Arnold-Chiari Malformation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FER...

Author: James N. Parker

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ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Arnold-Chiari Malformation: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00086-5 1. Arnold-Chiari Malformation-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Arnold-Chiari malformation. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION ......................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Arnold-Chiari Malformation ........................................................ 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION ............................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Finding Nutrition Studies on Arnold-Chiari Malformation ....................................................... 29 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 30 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION ......................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 34 General References ....................................................................................................................... 34 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 37 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 39 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 41 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 43 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 51 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 51 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 57 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 57 ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION DICTIONARY.......................................................... 59 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 77

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Arnold-Chiari malformation is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Arnold-Chiari malformation, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Arnold-Chiari malformation, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Arnold-Chiari malformation. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-ofcharge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Arnold-Chiari malformation, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Arnold-Chiari malformation. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. MALFORMATION

STUDIES

ON

ARNOLD-CHIARI

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Arnold-Chiari malformation.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Arnold-Chiari malformation, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Arnold-Chiari malformation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Orofacial Pain as the Sole Manifestation of Syringobulbia-Syringomyelia Associated with Arnold-Chiari Malformation Source: Journal of Orofacial Pain. 15(2): 170-173. Spring 2001. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. Website: www.quintpub.com. Summary: This article presents a case report of a male patient (age 45 years) who presented with orofacial pain for a year as the only manifestation of syringobulbiasyringomyelia (cavitation within the spinal cord, a chronic and progressive disorder)

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associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. The authors emphasize the clinical presentation and possible differential diagnoses of this case. The pain was continuous and affected the left side of the face. The pain was exacerbated by coughing and physical effort, possibly as a consequence of an increase in intracranial pressure. Paroxysymal (episodic) pain crises developed over this background of continuous pain, compatible with neurogenic trigeminal pain of the left second branch, together with pain episodes similar to cluster headache on the same side. The symptoms were resolved following neurosurgical management with amplification of the foramen magnum. Follow up MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) showed improvement of the syringomyelia. Two years later, the patient remained asymptomatic and was receiving no pharmacologic treatment. 3 figures. 8 references.

Federally Funded Research on Arnold-Chiari Malformation The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Arnold-Chiari malformation. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Arnold-Chiari malformation. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Arnold-Chiari malformation.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Arnold-Chiari malformation, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Arnold-Chiari malformation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Arnold-Chiari malformation (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of syringomyelia with type I Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM): growth hormone (GH) therapy and the size of syrinx on serial MR images. Author(s): Takakuwa S, Asai A, Igarashi N. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1996 October; 43 Suppl: S129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9076361

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A case of type I Arnold-Chiari malformation of anomalous onset. Author(s): Maggioni F, Trivello E, Benetello P, Piron L. Source: Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1994 December; 16(5-6): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7709798

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A possible connection between basilar migraine and the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Thomas M, Boyle R. Source: Neurology. 1979 April; 29(4): 527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=571556

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Acquired esotropia as initial manifestation of Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Bixenman WW, Laguna JF. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1987 March-April; 24(2): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3585657

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Acute respiratory arrest. A complication of malformation of the shunt in children with myelomeningocele and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Tomita T, McLone DG. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1983 February; 137(2): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6849301

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Acute respiratory failure as the first sign of Arnold-Chiari malformation associated with syringomyelia. Author(s): Alvarez D, Requena I, Arias M, Valdes L, Pereiro I, De la Torre R. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 April; 8(4): 661-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7664871

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Adult Arnold-Chiari malformation and intrinsic brain stem neoplasm: a difficult differential diagnosis. Author(s): Phillips TW, McGillicuddy JE, Hoff JT, Latack J. Source: Neurosurgery. 1983 October; 13(4): 345-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6605490

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Adult Arnold-Chiari malformation type I associated with an aseptic meningeal reaction. Author(s): Hochman MS, Kobetz SA. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1981 November; 10(5): 496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7305307

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Adult Arnold-Chiari malformation type I demonstrated by CT metrizamide myelography. Author(s): Hochman MS, Kobetz SA, Sneider SE, Zumpano BJ. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1981 December; 16(6): 467-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7330771

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Adult Arnold-Chiari malformation: a postpartum case presentation. Author(s): O'Reilly SA, Toffol GJ. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1995 October; 95(10): 607-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8557551

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Adult Arnold-Chiari malformation: a report of two cases. Author(s): Watson ME, Freeman JW. Source: S D J Med. 1991 January; 44(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2035019

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Airway abnormalities in patients with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Choi SS, Tran LP, Zalzal GH. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 December; 121(6): 720-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10580226

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An unusual form of laryngeal paralysis associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Birns JW. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1984 September-October; 93(5 Pt 1): 447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6497237

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Antley-Bixler syndrome associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Chang YT, Tsai FJ, Shen WC, Lin HC, Peng CT, Tsai CH. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 June; 89(6): 737-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10914975

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Anxiety disorder in a case of Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Chisholm BT, Velamoor R, Chandarana PC, Cochrane DK. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1993 March; 18(2): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8461284

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Arnold-Chiari malformation and nystagmus of skew. Author(s): Pieh C, Gottlob I. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 July; 69(1): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10864619

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Arnold-Chiari malformation and paralysis of the diaphragm. Author(s): Montserrat JM, Picado C, Agusti-Vidal A. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1988; 53(2): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3393737

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Arnold-Chiari malformation and the otolaryngologist: place of magnetic resonance imaging and electronystagmography. Author(s): Longridge NS, Mallinson AI. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1985 March; 95(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3974388

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Arnold-Chiari malformation associated with sleep apnea and central dysregulation of arterial pressure. Author(s): Arcaya J, Cacho J, Del Campo F, Grande J, Maillo A. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1993 September; 88(3): 224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8256561

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Arnold-Chiari malformation detected by unenhanced multiplanar CT scan. Author(s): Di Lorenzo N, Bozzao L, Antonelli M, Fortuna A. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1981 November; 16(5): 340-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7336316

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Arnold-Chiari malformation in a geriatric patient. Author(s): Hosford DA, Spector RH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1985 May; 78(5): 618-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3992311

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Arnold-Chiari malformation in a pregnant woman. Author(s): Sicuranza GB, Steinberg P, Figueroa R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 November; 102(5 Pt 2): 1191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607053

