) Patent Number: 5,562,917 Date filed: December 23, 1994 Abstract: Dosage forms for the transdermal administration of apomorphine are described. The dosage forms are water-soluble gel compositions that contain apomorphine, optionally together with a permeation enhancer, or transdermal patches. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to drug delivery dosage forms for transdermal administration of apomorphine to a patient. The dosage forms are gel compositions that contain apomorphine, optionally together with a permeation

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enhancer, in a water-soluble gel. Parkinson's disease is a progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by a loss of neurons in a particular region of the brain, the substantia nigra. These neurons, when present, synthesize and release dopamine, the neurotransmitter used in chemical communication with other cells, and are thus referred to as dopaminergic neurons. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease, including rigidity, resting tremor (shaking), poverty of movement (akinesia), slowness of movement (bradykinesia), and changes in gait and posture, can be severely debilitating, causing a profound change in the quality of life for the spouse or caregiver as well as the patient. These parkinsonian symptoms may also be associated with conditions other than classic Parkinson's disease. The treatment of Parkinson's disease is based on compensating for the lack of dopaminergic neurotransmission caused by the loss of this dopaminergic population of neurons. Classically, the treatment involves the chronic oral administration of levodopa, which is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, unlike dopamine. Levodopa is a prodrug, and is decarboxylated in the brain to form dopamine. This supplementation of dopamine within the brain compensates for the degeneration of neurons that normally synthesize and release dopamine, and provides a relief from the clinical symptoms of the disease. Other drugs may also be given in conjunction with levodopa. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05562917__ •

Treatment of female sexual dysfunction Inventor(s): El-Rashidy; Ragab (Deerfield, IL), Ronsen; Bruce (River Forest, IL) Assignee(s): Pentech Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Buffalo Grove, IL) Patent Number: 5,945,117 Date filed: January 30, 1998 Abstract: Sexual dysfunction in human females can be ameliorated, without substantial undesirable side effects, by sublingual administration of apomorphine dosage forms. Administration of apomorphine increases nerve stimulated clitoral intracavernosal blood flow and vaginal wall blood flow for enhanced clitoral erection and vaginal engorgement in a female. A plasma concentration of apomorphine of no more than about 5.5 nanograms per milliliter is preferably maintained. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dosage forms and methods for ameliorating female sexual dysfunction. More particularly, this invention relates to the use of apomorphinecontaining compositions for amelioration of female sexual dysfunction. Apomorphine is a selective dopamine receptor agonist that has been widely utilized as an emetic agent, sedative, antiparkinsonian agent and a behavior altering agent. Recent research and clinical studies have demonstrated that in males apomorphine has an erectogenic effect manifested by penile erection. The effect of apomorphine on female sexual functionality has not been previously investigated. Females also can have sexual dysfunction that increases with age and is associated with the presence of vascular risk factors and onset of menopause. Some of the vascular and muscular mechanisms that contribute to penile erection in the male are believed to be similar vasculogenic factors in female genital response. It is known that in women, sexual arousal is accompanied by arterial inflow which engorges the vagina and increases vaginal lubrication and that the muscles in the perineum assist in achieving clitoral erection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05945117__

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Use of apomorphine for the treatment of organic erectile dysfunction in males Inventor(s): Kling; Karen (Libertyville, IL), Perdok; Renee J. (Gurnee, IL), Ruff; Dustin D. (Grayslake, IL) Assignee(s): ABB Holdings, Inc. (Lake Forest, IL) Patent Number: 6,291,471 Date filed: December 17, 1998 Abstract: A method of treating organic erectile dysfunction, particularly vasculogenic erectile dysfunction comprises administering to a male in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of apomorphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pro-drug thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to medical methods of treatment. More particularly, the invention concerns the use of apomorphine for the treatment of organic erectile dysfunction in males, particularly vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. In the medical literature the less precise term, "impotence" has been replaced by the term "erectile dysfunction." This term has been defined by the National Institutes of Health as the inability of the male to attain and maintain erection of the penis sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 270(1):83-90 (1993). Because adequate arterial blood supply is critical for erection, any disorder that impairs blood flow may be implicated in the etiology of erectile failure. Erectile dysfunction affects millions of men and, although generally regarded as a benign disorder, has a profound impact on their quality of life. It is recognized, however, that in many men psychological desire, orgasmic capacity, and ejaculatory capacity are intact even in the presence of erectile dysfunction. Etiological factors for erectile disorders have been categorized as psychogenic or organic in origin. Organic factors include those of a neurogenic origin and those of a vasculogenic origin. Neurogenic factors include, for example, lesions of the somatic nervous pathways which may impair reflexogenic erections and interrupt tactile sensations needed to maintain erections, and spinal cord lesions which, depending upon their location and severity, may produce varying degrees of erectile failure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06291471__

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Patent Applications on Apomorphine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to apomorphine: •

Apomorphine inhibitors of amyloid-beta (Abeta) fibril formation and their use in amyloidosis based disease Inventor(s): Callaway, David J.E.; (New York, NY), Lashuel, Hilal A.; (Everett, MA) Correspondence: Supervisor, Patent Prosecution Services; Piper Rudnick Llp; 1200 Nineteenth Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036-2412; US Patent Application Number: 20030187011 Date filed: December 17, 2002 Abstract: Described is a new class of small molecule inhibitors of amyloid.beta. protein (A.beta.) aggregation, based on apomorphine. These molecules target the nucleation phase of A.beta. self-assembly and interfere effectively with aggregation of A.beta. 1-40 into amyloid fibrils in vitro as determined by transmission electron microscopy, Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence, and velocity sedimentation. Structure-activity studies using apomorphine analogues demonstrate that 10,11-dihydroxy substitutions of the D ring are preferred for the inhibitory effectiveness of these aporphines, and that methylation of these hydroxyl groups reduces their inhibitory potency. The ability of these small molecules to inhibit A.beta. amyloid fibril formation appears to be linked to their ability to undergo auto-oxidation in solution, implicating an auto-oxidation product as the active A.beta. inhibitor. Sedimentation velocity and electron microscopy studies demonstrate that apomorphine and analogues facilitate oligomerization of A.beta. into short nonfibrillar soluble assemblies, but inhibit A.beta. fibrillization. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/341,255, filed Dec. 20, 2001. The entirety of that provisional application is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to preparations and methods for use in the prophylaxis and treatment of amyloidosis-based diseases, including amyloid encephalopathies such as non-senile dementias, in particular Alzheimer's disease. In particular, the invention relates to use of compounds related to apomorphine and oxidation products thereof to inhibit A.beta. amyloid fibril formation by interfering with aggregation of amyloid-.beta. peptide (A.beta. 1-40) into amyloid fibrils. U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,964 to Hartenstein, et al. discloses 4-hydroxyaporphine derivatives and methods for the preparation thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Dopamine agonist formulations for enhanced central nervous system delivery Inventor(s): Quay, Steven C.; (Edmonds, WA) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20040028613 Date filed: June 25, 2001 Abstract: Pharmaceutical formulations are described comprising at least one dopamine receptor agonist and one or more mucosal delivery-enhancing agents for enhanced mucosal delivery of the dopamine receptor agonist. In one aspect, the mucosal delivery formulations and methods provide enhanced delivery of the dopamine receptor agonist to the central nervous sytstem (CNS), for example by yielding dopamine receptor agonist concentrations in the cerebral spinal fluid of 5% or greater of the peak dopamine agonist concentrations in the blood plasma following administration to a mammalian subject. Exemplary formulations and methods within the invention utilize apomorphine as the dopamine receptor agonist. Other exemplary methods and formulations focus in intranasal administration of a dopamine receptor agonist. The formulations and methods of the invention are useful for treating a variety of diseases and conditions in mammalian subjects, including Parkinson's disease, male erectile dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction, among others. In alternate aspects, the mucosal delivery formulations and methods of the invention include one, or any combination of, mucosal delivery-enhancing agents selected from (a) aggregation inhibitory agents; (b) charge modifying agents; (c) pH control agents; (d) degradative enzyme inhibitors; (e) mucolytic or mucus clearing agents; (f) ciliostatic agents; (g) membrane penetrationenhancing agents; (h) modulatory agents of epithelial junction physiology; (i) vasodilator agents; (j) selective transport-enhancing agents; and (k) stabilizing delivery vehicles, carriers, supports or complex-forming agents. These methods and formulations of the invention provide for significantly enhanced absorption of dopamine receptor agonists into or across a nasal mucosal barrier to a target site of action, for example the CNS. Excerpt(s): A major disadvantage of drug administration by injection is that trained personnel are often required to administer the drug. For self-administered drugs, many patients are reluctant or unable to give themselves injections on a regular basis. Injection is also associated with increased risks of infection. Other disadvantages of drug injection include variability of delivery results between individuals, as well as unpredictable intensity and duration of drug action. Despite these noted disadvantages, injection remains the only approved delivery mode for a large assemblage of important therapeutic compounds. These include conventional drugs, as well as a rapidly expanding list of peptide and protein biotherapeutics. Delivery of these compounds via alternate routes of administration, for example, oral, nasal and other mucosal routes, often yields variable results and adverse side effects, and fails to provide suitable bioavailabilty. For macromolecular species in particular, especially peptide and protein therapeutics, alternate routes of administration are limited by susceptibility to inactivation and poor absorption across mucosal barriers. Mucosal administration of therapeutic compounds may offer certain advantages over injection and other modes of administration, for example in terms of convenience and speed of delivery, as well as by reducing or elimination compliance problems and side effects that attend delivery by injection. However, mucosal delivery is limited of biologically active agents is limited by mucosal barrier functions and other factors. For these reasons, mucosal drug administration typically requires larger amounts of drug than administration by