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Arnold-Chiari malformation in an elderly woman. Author(s): Carmel PW, Markesbery WR. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1969 September; 21(3): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5802457

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Arnold-Chiari Malformation

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Arnold-Chiari malformation in an infant with Kleeblattschadel: an acquired malformation? Author(s): Venes JL. Source: Neurosurgery. 1988 September; 23(3): 360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3226514

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Arnold-Chiari malformation in children. Author(s): Davis DH, Laws ER Jr. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1988 March; 68(3): 498-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3343624

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Arnold-Chiari malformation in Jarcho-Levin syndrome. Author(s): Young S, Reyes MG, Uzoaru IL, Harris V. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1989 July; 4(3): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2768789

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Arnold-chiari malformation in pregnancy. Author(s): Semple DA, McClure JH. Source: Anaesthesia. 1996 June; 51(6): 580-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8694215

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Arnold-Chiari malformation in sibs. Author(s): Lindenberg R, Walker BA. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1971 February; 7(1): 234-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4950945

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Arnold-Chiari malformation presenting as syringomyelia. Author(s): Bedi SS. Source: Ann Phys Med. 1969 February; 10(1): 16-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5775403

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Arnold-Chiari malformation type I and sleep-disordered breathing: an uncommon manifestation of an important pediatric problem. Author(s): Hershberger ML, Chidekel A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2003 July-August; 17(4): 190-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847429

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Arnold-Chiari malformation type I appearing after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Dong ML. Source: Anesthesiology. 1987 July; 67(1): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3605714

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Arnold-Chiari malformation with cyst of third ventricle. A case report. Author(s): Chadduck WM, Netsky MG. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1965 September; 23(3): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5320369

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Arnold-Chiari malformation with syringomyelia in an elderly woman. Author(s): Geroldi C, Frisoni GB, Bianchetti A, Trabucchi M, Bricolo A. Source: Age and Ageing. 1999 July; 28(4): 399-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10459795

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Arnold-Chiari malformation with syrinx presenting as carpal tunnel syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Ziadeh MJ, Richardson JK. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 January; 85(1): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14970984

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Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Arnett B. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 June; 60(6): 898-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810499

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Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Russell GE, Wick B, Tang RA. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1992 March; 69(3): 242-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1565422

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Arnold-Chiari malformation. Neuro-otologic symptoms. Author(s): Rydell RE, Pulec JL. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1971 July; 94(1): 8-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5555878

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Arnold-Chiari malformation. Report of four cases with contamination of the central nervous system by amniotic contents. Author(s): Agamanolis DP, Hite SH, Platt MS, Boeckman CR. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1986 March; 25(3): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3945906

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Arnold-Chiari malformation. Review of 71 cases. Author(s): Paul KS, Lye RH, Strang FA, Dutton J. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1983 February; 58(2): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6848674

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Arnold-Chiari malformation: a diagnostic challenge. Author(s): Susman J, Jones C, Wheatley D. Source: American Family Physician. 1989 March; 39(3): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2923030

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Arnold-Chiari malformation: improvement in eye movements after surgical treatment. Author(s): Spooner JW, Baloh RW. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1981 March; 104(Pt 1): 51-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7470844

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Arnold-Chiari malformation: report of a case with contamination of ventricular and subarachnoid spaces by amniotic sac contents. Author(s): Agamanolis DP, Platt MS, Vollman JH. Source: Pediatr Pathol. 1984; 2(1): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6390396

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Arnold-Chiari malformation--a closer look. Author(s): Guin PR. Source: J Neurosurg Nurs. 1985 February; 17(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3844442

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Arnold-Chiari malformation--some otoneurological features. Author(s): Chait GE, Barber HO. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1979 February; 8(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=313454

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Association of bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and myelomeningocele with Arnold-Chiari malformation, type II. Author(s): Woody RC, Reynolds JD. Source: J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1985 June; 5(2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2947916

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Basilar impression and Arnold-Chiari malformation. A study of 66 cases. Author(s): Caetano de Barros M, Farias W, Ataide L, Lins S. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1968 December; 31(6): 596605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5709845

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Basilar impression and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Surgical findings in 209 cases. Author(s): da Silva JA. Source: Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1992 November; 35(6): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1494412

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Blepharoclonus and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Jacome DE. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2001 August; 104(2): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493230

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Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in Arnold-Chiari malformation: possible prognostic value and changes with surgical decompression. Author(s): Holliday PO 3rd, Pillsbury D, Kelly DL Jr, Dillard R. Source: Neurosurgery. 1985 January; 16(1): 48-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3974812

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Cardiac arrest in a 31-year-old man because of the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Alegre S, Garcia-Rubira JC, Patrignani G. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1994 October; 46(3): 286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7814184

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Caudal dislocation of the pons in the adult Arnold-Chiari malformation: an angiographic evaluation. Author(s): Weinstein M, Newton TH. Source: Am J Roentgenol. 1976 April; 126(4): 798-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=179349

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Central nervous system anomalies associated with meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus, and the Arnold-Chiari malformation: reappraisal of theories regarding the pathogenesis of posterior neural tube closure defects. Author(s): Gilbert JN, Jones KL, Rorke LB, Chernoff GF, James HE. Source: Neurosurgery. 1986 May; 18(5): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3714003

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Central sleep apnoea in Arnold-Chiari malformation: evidence of pathophysiological heterogeneity. Author(s): Rabec C, Laurent G, Baudouin N, Merati M, Massin F, Foucher P, Brondel L, Reybet-Degat O. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 December; 12(6): 1482-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9877513

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Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Atwell JD, Scott PB. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1966 April; 41(216): 172-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5295577

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Cerebrospinal fluid pressure-gradients in spina bifida cystica, with special reference to the Arnold-Chiari malformation and aqueductal stenosis. Author(s): Williams B. Source: Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 1975; (35): 138-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1107112

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Cervical arachnoidal cyst with basilar impression and Arnold-Chiari malformation: a case report. Author(s): Fiaschi A, Orrico D, Polo A, Gerosa M, Bricolo A. Source: European Neurology. 1992; 32(2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1563467

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Charcot shoulder as the initial symptom in Arnold-Chiari malformation with hydromyelia: case report. Author(s): Davis RP, Ko KR, Sachdev VP. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1988 October; 55(5): 406-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3265183