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injection. Other therapeutic compounds, including large molecule drugs, peptides and proteins, are often refractory to mucosal delivery. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and compositions for the treatment or amelioration of female sexual dysfunction Inventor(s): Adams, Michael A.; (Kingston, CA), Heaton, Jeremy P. W.; (Kingston, CA) Correspondence: Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox Pllc; 1100 New York Avenue, N.W., Suite 600; Washington; DC; 20005-3934; US Patent Application Number: 20020165122 Date filed: May 2, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provide a method of treating sexual dysfunction in a female, including the vasculogenic symptoms of delayed vaginal engorgement, diminished vaginal lubrication, pain or discomfort with intercourse (dyspareunia), diminished vaginal sensation, diminished vaginal orgasm, diminished clitoral sensation or diminished clitoral orgasm, or of combating vaginal pain by stimulating peripheral pelvic nerve release of nitric oxide (NO). The method comprises administering to a female in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound which acts on a mid-brain pathway to increase blood flow to the ilio-hypogastricpudendal artery bed and stimulate the release of nitric oxide (NO) from peripheral NANC nerve cells. The preferred compound for the method of this invention is apomorphine or one of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or pro-drugs. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application, Ser. No. 08/546,498 filed Oct. 20, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,606 which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/231,250 filed on Apr. 22, 1994, now abandoned. The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and to a medical method of treatment. More particularly, the present invention concerns pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound which acts upon a mid-brain neural pathway to increase blood flow in the ilio-hypogastric-pudendal arterial bed to treat or ameliorate vasculogenic sexual dysfunction and to stimulate peripheral release of nitric oxide (NO) to combat vaginal pain in female mammals. Sexual response in mammals is mediated by a balanced interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Vasocongestion, or erectile tumescence in both the male and female, is largely mediated by parasympathetic (cholinergic) outflow, whereas orgasm is predominantly sympathetic (adrenergic). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for treating sexual dysfunction with apomorphine at specified plasma concentration levels Inventor(s): Bollinger, John Daniel; (Libertyville, IL), Chen, Yisheng; (Gurnee, IL), Gupta, Pramod K.; (Gurnee, IL), Lee, Dennis Y.; (Highland Park, IL), Reiland, Thomas L.; (Gages Lake, IL), Zheng, Jack Yuqun; (Lake Bluff, IL) Correspondence: Rockey, Milnamow & Katz, LTD.; Two Prudential Plaza, STE. 4700; 180 North Stetson Avenue; Chicago; IL; 60601; US Patent Application Number: 20020006933 Date filed: March 14, 2001 Abstract: Methods for administering apomorphine to a patient for the treatment of sexual dysfunctions while reducing undesirable side effects are disclosed. In the methods, the concentration of apomorphine is attained within the patients' plasma of up to 10 nanograms per milliliter. Advantageously, this concentration may be achieved with less than 15% of patients so treated experiencing emesis. Methods of administration are intranasally, by inhalation to the lungs or by oral ingestion. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for administering apomorphine to a patient for the treatment of sexual dysfunction while reducing undesirable side effects. In the method, the concentration of apomorphine is attained within the patients' plasma of up to 10 nanograms per milliliter. Advantageously, this concentration may be achieved with less than 15% of patients so treated experiencing emesis. Methods of administration are intranasally, by inhalation to the lungs or by oral ingestion. The human sexual response in both males and females results from a complex interplay of psychological, hormonal and other physiological influences. Efforts are ongoing to provide effective treatments which are convenient and simple to use, do not require a constant dosage regimen or even multiple doses to achieve desired results, are non-invasive and allow a rapid and predictable capacity for sexual function on demand and in response to normal sexual stimulation. For males, methods involving various external devices for the treatment of impotence have been suggested such as tourniquets (see U.S. Pat. No. 2,818,855). In addition, penile implants, such as hinged or solid rods and inflatable, spring driven or hydraulic models, have been used for some time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods for the normalization of sexual response and amelioration of long term genital tissue degradation Inventor(s): Adams, Michael A.; (Kingston, CA), Heaton, Jeremy P.W.; (Gananoque, CA) Correspondence: Steven F. Weinstock; Abbott Laboratories; 100 Abbott Park Road; DEPT. 377/ap6a; Abbott Park; IL; 60064-6008; US Patent Application Number: 20030092725 Date filed: May 20, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides, in one embodiment, a method of normalizing the timing of sexual response in a mammal comprising the administration of an amount of a central nervous system sexual response initiator in an amount sufficient to produce genital vasodilation but less than the amount required to produce effective vasocongestive arousal. The method is applicable not only to adjusting or normalizing the timing of sexual response in humans, but in the breeding of valuable commercial

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animals such as horses, cattle, sheep, swine and the like and domesticated pets such as dogs and cats.In an alternative embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the prophylactic treatment of long-term tissue degradation in the genital organs comprising the administration to a mammal of a central nervous system sexual response initiator in an amount sufficient to produce genital vasodilation but less than the amount required to produce effective vasocongestive arousal.The preferred central nervous system sexual response initiator is apomorphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof. Excerpt(s): The present application relates to pharmaceutical formulations and to medical methods of treatment. More particularly, the present invention concerns the use of a compound which acts as a central nervous system sexual response initiator for the normalization of the timing of sexual response in humans and for the prophylaxis or treatment of long-term damage to genital organ. Proper sexual functioning in men and women depends upon a combination of steps including 1) establishment of the appropriate anticipatory mental set ("desire"), 2) effective vasocongestive arousal (an erection in the male sufficient for vaginal penetration and, in the female, clitoral erection, vaginal engorgement and lubrication), and 3) orgasm. The timing of these steps between partners engaging in sexual relations is mediated by one or more of several compounds which act in neurological pathways in the mesencephalon or mid-brain. These pathways include those termed the serotonergic, dopaminergic, oxytocinergic, and nitroxidergic mid-brain pathways. Timing of the various aspects or parameters of sexual response between partners engaging in sex is important and often mismatched due to psychological, or sometimes biogenic, dysfunction in one or both of the partners. Even in sex partners having sexual responses deemed to fall within the norm, there is a frequent mis-match of the timing of response. Orgasm in the male includes the sensation of emission followed by ejaculation. The sensation of emission is one of ejaculatory inevitability and is mediated by contractions of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and urethra. Orgasm in the female is accompanied by contractions of the muscles that line the wall of the outer third of the vagina. In both sexes, generalized muscular tension, perineal contractions and involuntary pelvic thrusting usually occur. Orgasm is followed by resolution, a sense of general relaxation, well-being, and muscular relaxation. During this phase men are physiologically refractory to further erection and orgasm for a variable period of time. In contrast, women may be able to respond to additional stimulation almost immediately. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nasal delivery of apomorphine Inventor(s): Achari, Raja G.; (Millington, NJ), Ahmed, Shamim; (Central Islip, NY), Behl, Charanjit R.; (Hauppauge, NY), deMeireles, Jorge C.; (Syosset, NY), Liu, Tianquing; (Central Islip, NY), Romeo, Vincent D.; (Massapequa Park, NY), Sileno, Anthony P.; (Brookhaven Hamlet, NY) Correspondence: Woodcock Washburn Llp; One Liberty Place - 46th Floor; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20020161017 Date filed: January 31, 2002 Abstract: Intranasal delivery methods and compositions for the delivery of dopamine receptor agonists are provided which are effective for the amelioration of erectile dysfunction in a mammal without causing substantial intolerable adverse side effects to

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the mammal. Nasally administered compositions for treating male erectile dysfunction in a mammal are also provided which include a therapeutically effective amount of a dopamine receptor agonist which has been dispersed in a system to improve its solubility and/or stability. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to intranasal delivery methods and dosage forms. More particularly, methods and dosage forms for the safe and reliable intranasal delivery of apomorphine to ameliorate erectile dysfunction in a mammal are provided. Apomorphine is a potent dopamine receptor agonist which has a variety of uses. For example, it has been effectively used as an adjunctive medication in the treatment of Parkinson's disease which is complicated by motor fluctuations (T. van Laar et al., Arch. Neurol., 49: 482-484 (1992)). In particular, apomorphine has been used for relieving "off-period" symptoms in Parkinson patients with such response fluctuations. In the study by van Laar et al., the intranasally applied apomorphine used to achieve the results reportedly included an aqueous solution of apomorphine hydrochloride (HCL) at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. This formulation is also used for parenteral application and is published in different Pharmacopeia's. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,483 issued to Merkus (hereinafter "the '483 patent") which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses the intranasal delivery of a variety of compositions, including apomorphine in combination with a cyclodextrin and/or a polysaccharide and/or a sugar alcohol for treating Parkinson's disease. The '483 patent, however, discloses very narrow dosage ranges of 0.1 to 2 mg of apomorphine per nostril which is specifically tailored for the amelioration of the "off-period" symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Treatment of anti-depression drug-induced sexual dysfunction with apomorphine Inventor(s): Perdok, Renee J.; (Gurnee, IL), Ruff, Dustin D.; (Grayslake, IL) Correspondence: Rockey, Milnamow & Katz, LTD.; Two Prudential Plaza, STE. 4700; 180 North Stetson Avenue; Chicago; IL; 60601; US Patent Application Number: 20020086876 Date filed: October 10, 2001 Abstract: A method for treating sexual dysfunction in a patient taking anti-depressant medication in need of such treatment comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of apomorphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said patient is disclosed. The method may be utilized for patients taking anti-depressants such as tricyclic anti-depressants, monamine oxidase inhibitors or serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for treating sexual dysfunction in a patient taking anti-depressant medication in need of such treatment comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of apomorphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said patient. The method may be utilized for patients taking anti-depressants such as tricyclic anti-depressants, monamine oxidase inhibitors or serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Depression is a chronic illness that affects people of all ages. Tricyclic antidepressants, monamine oxidase inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are classes of drugs which are prescribed for the treatment of depression. Tricyclic anti-depressants include imipramine hydrochloride, imipramine pamoate, amitriptyline hydrochloride, desipramine hydrochloride and protriptyline hydrochloride. Monamine oxidase inhibitors include isocarboxazid, phenelzine sulfate