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Chronic respiratory failure in a patient with type I Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM1) and syringomyelia. Author(s): Fanfulla F, Eleftheriou D, Patruno V, Bruschi C, Rampulla C. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1998 April; 53(2): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689798

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Clinical and electrophysiologic recovery in Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Stone JL, Bouffard A, Morris R, Hovsepian W, Meyers HL. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1983 October; 20(4): 313-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6623343

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Cluster-like headache: association with cervical syringomyelia and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Seijo-Martinez M, Castro del Rio M, Conde C, Brasa J, Vila O. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2004 February; 24(2): 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14728710

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Congenital intramedullary spinal dermoid cyst associated with an Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): de Baecque C, Snyder DH, Suzuki K. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1977 June 15; 38(3): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=899726

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Congenital-type nystagmus in Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Nakahara H, Murofushi T. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 April; 128(4): 598-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707671

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Convergence nystagmus associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Camarda RM, Raimondo D, Rossetti M. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1991 February; 48(2): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1993003

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Convergence nystagmus associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Mossman SS, Bronstein AM, Gresty MA, Kendall B, Rudge P. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1990 March; 47(3): 357-9. Erratum In: Arch Neurol 1990 July; 47(7): 727. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2310320

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Cranio-cervical growth collision: another explanation of the Arnold-Chiari malformation and of basilar impression. Author(s): Roth M. Source: Neuroradiology. 1986; 28(3): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3725006

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Cricopharyngeal achalasia associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation in childhood. Author(s): Gendell HM, McCallum JE, Reigel DH. Source: Childs Brain. 1978; 4(2): 65-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=639601

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Delirium, headache, and the type I Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Mehl LE, Astill J. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1994 July-August; 7(4): 344-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7942104

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Dilated fourth ventricle in Arnold-Chiari malformation type II: isolated fourth ventricle as sequelae of shunt?--Case report. Author(s): Anegawa S, Hayashi T, Torigoe R, Ogasawara T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1993 August; 33(8): 575-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7692333

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Disturbances of sexual potency in patients with basilar impression and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Caetano de Barros M, Farias da Silva W, De Azevedo Filho HC, Spinelli C. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1975 June; 38(6): 598-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1151427

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Downbeat nystagmus as the salient manifestation of the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Faria MA Jr, Spector RH, Tindall GT. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1980 May; 13(5): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7384997

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Dysphagia as the sole manifestation of adult type I Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Achiron A, Kuritzky A. Source: Neurology. 1990 January; 40(1): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2296372

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Early descriptions of the Arnold-Chiari malformation. The contribution of John Cleland. Author(s): Carmel PW, Markesbery WR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1972 November; 37(5): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4563792

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Embryological studies of the posterior fossa in connection with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): van Hoytema GJ, van den Berg R. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1966; : Suppl 11: 61-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5333895

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Evoked potentials in infant brainstem syndrome associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Barnet AB, Weiss IP, Shaer C. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1993 January; 35(1): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8449379

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Experience with Arnold-Chiari malformation, 1960 to 1970. Author(s): Saez RJ, Onofrio BM, Yanagihara T. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1976 October; 45(4): 416-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=956878

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Experience with surgical decompression of the Arnold-Chiari malformation in young infants with myelomeningocele. Author(s): Park TS, Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP. Source: Neurosurgery. 1983 August; 13(2): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6888694

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Fetal alcohol syndrome with Arnold-Chiari malformation: report of one case. Author(s): Kan DC, Tsai FJ, Peng CT, Tsai CH. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1998 March-April; 39(2): 1168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9599902

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Frontometaphyseal dysplasia: a case with Arnold-Chiari malformation and bracket epiphysis of the first metacarpal bone. Author(s): Boduroglu K, Tuncbilek E. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 1999 April; 41(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10221024

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Headache spectrum in Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Khurana RK. Source: Headache. 1991 March; 31(3): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2071392

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Hindbrain hernia headache and syncope in type I Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Palma V, Sinisi L, Andreone V, Fazio N, Serra LL, Ambrosio G, De Michele G. Source: Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1993 December; 15(6): 457-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8160558

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Impaired peripheral chemosensitivity and acute respiratory failure in Arnold-Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. Author(s): Bokinsky GE, Hudson LD, Weil JV. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 May 3; 288(18): 947-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4693246

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Infratentorial dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Yasha TC, Mohanty A, Radhesh S, Santosh V, Das S, Shankar SK. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 1998 November-December; 17(6): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9832257

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Instability of the cervical spine after decompression in patients who have ArnoldChiari malformation. Author(s): Aronson DD, Kahn RH, Canady A, Bollinger RO, Towbin R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1991 July; 73(6): 898906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2071622

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Intermittent obstructive hydrocephalus in the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Vrabec TR, Sergott RC, Savino PJ, Bosley TM. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1989 September; 26(3): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2802539

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Intraoperative autonomic dysfunction associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Ishak BA, McLone D, Seleny FL. Source: Childs Brain. 1980; 7(3): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7438839

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Intraoperative cardiovascular collapse in an infant with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Tanaka M, Harukuni I, Naito H. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1997; 7(2): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9188119

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Isolated central respiratory failure due to syringomyelia and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Bullock R, Todd NV, Easton J, Hadley D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 December 3; 297(6661): 1448-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3147011

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Isolated lingual myoclonus associated with an Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Kulisevsky J, Avila A, Grau-Veciana JM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1994 May; 57(5): 660-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8201358

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Juvenile distal spinal muscular atrophy: a case with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Celebisoy N, Uludag B, Yunten N. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1998 August; 245(8): 561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9747924

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Laryngeal palsy in association with myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus, and the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Kirsch WM, Duncan BR, Black FO, Stears JC. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1968 March; 28(3): 207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4868501

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Laryngeal stridor, Arnold-Chiari malformation and medullary haemorrhages. Author(s): Morley AR. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1969 August; 11(4): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5805352

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Lithium-induced downbeat nystagmus in a patient with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Monteiro ML, Sampaio CM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993 November 15; 116(5): 648-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8238232

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Manifestations and management of Arnold-Chiari malformation in patients with myelomeningocele. Author(s): Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP. Source: Childs Brain. 1975; 1(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1102268