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and tranylcypromine sulfate. Of the various classes of anti-depressants currently available, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) are among the most successful. SSRI's include fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, cericlamine, femoxetine, ifoxetine, cyanodothiepin, seritraline, paroxetine and litoxetine. Anti-depressants have many undesirable side effects, such as disturbance of sexual function. Since sexual dysfunction is common in depression as part of the underlying disease, the use of a drug to treat depression which may further cause sexual dysfunction is particularly objectionable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with apomorphine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on apomorphine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning apomorphine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON APOMORPHINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to apomorphine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on apomorphine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on apomorphine: •

Beyond Viagra: Plain Talk About Treating Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction Source: Montgomery, AL: Starrhill Press. 1999. 196 p. Contact: Available from Black Belt Press. P.O. Box 551, Montgomery, AL 36101. (800) 959-3245 or (334) 265-6753. Fax (334) 265-8880. PRICE: $13.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1573590142. Summary: This book discusses the drug sildenafil (Viagra) in the context of a larger discussion about sexuality and sexual dysfunction. Twenty-four chapters cover normal male sexual function, an overview of male sexual dysfunction, the causes of male erectile dysfunction, evaluating the male with erectile dysfunction, treatment strategies for metabolic disorders (including diabetes and prolactinoma), hormone replacement therapy, penile injections with vasoactive drugs, urethral suppository with vasoactive drugs, vacuum erection devices, vascular surgery for impotence, an overview of penile implants, treatment of Peyronie's disease, treatment of psychological impotence, the role

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of impotence support groups, herbal medicine for males, Viagra for male erectile dysfunction, Viagra in combination with injections or vacuum erection devices, Viagra in combination with penile implants, future treatments for erectile dysfunction, normal female sexual function, the causes and treatment of female sexual dysfunction, Viagra and apomorphine for females, herbal medicine for females, and healthy relationships and sexual function. The chapters are written in nontechnical language but include enough medical information to be of use to medical professionals wishing to learn more about sexual dysfunction. The book concludes with a list of resources and a subject index. 10 figures. 5 tables. 237 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “apomorphine” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “apomorphine” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “apomorphine” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Development and Evaluation of Controlled Release Nasal Drug Delivery Systems of Apomorphine (Acta Biomedica Lovaniensia 206) by Michael Ikechukwu Ugwoke; ISBN: 9061869986; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061869986/icongroupinterna

•

PK/PD based drug delivery system design: Iontophoretic apomorphine delivery in patients with Parkinson's disease by Ronald van der Geest; ISBN: 9090115048; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9090115048/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Apomorphine In order to find chapters that specifically relate to apomorphine, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and apomorphine using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on apomorphine: •

What Next?: Future Treatment Developments for Male Erectile Dysfunction Source: in Newman, A.J. Beyond Viagra: Plain Talk About Treating Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Montgomery, AL: Starrhill Press. 1999. p. 134-137. Contact: Available from Black Belt Press. P.O. Box 551, Montgomery, AL 36101. (800) 959-3245 or (334) 265-6753. Fax (334) 265-8880. PRICE: $13.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1573590142.

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Summary: This chapter on future treatment developments for male erectile dysfunction is from a book that discusses the drug sildenafil (Viagra) in the context of a larger discussion about sexuality and sexual dysfunction. The author discusses new oral drugs, including oral phentolamine (Vasomax) and apomorphine, and other treatments, including several new topical agents and combinations of oral agents or oral and injectable agents. On the molecular level, several laboratories are making progress in the understanding of the biochemistry of the smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum tissue. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of a new surgical technique that can treat men with Peyronie's disease. Written in nontechnical language, the chapter includes enough medical information to be of use to medical professionals wishing to learn more about sexuality and sexual dysfunction.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON APOMORPHINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover apomorphine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on apomorphine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to apomorphine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “apomorphine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for apomorphine: •

Nastech's apomorphine appears safe for treatment of female sexual dysfunction Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 04, 2000

•

Dose-optimization increases tolerance of sublingual apomorphine for ED Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 17, 2000

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Pen-Injected Apomorphine Reduces Off Phenomena In Patients With Advanced Parkinson's Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 12, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “apomorphine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to apomorphine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “apomorphine” (or synonyms).

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Academic Periodicals covering Apomorphine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to apomorphine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering apomorphine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 10007 50 962 0 35 11054

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “apomorphine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on apomorphine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to apomorphine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to apomorphine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “apomorphine”:

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Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to apomorphine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to apomorphine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with apomorphine.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about apomorphine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “apomorphine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “apomorphine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “apomorphine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “apomorphine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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APOMORPHINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acclimatization: Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

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Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Akinesia: 1. Absence or poverty of movements. 2. The temporary paralysis of a muscle by the injection of procaine. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. It differs from gamma-endorphin by one amino acid. [NIH] Alprostadil: A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. It inhibits platelet aggregation and has many other biological effects such as bronchodilation, mediation of inflammation, etc. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

Dictionary 131

Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Amitriptyline Hydrochloride: Nasal spray for allergic nasal complaints. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized

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amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analeptic: A drug which acts as a restorative, such as caffeine, amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, etc. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Ansa: A turn or bend in a thread or line; a bend in a wire; one of the patterns formed by the dermal ridges on the finger tips. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH]

Dictionary 133

Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic

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and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.

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Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Autoreceptors: Transmitter receptors on or near presynaptic terminals (or varicosities) which are sensitive to the transmitter(s) released by the terminal itself. Receptors for the hormones released by hormone-releasing cells are also included. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance

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whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Belching: Noisy release of gas from the stomach through the mouth. Also called burping. [NIH]

Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blepharospasm: Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [NIH]

Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH]

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Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinesia: Abnormal slowness of movement; sluggishness of physical and mental responses. [EU] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.

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Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotid Body: A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU]

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Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Choice Behavior: The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Cholinergic Agents: Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of muscarinic agonists, although most modern texts discourage that usage. [NIH] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH]

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Choreatic Disorders: Acquired and hereditary conditions which feature chorea as a primary manifestation of the disease process. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]

Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clitoral: Pertaining to the clitoris. [EU] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Compacta: Part of substantia nigra. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire

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functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compulsion: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective

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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corpus Striatum: Striped gray and white matter consisting of the neostriatum and paleostriatum (globus pallidus). It is located in front of and lateral to the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the globus pallidus and putamen). The white matter is the internal capsule. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or

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involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] DEXA: A method (dual energy X-ray absortiometry) used to estimate total body fat and percent of body fat. Potential disadvantages include whole body radiation and the long time required for scanning while the subject lies on a hard table. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant

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and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydroergotamine: A derivative of ergotamine prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of ergotamine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine. [NIH] Dihydropteridine Reductase: An enzyme that catalyzes the dihydropteridine to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine. EC 1.6.99.7. [NIH]

reduction

of

6,7-

Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dobutamine: A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial

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infarction or open heart surgery. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dopamine Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH]

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Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystonia Musculorum Deformans: A neurological disorder characterized by alterations in muscle tone. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein syntheis in eucaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH]

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Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Entopeduncular Nucleus: A portion of the nucleus of ansa lenticularis located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial globus pallidus. (NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc. washington.edu/neuronames/ (September 28, 1998)) In non-primates, the entopeduncular nucleus is analogous to both the medial globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus of human. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithalamus: The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (habenula) and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the thalamic nuclei although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus. [NIH]

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Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is an alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist and is commonly used in the treatment of migraine headaches. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU]

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Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femoxetine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug used in obese patients for weight loss. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibril: Most bacterial viruses have a hollow tail with specialized fibrils at its tip. The tail fibers attach to the cell wall of the host. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses

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delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]

Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from alpha-endorphin by one amino acid. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

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Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronates: Salts and esters of glucuronic acid. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gyrus Cinguli: One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and interhemispheric commissure and forms part of the limbic system. [NIH] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU]

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Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Heroin Dependence: Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon heroin. [NIH]

Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Holidays: Days commemorating events. Holidays also include vacation periods. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small