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Measurement of respiration in Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Krieger AJ. Source: Childs Brain. 1976; 2(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1277951

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Mechanisms of sudden death and autopsy findings in patients with Arnold-Chiari malformation and ventriculoatrial catheters. Author(s): Byard RW. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1996 September; 17(3): 260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8870879

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Meningococcal meningitis with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Jackson RM, Penrose-Stevens A. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1997 July; 35(1): 90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279736

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Mesencephalic spur (beaking deformity of the tectum) in Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Adeloye A. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1976 September; 45(3): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=948018

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Microsurgery of Arnold-Chiari malformation in adults with and without hydromyelia. Author(s): Rhoton AL Jr. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1976 November; 45(5): 473-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=972332

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Monosymptomatic presentation of type I Arnold-Chiari malformation: report of two cases. Author(s): Cammalleri R, D'Amelio M, Gangitano M, Raimondo D, Rossetti M, Camarda R. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1994 February; 15(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8206748

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Multiple cranial nerve deficits associated with the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Sieben RL, Hamida MB, Shulman K. Source: Neurology. 1971 July; 21(7): 673-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4934956

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Multiple cranial nerve palsies in an infant with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Venes JL. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1974 December; 16(6): 817-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4442663

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Myelodysplasia and the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Rubin BK, Wherrett BA. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1986 October; 140(10): 971-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3752025

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Neuroanatomic examination of spina bifida aperta and the Arnold-Chiari malformation in a 130-day human fetus. Author(s): Jennings MT, Clarren SK, Kokich VG, Alvord EC Jr. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1982 May; 54(2): 325-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7097305

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Neurofibromatosis type I and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Giustini S, Richetta A, Divona L, Faiola R, Trasimeni G, Pezza M, Amoruso G, Calvieri S. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 March; 16(2): 180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12046833

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Neuropathic shoulder arthropathy associated with syringomyelia and Arnold-Chiari malformation (type I). Author(s): Riente L, Frigelli S, Delle Sedie A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 March; 29(3): 638-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11908585

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Neuropathology and immunohistochemistry of the brain-stem in neonates with congenital hydrocephalus: comparative studies between aqueductal stenosis and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Fukumizu M, Takashima S, Becker LE. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1994 October; 36(5): 472-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7529958

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New ventriculographic aspects of the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Gooding CA, Carter A, Hoare RD. Source: Radiology. 1967 October; 89(4): 626-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5299337

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Obstructive sleep apnea in Arnold-Chiari malformation treated with acetazolamide. Author(s): Milerad J, Lagercrantz H, Johnson P. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1992 August; 81(8): 609-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1392385

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Obstructive sleep apnoea with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Doherty MJ, Spence DP, Young C, Calverley PM. Source: Thorax. 1995 June; 50(6): 690-1; Discussion 696-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7638817

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Ophthalmoplegia and Arnold-Chiari malformation without hydrocephalus. Author(s): Weintraub MI. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1990 October; 32(10): 929. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2257993

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Orofacial pain as the sole manifestation of syringobulbia-syringomyelia associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Penarrocha M, Okeson JP, Penarrocha MS, Angeles Cervello M. Source: J Orofac Pain. 2001 Spring; 15(2): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11443828

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Oscillopsia and horizontal nystagmus with accelerating slow phases following lumbar puncture in the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Barton JJ, Sharpe JA. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1993 April; 33(4): 418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8489215

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Pathogenesis of the Arnold-Chiari malformation: the significance of hydrocephalus and aqueduct stenosis. Author(s): Masters CL. Source: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 1978 January; 37(1): 56-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=619008

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Periodic alternating nystagmus associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Korres S, Balatsouras DG, Zournas C, Economou C, Gatsonis SD, Adamopoulos G. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 December; 115(12): 1001-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11779333

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Peripheral chemoreceptor function in children with myelomeningocele and ArnoldChiari malformation type 2. Author(s): Gozal D, Arens R, Omlin KJ, Jacobs RA, Keens TG. Source: Chest. 1995 August; 108(2): 425-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7634879

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Pneumonia preceding respiratory failure. A rare, easily misleading clinical manifestation in adult Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Tsao TC, Juang YC, Chiang YC, Tsai YH, Lan RS, Lee CH. Source: Chest. 1991 May; 99(5): 1294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2019201

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Posturally evoked vomiting without nystagmus in a patient with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Pollak L, Klein C, Rabey JM, Reichenthal E. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 September; 71(3): 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11534519

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Progressive myelopathy with syringomyelia and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Ducker TB. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1990 September; 3(3): 276-8; Discussion 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2134440

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Radioisotope ventriculography in the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Castellino RA, Zatz LM, DeNardo GL. Source: Radiology. 1969 October; 93(4): 817-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5307295

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Radiological case of the month: adult type Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Saba GP II, Goodman LA. Source: Md State Med J. 1978 July; 27(7): 71-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=661398

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Radiological changes associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Davies HW. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1967 April; 40(472): 262-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5297751

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Reciprocity of the neural growth in the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Roth M. Source: Acta Radiologica. Supplementum. 1986; 369: 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2980469

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Recurrent syncope as the presenting symptom of Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Weig SG, Buckthal PE, Choi SK, Zellem RT. Source: Neurology. 1991 October; 41(10): 1673-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1922816

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Respiratory arrest: a complication of Arnold-Chiari malformation in adults. Author(s): Omer S, al-Kawi MZ, Bohlega S, Bouchama A, Mclean D. Source: European Neurology. 1996; 36(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8719648

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Respiratory complications in patients with myelodysplasia and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Oren J, Kelly DH, Todres ID, Shannon DC. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1986 March; 140(3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3946351

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Respiratory distress and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Papasozomenos S, Roessmann U. Source: Neurology. 1981 January; 31(1): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7192835

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Respiratory failure in Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Hattingh TL, Butler JT, Biebuyck AL, Bolliger CT. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(1): 86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11844969

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Respiratory function in infants with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Krieger AJ, Detwiler JS, Trooskin SZ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1976 May; 86(5): 718-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=933661

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Respiratory obstruction and apnea in infants with bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis, meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus, and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Holinger PC, Holinger LD, Reichert TJ, Holinger PH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978 March; 92(3): 368-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=632975

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Saccadic visual suppression and down-beat nystagmus: a case of Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Corkill G, Vijayan N. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1976 February; 5(2): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=943852

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Sagittal profiles of the spine in scoliosis associated with an Arnold-Chiari malformation with or without syringomyelia. Author(s): Loder RT, Stasikelis P, Farley FA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 July-August; 22(4): 483-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131445

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Sleep apnea and the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Balk RA, Hiller FC, Lucas EA, Scrima L, Wilson FJ, Wooten V. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 October; 132(4): 929-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4051328

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Sleep apneas, convulsive syncopes and autonomic impairment in type I ArnoldChiari malformation. Author(s): Cirignotta F, Coccagna G, Zucconi M, Gerardi R, Lugaresi A, Cortelli P, Tralli G, Lugaresi E. Source: European Neurology. 1991; 31(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2015835

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Somatosensory evoked potentials in Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Boor R, Schwarz M, Goebel B, Voth D. Source: Brain & Development. 2004 March; 26(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15036428

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Spondylolysis associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. Author(s): Rothman SL. Source: Spine. 1998 July 1; 23(13): 1506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9670407

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Spondylolysis associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. A report of two cases. Author(s): Bowen JD, Malanga GA. Source: Spine. 1997 October 15; 22(20): 2458-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9355230

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Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: headache with a reversible Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Kasner SE, Rosenfeld J, Farber RE. Source: Headache. 1995 October; 35(9): 557-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8530283

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Spontaneous retraction of cerebellar tonsils after surgery for Arnold-Chiari malformation and posterior fossa cyst. Author(s): Balagura S, Kuo DC. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1988 February; 29(2): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3336849

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Stereotypical lower-limb movements of a child with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Nakae Y, Tamaki H, Maekawa K. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1993 June; 35(6): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8504896

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Successful treatment of adult Arnold-Chiari malformation associated with basilar impression and syringomyelia by the transoral anterior approach. Author(s): Kohno K, Sakaki S, Shiraishi T, Matsuoka K, Okamura H. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1990 April; 33(4): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2326735

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Sudden respiratory arrest and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Yoshikawa H. Source: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : Ejpn : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 2003; 7(4): 191. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865061

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Surgical relief of progressive upper limb paralysis in Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Gol A, Hellbusch LC. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1978 May; 41(5): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=660206

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Surgical treatment of hydrocephalus caused by Arnold-Chiari malformation in infants and young children. Author(s): Crosby RM, Paul RL, Kosnik EJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 1972 July; 38(7): 377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5033762

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Symptomatic Arnold-Chiari malformation: review of experience with 22 cases. Author(s): Bell WO, Charney EB, Bruce DA, Sutton LN, Schut L. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1987 June; 66(6): 812-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3572510

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The Arnold-Chiari malformation presenting in adult life. A report of thirteen cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Archer CR, Horenstein S, Sundaram M. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1977 June; 30(6): 369-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=874041

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The Arnold-Chiari malformation with an associated pes equinovarus deformity: a historical review and case illustration. Author(s): Brill LR, Lepow GM. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1981 June; 71(6): 307-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7240634

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The Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Raynor RB. Source: Spine. 1986 May; 11(4): 343-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3750065

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The Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Schut L, Bruce DA. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1978 October; 9(4): 913-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=368698

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The Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Bloch S, Van Rensburg MJ, Danziger J. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1974 July; 25(3): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4425501

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The Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Kamm RC. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1973 August; 125(8): 269-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4774155

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The arterial angioarchitecture of the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): De Reuck J, Eecken HV. Source: Arch Biol (Liege). 1977; 88(1): 61-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=596893

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The association of hypopituitarism with small pituitary, invisible pituitary stalk, type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation, and syringomyelia in seven patients born in breech position: a further proof of birth injury theory on the pathogenesis of "idiopathic hypopituitarism". Author(s): Fujita K, Matsuo N, Mori O, Koda N, Mukai E, Okabe Y, Shirakawa N, Tamai S, Itagane Y, Hibi I. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 April; 151(4): 266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1499578

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The clivus deformity of the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Yu HC, Deck MD. Source: Radiology. 1971 December; 101(3): 613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5316083

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The posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. Some quantitative observations in posterior cranial fossa tumours and the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Occleshaw JV. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1970 January; 21(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5417244

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The role of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): MacManus D, Bartlett P. Source: Radiography. 1986 November-December; 52(606): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3628745

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Type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation and Noonan syndrome. A new diagnostic feature? Author(s): Holder-Espinasse M, Winter RM. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2003 October; 12(4): 275. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564218

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Type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation in a 77 year old woman. Author(s): Halpin DM, Trend P, Symon L, Harding AE. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1990 January; 53(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2303841

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Type II Arnold-Chiari malformation with normal spine in trisomy 18. Author(s): Case ME, Sarnat HB, Monteleone P. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1977 March 31; 37(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=324229

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Unusual late responses in a patient with an Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Kutukcu Y, Odabasi Z, Vural O, Yardim M. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1999 June; 39(4): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10394504

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Use of caffeine in the treatment of apnea associated with the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Davis JM, Zinman R, Aranda JV. Source: Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1989; 12(2): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2714160

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Use of the splenius capitis muscle flap for reconstruction of the posterior neck and skull in complicated Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Elsahy NI, Achecar FA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1994 April; 93(5): 1082-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8134469

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION MALFORMATION

AND

ARNOLD-CHIARI

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Arnold-Chiari malformation.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Arnold-Chiari Malformation The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Arnold-Chiari malformation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 4

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Arnold-Chiari Malformation

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Arnold-Chiari malformation” (or a synonym): •

Dose-response relationships of retinol in production of the Arnold-Chiari malformation [Vitamin A, teratogenesis]. Source: Willhite, C.C. Toxicol-Lett. Amsterdam : Elsevier Biomedical. March 1984. volume 20 (3) page 257-262. 0378-4274

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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33

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ARNOLDCHIARI MALFORMATION Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Arnold-Chiari malformation. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Arnold-Chiari malformation and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Arnold-Chiari malformation” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Arnold-Chiari malformation: •

Acute deterioration in Chiari type 1 malformation after chiropractic cervical manipulation. Author(s): Leong WK, Kermode AG. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 June; 70(6): 816-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11430298