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intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperglycaemia: Abnormally increased content of sugar in the blood. [EU] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Ibotenic Acid: Neurotoxic isoxazole substance found in Amanita muscaria and A. pantherina. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist. [NIH] Idazoxan: An alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist. It has been used experimentally to test the binding activity of other chemicals. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression,

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dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled

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or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Ipecac: A syrup made from the dried rhizomes of two different species, Cephaelis ipecacuanha and C. acuminata, belonging to the Rubiaciae family. They contain emetine,

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cephaeline, psychotrine and other isoquinolines. Ipecac syrup is used widely as an emetic acting both locally on the gastric mucosa and centrally on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. [NIH]

Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is

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rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loc: A brain region associated with object recognition. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into

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computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH]

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Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH]

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Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscarinic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (receptors, muscarinic). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate. [NIH] Muscimol: Neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from Amanita muscaria and A. phalloides and also obtained by decarboxylation of ibotenic acid. It is a potent agonist at GABA-A receptors and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has

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morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrinology: The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotensin: A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the

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axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH]

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Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and it has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the

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increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic enzymes: A group of proteins secreted by the pancreas which aid in the digestion of food. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasympathetic Nervous System: The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the

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parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penile Erection: The state of the penis when the erectile tissue becomes filled with blood and causes the penis to become rigid and elevated. [NIH] Penile Implantation: Surgical insertion of cylindric hydraulic devices for the treatment of organic impotence. [NIH] Penile Prosthesis: Rigid, semi-rigid, or inflatable cylindric hydraulic devices, with either combined or separate reservoir and pumping systems, implanted for the surgical treatment of organic impotence. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which is effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia. It has also been observed to have antihypertensive effects. [NIH]

Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs

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of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peristalsis: The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-Daspartate). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of Raynaud's disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is

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used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyethylene Glycols: Alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NIH]

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Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pontine: A brain region involved in the detection and processing of taste. [NIH] Portacaval: Surgical creation of an anastomosis between the portal and caval veins. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoptic Area: Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm. [NIH]

Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of

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action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prokaryotic Cells: Cells, such as those of bacteria and the blue green algae, which lack a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prolactinoma: A pituitary adenoma which secretes prolactin, leading to hyperprolactinemia. Clinical manifestations include amenorrhea; galactorrhea; impotence; headache; visual disturbances; and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or

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vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to imipramine. It may produce excitation. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychosexual: Pertaining to the mental aspects of sex. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH]

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Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quinolinic: It is produced by immune cells and slowly infiltrates the brain tissues after an injury. [NIH] Quinolinic Acid: 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid. A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are significantly correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS. [NIH] Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Raphe Nuclei: Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the medulla oblongata. [NIH]

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Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Muscarinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for muscarine over nicotine. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3.) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recovery of Function: A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restless legs: Legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest. [EU] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its

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outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rhinorrhea: The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. [EU] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU]

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Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septal Nuclei: Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of forebrain and brainstem areas including the hippocampus, the lateral hypothalamus, the tegmentum, and the amygdala. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or

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cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to haloperidol and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH]

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Startle Reaction: A complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus usually auditory in nature. [NIH] Stereotyped Behavior: Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive. [NIH] Stereotypy: Unvarying repetition or unvarying persistence. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strained: A stretched condition of a ligament. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of nux vomica. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

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Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Subthalamus: A transition zone in the anterior part of the diencephalon interposed between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon. Components of the subthalamus include the subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, nucleus of field H, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis. The latter contains the entopeduncular nucleus. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of

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meiosis). [EU] Synaptosomes: Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Transplantation: Transference of tissue within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH]

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Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Torticollis: Wryneck; a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH]

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Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Troglitazone: A drug used in diabetes treatment that is being studied for its effect on reducing the risk of cancer cell growth in fat tissue. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasodilator Agents: Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]

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Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Vomica: The profuse and sudden expectoration of pus and putrescent matter. An abnormal cavity in an organ especially in the lung, caused by suppuration and the breaking down of tissue. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

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Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yawning: An involuntary deep inspiration with the mouth open, often accompanied by the act of stretching. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

183

INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 18, 129 A Abdominal, 129, 164 Acceptor, 129, 164 Acclimatization, 86, 129 Accommodation, 129, 160 Acetylcholine, 129, 139, 162 Acoustic, 11, 18, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 129 Actin, 25, 129 Adaptability, 129, 138 Adenine, 129 Adenoma, 129, 169 Adenosine, 20, 79, 129, 137 Adrenal Cortex, 129, 148, 169 Adrenal Glands, 129, 132 Adrenal Medulla, 129, 138, 147, 162 Adrenergic, 5, 64, 95, 129, 131, 133, 145, 147, 148, 166, 168, 177, 182 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 129, 133 Adverse Effect, 86, 129, 134, 140, 174 Aerosol, 13, 129 Afferent, 11, 130, 174 Affinity, 11, 16, 18, 75, 130, 135, 140, 175 Agoraphobia, 130, 154, 164 Akathisia, 47, 130, 134 Akinesia, 35, 42, 60, 88, 91, 130 Alertness, 130, 137 Algorithms, 130, 136 Alimentary, 130, 155, 164 Alkaloid, 130, 135, 137, 140, 146, 160, 164, 173, 176, 182 Allergen, 130, 143, 174 Allylamine, 130, 131 Alpha-1, 130, 131, 148, 168 Alpha-Endorphin, 130, 150 Alprostadil, 5, 7, 130 Alternative medicine, 106, 130 Amantadine, 44, 131 Ameliorated, 86, 87, 91, 131 Ameliorating, 87, 91, 131 Amenorrhea, 131, 137, 169 Amine, 28, 131, 152 Amino Acid Sequence, 131, 133, 136, 169 Amino Acids, 11, 48, 131, 136, 165, 168, 169 Amitriptyline, 98, 131

Amitriptyline Hydrochloride, 98, 131 Ammonia, 131 Amnestic, 131, 149 Amygdala, 131, 135, 157, 174, 178 Amyloid, 93, 131 Amyloidosis, 93, 131 Anaesthesia, 132, 154 Analeptic, 132, 176 Analgesic, 132, 156, 158, 160, 163 Analog, 5, 132, 175 Anaphylatoxins, 132, 141 Anastomosis, 54, 132, 168 Anatomical, 16, 19, 132, 135, 139, 144, 154, 159, 161, 173 Androgens, 5, 129, 132 Anesthesia, 132, 156, 169 Aneurysm, 132, 150, 180 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 132, 133 Anhydrides, 87, 132 Anhydrous, 89, 132 Animal model, 19, 22, 23, 132 Ansa, 132, 147, 177 Antagonism, 11, 20, 67, 132, 137, 140 Antibiotic, 132, 133, 165, 168 Antibodies, 11, 133, 152, 167 Antibody, 130, 133, 140, 152, 154, 156, 158, 159, 171, 174, 175, 182 Anticholinergic, 131, 133, 167 Antidepressant, 129, 131, 133, 140, 149, 153, 170 Antidiabetic, 133, 151 Antiemetic, 39, 87, 133, 134, 145 Antiepileptic, 129, 133 Antigen, 130, 133, 141, 152, 153, 154, 158, 159, 174 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 133, 141 Antihypertensive, 30, 133, 165 Antihypertensive Agents, 30, 133 Anti-inflammatory, 133, 158 Antioxidant, 70, 133, 134, 150 Antipsychotic, 22, 48, 80, 133, 140, 161, 171 Antipyretic, 134, 158 Antispasmodic, 134, 163, 173 Antiviral, 131, 134 Anus, 134, 155, 165, 172 Anxiety, 4, 7, 129, 130, 134, 149, 163, 164, 168

184

Apomorphine

Anxiety Disorders, 7, 134, 164 Anxiolytic, 134, 163 Apathy, 134, 161 Apomorphine, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, 103, 105, 106, 134 Aqueous, 89, 90, 98, 134, 135, 142, 146 Arginine, 60, 132, 134, 162 Arterial, 4, 87, 91, 92, 95, 130, 134, 153, 169, 178 Arteries, 134, 136, 160 Arterioles, 134, 136 Arteriolosclerosis, 134 Arteriosclerosis, 8, 134 Artery, 95, 132, 134, 138, 158, 170 Ascorbic Acid, 134, 163 Aspartate, 19, 134, 156, 166 Assay, 19, 78, 134 Astrocytes, 134, 159 Atmospheric Pressure, 31, 135 Atrial, 66, 135 Atrial Fibrillation, 66, 135 Atrium, 135, 181 Atropine, 77, 135, 136, 173 Attenuation, 74, 135 Atypical, 55, 80, 135, 140 Auditory, 78, 135, 158, 176, 180 Autonomic Nervous System, 135, 136, 164, 165, 177 Autoradiography, 11, 135 Autoreceptors, 15, 48, 135 B Bacteria, 133, 135, 159, 169, 179, 180 Bactericidal, 135, 148 Basal Ganglia, 9, 16, 18, 20, 48, 55, 134, 135, 139, 153, 157, 162, 170 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 135, 139, 153 Base, 88, 129, 135, 143, 148, 156, 178 Belching, 54, 136 Belladonna, 135, 136 Benign, 92, 129, 134, 136, 152, 171 Beta-Endorphin, 53, 136 Beta-pleated, 131, 136 Bilateral, 17, 136 Bile, 136, 150, 157, 176 Binding Sites, 78, 136