•

Chiropractic adjustment to the cervical spine and the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Author(s): Murphy DR, Goldstein D, Katz M. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1993 October; 16(8): 550-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8263435

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Klinefelter's syndrome, cerebral germinoma, Chiari malformation, and syrinx: a case report. Author(s): Ellis SJ, Crockard A, Barnard RO. Source: Neurosurgery. 1986 February; 18(2): 220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2421193

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

35

APPENDICES

37

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

38

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

39

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Arnold-Chiari Malformation

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway8

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Arnold-Chiari malformation” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1678 6 233 0 12 1929

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “Arnold-Chiari malformation” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 12 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 8 9

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 13

14

43

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Arnold-Chiari malformation can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Arnold-Chiari malformation. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Arnold-Chiari malformation. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Arnold-Chiari malformation”:

44

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Head and Brain Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbraininjuries.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html Neural Tube Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuraltubedefects.html Spinal Cord Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcorddiseases.html Syringomyelia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/syringomyelia.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to Arnold-Chiari malformation, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Craniofacial Syndrome Descriptions Source: Children's Craniofacial Association http://www.ccakids.com/hlpmesyndef.stm

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM): Symptoms Source: Brainpower Project http://www.thebrainpowerproject.org/ccm/symptoms.html Computed Tomography (CT)-Head Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/ct_of_the_head.htm

•

Treatment Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM): Treatment Source: International Radiosurgery Support Association http://www.irsa.org/avms.html Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM): Treatment Options Source: Brainpower Project http://www.thebrainpowerproject.org/ccm/treatment.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Absence of the Septum Pellucidum Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/absence_septum_pellu cidum.htm

Patient Resources

45

Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/agenesis_doc.htm Aicardi Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/aicardi.htm Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/avms_html.htm Arteriovenous Malformations and Other Vascular Lesions of the Central Nervous System Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/arteriovenous.htm Cavernous Malformation Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/cavernous_malformati on.htm Cerebellar Hypoplasia Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/cerebellar_hypoplasia. htm Chiari Malformation Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/chiari_doc.htm Coffin Lowry Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/coffin_lowry.htm Craniosynostosis Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/craniosytosis_doc.htm Dandy-Walker Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/dandywalker.htm Holoprosencephaly Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/holoprosencephaly.ht m Hydranencephaly Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/hydranen_doc.htm Joubert Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/joubert.htm Lissencephaly Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/lissencephaly.htm

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Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Megalencephaly Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/megalencephaly.htm Microcephaly Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/microcephaly.htm Moyamoya Disease Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/moyamoya.htm Neuronal Migration Disorders Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/neuronal_migration.ht m Porencephaly Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/porencephaly.htm Schizencephaly Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/schizencephaly.htm Septo Optic Dysplasia Source: MAGIC Foundation http://www.magicfoundation.org/divisions/sod.htm Soto's Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/sotos.htm •

From the National Institutes of Health Cephalic Disorders Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/cephalic_disorders.htm

•

Organizations Children's Craniofacial Association http://www.ccakids.com/ GeneTests Source: Children's Health Care System, Seattle http://www.genetests.org/ March of Dimes Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/ National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/

Patient Resources

•

47

Research Scientists Discover Genetic Defect Responsible for Devastating Brain Disorder Among Amish Babies Source: National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/sep2002/nhgri-30.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Arnold-Chiari malformation. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Arnold-Chiari malformation. By consulting all of

48

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Arnold-Chiari malformation. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Arnold-Chiari malformation. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Arnold-Chiari malformation” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Arnold-Chiari malformation”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Arnold-Chiari malformation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ArnoldChiari malformation” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

Patient Resources

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51

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Arnold-Chiari Malformation

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

53

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

55

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

57

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

59

ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abductor: A muscle that draws a part away from the median line. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anophthalmia: Absence of an eye or eyes in the newborn due to failure of development of the optic cup or to disappearance of the eyes after partial development. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH]

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Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apnoea: Cessation of breathing. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH]

Dictionary 61

Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotid Body: A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of

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reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Aqueduct: Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other

Dictionary 63

parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Abnormalities: Defects in the structure or number of chromosomes resulting in structural aberrations or manifesting as disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Coloboma: Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU]

Dictionary 65

Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclopia: Elements of the two eyes fused into one median eye in the center of the forehead of a fetal monster. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Dermoid: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and orbit. [NIH] Dermoid Cyst: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and orbit. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH]

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Electronystagmography: Recording of nystagmus based on changes in the electrical field surrounding the eye produced by the difference in potential between the cornea and the retina. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Ependyma: A thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. [NIH] Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]

Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germinoma: The most frequent type of germ-cell tumor in the brain. [NIH] Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-

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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Holoprosencephaly: Anterior midline brain, cranial, and facial malformations resulting from the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to undergo segmentation and cleavage. Alobar prosencephaly is the most severe form and features anophthalmia; cyclopia; severe mental retardation; cleft lip; cleft palate; seizures; and microcephaly. Semilobar holoprosencepaly is characterized by hypotelorism, microphthalmia, coloboma, nasal malformations, and variable degrees of mental retardation. Lobar holoprosencephaly is associated with mild (or absent) facial malformations and intellectual abilities that range from mild mental retardation to normal. Holoprosencephlay is associated with chromosome abnormalities. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypopituitarism: Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FSH; somatotropin; and corticotropin). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral

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walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intracranial Hypotension: A condition in which there is a diminution or loss of muscular tonicity, in consequence of which the muscles may be stretched beyond their normal limits. [NIH]

Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lateral Ventricles: Cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third

Dictionary 69

ventricle. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megalencephaly: A condition in which there is an abnormally large, heavy, and usually malfunctioning brain. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Meningeal: Refers to the meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. [NIH]

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Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Myelodysplasia: Abnormal bone marrow cells that may lead to myelogenous leukemia. [NIH]

Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH]

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Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: NMRI. A procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Also called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ophthalmoplegia: Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely coma. The most common cause is hemorrhage

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Arnold-Chiari Malformation

(intracranial hemorrhages) related to a pituitary adenoma. Ischemia, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the pituitary gland. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (adenoma, basophil; adenoma, acidophil; and adenoma, chromophobe). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the hypothalamus, several cranial nerves, and the optic chiasm. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal hemianopsia. [NIH]

Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prosencephalon: The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the diencephalon and telencephalon. [NIH]

Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]

Dictionary 73

Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retraction: 1. The act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back. 2. Distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. [EU] Rhombencephalon: That part of the brain stem constituting the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) and pons (metencephalon). [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus

74

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spina Bifida Cystica: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH]

Dictionary 75

Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Syringomyelia: The presence in the spinal cord of elongated central fluid containing cavities surrounded by gliosis. [NIH] Syrinx: A fistula. [NIH] Teratogenesis: Production of monstrous growths or fetuses. [NIH] Terminalis: A groove on the lateral surface of the right atrium. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH]

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Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

77

INDEX A Abductor, 22, 59 Ablation, 59, 67 Adenosine, 59, 61 Adjustment, 33, 59 Agenesis, 45, 59 Airway, 6, 59, 74 Alertness, 59, 61 Algorithms, 59, 60 Alternative medicine, 59 Amplification, 4, 59 Anatomical, 59, 60, 68 Anomalies, 11, 59 Anophthalmia, 59, 67 Antagonism, 59, 61 Antibacterial, 59, 74 Antibiotic, 59, 74 Antibodies, 59, 68 Aorta, 59, 76 Apnea, 22, 27, 60 Apnoea, 11, 19, 60 Arterial, 7, 25, 60, 62, 64, 67, 72 Arteries, 26, 59, 60 Arteriovenous, 44, 45, 60 Artery, 60, 61, 62 Arthropathy, 19, 60 Aseptic, 6, 60 Asymptomatic, 4, 60 Ataxia, 60, 67 Atrium, 60, 64, 75, 76 Auditory, 11, 60 Autopsy, 17, 60 B Bacteria, 59, 60, 74 Base, 60, 68 Benign, 60, 61, 65, 67, 70 Bifida, 60 Bilateral, 10, 22, 60 Biotechnology, 4, 39, 60 Bladder, 60, 68, 70 Blood pressure, 60, 62, 67, 70 Blood vessel, 60, 61, 64, 74 Bone Marrow, 61, 70 Bone Marrow Cells, 61, 70 Brain Neoplasms, 61, 67 Brain Stem, 5, 61, 62, 73 C Caffeine, 27, 61

Calcium, 61, 63 Carbon Dioxide, 61, 66, 73 Cardiac, 11, 61, 64, 75 Cardiovascular, 16, 61 Carotid Body, 61, 62 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 9, 61 Case report, 3, 9, 12, 14, 34, 61 Catheters, 17, 61 Caudal, 11, 61, 67, 72 Cell, 60, 62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75 Cell Respiration, 62, 73 Central Nervous System, 9, 45, 61, 62, 66, 67, 70, 72 Central Nervous System Infections, 62, 67 Centrifugation, 62, 70 Cerebellar, 23, 26, 45, 60, 62 Cerebellum, 61, 62, 66, 72 Cerebral, 34, 44, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 75 Cerebral Aqueduct, 62, 66, 75 Cerebral hemispheres, 61, 62, 68 Cerebral Infarction, 62, 67 Cerebrospinal, 12, 62, 67, 69, 74 Cerebrospinal fluid, 12, 62, 67, 69, 74 Cerebrum, 62 Cervical, 12, 13, 16, 33, 62, 69 Cervix, 62 Chemoreceptor, 20, 62 Chiropractic, 33, 62 Chromosomal, 59, 63 Chromosome, 63, 67, 75 Chromosome Abnormalities, 63, 67 Chronic, 3, 12, 24, 63, 68 Cleft Lip, 63, 67 Cleft Palate, 63, 67 Clinical trial, 4, 39, 63 Cloning, 60, 63 Collapse, 16, 63, 74 Coloboma, 63, 67 Complement, 63, 64 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 34, 63 Complementary medicine, 33, 64 Computational Biology, 39, 64 Conception, 64, 66 Conjunctiva, 64, 75 Consciousness, 64, 75 Contamination, 9, 10, 64 Contraindications, ii, 64

78

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Contrast medium, 64, 70 Convulsive, 23, 64 Cor, 64, 67 Cornea, 64, 66 Corpus, 45, 64, 73, 75 Corpus Callosum, 45, 64, 74, 75 Cranial, 18, 26, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 75 Craniocerebral Trauma, 65, 67 Cyclic, 61, 65 Cyclopia, 65, 67 Cyst, 9, 12, 23, 65 D Decompression, 11, 15, 16, 65 Decompression Sickness, 65 Dermoid, 13, 65 Dermoid Cyst, 13, 65 Diagnostic procedure, 65 Diaphragm, 7, 65 Dilation, 65, 67 Diploid, 65, 75 Direct, iii, 65, 73 Dislocation, 11, 65 Distal, 17, 65, 72, 73 Diuresis, 61, 65 Dorsal, 65, 72 Duct, 65, 74 Dura mater, 65, 70, 71 Dysplasia, 15, 46, 65 E Electronystagmography, 7, 66 Environmental Health, 38, 40, 66 Ependyma, 66, 75 Esotropia, 5, 66 Excitation, 62, 66 Expiration, 66, 73 Eye Movements, 10, 66 F Facial, 66, 67 Family Planning, 39, 66 Fetus, 19, 66, 76 Fistula, 66, 75 Foramen, 4, 66, 68 Fossa, 14, 23, 26, 62, 66 Fourth Ventricle, 14, 62, 66, 75 G Ganglia, 60, 61, 66, 70, 71 Gas, 61, 65, 66, 73 Gas exchange, 66, 73 Gastrin, 66, 67 Gene, 60, 66, 74 Geriatric, 7, 66 Germinoma, 34, 66