Bioavailability, 13, 18, 54, 90, 136 Biochemical, 11, 136, 166, 174 Biotechnology, 23, 106, 113, 136 Bladder, 36, 136, 141, 150, 154, 160, 161, 169, 180 Blepharospasm, 33, 136 Bloating, 136, 150 Blood Glucose, 5, 136, 155 Blood Platelets, 136, 174 Blood pressure, 29, 87, 133, 136, 139, 150, 153, 159, 166, 175 Blood vessel, 6, 8, 136, 137, 138, 139, 147, 156, 165, 175, 176, 178, 180 Blood Volume, 19, 20, 136 Blood-Brain Barrier, 91, 137, 156, 166 Body Fluids, 137, 175 Bolus, 66, 137 Bolus infusion, 137 Brachytherapy, 137, 155, 156, 171, 182 Bradykinesia, 91, 137 Bradykinin, 137, 162 Brain Stem, 137, 164 Breeding, 96, 137 Bromocriptine, 36, 47, 137 C Caffeine, 90, 132, 137 Calcification, 134, 137 Calcium, 133, 137, 138, 141, 164 Calcium Channel Blockers, 133, 137 Calcium Channels, 138, 164 Capsules, 138, 145 Carbohydrate, 138, 168 Carcinogenic, 138, 155, 176 Cardiac, 129, 130, 135, 137, 138, 144, 146, 147, 150, 176 Cardiotonic, 138, 144 Cardiovascular, 7, 29, 30, 70, 86, 131, 138, 174 Carotid Body, 138, 139 Catecholamine, 10, 67, 138, 144, 145 Caudal, 76, 138, 153, 162, 168 Caudate Nucleus, 135, 138, 142, 161, 162 Cell Cycle, 138, 140 Cell Death, 24, 138 Cell proliferation, 134, 138 Cell Transplantation, 13, 18, 138 Centrifugation, 138, 178 Cerebellar, 138, 139, 172, 179 Cerebellar Diseases, 139, 179 Cerebrospinal, 139, 169 Cerebrospinal fluid, 139, 169 Cerebrum, 139, 178

185

Cervical, 139, 179 Character, 139, 142 Chemoreceptor, 86, 134, 139, 156 Chemotactic Factors, 139, 141 Chin, 139, 158 Choice Behavior, 12, 139 Cholesterol, 136, 139, 176 Choline, 19, 139 Cholinergic, 49, 95, 131, 133, 139, 160, 172, 174 Cholinergic Agents, 49, 139 Chorea, 45, 46, 86, 133, 139, 140 Choreatic Disorders, 139, 140 Choroid, 140, 173 Chronic, 21, 27, 28, 33, 37, 51, 52, 62, 88, 91, 98, 133, 140, 154, 156, 176 Ciliary, 51, 140 Cisplatin, 39, 140, 163 Citalopram, 99, 140 Claudication, 7, 140 Clinical trial, 5, 9, 13, 18, 45, 113, 140, 142, 145, 169, 171 Clitoral, 5, 91, 95, 97, 140 Clonic, 136, 140 Cloning, 136, 140 Clozapine, 79, 140 Coca, 140 Cocaine, 20, 140 Cofactor, 140, 169 Cognition, 140, 161 Compacta, 17, 140 Complement, 16, 132, 140, 141, 174 Complementary and alternative medicine, 73, 81, 141 Complementary medicine, 73, 141 Compliance, 94, 141 Compulsion, 49, 54, 141, 181 Computational Biology, 113, 141 Confusion, 141, 161 Congestion, 134, 141 Conjunctiva, 141, 166 Connective Tissue, 134, 141, 143, 150 Consciousness, 132, 142, 143, 144, 170 Constipation, 134, 142 Constriction, 7, 142, 156, 180 Contraindications, ii, 8, 142 Contralateral, 142, 158, 163, 172 Contrast Sensitivity, 61, 142 Controlled study, 29, 31, 61, 142 Corneum, 43, 142, 147 Corpus, 103, 142, 151, 157, 161, 165, 169, 178, 181

Corpus Luteum, 142, 157, 169 Corpus Striatum, 142, 151, 161 Cortex, 9, 12, 17, 21, 74, 77, 79, 83, 142, 147, 148, 172 Cortical, 9, 17, 20, 35, 43, 142, 148, 174 Cranial, 142, 152, 163, 164, 165, 180 Creatine, 19, 142 Creatinine, 142 Curative, 142, 162, 178 Cyclic, 137, 142, 151, 162 Cytoplasm, 142, 147, 169, 178 Cytotoxic, 142, 163, 171 Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 142, 163 Cytotoxicity, 130, 140, 142 D Decarboxylation, 142, 152, 160 Degenerative, 91, 142, 160 Delirium, 133, 143 Dementia, 41, 133, 143 Dendrites, 13, 143, 161 Dentate Gyrus, 143, 152 Depersonalization, 143, 164, 173 Depressive Disorder, 143, 157 Deprivation, 73, 143 Derealization, 143, 164 Dermis, 143, 172, 179 Desensitization, 12, 38, 143 Deuterium, 143, 153 DEXA, 49, 143 Dextroamphetamine, 131, 143, 159 Diabetes Mellitus, 5, 144, 151 Diabetic Foot, 5, 144 Diagnostic procedure, 85, 106, 144 Diarrhea, 22, 144, 146 Diastolic, 144, 153 Digestion, 130, 136, 144, 150, 157, 164, 176 Dihydroergotamine, 90, 144 Dihydropteridine Reductase, 44, 144 Dihydroxy, 93, 144, 173 Dilatation, Pathologic, 144, 180 Dilation, 6, 137, 144, 180 Direct, iii, 11, 16, 144, 145, 153, 164, 172, 177 Disinfectant, 144, 148 Dissociation, 130, 144, 155 Diuresis, 137, 144 Diuretics, Thiazide, 133, 144 Dizziness, 6, 144, 164 Dobutamine, 31, 144 Domesticated, 97, 145 Domperidone, 29, 30, 56, 145 Dopa, 18, 21, 35, 36, 88, 145, 156

186

Apomorphine

Dopamine Agonists, 12, 13, 145 Dorsal, 11, 145, 147, 168, 174 Dorsum, 145 Dosage Forms, 87, 90, 91, 98, 145 Dose-dependent, 74, 145 Double-blind, 23, 31, 35, 61, 145 Drive, ii, vi, 6, 20, 69, 145, 157 Drug Interactions, 145 Drug Tolerance, 145, 179 Duodenum, 63, 136, 145, 150, 161, 176 Dyes, 131, 145, 162, 177 Dyskinesia, 14, 48, 52, 70, 86, 134, 140, 146 Dyspnea, 146, 164 Dystonia, 21, 32, 86, 134, 146 Dystonia Musculorum Deformans, 86, 146 E Effector, 129, 141, 146 Efficacy, 4, 8, 14, 37, 59, 146 Ejaculation, 97, 146, 174 Elastic, 146, 177 Elasticity, 134, 146 Elective, 61, 146 Electrolyte, 143, 146, 175 Electrons, 133, 136, 146, 155, 164, 171 Embryo, 146, 154, 167 Emesis, 39, 86, 96, 146 Emetic, 40, 89, 91, 134, 146, 156 Emetine, 39, 146, 155 Emulsion, 135, 146, 149 Endocrine System, 146, 161 Endogenous, 18, 29, 51, 130, 136, 145, 146, 147, 150 Endorphins, 147, 162, 169 Endothelial cell, 137, 147 Endothelium, 147, 162 Endothelium-derived, 147, 162 Endotoxins, 141, 147 Enhancer, 90, 91, 147 Enkephalin, 136, 147, 169 Entopeduncular Nucleus, 147, 177 Entorhinal Cortex, 147, 152 Environmental Health, 112, 114, 147 Enzymatic, 137, 141, 147, 152 Enzyme, 94, 144, 146, 147, 151, 158, 159, 169, 177, 181 Enzyme Inhibitors, 94, 147 Epidermis, 142, 143, 147 Epinephrine, 129, 145, 147, 162, 180 Epithalamus, 147, 157 Epithelial, 94, 129, 147, 148 Epithelial Cells, 148 Epithelium, 73, 147, 148, 150

Erection, 3, 4, 6, 8, 80, 87, 91, 92, 97, 101, 148 Ergot, 137, 148 Ergotamine, 144, 148 Erythrocyte Volume, 136, 148 Erythrocytes, 148, 174 Escalation, 23, 148 Estradiol, 28, 148 Estrogen, 10, 43, 49, 148, 169 Estrogen receptor, 10, 148 Ethanol, 44, 140, 148 Ether, 89, 148 Evoke, 148, 176 Excipients, 13, 148, 167 Excitation, 139, 148, 161, 170 Excitatory, 148, 151, 153, 156 Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, 148, 156 Exhaustion, 132, 148 Exogenous, 146, 148 External-beam radiation, 148, 156, 171, 182 Extracellular, 9, 11, 75, 131, 135, 141, 142, 148, 149, 159, 175 Extracellular Space, 149, 159 Extraction, 33, 149 Extrapyramidal, 130, 131, 134, 145, 149 F Family Planning, 113, 149 Fat, 143, 149, 157, 177, 180 Femoxetine, 99, 149 Fenfluramine, 34, 149 Fetus, 149, 167, 168, 180 Fibril, 93, 149 Fixation, 149, 174 Flexor, 36, 149 Fluorescence, 33, 93, 149 Fluoxetine, 99, 149 Fluvoxamine, 99, 149 Fold, 18, 22, 149 Foot Ulcer, 5, 144, 149 Forearm, 11, 136, 149 Fractionation, 149, 178 Free Radicals, 133, 144, 150 Friction, 150, 157 Frostbite, 150, 166 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 16, 150 Fundus, 40, 150 G Gait, 26, 64, 91, 139, 150 Gallate, 77, 150 Gallbladder, 129, 150

187

Gamma-Endorphin, 53, 130, 147, 150 Ganglia, 9, 16, 18, 26, 129, 135, 150, 161, 164, 165, 177 Ganglionic Blockers, 133, 150 Gas, 39, 40, 131, 136, 150, 153, 162 Gastric, 40, 145, 150, 152, 153, 156 Gastric Emptying, 150 Gastric Mucosa, 150, 156 Gastrin, 150, 152 Gastrointestinal, 86, 137, 145, 147, 148, 150, 174, 176 Gastrointestinal tract, 86, 148, 150, 174 Gastroparesis, 5, 150 Gene, 10, 16, 77, 79, 136, 150, 151 Gene Expression, 10, 79, 151 Genetics, 10, 151 Genital, 91, 96, 97, 151 Genotype, 151, 166 Gland, 129, 151, 164, 169, 173, 176, 178 Globus Pallidus, 16, 32, 36, 37, 60, 63, 135, 142, 147, 151, 170 Glucose, 5, 90, 134, 136, 144, 151, 155, 173 Glucose Intolerance, 144, 151 Glucuronates, 87, 151 Glucuronic Acid, 151 Glutamate, 10, 151 Glutamic Acid, 151, 162 Glyburide, 5, 151 Glycine, 151, 162, 176 Glycoprotein, 151, 160 Gonadal, 151, 176 Governing Board, 151, 168 Guanylate Cyclase, 151, 162 Gyrus Cinguli, 151, 157 H Habituation, 19, 151 Haematemesis, 146, 151 Hallucinogen, 152, 166 Haloperidol, 33, 34, 58, 75, 76, 77, 152, 175 Haptens, 130, 152 Headache, 67, 137, 152, 169 Heart failure, 132, 152, 168 Hemorrhage, 152, 176 Hemostasis, 152, 174 Hepatic, 143, 146, 152 Hereditary, 140, 152, 160 Heredity, 150, 151, 152 Heritability, 16, 152 Heroin Dependence, 64, 152 Heterogeneity, 130, 152 Hippocampus, 12, 143, 152, 157, 174, 176 Histamine, 132, 133, 152

Holidays, 42, 152 Homeostasis, 152, 164 Homologous, 152, 174, 177 Hormonal, 4, 6, 7, 42, 87, 96, 152 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 101, 153 Hydrochloric Acid, 89, 153 Hydrogen, 89, 129, 131, 136, 138, 143, 153, 159, 162, 164, 170 Hydrogenation, 144, 153 Hydrolysis, 89, 140, 153, 168, 169 Hyperglycaemia, 46, 153 Hyperlipidemia, 5, 153 Hypersensitivity, 34, 35, 39, 42, 58, 130, 143, 153, 174 Hypertension, 5, 7, 129, 132, 133, 134, 138, 152, 153, 166, 168 Hyperthermia, 44, 153 Hypertrophy, 153, 168 Hypokinesia, 88, 153, 165 Hypotension, 134, 150, 153, 161 Hypothalamic, 3, 153 Hypothalamus, 12, 135, 147, 153, 157, 161, 168, 169, 174, 177, 178 Hypothermia, 33, 153 I Ibotenic Acid, 153, 160 Idazoxan, 70, 153 Idiopathic, 56, 153 Ileum, 153, 161 Imipramine, 79, 98, 153, 170 Immune response, 133, 152, 154, 174, 176, 181 Immunization, 154, 174 Immunology, 130, 154 Immunotherapy, 143, 154 Impairment, 17, 22, 143, 146, 154, 158, 170 Implant radiation, 154, 155, 156, 171, 182 Impotence, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 25, 26, 30, 31, 36, 38, 50, 61, 66, 87, 92, 96, 101, 148, 154, 164, 165, 166, 169, 182 In vitro, 43, 45, 47, 78, 93, 154 In vivo, 10, 14, 45, 51, 59, 78, 154, 159 Incision, 154, 155 Incontinence, 154, 173 Induction, 13, 43, 132, 133, 150, 154, 156, 169 Infection, 94, 139, 140, 143, 144, 154, 156, 157, 161, 165, 176, 181 Infertility, 137, 154 Inflammation, 130, 133, 140, 149, 154, 167 Infusion, 11, 14, 16, 24, 31, 32, 38, 40, 43, 53, 55, 62, 77, 80, 154

188

Apomorphine

Ingestion, 8, 73, 96, 154, 167 Inhalation, 13, 96, 129, 154, 167 Initiator, 96, 97, 154 Innervation, 15, 20, 155 Inorganic, 140, 155, 160, 162, 177 Inotropic, 145, 155 Insulin, 5, 18, 26, 155 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 155 Intermittent, 47, 155 Internal radiation, 155, 156, 171, 182 Interstitial, 137, 149, 155, 156, 182 Intestines, 129, 150, 155 Intoxication, 143, 155, 182 Intracellular, 137, 154, 155, 162, 172 Intramuscular, 90, 155, 164 Intramuscular injection, 90, 155 Intravenous, 37, 62, 90, 154, 155, 164 Intrinsic, 130, 155 Invasive, 87, 96, 155, 157 Involuntary, 97, 135, 139, 155, 172, 175, 176, 182 Ion Exchange, 155 Ionization, 31, 155 Ions, 135, 138, 144, 146, 153, 155, 159 Iontophoresis, 43, 155 Ipecac, 73, 146, 155 Irradiation, 5, 7, 156, 182 Ischemia, 24, 156 K Kainic Acid, 46, 156 Kb, 112, 156 Ketamine, 76, 78, 156, 166 Kinetics, 11, 138, 156 L Labile, 140, 156 Lactation, 156, 164, 169 Large Intestine, 155, 156, 172, 175 Larynx, 156, 180 Latency, 31, 156 Leprosy, 149, 156 Lesion, 21, 58, 149, 156, 178, 180 Leucine, 136, 156 Levo, 145, 156 Levodopa, 14, 21, 24, 27, 32, 33, 46, 50, 56, 70, 75, 91, 145, 156 Libido, 5, 6, 132, 157 Ligament, 157, 169, 176 Ligands, 11, 157 Limbic, 35, 131, 151, 157 Limbic System, 35, 131, 151, 157 Lipid, 40, 134, 139, 155, 157 Lithium, 39, 133, 157

Liver, 44, 63, 129, 132, 136, 146, 150, 151, 152, 157 Loc, 89, 157 Localized, 131, 149, 154, 157, 167, 180 Locomotion, 157, 167 Locomotor, 18, 28, 43, 76, 157 Longitudinal Studies, 21, 157 Lubricants, 157 Lubrication, 91, 95, 97, 157 Lutein Cells, 157, 169 Lymphatic, 147, 154, 157, 175 Lymphoid, 133, 157 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 14, 157 Malignant, 66, 134, 158, 171 Mania, 43, 158 Manic, 133, 157, 158, 170 Meatus, 158, 180 Medial, 3, 77, 83, 134, 147, 151, 158, 163, 174 Mediate, 12, 22, 67, 145, 158 Mediator, 145, 158, 174 MEDLINE, 113, 158 Mefenamic Acid, 63, 158 Meiosis, 158, 177, 178 Melanin, 158, 166, 180 Membrane, 94, 135, 138, 140, 141, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 169, 172, 178, 179, 181 Memory, 22, 143, 158 Meninges, 138, 158 Menopause, 91, 158 Menstrual Cycle, 158, 169 Menstruation, 131, 158 Mental Disorders, 153, 158, 170 Mesencephalic, 13, 158, 172 Mesolimbic, 16, 42, 46, 133, 158, 181 Metabolic disorder, 101, 158 Metabolite, 159, 169, 171 Methylphenidate, 14, 48, 159 Microbe, 159, 179 Microbiology, 135, 159 Microdialysis, 10, 14, 20, 30, 48, 159 Microglia, 135, 159 Microorganism, 140, 159, 181 Microscopy, 93, 159 Milliliter, 91, 96, 159 Miotic, 159, 167 Mobility, 88, 159 Modification, 3, 40, 49, 61, 159, 170 Molecular, 10, 11, 13, 20, 103, 113, 115, 136, 141, 143, 159, 167, 169, 172, 177, 179, 180