Gliosis, 66, 75 Governing Board, 66, 72 H Headache, 4, 12, 13, 15, 23, 61, 67, 71 Headache Disorders, 67 Heartbeat, 67, 75 Hemorrhage, 65, 67, 71 Hernia, 15, 67 Heterogeneity, 11, 67 Holoprosencephaly, 45, 67 Hormone, 5, 66, 67, 72, 74 Hydrocephalus, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 67, 68 Hypertension, 64, 67, 68 Hypopituitarism, 25, 67 Hypoplasia, 45, 67 Hypothalamus, 61, 67, 72, 75 I Idiopathic, 25, 68 Immunohistochemistry, 19, 68 Impairment, 23, 60, 68, 70 Incontinence, 67, 68 Infarction, 62, 67, 68 Infection, 18, 60, 68, 69 Innervation, 68, 69, 71 Intracellular, 61, 68 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 67, 68, 72 Intracranial Hypertension, 67, 68, 72 Intracranial Hypotension, 23, 68 Intrinsic, 5, 68 Invasive, 68, 69 Involuntary, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74 K Kb, 38, 68 L Laryngeal, 6, 17, 68 Larynx, 68, 75, 76 Lateral Ventricles, 68, 73, 75 Lethargy, 67, 69 Leukemia, 69, 70 Localization, 68, 69 Loop, 67, 69 Lumbar, 20, 69, 74 Lumbar puncture, 20, 69, 74 Luxation, 65, 69 Lymph, 62, 69 Lymph node, 62, 69 Lymphoid, 59, 69, 75 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 4, 7, 69, 71 Malignant, 61, 69, 70 Malnutrition, 69, 70

79

Mastication, 69, 75 Median Nerve, 61, 69 MEDLINE, 39, 69 Medullary, 17, 69 Megalencephaly, 46, 69 Membranes, 65, 69, 70, 73, 75 Meningeal, 6, 69, 71 Meninges, 62, 65, 69, 70 Meningitis, 18, 70, 72 Mental, iv, 4, 38, 40, 67, 70 Mental Retardation, 67, 70 Metastatic, 61, 67, 70 Metrizamide, 6, 70 Migration, 46, 63, 70 Molecular, 39, 41, 60, 64, 70 Monitor, 70, 71 Muscle Fibers, 70 Muscular Atrophy, 17, 70 Myelodysplasia, 18, 22, 70 Myelogenous, 70 Myelography, 6, 70 Myoclonus, 16, 70 N Neoplasm, 5, 70 Nervous System, 11, 62, 70, 71 Neural, 11, 21, 44, 68, 70, 72 Neurogenic, 4, 70 Neurologic, 67, 70 Neuromuscular, 70, 71 Neuromuscular Junction, 70, 71 Neuronal, 46, 71 Neurons, 66, 71 Nuclear, 26, 71 Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, 26, 71 Nuclei, 69, 71 Nystagmus, 7, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 22, 66, 71 O Ocular, 66, 71 Ophthalmoplegia, 10, 20, 71 Orbit, 65, 71 Orofacial, 3, 20, 71 Otolaryngologist, 7, 71 Oxygen Consumption, 71, 73 P Pachymeningitis, 70, 71 Palsy, 17, 71 Paralysis, 6, 7, 22, 24, 66, 71 Pelvis, 69, 71, 76 Perforation, 66, 71 Peripheral Nervous System, 71 Pharmacologic, 4, 71, 75

Physiologic, 70, 71, 72, 73 Pituitary Apoplexy, 67, 71 Pituitary Gland, 67, 71, 72 Pituitary Neoplasms, 67, 72 Pneumonia, 20, 64, 72 Pons, 11, 61, 66, 72, 73 Posterior, 11, 14, 23, 26, 27, 60, 62, 65, 72 Practice Guidelines, 40, 72 Progressive, 3, 21, 24, 72 Prosencephalon, 67, 72 Protein S, 60, 72 Proximal, 65, 72, 73 Public Policy, 39, 72 Pulmonary, 60, 64, 72, 76 Pulmonary Artery, 60, 72, 76 R Race, 70, 72 Radiation, 67, 72, 76 Radioactive, 71, 72 Receptor, 62, 72 Refer, 1, 63, 69, 73 Reflex, 66, 73 Refraction, 73, 74 Resorption, 67, 73 Respiration, 7, 17, 22, 60, 61, 62, 70, 73 Respiratory failure, 5, 12, 15, 16, 20, 22, 73 Retina, 66, 73 Retinoids, 73 Retinol, 30, 73 Retraction, 23, 73 Rhombencephalon, 66, 73 S Scoliosis, 22, 73 Screening, 63, 73 Secretion, 67, 73 Secretory, 67, 73 Segmentation, 67, 73 Seizures, 67, 73 Septal, 73 Septic, 60, 73 Septum, 44, 68, 73 Septum Pellucidum, 44, 68, 73 Shock, 70, 74 Shunt, 5, 14, 74 Skeleton, 74 Skull, 27, 65, 71, 74 Sleep apnea, 7, 19, 23, 74 Small intestine, 67, 74, 76 Smooth muscle, 61, 74 Somatotropin, 67, 74 Spasm, 64, 74 Specialist, 48, 65, 74

80

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Species, 70, 72, 74 Spectrum, 15, 74 Spina bifida, 12, 19, 74 Spina Bifida Cystica, 12, 74 Spinal cord, 3, 61, 62, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75 Spinal tap, 69, 74 Stenosis, 12, 19, 20, 74, 75 Sterile, 60, 74 Stimulant, 61, 75 Stomach, 66, 67, 74, 75 Stricture, 74, 75 Stridor, 17, 75 Subarachnoid, 10, 66, 67, 68, 75 Sudden death, 17, 75 Suppression, 22, 75 Syncope, 15, 21, 75 Syringomyelia, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 44, 75 Syrinx, 5, 9, 34, 75 T Teratogenesis, 30, 75 Terminalis, 75 Third Ventricle, 9, 68, 75 Thoracic, 7, 22, 65, 69, 75

Tissue, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75 Tonicity, 68, 75 Tonsils, 23, 75 Toxic, iv, 75 Toxicology, 40, 75 Trachea, 68, 75 Transfection, 60, 75 Trigeminal, 4, 75 Trisomy, 26, 75 U Urinary, 67, 68, 75 Uterus, 62, 64, 76 V Vein, 60, 71, 76 Venous, 60, 62, 72, 76 Ventral, 67, 72, 76 Ventricle, 14, 64, 69, 72, 76 Ventricular, 10, 64, 67, 76 Vertebrae, 74, 76 Vertebral, 60, 74, 76 Veterinary Medicine, 39, 76 Villi, 67, 76 Viscosity, 70, 76 Vocal cord, 22, 76 X X-ray, 64, 70, 71, 76

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