189

Molecular Structure, 159, 180 Molecule, 93, 95, 132, 133, 136, 141, 144, 146, 147, 148, 153, 159, 164, 171, 172 Monitor, 5, 10, 142, 159, 162 Monoamine, 12, 131, 144, 159 Monoclonal, 156, 159, 171, 182 Monotherapy, 25, 66, 160 Morphine, 29, 89, 90, 134, 160, 161, 163 Morphological, 16, 146, 160 Motility, 50, 54, 160, 174 Motion Sickness, 160, 161, 173 Movement Disorders, 25, 31, 36, 40, 43, 46, 47, 54, 55, 60, 62, 66, 80, 131, 133, 160 Mucolytic, 94, 160 Mucosa, 150, 160, 161, 169 Mucus, 94, 160, 173 Muscarinic Agonists, 11, 139, 160 Muscimol, 28, 160 Musculature, 153, 160 Mutagenesis, 11, 160 Mutagens, 160 Mydriatic, 144, 160, 173, 182 Myocardial infarction, 145, 160 Myopia, 73, 77, 160, 161, 172 N Naloxone, 29, 39, 51, 56, 57, 76, 136, 160 Narcolepsy, 144, 159, 160 Narcosis, 160 Narcotic, 27, 51, 160 Nasal Cavity, 161 Nasal Mucosa, 51, 94, 161 Nausea, 6, 60, 67, 86, 87, 90, 133, 145, 150, 161, 163, 164 Nearsightedness, 160, 161 Neostriatum, 17, 138, 142, 161, 170 Nerve Endings, 161, 178 Nervous System, 4, 8, 25, 86, 87, 91, 94, 96, 97, 129, 130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140, 143, 150, 151, 152, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 167, 173, 174, 177 Neural, 10, 12, 16, 17, 19, 22, 37, 59, 66, 70, 77, 80, 95, 130, 131, 150, 159, 161, 174 Neuroendocrine, 52, 57, 65, 161 Neuroendocrinology, 10, 161 Neurogenic, 87, 92, 161, 180 Neuroleptic, 28, 47, 49, 52, 53, 59, 66, 130, 133, 140, 161, 163 Neurologic, 4, 7, 161 Neuronal, 9, 14, 29, 52, 138, 140, 160, 161 Neurons, 9, 13, 17, 21, 22, 36, 61, 91, 139, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 161, 171, 177 Neuropathy, 4, 7, 161

Neurosurgery, 24, 27, 33, 37, 38, 50, 55, 58, 62, 64, 70, 75, 86, 161 Neurotensin, 18, 161 Neurotoxicity, 70, 156, 161 Neurotransmitter, 91, 129, 137, 145, 151, 152, 161, 162, 176 Neutrons, 156, 162, 171 Niacin, 162, 180 Nitrates, 30, 162 Nitric acid, 162 Nitric Oxide, 4, 10, 95, 162 Nitrogen, 89, 130, 131, 132, 149, 162, 180 Norepinephrine, 58, 129, 131, 145, 162 Nuclear, 135, 146, 157, 162, 169, 178 Nuclei, 3, 16, 131, 146, 147, 157, 162, 163, 164, 167, 170, 174 Nucleic acid, 160, 162 Nucleus Accumbens, 12, 19, 162, 181 O Obsession, 141, 163 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 34, 41, 149, 163 Ocular, 64, 163 Oculi, 136, 163 Oculomotor, 158, 163 Ointments, 145, 163 Ondansetron, 39, 163 Opiate, 11, 51, 53, 60, 136, 147, 160, 163 Opium, 160, 163, 164 Optic Chiasm, 153, 163, 168 Optic Nerve, 163, 172 Orbicularis, 136, 163 Orgasm, 95, 97, 146, 163 Orthostatic, 134, 163 Ovary, 142, 148, 163, 167 Ovum, 142, 163, 169 Oxalic Acid, 89, 163 Oxidation, 93, 129, 133, 163 Oxygenation, 20, 164 Oxytocin, 60, 164 P Palliative, 164, 178 Pancreas, 129, 155, 164 Pancreatic, 66, 164 Pancreatic enzymes, 66, 164 Panic, 41, 149, 154, 164 Panic Disorder, 41, 149, 154, 164 Papaverine, 5, 7, 31, 163, 164 Paradoxical, 46, 55, 74, 164 Paralysis, 130, 158, 164 Parasympathetic Nervous System, 95, 164 Parenteral, 90, 98, 164

190

Apomorphine

Paresthesias, 164 Parietal, 74, 164, 165 Parietal Lobe, 165 Parkinsonism, 9, 13, 18, 29, 35, 38, 48, 55, 64, 65, 74, 77, 88, 134, 157, 165 Paroxetine, 14, 99, 165 Parturition, 165, 169 Patch, 165, 179 Pathologic, 153, 165, 180 Pathophysiology, 4, 14, 17, 165 Patient Education, 7, 122, 124, 127, 165 Pelvic, 5, 7, 95, 97, 165, 169 Pelvis, 165, 180 Penicillin, 132, 165 Penile Erection, 3, 91, 165 Penile Implantation, 7, 165 Penile Prosthesis, 6, 165 Penis, 5, 6, 8, 87, 92, 146, 165 Peptide, 18, 93, 94, 130, 136, 150, 165, 168, 169 Pergolide, 34, 165 Perineal, 7, 97, 165 Perineum, 87, 91, 165 Peripheral blood, 130, 165 Peripheral Nervous System, 162, 165, 168, 176 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 165, 166 Peristalsis, 145, 166 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 145, 166 Pharmacodynamics, 31, 56, 166 Pharmacokinetic, 13, 56, 59, 166 Pharmacologic, 20, 132, 166, 179, 180 Pharynx, 161, 166, 180 Phencyclidine, 76, 77, 79, 166 Phenotype, 16, 166 Phentolamine, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 31, 88, 103, 166 Phenyl, 13, 166 Phenylalanine, 166, 180 Phonophoresis, 155, 166 Phosphorylated, 26, 166 Photoreceptors, 166, 173 Physical Examination, 5, 7, 8, 166 Physiologic, 130, 145, 153, 158, 166, 172, 179 Physiology, 4, 79, 94, 166 Physostigmine, 49, 76, 166 Pilocarpine, 11, 49, 167 Pilot study, 21, 37, 167 Piribedil, 76, 167 Placenta, 148, 167, 169 Plants, 130, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 151, 162, 163, 167, 173, 179

Plasma, 33, 39, 52, 58, 60, 61, 66, 75, 78, 79, 91, 94, 96, 133, 136, 151, 152, 167, 174 Plasma cells, 133, 167 Plasma Volume, 136, 167 Platelet Aggregation, 130, 132, 162, 167 Platelets, 162, 167 Pleomorphic, 162, 167 Pneumonia, 142, 167 Poisoning, 81, 134, 143, 148, 155, 161, 167 Pollen, 167, 171 Polyethylene, 167, 177 Polyethylene Glycols, 167, 177 Polypeptide, 131, 168, 169 Polysaccharide, 90, 98, 133, 168 Pontine, 76, 168 Portacaval, 54, 168 Posterior, 74, 140, 145, 147, 163, 164, 168 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 131, 168 Post-synaptic, 16, 21, 57, 168, 178 Post-traumatic, 160, 168 Postural, 168, 176 Potentiating, 131, 168 Potentiation, 48, 51, 56, 57, 88, 168 Practice Guidelines, 114, 168 Prazosin, 8, 168 Preclinical, 23, 25, 168 Precursor, 129, 130, 139, 145, 146, 147, 150, 156, 162, 166, 168, 169, 180 Premedication, 168, 173 Prenatal, 10, 146, 168 Preoptic Area, 3, 168 Presynaptic, 15, 16, 26, 135, 161, 162, 168 Presynaptic Terminals, 135, 161, 168 Probe, 159, 168 Procaine, 130, 168 Prodrug, 91, 169 Progesterone, 43, 169, 176 Progression, 57, 132, 169 Progressive, 91, 134, 143, 145, 148, 169 Projection, 162, 163, 169, 172, 181 Prokaryotic Cells, 146, 169 Prolactin, 40, 52, 137, 145, 169 Prolactinoma, 101, 169 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 130, 147, 150, 169 Prophase, 169, 177 Prophylaxis, 39, 93, 97, 168, 169 Prostate, 7, 97, 169 Protein S, 11, 136, 146, 169 Proteins, 44, 95, 131, 133, 141, 159, 162, 164, 165, 167, 169, 172, 174 Proteolytic, 130, 141, 169 Protocol, 21, 169

191

Protons, 153, 170, 171 Protriptyline, 98, 170 Proximal, 161, 168, 170, 174 Psychiatric, 4, 21, 35, 38, 57, 158, 170 Psychic, 157, 158, 170, 174 Psychoactive, 170, 182 Psychogenic, 4, 7, 86, 87, 92, 170, 180 Psychology, 12, 141, 144, 170 Psychopathology, 19, 52, 170 Psychosexual, 4, 170 Psychosis, 133, 170 Psychotomimetic, 131, 144, 170 Public Policy, 113, 170 Pulmonary, 136, 170, 177, 181 Pulmonary Artery, 136, 170, 181 Pulse, 22, 80, 159, 170 Pupil, 144, 159, 160, 170 Putamen, 135, 142, 161, 170 Q Quality of Life, 13, 91, 92, 170 Quaternary, 171, 173 Quercetin, 58, 63, 171 Quinolinic, 21, 171 Quinolinic Acid, 21, 171 Quinpirole, 13, 16, 171 R Race, 145, 171 Racemic, 145, 171 Raclopride, 19, 171 Radiation, 135, 143, 148, 149, 150, 153, 155, 156, 171, 182 Radiation therapy, 148, 149, 155, 156, 171, 182 Radioactive, 135, 153, 154, 155, 156, 162, 171, 182 Radiolabeled, 156, 171, 182 Radiotherapy, 137, 156, 171, 182 Random Allocation, 171 Randomization, 14, 171 Randomized, 23, 31, 146, 171 Raphe Nuclei, 3, 171 Reagent, 153, 163, 172 Receptors, Muscarinic, 160, 172 Receptors, Serotonin, 172, 174 Recombinant, 29, 172 Recovery of Function, 13, 17, 172 Rectal, 56, 58, 172, 177 Rectum, 134, 150, 154, 156, 169, 172 Red Nucleus, 172, 181 Refer, 1, 140, 144, 147, 149, 157, 161, 162, 170, 172, 179

Reflex, 16, 19, 33, 36, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 87, 172 Refraction, 160, 172 Refractive Power, 160, 172 Refractory, 25, 95, 97, 172 Regimen, 23, 87, 96, 146, 172 Relapse, 42, 172 Relaxant, 4, 164, 172 Research Design, 15, 172 Respiration, 139, 159, 172 Restless legs, 53, 172 Reticular, 76, 172 Retina, 73, 140, 160, 163, 172, 173, 181 Rhinorrhea, 169, 173 Ribose, 129, 173 Rigidity, 87, 88, 91, 165, 167, 173 Risk factor, 5, 7, 91, 173 Rods, 87, 96, 173 Rutin, 171, 173 S Salicylic, 63, 173 Saliva, 173 Salivation, 22, 173 Saponins, 173, 176 Schizoid, 173, 182 Schizophrenia, 4, 11, 16, 18, 19, 22, 24, 34, 40, 42, 47, 52, 59, 86, 173, 175, 181, 182 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 143, 173, 182 Sclerosis, 134, 173 Scopolamine, 76, 136, 173 Screening, 7, 62, 140, 173 Secretion, 17, 30, 36, 67, 137, 152, 155, 156, 159, 160, 173, 174 Sedative, 91, 131, 154, 173 Sediment, 173, 174 Sedimentation, 93, 138, 174 Seizures, 11, 76, 143, 174 Semen, 146, 169, 174 Seminal vesicles, 97, 174 Semisynthetic, 137, 174 Senile, 93, 174 Sensitization, 12, 75, 174 Septal, 157, 174 Septal Nuclei, 157, 174 Serotonin, 4, 11, 14, 34, 47, 98, 129, 131, 133, 140, 149, 162, 163, 165, 172, 174, 180 Serum, 18, 44, 48, 132, 140, 174 Sex Characteristics, 132, 174, 178 Shock, 174, 179 Signs and Symptoms, 172, 174 Skeletal, 132, 174, 175

192

Apomorphine

Skeleton, 129, 174, 175 Skull, 175, 178 Sleep apnea, 175, 176 Small intestine, 145, 153, 155, 175 Smooth muscle, 4, 8, 87, 103, 130, 132, 137, 138, 152, 160, 164, 175, 176 Social Environment, 170, 175 Sodium, 79, 144, 175 Solvent, 148, 166, 175 Soma, 175 Somatic, 92, 157, 158, 165, 175, 180 Spasm, 134, 136, 158, 175 Spasmodic, 48, 175 Spatial disorientation, 144, 175 Specialist, 119, 144, 175 Species, 21, 94, 136, 138, 145, 147, 155, 158, 159, 171, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 Specificity, 130, 138, 175 Sperm, 132, 167, 175 Spinal cord, 11, 25, 92, 134, 137, 138, 139, 158, 161, 164, 165, 172, 175, 177 Spiperone, 59, 78, 175 Spleen, 132, 157, 175 Startle Reaction, 19, 80, 176 Stereotyped Behavior, 51, 176 Stereotypy, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 53, 54, 56, 70, 176 Steroid, 10, 173, 176 Stimulant, 18, 131, 137, 143, 144, 152, 159, 176 Stimulus, 19, 20, 74, 145, 148, 155, 156, 164, 172, 176, 178 Stomach, 129, 136, 150, 152, 155, 161, 166, 175, 176 Strained, 4, 176 Stress, 4, 7, 76, 135, 138, 161, 176 Stria, 21, 174, 176 Striatum, 9, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 35, 38, 45, 77, 161, 162, 176 Stroke, 4, 112, 176 Strychnine, 74, 176 Stupor, 160, 176 Subacute, 154, 176 Subclinical, 154, 174, 176 Subcutaneous, 31, 32, 37, 38, 46, 47, 49, 53, 55, 60, 62, 66, 70, 74, 75, 80, 164, 176 Subiculum, 152, 176 Sublingual, 6, 23, 24, 25, 30, 37, 59, 63, 67, 91, 105, 176 Subspecies, 175, 176 Substance P, 159, 173, 176 Substrate, 12, 26, 147, 177

Subthalamus, 63, 177 Sulfates, 87, 177 Sulfuric acid, 177 Supplementation, 91, 177 Support group, 102, 177 Suppository, 5, 101, 167, 177 Suppression, 46, 177 Supraspinal, 3, 177 Surfactant, 45, 177 Sympathetic Nervous System, 132, 135, 161, 164, 177 Sympathomimetic, 131, 144, 145, 147, 162, 177 Symphysis, 139, 169, 177 Symptomatic, 14, 19, 131, 177 Symptomatic treatment, 131, 177 Synapse, 129, 164, 168, 177, 179 Synapsis, 177 Synaptic, 17, 20, 26, 162, 177 Synaptosomes, 44, 178 Synergistic, 88, 169, 178 Systemic, 5, 13, 19, 132, 136, 143, 147, 154, 156, 171, 178, 182 Systemic disease, 5, 178 Systolic, 153, 178 T Tachycardia, 144, 178 Tardive, 47, 48, 52, 134, 140, 178 Telencephalon, 135, 178 Temporal, 47, 78, 131, 152, 158, 178 Testis, 148, 178 Testosterone, 8, 178 Thalamic, 17, 147, 178 Thalamus, 9, 142, 147, 157, 177, 178 Therapeutics, 24, 44, 65, 94, 178 Third Ventricle, 147, 153, 178 Threshold, 38, 153, 178 Thrombosis, 160, 169, 176, 178 Thyroid, 178, 180 Tissue Transplantation, 14, 178 Tolerance, 27, 60, 65, 105, 129, 151, 179 Tomography, 15, 20, 21, 26, 179 Tone, 146, 160, 179 Tonic, 136, 138, 179 Tonicity, 146, 179 Topical, 103, 148, 179 Torsion, 32, 179 Torticollis, 48, 179 Toxic, iv, 135, 142, 161, 162, 179 Toxicity, 89, 145, 167, 179 Toxicology, 13, 114, 179 Toxin, 11, 179

193

Transdermal, 5, 32, 53, 90, 179 Transfection, 136, 179 Translational, 21, 179 Transmitter, 44, 129, 135, 145, 158, 162, 179 Transplantation, 14, 154, 179 Transurethral, 5, 7, 179 Trauma, 4, 135, 143, 152, 172, 179 Tremor, 88, 91, 158, 165, 167, 179 Tricyclic, 98, 131, 140, 153, 170, 180 Trigger zone, 86, 134, 156, 180 Troglitazone, 5, 180 Tryptophan, 47, 65, 171, 174, 180 Tubercle, 162, 180 Tuberculosis, 173, 180 Tyrosine, 16, 88, 145, 180 U Ulcer, 5, 180 Urethra, 97, 165, 169, 179, 180 Urinary, 154, 160, 168, 173, 180 Urinary Retention, 168, 180 Urine, 40, 66, 136, 142, 144, 154, 163, 180 Uterine Contraction, 164, 180 Uterus, 139, 142, 150, 158, 161, 169, 180 V Vaccine, 170, 180 Vagina, 91, 97, 158, 180 Vaginal, 91, 95, 97, 157, 177, 180 Vagus Nerve, 70, 180 Vascular, 7, 8, 87, 89, 91, 101, 130, 138, 140, 143, 144, 147, 154, 162, 167, 180 Vasoactive, 101, 180 Vasoconstriction, 144, 147, 180 Vasodilation, 87, 96, 132, 164, 180

Vasodilator, 4, 94, 130, 133, 137, 145, 152, 164, 180 Vasodilator Agents, 94, 133, 180 Vein, 132, 155, 162, 180 Venous, 43, 54, 87, 169, 180 Venter, 181 Ventral, 13, 16, 22, 153, 162, 163, 181 Ventral Tegmental Area, 22, 181 Ventricle, 131, 138, 152, 162, 170, 178, 181 Venules, 136, 181 Vertebrae, 175, 181 Veterinary Medicine, 113, 181 Virulence, 179, 181 Virus, 147, 181 Viscera, 175, 181 Visceral, 135, 157, 180, 181 Visceral Afferents, 135, 180, 181 Visual Acuity, 142, 181 Vitreous, 173, 181 Vitreous Body, 173, 181 Vitro, 45, 181 Vivo, 22, 181 Volition, 155, 181 Vomica, 176, 181 W White blood cell, 133, 157, 160, 167, 181 Withdrawal, 4, 52, 143, 166, 182 X Xenograft, 132, 182 X-ray, 143, 149, 156, 162, 171, 182 X-ray therapy, 156, 182 Y Yawning, 49, 57, 67, 76, 86, 182 Yeasts, 166, 182 Yohimbine, 4, 5, 7, 8, 64, 70, 74, 182

194

Apomorphine

195

196

Apomorphine

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